question
stringlengths 29
100
| answers
list | ctxs
list | nq_annotated_gold
dict |
|---|---|---|---|
how many inches is the iphone 5s screen | [
"4 in",
"4-inch screen size"
]
| [
{
"title": "iPhone 5S",
"text": "The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5, with a 4 in (10 cm) LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640×1136 at 326 ppi. Its home button has been updated with a new flat design using a laser-cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring; the button is no longer concave, nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models. The phone itself is 0.30 in (7.6 mm) thick and weighs 112 grams (4.0 oz). The phone uses an aluminum composite frame. The device is available in three color finishes; \"space-gray\"",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "only approximately 1.45 times better than the iPhone 4s. Battery life assessments conducted by AnandTech concluded that the battery life is shorter on the iPhone 5 than its predecessor when performing certain tasks, however when performing other tasks the iPhone 5 battery outlasts the iPhone 4s. The Retina Display is 1,136 × 640 pixels with an aspect ratio of almost exactly 16:9, (minus one extra row of horizontal pixels). With a diagonal of 4\" it has a display size of 6.7 square inches, compared to 5.7 in iPhone 4 and 4s. The pixel density remains the same as the 4s",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960670",
"score": "1.0864208",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "model, which is 326 pixels per inch. Screen icons of the iPhone 5 are arranged in a matrix of six rows of four icons each. The increased screen size allows the sixth row of icons to be added to the five rows that were present in the iPhone 4. In-cell touch sensor technology from Sharp slims the screen which allows for a thinner phone. The screen's color saturation is 44% greater than its predecessor. There are three microphones (placed on the front, side and back) for noise cancellation and video calls. On April 28, 2014, Apple initiated an out of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960671",
"score": "1.0636661",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "IPhone",
"text": "up from its predecessors' 3.5-inch screen. The device comes with the same 326 pixels per inch found in the iPhone 4 and 4S. The iPhone 5 has the SoC A6 processor, the chip is 22% smaller than the iPhone 4S' A5 and is twice as fast, doubling the graphics performance of its predecessor. The device is 18% thinner than the iPhone 4S, measuring , and is 20% lighter at . On July 6, 2013, it was reported that Apple was in talks with Korean mobile carrier SK Telecom to release the next generation iPhone with LTE Advanced technology. On July",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9485450",
"score": "1.059952",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "IPhone",
"text": "screens on the first three generations have a resolution of 320×480 (HVGA) at 163 ppi; those on the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S have a resolution of 640×960 at 326 ppi; the 4-inch models, with 640×1136 at 326 ppi; the 4.7-inch models, with 750×1334 at 326 ppi; the 5.5-inch models, with 1080×1920 at 401 ppi; and the 5.8-inch model X, with 1125×2436 at 458 ppi. The initial models were using twisted-nematic (TN) LCDs. Starting with iPhone 4, the technology was changed to in-plane switching (IPS) LCDs. The iPhone 5 model's screen results in an aspect ratio of approximately 16:9. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9485477",
"score": "1.0586272",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "IPhone",
"text": "22, 2013, the company's suppliers said that Apple is testing out larger screens for the iPhone and iPad. \"Apple has asked for prototype smartphone screens larger than four inches and has also asked for screen designs for a new tablet device measuring slightly less than 13 inches diagonally, they said.\" On September 10, 2013, Apple unveiled two new iPhone models during a highly anticipated press event in Cupertino. The iPhone 5C, a mid-range-priced version of the handset that is designed to increase accessibility due to its price is available in five colors (green, blue, yellow, pink, and white) and is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9485451",
"score": "1.0559207",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "IPhone 4",
"text": "the 8 GB iPhone 4S. The display of the iPhone 4 is manufactured by LG under an exclusive contract with Apple. It features an LED backlit TFT LCD capacitive touchscreen with a pixel density of 326 pixels per inch (ppi) on a (diagonally measured), 960×640 display. Each pixel is 78 micrometers in width. The display has a contrast ratio of 800:1. The screen is marketed by Apple as the \"Retina display\", based on the assertion that a display of approximately 300 ppi at a distance of from one's eye, or 57 arcseconds per pixel is the maximum amount of detail",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13550342",
"score": "1.010866",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "IPhone 5S The iPhone 5S (stylized and marketed as iPhone 5s) is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the seventh generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5. The device was unveiled on September 10, 2013, at Apple's Cupertino headquarters. It was released on September 20, 2013, along with its lower-cost counterpart, the iPhone 5C. The iPhone 5S maintains almost the same external design as its predecessor, the iPhone 5, although the 5S received a new white/gold color scheme in addition to white/silver and space gray/black; however, the 5S has vastly upgraded internal hardware.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988423",
"score": "0.9942485",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "IPhone 6",
"text": "than screens used by flagship phones from competitors. The iPhone 5 and its immediate successors featured a display that was taller, but the same width as prior models, measuring at 4 inches diagonally. Following Apple's loss in smartphone market share to companies producing phones with larger displays, reports as early as January 2014 suggested that Apple was preparing to launch new iPhone models with larger, 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays. Reports prior to its unveiling also speculated that Apple might use a new iPhone model to introduce a mobile payments platform using near-field communications—a technology that has been incorporated into many",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17932785",
"score": "0.9772785",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "IPhone",
"text": "the next four iterations. The iPhone 3G added 3G network support, and was followed by the 3GS with improved hardware, the 4 with a metal chassis, higher display resolution and front-facing camera, and the 4S with improved hardware and the voice assistant Siri. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apple's newly introduced Lightning connector. In 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring displays. The iPhone",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9485438",
"score": "0.97082233",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "7. Some criticized the iPhone 5S for keeping the design and small display of the iPhone 5, and others expressed security concerns about the Touch ID system. Nine million units of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were sold on their weekend of release, breaking Apple's sales record for iPhones. The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on all major U.S. carriers in September 2013. The iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple's flagship smartphone by the larger iPhone 6 in September 2014. On March 21, 2016, the 5S received a direct replacement with the announcement of the iPhone SE,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988426",
"score": "0.96856874",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "1 GB. Storage capacities available are fixed at 16, 32 or 64 GB, the same as the 4s; plug-in memory cards are not supported. The two color options are black (with black glass and slate-colored metal trim), and white (with white ceramic and silver-colored metal trim); again the same color options (though differently implemented) as its predecessor the 4s had. The iPhone 5 retains the 8 megapixel back camera on the iPhone 4s, but has improved low-light performance, and has a 40% faster photo capture than its predecessors, while having a purple hue when a strong source of light is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960667",
"score": "0.9585402",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "September 2016, replacing it and its A7 processor early meant that Apple \"just reduced its long-term chip support window by a year\" for iOS. In addition, a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand, as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family was expected to suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016. The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5, with a LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640×1136 at 326 ppi. Its home button has been updated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988432",
"score": "0.9581717",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "with a new flat design using a laser-cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring; the button is no longer concave, nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models. The phone itself is thick and weighs . The phone uses an aluminum composite frame. The device is available in three color finishes; \"space-gray\" (replacing black with slate trim on the iPhone 5), white with silver trim, and white with gold trim. The iPhone 5S was the first iPhone to be available in a gold color; this decision was influenced by the fact that gold is seen",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988433",
"score": "0.95418555",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "iOS device, having supported six major versions of the iOS operating system, on par with the iPad 2 which supported iOS 4 through iOS 9. The iPhone 5S will also receive major speed boosts of up to 70%, according to Apple. This includes the camera, keyboard and other functions. During the keynote, Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5S that was made of soft microfiber on the inside and leather on the outside. This case was announced along with iPhone 5C's case, both of which were the first cases Apple had announced since the iPhone 4 Bumpers. Docks for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988442",
"score": "0.95061314",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "IPhone 5 The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012. The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and, setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last iPhone to be overseen by Steve Jobs. The iPhone",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960645",
"score": "0.94993347",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5C",
"text": "polycarbonate housing, which is strengthened by a steel band. However, due to the material of design changes, the phone weighs 132 grams, which is 20 grams heavier than both the 5 and the 5S, but still lighter than older iPhone models. The design of the iPhone 5C is also considerably thicker but closely similar to the design of the iPod Touch (5th generation) models, which is also available in a variety of colors, but in a different coating finish. Other minor changes include a different camera assembly and the design of the mute/ringer switch. This iPhone received positive reviews for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17464363",
"score": "0.9483849",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5C",
"text": "to the iPhone 5 but with a different camera assembly. The front camera, which is accessible through the FaceTime and camera app has a lower resolution, at 1.2 megapixels. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery with a charge capacity of 1510mAh is slightly improved upon iPhone 5's 1440mAh battery. It is integrated and cannot be replaced by the user. It is rated at ≤225 hours of standby time and ≤8 hours of talk time. The iPhone 5C lacks the major new features introduced in the iPhone 5S. It does not have the iPhone 5S's Touch ID fingerprint scanner. It also does not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17464372",
"score": "0.94704807",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range, respectively; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9GB available to the user after installing iOS 8. Furthermore, the 5C's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost-cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5's aluminum/glass case; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish. As of 2015–16, there were still a significant number of customers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988449",
"score": "0.9444262",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "combined total of Android phones in the global market. IPhone 5 The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the sixth generation of the iPhone succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C. Formally unveiled as part of a press event on September 12, 2012, it was released on September 21, 2012. The iPhone 5 is the first iPhone to be announced in September and, setting a trend for subsequent iPhone releases, the first iPhone to be completely developed under the guidance of Tim Cook and the last",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960688",
"score": "0.94232595",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "IPhone",
"text": "made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors (black, white, and gold) and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner (Touch ID). Both phones shipped on September 20, 2013. On September 9, 2014, Apple revealed the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at an event in Cupertino. Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at 4.7 and 5.5 inches respectively. In 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which added water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9485452",
"score": "0.94202125",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "IPhone",
"text": "in three sizes: 16, 32, and 64GB. The iPhone 5 and 5S were available in the same three sizes previously available to the iPhone 4S: 16, 32, and 64GB. The lower-cost iPhone 5C model was initially available in 16 and 32GB models; an 8GB model was added later. The iPhone 6 and 6S were available in three sizes at launch: 16, 64, and 128GB. The iPhone SE was available in 16 and 64GB variants at launch. When the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were released, Apple changed the base model storage capacity from 16 to 32GB. Both the iPhone 7",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9485506",
"score": "0.9392344",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "so customers could keep checking for units available at their local Apple Stores, and order for pickup. Online orders were also in short supply on launch day, with the shipping date across all model sizes and colors changing from \"7-10 working days\" to \"October\" in all countries, within hours of online orders being taken. The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile in September 2013 in the United States, outselling the iPhone 5C and Samsung Galaxy S4. According to Consumer Intelligence Research Partners, the iPhone 5S outsold the 5C by a two-to-one margin during",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988455",
"score": "0.93688774",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "costs $34, $10 more than the cellular module in the iPhone 4s. Similarly, screens used in the iPhone 5 cost $44, which is $7 more than the screen of its predecessor. Mashable noted that the profit margin of selling each device is \"huge\" as the iPhone 5 retails for US$649. After the announcement of the device, a lack of supply was evident. This was due to a shortage of components such as the screen. Reports emerged, stating that Sharp was unable to ship the screen before the debut of the iPhone 5, and other manufacturers reported that it was difficult",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960654",
"score": "0.93555963",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "IPhone 6",
"text": "6 being Apple's thinnest phone to date. The most significant changes to the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are its displays; both branded as \"Retina HD Display\" and \"ion-strengthened\", the iPhone 6 display is 4.7 inches in size with a resolution of 1334x750 (326 ppi, minus one row of pixels), while the iPhone 6 Plus includes a 5.5-inch 1920x1080 (1080p) display (401 PPI). The displays use a multiple-domain LCD panel, dubbed \"dual-domain pixels\"; the RGB pixels themselves are skewed in pattern, so that every pixel is seen from a different angle. This technique helps improve the viewing angles of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17932792",
"score": "0.9345263",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Apple-designed processors",
"text": "speed of the unit used in the iPhone 4S is 800 MHz. Like the A4, the A5 process size is 45 nm. An updated 32 nm version of the A5 processor was used in the third generation Apple TV, the iPod touch (5th generation), the iPad Mini, and the new version of iPad 2 (version iPad2,4). The chip in the Apple TV has one core locked. The markings of the square package indicates that it is named \"APL2498\", and in software, the chip is called \"S5L8942\". The 32 nm variant of the A5 provides around 15% better battery life during",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15743992",
"score": "0.9335201",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Retina display",
"text": "at a distance of . Astronomer and science blogger Phil Plait notes, however, that, \"if you have [better than 20/20] eyesight, then at one foot away the iPhone 4S's pixels are resolved. The picture will look pixelated. If you have average eyesight [20/20 vision], the picture will look just fine... So in my opinion, what Jobs said was fine. Soneira, while technically correct, was being picky.\" The retinal neuroscientist Bryan Jones offers a similar analysis of more detail and comes to a similar conclusion: \"I'd find Apple's claims stand up to what the human eye can perceive.\" Apple fan website",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14636730",
"score": "0.930042",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5S",
"text": "5S's hardware after its release. The most widely reported issue is that the angle reported by the phone's level sensor had drifted by several degrees, which caused the gyroscope, compass, and accelerometer to become inaccurate. Reports suggested that this is a hardware-induced problem. Some encountered other problems such as crashing with a blue screen and then restarting, the power button making a rattling noise when the phone was shaken, overheating, the microphone not working, and Touch ID not working for iTunes purchases. Some of these issues have since been fixed by software updates. IPhone 5S The iPhone 5S (stylized and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15988461",
"score": "0.92603755",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "the 5 albeit having a less expensive polycarbonate exterior. The iPhone 5 supports iOS 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The iPhone 5 is the second iPhone to support five major versions of iOS after the iPhone 4S. Rumors about the began shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 4s, though detailed leaks did not emerge until June 2012. On July 30, 2012, reports pinpointed the dates on which the iPhone 5 would be unveiled and released, along with some accurate predictions of its features. On September 4, 2012, Apple announced they would be hosting an event at the Yerba",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960649",
"score": "0.92452383",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "IPhone 5",
"text": "5 featured major design changes in comparison to its predecessor. These included an aluminum-based body which was thinner and lighter than previous models, a taller screen with a nearly aspect ratio, the Apple A6 system-on-chip, LTE support, and Lightning, a new compact dock connector which replaced the 30-pin design used by previous iPhone models. This was the second Apple phone to include its new Sony-made 8 MP camera, which was first introduced on the iPhone 4s. Apple began taking pre-orders on September 14, 2012, and over two million were received within 24 hours. Initial demand for the iPhone 5 exceeded",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960646",
"score": "0.9209631",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
}
]
| {
"title": "iPhone 5S",
"long_answer": "The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5, with a 4 in (10 cm) LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640×1136 at 326 ppi. Its home button has been updated with a new flat design using a laser-cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring; the button is no longer concave, nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models. The phone itself is 0.30 in (7.6 mm) thick and weighs 112 grams (4.0 oz). The phone uses an aluminum composite frame. The device is available in three color finishes; \"space-gray\" (replacing black with slate trim on the iPhone 5), white with silver trim, and white with gold trim. The iPhone 5S was the first iPhone to be available in gold color; this decision was influenced by the fact that gold is seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5, with a 4 in (10 cm) LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640×1136 at 326 ppi. Its home button has been updated with a new flat design using a laser-cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring; the button is no longer concave, nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models. The phone itself is 0.30 in (7.6 mm) thick and weighs 112 grams (4.0 oz). The phone uses an aluminum composite frame. The device is available in three color finishes; \"space-gray\"",
"short_answers": [
"4 in"
]
} |
where do the signals for apoptosis come from | [
"from other cells"
]
| [
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "Because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process. Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways. In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress, while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells. Both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases, which are proteases, or enzymes that degrade proteins. The two pathways both activate initiator caspases, which then activate executioner caspases, which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "cells by phagocytes occurs in an orderly manner without eliciting an inflammatory response. During apoptosis cellular RNA and DNA are separated from each other and sorted to different apoptotic bodies; separation of RNA is initiated as nucleolar segregation. Many knock-outs have been made in the apoptosis pathways to test the function of each of the proteins. Several caspases, in addition to APAF1 and FADD, have been mutated to determine the new phenotype. In order to create a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) knockout, an exon containing the nucleotides 3704–5364 was removed from the gene. This exon encodes a portion of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27186",
"score": "1.0049777",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Reactive oxygen species",
"text": "known as the caspase cascade and is induced through mitochondrial damage which triggers the release of cytochrome c. DNA damage, oxidative stress, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential lead to the release of the pro-apoptotic proteins mentioned above stimulating apoptosis. Mitochondrial damage is closely linked to apoptosis and since mitochondria are easily targeted there is potential for cancer therapy. The cytotoxic nature of ROS is a driving force behind apoptosis, but in even higher amounts, ROS can result in both apoptosis and necrosis, a form of uncontrolled cell death, in cancer cells. Numerous studies have shown the pathways and associations",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3093534",
"score": "1.001719",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "intracellular concentration of free fatty acids and increased intracellular calcium concentration, for example, by damage to the membrane, can all trigger the release of intracellular apoptotic signals by a damaged cell. A number of cellular components, such as poly ADP ribose polymerase, may also help regulate apoptosis. Single cell fluctuations have been observed in experimental studies of stress induced apoptosis. Before the actual process of cell death is precipitated by enzymes, apoptotic signals must cause regulatory proteins to initiate the apoptosis pathway. This step allows those signals to cause cell death, or the process to be stopped, should the cell",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27172",
"score": "0.991151",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "The two best-understood activation mechanisms are the intrinsic pathway (also called the mitochondrial pathway) and the extrinsic pathway. The \"intrinsic pathway\" is activated by intracellular signals generated when cells are stressed and depends on the release of proteins from the intermembrane space of mitochondria. The \"extrinsic pathway\" is activated by extracellular ligands binding to cell-surface death receptors, which leads to the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). A cell initiates intracellular apoptotic signaling in response to a stress, which may bring about cell suicide. The binding of nuclear receptors by glucocorticoids, heat, radiation, nutrient deprivation, viral infection, hypoxia, increased",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27171",
"score": "0.98443305",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "no longer need to die. Several proteins are involved, but two main methods of regulation have been identified: the targeting of mitochondria functionality, or directly transducing the signal via adaptor proteins to the apoptotic mechanisms. An extrinsic pathway for initiation identified in several toxin studies is an increase in calcium concentration within a cell caused by drug activity, which also can cause apoptosis via a calcium binding protease calpain. The mitochondria are essential to multicellular life. Without them, a cell ceases to respire aerobically and quickly dies. This fact forms the basis for some apoptotic pathways. Apoptotic proteins that target",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27173",
"score": "0.9797667",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis-inducing factor",
"text": "withdrawal of growth factors indicating that it is involved in apoptosis. Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in a cell in order to induce programmed cell death. The mitochondrial AIF protein was found to be a caspase-independent death effector that can allow independent nuclei to undergo apoptotic changes. The process triggering apoptosis starts when the mitochondria releases AIF, which exits through the mitochondrial membrane, enters the cytosol, and finally ends up in the cell nucleus where it signals the cell to condense its chromosomes and fragment its DNA molecules in order to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8898805",
"score": "0.9780813",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "cancer cells occur often at the level of control of transcription factors. As a particular example, defects in molecules that control transcription factor NF-κB in cancer change the mode of transcriptional regulation and the response to apoptotic signals, to curtail dependence on the tissue that the cell belongs. This degree of independence from external survival signals, can enable cancer metastasis. The tumor-suppressor protein p53 accumulates when DNA is damaged due to a chain of biochemical factors. Part of this pathway includes alpha-interferon and beta-interferon, which induce transcription of the \"p53\" gene, resulting in the increase of p53 protein level and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27195",
"score": "0.9778857",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "factor) from the mitochondria and its translocation into the nucleus mediated by its NLS (nuclear localization signal). Inside the mitochondria, AIF is anchored to the inner membrane. In order to be released, the protein is cleaved by a calcium-dependent calpain protease. Apoptosis Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις \"falling off\") is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27216",
"score": "0.96587515",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "apoptotic cell is disposed of, there is a process of disassembly. There are three recognized steps in apoptotic cell disassembly: The removal of dead cells by neighboring phagocytic cells has been termed efferocytosis. Dying cells that undergo the final stages of apoptosis display phagocytotic molecules, such as phosphatidylserine, on their cell surface. Phosphatidylserine is normally found on the inner leaflet surface of the plasma membrane, but is redistributed during apoptosis to the extracellular surface by a protein known as scramblase. These molecules mark the cell for phagocytosis by cells possessing the appropriate receptors, such as macrophages. The removal of dying",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27185",
"score": "0.9637127",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Cell damage",
"text": "and break up of the chromatin into unstructured granules, and \"karyolysis\"; dissolution of the cell nucleus. Cytosolic components that leak through the damaged plasma membrane into the extracellular space can incur an inflammatory response. There are six types of necrosis: Apoptosis is the programmed cell death of superfluous or potentially harmful cells in the body. It is an energy dependent process mediated by proteolytic enzymes called caspases, which trigger cell death through the cleaving of specific proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The dying cells shrink and condense into apoptotic bodies. The cell surface is altered so as to display",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7855072",
"score": "0.9611023",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "cell synthesizes substances to break itself down and places them in a vacuole that ruptures as the cell dies. Whether this whole process resembles animal apoptosis closely enough to warrant using the name \"apoptosis\" (as opposed to the more general \"programmed cell death\") is unclear. The characterization of the caspases allowed the development of caspase inhibitors, which can be used to determine whether a cellular process involves active caspases. Using these inhibitors it was discovered that cells can die while displaying a morphology similar to apoptosis without caspase activation. Later studies linked this phenomenon to the release of AIF (apoptosis-inducing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27215",
"score": "0.9575832",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "NF-κB",
"text": "it to die via apoptosis. In cancer, proteins that control NF-κB signaling are mutated or aberrantly expressed, leading to defective coordination between the malignant cell and the rest of the organism. This is evident both in metastasis, as well as in the inefficient eradication of the tumor by the immune system. Normal cells can die when removed from the tissue they belong to, or when their genome cannot operate in harmony with tissue function: these events depend on feedback regulation of NF-κB, and fail in cancer. Defects in NF-κB results in increased susceptibility to apoptosis leading to increased cell death.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5676841",
"score": "0.9574466",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Cytochrome c",
"text": "One of the ways cell apoptosis is activated is by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into cytosol. A study has shown that cells are able to protect themselves from apoptosis by blocking the release of cytochrome c using Bcl-x. Another way that cells can control apoptosis is by phosphorylation of Tyr48 which would turn cytochrome c into an anti-apoptotic switch. Cytochrome c is known to play a role in the electron transport chain and cell apoptosis. However, a recent study has shown that it can also act as an antioxidative enzyme in the mitochondria; and it does so",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "919656",
"score": "0.9569931",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "Bcl-2 family proteins. Increased expression of apoptotic proteins such as BIM, or their decreased proteolysis, leads to cell death, and can cause a number of pathologies, depending on the cells where excessive activity of BIM occurs. Cancer cells can escape apoptosis through mechanisms that suppress BIM expression or by increased proteolysis of BIM. Treatments aiming to inhibit works to block specific caspases. Finally, the Akt protein kinase promotes cell survival through two pathways. Akt phosphorylates and inhibits Bad (a Bcl-2 family member), causing Bad to interact with the 14-3-3 scaffold, resulting in Bcl dissociation and thus cell survival. Akt also",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27204",
"score": "0.95566756",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "commonly denoted as MAC), also called \"Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization Pore\" is regulated by various proteins, such as those encoded by the mammalian Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptopic genes, the homologs of the \"ced-9\" gene found in \"C. elegans\". \"Bcl-2\" proteins are able to promote or inhibit apoptosis by direct action on MAC/MOMPP. Bax and/or Bak form the pore, while Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or Mcl-1 inhibit its formation. Two theories of the direct initiation of apoptotic mechanisms in mammals have been suggested: the \"TNF-induced\" (tumor necrosis factor) model and the \"Fas-Fas ligand-mediated\" model, both involving receptors of the \"TNF receptor\" (TNFR) family",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27177",
"score": "0.95362735",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "BOK (gene)",
"text": "found to tightly associate with mitochondrial membranes. On the other hand, another group found Bok shuttling between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In their experiments, increased nuclear (not mitochondrial) localization correlated with a stronger apoptotic activity. It was found that the cellular ratio of pro-apoptotic to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members effects late apoptotic events such as release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and the activation of caspases. Higher levels of pro-apoptotic proteins compared to anti-apoptotic proteins seem to cause apoptosis. In a current model, the formation of heterodimers between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins prevents induction of apoptosis. The binding",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11396405",
"score": "0.95331764",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Suicide gene",
"text": "they can modulate apoptosis, so that they can control which cells live and which undergo programmed cell death. Anti-cancer drugs and radiation, for example, work by triggering apoptosis in diseased cells. Many diseases and disorders are linked with the life and death of cells—increased apoptosis is a characteristic of AIDS, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease, while decreased apoptosis can signal lupus or cancer. Understanding how to regulate apoptosis could be the first step to treating these conditions. Too little or too much apoptosis can play a role in many diseases. When apoptosis does not work correctly, cells that should be eliminated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3069913",
"score": "0.9529182",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog. Negative regulation of apoptosis inhibits cell death signaling pathways, helping tumors to evade cell death and developing drug resistance. Many families of proteins act as negative regulators categorized into either antiapoptotic factors, such as IAPs and Bcl-2 proteins or prosurvival factors like cFLIP, BNIP3, FADD, Akt, and NF-κB. Many pathways and signals lead to apoptosis, but these converge on a single mechanism that actually causes the death of the cell. After a cell receives stimulus, it undergoes organized degradation of cellular organelles by activated proteolytic caspases. In addition",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27183",
"score": "0.9525269",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Apoptosis",
"text": "known that it is also due to a decrease in cell death. The most common of these diseases is cancer, the disease of excessive cellular proliferation, which is often characterized by an overexpression of IAP family members. As a result, the malignant cells experience an abnormal response to apoptosis induction: Cycle-regulating genes (such as p53, ras or c-myc) are mutated or inactivated in diseased cells, and further genes (such as bcl-2) also modify their expression in tumors. Some apoptotic factors are vital during mitochondrial respiration e.g. cytochrome C. Pathological inactivation of apoptosis in cancer cells is correlated with frequent respiratory",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27197",
"score": "0.9507689",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Agkistrodon",
"text": "apoptosis (cell death) in isolated cancer cells through Fas pathway activation. Fas is a protein that becomes a death receptor in the cellular membrane. When activated, Fas turns on what is called a “caspase cascade.” This pathway is made up of a series of proteins called initiator and executioner caspases. Initiator caspases help form an apoptosis initiation factor that eventually activates executioner caspases (see figure 3). Executioner caspases go on to “digest” the cell from the inside out. They cleave cytoskeleton filaments and DNA until the cell completely implodes. If this pathway can be activated in tumor cells using \"Agkistrodon\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3136324",
"score": "0.9504374",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Trichothecene",
"text": "death pathway, apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis in cells with high levels of reactive oxygen species is due to a variety of cell signaling pathways. The first is the p53 pathway which is shown to be upregulated by the T-2 toxin. p53 is a protein responsible for controlling the cell cycle, but an increase in the activity of this protein also leads to increased activation of BAX proteins in the cell. These BAX proteins are primarily responsible for increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and leading to the release of cytochrome c and reactive oxygen species. Release of cytochrome",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6891955",
"score": "0.94933605",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Phagocyte",
"text": "normal healthy function of cells. The body has to rid itself of millions of dead or dying cells every day, and phagocytes play a crucial role in this process. Dying cells that undergo the final stages of apoptosis display molecules, such as phosphatidylserine, on their cell surface to attract phagocytes. Phosphatidylserine is normally found on the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane, but is redistributed during apoptosis to the extracellular surface by a hypothetical protein known as scramblase. These molecules mark the cell for phagocytosis by cells that possess the appropriate receptors, such as macrophages. The removal of dying cells",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2564215",
"score": "0.94835675",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "The Hallmarks of Cancer",
"text": "they do not apoptose. The cancer cells may do this by altering the mechanisms that detect the damage or abnormalities. This means that proper signalling cannot occur, thus apoptosis cannot activate. They may also have defects in the downstream signalling itself, or the proteins involved in apoptosis, each of which will also prevent proper apoptosis. Cells of the body don't normally have the ability to divide indefinitely. They have a limited number of divisions before the cells become unable to divide (senescence), or die (crisis). The cause of these barriers is primarily due to the DNA at the end of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15474225",
"score": "0.94635797",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Protein S",
"text": "of apoptosis), no longer actively manage the distribution of phospholipids in their outer membrane and hence begin to display negatively charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl serine, on the cell surface. In healthy cells, an ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)-dependent enzyme removes these from the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. These negatively charged phospholipids are recognized by phagocytes such as macrophages. Protein S can bind to the negatively charged phospholipids and function as a bridging molecule between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell, allowing it to be removed 'cleanly'",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4392096",
"score": "0.94281805",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Necroptosis",
"text": "c from mitochondria leads to caspase activation. Proteolytic degradation of the cell's interior culminates with the packaging of the cell's remains into apoptotic bodies, which are degraded and recycled by phagocytosis. Unlike in apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis do not involve caspase activation. Necrotic cell death culminates in leakage of cell contents into the extracellular space, in contrast to the organized disposal of cellular contents into apoptotic bodies. As in all forms of necrotic cell death, cells undergoing necroptosis rupture and leak their contents into the intercellular space. Unlike in necrosis, permeabilization of the cell membrane during necroptosis is tightly regulated.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16861819",
"score": "0.9413465",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Apoptosome",
"text": "Apoptosome The apoptosome is a large quaternary protein structure formed in the process of apoptosis. Its formation is triggered by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in response to an internal (intrinsic) or external (extrinsic) cell death stimulus. Stimuli can vary from DNA damage and viral infection to developmental cues such as those leading to the degradation of a tadpole's tail. In mammalian cells, once cytochrome c is released, it binds to the cytosolic protein Apaf-1 to facilitate the formation of an apoptosome. An early biochemical study suggests a two-to-one ratio of cytochrome c to apaf-1 for apoptosome",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6923508",
"score": "0.9393445",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Programmed cell death",
"text": "because mitochondria still retain their repertoire of molecules that can trigger cell suicide. It is not clear why apoptotic machinery is maintained in the extant unicellular organisms. This process has now been evolved to happen only when programmed. to cells (such as feedback from neighbors, stress or DNA damage), mitochondria release caspase activators that trigger the cell-death-inducing biochemical cascade. As such, the cell suicide mechanism is now crucial to all of our lives. The BCR-ABL oncogene has been found to be involved in the development of cancer in humans. c-Myc is involved in the regulation of apoptosis via its role",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2323104",
"score": "0.9382118",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "DLC1",
"text": "region) on DLC1 by protein kinase B (PKB) aka AKT, although the significance and function of this phosphorylation is as yet unknown. DLC1 is responsible for inducing programmed cell death by at least two mechanisms: caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and Bcl-2 activated mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. The process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, allows cells which are stressed or damaged to die in a controlled and contained manner. Experiments have shown that DLC1 expression initiates a signaling cascade which cleaves the precursor protein procaspase-3 into caspase-3, thereby allowing it to induce caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, in the absence of DLC1, apoptosis of cells which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11318208",
"score": "0.93551165",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Apoptosome",
"text": "cytochrome c do not accidentally cause apoptosis. While apoptosis is required for natural body function, mutations of the apoptosome pathway cause catastrophic effects and changes in the body. Mutations of the cell pathway can either promote cell death or disallow cell death creating a huge amount of disease in the body. Mutated apoptosis pathways causing disease are plentiful and have a wide range from cancer, due to lack of apoptosome activity, Alzheimer's disease due to too much apoptosome activity, and many other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's are",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6923527",
"score": "0.93540615",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Apoptosis",
"long_answer": "Because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process. Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways. In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress, while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells. Both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases, which are proteases, or enzymes that degrade proteins. The two pathways both activate initiator caspases, which then activate executioner caspases, which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process. Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways. In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress, while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells. Both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases, which are proteases, or enzymes that degrade proteins. The two pathways both activate initiator caspases, which then activate executioner caspases, which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately.",
"short_answers": [
"from other cells"
]
} |
who made delhi as capital for the first time | [
"the Pandavas"
]
| [
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded around 3500 BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near Faridabad), and Baghpat. 16th-century, Persian historian, Firishta, recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana (Greek) invasions. However, it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Delhi",
"text": "cities have been discovered in Delhi. The first five cities were in the southern part of present-day Delhi. King Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty founded the city of Lal Kot in AD 736. Prithviraj Chauhan conquered Lal Kot in 1178 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The king Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori, a Muslim invader from Afghanistan, who made a concerted effort to conquer northern India. By 1200, native Hindu resistance had begun to crumble, the dominance of foreign Turkic Muslim dynasties in north India was to last for the next five centuries. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "485479",
"score": "1.1023006",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Gates of Delhi",
"text": "Red Fort. Delhi has been capital of India for more than 1000 years. New Delhi became the capital of India in 1912. The second medieval city of Siri Fort was built during the rule of Ala-ud-Din Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate with the major objective of protecting the city from the onslaught of the Mongols. The city, when built with an oval plan, was best described as presenting an embodiment of richness with palaces and other structures and had seven gates for entry and exit. But, at present, only the Southeastern gate exists, also in ruins (pictured). The destruction of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13738364",
"score": "1.1015195",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "Pithora. The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori. From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty. The first Sultan of Delhi, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant mosque in India. He was said to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697409",
"score": "1.0992786",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "BCE) was discovered near Sriniwaspuri. Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century. History of Delhi The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Much of Delhi's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhi's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century. Since then, Delhi has been the centre of a succession",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697420",
"score": "1.0937554",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Delhi",
"text": "Sultan, daughter of Iltutmish, succeeded him as the Sultan of Delhi. She is the first and only woman to rule over Delhi. For the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan, Lodi dynasty. They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi. Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period. The Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1320). Under the second Khalji ruler, Ala-ud-din Khalji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "485481",
"score": "1.0894594",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Daulatabad, Maharashtra",
"text": "(r. 1325-1351), who also changed its name, and forcibly moved the entire population of Delhi for two years before it was abandoned for lack of water and Tughluq was constantly known to shift the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and Daulatabad to Delhi. There is a belief that Devagiri was built in 1203 AD by a Dhangar or herdsman who acquired vast wealth by his good fortune. He had a brother who was a shepherd named 'Raja Ram' and in correlation with it he assumed the rank of a Raja (King). Lord Shiva is believed to have been stayed on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3618328",
"score": "1.0837809",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "the Qutb Minar and its surrounding monuments and the Tughlaqabad Fort. During this time, the city became a center for culture. The Delhi Sultanate came to an end in 1526, when Babur defeated the forces of the last sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi at the first Battle of Panipat, and formed the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire would rule the area for three centuries. During the 16th century, the city declined as the Mughal capital was shifted. The fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the walled city of Shahjahanabad within Delhi, and its landmarks, the Red Fort and Jama Masjid.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697399",
"score": "1.0803095",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "History of Delhi The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Much of Delhi's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhi's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century. Since then, Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms, making Delhi one of the longest-serving capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. It is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697397",
"score": "1.0802276",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas. Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as \"Hasthinapur\", which means \"elephant-city\". The name Delhi may be derived from the word 'Dhillika', though there are other theories. According to Satyarth Prakash (1874) of Swami Dayanand, Raja Dhilu (King Dihlu) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BCE. It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi, located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi, in Mehrauli. This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities. It is also known as Yoginipura, that is, the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697405",
"score": "1.0643214",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Mehrauli",
"text": "by the Tanwar chief Anangpal I around 731AD and expanded by AnangPal II in the 11thcentury, who shifted his capital to Lal Kot from Kannaujs The Tanwars were defeated by the Chauhans in the 12th century. Prithviraj Chauhan further expanded the fort and called it Qila Rai Pithora. He was defeated and killed in 1192 by Mohammed Ghori, who put his general Qutb-ud-din Aybak in charge and returned to Afghanistan. Subsequently in 1206, after the death of Mohammed Ghori, Qutubuddin enthroned himself as the first Sultan of Delhi. Thus Delhi became the capital of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi (Slave",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4920020",
"score": "1.0608844",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way. The Delhi Sultanate is the name given for a series of five successive dynasties, who ruled North India with Delhi as their capital. The rule of the Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak. The relics of the Delhi Sultanate include",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697398",
"score": "1.0561074",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Agra",
"text": "it. Sultan Sikandar Lodī (1488–1517) was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in 1506. He governed the country from here and Agra assumed the importance of the second capital. He died in 1517 and his son, Ibrāhīm Lodī, remained in power there for nine more years and several palaces, wells and a mosque were built by him in the fort during his period, finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526. Between 1540 and 1556, Afghans, beginning with Sher Shah Suri ruled the area. It was the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1556",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2261670",
"score": "1.0517012",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Old Delhi",
"text": "it still serves as the symbolic heart of metropolitan Delhi. Upon the 2012 trifurcation of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Old Delhi became administered by the North Delhi Municipal Corporation. The site of \"Shahjahanabad\" is north of earlier settlements of Delhi. Its southern part overlaps some of the area that was settled by the Tughlaqs in the 14th century when it was the seat of Delhi Sultanate. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5369981",
"score": "1.0505185",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "and their other territories, ending the short-lived rebellion. This also marked the beginning of direct British Rule in India. In 1911, the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi, the last inner city of Delhi designed by Edwin Lutyens. After India's Independence from the British, New Delhi became the capital of the newly formed Republic of India. It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven different cities between 3000 BCE and the 17th century BCE, although taking smaller towns and strongholds into account, as many as 15 settlements can be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697401",
"score": "1.0495139",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "History of India",
"text": "in battles at Chittorgarh Fort. The first time, this was led by Rani Padmini wife of Rana Rattan Singh who was killed in the battle in 1303, and later by Rani Karnavati in 1537. The historian Dr. R.P. Tripathi noted: The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim sultanate based in Delhi, ruled by several dynasties of Turkic, Turko-Indian and Pathan origins. It ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the 13th century to the early 16th century. The context behind the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the Asian continent,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "183662",
"score": "1.047484",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "and transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century. In 1398, Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty, on 15 December 1398, Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well. In 1526, following the First Battle of Panipat, Zahiruddin Babur, the former ruler of Fergana, defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697411",
"score": "1.0469509",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "fortress of the \"Yoginis\" (female divinities). It gained importance during the time of Anangpal Tomar. In the 12th century, the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan. Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230) an Apabhramsha writer, provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi. हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम, गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम|<br> परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु, जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं|<br> रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं| Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697406",
"score": "1.0465035",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Delhi",
"text": "as the emperor. In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab. In 1911, it was announced that the capital of British held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi. The name \"New Delhi\" was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "485488",
"score": "1.044003",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Capital: The Eruption of Delhi",
"text": "Capital: The Eruption of Delhi Capital: The Eruption of Delhi (also published as Capital: A Portrait of Twenty-First Century Delhi) is a 2014 book by British-born, Indian-based writer Rana Dasgupta. \"Capital\" is an exploration of the transformation of Delhi since Dasgupta first moved to the city in 2001. It explores the changes Delhi has experienced since the boom of the Indian economy, particularly through encounters with residents of Delhi, ranging from billionaires to slum dwellers and drug dealers to metal traders. These personal stories are interwoven with over a century of history of the city. Writing for \"The Observer\" Jason",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20374179",
"score": "1.0425444",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi. This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the Red Fort (\"Lal Qila\") and the Jama Masjid. The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. After 1680,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697414",
"score": "1.0425425",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Delhi",
"text": "the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India. However, by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "485482",
"score": "1.0424474",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "New Delhi",
"text": "New Delhi New Delhi () is an urban district of Delhi which serves as the capital of India and seat of all three branches of the Government of India. The foundation stone of the city was laid by Emperor George V during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy and Governor-General of India Lord Irwin. Although colloquially \"Delhi\" and \"New Delhi\" are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), these are two distinct",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "621373",
"score": "1.0418198",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Delhi",
"text": "founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra. The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556. In 1553, the Hindu king Hemu acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name \"Shahjahanabad\", which served as the capital of the Mughal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "485484",
"score": "1.0399005",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Gates of Delhi",
"text": "the fort and its gates are attributed more to the local rulers of subsequent dynasties who removed the stones, bricks and other artifacts of the fort for their own buildings and palaces. Tughlaqabad, the third city of medieval Delhi, built by Ghazi Malik well known as Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq who established the Tughlaq Dynasty in 1321 after ousting the Khaljis, was enclosed within a fort of massive proportions completed in a short span of four years. The fort has inclined walls with triple storied citadels, enormous towers, mosques and halls. The city when built is stated to have had 52",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13738365",
"score": "1.0391443",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli. जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु, णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु ||<br> वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु, माणिणियण मणसंजनीय || Translation: The ruler Anangapal is famous, he can slay his enemies with his sword. The weight (of the Iron pillar) caused the Nagaraj to shake. A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars: देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः |<br> ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता || Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697407",
"score": "1.032439",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "Agra and Lahore. In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri’s death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, became the Prime Minister",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697412",
"score": "1.0286622",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Qila Rai Pithora",
"text": "and city existed with the fort, while older Lal Kot served as the citadel. Prithvi Raj Chauhan ruled Delhi for 30 Years until Afghans started attacking in 1190s. He valiantly defeated Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191. Prithvi Raj Chauhan became over confident. Muhammad Ghori re-organised his forces and defeated Prithviraj in the Second Battle of Tarain, ending their dynasty. Before returning, Muhammad Ghori appointed his slave general Qutubuddin Aibak to look into the matters of this region. This in turn established Muslim rule in India, with his Mamluk dynasty also known as Slave dynasty, the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6475011",
"score": "1.0280905",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "History of Delhi",
"text": "to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I. New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1947. During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi, and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas, while Hindus from East Pakistan, settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony (EPDP: East Pakistan Displaced Persons) in South Delhi, later named Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s. In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273-236",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7697419",
"score": "1.027269",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Muhammad bin Tughluq",
"text": "and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq control. This was followed by a revolt in Bengal. Fearing that the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in 1335, he decided to shift the capital back to Delhi, allowing the citizens to return to their previous city. While most of the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, tend to have implied that Delhi was entirely emptied (as is famously mentioned by Barani that not a dog or cat was left), it is generally believed that this is just an exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts simply imply that Delhi suffered a downfall in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4702760",
"score": "1.0262989",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "History of Delhi",
"long_answer": "According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded around 3500 BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near Faridabad), and Baghpat. 16th-century, Persian historian, Firishta, recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana (Greek) invasions. However, it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas.",
"chunked_long_answer": "According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded around 3500 BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near Faridabad), and Baghpat. 16th-century, Persian historian, Firishta, recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana (Greek) invasions. However, it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas.",
"short_answers": [
"the Pandavas"
]
} |
what was the first capital city of australia | [
"New South Wales",
"Melbourne",
"Sydney"
]
| [
{
"title": "List of Australian capital cities",
"text": "There are eight capital cities in Australia, each of which functions as the seat of government for the state or territory in which it is located. Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia. In 1927, the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra, which continues to serve as the national capital.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Perth",
"text": "colonists had their first view of the mainland, and Western Australia's founding has since been recognised by a public holiday on the first Monday in June each year. Captain James Stirling, aboard \"Parmelia\", said that Perth was \"as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed\". On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, \"Sulphur\", cut down a tree to mark the founding of the town. It is clear that Stirling had already selected the name \"Perth\" for the capital well before the town was proclaimed, as his proclamation of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "330711",
"score": "0.96163154",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "History of the Australian Capital Territory",
"text": "school in the region, and operated from 1844 to 1848. The first school in the future Canberra opened on the \"Duntroon\" Estate, next door to St John's Church in what would become the suburb of Reid in the 20th century. Canberra's first church, St John's, was consecrated and opened for use in 1845. The Tuggeranong Plains, situated south of the Molonglo River, were first settled in 1827 by Peter Murdoch. The Waniassa Homestead (also known as Tuggeranong Homestead) was established in 1836 by Thomas McQuoid, and the first buildings of the Lanyon estate, owned by John Lanyon and James Wright,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6374913",
"score": "0.94762194",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Samuel Stephens (Colonial Manager)",
"text": "a position as an assistant surveyor in the proposed new colony of South Australia. Instead, however, he ended up being appointed the first manager of the South Australian Company. He travelled to South Australia in February 1836 in the \"Duke of York\" (the first of the Company ships, followed by the \"Lady Mary Pelham\", and the \"John Pirie\") with 8 fellow-colonists and 29 labourers, and on 27 July 1836 was the first of the adult colonists to embark on Kangaroo Island, the intended site of the first settlement. The capital of the island, originally to be called \"Angas\" for the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15727846",
"score": "0.9416241",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "South Australia",
"text": "The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay (near the present day Glenelg) in November 1836. The commencement of colonial government was proclaimed on 28 December 1836, now known as Proclamation Day. South Australia was the second Australian state to be settled by free colonists, the first being the free Swan River colony in Western Australia, however in 1849 Western Australia was formally constituted as a penal colony. Although South Australia was constituted such that convicts could never be transported to the Province, some emancipated or escaped convicts or expirees made their own way there, both prior to 1836, or later,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "360988",
"score": "0.93876565",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Springbank Island",
"text": "on the high ground that now forms Springbank Island. The MacPherson family lived at \"Springbank\"; John MacPherson being the first resident landholder in Canberra, and his wife Helen and their children the first European family to live in what is now the Australian Capital Territory. One of their children, John Alexander MacPherson, grew up to become, briefly, the 7th Premier of Victoria. It has been suggested that he was probably the first European boy born on the Limestone Plains. McPherson's grant was disputed by Joshua John Moore, a neighbouring landowner. Moore wrote to Robert Hoddle, the Government Surveyor: \"I beg",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9003539",
"score": "0.9314934",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Geology of the Australian Capital Territory",
"text": "fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon by the Reverend William Branwhite Clarke. At the time these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has since been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting and the Deakin anticline. The early European name for the district was \"Limestone Plains\". In 1820, following the discovery of Lake George and the Yass River, Governor Lachlan Macquarie decided to send a party, with provisions for one month, to discover the Murrumbidgee River. Joseph Wild was accompanied",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6499287",
"score": "0.9251249",
"original_retrieval_index": 52
},
{
"title": "Duke of York (1817 ship)",
"text": "South Australia\", and arrived at Kangaroo Island on 27 July 1836 after 154 days. The ship dropped anchor at Nepean Bay. The settlers carried on board established Kingscote, the first free settlement in Australia. This was the first pioneer ship to reach South Australia with European settlers as the start of the European settlement of South Australia. \"Duke of York\" was wrecked on its first whaling voyage on 14 August 1837, north of Moreton Bay, in present-day Queensland, Australia. Local inhabitants killed two of her twelve crew. Duke of York (1817 ship) Duke of York was a barque launched in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12873513",
"score": "0.924742",
"original_retrieval_index": 53
},
{
"title": "Australia (continent)",
"text": "landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula. It is here that James Cook made first contact with an aboriginal tribe known as the Gweagal. His expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline of Australia. The Commonwealth of Australia came into being when the Federal Constitution was proclaimed by the Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun, on 1 January 1901. From that point a system of federalism in Australia came into operation, entailing the establishment of an entirely new national government (the Commonwealth government) and an ongoing division of powers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12774114",
"score": "0.924631",
"original_retrieval_index": 55
},
{
"title": "First Government House, Sydney",
"text": "South Wales. The site is a symbol of the foundation and perpetuation of European settlement and authority in Australia. First Government House was a major link with the U.K. as it was the first permanent centre of British colonial administration in Australia. It is associated with a major phase in Australia's government, being the centre of power throughout its life. The first portion of the building to be erected was constructed by the first settlers of the colony. The in situ works and structures demonstrate the high standard of the first building in the colony and the echoing European style.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18629115",
"score": "0.9219644",
"original_retrieval_index": 60
},
{
"title": "Launceston, Tasmania",
"text": "the first use of anaesthetic in the Southern Hemisphere, the first Australian city to have underground sewers and the first Australian city to be lit by hydroelectricity. The city has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. Local government is split between the City of Launceston and the Meander Valley and West Tamar Councils. The first inhabitants of the area of Launceston were largely nomadic Aboriginal Tasmanians believed to have been part of the North Midlands Tribe. The first white visitors did not arrive until 1798, when George Bass and Matthew Flinders were sent to explore the possibility that there",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1924512",
"score": "0.91782635",
"original_retrieval_index": 68
},
{
"title": "South Australia",
"text": "the capital, and with then planning and surveying the site of the city into one-acre Town Sections and its surrounds into 134-acre Country Sections. Eager to commence the establishment of their whale and seal fisheries, the South Australian Company sought, and obtained, the Commissioners' permission to send Company ships to South Australia, in advance of the surveys and ahead of the Commissioners' colonists. The Company's settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was temporarily made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island, until the official site of the capital was selected by William Light, where the City of Adelaide is currently located.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "360987",
"score": "0.91782427",
"original_retrieval_index": 69
},
{
"title": "History of Western Australia",
"text": "by Major Edmund Lockyer, landed at King George Sound. On 21 January 1827 Lockyer formally took possession of the western third of the continent of Australia for the British Crown. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, Perth. The harsh conditions faced by the settlers resulted in population growth being minimal until the discovery of gold in the 1880s. Since the gold rush, the population of the state has risen steadily, with substantial growth in the period since World War II. Western Australia gained the right of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2279521",
"score": "0.9155489",
"original_retrieval_index": 75
},
{
"title": "History of Canberra",
"text": "History of Canberra The History of Canberra details the development of the City of Canberra from the time before European settlement to the city's planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin in collaboration with Marion Mahony Griffin, and its subsequent development to the present day. Before European settlement, the area which eventually became the Australian Capital Territory was inhabited by Indigenous Australians, who spoke a Ngarigo dialect. Historical sources have identified them as different tribes with a range of names. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2942678",
"score": "0.9127909",
"original_retrieval_index": 80
},
{
"title": "European land exploration of Australia",
"text": "named Port Macquarie. In 1824, Governor Thomas Brisbane asked Hamilton Hume and William Hovell to travel from Hume's station, near modern-day Canberra, to Spencer Gulf (west of modern-day Adelaide). However, they were required to pay their own costs. Hume and Hovell decided that Western Port (in present-day Victoria) was a more realistic goal, and they left with a party of six men. After discovering and crossing the Murrumbidgee and Murray rivers, they eventually reached a site near modern-day Geelong, somewhat west of their intended destination. After the Great Dividing Range had been crossed at numerous points and many rivers were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18968902",
"score": "0.9125861",
"original_retrieval_index": 83
},
{
"title": "History of the Australian Capital Territory",
"text": "– named after early pastoralist Henry Hall – were sold. By 1901, it was an established town with a hotel, coachbuilder, blacksmith, butcher, shoemaker, saddler, dairy and two stores. In 1886, the agronomist William Farrer, established the research farm 'Lambrigg' on the banks of the Murrumbidgee south of present-day Tuggeranong. Farrer experimented with rust and drought-resistant wheat; the varieties he bred were widely used by Australian growers, and he was later credited with establishing Australia as a major producer. Tharwa Bridge, the oldest surviving bridge in the region, was opened in 1895 and was the first crossing over the Murrumbidgee",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6374920",
"score": "0.912477",
"original_retrieval_index": 85
},
{
"title": "First Government House, Sydney",
"text": "government decisions and historic events for the first 57 years of the colony's existence. It was the office and residence of the first and eight succeeding Governors of NSW. It is associated with the earliest formal attempts to communicate with the Aboriginal people of Australia. It was the location for historic events such as the arrest of Governor Bligh at the beginning of the Rum Rebellion, the beginning of the press in Australia and the first meetings of the Legislative Council. As one of the first stone and brick buildings erected in the colony, it is significant as a prime",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18629117",
"score": "0.91236895",
"original_retrieval_index": 86
},
{
"title": "Seat of Government Act 1908",
"text": "Seat of Government Act 1908 The Seat of Government Act 1908 was enacted by the Australian Government on 14 December 1908. The act selected the Yass-Queanbeyan region as the site for Canberra, the new capital city of Australia. The act repealed the earlier \"Seat of Government Act 1904\" which had previously selected a site at Dalgety for the new capital. The actual creation of the Federal Capital Territory (now Australian Capital Territory) did not occur until after Charles Robert Scrivener had surveyed the area and defined a potential border. The \"Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909\" and \"Seat of Government",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6459731",
"score": "0.91147584",
"original_retrieval_index": 89
},
{
"title": "Adelaide city centre",
"text": "locality is home to the Parliament of South Australia and many key state government offices. Due to the construction of many new apartments in the city, the population has grown over ten years from 10,229 (2006 census) to 15,115 (2016 census). Before the European settlement of South Australia, the Adelaide Plains, on which Adelaide was built, were home to the Kaurna group of Indigenous Australians. The colony of South Australia was established in 1836 at Glenelg, and the city itself established in 1837. The location and layout of the city is accredited to Colonel William Light (1786–1839), in a plan",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9116782",
"score": "0.9110531",
"original_retrieval_index": 90
},
{
"title": "Rupert Gerritsen",
"text": "mutineers from the Batavia mutiny, possibly Australia’s first European settlers, were marooned on 16 November 1629. As a consequence of his research Gerritsen established that Hutt River, 500 kilometres north of Perth, was the site where Wouter Loos and Jan Pelgrom de Bye first set foot on mainland Australia. These discoveries wrought a complete change in the methodology of recording early Western Australian pre-history. Many subsequent scholars have embraced this new historical paradigm in their works. The result is the ending of triumphal history which described the inevitability of growth of wealth and prosperity of Western Australia under the shroud",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15562330",
"score": "0.91099656",
"original_retrieval_index": 91
},
{
"title": "Adelaide",
"text": "Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation (pronounced \"Garner\"). Kaurna culture and language were almost completely destroyed within a few decades of European settlement of South Australia, but extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both. South Australia was officially proclaimed a British colony on 28 December 1836, near The Old Gum Tree in what is now the suburb of Glenelg North. The event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the colony's capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11594",
"score": "0.90586007",
"original_retrieval_index": 100
},
{
"title": "History of the Australian Capital Territory",
"text": "were built in 1838. Tharwa was settled in 1834; the homestead in this area was \"Cuppacumbalong\", established by James Wright in 1839. Tharwa is the oldest official settlement in the ACT, having been proclaimed in 1862. Settlers moved further south into what is now the Namadgi National Park. William Herbert made a claim over part of the Orroral Valley at some point between 1826 and 1836, while during the 1830s Garrett Cotter inhabited what would later be named the Cotter River Valley, in his honour. From the late 1830s, the Boboyan Homestead and station were established. Gudgenby was settled in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6374914",
"score": "0.9048269",
"original_retrieval_index": 105
},
{
"title": "Joshua John Moore",
"text": "have been the first pastoralist to ever occupy the land where Canberra, the capital of Australia, is situated presently, preceding Robert Campbell by approximately one year. Despite this, Moore did not take an interest or participate in the establishment and development of the district and area and never lived there. Moore married his first wife, Sarah Elizabeth, née Hollands (born to David Hollands of Bermondsey, Surrey, a shipowner and shipwright) on 29 March 1825. She, however, died, in 1839, aged 53. Survived by Moore and their only son, Frederick Thomas, Elizabeth was buried at Liverpool, where the two had married.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10601694",
"score": "0.90431213",
"original_retrieval_index": 106
},
{
"title": "Western Australia",
"text": "named Albany in 1832. In 1829 the Swan River Colony was established on the Swan River by Captain James Stirling. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia. The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of Fremantle and the state's capital, Perth. York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "456308",
"score": "0.90399283",
"original_retrieval_index": 109
},
{
"title": "History of Albany, Western Australia",
"text": "In 1841 Albany was the final destination of explorer Edward John Eyre, the first European to reach Western Australia overland from the eastern colonies. The construction of St John's Anglican Church commenced in 1841 and was completed in 1844. The church was the first to be consecrated in Western Australia; the ceremony was conducted on 25 October 1848 by Bishop Augustus Short of Adelaide. The Albany Convict Gaol was established in 1852 for imperial convicts transported to Albany as skilled labourers. The first mayor of the town was William Finlay, elected in 1885. The \"Albany Advertiser\" was first published in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19788308",
"score": "0.9034699",
"original_retrieval_index": 110
},
{
"title": "Foundation of Melbourne",
"text": "December 1824, before reaching Port Phillip at Corio Bay. Other than the escape of convict William Buckley, this marks the only recorded visit by Europeans between 1804 and 1835. In 1834 Edward Henty and his brothers [manikandan] established the first permanent settlement in Victoria at Portland Bay. When news of the Hentys' actions reached Launceston, John Batman and a group of investors founded the Port Phillip Association, a grouping of Tasmanian bankers, graziers and East India Company retirees, with the intention of settling at Port Philip. In April 1835, Batman hired a sloop called the \"Rebecca\" and sailed across the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6230785",
"score": "0.90216714",
"original_retrieval_index": 118
},
{
"title": "John Gale (journalist)",
"text": "the Limestone Plains to Kurrajong Hill (now called Capital Hill where the new Parliament House is built) when he had a \"prophetic inspiration\": \"... with the mountains to the south and to the east and the shimmer from the river, the scene invoked a mental, if not a vocal, exclamation: \"What a magnificent site for one of Australia's future cities!\" On 11 June 1900, Gale (with 11 other local men) gave evidence to a NSW Royal Commissioner, Mr Alexander Oliver, proposing that Queanbeyan-Canberra be the site for the Federal Capital City. Commissioner Oliver had been appointed to examine and report",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8345184",
"score": "0.90013564",
"original_retrieval_index": 132
},
{
"title": "Hyde Park, Sydney",
"text": "Australia was Rockingham in 1799. By 1800 there were 200 horses in the colony which grew to 1100 by 1810. A race ground on the Hawkesbury River near Richmond was probably Australia's first racecourse being used as early as 1806. Match races were run there as part of a holiday at Parramatta in April 1810. Only two days after Governor Macquarie dedicated Hyde Park for 'recreation and amusement' it became the site of Australia's first official horse race meeting organised on 15, 17 and 19 October 1810 by the officers of the 73rd Regiment (Macquarie's regiment). The meetings to devise",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1772590",
"score": "0.89978343",
"original_retrieval_index": 135
},
{
"title": "Canberra",
"text": "as to the name of the future city. Almost 750 names were suggested. At midday on 12 March 1913, the city was officially given its name \"Canberra\" by Lady Denman, the wife of Governor-General Lord Denman, at a ceremony at Kurrajong Hill, which has since become Capital Hill and the site of the present Parliament House. Canberra Day is a public holiday observed in the ACT on the second Monday in March to celebrate the founding of Canberra. After the ceremony, bureaucratic disputes hindered Griffin's work; a Royal Commission in 1916 ruled his authority had been usurped by certain officials,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "630136",
"score": "0.8993521",
"original_retrieval_index": 137
},
{
"title": "History of Australia",
"text": "[italicised words crossed out in the original]. In 1772, a French expedition led by Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn, became the first Europeans to formally claim sovereignty over the west coast of Australia, but no attempt was made to follow this with colonisation. The ambition of Sweden's King Gustav III to establish a colony for his country at the Swan River in 1786 remained stillborn. It was not until 1788 that economic, technological and political conditions in Great Britain made it possible and worthwhile for that country to make the large effort of sending the First Fleet to New South",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "511812",
"score": "0.89886796",
"original_retrieval_index": 139
}
]
| {
"title": "List of Australian capital cities",
"long_answer": "There are eight capital cities in Australia, each of which functions as the seat of government for the state or territory in which it is located. Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia. In 1927, the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra, which continues to serve as the national capital.",
"chunked_long_answer": "There are eight capital cities in Australia, each of which functions as the seat of government for the state or territory in which it is located. Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia. In 1927, the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra, which continues to serve as the national capital.",
"short_answers": [
"Melbourne"
]
} |
who won the womens 2017 ncaa basketball tournament | [
"South Carolina"
]
| [
{
"title": "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament",
"text": "The 2017 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday, March 17 to Sunday, April 2, 2017, with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas on March 31 and April 2. This was the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday, rather than Sunday and Tuesday. South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Niya Butts",
"text": "tournament. On May 14, 2016, the University of Kentucky announced that Butts would be returning to the women's basketball program as an assistant coach under head coach Matthew Mitchell. Niya Butts Niya Denise Butts (born January 10, 1978) is an American women’s college basketball coach, currently as assistant at the University of Kentucky. She is the former head coach at the University of Arizona. As a player, she was a part of two national championships at the University of Tennessee. Butts, a 6'0\" forward from Americus, Georgia, played college basketball for Hall of Fame coach Pat Summitt at Tennessee from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16156939",
"score": "1.0227323",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Jamie Scott (basketball)",
"text": "Jamie Scott (basketball) Jamie Scott (née \"Weisner\") (born August 9, 1994) is an American/Canadian professional basketball player, previously playing for the Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She was drafted 17th overall by the Connecticut Sun in the 2016 WNBA draft, but cut during the 2016 preseason and signed with the Mystics. Scott played seven games for Washington before being waived on August 24, 2016. Born in Spokane, Washington, she played college basketball for Oregon State. At Oregon State, she was Pac-12 Conference Player of the year following the 2015–16 season in which she led the team",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20082041",
"score": "0.99628794",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Niya Butts",
"text": "Niya Butts Niya Denise Butts (born January 10, 1978) is an American women’s college basketball coach, currently as assistant at the University of Kentucky. She is the former head coach at the University of Arizona. As a player, she was a part of two national championships at the University of Tennessee. Butts, a 6'0\" forward from Americus, Georgia, played college basketball for Hall of Fame coach Pat Summitt at Tennessee from 1996 to 2000. She was a reserve for the Lady Vols, averaging 2.3 points and 1.2 rebounds per game, but was a part of National Championship teams in both",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16156937",
"score": "0.99048495",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team The 2017–18 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team represents the University of Oklahoma in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Sooners are led by Sherri Coale in her twenty-second season. The team plays its home games at the Lloyd Noble Center in Norman, Oklahoma as a member of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 16–15, 11–7 in Big 12 play to finish in a tie for third place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Big 12 Women's Tournament to TCU. They received at-large bid of the NCAA Women's Tournament",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20494895",
"score": "0.9864781",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Victoria Vivians",
"text": "Victoria Vivians Victoria Vivians (born November 17, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Fever of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She played college basketball for the Mississippi State Bulldogs. She helped lead the Bulldogs to four appearances in the NCAA Tournament, including three Sweet Sixteens, and two appearances in the championship game in 2017 and 2018. Vivians was chosen eighth overall by the Indiana Fever in the 2018 WNBA Draft on April 12, 2018. Vivians is the daughter of John and Angela Vivians and Deborah Peatry. She graduated from Scott Central High School. She also",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20653550",
"score": "0.9849161",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball team The 2017–18 Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball team represented the Ohio State University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Buckeyes, led by 5th year head coach Kevin McGuff, played their home games at Value City Arena and were a member of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 28–7, 13–3 in Big Ten play to win the regular season title. They defeated Rutgers, Minnesota, and Maryland to win the Big Ten Women's Basketball Tournament. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Women's Tournament",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20467140",
"score": "0.97713864",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Jamie Scott (basketball)",
"text": "to its first Final Four appearance. Scott played on the Canadian national team during the 2018 World Cup. Source Jamie Scott (basketball) Jamie Scott (née \"Weisner\") (born August 9, 1994) is an American/Canadian professional basketball player, previously playing for the Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She was drafted 17th overall by the Connecticut Sun in the 2016 WNBA draft, but cut during the 2016 preseason and signed with the Mystics. Scott played seven games for Washington before being waived on August 24, 2016. Born in Spokane, Washington, she played college basketball for Oregon State. At Oregon",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20082042",
"score": "0.9760063",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Alyssa Thomas",
"text": "Alyssa Thomas Alyssa Thomas (born April 12, 1992) is an American professional women's basketball forward for the Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She is also the University of Maryland's all-time leader in scoring, rebounding and double-doubles for both the women's and men's programs, and one of only three athletes in NCAAW history with six career triple-doubles. Thomas was drafted in 2014 by the New York Liberty and, along with Kelsey Bone and a 2015 first-round draft pick, traded to Connecticut for Tina Charles. Thomas attended Central Dauphin High School in Pennsylvania and became the school's all-time",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17996983",
"score": "0.97355783",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Lexie Brown",
"text": "top woman’s basketball league. Lexie Brown Alexis Kiah Brown (born October 27, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Brown was the ninth overall pick in the 2018 WNBA Draft. She played college basketball at Maryland University and Duke University. Brown was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Tammy and Dee Brown. Her father played twelve years in the NBA as a point guard, most notably for the Boston Celtics, with whom he won the 1991 Slam Dunk Contest. Brown played her freshman season at Dr. Phillips in Orlando, Florida,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19995456",
"score": "0.97073996",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Michigan Wolverines women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Michigan Wolverines women's basketball team The 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines women's basketball team represents the University of Michigan during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Wolverines, led by 6th year head coach Kim Barnes Arico, play their home games at the Crisler Center and are currently a member of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 23–10, 10–6 in Big Ten play to finish in sixth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the Big Ten Women's Tournament where they lost to Nebraska. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Women's Tournament where they defeated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20459446",
"score": "0.9702494",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team The 2017–18 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut (UConn) during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Huskies, led by Hall of Fame head coach Geno Auriemma, in his 33rd season at UConn, played their home games at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion and the XL Center and were fifth-year members of the American Athletic Conference. They finished the season 36–1, 16–0 in AAC play to win the AAC regular season championship. They defeated Tulane, Cincinnati, and South Florida to win the AAC Women's Tournament title. As a result,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20278476",
"score": "0.9642655",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "2016–17 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team",
"text": "2016–17 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team The 2016–17 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team will represent the University of Oklahoma in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Sooners are led by Sherri Coale in her twenty-first season. The team will play its home games at the Lloyd Noble Center in Norman, Oklahoma as a member of the Big 12 Conference. They finished the season 23–10, 13–5 in Big 12 play to finish in third place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Big 12 Women's Tournament to West Virginia. They received at-large bid of the NCAA Women's Tournament",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19620750",
"score": "0.9599024",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Mickie DeMoss",
"text": "Mickie DeMoss Mickie Faye DeMoss (born October 3, 1955) is an American college basketball coach and former player. She became women's basketball assistant coach at Louisiana State University on May 17, 2016. She is the former women's head coach at the University of Florida and the University of Kentucky. She is also a former assistant coach at Louisiana Tech University, University of Tennessee, University of Texas, Auburn University, Memphis State University, and the WNBA's Indiana Fever. DeMoss was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018 as a Contributor - Assistant Coach. DeMoss was born in Delhi, Louisiana.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9167556",
"score": "0.956762",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball team The 2017–18 Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin at Madison during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Badgers, led by second-year head coach Jonathan Tsipis, played their home games at the Kohl Center as members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 9–21, 2–14 in Big Ten play to finish in 13th place. They lost in the first round of the Big Ten Women's Tournament to Northwestern. The Badgers finished the 2016–17 season 9–22, 3–13 in Big Ten play to finish in a four-way for 11th",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20376975",
"score": "0.9562193",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Lexie Brown",
"text": "Lexie Brown Alexis Kiah Brown (born October 27, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Brown was the ninth overall pick in the 2018 WNBA Draft. She played college basketball at Maryland University and Duke University. Brown was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Tammy and Dee Brown. Her father played twelve years in the NBA as a point guard, most notably for the Boston Celtics, with whom he won the 1991 Slam Dunk Contest. Brown played her freshman season at Dr. Phillips in Orlando, Florida, where she helped the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19995452",
"score": "0.95597684",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Florida State Seminoles women's basketball team",
"text": "advanced to the semifinals of the ACC Women's Tournament where they lost to Notre Dame. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Women's Tournament where they defeated Little Rock in the first round before getting upset by Buffalo in the second round. Shakayla Thomas and Imani Wright went on to be selected in the WNBA Draft. For the 2016–17 season, the Seminoles achieved their best start in school history, reaching twenty wins faster than any other FSU team. Leticia Romero, Brittany Brown, Ivey Slaughter, and Kai James were among the senior class with the most wins in program history.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20527817",
"score": "0.95199144",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Brianna Turner",
"text": "was done for the season. She later announced that she would miss the 2017–18 season because of the same injury. She is expected to return for her final season of eligibility in 2018–19 after receiving a hardship waiver from the NCAA. Brianna Turner Brianna Turner is an American women's basketball forward with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. She is a native of Pearland, Texas. She competed for the United States women's national basketball team at the 2012 FIBA Under-17 World Championship and the 2014 FIBA Americas Under-18",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20628230",
"score": "0.9518887",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Arike Ogunbowale",
"text": "her freshman season at Notre Dame as a reserve player, and became a regular starter the next year. In her junior season, Ogunbowale helped the Fighting Irish win the 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament, making game-winning baskets in the semifinal against Connecticut and in the final against Mississippi State. Shortly after the end of the 2017–18 school year, the Atlantic Coast Conference named her as its female Athlete of the Year across all sports, sharing honors with men's winner Lamar Jackson of Louisville football. In April 2018, Ogunbowale was announced as one of the celebrities who will compete",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20659241",
"score": "0.9518466",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Nicholls State Colonels women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Nicholls State Colonels women's basketball team The 2017–18 Nicholls State Colonels women's basketball team represented Nicholls State University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Colonels, led by tenth year head coach DoBee Plaisance, played their home games at Stopher Gym and were members of the Southland Conference. They finished the season 19–13, 11–7 in Southland play to finish in a three way tie for fourth place. They won their first Southland Women's Tournament and earns an automatic trip to their first NCAA Women's Tournament in school history where they lost in the first round to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20613870",
"score": "0.95154744",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Boise State Broncos women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Boise State Broncos women's basketball team The 2017–18 Boise State Broncos women's basketball team represents Boise State University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Broncos, led by 13th-year head coach Gordy Presnell, play their home games at Taco Bell Arena as a member of the Mountain West Conference. They finished the season 23–10, 14–4 in Mountain West play to win the Mountain West regular season title with UNLV. They were also champions of the Mountain West Women's Tournament and earn an automatic trip to the NCAA Women's Tournament where they lost in the first round",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20484153",
"score": "0.9498495",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Kelsey Mitchell",
"text": "Kelsey Mitchell Kelsey Mitchell is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Fever of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Mitchell was the second overall pick in the 2018 WNBA Draft. She completed her college career with the Ohio State Buckeyes in 2018. In February 2018, she was named the Big Ten women's basketball player of the year by the conference's coaches. She was a second team All-American in 2015, 2017, and 2018, while notching first team All-American in 2016. During her senior college season, Mitchell averaged 24.4 points per game on 46.1 percent shooting and 40.3 percent shooting",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20607141",
"score": "0.94916534",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Seattle Redhawks women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Seattle Redhawks women's basketball team The 2017–18 Seattle Redhawks women's basketball team represents Seattle University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Redhawks, led by second year head coach Suzy Barcomb, play their home games at the Connolly Center and were members of the Western Athletic Conference. hey finished the season 18–15, 9–5 in WAC play to finish in a tie for third place. They won the WAC Women's Tournament for the first time in school history by defeating Cal State Bakersfield to earn an automatic trip to their first NCAA Women's Tournament where they lost",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20622034",
"score": "0.9483317",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "2017–18 George Washington Colonials women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 George Washington Colonials women's basketball team The 2017–18 George Washington Colonials women's basketball team will represent George Washington University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Colonials, led by second year head coach Jennifer Rizzotti, play their home games at Charles E. Smith Center and were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 19–14, 10–6 in A-10 play to finish in a tie for fifth place. They won the A-10 tournament by defeating Saint Joseph's and received an automatic bid to the NCAA Women's Tournament where they lost to Ohio State in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20418355",
"score": "0.9481888",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Texas Longhorns women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Texas Longhorns women's basketball team The 2017–18 Texas Longhorns women's basketball team represents the University of Texas at Austin in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. It was head coach Karen Aston's sixth season at Texas. The Longhorns were members of the Big 12 Conference and play their home games at the Frank Erwin Center. They finished the season 28–7, 15–3 in Big 12 play to finish in second place. They advanced to the championship game of the Big 12 Women's Basketball Tournament where they lost to Baylor. They received at-large bid of the NCAA Women's Basketball",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20427310",
"score": "0.94694066",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Gabby Williams",
"text": "her career 22nd on UConn's all-time scoring list at 1,582 career points, seventh with 1,007 career rebounds, 13th in assists (481) and fifth in steals (305). Williams was named the 2017 American Athletic Conference and WBCA NCAA Division I Defensive Player of the Year and 2018 Lowe's Senior Class Award. Source Gabby Williams Gabrielle Lisa Williams (born September 9, 1996) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Sky of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She was drafted 4th overall by the Chicago Sky in the 2018 WNBA Draft. Williams played forward for the UConn women's basketball team,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18705176",
"score": "0.9460396",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Christyn Williams",
"text": "Christyn Williams Christyn Williams (born May 20, 2000) is an American women's basketball player at the University of Connecticut. She played for Central Arkansas Christian School in North Little Rock, Arkansas. A five-star recruit and one of the most decorated high school basketball players in history, Williams has risen to national acclaim after winning the 2018 WBCA National Player of the Year award, the 2018 Naismith National Player of the Year award the 2018 Gatorade National Player of the Year award, and the 2018 USA Today Player of the Year award. Williams also was named a McDonald's All-American, where she",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20661972",
"score": "0.94151115",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Victoria Vivians",
"text": "graduated from Mississippi State University]], majoring in Human Development Family Sciences. She represented the Bulldogs as a guard in basketball. \"Source\": Victoria Vivians Victoria Vivians (born November 17, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Fever of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She played college basketball for the Mississippi State Bulldogs. She helped lead the Bulldogs to four appearances in the NCAA Tournament, including three Sweet Sixteens, and two appearances in the championship game in 2017 and 2018. Vivians was chosen eighth overall by the Indiana Fever in the 2018 WNBA Draft on April 12, 2018.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20653551",
"score": "0.9399053",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "2016–17 Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball team",
"text": "2016–17 Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball team The 2016–17 Ohio State Buckeyes women's basketball team represented the Ohio State University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Buckeyes, led by fourth year head coach Kevin McGuff, played their home games at Value City Arena and were members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 28–7, 15–1 in Big Ten play to win a share of the Big Ten regular season title with Maryland. They defeated Northwestern in the quarterfinals of the Big Ten Women's Basketball Tournament before losing to Purdue. They received at-large bid of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19603181",
"score": "0.9396906",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Villanova Wildcats women's basketball team",
"text": "2017–18 Villanova Wildcats women's basketball team The 2017–18 Villanova Wildcats women's basketball team represents Villanova University in the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Wildcats, led by fortieth year head coach Harry Perretta, play their games at Jake Nevin Field House due to renovations at The Pavilion and were members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 23–9, 12–6 in Big East play to finish in third place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Big East Women's Tournament to Georgetown. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA Women's Tournament where they defeated South Dakota",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20594627",
"score": "0.93736327",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
}
]
| {
"title": "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament",
"long_answer": "The 2017 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday, March 17 to Sunday, April 2, 2017, with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas on March 31 and April 2. This was the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday, rather than Sunday and Tuesday. South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The 2017 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday, March 17 to Sunday, April 2, 2017, with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas on March 31 and April 2. This was the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday, rather than Sunday and Tuesday. South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship.",
"short_answers": [
"South Carolina"
]
} |
when does canada switch to daylight savings time | [
"the second Sunday of March"
]
| [
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"text": "In regions where daylight saving time is used, it commences on the second Sunday of March, and standard time restarts on the first Sunday in November.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"text": "remain on Eastern Standard Time throughout the year. The Kitikmeot Region including Cambridge Bay observes DST but is on Mountain Time. Eureka, Nunavut, a permanent research station on Ellesmere Island, also stays on Eastern Standard Time throughout the year. Most of Ontario uses DST. Pickle Lake, Atikokan and New Osnaburgh, three communities located within the Central Time Zone in northwestern Ontario, observe Eastern Standard Time all year long. Most of Quebec observes DST. However, the eastern reaches of Quebec's North Shore, east of 63° west longitude, are in the Atlantic Time Zone, but do not observe DST (see exception, below).",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16002967",
"score": "1.170124",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"text": "lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year. Port Arthur, Ontario, was the first municipality in the world to enact DST, on July 1, 1908. Five Canadian cities, by local ordinance, used daylight saving time before 1918: Brandon, Manitoba and Winnipeg, Manitoba (already in 1916) as well as Halifax, Nova Scotia, Hamilton, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec. St. John's, Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador), which did not become part of Canada until 1949, also used DST before 1918. In practice, since the late 1960s DST across Canada has been closely or completely",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16002965",
"score": "1.1658314",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"text": "saving time (which in the summer, puts it in sync with the rest of Saskatchewan). This is to keep clocks on the Saskatchewan side in sync with those on the Alberta side; Alberta mandates the use of daylight saving time province-wide. Along the Manitoba border, the small, remote Saskatchewan towns of Denare Beach and Creighton unofficially observe Central Daylight Time during the summer, thereby keeping the same time as larger neighbouring Manitoba communities. Daylight saving time in Canada Daylight saving time (DST) is observed in all ten Canadian provinces and three territories. However, there are exceptions within several provinces and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16002970",
"score": "1.1517477",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Time in Canada",
"text": "in the world to use it. It was followed by Winnipeg on April 23, Halifax on April 30, and Hamilton, Ontario on June 4. Daylight saving time is currently observed in all ten provinces and three territories but with several exceptions in several provinces and Nunavut, including most of Saskatchewan, which despite geographically being in the Mountain Time Zone observes year-round CST. Under the Constitution of Canada, laws related to timekeeping are a purely provincial matter. In practice, since the late 1960s DST across Canada has been closely or completely synchronized with its observance in the United States to promote",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7307831",
"score": "1.1468354",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Central Time Zone",
"text": "Southern Hemisphere winter and Central Daylight Time during the Southern Hemisphere summer; the remainder of Chile uses Atlantic Standard Time and Atlantic Daylight Time. Daylight saving time (DST) is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time (CDT) and is UTC−5. In Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a time change is that, geographically, the entire province is closer to the Mountain Time Zone's meridian. The province elected to move onto \"permanent\" daylight saving by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2680634",
"score": "1.1424356",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"text": "The effect is that in summer their clocks match those of the rest of the province, while in November, their clocks are rejoined by their Atlantic Standard Time neighbours. Although places east of 63° west are officially on Atlantic Time, local custom is to use Eastern Time as far east as the Natashquan River. Those communities observe DST, including all of Anticosti Island, which is bisected by the 63rd meridian. The Magdalen Islands observe Atlantic Time including DST. Although the entire province is geographically within the MST (UTC-7) zone, the province is officially part of the Central time zone (UTC-6).",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16002968",
"score": "1.1406528",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Central Time Zone",
"text": "being part of the Central Time Zone. The only exception is the region immediately surrounding the Saskatchewan side of the biprovincial city of Lloydminster, which has chosen to use Mountain Time with DST, synchronizing its clocks with those of Alberta. In those areas of the Canadian and American time zones that observe DST, beginning in 2007, the local time changes at 02:00 local standard time to 03:00 local daylight time on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 local daylight time to 01:00 local standard time on the first Sunday in November. Mexico decided not to go along",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2680635",
"score": "1.1403086",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"text": "synchronized with its observance in the United States to facilitate consistent economic and social interaction. When the United States extended DST in 1987 to the first Sunday in April, all DST-observing Canadian jurisdictions followed suit to mimic the change. The latest United States change (Energy Policy Act of 2005), adding parts of March and November starting in 2007, was adopted by the various provinces and territories on the following dates: Most of British Columbia (BC) is on Pacific Time and observes DST. However, there are two main exceptions: While the rest of Nunavut observes DST, Southampton Island including Coral Harbour",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16002966",
"score": "1.1353431",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in the Americas",
"text": "Canada and the United States. The rest of Mexico remains out of phase beginning DST on the first Sunday of April and ending on the last Sunday of October, the same schedule followed by Canada and the United States prior to 2007. Saint Pierre and Miquelon, located near the Canadian coast, belongs to France, but observes daylight saving time according to Canadian rules. Greenland (excluding two minor areas at Danmarkshavn and Pituffik) observes DST and uses the European convention (DST begins 01:00 UTC last Sunday in March and ends 01:00 UTC last Sunday in October). Most populated places in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16001144",
"score": "1.1339036",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Eastern Time Zone",
"text": "daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2:00 a.m. EST to 3:00 a.m. EDT on the second Sunday in March and return at 2:00 a.m. EDT to 1:00 a.m. EST on the first Sunday in November. In Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. In Canada, the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone: All observe Daylight Saving Time in sync with the United States, with very localized exceptions. The boundary",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2725347",
"score": "1.1330478",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in the Americas",
"text": "Daylight saving time in the Americas Daylight saving time in the Americas is the arrangement in the Americas by which clocks are advanced by one hour in spring and moved back in autumn, to make the most of seasonal daylight. The practice is widespread in North America, with most of Canada, Mexico, and the United States participating, but much less so in South America. Canada, Mexico, and the United States use daylight saving time on a wide scale, with only a few states/provinces and parts thereof opting out of the practice or adopting it year-round without the twice yearly switch.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16001142",
"score": "1.1245112",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "observes DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at local time. In some countries time is governed by regional jurisdictions within the country so that some jurisdictions shift and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. From year to year, the shift dates may change for political and social reasons. The 2007 U.S. change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579600",
"score": "1.1095004",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. (For comparison, air conditioning uses 16.5% of energy in the United States.) Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, once a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579617",
"score": "1.0879577",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in the Americas",
"text": "country are in the UTC−3 zone in the winter (UTC−2 in the summer). Because of this, with respect to local time, clocks are changed from 22:00 to 23:00 in the spring (on the Saturday before the last Sunday in March), and reset back from 23:00 to 22:00 in the autumn (on the Saturday before the last Sunday in October). Danmarkshavn does not use DST, because it is a weather station with an airstrip which is supplied from Iceland, which does not use DST. This might apply to some other weather stations in the area. Pituffik/Thule Air Base uses UTC−4 and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16001145",
"score": "1.0871897",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Time in Canada",
"text": "Time in Canada Canada is divided into six time zones, based on proposals by Scottish Canadian railway engineer Sir Sandford Fleming, who pioneered the use of the 24-hour clock, the world's time zone system, and a standard prime meridian. Most of Canada operates on standard time from the first Sunday in November to the second Sunday in March and daylight saving time the rest of the year. The National Research Council (NRC) maintains Canada's official time through the use of atomic clocks. The NRC makes time servers available for direct synchronization with computers. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has aired a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7307829",
"score": "1.0811218",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "saving time\" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated and is currently implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Belarus, Canada (e.g. Saskatchewan), Iceland, Turkey, Morocco, Namibia, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It could be a result of following the timezone of a neighbouring region, political will, or other causes. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579646",
"score": "1.0754976",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Time in Canada",
"text": "daily time signal, the \"National Research Council Time Signal\", since 5 November 1939. The Government of Canada recommends use of the 24-hour clock, which is widely used in contexts such as transportation schedules, parking meters, and data transmission. Speakers of Canadian French have fully adopted this system, but many users of Canadian English use the 12-hour clock in everyday speech, even when reading from a 24-hour display, similar to the use of the 24-hour clock in the United Kingdom. Four Canadian cities, by local ordinance, used Daylight Saving Time in 1916. Brandon, Manitoba on April 17 became the first place",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7307830",
"score": "1.0721812",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time by country",
"text": "Daylight saving time by country Most areas in North America and Europe, and some areas in the Middle East, observe daylight saving time (DST), while most areas of Africa and Asia do not. In South America, most countries in the north of the continent near the equator do not observe DST, while Paraguay and southern parts of Brazil do. The practice of observing daylight saving time in Oceania is also mixed, with New Zealand and parts of southeastern Australia observing DST, while most other areas do not. On 8 February 2018, the European Parliament voted to ask the European Commission",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16344250",
"score": "1.0710856",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter. While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical \"nine to five\" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed. The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579587",
"score": "1.0696921",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "three hours during the southern summer, and four hours a few weeks per year. Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months. For example, mainland Chile",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579599",
"score": "1.0696146",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Pacific Time Zone",
"text": "(local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and returned at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October. Effective in the U.S. in 2007 as a result of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the local time changes from PST to PDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and the time returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2799756",
"score": "1.0670171",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"text": "As a result, while most of Saskatchewan does not change clocks spring and fall, it technically observes DST year round. This means that clocks in most of the province match clocks in Winnipeg during the winter and Calgary and Edmonton during the summer. This time zone designation was implemented in 1966, when the Saskatchewan Time Act was passed in order to standardize time province-wide. The charter of the city of Lloydminster, which is bisected by the Saskatchewan–Alberta boundary, gives it a special exemption. Lloydminster and the immediately surrounding region in Saskatchewan observe Mountain Time year-round, with officially sanctioned seasonal daylight",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16002969",
"score": "1.0663633",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "benefits. A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of only 0.34% during the days when DST applies. The meta-analysis furthermore found that \"electricity savings are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while subtropical regions consume more electricity because of DST.\" This means that DST may conserve electricity in some countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, but be wasteful in other places, such as Mexico, the southern United States, and northern Africa. The savings in electricity may also be offset by extra use of other types of energy, such as heating",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579615",
"score": "1.0581621",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Time in Canada",
"text": "consistent economic and social interaction. When the United States extended DST in 1987 to the first Sunday in April, all DST-observing Canadian provinces followed suit to mimic the change. The latest United States change (Energy Policy Act of 2005), adding parts of March and November starting in 2007, was adopted by the various provinces and territories on the following dates: Data for Canada from zone.tab of the IANA time zone database. Columns marked with * are the columns from zone.tab itself. Time in Canada Canada is divided into six time zones, based on proposals by Scottish Canadian railway engineer Sir",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7307832",
"score": "1.0565689",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Newfoundland Time Zone",
"text": "saving time instead of just one. However, this forced children to go to school in the dark in the latter part of the school year. In 2006, the province enacted an extension to daylight saving time, starting in 2007, following the lead of the United States and other Canadian provinces. This unusual time zone puts the island of Newfoundland an hour and a half ahead of Central Canada, a half hour ahead of the rest of Atlantic Canada, and half an hour behind Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Because of this, it will hit milestones of time before (almost) any other part",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4779492",
"score": "1.0562242",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Central Time Zone",
"text": "Central Time Zone The North American Central Time Zone (CT) is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time (CST) is behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). During summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time (DST), and changes to Central Daylight Time (CDT) which is behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the only province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. The following Canadian provinces and territories observe Central Time in the areas noted, while their",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2680630",
"score": "1.0547427",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Television in Canada",
"text": "Alberta – have historically received U.S. network feeds from the Pacific Time Zone, not from the Mountain Time Zone. Similarly, those in Atlantic Canada receive U.S. feeds from the Eastern Time Zone. Local stations in those regions also use 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. (8:30 to 11:30 p.m. in Newfoundland and Southeast Labrador)) as prime time, but with most programming advanced by an hour (thus programming seen from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones is typically seen from 9:00 to 11:00 p.m. in the Atlantic and Mountain Time Zones (9:30 to 11:30 p.m. Newfoundland Time)), and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5267875",
"score": "1.0513434",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of phase with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. The effect also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone, with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579588",
"score": "1.0511887",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"text": "Congress changes federal law, states can not implement permanent DST—states can only opt out of DST, not standard time. Daylight saving time Daylight saving time (DST), also daylight savings time or daylight time (United States), also summer time (United Kingdom and others), is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use daylight saving time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time. In effect, DST causes a lost hour of sleep in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "579648",
"score": "1.0503235",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Daylight saving time in Canada",
"long_answer": "In regions where daylight saving time is used, it commences on the second Sunday of March, and standard time restarts on the first Sunday in November.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In regions where daylight saving time is used, it commences on the second Sunday of March, and standard time restarts on the first Sunday in November.",
"short_answers": [
"the second Sunday of March"
]
} |
who gave the famous objective co relative theory | [
"T.S. Eliot"
]
| [
{
"title": "Objective correlative",
"text": "The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective correlative, Eliot's essay \"Hamlet and His Problems\", republished in his book The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare's incomplete development of Hamlet's emotions in the play Hamlet. Eliot uses Lady Macbeth's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : \"The artistic 'inevitability' lies in this complete adequacy of the external",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Robert Nozick",
"text": "objectivity arises through being invariant under various transformations. For instance, space-time is a significant objective fact because an interval involving both temporal and spatial separation is invariant, whereas no simpler interval involving only temporal or only spatial separation is invariant under Lorentz transformations. Nozick argues that invariances, and hence objectivity itself, emerged through a theory of evolutionary cosmology across possible worlds. Robert Nozick Robert Nozick (; November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher. He held the Joseph Pellegrino University Professorship at Harvard University, and was president of the American Philosophical Association. He is best known for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "365809",
"score": "1.0427763",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Washington Allston",
"text": "in Boston, and in his arts classes passed on to his students his knowledge of Allston's techniques. Washington Allston was the first to use (apparently) the term Objective Correlative in 1840 which subsequently revived and made famous by T.S Eliot in essay on Hamlet (1919). The term denotes a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion;such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. The west Boston, Massachusetts neighborhood of Allston is named after him, as is Allston Way,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2261010",
"score": "1.0106694",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Objective-collapse theory",
"text": "by Ghirardi, Pearle, and Rimini in 1990. The straightforward generalization of continuous collapse theories, such as CSL, to the relativistic case, leads to problematic divergencies of the particle density. The formulation of a proper Lorentz-covariant theory of continuous objective collapse is still a matter of research, although suggestions have been published e.g. by Philip Pearle. Objective-collapse theory Objective-collapse theories, also known as quantum-mechanical spontaneous-localization models (QMSL), are an approach to the interpretational problems of quantum mechanics. They are realistic and indeterministic and reject hidden variables. The approach is similar to the Copenhagen interpretation, but more firmly objective. The most well-known",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9677779",
"score": "0.99636793",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Johann Heinrich Lambert",
"text": "In his main philosophical work, \"Neues Organon\" (\"New Organon\", 1764), Lambert studied the rules for distinguishing subjective from objective appearances. This connects with his work in the science of optics. In 1765 he began corresponding with Immanuel Kant who intended to dedicate to him the \"Critique of Pure Reason\" but the work was delayed, appearing after his death. Lambert also developed a theory of the generation of the universe that was similar to the nebular hypothesis that Thomas Wright and Immanuel Kant had (independently) developed. Wright published his account in \"An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe\" (1750),",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "927224",
"score": "0.982924",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Albert Hanken",
"text": "\"relativist and subjective perceptions of knowledge.\" Is this matter Hanken (1981) had shown that \"two actors in the same system will not absorb the same information from sources either outside or inside the system, nor will they perceive or weight it in the same way.\" Albert Hanken Albert Frederik Gerhard Hanken (9 October 1926, Hillegersberg, - Amstelveen, 21 December 2016) was a Dutch mathematician, inventor, and Emeritus Professor of systems theory at the University of Twente, known for his contributions to the field of systems theory and social analysis. Hanken studied mathematics and physics at the University of Twente and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18495017",
"score": "0.982674",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Lev Pontryagin",
"text": "topology and differential topology. Pontryagin worked on duality theory for homology while still a student. He went on to lay foundations for the abstract theory of the Fourier transform, now called Pontryagin duality. With René Thom, he is regarded as one of the co-founders of cobordism theory, and co-discoverers of the central idea of this theory, that framed cobordism and stable homotopy are equivalent. This led to the introduction around 1940 of a theory of certain characteristic classes, now called Pontryagin classes, designed to vanish on a manifold that is a boundary. In 1942 he introduced the cohomology operations now",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2944642",
"score": "0.98206043",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "E. T. Whittaker",
"text": "taken proportional to the length of either of these diameters.\" His observation means that the simultaneous events for a worldline are hyperbolic-orthogonal to the worldline. E. T. Whittaker Edmund Taylor Whittaker FRS FRSE (24 October 1873 – 24 March 1956) was a British mathematician who contributed widely to applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and the theory of special functions. He had a particular interest in numerical analysis, but also worked on celestial mechanics and the history of physics. Near the end of his career he received the Copley Medal, the most prestigious honorary award in British science. The School of Mathematics",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3922833",
"score": "0.97938776",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Empirical theory of perception",
"text": "certain co-occurring sensory attributes are usually present when an object is at a given distance an observer would see an object with those attributes as being at that distance. For Helmholtz Berkeleyan associations form the premises for inductive \"judgements,\" in Alhazen's sense of the term. Helmholtz was one of the first thinkers on the subject to augment his reasoning with detailed knowledge of the anatomy of sensory mechanisms. In current work Helmholtz's use of the term is construed as referring to some mechanism that augments sense impressions with acquired knowledge or through application of heuristics. In general, contemporary empirical theories",
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"id": "14978787",
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{
"title": "Thomas Kuhn",
"text": "the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community. Competing paradigms are frequently incommensurable; that is, they are competing and irreconcilable accounts of reality. Thus, our comprehension of science can never rely wholly upon \"objectivity\" alone. Science must account for subjective perspectives as well, since all objective conclusions are ultimately founded upon the subjective conditioning/worldview of its researchers and participants. Kuhn was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Samuel L. Kuhn, an industrial engineer, and Minette Stroock Kuhn, both Jewish. He graduated from The",
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"id": "14182439",
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},
{
"title": "Theory of conjoint measurement",
"text": "the interstimulus midpoint orders obtained by the use of Coombs' (1964) theory of unidimensional unfolding. Coombs' theory in all three studies was applied to a set of six statements. These authors found that the axioms were satisfied, however, these were applications biased towards a positive result. With six stimuli, the probability of an interstimulus midpoint order satisfying the double cancellation axioms at random is .5874 (Michell, 1994). This is not an unlikely event. Kyngdon & Richards (2007) employed eight statements and found the interstimulus midpoint orders rejected the double cancellation condition. Kyngdon (2011) used Karabatsos's (2001) order-restricted inference framework to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12158841",
"score": "0.95551777",
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},
{
"title": "Corwin Hansch",
"text": "for many years at Pomona College, and was known for giving complex lectures without using notes. His course in Physical Bio-Organic Medicinal Chemistry was ground-breaking at an undergraduate level. Hansch may be best known as the father of the concept of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), the quantitative correlation of the physicochemical properties of molecules with their biological activities. He is also noted for the Hansch equation, which is used in Research Interests: Organic Chemistry; Interaction of organic chemicals with living organisms, Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR). He died of pneumonia on May 8, 2011 in Claremont, California at 92. His",
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"id": "4447256",
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{
"title": "Theory of conjoint measurement",
"text": "2009). The theory of conjoint measurement is (different but) related to conjoint analysis, which is a statistical-experiments methodology employed in marketing to estimate the parameters of additive utility functions. Different multi-attribute stimuli are presented to respondents, and different methods are used to measure their preferences about the presented stimuli. The coefficients of the utility function are estimated using alternative regression-based tools. In the 1930s, the British Association for the Advancement of Science established the Ferguson Committee to investigate the possibility of psychological attributes being measured scientifically. The British physicist and measurement theorist Norman Robert Campbell was an influential member of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12158808",
"score": "0.9541062",
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},
{
"title": "Milton Friedman",
"text": "value judgments for it to be objective. Moreover, a useful economic theory should be judged not by its descriptive realism but by its simplicity and fruitfulness as an engine of prediction. That is, students should measure the accuracy of its predictions, rather than the 'soundness of its assumptions'. His argument was part of an ongoing debate among such statisticians as Jerzy Neyman, Leonard Savage, and Ronald Fisher. One of his most famous contributions to statistics is sequential sampling. Friedman did statistical work at the Division of War Research at Columbia, where he and his colleagues came up with the technique.",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "263382",
"score": "0.95373476",
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},
{
"title": "Ireland",
"text": "Rowan Hamilton, famous for work in classical mechanics and the invention of quaternions. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth's contribution of the Edgeworth Box remains influential in neo-classical microeconomic theory to this day; while Richard Cantillon inspired Adam Smith, among others. John B. Cosgrave was a specialist in number theory and discovered a 2000-digit prime number in 1999 and a record composite Fermat number in 2003. John Lighton Synge made progress in different fields of science, including mechanics and geometrical methods in general relativity. He had mathematician John Nash as one of his students. Kathleen Lonsdale, born in Ireland and most known for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1308179",
"score": "0.9532988",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "History of statistics",
"text": "subjective ideas predate objectivist positions. The idea that 'probability' should be interpreted as 'subjective degree of belief in a proposition' was proposed, for example, by John Maynard Keynes in the early 1920s. This idea was taken further by Bruno de Finetti in Italy (\"Fondamenti Logici del Ragionamento Probabilistico\", 1930) and Frank Ramsey in Cambridge (\"The Foundations of Mathematics\", 1931). The approach was devised to solve problems with the frequentist definition of probability but also with the earlier, objectivist approach of Laplace. The subjective Bayesian methods were further developed and popularized in the 1950s by L.J. Savage. Objective Bayesian inference was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11373690",
"score": "0.9521457",
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},
{
"title": "Subjective idealism",
"text": "identified ultimate reality with sense-perception. The most famous proponent of subjective idealism in the Western world was the 18th-century Irish philosopher George Berkeley, although Berkeley's term for his theory was \"immaterialism\". From the point of view of subjective idealism, the material world does not exist, and the phenomenal world is dependent on humans. Hence the fundamental idea of this philosophical system (as represented by Berkeley or Mach) is that things are complexes of ideas or sensations, and only subjects and objects of perceptions exist. Berkeley summarized his theory with the motto \"\"esse est percipi\"\" (\"To be is to be perceived\"),",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2155419",
"score": "0.950683",
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},
{
"title": "Harold H. Joachim",
"text": "Harold H. Joachim Harold Henry Joachim (; 28 May 1868 – 30 July 1938) was a British idealist philosopher. A disciple of Francis Herbert Bradley, whose posthumous papers he edited, Joachim is now identified with the later days of the British idealist movement. He is generally credited with the definitive formulation of the coherence theory of truth, in his book \"The Nature of Truth\" (1906). He was also a scholar of Aristotle and Spinoza. Harold Henry Joachim was born in London, the son of a wool merchant who had come to England as a boy from Hungary. He was educated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6066133",
"score": "0.9502723",
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},
{
"title": "Mathematical beauty",
"text": "information theory. In the 1990s, Jürgen Schmidhuber formulated a mathematical theory of observer-dependent subjective beauty based on algorithmic information theory: the most beautiful objects among subjectively comparable objects have short algorithmic descriptions (i.e., Kolmogorov complexity) relative to what the observer already knows. Schmidhuber explicitly distinguishes between beautiful and interesting. The latter corresponds to the first derivative of subjectively perceived beauty: the observer continually tries to improve the predictability and compressibility of the observations by discovering regularities such as repetitions and symmetries and fractal self-similarity. Whenever the observer's learning process (possibly a predictive artificial neural network) leads to improved data compression",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12375797",
"score": "0.9491417",
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},
{
"title": "Victor Cousin",
"text": "relative and subjective to objective and absolute reality, they enable us, in a word, to pass from psychology, or the science of knowledge, to ontology or the science of being. These laws are inextricably mixed in consciousness with the data of volition and sensation, with free activity and fatal action or impression, and they guide us in rising to a personal being, a self or free cause, and to an impersonal reality, a not-me—nature, the world of force—lying out of us, and modifying us. As I refer to myself the act of attention and volition, so I cannot but refer",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1488764",
"score": "0.94760144",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Objective idealism",
"text": "universe is that of objective idealism, that matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws (Peirce, CP 6.25). A. C. Ewing is an analytic philosopher influenced by the objective idealist tradition. His approach has been termed analytic idealism. Objective idealism Objective idealism is an idealistic metaphysics that postulates that there is in an important sense only one perceiver, and that this perceiver is one with that which is perceived. One important advocate of such a metaphysics, Josiah Royce (the founder of American idealism), wrote that he was indifferent \"whether anybody calls all this Theism or Pantheism\". Plato is regarded",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2717962",
"score": "0.94606364",
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},
{
"title": "Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme",
"text": "in village Budh, district Satara in the state of Maharashtra in India. He graduated in 1932 from Fergusson College with Mathematics as principal subject and Physics as subsidiary subject. From 1932 to 1936, he studied at University College London where he was awarded a Ph.D. in 1936 and a D.Sc. in 1939 for his work on bi-partitional functions. With J. Neyman and E. S. Pearson he made significant contributions in the statistical theory of sampling which was instrumental in his subsequent research in sampling theory of survey and improvement of agricultural statistics in India. This ushered in what may appropriately",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16250655",
"score": "0.9460447",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Clyde Coombs",
"text": "Association. The development of scaling theory by Louis Guttman and Clyde Coombs has been recognized by Science as one of 62 major advances in the social sciences in the period 1900-1965 Clyde Coombs Clyde Hamilton Coombs (July 22, 1912 – February 4, 1988) was an American psychologist specializing in the field of mathematical psychology. He devised a voting system, that was hence named Coombs' method. Coombs founded the Mathematical Psychology program at the University of Michigan. His students included the late Amos Tversky, Robyn Dawes, and Baruch Fischhoff, all important researchers in Decision Sciences. The classic text \"An Introduction to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1558914",
"score": "0.9448551",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Objective-collapse theory",
"text": "Objective-collapse theory Objective-collapse theories, also known as quantum-mechanical spontaneous-localization models (QMSL), are an approach to the interpretational problems of quantum mechanics. They are realistic and indeterministic and reject hidden variables. The approach is similar to the Copenhagen interpretation, but more firmly objective. The most well-known examples of such theories are: \"Collapse\" theories stand in opposition to many-worlds interpretation theories, in that they hold that a process of wavefunction collapse curtails the branching of the wavefunction and removes unobserved behaviour. \"Objective\"-collapse theories differ from the Copenhagen interpretation in regarding both the wavefunction and the process of collapse as ontologically objective. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9677774",
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},
{
"title": "Edward E. Jones",
"text": "a natural response to more than adequate situational pressures.\" One of the best-known single papers co-authored with Victor Harris in 1967 tested this theory and led to the development of the fundamental attribution error. He also developed the Actor-observer bias with Richard E. Nisbett. He focused on the history and the advancement of the field of person perception in order to explore how perceivers and targets interact. One form of interaction that he examined closely resulted in a book on the psychology of ingratiation. In his book on ingratiation, he utilized the models of Goffman, Homans, Thibaut, and Kelley to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3512274",
"score": "0.9423135",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Daniel Kan",
"text": "Jeffrey H. Smith. He played a role in the beginnings of modern homotopy theory perhaps analogous to that of Saunders Mac Lane in homological algebra, namely the adroit and persistent application of categorical methods. His most famous work is the abstract formulation of the discovery of adjoint functors, which dates from 1958. The Kan extension is one of the broadest descriptions of a useful general class of adjunctions. From the mid-1950s he made distinguished contributions to the theory of simplicial sets and simplicial methods in topology in general. In recognition of this, fibrations in the usual closed model category structure",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5613948",
"score": "0.9399894",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Carlos Cossio",
"text": "theory in the field egological the right can be seen the significant fact that the Austrian jurist Hans Kelsen visited in 1949 the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina and engaged in a famous debate with him: His controversy with Kelsen was reproduced in the book \"Theory egological and pure theory.\" During Kelsen's visit to Argentina, in 1951, Cossio said the physicalist metaphysics he hid static and dynamic traffic Viennese Professor pretemático who performed at that point, between the representative-level conceptual and intuitive plane-real. Probably not worked the work of French Michel Foucault, by the way of intuition in knowledge,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16900878",
"score": "0.9386058",
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},
{
"title": "Stephen Smale",
"text": "proof of the Poincaré conjecture for all dimensions greater than or equal to 5, published in 1961; in 1962 he generalized the ideas in a 107-page paper that established the h-cobordism theorem. After having made great strides in topology, he then turned to the study of dynamical systems, where he made significant advances as well. His first contribution is the Smale horseshoe that started significant research in dynamical systems. He also outlined a research program carried out by many others. Smale is also known for injecting Morse theory into mathematical economics, as well as recent explorations of various theories of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "514638",
"score": "0.9377058",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Stuart Hameroff",
"text": "field of artificial Intelligence at that time. Penrose saw the principles of quantum theory as providing an alternative process through which consciousness could arise. He further argued that this non-algorithmic process in the brain required a new form of the quantum wave reduction, later given the name objective reduction (OR), which could link the brain to the fundamental spacetime geometry. At this stage, he had no precise ideas as to how such a quantum process might be instantiated in the brain. Moreover, Penrose's ideas were widely criticized by neuroscientists, logicians and philosophers, notably Grush and Churchland. Hameroff was inspired by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2026803",
"score": "0.9371215",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Binding problem",
"text": "which it appears to be subjectively impaired, or at least restricted, suggests that it is not entirely illusory. Early philosophers such as Descartes and Leibniz noted that the apparent unity of our experience is an all-or-none qualitative characteristic that does not appear to have an equivalent in the known quantitative features, like proximity or cohesion, of composite matter. William James, in the nineteenth century, considered the ways the unity of consciousness might be explained by known physics and found no satisfactory answer. He coined the term \"combination problem\", in the specific context of a \"mind-dust theory\" in which it is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3672174",
"score": "0.9363342",
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}
]
| {
"title": "Objective correlative",
"long_answer": "The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective correlative, Eliot's essay \"Hamlet and His Problems\", republished in his book The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare's incomplete development of Hamlet's emotions in the play Hamlet. Eliot uses Lady Macbeth's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : \"The artistic 'inevitability' lies in this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion….\" , as a contrast to Hamlet. According to Eliot, the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by the story and the other characters surrounding him. The objective correlative's purpose is to express the character's emotions by showing rather than describing feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory as \"...perhaps little more than the ancient distinction (first made by Plato) between mimesis and diegesis….\" (28). According to Formalist critics, this action of creating an emotion through external factors and evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should produce an author's detachment from the depicted character and unite the emotion of the literary work. The \"occasion\" of E. Montale is a further form of correlative.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective correlative, Eliot's essay \"Hamlet and His Problems\", republished in his book The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare's incomplete development of Hamlet's emotions in the play Hamlet. Eliot uses Lady Macbeth's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : \"The artistic 'inevitability' lies in this complete adequacy of the external",
"short_answers": [
"T.S. Eliot"
]
} |
what happened to the actor who played frost on rizzoli and isles | [
"committed suicide",
"Lee Thompson Young"
]
| [
{
"title": "Lee Thompson Young",
"text": "On August 19, 2013, Young failed to show up for filming an episode of Rizzoli & Isles. Police were called to do a well-being check on him at his Los Angeles apartment, where he was found dead. His manager stated the actor had committed suicide. Police confirmed the cause of death as a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Young had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, for which he had been taking medication, and had been suffering from depression before his death.",
"hasanswer": true,
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"id": null,
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},
{
"title": "Rizzoli & Isles",
"text": "Rizzoli & Isles Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles. The one-hour drama is based on the series of \"Rizzoli & Isles\" novels by Tess Gerritsen. It premiered on July 12, 2010, and aired 105 episodes in seven seasons, concluding on September 5, 2016. The series' backstory is inspired by the Maura Isles/Jane Rizzoli series of novels by Tess Gerritsen. Rizzoli appears in the series' first novel, \"The Surgeon\", and Isles is introduced in the second, \"The Apprentice\", which serves as the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14635614",
"score": "1.0807321",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "David Jason",
"text": "as Rincewind in \"Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic\", and in the two part ITV drama \"Ghostboat\". On 16 September 2008, Jason announced that he would retire his role as Jack Frost after 16 years. Three new episodes of the show were shown in autumn 2008, and were followed by a two-part finale in 2010. Approached by BBC1 controller Danny Cohen in early 2011, he read three scripts and agreed to shoot a pilot for \"The Royal Bodyguard\", which was shown at the Edinburgh Film Festival. The pilot episode aired on the BBC on Boxing Day but received a poor",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "625001",
"score": "1.0414948",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (1998 film)",
"text": "Jack Frost (1998 film) Jack Frost is a 1998 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film, starring Michael Keaton and Kelly Preston. Keaton stars as the title character, a man who dies in a car accident and comes back to life as a snowman. Three of Frank Zappa's four children, Dweezil Zappa, Ahmet Zappa, and Moon Unit Zappa, appear in the film. The costume for Jack Frost's snowman form was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The film was released in Australia on December 10, 1998 before the United States' release. Jack Frost is the lead singer in a rock band simply",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5469516",
"score": "1.0359797",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Rizzoli & Isles",
"text": "who was unaware of his expulsion—Hoyt, aided by a third apprentice, manages to capture Jane and Maura, only to have Jane beat Hoyt and then stab him when he and his apprentice try to kill Maura. The untitled project was on TNT's development slate as early as March 2008. In October 2009, TNT placed a cast-contingent pilot order under the original title, \"Rizzoli\". The pilot script was written by Janet Tamaro. Angie Harmon was the first actress cast, taking the title role of police detective Jane Rizzoli. Sasha Alexander won the role of medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles after auditioning",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14635620",
"score": "1.024177",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (musician)",
"text": "Jack Frost (musician) Jack Frost (real name John Dempsey, born in Jersey City, NJ) is the guitarist/founder of the heavy metal band Seven Witches and also a part of The Bronx Casket Company. Frost is also known for playing guitar on Savatage's tour in support of \"Poets and Madmen\" in 2001 and 2002 before being dismissed from the band for unspecified reasons. He is currently touring in Anthrax vocalist Joey Belladonna's backing band. Jack also currently hosts the annual ronny dude class at Brookdale College. He also played in a New Jersey-based cover band called Diesel which features Taz Marazz",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9187841",
"score": "1.0160735",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (1997 film)",
"text": "Jack Frost (1997 film) Jack Frost is a 1997 American horror comedy film written and directed by Michael Cooney. The movie takes place in the fictional town of Snowmonton, where (on the week before Christmas) a truck carrying serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald) to his execution crashes into a genetics truck. The genetic material causes Jack's body to mutate and fuse together with the snow on the ground. Jack is presumed dead and his body melts away. However, he comes back as a killer snowman and takes revenge on the man who finally caught him, Sheriff Sam Tiler (Christopher",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6932604",
"score": "1.0099597",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman",
"text": "by a giant carrot, implying that Jack is still alive. After the credits roll, we're shown that Joe and Marla were accidentally left in the freezer by Sam and Anne, and it's implied that the couple froze to death there. In December 2016, writer and director Michael Cooney revealed there were plans for a second sequel in the series, which would have featured a giant Jack Frost known as \"Jackzilla\". The film would have picked up a decade following the ending of the second film, with a giant Jack Frost letting loose on a city causing destruction and mayhem. Cooney",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7287937",
"score": "1.0042949",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman",
"text": "Jack in the antifreeze, follows Sam. Sam, Anne, Marla and Joe arrive to a greeting by the eccentric Colonel Hickering (Ray Cooney) and his assistants Captain Fun (Sean Patrick Murphy) and Bobby (Tai Bennett). Jack washes ashore and kills three women, Ashlea (Shonda Farr), Paisley (Granger Green), and Rose (Jennifer Lyons). The next morning, the Colonel discovers the bodies and tries to cover up the whole mess, as he does not want this to ruin his resort. However, the island's manager, Agent Manners (David Allen Brooks) who had survived Jack’s maiming of him, suspects that Jack has returned. Jack continues",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7287930",
"score": "1.0011439",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (1979 film)",
"text": "Jack Frost (1979 film) Jack Frost is a 1979 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. It was directed by Jules Bass and Arthur Rankin, Jr., written by Romeo Muller and premiered on NBC on December 13, 1979. The special tells the tale of Jack Frost, the winter sprite, and his adventures as a human. It airs annually on Freeform as a part of its \"25 Days of Christmas\" programming block. The story is narrated by a groundhog named Pardon-Me-Pete (voiced by Buddy Hackett), who has a deal with Jack Frost to extend winter by six weeks,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11023463",
"score": "0.999446",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (1997 film)",
"text": "time on Blu-ray. It includes the film digitally remastered in a 2K presentation. Special features included an audio commentary, a video introduction by director Michael Cooney, and a video interview with actor Scott MacDonald and director of photography Dean Lent. Jack Frost (1997 film) Jack Frost is a 1997 American horror comedy film written and directed by Michael Cooney. The movie takes place in the fictional town of Snowmonton, where (on the week before Christmas) a truck carrying serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald) to his execution crashes into a genetics truck. The genetic material causes Jack's body to mutate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6932612",
"score": "0.9900599",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Nick Frost",
"text": "Frost played the role of Andy Knightley in the third Pegg-Wright feature film called \"The World's End\". In 2014, he played the eponymous character in the Sky Atlantic comedy, \"Mr. Sloane\". In 2016, Frost was cast in an ensemble role for the second season of the AMC television series \"Into the Badlands\". Frost is best friends with fellow actor Simon Pegg and the two have appeared alongside each other in eight films. In a 2005 interview, Frost stated that he was brought up as a Catholic but is now an atheist, as is Simon Pegg. He is a supporter of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4355176",
"score": "0.98002815",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Angie Harmon",
"text": "2016, she co-starred with Sasha Alexander in the TNT crime-drama series \"Rizzoli & Isles\", playing Boston, Massachusetts police detective Jane Rizzoli. The show premiered July 12, 2010. She directed the series' 100th episode. Harmon appears in the music video for Craig Morgan's \"This Ole Boy\", released in January 2012. In July 2012, during promotions for a new season of \"Rizzoli and Isles\", Harmon revealed on Conan O'Brien's late night series that she was a fan of and very interested in playing a movie version of the She-Hulk from Marvel Comics should such a movie become available. Harmon won Outstanding Female",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3692107",
"score": "0.97840536",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Janet Tamaro",
"text": "Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the first and second seasons. Tamaro was also nominated for an Emmy Award for her work on \"Sleeper Cell'.\" In 2010, Tamaro created the TNT television series \"Rizzoli & Isles\", which was inspired by the crime novels written by Tess Gerritsen. The series has been a hit for TNT for seven seasons and has sold into worldwide syndication. Janet Tamaro did her undergraduate study at UC Berkeley and later earned a master's degree in Journalism at Columbia University. She is married and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8804660",
"score": "0.9713528",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Rizzoli & Isles",
"text": "basis for the television series. Boston detective Jane Rizzoli has been investigating a serial killer named Charles Hoyt. Hoyt, who was banned from medical school for fondling a corpse, used his vast medical knowledge to systematically torture and kill people, usually choosing couples so that he could induce the most fear in his victims. Jane ascertains Hoyt's location, but as she is searching for him, she is hit in the back of the head and knocked unconscious. She is pinned to the floor by scalpels and awakes as Hoyt prepares to cut her throat, but Vince Korsak, Jane's partner, locates",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14635615",
"score": "0.9700781",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman",
"text": "Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman is the 2000 sequel to the 1997 horror comedy film \"Jack Frost\". It has since attracted a cult following for its B movie effects and comical death scenes. Sam Tiler (Christopher Allport) has been struggling to recover from the encounter with the Mutated Snowman known as Jack Frost (much to everyone else's disbelief and amusement), ever since he rampaged through his hometown last Christmas. To get away from the stress, Sam's wife Anne (Eileen Seeley) suggests a tropical vacation in a cabana",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7287928",
"score": "0.96736395",
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},
{
"title": "A Touch of Frost",
"text": "of David Jason from a predominantly comic actor to a dramatic actor. At a press conference in London on 15 September 2008, David Jason announced that he would be quitting the role of DI Jack Frost. Jason's main reason for quitting the role was that Frost was by now the oldest detective on television and he felt that it was 'natural' to retire as Frost. At 68, a police detective would already have been retired for eight years. Sir David said: \"You wouldn't want me to play Frost in a wheelchair, would you?... Frost is getting a little long in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3123458",
"score": "0.965488",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Nick Frost",
"text": "Nick Frost Nicholas John Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and author. He is best known for his work in the \"Three Flavours Cornetto\" trilogy of films, consisting of \"Shaun of the Dead\" (2004), \"Hot Fuzz\" (2007), and \"The World's End\" (2013), and the television comedy \"Spaced\" (1999–2001). He also appeared in Joe Cornish's film \"Attack the Block\" (2011). He co-starred in the 2011 film \"Paul\", which he co-wrote with frequent collaborator and best friend Simon Pegg. He is also well known for his various roles in the sketch show \"Man Stroke Woman\". Frost",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4355170",
"score": "0.9640552",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Sasha Alexander",
"text": "on the TNT series \"Rizzoli & Isles\" – the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Chief Medical Examiner, who works with the Boston Police Department. Alexander costarred with Angie Harmon, who played Boston Homicide Detective Jane Rizzoli, Isles' best friend on the show. In 2015, Alexander began a recurring role on Showtime's \"Shameless\" portraying Helene Runyon, one of Lip Gallagher's college professors. Her character Helene maintains an open relationship with her husband Theo (played by Michael Reilly Burke) which allows her to sleep with Lip. The relationship between Helene and Lip is both romantic and one which provides him with guidance in his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3803678",
"score": "0.96172845",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (1997 film)",
"text": "Jack and Sam crash through a window and into the truck's bed. Jack Frost melts in the antifreeze, and the antifreeze is poured back into the containers, and buried deep under the ground of Snowmonton. Tiler's wife Anne (Eileen Seeley), realizes that the state police are on their way. When Paul asks Tiler what they are going to tell them, Tiler says, \"we'll tell them that it's too late\". However, one of the containers is shown to be bubbling, revealing Jack is still alive. Portions of the film were filmed at the Fawn Lodge in Fawnskin, California, on the north",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6932610",
"score": "0.95957434",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Alex Frost",
"text": "Alex Frost Alex Frosty Frost (born February 17, 1987) is an American actor. He had a starring role in Gus Van Sant's Columbine-based film \"Elephant\", which was awarded the Palme d'Or prize in 2003. Since \"Elephant\", Frost has worked on a number of films, including \"The Queen of Cactus Cove\", \"The Lost\" and \"The Standard\". He appeared in a Season 3 episode of \"NCIS\" entitled \"Ravenous\". He played the primary antagonist in the Owen Wilson movie \"Drillbit Taylor\", released on March 21, 2008, by Paramount Pictures. He appeared in two films in 2009, \"Calvin Marshall\" and \"The Vicious Kind\". He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5236622",
"score": "0.959255",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Warren Frost",
"text": "\"Twin Peaks\", which began airing in May 2017. Frost married Mary Virginia Calhoun in 1949 and was the father of novelist, television screenwriter and producer Mark Frost, actress Lindsay Frost and writer Scott Frost. He was the grandfather of baseball player Lucas Giolito and actor Casey Giolito. He also has a grandson from his oldest son Mark. Frost died at his home in Middlebury, Vermont, on February 17, 2017, following a long illness at the age of 91. He was cremated. Warren Frost Warren Frost (June 5, 1925 – February 17, 2017) was an American actor. His work was mainly",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7181070",
"score": "0.95772207",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Rizzoli & Isles",
"text": "Frankie is more involved and has more access. \"Rizzoli & Isles\" started to air on GEM in Australia on . The series started to air on Super Channel in Canada on . As of 2016, Superchannel is no longer carrying the show. The series moved to Showcase in Canada on , on TVNorge in Norway on , M-Net Series in South Africa on , and on Warner TV in Singapore on . \"Rizzoli & Isles\" started to air on Alibi in the United Kingdom on . A subscription is required. The series second season premiered on . The series started",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14635624",
"score": "0.9521732",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "R. D. Wingfield",
"text": "planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: \"A Touch of Frost\" and \"Night Frost\". In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called \"Three Days of Frost\", in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in \"A Touch of Frost\", played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5866536",
"score": "0.94792306",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (1997 film)",
"text": "a genetic research truck. Jack is exposed to chemicals from inside the truck, causing him to melt into and fuse with the snow. Despite news reports of Jack's demise, Sam cannot forget Jack's threats of vengeance. Old Man Harper is found murdered, and soon afterwards a local bully named Billy (Nathan Hague) is killed when he is pushed into the way of an oncoming sled, getting decapitated. According to Tiler’s son, Ryan (Zack Eginton) a snowman caused the deaths. Billy's parents Jake (Jack Lindine) and Sally (Kelly Jean Peters) are later murdered by the same snowman. FBI Agents Manners (Stephen",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6932606",
"score": "0.9477849",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "David Frost",
"text": "an 18-year intermittent affair with American actress Carol Lynley. On 19 March 1983, Frost married Lady Carina Fitzalan-Howard, daughter of the 17th Duke of Norfolk. Three sons were born to the couple over the next five years. His second Wilfred Frost followed in his father's footsteps and currently works as an anchor at CNBC. They lived for many years in Chelsea, London, and kept a weekend home at Michelmersh Court in Hampshire. On 31 August 2013, Frost was aboard a Cunard Line cruise ship, the , when he had a heart attack and died. Cunard said that the vessel had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2420427",
"score": "0.9441055",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (detective)",
"text": "in the UK. The series stars David Jason as Frost. This series has been broadcast under the umbrella title \"A Touch of Frost\". To date, there have been thirty-eight stories broadcast (forty-two episodes, if counted individually). These have been released on VHS and DVD internationally. Three endings were filmed for the final episode. The first ending saw Frost the victim of a hit-and-run on his wedding day, and later suffering a fatal heart attack in hospital. The second ending saw his colleague George Toolan die instead, as a result of the car crash. The third was similar to the second",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8397346",
"score": "0.9419753",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Hot Fuzz",
"text": "to a scene in \"Shaun of the Dead\", including the fall-through-fence gag, albeit with the pratfalling role reverse: in \"Shaun of the Dead\" it happens to Pegg's character rather than Frost's, and he falls over the fence rather than through it. The DVD commentary says that Frost purposely looked back at the camera after crashing through the fence, to show that he had done the stunt rather than someone else. Frost's characters (Danny in \"Hot Fuzz\", Ed in \"Shaun of the Dead\") have a liking for Cornetto ice cream. Pegg and Wright have referred to \"Hot Fuzz\" as being the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6322831",
"score": "0.9388134",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Rizzoli & Isles",
"text": "lesbian subtext to its popularity. Harmon said that she was not surprised by the attention and that, while it was \"'super fun' to play a role that has some same-sex romantic vibes\", the characters are \"straight\" and \"just best friends\". Alexander said that she was not initially aware of the subtext but believed it reflected the characters' chemistry. She also expressed skepticism that Rizzoli and Isles' friendship was out of the ordinary. Rizzoli & Isles Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14635627",
"score": "0.93578625",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Jack Frost (1997 film)",
"text": "Allport). Despite being critically panned, the film has developed a cult following for its comical death scenes and cheesy special effects, and was followed by a sequel, \"\". On a snowy December night, a state execution transfer vehicle crosses into the quiet backwater town of Snowmonton. Inside is serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald), who eluded police for years and left a trail of thirty-eight bodies across eleven states before finally being arrested by Sam Tiler (Christopher Allport), the sheriff of Snowmonton. Jack is scheduled to be executed at midnight, but Jack kills the guard and the vehicle crashes into",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6932605",
"score": "0.935127",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
}
]
| {
"title": "Lee Thompson Young",
"long_answer": "On August 19, 2013, Young failed to show up for filming an episode of Rizzoli & Isles. Police were called to do a well-being check on him at his Los Angeles apartment, where he was found dead. His manager stated the actor had committed suicide. Police confirmed the cause of death as a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Young had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, for which he had been taking medication, and had been suffering from depression before his death.",
"chunked_long_answer": "On August 19, 2013, Young failed to show up for filming an episode of Rizzoli & Isles. Police were called to do a well-being check on him at his Los Angeles apartment, where he was found dead. His manager stated the actor had committed suicide. Police confirmed the cause of death as a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Young had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, for which he had been taking medication, and had been suffering from depression before his death.",
"short_answers": [
"committed suicide"
]
} |
which domain of life are humans members of | [
"Eukarya"
]
| [
{
"title": "Domain (biology)",
"text": "In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist. According to the Woese system, introduced in 1990, the tree of life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus. All life that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and multicellular organisms, is included in the Eukarya. Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five \"dominion\" system, adding two more to the above.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Hugo de Garis",
"text": "therefore would be excellent candidates to carry the torch of science and exploration forward into the rest of the universe. He relates a morally isomorphic scenario in which extraterrestrial intelligences visit the earth three billion years ago and discover two domains of life living there, one domain which is \"older\" but \"simpler\" and contemporarily dominant, but which upon closer study appears to be incapable of much further evolutionary development; and one \"younger\" domain which is struggling to survive, but which upon further study displays the potential to evolve into all the varieties of life existing on the Earth today, including",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "178899",
"score": "0.9929342",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Biology",
"text": "down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Domain; Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species. Outside of these categories, there are obligate intracellular parasites that are \"on the edge of life\" in terms of metabolic activity, meaning that many scientists do not actually classify such structures as alive, due to their lack of at least one or more of the fundamental functions or characteristics that define life. They are classified as viruses, viroids, prions, or satellites. The scientific name of an organism is generated from its genus and species. For example, humans are listed as \"Homo",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9590514",
"score": "0.99137735",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Desire realm",
"text": "teachings of the Buddha in our present life, so that we can attain enlightenment here and now. The \"Tiryagyoni domain\" (alternately spelled \"Tiryag-yoni\" or \"tiracchānayoni\") (also known as the \"Animal domain\") is based on strong mental states of stupidity and prejudice cultivated in a previous life or lives. Buddhists believe that this domain is the domain of existence of the nonhuman animals on the Earth. Although humans and animals live in separate domains of existence, they can still see each other because their domains are so close to each other in the vertical cosmology, just like how the Devas and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3833752",
"score": "0.9842809",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Zoology",
"text": "protists, fungi, plants, and animals) These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of the cell exteriors. Further, each kingdom is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Domain; kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species. The scientific name of an organism is generated from its genus and species. For example, humans are listed as \"Homo sapiens\". \"Homo\" is the genus, and \"sapiens\" the specific epithet, both of them combined make up the species name. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "465892",
"score": "0.965274",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Kingdom (biology)",
"text": "descendants of a common ancestor). Based on such RNA studies, Carl Woese thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the \"three primary kingdom\" model or \"urkingdom\" model. In 1990, the name \"domain\" was proposed for the highest rank. This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974. Unlike Moore, Woese et al. (1990) did not suggest a Latin term for this category, which represents a further argument supporting the accurately introduced term dominion. Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "644961",
"score": "0.9332305",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Meaning of life",
"text": "domain of science, as the defenders of religion emphatically assert. I think that, in this, they are right, but, I draw the further conclusion, which they do not draw, that questions as to \"values\" lie wholly outside the domain of knowledge. That is to say, when we assert that this, or that, has \"value\", we are giving expression to our own emotions, not to a fact, which would still be true if our personal feelings were different. Postmodernist thought—broadly speaking—sees human nature as constructed by language, or by structures and institutions of human society. Unlike other forms of philosophy, postmodernism",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "277706",
"score": "0.93087566",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Life",
"text": "that organisms are open systems that maintain homeostasis, are composed of cells, have a life cycle, undergo metabolism, can grow, adapt to their environment, respond to stimuli, reproduce and evolve. However, several other biological definitions have been proposed, and there are some borderline cases of life, such as viruses or viroids. In the past, there have been many attempts to define what is meant by \"life\" through obsolete concepts such as odic force, hylomorphism, spontaneous generation and vitalism, that have now been disproved by biological discoveries. Abiogenesis describes the natural process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "243900",
"score": "0.92828786",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Life",
"text": "usually classified by eight levels of taxa—domains, kingdoms, phyla, class, order, family, genus, and species. In May 2016, scientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described. The first known attempt to classify organisms was conducted by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC), who classified all living organisms known at that time as either a plant or an animal, based mainly on their ability to move. He also distinguished animals with blood from animals without blood (or at least without red blood), which can be compared with the concepts",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "243950",
"score": "0.92812514",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Jesús Mosterín",
"text": "question: what is life? He has analyzed the main proposed definitions, based on metabolism, reproduction, thermodynamics, complexity and evolution, and found all of them wanting. It is true that all organisms on Earth share many characteristics, from the encoding of genetic information in DNA to the storage of energy in ATP, but these common features merely reflect the inheritance from a common ancestor that possibly acquired them in a random way. From that point of view, our biology is the parochial science of life on Earth, rather than a universal science of life in general. Such a general biology seems",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13198435",
"score": "0.9237168",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Natural environment",
"text": "formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding the path that might have been taken from simple organic molecules via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism. Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction. Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms. In biology, the science of living organisms, \"life\" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2886347",
"score": "0.92333245",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Gaia philosophy",
"text": "that all lifeforms are part of a single planetary being, called Gaia. In this view, the atmosphere, the seas, the terrestrial crust would be the result of interventions carried out by Gaia, through the coevolving diversity of living organisms. The most extreme form of Gaia theory is that the entire Earth is a single unified organism with a highly intelligent mind that arose as an emergent property of the whole biosphere. In this view, the Earth's biosphere is \"consciously\" manipulating the climate in order to make conditions more conducive to life. Scientists contend that there is no evidence at all",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "160576",
"score": "0.91547936",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Carl Woese",
"text": "E. Fox experimentally disproved this universally held hypothesis about the basic structure of the tree of life. Woese and Fox discovered a kind of microbial life which they called the “archaebacteria” (Archaea). They reported that the archaebacteria comprised \"a third kingdom\" of life as distinct from bacteria as plants and animals. Having defined Archaea as a new \"urkingdom\" (later domain) which were neither bacteria nor eukaryotes, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His three-domain system, based on phylogenetic relationships rather than obvious morphological similarities, divided life into 23 main divisions, incorporated within three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. Acceptance of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "512596",
"score": "0.9148523",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Meaning of life",
"text": "to maintain this organized state, metabolism serves to provide energy, and reproduction causes life to continue over a span of multiple generations. Typically, organisms are responsive to stimuli and genetic information changes from generation to generation, resulting in adaptation through evolution; this optimizes the chances of survival for the individual organism and its descendants respectively. Non-cellular replicating agents, notably viruses, are generally not considered to be organisms because they are incapable of independent reproduction or metabolism. This classification is problematic, though, since some parasites and endosymbionts are also incapable of independent life. Astrobiology studies the possibility of different forms of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "277666",
"score": "0.9128503",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Life",
"text": "Life Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased (they have died), or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids, or potential synthetic life as \"living\". Biology is the science concerned with the study of life. The definition of life is controversial. The current definition is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "243899",
"score": "0.91148216",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Nature",
"text": "stimuli, and reproduce. An entity with these properties is generally considered life. However, not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential. Human-made analogs of life may also be considered to be life. The biosphere is the part of Earth's outer shell – including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere – within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "289907",
"score": "0.9029871",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Gaia philosophy",
"text": "books which mix New Age teachings with Gaia philosophy. This is known as New Age Gaian. Often referred to as Gaianism, or the Gaian Religion, this spiritual aspect of the philosophy is very broad and inclusive, making it adaptable to other religions: Taoism, Neo-Paganism, Pantheism, Judeo-Christian Religions, and many others. The question of \"what is an organism\", and at what scale is it rational to speak about organisms vs. biospheres, gives rise to a semantic debate. We are all ecologies in the sense that our (human) bodies contain gut bacteria, parasite species, etc., and to them our body is not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "160587",
"score": "0.9012676",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Biology",
"text": "the differences and similarities between species and groups of species. However, systematics was an active field of research long before evolutionary thinking was common. Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms: Monera; Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia. However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the three-domain system: Archaea (originally Archaebacteria); Bacteria (originally Eubacteria) and Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants, and animals). These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of key biomolecules such as ribosomes. Further, each kingdom is broken",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9590513",
"score": "0.9006407",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Form of life (philosophy)",
"text": "goal of his \"Homo Sacer\"-project, which started with \"\" and to which \"The Highest Poverty\" belongs. Form of life (philosophy) Form of life () is a technical term used by Ludwig Wittgenstein and others in the continental philosophy and philosophy of science traditions. Wittgenstein himself used the term consistently in his works \"Philosophical Investigations\" and \"On Certainty\", but other writers have sometimes used it in very different and often mutually incompatible ways. Comments about a form of life are not explanations meant to comprehend the concept as a whole. The view that stringing together simple, non-controversial statements of ordinary understanding",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13446236",
"score": "0.8985957",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Life",
"text": "is concerned mainly with understanding life processes in terms of the most important relations, and categories of such relations among the essential functional components of organisms; for multicellular organisms, this has been defined as \"categorical biology\", or a model representation of organisms as a category theory of biological relations, as well as an algebraic topology of the functional organization of living organisms in terms of their dynamic, complex networks of metabolic, genetic, and epigenetic processes and signaling pathways. Alternative but closely related approaches focus on the interdependance of constraints, where constraints can be either molecular, such as enzymes, or macroscopic,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "243915",
"score": "0.8983023",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Life",
"text": "on Earth. Aristotle was the first person to classify organisms. Later, Carl Linnaeus introduced his system of binomial nomenclature for the classification of species. Eventually new groups and categories of life were discovered, such as cells and microorganisms, forcing dramatic revisions of the structure of relationships between living organisms. The cell is considered the structural and functional unit of life. There are two kinds of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, both of which consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane and contain many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cells reproduce through a process of cell division, in which the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "243903",
"score": "0.898082",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Branches of science",
"text": "living and extinct. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zōon, \"animal\") + λόγος (logos, \"knowledge\"). Some branches of zoology include: anthrozoology, arachnology, archaeozoology, cetology, embryology, entomology, helminthology, herpetology, histology, ichthyology, malacology, mammalogy, morphology, nematology, ornithology, palaeozoology, pathology, primatology, protozoology, taxonomy, and zoogeography. Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. Some branches of biology include: microbiology, anatomy, neurology and neuroscience, immunology, genetics, physiology, pathology, biophysics, biolinguistics, and ophthalmology. Botany, plant science, or plant biology is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10482246",
"score": "0.8974962",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Form of life (philosophy)",
"text": "Form of life (philosophy) Form of life () is a technical term used by Ludwig Wittgenstein and others in the continental philosophy and philosophy of science traditions. Wittgenstein himself used the term consistently in his works \"Philosophical Investigations\" and \"On Certainty\", but other writers have sometimes used it in very different and often mutually incompatible ways. Comments about a form of life are not explanations meant to comprehend the concept as a whole. The view that stringing together simple, non-controversial statements of ordinary understanding will illuminate something that is supposedly already understood is, in Wittgenstein's view, quite nonsensical. The concept",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "13446232",
"score": "0.89686775",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher",
"text": "understood. Humans, compared to the rest of the animal world, do not have a good olfactory sense though we may be better than we first assume. Johannes Kepler once argued that the Earth is an immense organism itself, with chemical signals spreading across the globe through various organisms in order to keep the world functioning and well informed. Tau Ceti is a nearby sun-like star that we are on the verge of being able to begin making contact with, as well as other celestial bodies, to search for life. We have been attracted to the vast regions of space outside",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5717514",
"score": "0.8965958",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Desire realm",
"text": "one descends to a lower domain of rebirth after a human life, rather than immediately going on to another human birth, or going up to a higher domain. In the lower domains, such as the animal domain, it is a very slow and difficult process to accumulate enough merit to achieve a human rebirth once again, so it may be countless lifetimes before one has another chance. This means that we should not choose to delay attaining enlightment for a future life, since that may be thousands or even millions of years in the future, but should instead embrace the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3833751",
"score": "0.89583987",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Anthroposophy",
"text": "some conditions that determine the interdependence of a person's lives, or karma. The anthroposophical view of evolution considers all animals to have evolved from an early, unspecialized form. As the least specialized animal, human beings have maintained the closest connection to the archetypal form; contrary to the Darwinian conception of human evolution, all other animals \"devolve\" from this archetype. The spiritual archetype originally created by spiritual beings was devoid of physical substance; only later did this descend into material existence on Earth. In this view, human evolution has accompanied the Earth's evolution throughout the existence of the Earth. Anthroposophy adapted",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "27449",
"score": "0.89452165",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Life",
"text": "or traces of organisms. The definition of life has long been a challenge for scientists and philosophers, with many varied definitions put forward. This is partially because life is a process, not a substance. This is complicated by a lack of knowledge of the characteristics of living entities, if any, that may have developed outside of Earth. Philosophical definitions of life have also been put forward, with similar difficulties on how to distinguish living things from the non-living. Legal definitions of life have also been described and debated, though these generally focus on the decision to declare a human dead,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "243905",
"score": "0.89367723",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Life",
"text": "cells by division. Cell theory was formulated by Henri Dutrochet, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow and others during the early nineteenth century, and subsequently became widely accepted. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of its cells, with energy flow occurring within and between them. Cells contain hereditary information that is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "243956",
"score": "0.8920678",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Edward Trifonov",
"text": "Each criterion could be represented as a vector of length 20 (for 20 basic amino acids). Trifonov averaged over them and got the proposed temporal order of the amino acids emergence, glycine and alanine being the first two ones. Results and predictions Trifonov elaborated these concepts further and proposed these notions: Definition of life A part of Trifonov's work on the molecular evolution is his aim to find a concise definition of life. He collected 123 definitions by other authors. Instead of dealing with logical or philosophical arguments, he analyzed the vocabulary of the present definitions. By an approach close",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16339833",
"score": "0.8904761",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Meaning of life",
"text": "living entity is to serve the Lord with love and devotion. The purpose of human life especially is to think beyond the animalistic way of eating, sleeping, mating and defending and engage the higher intelligence to revive the lost relationship with Krishna. Jainism is a religion originating in ancient India, its ethical system promotes self-discipline above all else. Through following the ascetic teachings of Jina, a human achieves enlightenment (perfect knowledge). Jainism divides the universe into living and non-living beings. Only when the living become attached to the non-living does suffering result. Therefore, happiness is the result of self-conquest and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "277739",
"score": "0.8902276",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
}
]
| {
"title": "Domain (biology)",
"long_answer": "In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist. According to the Woese system, introduced in 1990, the tree of life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus. All life that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and multicellular organisms, is included in the Eukarya. Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five \"dominion\" system, adding two more to the above.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist. According to the Woese system, introduced in 1990, the tree of life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus. All life that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and multicellular organisms, is included in the Eukarya. Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five \"dominion\" system, adding two more to the above.",
"short_answers": [
"Eukarya"
]
} |
when is the new jurassic world game coming out | [
"June 12, 2018"
]
| [
{
"title": "Jurassic World Evolution",
"text": "Jurassic World Evolution is an upcoming business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments. The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World, and is scheduled for release on June 12, 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.",
"hasanswer": true,
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"id": null,
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},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park",
"text": "2 and PC. \"Jurassic Park: The Game\" is an episodic video game based on the \"Jurassic Park\" franchise, bridging the story of the first two films developed by Telltale Games in a deal with Universal. It was released on November 15, 2011 to a mixed reception, with reviewers praising the story but criticizing the characters and gameplay. The game takes place during and after the events of the original film, and follows a new group of survivors trying to escape Isla Nublar. The game features several creatures from the film, as well as new additions like \"Troodon\" and a \"Tylosaurus\".",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10178478",
"score": "1.1326662",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game",
"text": "on sale in winter 2010. The game was to be published for Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, and unspecified home video game consoles. The game's title and a trailer were unveiled in February 2011, with a planned release date of April 2011 for the first of several downloadable episodes. On April 26, 2011, Telltale announced that the game would be delayed until fall 2011. Telltale co-founder Dan Connors said, \"The game's mechanics and storytelling have come together in such a way that we see great potential, so much so that we feel we can push these elements to the next level if",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15275521",
"score": "1.1225709",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Jurassic World Evolution",
"text": "CEO David Braben announced the company was working on a new project based on an existing Hollywood property. On 20 August 2017, the game was announced during Gamescom 2017. Later, on 7 October, footage showcasing the in-game engine was revealed during the first annual Frontier Expo. The game was digitally released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 12 June 2018, coinciding with the theatrical release of \"Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom\". A free game update based on \"Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom\", with six dinosaurs from the film, was released on 22 June 2018. Physical copies of the PlayStation 4",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20306873",
"score": "1.1128513",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game",
"text": "Jurassic Park: The Game Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Partnerships & Licensing. The game is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, the location of a dinosaur theme park known as Jurassic Park. The game's plot centers on the retrieval of a canister of dinosaur embryos, lost during the events of the film. The game was announced",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15275493",
"score": "1.1035674",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Jurassic World",
"text": "a strong word. This is a new sci-fi terror adventure set 22 years after the horrific events of \"Jurassic Park\".\" In June 2013, a new release date of 2015 was announced, and it was reported that the film would revolve around a fully functional dinosaur theme park. On September 10, 2013, Universal Pictures confirmed the film would be titled \"Jurassic World\" and would be released on June 12, 2015. Trevorrow chose to rename the film from its previous title, \"Jurassic Park IV\", to differentiate it from previous films in the series. Trevorrow also said that within the story, \"if you",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5961696",
"score": "1.0887568",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game",
"text": "in June 2010, and was initially scheduled for release in April 2011, but was delayed until November. According to Metacritic, the game received \"Mixed or average reviews.\" \"Jurassic Park: The Game\" is a point-and-click adventure game in which the player uses a combination of buttons to progress. The player controls various characters throughout the game, which is played across four portions known as \"episodes.\" The game has decision-based objectives as well as quick-time events that affect gameplay as well as how the game's events play out. Dr. Gerry Harding (voiced by Jon Curry) is the chief veterinarian for the Jurassic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15275494",
"score": "1.082623",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Lego Jurassic World",
"text": "The game was officially announced in January 2015. In March 2015, a trailer was released for the game. A second trailer was released on 14 May 2015, giving a release date of 12 June 2015, to coincide with the theatrical release of \"Jurassic World\". According to review aggregator Metacritic, the PC, PlayStation 4, Wii U, and Xbox One versions of \"Lego Jurassic World\" received \"Mixed or average reviews,\" while the iOS version received \"Generally favorable reviews.\" Ebenezer Samuel of the \"New York Daily News\" noted the \"largely simple and friendly\" gameplay and puzzles, and wrote, \"By and large, there's plenty",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18559391",
"score": "1.0780451",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Jurassic: The Hunted",
"text": "between, and when they do appear, they're so overpowered that it's hard to enjoy the battle. [...] 90 percent of your foes [...] end up being raptors. This gets pretty boring.\" Nintendo World Report also criticized the game's \"terrible\" graphics and wrote that \"many dinosaurs bizarrely teleport into the environment right in front of you.\" Jurassic: The Hunted Jurassic: The Hunted (previously known as Jurassic Hunter and Jurassic: The Hunter) is a first-person shooter video game developed by Cauldron HQ and published by Activision. The game was announced on October 16, 2009. The game was released on November 3, 2009",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13936983",
"score": "1.0773966",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Jurassic World Evolution",
"text": "nominated for \"Best Audio Design\" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards. Jurassic World Evolution Jurassic World Evolution is a business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments. Based on the 2015 film \"Jurassic World\", the game was released on 12 June 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In the game, players construct a dinosaur park on Las Cinco Muertes Archipelago, a group of five islands also known as the \"Five Deaths\". The game features more than 40 types of dinosaurs; their genes can be modified to introduce new features. Players are given contracts to fulfill",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20306884",
"score": "1.0689178",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)",
"text": "had to be approved by Dreamworks, it inevitably lagged behind the PlayStation version in development progress. By May 1997, the Sega Saturn version was 40-percent complete, while the PlayStation version was 60-percent complete and approximately three weeks ahead in development. The game was created with DreamWorks Interactive's Morf-X game engine. Though the engine supports true 3D worlds, the team decided to use 2D gameplay since it involves simpler controls and camera work, allowing for more intense action and greater ease in setting up cinematic shots. The development team had access to pre-production materials from the film, as well as models",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5676095",
"score": "1.0667593",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: Survival",
"text": "Jurassic Park: Survival Jurassic Park: Survival is a cancelled action-adventure video game that was in development by Savage Entertainment and was to be published by Konami. Based upon the \"Jurassic Park\" franchise, the game was to be released on the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in November 2001. Other versions of the game were planned for the PC and GameCube. Development began in October 2000. Initially, the game was to be based on the 2001 film, \"Jurassic Park III\". However, the film was in production at that time and could not provide visual reference to the game's development teams, who had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10709234",
"score": "1.0639508",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Jurassic World Evolution",
"text": "Jurassic World Evolution Jurassic World Evolution is a business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments. Based on the 2015 film \"Jurassic World\", the game was released on 12 June 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In the game, players construct a dinosaur park on Las Cinco Muertes Archipelago, a group of five islands also known as the \"Five Deaths\". The game features more than 40 types of dinosaurs; their genes can be modified to introduce new features. Players are given contracts to fulfill by three divisions, Science, Security and Entertainment, allowing them to progress.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20306859",
"score": "1.057616",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game",
"text": "PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and computer versions, while a release date for an iPad 2 version of the game was still undetermined. In the United States, the game was released as scheduled, although the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions were delayed in Europe. All episodes for the European PC and Mac versions were released as planned, and the first episode was released that month for iPad. The European PlayStation 3 version launched on the PlayStation Network in December 2011, with no reason given for the delay. The European Xbox 360 version was delayed as Telltale did not have a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15275523",
"score": "1.0541334",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park Builder",
"text": "featuring extinct animals from the era along with some Mesozoic crocodilians. In October 2011, Ludia announced a partnership with Universal Pictures to produce a park-building video game titled \"Jurassic Park: The Social Game\". The game was to be released for Facebook and for mobile devices via the App Store, with a scheduled release in early 2012. The game was ultimately released as \"Jurassic Park Builder\". In North America, the game was released for the iOS operating system on July 23, 2012, accompanied by a simultaneous release on Facebook. A version was also released for the Android operating system. In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18840670",
"score": "1.0515215",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game",
"text": "\"Jurassic Park: The Game\" was the sixth best-selling PlayStation Network game for November 2011. In 2015, Eurogamer stated that the game's material would have worked better for a film, stating that the story was a \"great sequel\" to the film but that it was \"embodied in a subpar game.\" Jurassic Park: The Game Jurassic Park: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the 1993 film Jurassic Park and released for the PlayStation 3, Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox 360. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15275527",
"score": "1.0514205",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom",
"text": "Jurassic World theme park, and said he would be interested in seeing a \"Jurassic Park\" film made by one of several unnamed Spanish horror film directors. On July 23, 2015, Universal announced a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22, 2018, release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly, as they had for \"Jurassic World\"; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers. Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18862872",
"score": "1.0508779",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park Builder",
"text": "as part of its promotional plans for the film. \"Jurassic World: The Game\" is set on the fictional Costa Rican island of Isla Nublar, where the player is put in control of constructing a Jurassic World theme park. The player can add buildings and create dinosaurs to populate the park. The game also consists of a battle mode, in which the player's dinosaurs battle against rival dinosaurs in turn-based fights. The game features more than 50 dinosaurs, and main characters from the film, including Owen and Claire. Patrick Klepek of \"Kotaku\" criticized the game for its use of in-game advertisements.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18840677",
"score": "1.047943",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega game)",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (Sega game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. It was released on September 16, 1997. By this time the Genesis was near the end of its commercial lifespan, and months went by between new software releases for the console. \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park\" is based on the , which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Unlike the previous \"Jurassic Park\" games for the Genesis, the game features a bird's-eye view perspective similar to \"Jurassic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15721260",
"score": "1.0478803",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (handheld game)",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (handheld game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park is the title of several different video games released for handheld video game consoles in 1997. Four versions, each with their own gameplay variations, were developed and published by various companies for the Sega Game Gear, Nintendo's Game Boy, and Tiger Electronics' game.com and R-Zone consoles. Each version is based on the 1997 . The Game Gear, Game Boy and game.com versions feature side-scrolling platform-based gameplay. In the Game Gear version, several organizations have sent hunting teams to Isla Sorna to capture the island's dinosaurs and sell them.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9365269",
"score": "1.0475852",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park Interactive",
"text": "Jurassic Park Interactive Jurassic Park Interactive is an action video game based on the 1993 movie \"Jurassic Park\". It was released in North America on May 10, 1994 exclusively for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer by Universal Interactive Studios. \"Jurassic Park Interactive\" was the first video game released by Universal Interactive Studios. The game's interface is set as a computer screen that allows the player to navigate a map of the island, as well as a collection of five minigames programmed by Dennis Nedry. Players have to locate various guests on the map, then engage in a short first-person action level",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6561466",
"score": "1.0465999",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: Survival",
"text": "19, 2001, a Universal spokesperson reportedly told a \"Jurassic Park\" fansite that progress on the game would continue with a different developer, with an expected release sometime in 2002. According to Universal, \"We simply weren't happy with the progress of the game and we felt that it deserved more time with a new developer.\" The website was later asked to remove the quote, as Universal claimed it was \"not an official statement\". Later that month, a Savage spokesperson said a new developer would probably start from scratch on the game, and speculated that Universal had not yet found a new",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10709251",
"score": "1.0452174",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)",
"text": "games. The soundtrack can be played by inserting the game disc into a CD player. \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park\" soundtrack was released separately on CD by Sonic Images on February 24, 1998. \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park\" was released to mixed reviews, it currently holds a score of 59.67% on GameRankings. Multiple critics noted that the game suffered from poor control, incredibly high difficulty, and a lack of a save function. Additionally, GameSpot commented regarding the T. rex as a playable character, \"on the back of the game's box it says in really big letters: \"You're The T-Rex.\" The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5676099",
"score": "1.0449971",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game)",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (arcade game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park is a light gun arcade game from Sega. It was released in 1997, and is based on the film of the same . It is also a sequel to Sega's 1994 \"Jurassic Park\" arcade game. A third arcade game based on \"Jurassic Park III\" was made by Konami in 2001. Ian Malcolm and Sarah Harding go missing after landing on Isla Sorna to conduct an investigation. A rescue team is sent to the island. The player controls one of two rangers, whose goal is to find Malcolm and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6639272",
"score": "1.044639",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park Interactive",
"text": "genre every few minutes.\" Gore and three editors for the magazine gave the game an overall score of 7 out of 10, with praise for the game's graphics and music. In 2018, Zack Zwiezen of \"Kotaku\" ranked the game among the \"worst\" \"Jurassic Park\" games ever released, calling it \"boring and unintentionally hilarious,\" while criticizing the \"poorly designed\" minigames and the \"laughably bad imitations\" of the film's characters. Jurassic Park Interactive Jurassic Park Interactive is an action video game based on the 1993 movie \"Jurassic Park\". It was released in North America on May 10, 1994 exclusively for the 3DO",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6561474",
"score": "1.0443547",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: Survival",
"text": "developer. The spokesperson also said, \"Universal has crunched the development cycles of some of its titles in the past and failed to realize that carries with it a necessary compromise on quality. It would be good for them to give the team working on the title sufficient time to do the franchise justice.\" In December 2001, the PlayStation 2 version was expected for release sometime in the first quarter of 2002. From January 2002 to March 2002, the PlayStation 2 version's U.K. release date was unknown. Ultimately in the U.K., the PlayStation 2 version was to be published by Sierra",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10709252",
"score": "1.0433097",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Lego Jurassic World",
"text": "Lego Jurassic World Lego Jurassic World is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, which was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. It adapts the plots of the first four films in the \"Jurassic Park\" franchise, and is part of a series of Lego-themed video games. The game was released on 12 June 2015 to coincide with the theatrical release of \"Jurassic World\". \"Lego Jurassic World\" was later released for Android and iOS on 31 March",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18559384",
"score": "1.0430194",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Jurassic Park: The Game",
"text": "including tunnels and a marine exhibit. The dinosaurs' behavior was based on the behavior of present-day animals, as well as dinosaur behavior featured in the \"Jurassic Park\" films. A paleontologist also advised the development team on possible dinosaur behavior. The gameplay was heavily influenced by the 2010 video game \"Heavy Rain\". It is the first game by Telltale in which the player's character can be killed. The first images from the game were released in January 2011. When the game was announced, it was to be published shortly after the release of a new , which was scheduled to go",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15275520",
"score": "1.0386549",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game)",
"text": "The Lost World: Jurassic Park (console game) The Lost World: Jurassic Park is an action-adventure video game developed by DreamWorks Interactive and Appaloosa Interactive, and published by Electronic Arts and Sega for the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, respectively, in 1997. \"The Lost World: Jurassic Park\" is based on the of the same name, which in turn is based on the novel by Michael Crichton. In 1998 a special edition of the game was released for the Sony PlayStation as a Greatest Hits title and featured several modifications to the gameplay. The Saturn and PlayStation versions feature identical gameplay. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5676087",
"score": "1.0385131",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Jurassic World Evolution",
"text": "and Xbox One version were distributed by Sold Out on 3 July 2018. In August 2018, Frontier Developments announced an upcoming patch that would alter the sizes of several dinosaurs to match their real-life and film counterparts. The update was released in September 2018, and included additional sandbox and gameplay options, as well as the addition of Challenge Mode. The first paid downloadable content (DLC), \"Secrets of Dr. Wu\", was released on November 20, 2018. The DLC introduced new story missions, research options and new dinosaur and hybrid species. On the same day, Frontier introduced new AI behaviors and a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20306874",
"score": "1.0355828",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Jurassic World Evolution",
"long_answer": "Jurassic World Evolution is an upcoming business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments. The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World, and is scheduled for release on June 12, 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Jurassic World Evolution is an upcoming business simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments. The game is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World, and is scheduled for release on June 12, 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.",
"short_answers": [
"June 12, 2018"
]
} |
what was the alliance between great britian russia and france known as | [
"The Triple Entente"
]
| [
{
"title": "Triple Entente",
"text": "The Triple Entente (from French entente [ɑ̃tɑ̃t] \"friendship, understanding, agreement\") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. The understanding between the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal, was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)",
"text": "Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731) The Anglo-French Alliance is the name for the alliance between Great Britain and France between 1716 and 1731. It formed part of the stately quadrille in which the Great Powers of Europe repeatedly switched partners to try to build a superior alliance. Following the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht, British and French interests converged as they wished to stop the expansion of Spanish and Russian power. Although British Whig politicians had attacked the Treaty of Utrecht under the slogan \"No Peace Without Spain\", given it seemingly placed Spain under",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12960791",
"score": "1.1454887",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Russia–United Kingdom relations",
"text": "of Great Britain (1707–1800) and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1800–1922) had increasingly important ties with the Russian Empire (1721–1917), after Tsar Peter I brought Russia into European affairs and declared himself an emperor. From the 1720s Peter invited British engineers to Saint Petersburg, leading to the establishment of a small but commercially influential Anglo-Russian expatriate merchant community from 1730 to 1921. During the series of general European wars of the 18th century, the two empires found themselves as sometime allies and sometime enemies. The two states fought on the same side during War of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10601330",
"score": "1.0827938",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Anglo-Prussian alliance (1788)",
"text": "by the British ambassador in Russia, Charles Whitworth, and British ambassador to Prussia, Joseph Ewart. Pitt was also concerned with a deficit in foreign trade with Russia, which Britain had, and intended to reduce it by increasing import to other countries in the region (such as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), and shifting the exports from Russia to those countries as well. Great Britain did not want war, in so much as it would be content if Russia would retreat from its war with the Ottomans without any territorial changes, but it realized this was an unlikely outcome. Earlier in 1788, in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16154634",
"score": "1.082129",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)",
"text": "were on opposite sides during the War of the Austrian Succession and their colonial rivalry in North America continued. Some have suggested that between 1688 and 1815 Britain and France were 'natural enemies' and the period has become known as the Second Hundred Years' War, but the 17 years spent as allies has been used to challenge the theory that the two states were implacable enemies. Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731) The Anglo-French Alliance is the name for the alliance between Great Britain and France between 1716 and 1731. It formed part of the stately quadrille in which the Great Powers of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12960794",
"score": "1.08149",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Russia–United Kingdom relations",
"text": "secured a renewal of the commercial treaty between Britain and Russia. The outbreak of the French Revolution and its attendant wars temporarily united constitutionalist Britain and autocratic Russia in an ideological alliance against French republicanism. Britain and Russia attempted to halt the French but the failure of their joint invasion of the Netherlands in 1799 precipitated a change in attitudes. Britain occupied Malta, while the Emperor Paul I of Russia was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller. That led to the never-executed Indian March of Paul, which was a secret project of a planned allied Russo-French expedition against the British",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10601332",
"score": "1.0712345",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)",
"text": "French control, they soon developed close relations with Paris having returned to power following the Hanoverian succession. France faced an uncertain succession, as their King Louis XV was currently young and childless. Britain was wary of alienating the much-larger France. The two states co-operated during the War of the Quadruple Alliance to stop a Spanish attempt to conquer parts of Italy. Shortly afterwards they managed to check the Russian advance across the Baltic. The birth of a Dauphin in 1729 began to dissolve the French interest in the alliance, as their future was increasingly secure. In Britain a group of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12960792",
"score": "1.070356",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "France–Russia relations",
"text": "Germany on its own, but their combined power might do so. France had finally escaped its diplomatic isolation. The alliance was secret until 1897, when the French government realized that secrecy was defeating its deterrent value. After France was humiliated by Britain in the Fashoda Incident of 1898, the French wanted the alliance to become an anti-British alliance. In 1900, the alliance was amended to name Great Britain as a threat and stipulated that should Britain attack France, Russia would invade India. The French provided a loan so that the Russians could start the construction of a railroad from Orenburg",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11968486",
"score": "1.067484",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Uragan-class monitor",
"text": "for the Union cause. Relations between Russia and Britain deteriorated further because of the British support — or what the Russians saw as sponsorship — of the Polish January Uprising of 1863. If war between Russia and Britain were to begin, it was thought likely that British and French Naval forces would try to attack the Russian capital of Saint Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland. It was feared that this would be a repeat of the Baltic theatre of the Crimean War eight years previously, when the Allied steam-powered fleet had outgunned and outmaneuvered the Russian sailing fleet. Russians",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13011093",
"score": "1.0635287",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Anglo-Prussian alliance (1788)",
"text": "Anglo-Prussian alliance (1788) The Anglo-Prussian Alliance was a military alliance between Great Britain and Prussia which was signed on 13 August 1788, in response to the Austro-Russian alliance. Its aim was to limit the expansion of Austria and Russia at the cost of the Ottoman Empire, in the context of the Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791) and the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). Prussia and Great Britain were concerned that Austria and Russia, having acquired new territories in the Black Sea region, would threaten the European balance of power. In the United Kingdom, this policy was advocated by William Pitt the Younger and supported",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16154633",
"score": "1.0529058",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Anglo-Prussian alliance (1788)",
"text": "April, Prussia also secured a credit in case of a war with Russia from the Netherlands. The Anglo-Prusso-Netherland coalition became known as the Triple Alliance. Anglo-Prussian alliance (1788) The Anglo-Prussian Alliance was a military alliance between Great Britain and Prussia which was signed on 13 August 1788, in response to the Austro-Russian alliance. Its aim was to limit the expansion of Austria and Russia at the cost of the Ottoman Empire, in the context of the Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791) and the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). Prussia and Great Britain were concerned that Austria and Russia, having acquired new territories in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16154635",
"score": "1.0484772",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Russia–United Kingdom relations",
"text": "to British intelligence agents making covert payments to NGOs in Russia; shortly afterwards, president Vladimir Putin introduced a law that tightened regulation of funding non-governmental organisations in Russia. Russia–United Kingdom relations Russia–United Kingdom relations, also Anglo-Russian relations, is the bilateral relationship between Russia and the United Kingdom. The formal ties between the courts of Moscow and London go back to 1553. Russia and Britain were allies against Napoleon in the early 19th century, enemies in the Crimean War of the 1850s, and rivals in the Great Game for control of central Asia in the latter half of 19th century. They",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10601369",
"score": "1.0439391",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)",
"text": "Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) During the Napoleonic Wars, the Anglo-Russian War (2 September 1807– 18 July 1812) was the phase of hostilities between the United Kingdom and Russia after the latter signed the Treaty of Tilsit that ended its war with France. Anglo-Russian hostilities were limited primarily to minor naval actions in the Baltic and Barents Seas. After Napoleon I defeated the Russians at the Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807), Tsar Alexander I of Russia signed a peace treaty, known as the Treaty of Tilsit. Although the treaty was quite unpopular within the Russian court, Russia had no alternative as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4173432",
"score": "1.0417497",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Russo-Prussian alliance",
"text": "treaty was a creation of the Russian diplomat Nikita Ivanovich Panin. It expanded on the Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1762, which ended the fighting in the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Russia. Signed on 11 April 1764, it laid the foundation for the \"northern system\" in Russian politics in which Russia and Prussia were allied with Great Britain. Although the Anglo-Prussian Alliance had waned around that time, the ties between Great Britain and Russia strengthened, with a trade alliance signed in 1766. The alliance was defensive in nature, each party declaring it would protect the territorial stability of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16152411",
"score": "1.0400841",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin",
"text": "these three countries, all of which bordered it. The enemies of France thus necessarily became the friends of Russia, and her friends were conversely viewed as Russia's enemies. Consequently, Great Britain and Austria became Russia's \"natural\" allies, while the aggressive and energetic king Frederick II of Prussia, then engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession of 1740–1748, presented a danger to guard against. Bestuzhev therefore adopted the policy of bringing about a quadruple alliance between Russia, Austria, Great Britain and Saxony, to counteract the Franco-Prussian league. However, he stood on dangerous ground. The empress Elizabeth herself had an aversion",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2239292",
"score": "1.039093",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Russia–United Kingdom relations",
"text": "Russia–United Kingdom relations Russia–United Kingdom relations, also Anglo-Russian relations, is the bilateral relationship between Russia and the United Kingdom. The formal ties between the courts of Moscow and London go back to 1553. Russia and Britain were allies against Napoleon in the early 19th century, enemies in the Crimean War of the 1850s, and rivals in the Great Game for control of central Asia in the latter half of 19th century. They were allies again in World Wars I and II, although relations were strained by the Russian Revolution of 1917. They were at sword's point during the Cold War",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10601326",
"score": "1.0356379",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin",
"text": "to an alliance with Great Britain and with Austria, whose representatives had striven to prevent her accession. Many of her personal friends, in the pay of France and Prussia, took part in innumerable conspiracies to overthrow Bestuzhev. Despite these hindrances, Bestuzhev, aided by his elder brother Mikhail, implemented his policy step by step. Russia and Sweden had commenced hostilities in 1741. On 11 December 1742 Bestuzhev concluded a defensive alliance between Great Britain and Russia. He had previously rejected with scorn the proposals of the French government to mediate between Russia and Sweden on the basis of a territorial surrender",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2239293",
"score": "1.0326684",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Anglo-Austrian Alliance",
"text": "Anglo-Austrian Alliance The Anglo-Austrian Alliance connected the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy during the first half of the 18th century. It was largely the work of the British statesman Duke of Newcastle, who considered an alliance with Austria crucial to prevent the further expansion of French power. It lasted from 1731 to 1756 and formed part of the stately quadrille by which the Great Powers of Europe continually shifted their alliances to try to maintain the balance of power in Europe. Its collapse during the Diplomatic Revolution ultimately led to the Seven Years' War. In 1725 Austria",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12960706",
"score": "1.0257568",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Alexander I of Russia",
"text": "a policy that was Napoleon's chief motive for the alliance. Alexander kept Russia as neutral as possible in the ongoing French war with Britain. He allowed Russians to secretly continue to trade with Britain and did not enforce the blockade required by the Continental System. In 1810 he withdrew Russia from the Continental System and trade between Britain and Russia grew. Franco-Russian relations became progressively worse after 1810. By 1811, it became clear that Napoleon was not keeping to his side of the terms of the Treaty of Tilsit. He had promised assistance to Russia in its war against Turkey,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14512230",
"score": "1.0251304",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Triple Alliance (1788)",
"text": "Triple Alliance (1788) The Triple Alliance of 1788 was a military alliance between Great Britain, Prussia and the United Provinces. Great Britain saw it as necessary to maintain the balance of power, and Prussia was hoping for the territorial gains. The alliance was primarily aimed at the Russian Empire, which stood to increase its influence with its looming victory over the Ottoman Empire. Due to efforts of Russian diplomacy, particularly in fostering parliamentary dissent in Great Britain, where the main proponent of action against Russia, William Pitt the Younger, lost support, the Alliance fell apart before it was ready to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2708259",
"score": "1.0231642",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "War of the Third Coalition",
"text": "between the British and the Russians eased in the face of several French political mistakes, and on 11 April 1805 the two signed a treaty of alliance in Saint Petersburg. The stated goal of the Anglo-Russian alliance was to reduce France to its 1792 borders. Austria, Sweden and Naples would eventually join this alliance, whilst Prussia again remained neutral. Meantime, the lull in participating in active military campaigning from 1801–04 permitted Bonaparte to consolidate his political powerbase in France. 1802 saw him proclaimed Consul for Life (his reward for having made peace with Britain, albeit briefly), as well as the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1510603",
"score": "1.0205451",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)",
"text": "war, and would turn Britain into a client state of Louis XV's government. The Anglo-Austrian Alliance would be terminated, as would Britain's alliance with the Dutch. This would reverse Britain's past successful policy of forming Grand Alliances against France on the continent through military support and financial subsidies. James, who was living in exile in a French palace in Paris, was made aware of these plans. It was hoped that Jacobite supporters in the British navy and army would assist the French. In some cases this proved wildly optimistic, as the officers listed as being committed Jacobites were often not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13087984",
"score": "1.0203664",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Elizabeth of Russia",
"text": "to Louis XV a confidential letter in which she proposed the signature of a new treaty of alliance of a more comprehensive and explicit nature than the preceding treaties between the two powers without the knowledge of Austria. Elizabeth's object in the mysterious negotiation seems to have been to reconcile France and Great Britain, in return for which signal service France was to throw all her forces into the German war. This project, which lacked neither ability nor audacity, foundered upon Louis XV's invincible jealousy of the growth of Russian influence in Eastern Europe and his fear of offending the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "547757",
"score": "1.0189099",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Franco-Russian Alliance",
"text": "of French capital into Russia. At the end of the 1880s and the beginning of the 1890s, Russia received a number of large loans from France. The deterioration of Russo-German relations, the resurrection of the Triple Alliance in 1891, and the rumors that Great Britain would join the alliance laid the grounds for the conclusion of a political agreement between Russia and France. During a visit by a French squadron to Kronstadt in July 1891, the agreement of 1891 was concluded in the form of an exchange of letters between the ministers of foreign affairs. France was interested significantly more",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2890464",
"score": "1.017969",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "The Great War in England in 1897",
"text": "alliances of the actual World War I which broke out two decades after its publication: France and Russia, which were to become Britain's World War I allies, are depicted as its implacable cruel foes, while Imperial Germany is the gallant ally coming to Britain's aid at the nick of time. As evidenced by the book's great popularity, the scenario of such an alliance seemed plausible to the British public in 1894; only four years later, Britain and France were indeed on the verge of war during the Fashoda Incident. The fate of the story's treacherous villain who, with all his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6608929",
"score": "1.0168593",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "History of the British Isles",
"text": "Empire. It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war. To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over the Bosporous Straits, as well as from threatening India via Afghanistan. In 1853, Britain and France intervened in the Crimean War against Russia. Despite mediocre generalship, they managed to capture the Russian port of Sevastopol, compelling Tsar Nicholas I to ask for peace. The next Russo-Ottoman war in 1877 led to another European intervention, although this time at the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3343070",
"score": "1.0153239",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Franco-Ottoman alliance",
"text": "Great Britain. Britain took the opportunity to ally with the Ottoman Empire in order to repel Napoleon's invasion, intervening militarily during the Siege of Acre with Admiral William Sidney Smith in 1799, and under Ralph Abercromby at the Battle of Abukir in 1801. By 1802, the French were completely vanquished in the Middle East. Soon however, in 1803, France and Great Britain were again at war, and Napoleon went to great lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against Russia in the Balkans and join his anti-Russian coalition. On its side, Russia vied for Ottoman favour, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13222573",
"score": "1.0146794",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Triple Entente",
"text": "in 1890, Russian leaders grew alarmed at the country's diplomatic isolation and joined the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. In 1904, Britain and France signed a series of agreements, the Entente cordiale, mostly in solving colonial disputes. That heralded the end of British splendid isolation and was partly a response to growing German antagonism, as expressed in the expansion of the \"Kaiserliche Marine\" (Imperial Navy) to become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the British Royal Navy. The Entente, unlike the Triple Alliance and the Franco-Russian Alliance, was not an alliance of mutual defence and so Britain was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1995051",
"score": "1.0137353",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Military alliance",
"text": "Roman Empire, Holland, England, Spain and Saxony, were both directed against the power of Louis XIV of France. The Quadruple or Grand Alliance of 1814, defined in the Treaty of Chaumont, between Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia, had for its object the overthrow of Napoleon and his dynasty, and the confining of France within her traditional boundaries. The Triple Alliance of 1882 between Germany, Austria and Italy was ostensibly directed to the preservation of European peace against any possible aggressive action of France or Russia; and this led in turn, some ten years later, to the Dual Alliance between",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1859435",
"score": "1.013712",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Triple Alliance (1788)",
"text": "advance on Riga. Russia itself was gearing itself to defend the Baltic sea border against the expected invasion. Aware of the significance of the debate to take place in the British parliament in late March, Russian diplomats in London pulled out all stops to mobilize allies to oppose an Anglo-Russian conflict. Russian diplomats spent significant funds on diplomacy and propaganda. It had assured the support of about twenty British newspapers, and begun printing and distribution of many leaflets arguing against the \"Russian armament\" proposal of Pitt the Younger, as the issue became known in contemporary British discourse. Russian supporters included",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2708266",
"score": "1.0124863",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
}
]
| {
"title": "Triple Entente",
"long_answer": "The Triple Entente (from French entente [ɑ̃tɑ̃t] \"friendship, understanding, agreement\") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. The understanding between the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal, was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.\n",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Triple Entente (from French entente [ɑ̃tɑ̃t] \"friendship, understanding, agreement\") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. The understanding between the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal, was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.",
"short_answers": [
"The Triple Entente"
]
} |
when was the death penalty reinstated in oregon | [
"1984"
]
| [
{
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"text": "In 1984, Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal. Measure 7, a statutory measure passed in the same year, required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"text": "there are 30 inmates on death row. Two people have been executed in Oregon since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1978. Both waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out. Capital punishment in Oregon Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oregon. In November 2011, Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon, canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state. Kitzhaber's successor, Governor Kate Brown, affirmed her commitment to the moratorium. Oregon is the only American state where someone can be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2460303",
"score": "1.3476405",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Crime in Oregon",
"text": "amended the Constitution in 1914 to repeal the death penalty, with 50.04% of the vote. The repeal was an initiative of Governor Oswald West. The death penalty was restored, again by constitutional amendment, in 1920. Initially, all executions were performed by hanging; lethal gas was adopted as the method after 1931. Voters outlawed the death penalty in the general election of 1964, with 60% of the vote. Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of three death row inmates two days later. Crime in Oregon This article refers to crime in the U.S. state of Oregon. Reported cases of crime in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14049905",
"score": "1.3329545",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"text": "Governor Oswald West. However, the death penalty was restored in 1920 with 56% of voters favoring its use. From 1864 to 1931, executions were carried out by hanging. However, beginning with the execution of LeRoy Hershel McCarthy, on January 30, 1939, Oregon began using lethal gas in gas-chamber executions. The state executed seventeen men in this manner. The last of these gas-inhalation executions took place on 20 August 1962, with the execution of Leeroy Sanford McGahuey. In 1964 voters passed Measure 1, a constitutional amendment prohibiting capital punishment, with 60% of voters approving. Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2460300",
"score": "1.3071784",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"text": "the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in \"Penry v. Lynaugh\" affected the Oregon death penalty, because Oregon's law is based on the Texas law involved in the case. Seventeen Oregon cases were remanded for resentencing following \"Penry\"; eight convicts were re-sentenced to death. In 2000, the Benetton Group featured several inmates on Oregon's death row in a controversial anti-death penalty advertising campaign. Cesar Barone, Conan Wayne Hale, Jesse Caleb Compton, and Alberto Reyes Camarena were featured in the ad. Between 1904 and 1994, 115 people were sentenced to death in Oregon, and 58 of those were executed. As of October 2018",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2460302",
"score": "1.3044387",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Oregon State Penitentiary",
"text": "(with two men and one woman, also slated for execution, held elsewhere for medical reasons). Death row includes notorious serial killers such as Dayton Leroy Rogers. OSP also contains the lethal injection chamber where prisoners are executed. Executions in Oregon were conducted in public by counties until 1902, when they were centralized (and made less spectacular) at the State Penitentiary. Since the US Supreme Court reaffirmed the death penalty in \"Gregg v. Georgia\" (1976), Oregon has executed only two people: Douglas Wright, in 1996, and Harry Charles Moore, in 1997. Governor John Kitzhaber announced an official moratorium on executions in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7306346",
"score": "1.2788846",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"text": "Capital punishment in Oregon Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oregon. In November 2011, Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon, canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state. Kitzhaber's successor, Governor Kate Brown, affirmed her commitment to the moratorium. Oregon is the only American state where someone can be convicted of a capital crime without a unanimous verdict from the jury: 11 jurors are enough to find the defendant guilty, unless the prosecution requests a unanimous verdict. But if the prosecution seeks the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2460296",
"score": "1.2726457",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Murder of Roxanne Ellis and Michelle Abdill",
"text": "his arrest, Acremant declared that he wished to be executed by lethal injection. By that time Oregon hasn't executed an inmate in over 30 years (see Capital punishment in Oregon). One month later he entered a not guilty plea and his lawyers filed motions to overturn Oregon's death penalty. On September 11, 1996, Acremant pleaded guilty to the murders of Ellis and Abdill. On October 27, 1997, an Oregon jury sentenced Acremant to death by lethal injection for the murders of Roxanne Ellis and Michelle Abdill. On March 15, 2005, Oregon's high court upheld Acremant's death sentence. In February 2011",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10674563",
"score": "1.261381",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Dayton Leroy Rogers",
"text": "was sentenced to death three times, and three times the Oregon Supreme Court vacated the sentence of death and remanded the case for a new trial. The first two Supreme Court decisions came in 1992 and 2000. In both instances, a jury again imposed the death penalty. On October 11, 2012, the Oregon Supreme Court vacated his latest death sentence, and remanded the case for a new trial on the appropriate penalty. On November 16, 2015, a Clackamas county jury sentenced Rogers to death for the fourth time. According to his defense attorney, Rogers would have waived all future appeals",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9751568",
"score": "1.2478266",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"text": "death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must always be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial). The Governor of Oregon has sole authority over clemency, including capital cases. The method of execution is lethal injection. The men's death row is located, and executions are carried out, at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem. Women on death row are held at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility until shortly before their execution. Aggravated murder is the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2460297",
"score": "1.2427683",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"text": "only crime punishable by death in Oregon. It is defined as murder involving any of the following circumstances: The first death sentence carried out under the territorial government, apart from the hanging of the 5 Cayuse in 1850, came on April 18, 1851, when William Kendall was hanged in Salem. Kendall's sentence was handed down by Judge William Strong of the Oregon Supreme Court. Since 1904, about 60 Five Cayuse Native American men were taken to Oregon City, tried and sentenced to hang. Before their execution on June 3, 1850, the leader, Tiloukaikt, accepted Catholic last rites. Tiloukaikt spoke on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2460298",
"score": "1.2420794",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Crime in Oregon",
"text": "Crime in Oregon This article refers to crime in the U.S. state of Oregon. Reported cases of crime in the state of Oregon between 1960 and 2009: The Oregon Constitution originally had no provision for a death penalty. A statute was enacted in 1864 allowing for the death penalty in cases of first degree murder. Authority to conduct executions was initially granted to local sheriffs, but in 1903, the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a law requiring all executions to be conducted at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem, the first state prison in Oregon which opened in 1866. Oregon voters",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14049904",
"score": "1.2213815",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment in the United States",
"text": "Court affirmed a decision by the Franklin County Circuit Court suspending executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection. In November 2011, Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon, canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state. On February 13, 2015, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty. Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment, which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate, produces a recommendation. Effectively there was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2456675",
"score": "1.2195646",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "John Kitzhaber",
"text": "the death penalty, Kitzhaber allowed two executions to be carried out in his first term: Douglas Franklin Wright in 1996 and Harry Charles Moore in 1997. In a statement in 2011, Kitzhaber said \"They were the most agonizing and difficult decisions I have made as Governor... I have regretted those choices ever since.\" Republican anti-tax activist Bill Sizemore challenged Kitzhaber in 1998. Sizemore had founded Oregon Taxpayers United, a political action committee that lobbied against tax increases and promoted ballot measures limiting the use of union dues in political campaigns, in 1993. During the general election, \"The Oregonian\" newspaper reported",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2489840",
"score": "1.2014451",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Thomas A. McBride",
"text": "Oregon and practiced at Oregon City before becoming the district attorney (DA) for Clatsop County. He served as the DA until 1892. In 1892, McBride became Clatsop County Circuit Court judge, serving until 1909. While serving on the court he sentenced two people to death by hanging, including the first legal hanging in Clatsop County, Oregon, on December 1, 1893. On May 1, 1909, Oregon Governor Frank W. Benson appointed McBride to the state supreme court to fill the vacancy created when justice Robert S. Bean resigned. McBride then won a full six year-term in the 1914 election. He was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10177983",
"score": "1.1899711",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment debate in the United States",
"text": "for life without parole or life with a minimum of 30 years the two other penalties, besides death, that Oregon allows for aggravated murder. In a plea agreement reached with Washington state prosecutors, Gary Ridgway, a Seattle-area man who admitted to 48 murders since 1982, accepted a sentence of life in prison without parole in 2003. Prosecutors spared Ridgway from execution in exchange for his cooperation in leading police to the remains of still-missing victims. The media plays a crucial role in the production and reproduction of various cultural discourses, and is imperative to reflexively shaping and being shaped by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14024087",
"score": "1.1739175",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Robert Lee Burns",
"text": "death penalty. All three were sentenced to life in prison. Burns spent four and a half years in California's Folsom State Prison before being transferred to Oregon to serve out the remainder of his Oregon conviction; at the time this was a routine practice. Officials from California were under the impression that Burns would be returned to them at the conclusion of that sentence, as was standard practice at the time. While in Oregon, Burns suffered a serious illness that almost killed him and subsequently decided to turn his life around. He earned his high school diploma, took university courses",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12426053",
"score": "1.1723754",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Douglas Wright (murderer)",
"text": "Douglas Wright (murderer) Douglas Franklin Wright (March 25, 1940 – September 6, 1996) was the first criminal executed by lethal injection in Oregon. He was sentenced to death on October 11, 1993 for luring three homeless men to a remote area of Wasco County on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation with a false promise of work, and then killing them. Wright later admitted killing a fourth man, Anthony Nelson, a Makah Indian. If Wright had not quit his appeal process, he would have been tried before a federal court in the Nelson case, because killing a Native American on an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8035033",
"score": "1.1715862",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "John Kitzhaber",
"text": "ruled that Haugen could reject the governor's reprieve of his execution and move forward in his efforts to die by lethal injection. Kitzhaber appealed the decision to the Oregon Supreme Court, which decided in the governor's favor on June 20, 2013. In 2012, \"Rolling Stone\" magazine named Kitzhaber one of \"The Quiet Ones: 12 Leaders Who Get Things Done\", citing his decision to halt all executions in Oregon as \"demonstrating just how effective government can be\". Kitzhaber presided over the failed launch of Cover Oregon, the state's Affordable Care Act insurance exchange website. He was also disappointed in 2014 by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2489845",
"score": "1.16997",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Joshua Marquis",
"text": "and 2010. Guzek's death sentence was affirmed by the Oregon Supreme Court in 2015 and the United States Supreme Court declined to grant cert in 2017 . While a criminal defense attorney in Eugene, Oregon in 1989-1990 Marquis was lead defense counsel in the cases of two men charged with capital murder - Javier Blanco and Allen Flower - neither man was sentenced to death. In October 2011 Marquis was one of four panelists invited to discuss capital punishment at the New Yorker Festival on a panel that also included Innocence Project founder Barry Scheck, death penalty opponent Danalynn Recer,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12516331",
"score": "1.1664077",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Murder of Roxanne Ellis and Michelle Abdill",
"text": "an Oregon court declared Acremant so delusional that he could not assist in his death sentence appeal and his sentence was reduced to life without parole. He remained held in his single-person death row cell because he also faced a death sentence in California for killing Scott George. On August 9, 1996, an LGBT advocacy and education center opened in Ashland, named the Abdill-Ellis Lambda Community Center in honor of the murdered pair. The Abdill-Ellis Lambda Community Center closed in August 2010. In April 2001, Sen. Gordon H. Smith (R-OR) cited the murders when arguing in the U.S. Senate on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10674564",
"score": "1.1621637",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Capital punishment debate in the United States",
"text": "the Oregon Council to Abolish the Death Penalty, and the national Committee to Abolish the Federal Death Penalty. In addition to growing organizations, the movement also profited from growing European abolishment of the death penalty and from the controversial executions of Barbara Graham and Caryl Chessman. Success mounted in the late 1950s as Alaska, Hawaii, and Delaware abolished capital punishment. Oregon and Iowa followed their leads in the 1960s. Many other states added laws that restricted the use of the death penalty except in cases of extreme serious offenses. Abolitionists began to strongly challenge the constitutionality of the death penalty",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14024060",
"score": "1.1513377",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Peter Skene Ogden State Scenic Viewpoint",
"text": "ever sentenced to death in Oregon, and remained the only woman ever sentenced to death in Oregon until 2011. Her conviction that was upheld by the Oregon Supreme Court, though she was not in fact executed. Located north of Redmond along on U.S. Route 97, Peter Skene Ogden State Scenic Viewpoint is a rest area and viewpoint with limited (but available) parking for trucks and vehicles with trailers. Facilities include restrooms, picnic tables and dramatic viewing of the Crooked River canyon, as well as a views of the Crooked River Railroad Bridge, the Crooked River High Bridge, and the Rex",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10877481",
"score": "1.1511923",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Oregon v. Guzek",
"text": "the presiding judge, Judge Jack Billings so ordered. Clatsop County DA Josh Marquis returned for a third time to re-prosecute Guzek. In May 2010, after several further delays the case of State of Oregon vs. Randy Guzek went to trial again in Deschutes County, Oregon. On June 17, 2010, after about 5 hours of deliberation, the 8-woman, 4-man jury unanimously answered all the four questions required for a sentence of death to be rendered under Oregon's capital sentencing scheme \"yes,\" and Guzek was immediately sentenced to death again for the murders of Rod Houser and Lois Houser. The United States",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7041957",
"score": "1.1480212",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Oregon v. Guzek",
"text": "Oregon v. Guzek Oregon v. Guzek, 546 U.S. 517 (2006), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution does not grant criminal defendants facing the death penalty the right to introduce new evidence of their innocence during sentencing that was not introduced during trial. Accordingly, states could constitutionally exclude such evidence from the sentencing phase of a capital trial. Randy Lee Guzek was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Chief Deputy DA Ron Brown prosecuted the case. On appeal, the Oregon Supreme Court affirmed his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7041952",
"score": "1.1478199",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Overturned convictions in the United States",
"text": "Tulsa County Clackamas County Dauphin County Jay C. Smith was convicted of the 1979 murder of a schoolteacher and her two children and sentenced to death. Smith's conviction was overturned in 1992. Delaware County Nicholas Yarris was sentenced to death for a 1981 rape and murder. DNA tests exonerated him in 2004. See \"The Fear of 13\" Philadelphia County Fred Thomas was convicted of the 1993 murder of a Federal Express truck driver and sentenced to death. The conviction was overturned in 2002. Chester County Two black brothers Thomas Griffin and Meeks Griffin were convicted of the 1913 murder of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10025204",
"score": "1.1451193",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Duncan McKenzie (murderer)",
"text": "still eventually be executed. He is the only 1 of 3 inmates executed in Montana since the reinstatement of the death penalty to be executed involuntarily. Duncan McKenzie (murderer) Duncan Peder McKenzie, Jr., (October 5, 1951 – May 11, 1995) was convicted of the murder of a Conrad, Montana schoolteacher named Lana Harding on January 21, 1974. After his conviction in March 1975, he was on death row for 20 years, receiving eight stays of execution. His ninth stay of execution was denied by the United States courts of appeals. McKenzie was executed on May 11, 1995. He was the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10607248",
"score": "1.1417375",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Oregon v. Guzek",
"text": "this was permissible under Oregon law. Oregon v. Guzek Oregon v. Guzek, 546 U.S. 517 (2006), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution does not grant criminal defendants facing the death penalty the right to introduce new evidence of their innocence during sentencing that was not introduced during trial. Accordingly, states could constitutionally exclude such evidence from the sentencing phase of a capital trial. Randy Lee Guzek was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Chief Deputy DA Ron Brown prosecuted the case. On appeal,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7041959",
"score": "1.1399516",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "John Kitzhaber",
"text": "and 47.77%. Kitzhaber was sworn into his third term as Governor of Oregon on January 10, 2011, succeeding fellow Democrat Ted Kulongoski. On November 22, 2011, Kitzhaber announced that he might commute an upcoming death sentence scheduled to occur in the month ahead. Kitzhaber went on to announce that he would allow no death penalties to occur in Oregon while he is governor, calling the issuing of death sentences \"compromised and inequitable\". The commuted inmate, Gary Haugen, made headlines when he refused to be pardoned, wanting to be executed. Senior Judge Timothy P. Alexander, assigned to Marion County Circuit Court,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2489844",
"score": "1.1376112",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Oregon v. Guzek",
"text": "that the State had presented during sentencing was not relevant, and so unconstitutionally secured the death sentence. The case was remanded for a third sentencing trial. During the third sentencing trial, prosecuted by special prosecutor Joshua Marquis, the trial judge failed to instruct the jury about a \"true-life\" sentencing option—life in prison without the possibility of parole—as an alternative to the death penalty. Guzek was once again sentenced to death. Based on this error, the Oregon Supreme Court once again vacated Guzek's sentence and remanded for a new sentencing trial. Seeking to avoid further errors at his fourth sentencing proceeding,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7041954",
"score": "1.1338916",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Capital punishment in Oregon",
"long_answer": "In 1984, Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal. Measure 7, a statutory measure passed in the same year, required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In 1984, Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal. Measure 7, a statutory measure passed in the same year, required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder.",
"short_answers": [
"1984"
]
} |
what was icq as related to instant messaging | [
"an instant messaging client"
]
| [
{
"title": "ICQ",
"text": "ICQ is an instant messaging client that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996. The name ICQ derives from the English phrase \"I Seek You\". Ownership of ICQ passed from Mirabilis to AOL in 1998, and from AOL to Mail.Ru Group in 2010.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "ICQ",
"text": "the first stand-alone instant messenger and the first online instant messenger service — while real-time chat was not in itself new to the internet (IRC being the most common platform at the time), the concept of a fully centralized service with individual user accounts focused on one-on-one conversations set the blueprint for later instant messaging services like AIM, and its influence is seen in modern social media applications. Whilst Internet Relay Chat programs, like Pirch and mIRC, dominated the market for many years, their popularity began to fall in the face of mobile computing which had begun to take hold",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "202854",
"score": "1.2994207",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Instant messaging",
"text": "per-minute fee on top of the monthly Q-Link access costs. Modern, Internet-wide, GUI-based messaging clients as they are known today, began to take off in the mid-1990s with PowWow, ICQ, and AOL Instant Messenger. Similar functionality was offered by CU-SeeMe in 1992; though primarily an audio/video chat link, users could also send textual messages to each other. AOL later acquired Mirabilis, the authors of ICQ; a few years later ICQ (then owned by AOL) was awarded two patents for instant messaging by the U.S. patent office. Meanwhile, other companies developed their own software; (Excite, MSN, Ubique, and Yahoo!), each with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "663021",
"score": "1.2826552",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "WebChat Broadcasting System",
"text": "Andy Grove and feminist Gloria Steinem. Web-based chatting in general became less popular as instant messaging systems were developed in the late 1990s. ICQ was first released in November 1996. AOL Instant Messenger was released in May 1997. Yahoo! Pager (later renamed Yahoo! Messenger) launched on March 9, 1998. AOL acquired ICQ's parent company Mirabilis on June 8, 1998. Infoseek bought out WBS for approximately $6.7 million, or about 350,000 shares of Infoseek stock in April 1998. At the time WBS had 2.7 million users. WBS daily page views were down to 5 million in April, 1998. When Infoseek acquired",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13725501",
"score": "1.2315149",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Ma Huateng",
"text": "ICQ, the world’s first Internet instant messaging service, founded in 1996 by an Israeli company. Inspired by the idea, Ma and his team launched in February 1999 a similar software, with a Chinese interface and a slightly different name – OICQ (or, Open ICQ). The product quickly became popular and garnered more than a million registered users by the end of 1999, making it one of the largest such services in China. Talking about the founding of Tencent, he told \"China Daily\" in a 2009 interview that “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8386854",
"score": "1.2137337",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Web chat",
"text": "around for decades, almost as long as email. The first major web chat client that was used worldwide was ICQ. ICQ is a slang version of “I seek you”. ICQ was originally released in November 1996, and was freely available to anyone with a computer and Internet connection. By 2001, ICQ had over 100 million users registered out of the 361 million Internet users there were worldwide. As the Internet grew, other web chat clients became to arise, became more popular and eventually took over ICQ. These were messenger clients such as MSN messenger and AOL messenger (AOL who acquired",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9124310",
"score": "1.2080576",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "ICQ",
"text": "Technologies, headed by Alisher Usmanov, for $187.5 million. While ICQ was displaced by AOL Instant Messenger, Google Talk, and other competitors in the U.S. and many other countries over the 2000s, it remained the most popular instant messaging network in Russian-speaking countries, and an important part of online culture. Popular UINs demanded over 11,000 rubles in 2010. In September of that year, Digital Sky Technologies changed its name to Mail.Ru Group. Since the acquisition, Mail.ru has invested in turning ICQ from a desktop client to a mobile messaging system. As of 2013, around half of ICQ’s users were using its",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "202860",
"score": "1.1905342",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Mirabilis (company)",
"text": "Mirabilis (company) Mirabilis is an Israeli company that developed the ICQ instant messaging program, a pioneer of online chatting that revolutionized communication over the Internet. Mirabilis was founded in June 1996 by Arik Vardi, Yair Goldfinger, Sefi Vigiser and Amnon Amir. Goldfinger, Visiger, Vardi and Amir met while working for a Tel Aviv software company, Zapa Digital Arts, that specialized in three-dimensional graphic tools for the Internet. In 1996, they left Zapa and began to toy with ideas for new Internet innovations. They created ICQ in less than two months, but had no funding. Yossi Vardi, the father of Arik",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2980717",
"score": "1.1463134",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Instant messaging",
"text": "which Google Talk users would be able to communicate with AIM and ICQ users provided they have an AIM account. There are two ways to combine the many disparate protocols: Some approaches allow organizations to deploy their own, private instant messaging network by enabling them to restrict access to the server (often with the IM network entirely behind their firewall) and administer user permissions. Other corporate messaging systems allow registered users to also connect from outside the corporation LAN, by using an encrypted, firewall-friendly, HTTPS-based protocol. Usually, a dedicated corporate IM server has several advantages, such as pre-populated contact lists,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "663029",
"score": "1.1434876",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Tencent QQ",
"text": "in China in February 1999 under the name of OICQ (\"Open ICQ\", a reference to the early IM service ICQ). After the threat of a trademark infringement lawsuit by the AOL-owned ICQ, the product's name was changed to QQ (with \"Q\" and \"QQ\" used to imply \"cute\"). The software inherited existing functions from ICQ, and additional features such as software skins, people's images, and emoticons. QQ was first released as a \"network paging\" real-time communications service. Other features were later added, such as chatrooms, games, personal avatars (similar to \"Meego\" in MSN), online storage, and Internet dating services. The official",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2916330",
"score": "1.1162753",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "ICQ",
"text": "Mirabilis, as the user name assigned to each user upon registration. Issued UINs started at '10,000' (5 digits) and every user receives a UIN when first registering with ICQ. As of ICQ6 users are also able to log in using the specific e-mail address they associated with their UIN during the initial registration process. Unlike other instant messaging software or web applications, on ICQ the only permanent user info is the UIN, although it is possible to search for other users using their associated e-mail address or any other detail they have made public by updating it in their account's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "202856",
"score": "1.1041323",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "ICQ",
"text": "with PalmPilot and the fledgling Microsoft Windows Compact Edition. At its peak around 2001, ICQ had more than 100 million accounts registered. At the time of the Mail.Ru acquisition in 2010, there were around 42 million daily users. Since 2013, ICQ has 11 million monthly users. ICQ provides all users additional services and content products: Also, users can choose and select their own avatars for their profile pages. In this way, they can protect their privacy. ICQ users are identified and distinguished from one another by UIN, or User Identification Numbers, distributed in sequential order. The UIN was invented by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "202855",
"score": "1.102035",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Instant messaging",
"text": "messaging: IETF's Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Application Exchange (APEX), Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol (IMPP), the open XML-based Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), and Open Mobile Alliance's Instant Messaging and Presence Service developed specifically for mobile devices. Most attempts at producing a unified standard for the major IM providers (AOL, Yahoo! and Microsoft) have failed, and each continues to use its own proprietary protocol. However, while discussions at IETF were stalled, Reuters signed the first inter-service provider connectivity agreement in September 2003. This agreement enabled AIM, ICQ and MSN",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "663027",
"score": "1.0776744",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "GhostNet",
"text": "Beijing after receiving an email invitation to a visit with the Dalai Lama from his representatives. Another incident involved a Tibetan woman who was interrogated by Chinese intelligence officers and was shown transcripts of her online conversations. However, there are other possible explanations for this event. Drelwa uses QQ and other instant messengers to communicate with Chinese Internet users. In 2008, IWM found that TOM-Skype, the Chinese version of Skype, was logging and storing text messages exchanged between users. It is possible that the Chinese authorities acquired the chat transcripts through these means. IWM researchers have also found that when",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13205120",
"score": "1.0719777",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Centericq",
"text": "Centericq Centericq is a text mode menu- and window-driven instant messaging interface that supports the ICQ, Yahoo!, AIM, MSN, IRC, XMPP, LiveJournal, and Gadu-Gadu protocols. It allows you to send, receive, and forward messages, URLs, SMSes (both through the ICQ server and email gateways supported by Mirabilis), contacts, and email express messages, and it has many other useful features. Known to work in Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Windows and macOS/Darwin Operating Systems. Its heyday was in the first half-decade of the 2000s, with reviews appearing in Softpedia, Czech online magazines \"ABC Linux\" and \"Linux.cz\". It was recommended in a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1925899",
"score": "1.0689158",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Silicon Wadi",
"text": "messaging program, which revolutionized communication over the Internet, was purchased by America Online (AOL) for $407 million in cash, 18 months after it was founded and having no revenues. The free service attracted a user base of 15 million in that period and by 2001, ICQ had over 100 million users worldwide. The success of Mirabilis triggered the dot-com boom in Israel; thousands of start-up companies were established between 1998 and 2001, while venture capital raised by Israeli companies reached $1,851 million in 1999, peaking at $3,701 million in 2000. Over fifty Israeli companies had initial public offerings on NASDAQ",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10113613",
"score": "1.0638262",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "ICQ",
"text": "mobile apps, and in 2014, the number of users began growing for the first time since the purchase. In March 2016 the source code of the client was released under the Apache license released on github.com. When accepting \"ICQ Privacy Policy\" (2011), a user gives all the copyright in the posted information to ICQ Inc. This implies that ICQ Inc. may publish, distribute etc. any messages sent through the system despite any privacy intentions of the user: Please be aware that any information you may have published in a public area (Public Area) may be accessible to ICQ or third",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "202861",
"score": "1.0479816",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Miranda IM",
"text": "Google Talk), and Yahoo! Messenger. Other protocols available via plugins include Bonjour Fetion, Facebook Messenger, Inter-Asterisk eXchange, Lotus Sametime, NetSend, MySpace, Tencent QQ, SIP, Skype (requires Skype), Tlen.pl, Xfire. Miranda IM was first started by Roland Rabien (figbug) on 2 February 2000. At that time, it was a minimalist ICQ clone and officially called Miranda ICQ. The first public release, version 0.0.1, was released on 6 February 2000. This release used LibICQ, had no support for message history, database, and plugins, and had a distribution size of less than 100 KB. A major new feature of version 0.0.4 was the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1876778",
"score": "1.0401983",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Jimm",
"text": "Jimm Jimm is an alternative open-source instant messaging client for ICQ network. It is written in Java ME and should work in most of mobile devices that follow MIDP specification. Jimm is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Creator of Jimm is Manuel Linsmayer. In 2003 he released a client Mobicq. The client allows to view a list of contacts and exchange messages on a protocol OSCAR (ICQ v8). In 2004 AOL banned the use of the name \"Mobicq\" because it contains a part belonging to company trademark \"ICQ\". At that time, client was able to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9687636",
"score": "1.0391786",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "ICQ",
"text": "company of ICQ, Mirabilis, was established in June 1996 by five Israelis: Yair Goldfinger, Sefi Vigiser, Amnon Amir, Arik Vardi, and Arik's father Yossi Vardi. They recognized that many people were accessing the internet through non-UNIX operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, and those users were unfamiliar with established chat technologies, e.g. IRC. The technology Mirabilis developed for ICQ was distributed free of charge. The technology's success encouraged AOL to acquire Mirabilis on June 8, 1998, for $287 million up front and $120 million in additional payments over three years based on performance levels. At the time this was the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "202858",
"score": "1.0380651",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Instant messaging",
"text": "the threat posed by potential security vulnerabilities. In addition to the malicious code threat, the use of instant messaging at work also creates a risk of non-compliance to laws and regulations governing use of electronic communications in businesses. In the United States alone there are over 10,000 laws and regulations related to electronic messaging and records retention. The better-known of these include the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, HIPAA, and SEC 17a-3. Clarification from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) was issued to member firms in the financial services industry in December, 2007, noting that \"electronic communications\", \"email\", and \"electronic correspondence\" may be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "663041",
"score": "1.0335655",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Skype for Business Server",
"text": "such as Yahoo!'s Enterprise Instant Messenger; however these attempts have been largely unsuccessful. An ICQ corporate client and server option once existed, but it is no longer supported or developed. Products such as Cisco Unified Presence Server (Version 6.0.2+) support federation with Microsoft Office Communication Server 2007 to provide presence of Cisco IP phones and remote call control of the IP phone from the Microsoft Office Communicator client. The Siemens OpenScape solution offers a federation with the Office communicator, and also an integration into the office communicator, allowing to use the standard functionalities of the office communication suite together with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5233547",
"score": "1.031812",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Instant messaging",
"text": "Link client software ran on a Commodore 64, using only the Commodore's PETSCII text-graphics, the screen was visually divided into sections and OLMs would appear as a yellow bar saying \"Message From:\" and the name of the sender along with the message across the top of whatever the user was already doing, and presented a list of options for responding. As such, it could be considered a type of graphical user interface (GUI), albeit much more primitive than the later Unix, Windows and Macintosh based GUI IM software. OLMs were what Q-Link called \"Plus Services\" meaning they charged an extra",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "663020",
"score": "1.0294048",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Voicemail",
"text": "as SMS text messages. \"Instant messaging in voice\": The next development in messaging was in making text messaging real-time, rather than just asynchronous store-and-forward delivery into a mailbox. It started with Internet service provider America Online (AOL) as a public Internet-based free text \"chat\" service for consumers, but soon was being used by business people as well. It introduced the concept of Internet Protocol \"presence management\" or being able to detect device connectivity to the Internet and contact recipient \"availability\" status to exchange real-time messages, as well as personalized \"Buddy list\" directories to allow only people you knew to find",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1872361",
"score": "1.0274887",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Comparison of instant messaging clients",
"text": "Instant Messenger clients which provide client-to-server encryption. It does not include clients that also provide end-to-end encryption. The following is a list of those Instant Messenger clients which do not provide client-to-server encryption: Comparison of instant messaging clients Instant messaging was created in July 1996 by Yair Goldfinger, Arik Vardi, Sefi Vigiser, and Amnon Amir, when they started a company called Mirabilis in order to introduce a new way of communication over the Internet. The current landscape for instant messaging involves cross-platform instant messaging clients that can handle one or multiple protocols so that internet users can communicate with multiple",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3753787",
"score": "1.027034",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "StICQ",
"text": "StICQ stICQ is an ICQ client for mobile phones with symbian OS. StICQ has been written by Russian programmer Sergey Taldykin. StICQ is a native Symbian application (.SIS) for instant messaging over Internet for the ICQ network (using the OSCAR protocol). It supports all main statuses including \"Not Available\", \"Invisible\" etc., contact search using ICQ UID, black lists, multi-user support, sound announcements and even SMS sending using default ICQ server. It is featured by small size, low memory usage and relatively stable work. One of the key features of the client is its ability to suspend outcoming data until GPRS",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7836922",
"score": "1.0202421",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Digital reference",
"text": "users can access independently. An example of this is a serialized listing of frequently asked questions (FAQ) that a user can read and use at his or her leisure. Online chat, or instant messaging (IM) has become a very popular Web-based feature. Instant messaging is a real time conversation that utilizes typed text instead of language. Users may feel a sense of satisfaction with the use of this tool because of their personalized interaction with staff. The use of electronic mail (email) in responding to reference questions in libraries has been in use for years. Also, in some cases with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5139478",
"score": "1.01894",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Instant messaging",
"text": "on social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. The most popular IM platforms, such as AIM, closed in 2017, and Windows Live Messenger was merged into Skype. Today, most instant messaging takes place on messaging apps (such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, WeChat, Viber and Telegram), which by 2014 had more users than social networks. Instant messaging is a set of communication technologies used for text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet or other types of networks. IM–chat happens in real-time. Of importance is that online chat and instant messaging differ from other technologies such as email due",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "663014",
"score": "1.0181134",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Communication software",
"text": "the Internet Relay Chat followed. CU-SeeMe was the first chat system to be equipped with a video camera. Instant messaging featuring a \"buddy list\" and the notion of online presence was introduced by ICQ in 1996. In the days of the Internet boom, web chats were very popular, too. Chatting is a real-time conversation or message exchange that takes place in public or in private groupings called \"chat rooms\". Some chatrooms have moderators who will trace and block offensive comments and other kinds of abuse. Based on visual representation chats are divided into text based chat room just as were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8409214",
"score": "1.0173119",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Comparison of instant messaging clients",
"text": "Comparison of instant messaging clients Instant messaging was created in July 1996 by Yair Goldfinger, Arik Vardi, Sefi Vigiser, and Amnon Amir, when they started a company called Mirabilis in order to introduce a new way of communication over the Internet. The current landscape for instant messaging involves cross-platform instant messaging clients that can handle one or multiple protocols so that internet users can communicate with multiple users at the same time. The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of instant messaging clients. See the individual products' articles for further information. External links may lead to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3753785",
"score": "1.0160279",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "ICQ",
"long_answer": "ICQ is an instant messaging client that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996. The name ICQ derives from the English phrase \"I Seek You\". Ownership of ICQ passed from Mirabilis to AOL in 1998, and from AOL to Mail.Ru Group in 2010.",
"chunked_long_answer": "ICQ is an instant messaging client that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996. The name ICQ derives from the English phrase \"I Seek You\". Ownership of ICQ passed from Mirabilis to AOL in 1998, and from AOL to Mail.Ru Group in 2010.",
"short_answers": [
"an instant messaging client"
]
} |
chandra and bhaga river meets at the place | [
"Tandi, in Lahaul",
"at Tandi, in Lahaul"
]
| [
{
"title": "Rivers in Himachal Pradesh",
"text": "The Chandrabhaga or Chenab (Vedic name Askni), the largest river (in terms of volume of water) is formed after the meeting of two streams namely, Chandra and Bhaga at Tandi, in Lahaul. It flows 122 kilometres (76 mi) and covers an area of 7,500 square kilometres (2,900 sq mi). in Himachal, before entering Kashmir. The Chandra passes through the barren tribal land.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Chenab River",
"text": "allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi, 8 km southwest of Kyelang, in the Lahaul and Spiti district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few kilometers east of the Bara-lacha la pass in the in Himachal Pradesh. The Chandra river originates from glaciers east of the same pass. This pass also acts as a water-divide between these two rivers. The Chandra river transverses before the confluence. The Bhaga",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3960982",
"score": "1.2959573",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Chandrabhaga River (Purna River)",
"text": "Amravati and Akola district. Bhuleshwari is a chief tributary of Chandrabhaga that meets it before Daryapur. Sapan and Bichan rivers flowing through Achalpur and Paratwada are other affluent streams. Chandrabhaga River (Purna River) Chandrabhaga is one of the major rivers in Amravati district of Maharashtra. As a tributary of the Purna, it forms a part of the Tapti-Purna river system. The main stream of the river rises down the Vairat Plateau in the Chikhaldara hills and takes an eastward course draining the south slopes of Chikhaldara and Gawilgarh plateaus. dam is built on the river as it comes out of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16972776",
"score": "1.1717026",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Chandrabhaga River (Purna River)",
"text": "Chandrabhaga River (Purna River) Chandrabhaga is one of the major rivers in Amravati district of Maharashtra. As a tributary of the Purna, it forms a part of the Tapti-Purna river system. The main stream of the river rises down the Vairat Plateau in the Chikhaldara hills and takes an eastward course draining the south slopes of Chikhaldara and Gawilgarh plateaus. dam is built on the river as it comes out of the valley. The river takes a more southward turn from the dam and passes through the town of Daryapur before it meets with river Purna on the border of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16972775",
"score": "1.163096",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Suraj Tal",
"text": "the Chenab River. The Bhaga River (a tributary of the Chandrabhaga or Chenab) originates from Surya taal. The other major tributary of the Chandrabhaga, the Chandra originates from the glacier close to the Chandra Taal lake in the Spiti district. Suraj Tal is from Keylong, the district headquarters of the Lahaul Spiti district, a frontier district of India which is approachable by road by the National Highway NH 21, also known as the Leh-Manali Highway. The NH 21 is the vital road link for the people living in the Lahaul Spiti district. The road skirts the Suraj Tal and is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11211635",
"score": "1.1275294",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Bhagawangola I",
"text": "the district is a low lying alluvial plain with the shape of an isosceles triangle. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the Jalangi forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is liable to be flooded by the spill of the Bhagirathi and other rivers. The main rivers of this region are Bhairab, Jalangi, Chhoto Bhairab, Sialmari and Gobra Nala. All these rivers are distributaries of the main branch of the Ganges. The rivers are in their decaying stages. A major problem in Murshidabad district is river bank erosion. As",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15266291",
"score": "1.1195245",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Bara-lacha la",
"text": "Zanskar and Lahaul meet here and in ancient times it was part of a trade route. On the North West lies the Bhaga River while the Chandra flows south-east. Near below the Baralacha-la is having a beautiful emerald lake the Suraj tal (Sun lake), the source of the river Bhaga. \"Mr. Shaw thus describes the region: \"The Bara Lacha is the boundary between two separate regions distinguished by their physical characteristics. That which we have already passed through may be called the true Himalayan region. Here the gigantic ranges are covered with perpetual snow, furrowed by glaciers, and they arise",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7975689",
"score": "1.1028965",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Bara-lacha la",
"text": "Bara-lacha la Bara-lacha la also known as Bara-lacha Pass, or Bārā Lācha La, (el. ) is a high mountain pass in Zanskar range, connecting Lahaul district in Himachal Pradesh to Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, situated along the Leh–Manali Highway. The Bhaga river, a tributary of the Chandrabhaga or Chenab river, originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few of kilometers from the pass towards Manali. The other major tributary of the Chandrabhaga, the Chandra also originates from glacier in this region. The pass also acts as a water-divide between the Bhaga river and the Yunam river. Folklore",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7975687",
"score": "1.1025673",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Bhagawangola II",
"text": "a low lying alluvial plain with the shape of an isosceles triangle. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the Jalangi forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is liable to be flooded by the spill of the Bhagirathi and other rivers. The main rivers of this region are Bhairab, Jalangi, Chhoto Bhairab, Sialmari and Gobra Nala. All these rivers are distributaries of the main branch of the Ganges. The rivers are in their decaying stages. A major problem is river bank erosion. As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15432376",
"score": "1.1006742",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Jalangi (community development block)",
"text": "blocks – Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Raninagar II and Jalangi - along the Bangladesh-India border. The Bagri or the eastern part of the district is a low lying alluvial plain with the shape of an isosceles triangle. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the Jalangi forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is liable to be flooded by the spill of the Bhagirathi and other rivers. The main rivers of this region are Bhairab, Jalangi, Chhoto Bhairab, Sialmari and Gobra Nala.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15266234",
"score": "1.0958922",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Suraj Tal",
"text": "the trans–tensional faults indicate that. The Bhaga Valley (Tod or Stod Valley) formed from Suraj Tal up to Tandi, the confluence point with Chandra River, is long. The valley, which is a narrow gorge, is devoid of any vegetation up to Darcha and thereafter it widens up to its confluence with Chandra River at Tandi with terraces between Darcha and Tandi which are under cultivation in the lower slopes, with the middle slopes having grasslands. Plantation of trees and shrubs to meet fuel wood and fodder requirements have been done on the hill slopes. Lahaul Spiti valley is common a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11211639",
"score": "1.0944784",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Jalangi River",
"text": "regarding the Jalangi river as \"'O Amar Jalangi Nadi, Tor Kolete Roilam Ami, Janamo Abodhi\"' Jalangi River Jalangi River (), is a branch of the Ganges river in Murshidabad and Nadia districts in the Indian state of West Bengal. It flows into the Bhagirathi river and strengthens its lower channel, the Hooghly. The river below the point where the Jalangi meets the Ganges is known as Hooghly and the course above it from the point of its separation from the main flow of the Ganges to its confluence with the Jalangi, it is called Bhagirathi. Ghurni, a neighbourhood of Krishnanagar,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11234599",
"score": "1.0922874",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Hooghly River",
"text": "the canal ends and joins the Bhagirathi river. The Bhagirathi then flows south past Jiaganj Azimganj, Murshidabad, and Baharampur. South of Baharampur and north of Palashi it used to form the border between Bardhaman District and Nadia District, but while the border has remained the same the river is now often east or west of its former bed. The river then flows south past Katwa, Navadwip and Kalna. At Kalna it originally formed the border between Nadia District and Hooghly District, and then further south between Hooghly District and North 24 Parganas District. It flows past Halisahar, Chinsurah, Serampore, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3606695",
"score": "1.091538",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Khaga",
"text": "Khaga Khaga is a town and a nagar panchayat in Fatehpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is situated on NH 19 between the cities of Allahabad, which is also known as Prayag, and Kanpur and is also connected to those places by rail, by which Allahabad is distant and Kanpur . The north boundary of the district is limited by the river Ganges and its southern boundary is the river Yamuna. India census, Khaga had a population of 12,0020. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. The average literacy rate of 90% was higher",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8177673",
"score": "1.088881",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Bara-lacha la",
"text": "states that there were two lovers, Chandra being the daughter of the Moon and Bhaga the son of the Sun god. To perform their eternal marriage, they decided to climb to the Bara-lacha-la and from there they ran in opposite directions. Chandra being active and smart, easily found her way and reached Tandi after covering the distance of . Soon Bhaga was found coming with great struggle through the narrow gorges to Tandi, where consequently both met and the celestial marriage was performed. Bhaga covered about distance, which was very difficult. Baralachala means summit with cross roads from Spiti, Ladakh,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7975688",
"score": "1.0888166",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Painganga River",
"text": "district. There is an old Lord Shiva temple at Jugad, Wani the river alliance as an island. Every year at Gurupornima in the November month devotees from other places comes for worship. Before converging into Wardha River near a small village called Wadha in Chandrapur taluka of Chandrapur district. The river gets flooded in rainy and winter season and partially flooded in summer. The total length of the river is . There is a proposal of making a huge dam on the Painganga River. Adan River, Kas river, Arunavati river, Kayadhu river, Pus river, etc. The river provides the irrigation",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10485938",
"score": "1.0857828",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Kathana",
"text": "of the district and joins Gomati just north of the village of Dadhnamau. The river is not navigable and it banks are in places covered with jungle. There is narrow flood plain along the banks but the soil is not of very good quality. Beyond the plains, the soil is sandy but better than that in the neighborhood of Gomati. In the middle of Chandra pargana, it gives place to loam, but here the drainage, in palaces, is defective. The valley of the river is wide, having a fringe of poor flood plain below high banks. Its lower parts are",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16889215",
"score": "1.085447",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Jalangi River",
"text": "is located on the banks of the Jalangi. Mayapur, the birthplace of Sri Chaitanya, is located at the confluence of the Jalanagi and Bhagirathi. The Jalangi is a modern stream, but its age is not known. Apparently it opened up long after the Bhairab River ran as a strong stream in a south easterly direction. Although it is generally believed that the river has opened up within the last few hundred years, there is no direct evidence of this. It is shown in Van den Brouck’s map. The Bhairab once flowed from the Ganges, across the present beds of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11234595",
"score": "1.0849522",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Chenab River",
"text": "river transverses through narrow gorges a distance of before the confluence at Tandi. The Chenab river was called ' () in the Rigveda (VIII.20.25, X.75.5). The name meant that it was seen to have dark-coloured waters. The term Krishana is also found in the Atharvaveda. A later form of Askikni was ' () and the Greek form was - \"Akesínes\"; Latinized to \"Acesines\". In the Mahabharata, the common name of the river was Chandrabhaga () because the river is formed from the confluence of the Chandra and the Bhaga rivers. This name was also known to the Ancient Greeks, who",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3960983",
"score": "1.0835705",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Tourism in Uttarakhand",
"text": "Yamuna and Saraswati rivers merge. The confluence of the Bhagirathi, which flows in rapids with strong currents meets a much calmer river in the Alaknanda and this has been vividly described by the British captain Raper as: The contrast between the two rivers joining here is striking. The Bhaghirathi runs down a steep declivity with rapid force, roaring and foaming flowing over large fragments placed in its bed, while the placid, Alakananda, flowing, with a smooth, unruffled surface, gently winds round the point till, meeting with her turbulent consort, she is forcibly hurried down, and unites her clamours with the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16648496",
"score": "1.0734116",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Chenab River",
"text": "Chenab River The Chenab River ( ; ), known traditionally as the Chandrabhaga River (), is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It forms in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh state, India, and flows through the Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, Reasi and Jammu districts of Jammu region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, Pakistan, before flowing into the Indus River near the city of Uch Sharif. The waters of the Chenab were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3960981",
"score": "1.0726526",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Chitroptala river",
"text": "into the Bay of Bengal near Paradeep. It has six bridges across it in . The bridges are at Shishua, Nemala-Jaladia, Narendra pur, Gardapur, Patkura and finally near Haldia-Gada. The river itself is quite famous for its sandy bed, Jhaun forest, local-myth and pilgrimage prospects. Nemala is quite famous in coastal Odisha for Malika-bachana (a purana) which was depicted by the famous saint Acyutananda five hundred years ego, since then the place is famous as Nemala-Bata. Another place is Kuda-Nagari at its bank, which famous for Magha-Mela. In the Hindu month of Magha, thousands of pilgrims from attack and Kendrapara",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16411875",
"score": "1.067889",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Jalangi River",
"text": "Jalangi River Jalangi River (), is a branch of the Ganges river in Murshidabad and Nadia districts in the Indian state of West Bengal. It flows into the Bhagirathi river and strengthens its lower channel, the Hooghly. The river below the point where the Jalangi meets the Ganges is known as Hooghly and the course above it from the point of its separation from the main flow of the Ganges to its confluence with the Jalangi, it is called Bhagirathi. Ghurni, a neighbourhood of Krishnanagar, a centre for the production of clay dolls, often referred to as Krishnanagar clay dolls,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11234594",
"score": "1.067207",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Panchganga River",
"text": "and the other a few miles to the east on the Poona road. The Panchgnaga and its feeders are fordable in the hot season. In the rainy season large and small boats ply at twenty-three fords. The waters of all the streams which join to form the Panchganga are much used for growing sugarcane. In October, towards the close of the south-west rains, a series of fair-weather earthen dams are built across the river beds and the water is raised by lifts worked by bullocks. The Kasari is an important stream. It rises in the Sahyadris near the village of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13476860",
"score": "1.0657673",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Chandrapur",
"text": "agricultural development. Chandrapur is located in central India in the eastern part of Maharashtra state at 19.57°N latitude and 79.18°E longitude. The nearest major city is Nagpur, to the north. To the east is Gadchiroli district including the Gadchiroli forest reserve and the Sundarnagar range. To the south is the Wardha River with villages scattered along its banks. To the west of Chandrapur lies the Painganga river and the Maharashtra State Highway 6. Chandrapur is situated at 189.90 meters above the mean sea level. Chandrapur lies at the confluence of the Erai and Zarpat rivers. The Erai river has a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6620515",
"score": "1.0642347",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Shimsha",
"text": "Shimsha Shimsha is a river that flows in the state of Karnataka, India. It is one of the tributaries of the river Kaveri, which is one of the major rivers of South India. The river originates in the southern part of the Devarayanadurga hill in the Tumkur district of Karnataka and flows for about . before joining the river Kaveri. Shimsha originates at an altitude of 914 m in the Devarayanadurga hill which is also the location of two temples of the Hindu God, Narasimha. After originating in the Tumkur district, the river takes a southerly course and enters the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10800234",
"score": "1.0605617",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Bhagamandala",
"text": "under the Köppen climate classification. Bhagamandala Bhagamandala is a pilgrimage place in Kodagu district of South Indian state of Karnataka. Bhagamandala is situated on the river Kaveri in its upstream stretches. At this place, the Kaveri is joined by two tributaries, the Kannike and the mythical Sujyothi river. It is considered sacred as a river confluence (\"kudala\" or \"triveni sangama\", in Kannada and Sanskrit respectively). Bhagamandala is located 133 km south-east of Mangalore. It has an average elevation of . It is a common practice for pilgrims to take a dip in the triveni sangama and perform rituals to their",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9806577",
"score": "1.0570107",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Raninagar II",
"text": "are 9 blocks – Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Raninagar II and Jalangi - along the Bangladesh-India border. The Bagri or the eastern part of the district is a low lying alluvial plain with the shape of an isosceles triangle. The Ganges/Padma and the Bhagirathi form the two equal sides; the Jalangi forms the entire base; other offshoots of the Ganges meander within the area. It is liable to be flooded by the spill of the Bhagirathi and other rivers. The main rivers of this region are Bhairab, Jalangi, Chhoto Bhairab, Sialmari and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15377592",
"score": "1.0563703",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Chandrabhaga beach",
"text": "Chandrabhaga beach Chandrabhaga Beach is situated three km east of the Sun temple of Konark, in the Puri district in the state of Odisha, India. It is 30 km from the city of Puri. Formerly Chandrabhaga was considered a place of natural cure for lepers. Chandrabhaga beach on the coast of Konark becoming Asia’s first to get the Blue Flag certification — a tag given to environment-friendly clean beaches, equipped with amenities of international standards for tourists. Mythological 'Shamba' (Krishna's son) the cured leper worshipped the Sun God for cure on the river mouth of Chandrabhaga, the river dried up.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19532351",
"score": "1.0562067",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Bhargavi River",
"text": "the Bay of Bengal via the mouth of Chilika. The South Kania gets lost in the marshes on the western shore of Chilika. Bhargavi River Bhargavi River flows across Odisha, India. It forms the Mahanadi–Kuakhai distributary system branching off from the Kuakhai River and draining into Chilka Lake. A branch of the Kuakhai River meets the Bay of Bengal after breaking up into numerous distributaries in the last of its course. There are four main branches all branching off from the left bank: Kanchi, the East Kania, the Naya Nadi and the South Kanchi (which drains into Sar Lake). By",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13248645",
"score": "1.0558974",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "Rivers in Himachal Pradesh",
"long_answer": "The Chandrabhaga or Chenab (Vedic name Askni), the largest river (in terms of volume of water) is formed after the meeting of two streams namely, Chandra and Bhaga at Tandi, in Lahaul. It flows 122 kilometres (76 mi) and covers an area of 7,500 square kilometres (2,900 sq mi). in Himachal, before entering Kashmir. The Chandra passes through the barren tribal land.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Chandrabhaga or Chenab (Vedic name Askni), the largest river (in terms of volume of water) is formed after the meeting of two streams namely, Chandra and Bhaga at Tandi, in Lahaul. It flows 122 kilometres (76 mi) and covers an area of 7,500 square kilometres (2,900 sq mi). in Himachal, before entering Kashmir. The Chandra passes through the barren tribal land.",
"short_answers": [
"Tandi, in Lahaul",
"at Tandi, in Lahaul"
]
} |
who took part in the american civil war | [
"nationalists of the Union"
]
| [
{
"title": "American Civil War",
"text": "The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "James Dunlavy",
"text": "James Dunlavy Private James Dunlavy (February 4, 1844 to March 6, 1923) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Dunlavy received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for capturing Maj. Gen. John S. Marmaduke at the Battle of Mine Creek on 25 October 1864. He was honored with the award on 4 April 1865. Dunlavy was born the first of two children in Decatur County, Indiana on 4 February 1844. His father was John Yocum Dunavy, his mother was Nancy Woolery, and his younger sister was Matilda Dunlavy. He joined",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17721630",
"score": "0.8594477",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Albert O'Connor",
"text": "Albert O'Connor Albert O'Connor (July 15, 1843 – April 3, 1928) served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor. O'Connor was born on July 15, 1843, in East Hereford, Quebec. His official residence was listed as Lodi, Wisconsin. He joined the US Army from West Point, Wisconsin, in June 1861, and mustered out in July 1865. He died in Orting, Washington, and was buried in Washington Soldiers Home Cemetery. His award citation reads: For extraordinary heroism on March 31 & 1 April 1865, while serving with Company A, 7th Wisconsin Infantry, in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13740581",
"score": "0.85922617",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Samuel S. French",
"text": "Samuel S. French Private Samuel S. French (April 23, 1841 to February 17, 1913) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. French received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Seven Pines in Virginia on 31 May 1862. He was honored with the award on 24 October 1895. French was born in Erie County, New York on 23 April 1841. He enlisted into the 7th Michigan Infantry. He died on 17 February 1913 and his remains are interred at the Gilford Cemetery in Michigan.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17693926",
"score": "0.8545991",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Alexander A. Forman",
"text": "Alexander A. Forman Corporal Alexander A. Forman (January 14, 1843 to March 3, 1922) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Forman received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Seven Pines in Virginia on 31 May 1862. He was honored with the award on 17 August 1895. Forman was born in Scipio Township, Michigan on January 14, 1843. He enlisted into the 7th Michigan Infantry. He died on March 3, 1922 and his remains are interred at the Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17693904",
"score": "0.85445815",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Alexander A. Forman",
"text": "New York. Alexander A. Forman Corporal Alexander A. Forman (January 14, 1843 to March 3, 1922) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Forman received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Seven Pines in Virginia on 31 May 1862. He was honored with the award on 17 August 1895. Forman was born in Scipio Township, Michigan on January 14, 1843. He enlisted into the 7th Michigan Infantry. He died on March 3, 1922 and his remains are interred at the Cypress Hills Cemetery",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17693905",
"score": "0.8501907",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Henry C. Magruder",
"text": "Henry C. Magruder Henry C. Magruder (1844 - October 20, 1865) was a Confederate soldier and guerrilla during the American Civil War. Born in Bullitt County, he took part in several major Western theater, but he is best known for his fate as a guerrilla. Magruder enlisted in the Confederate States Army at age 17 and served under General Simon Bolivar Buckner at the Battle of Fort Donelson. He was captured when the Buckner chose to surrender the fort rather than allow his men to fight their way out, but he soon managed to escape. Magruder joined the personal bodyguard",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18179224",
"score": "0.8490721",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Louis J. Bruner",
"text": "Indiana. Louis J. Bruner Private Louis Jordan Bruner (October 6, 1834 to January 28, 1912) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Bruner received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action at Walkers Ford in Tennessee on 2 December 1863. He was honored with the award on 9 March 1896. Bruner was born in Monroe County, Indiana on 6 October 1834 and enlisted in 5th Indiana Volunteer Cavalry at Clifty Brumer, Indiana. He died on 28 January 1912 and his remains are interred at the Green Park Cemetery",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17618881",
"score": "0.84172785",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Augustus Gabriel de Vivier Tassin",
"text": "Augustus Gabriel de Vivier Tassin Augustus Gabriel de Vivier Tassin (1842–1893) was a French-born American soldier who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war he occupied a variety of posts in the American West. He made notable contributions in writing descriptive accounts of several Native American groups. Tassin was born in Paris, France, on October 12, 1842 but immigrated to the United States, at New Orleans, Louisiana, on October 25, 1852. When the Civil War broke out, he was living in Leopold, Indiana. He enlisted as a first lieutenant in the 35th Indiana Infantry",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18748037",
"score": "0.83957034",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Hillary Beyer",
"text": "on May 5, 1864, but remained on active duty until his discharge in November of that year. Beyer died on September 24, 1907 and is buried in Lower Providence Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Hillary Beyer Hillary Beyer (September 28, 1837 – September 24, 1907) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War and received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. Beyer enlisted in the 90th Pennsylvania Infantry in September 1861 He earned the Medal of Honor while a 2nd Lieutenant during the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17549313",
"score": "0.83923095",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Louis J. Bruner",
"text": "Louis J. Bruner Private Louis Jordan Bruner (October 6, 1834 to January 28, 1912) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Bruner received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action at Walkers Ford in Tennessee on 2 December 1863. He was honored with the award on 9 March 1896. Bruner was born in Monroe County, Indiana on 6 October 1834 and enlisted in 5th Indiana Volunteer Cavalry at Clifty Brumer, Indiana. He died on 28 January 1912 and his remains are interred at the Green Park Cemetery in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17618880",
"score": "0.8346221",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "William F. Browne",
"text": "William F. Browne William Frank Browne (died September 12, 1867) was an American military photographer noted for his prolific work during the Civil War. Browne was born in Northfield, Vermont. When the Civil War erupted in 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company C of the 15th Vermont Infantry at Berlin, Vermont. He mustered out of the Union Army in August 1863. Soon afterward, he began working as the camp photographer of the 5th Michigan Cavalry, staying with them in their winter encampment at Stevensburg, Virginia. He took some of the earliest portrait photographs of George Armstrong Custer, commander",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11683083",
"score": "0.83313173",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "David Edwards (soldier)",
"text": "David Edwards (soldier) Private David Edwards (1841 – April 14, 1897) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Edwards received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Five Forks in Virginia on 1 April 1865. He was honored with the award on 10 May 1865. Edwards was born in Wales in 1841. He joined the 146th New York Infantry in September 1862, and mustered out with his regiment in July 1865. He died on 14 April 1897 and his remains are interred at the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17721699",
"score": "0.832146",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Charles D. Ennis",
"text": "Charles D. Ennis Private Charles D. Ennis (8 August 1843 – 29 December 1930) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Ennis received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Third Battle of Petersburg in Virginia on 2 April 1865. He was honored with the award on 28 June 1892. Ennis was born in Stonington, Connecticut on 8 August 1843. He enlisted into the 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery. He died on 29 December 1930 and his remains are interred at the White Brook Cemetery in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17674376",
"score": "0.83110034",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Hillary Beyer",
"text": "Hillary Beyer Hillary Beyer (September 28, 1837 – September 24, 1907) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War and received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. Beyer enlisted in the 90th Pennsylvania Infantry in September 1861 He earned the Medal of Honor while a 2nd Lieutenant during the Battle of Antietam, for staying on the open field and carrying another soldier, James H. Gouldy, to safety in a rear area. He later received an injury at the Battle of the Wilderness",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17549312",
"score": "0.8288282",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Robert J. Coffey",
"text": "state's National Guard. He died on July 9, 1901 and his remains are interred at the Green Mount Cemetery in Montpelier, Vermont. Robert J. Coffey Sergeant Robert John Coffey (December 15, 1842 to July 9, 1901) was a Canadian soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Coffey received the United States' highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Salem Church in Virginia on 4 May 1863. He was honored with the award on 13 May 1892. Coffey was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada on 15 December 1842.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17637993",
"score": "0.8278018",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Joseph Keene",
"text": "New York in May 1861, and mustered out with this regiment after two years. He re-enlisted with the 3rd New York Heavy Artillery in June 1863, and mustered out with this regiment in July 1865. Keene was later buried in Whitesboro, New York. Joseph Keene Joseph Keene (April 3, 1839 – December 1, 1921) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Keene received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Keene's medal was won for his actions at the Battle of Fredricksburg in Virginia, where he voluntarily seized his regiments colors",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18180724",
"score": "0.82586944",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Thomas Toohey",
"text": "Thomas Toohey Thomas Toohey (January 1, 1835 – November 19, 1918) served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor. Toohey was born on January 1, 1835, in New York City. He joined the 24th Wisconsin Infantry from Milwaukee, Wisconsin in August 1862, and mustered out in June 1865. He died on November 19, 1918, and was buried at Mount Washington Cemetery in Independence, Missouri. His award citation reads: For gallantry in action on 30 November 1864, while serving with Company F, 24th Wisconsin Infantry, in action at Franklin, Tennessee. Sergeant Toohey voluntarily",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13756727",
"score": "0.8254177",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Thomas Burke (soldier)",
"text": "Thomas Burke (soldier) Private Thomas Burke (1842 to March 15, 1902) was an Irish soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Burke received the United States' highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action at Hanover Courthouse in Virginia on June 30, 1863. He was honored with the award on February 11, 1878. Burke was born in Ireland in 1842. He joined the 5th New York Cavalry in October 1861, and mustered out in October 1864. Burke died on 15 March 1902 and his remains are interred at the Calvary Cemetery in New York.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17697470",
"score": "0.8250943",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Albert E. Fernald",
"text": "Albert E. Fernald First Lieutenant Albert E. Fernald (May 13, 1838 – December 3, 1908) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Fernald received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Five Forks in Virginia on 1 April 1865. He was honored with the award on 10 May 1865. Fernald was born in Winterport, Maine, on 13 May 1838. He enlisted into the 20th Maine Infantry. He died on 3 December 1908 and his remains are interred at the Oak Hill Cemetery in Maine.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17687945",
"score": "0.8243563",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "August Kauss",
"text": "the 15th New York Heavy Artillery in August 1863, and again mustered out with his regiment after two years. Kauss was buried in Hurley, New York. August Kauss Corporal August Kauss (or Kautz) (November 6, 1843 – April 27, 1913) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Kauss received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Kauss's medal was won for capturing a flag at the Battle of Five Forks in Virginia on April 1, 1865. He was honored with the award on May 10, 1865. Kauss was born in Germany.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18086018",
"score": "0.8233093",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Charles D. Ennis",
"text": "Rhode Island. Charles D. Ennis Private Charles D. Ennis (8 August 1843 – 29 December 1930) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Ennis received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Third Battle of Petersburg in Virginia on 2 April 1865. He was honored with the award on 28 June 1892. Ennis was born in Stonington, Connecticut on 8 August 1843. He enlisted into the 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery. He died on 29 December 1930 and his remains are interred at the White Brook",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17674377",
"score": "0.82217765",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Dayton P. Clarke",
"text": "Dayton P. Clarke Captain Dayton P. Clarke (December 15, 1840 to November 10, 1915) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Clarke received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in Virginia on 12 May 1864. He was honored with the award on 30 June 1892. Clarke was born in Hermon, New York on 15 December 1840. He enlisted into the 2nd Vermont Volunteer Infantry. He died on 10 November 1915 and his remains are interred at the Green Mount Cemetery.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17637333",
"score": "0.8220125",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Charles G. Gould",
"text": "Windham Center Cemetery in Windham, Vermont. Charles G. Gould Charles Gilbert Gould (May 5, 1845 - December 5, 1916) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. Gould was born in Windham County, Vermont on May 5, 1845. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, for extraordinary heroism shown on April 2, 1865, while serving as a Captain with Company H, 5th Vermont Infantry, at Petersburg, Virginia. His Medal of Honor was issued on July 30, 1890. He died at the age of 71, on December 5,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18222591",
"score": "0.82176054",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Orson W. Bennett",
"text": "Orson W. Bennett First Lieutenant Orson W. Bennett (November 17, 1841 – January 8, 1904) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Bennett received the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action at Honey Hill, South Carolina on 30 November 1864. He was honored with the award on 9 March 1887. Bennett was born in Union City in Branch County, Michigan. He enlisted into the 1st Iowa Volunteers at Dubuque, Iowa. Having left the war due to injuries he received during the Battle of Wilson's Creek, he subsequently re-enlisted",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17531868",
"score": "0.81850165",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Abner P. Allen",
"text": "Abner P. Allen Abner P. Allen (October 9, 1839 – August 22, 1905) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War. Allen was born in Woodford County, Illinois. He joined the 39th Illinois infantry Regiment from Bloomington, Illinois, in January 1864, and mustered out with his regiment on December 6, 1865. By the time the 39th was involved in the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia, Allen was a corporal in Company K. When the regiment (as part of the XXIV Corps under Major General John Gibbon) was assaulting Fort Gregg on April",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11363862",
"score": "0.818277",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Erastus W. Jewett",
"text": "of St. Albans. Their children included Jessie, Mary, Nellie, and Walter. Erastus W. Jewett Erastus W. Jewett (April 1, 1836 – February 20, 1906) was a Medal of Honor recipient who fought in the 9th Vermont Infantry during the American Civil War. Jewett was born in St. Albans, Vermont on April 1, 1836, the son of Eleazer Jewett and Jessie (Abell) Jewett. Jewett had nine brothers and sisters, including Albert Burton Jewett, who commanded the 10th Vermont Infantry as a colonel, and Jesse A. Jewett, a captain in the 5th Vermont Infantry, who died in Swanton shortly after the war",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20662371",
"score": "0.81822896",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Edmund English",
"text": "Edmund English Edmund English (November 16, 1841 – May 27, 1912) was a Union Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his bravery at the Battle of the Wilderness in the American Civil War. After the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in the 2nd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered in as a Corporal in Company C on May 27, 1861. He served with his regiment, which was part of the famed First New Jersey Brigade, as it fought in the June–July 1862 Seven Days Battles, the August 1862 Battle of Second Bull Run, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8823418",
"score": "0.8175663",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "August Kauss",
"text": "August Kauss Corporal August Kauss (or Kautz) (November 6, 1843 – April 27, 1913) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Kauss received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Kauss's medal was won for capturing a flag at the Battle of Five Forks in Virginia on April 1, 1865. He was honored with the award on May 10, 1865. Kauss was born in Germany. He joined the 8th New York Infantry from New York City in April 1861, and mustered out with this regiment after two years. He re-enlisted with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18086017",
"score": "0.8172432",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Wilson W. Brown",
"text": "Wilson W. Brown Wilson Wright Brown (December 25, 1839 – December 25, 1916) was a soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor for his role in the Great Locomotive Chase during the American Civil War. Wilson Wright Brown was born December 25, 1839 in Logan County, Ohio, and enlisted September 6, 1861 at Findlay, Ohio in Company F, 21st Ohio Infantry, mustering into service September 19, 1861. He first saw action at Ivy Mountain, Ky., November 8–9, 1861. Chosen by James Andrews for his abilities as a locomotive engineer, as he had been an engineer on the Mobile &",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16298237",
"score": "0.8168036",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "American Civil War",
"long_answer": "The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery.",
"short_answers": [
"nationalists of the Union"
]
} |
when was the national flag of india adopted | [
"15 August 1947",
"22 July 1947"
]
| [
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (Hindi: तिरंगा, translit. Tiraṅgā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "of India and other laws relating to the national emblems. The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day. In 2002, on hearing an appeal from a private citizen, Naveen Jindal, the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens. Subsequently, the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage. The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742052",
"score": "1.1918846",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Flag code of India",
"text": "it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (, Tirangā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the \"Swaraj\" flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya. Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4512072",
"score": "1.1822363",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country. At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742084",
"score": "1.1732548",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Flag of India at Central Park, Connaught Place",
"text": "Flag of India at Central Park, Connaught Place Tiranga, the national flag of India was hoisted for the first time on 7 March 2014 at Central Park, Connaught Place. At the time it was the longest and largest Indian flag in the world. This title was later claimed by Indian flags at Cuttack followed by at Mumbai, Bhopal, Pune, Raipur, Hyderabad, Ranchi, Kolhapur, Attari and at last presently at Belagavi (with height of pole being 110 metre) on 12 March 2018. The flag is located at the centre of the Central Park, encircled by Inner Circle Rd, which is listed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18096929",
"score": "1.172151",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar as its members. On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones. The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the \"Chakra\" (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the \"chakra\" was chosen as it was representative of \"dharma\" and law.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742072",
"score": "1.1616697",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Indian Naval Ensign",
"text": "the Royal Indian Navy. The Flag of India has been used since 1947 as the naval jack of the Indian Navy. From 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, until 2001, the Indian Navy used a modified version of the British Naval Ensign, with the Union Flag replaced with the Indian Tricolor in the canton. In 2001, this flag was replaced with a white ensign bearing the Indian Navy crest, as the previous ensign was thought to reflect India's colonial past. However complaints arose that the new ensign was indistinguishable as the blue of the naval crest easily merged",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18832746",
"score": "1.1502199",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "standard IS:1803-1973. Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: India saffron #FF9933, white #FFFFFF, India green #138808, navy blue #000080. Pantone values closest to this are 130 U, White, 2258 C and 2735 C. Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742055",
"score": "1.1202806",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Saffron (color)",
"text": "the nation gained its independence. Plants Birds The National Flag of India is officially described in the Flag Code of India as follows: \"The color of the top panel shall be India saffron (Kesari) and that of the bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design of Ashoka Chakra in navy blue color with 24 equally spaced spokes.\" Deep saffron approximates the color of India saffron. India saffron, white and what is now called India green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6789147",
"score": "1.1174582",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows: A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742057",
"score": "1.1171677",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "people, white for purity, and green for hope. On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the \"Swaraj\" flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the \"Flag Satyagraha\", gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742067",
"score": "1.1129944",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the \"Vande Mataram\" slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742061",
"score": "1.1094165",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "which should always be in a proper state of maintenance. The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742083",
"score": "1.1041647",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag. In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742064",
"score": "1.1018991",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya. By law, the flag is to be made of \"\", a special type of hand-spun cloth or silk, made popular by Mahatma Gandhi. The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, who allocates it to regional groups. As of 2009, the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag. Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742051",
"score": "1.0988259",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Ravishankar Shukla",
"text": "school boys with the National Flag and national songs. I feel sure you must be realising that National Flag is an embodiment of the most patriotic sentiments of the nation, whether dependent or independent or whether within British Empire or outside it. A flag is said to be the necessity for all nations. It is a dire necessity for India, where we have to cultivate in our children the same sentiments towards our National Flag which the infurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breasts. When even the honourable ministers of the Crown and along with highly placed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10708449",
"score": "1.0970173",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Star of India (flag)",
"text": "Star of India (flag) The Star of India can refer to a group of flags used during the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent. British India had a range of flags for different purposes during its existence. The flags included the Union Flag with the insignia of the Order of the Star of India superimposed, or the Red or Blue Ensign with the Star of India superimposed. The official state flag for use on land was the Union Flag of the United Kingdom and it was this flag that was lowered on Independence Day in 1947. While the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10477860",
"score": "1.096407",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742093",
"score": "1.0924377",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags. Around this time, nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742059",
"score": "1.0917273",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the \"Swaraj\" flag. The \"Swaraj\" flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement. A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an \"ad hoc\" committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742071",
"score": "1.0897045",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "death of the president, Vice-president or prime minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories. The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day (26 January), Independence day (15 August), Gandhi Jayanti (2 October), National Week (6–13 April) or state formation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742097",
"score": "1.0884689",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Flag of India at Central Park, Connaught Place",
"text": "of Connaught Circus in pre-independent India was the veteran freedom fighter Mir Mushtaq Ahmad who would raise the flag and demand the end of British rule in what was then considered the heart of British imperialism in India. Flag of India at Central Park, Connaught Place Tiranga, the national flag of India was hoisted for the first time on 7 March 2014 at Central Park, Connaught Place. At the time it was the longest and largest Indian flag in the world. This title was later claimed by Indian flags at Cuttack followed by at Mumbai, Bhopal, Pune, Raipur, Hyderabad, Ranchi,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18096932",
"score": "1.087354",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Flag code of India",
"text": "the premises do not undermine the dignity of the tricolor. Flag code of India The Flag Code of India is a set of laws, practices and conventions that apply to the display of the national flag. Flag Code of India, 2002, has been divided into three parts. Part I of the code contains a general description of the national flag. Part II of the code is devoted to the display of the national flag by members of public, private organizations, educational institutions, etc. Part III of the code relates to display of the national flag by Central and state governments",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4512088",
"score": "1.0867846",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Flag of Karnataka",
"text": "state than the new one. The current version of the flag was recognised by Chief Minister Siddaramaiah by unveiling it on 8 March 2018, awaiting the central government's approval of the state-recognised flag. Flag of Karnataka The Flag of Karnataka is the proposed flag of the State of Karnataka in southern India. The current version was officially designed during the Fourteenth Assembly and recognised by the state government of Karnataka on the 8th of March 2018. . Though the flag has been officially recognized by the state's assembly, it is currently waiting for approval from the central government of India",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16017558",
"score": "1.0867771",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station. When the Indian flag is flown",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742092",
"score": "1.086422",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Flag of Jammu and Kashmir",
"text": "to hoist the state flag along with national flag on official buildings and vehicles of constitutional authorities. However, this decision was contested by the Bharatiya Janata Party and in January 2016 Jammu and Kashmir High Court stayed their decision of hoisting state flag. Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Nirmal Kumar Singh said that no flag could be hoisted at an equal level of the national flag of India. Other parties alleged that the BJP is trying to impose its nationalist agenda on a state with special status. Despite the stance of the BJP, ministers of its coalition partner",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14862942",
"score": "1.086352",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "State Emblem of India",
"text": "State Emblem of India The State Emblem of India, as the national emblem of India is called, is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath, preserved in the Sarnath Museum near Varanasi, India. A representation of Lion Capital of Ashoka was initially adopted as the emblem of the Dominion of India in December 1947. The current version of the emblem was officially adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic. In 1947, as the date of independence for India and Pakistan approached, Jawaharlal Nehru gave charge of finding a suitable national emblem to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1366004",
"score": "1.0855477",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Flag of India",
"text": "component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the \"Swaraj\" flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the \"Swaraj\" flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3742070",
"score": "1.0855241",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Flag of India at Central Park, Connaught Place",
"text": "permission for this has been taken for this purpose from the Home Ministry Flag is guarded by guards and CCTV cameras have been installed around it. The flag is also replaced if torn or dirty. The Flag Foundation of India had sent its proposal of installing the national tricolour to the NDMC. The proposal was sent by NDMC to the Delhi Urban Art Commission (DUAC). The DUAC approved the proposal after scrutinising the plan. It was ensured that the proposed structure did not lead to any pollution or traffic mess. The first Indian to hoist the tricolor at Central lawns",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18096931",
"score": "1.0850431",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Indian Naval Ensign",
"text": "with the sky and the ocean. Hence in 2004, the ensign was changed back to the St. George's cross design, with the addition of the emblem of India in the intersection of the cross. In 2014, the ensign as well as the naval crest was further modified to correct the omission of the national motto in Devanagari script: सत्यमेव जयते (Satyameva Jayate) which means 'Truth Alone Triumphs' in Sanskrit. Indian Naval Ensign The Indian Naval Ensign (also known as the Indian White Ensign) is a naval ensign used by ships of the Indian Navy. The blue ensign of the Star",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18832747",
"score": "1.0805887",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
}
]
| {
"title": "Flag of India",
"long_answer": "The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (Hindi: तिरंगा, translit. Tiraṅgā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (Hindi: तिरंगा, translit. Tiraṅgā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj",
"short_answers": [
"15 August 1947",
"22 July 1947"
]
} |
what was the most important new religious figure of the new kingdom of ancient egypt | [
"Aten"
]
| [
{
"title": "New Kingdom of Egypt",
"text": "One of the best-known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten, a representation of the Egyptian god, Ra. His exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism. Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, contributed a great deal to his new take on the Egyptian religion. Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten. Akhenaten's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history. Under his reign, in the 14th century BC, Egyptian art flourished under a",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Tjetju",
"text": "priest at the pyramid temple of king Pepi I. Therefore he is often dated under the latter king. Others date him to the First Intermediate Period. Tjetju Tjetju was an important Ancient Egyptian official at the end of the Old Kingdom or in the First Intermediate Period. He held a series of high titles making him to one of the most influential people at the royal court. He most important title was that of the vizier. He was also overseer of the treasuries, overseer of the six big houses, overseer of the two granaries and overseer of all royal work",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19537921",
"score": "1.0792762",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Hathor",
"text": "millennium BC, but she herself may not have appeared until the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC). With the patronage of Old Kingdom rulers she became one of Egypt's most important deities. More temples were dedicated to her than to any other goddess, of which the most prominent was Dendera Temple in Upper Egypt. She was also worshipped in the temples of her male consorts. The Egyptians connected her with foreign lands such as Nubia and Canaan and their valuable goods, such as incense and semiprecious stones, and some of the peoples in those lands adopted her worship. In Egypt itself,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "952207",
"score": "1.0559362",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Sha-Amun-en-su",
"text": "the mummy, as well as almost all archaeological artifacts in permanent display. Sha-Amun-en-su was born circa the year 800 B.C., during the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Her name and almost all known information about her life come from the hieroglyphic inscriptions in her sarcophagus It is known that she was a \"singer of Amun's sanctuary\", that means, a singer with priestly assignments in the service of the Temple of Karnak in the ancient city of Thebes (currently Luxor), devoted to the god Amun. Thebes was one of the most important religious centers in Ancient Egypt, congregating a complex of temples",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20885832",
"score": "1.0552291",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Ancient Egyptian deities",
"text": "Horus was the most important god in the Early Dynastic Period, Ra rose to preeminence in the Old Kingdom, Amun was supreme in the New, and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess. Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors. Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise, and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon, he was conjoined with Ra, the traditional king of the gods, to become a solar deity. The gods were believed to manifest in many forms. The Egyptians had a complex",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9714051",
"score": "1.0528901",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "High steward (Ancient Egypt)",
"text": "Siese and Khnumhotep III, both were later in their career appointed vizier. The title was still very important in the New Kingdom and was in this period often called high steward of the king. An important title holder of the New Kingdom was Senenmut under Hatshepsut, other include Wadjetrenput serving under the same queen. During the 25th and 26th dynasties, the role of God's Wife of Amun greatly rose in importance, both religiously and politically. Their offices required several servants and employees, led by a chief steward of the God's Wife (\"imy-r pr wr n ḥm.t nṯr\") who was in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16607031",
"score": "1.0521935",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Ancient Egyptian religion",
"text": "they simultaneously viewed him as a god, because the divine power of kingship was incarnated in him. He therefore acted as intermediary between Egypt's people and the gods. He was key to upholding Maat, both by maintaining justice and harmony in human society and by sustaining the gods with temples and offerings. For these reasons, he oversaw all state religious activity. However, the pharaoh's real-life influence and prestige could differ from his portrayal in official writings and depictions, and beginning in the late New Kingdom his religious importance declined drastically. The king was also associated with many specific deities. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "130810",
"score": "1.0413566",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Naqa",
"text": "remaining hypostatic deities, Amun represented the essential and hidden, whilst in Ra he represented revealed divinity. As the creator deity \"par excellence\", he was the champion of the poor and central to personal piety. Amun was self-created, without mother and father, and during the New Kingdom he became the greatest expression of transcendental deity in Egyptian theology. His position as King of gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism where other gods became manifestations of him. With Osiris, Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of the Egyptian gods. The Amun temple of Naqa was founded by King Natakamani and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13633126",
"score": "1.0398843",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Hathor",
"text": "queen or queen mother, who had prominent roles in Kushite religion. At Jebel Barkal, a site sacred to Amun, the Kushite king Taharqa built a pair of temples, one dedicated to Hathor and one to Mut as consorts of Amun, replacing New Kingdom Egyptian temples that may have been dedicated to these same goddesses. But Isis was the most prominent of the Egyptian goddesses worshipped in Nubia, and her status there increased over time. Thus, in the Meroitic period of Nubian history (c. 300 BC – AD 400), Hathor appeared in temples mainly as a companion to Isis. In addition",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "952273",
"score": "1.0396703",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Ancient Egyptian religion",
"text": "Middle Kingdom, he was eclipsed by the rising popularity of Amun. In this new Egyptian state, personal piety grew more important and was expressed more freely in writing, a trend that continued in the New Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom crumbled in the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BC), but the country was again reunited by Theban rulers, who became the first pharaohs of the New Kingdom. Under the new regime, Amun became the supreme state god. He was syncretized with Ra, the long-established patron of kingship, and his temple at Karnak in Thebes became Egypt's most important religious center. Amun's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "130859",
"score": "1.0373101",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Amun",
"text": "throughout the New Kingdom (with the exception of the \"Atenist heresy\" under Akhenaten). Amun-Ra in this period (16th to 11th centuries BC) held the position of transcendental, self-created creator deity \"par excellence\"; he was the champion of the poor or troubled and central to personal piety. His position as King of Gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism where other gods became manifestations of him. With Osiris, Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of the Egyptian gods. As the chief deity of the Egyptian Empire, Amun-Ra also came to be worshipped outside Egypt, according to the testimony of ancient",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12453699",
"score": "1.0370879",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Luxor",
"text": "rose in importance as well and became linked to the sun god Ra, thus creating the new 'king of gods' Amon-Ra. His great temple, at Karnak just north of Thebes, was the most important temple of Egypt right until the end of antiquity. Later, the city was attacked by Assyrian emperor Assurbanipal who installed the Libyan prince on the throne, Psamtik I. The city of Thebes was in ruins and fell in significance. However, Alexander the Great did arrive at the temple of Amun, where the statue of the god was transferred from Karnak during the Opet Festival, the great",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1504820",
"score": "1.0320836",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Ishemai",
"text": "Ishemai Ishemai was an Ancient Egyptian official at the end of the Old Kingdom, around 2150 BC. He is mainly known from his rock cut tomb found at the Qubbet el-Hawa. Ishemai had several titles, including \"royal sealer\", \"sole friend\", \"lector priest\" and \"great overlord of the king\". His rock cut tomb at Qubbet el-Hawa consists of one bigger main cult chapel and several smaller rooms. The main chapel is supported by three rock cut pillars. On the walls of the chapel and on one of the pillars are four panels. They contain painted reliefs, showing Ishemai in front of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20268152",
"score": "1.0301952",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Mut",
"text": "of the Goddesses\", \"Lady of Heaven\", \"Mother of the Gods\", and \"She Who Gives Birth, But Was Herself Not Born of Any\". Mut was the consort of Amun, the patron deity of pharaohs during the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC) and New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC). Amaunet and Wosret may have been Amun's consorts early in Egyptian history, but Mut, who did not appear in texts or art until the late Middle Kingdom, displaced them. In the New Kingdom, Amun and Mut were the patron deities of Thebes, a major city in Upper Egypt, and formed a cultic triad with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "956549",
"score": "1.0211009",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Priest",
"text": "to take up residence and performing other rituals for their benefit. Little is known about what training may have been required of priests, and the selection of personnel for positions was affected by a tangled set of traditions, although the pharaoh had the final say. In the New Kingdom of Egypt, when temples owned great estates, the high priests of the most important cult—that of Amun at Karnak—were important political figures. High-ranking priestly roles were usually held by men. Women were generally relegated to lower positions in the temple hierarchy, although some held specialized and influential positions, especially that of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "326229",
"score": "1.0150266",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Nebamun",
"text": "Nebamun Nebamun was a middle-ranking official \"scribe and grain accountant\" during the period of the New Kingdom in ancient Egypt. He is thought to have lived and worked at the vast temple complex near Thebes (now Luxor) where the state-god Amun was worshipped. His name was translated as \"My Lord is Amun\", and his association with the temple, coupled with the importance of grain supplies to Egypt, meant that he was a person of considerable practical importance, though not of the highest rank. Nebamun is known today because of the 1820 discovery of the richly-decorated Tomb of Nebamun on the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11549570",
"score": "1.0127327",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Hathor",
"text": "she was one of the deities commonly invoked in private prayers and votive offerings, particularly by women desiring children. During the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC), goddesses such as Mut and Isis encroached on Hathor's position in royal ideology, but she remained one of the most widely worshipped deities. After the end of the New Kingdom, Hathor was increasingly overshadowed by Isis, but she continued to be venerated until the extinction of ancient Egyptian religion. Images of cattle appear frequently in the artwork of Predynastic Egypt (before c. 3100 BC), as do images of women with upraised, curving arms in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "952208",
"score": "1.0093253",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Amenemhatankh",
"text": "the Karnak temple, now located in Cairo and in the tomb inscriptions of the vizier Khnumhotep, Tomb 2 at Dahshur. Amenemhatankh Amenemhatankh (his name means “Amenemhat lives”) was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 12th Dynasty, son of Amenemhat II. Amenhemhatankh is mentioned on a false door which was originally in his tomb but was found reused in the tomb of Khenemet and Siese at Dahshur. He is also mentioned on the base of a broken statue of him, found in Saqqara and now in Cairo Museum, on which his appointing of a priest named Tetiemsaf is recorded. His name",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13835035",
"score": "1.0059733",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Hathor",
"text": "to Hathor and placed her own mortuary temple, which incorporated a chapel dedicated to the goddess, at the site of Deir el-Bahari, which had been sacred to the goddess since the Middle Kingdom. The preeminence of Amun during the New Kingdom gave greater visibility to his consort Mut, and in the course of the period, Isis began appearing in roles that traditionally belonged to Hathor alone, such as that of the goddess in the solar barque. Despite the growing prominence of these deities, Hathor remained important, particularly in relation to fertility, sexuality, and queenship, throughout the New Kingdom. After the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "952255",
"score": "1.0034468",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Tjauti",
"text": "Tjauti Tjauti was an Ancient Egyptian official who lived at the end of the Eighth Dynasty, around 2150 BC. He is known from a number of sources providing evidence that he was an important figure in the Coptic Nome in Upper Egypt. However, the sources are often broken and the figure of Tjauti remains therefore enigmatic. The most important objects naming Tjauti are the fragments of a false door found near Khozam (compare: Iushenshen) where he is called \"overseer of Upper Egypt\", which was one of the most important titles in the Old Kingdom. He is also called \"the one",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18847818",
"score": "1.0028267",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Simut",
"text": "Simut Simut or Samut (“Son of Mut”) was an Ancient Egyptian priest who held the position of Second Prophet of Amun towards the end of the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. He is known from a number of objects, including his (now lost), Theban tomb chapel Tomb A.24. He started his career as a \"wab\" priest in the temple of Amun and a porter of the god's processional shrine. In the 20th regnal year of Amenhotep he was already the Fourth Prophet of Amun, which means he was the fourth highest ranking priest in the most influential priesthood of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13747872",
"score": "1.000524",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Ancient Egyptian deities",
"text": "all across the country despite its political divisions. The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt, in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country. These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the right to interact with the gods, and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion. New deities continued to emerge after this transformation. Some important deities such as Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC). Places and concepts could inspire the creation of a deity to represent them,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9714017",
"score": "0.99953645",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Isis",
"text": "first recorded in the \"Pyramid Texts\" and grew into the most elaborate and influential of all Egyptian myths. Isis plays a more active role in this myth than the other protagonists, so as it developed in literature from the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BCE) to the Ptolemaic Period (305–30 BCE), she became the most complex literary character of all Egyptian deities. At the same time, she absorbed characteristics from many other goddesses, broadening her significance well beyond the Osiris myth. Isis is part of the Ennead of Heliopolis, a family of nine gods descended from the creator god, Atum or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "485357",
"score": "0.99808776",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Ancient Egyptian religion",
"text": "most important religious sites of the period. Another important center was Abydos, where the early rulers built large funerary complexes. During the Old Kingdom, the priesthoods of the major deities attempted to organize the complicated national pantheon into groups linked by their mythology and worshipped in a single cult center, such as the Ennead of Heliopolis which linked important deities such as Atum, Ra, Osiris, and Set in a single creation myth. Meanwhile, pyramids, accompanied by large mortuary temple complexes, replaced mastabas as the tombs of pharaohs. In contrast with the great size of the pyramid complexes, temples to gods",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "130856",
"score": "0.9938446",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Tjetju",
"text": "Tjetju Tjetju was an important Ancient Egyptian official at the end of the Old Kingdom or in the First Intermediate Period. He held a series of high titles making him to one of the most influential people at the royal court. He most important title was that of the vizier. He was also overseer of the treasuries, overseer of the six big houses, overseer of the two granaries and overseer of all royal work of the king. Tjetu is known from his modest tomb at Saqqara, built close to the much bigger tomb complexes of Mereruka and Kagemni. Tjetju was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19537920",
"score": "0.993358",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "High Priests of Amun",
"text": "the cults in Egypt. The young pharaoh Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun to signal the restoration of the Amun to his former place of prominence. The Theban High Priest of Amun was appointed by the King. It was not uncommon for the position to be held by dignitaries who held additional posts in the pharaoh's administration. Several of the high priests from the time of Ramesses II also served as Vizier. At the end of the New Kingdom, the Twentieth Dynasty priesthood of Amun is for a large part dominated by Ramessesnakht. His son, Amenhotep, eventually succeeded his father",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10884219",
"score": "0.9930634",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "History of ancient Egypt",
"text": "of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and the Southern Levant. His reign marks this beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the New Kingdom. Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt, and attain its greatest territorial extent. It expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria. This was a time of great wealth and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2328675",
"score": "0.99184775",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Temple of Kom Ombo",
"text": "the theology of this temple. A temple was already built in the New Kingdom to honor these gods, however, this site gained in importance during the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Little remains of the New Kingdom temple. The existing temple was begun by Ptolemy VI Philometor (180–145 BC) at the beginning of his reign and added to by other Ptolemies, most notably Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (51–47 BC), who built the inner and outer hypostyles. The scene on the inner face of the rear wall of the temple is of particular interest, and \"probably represents a set of surgical instruments.\" Much of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1000611",
"score": "0.99074703",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "New Kingdom of Egypt",
"text": "also known as the \"Ramesside period\". It is named after the 11 Pharaohs that took the name Ramesses, after Ramesses I, the founder of the 19th Dynasty. Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt proper, and during this time Egypt attained its greatest territorial extent. Similarly, in response to very successful 17th century attacks during the Second Intermediate Period by the powerful Kingdom of Kush, the rulers of the New Kingdom felt compelled to expand far",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2949317",
"score": "0.9895133",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Ancient Egyptian religion",
"text": "was identified directly with Horus, who represented kingship itself, and he was seen as the son of Ra, who ruled and regulated nature as the pharaoh ruled and regulated society. By the New Kingdom he was also associated with Amun, the supreme force in the cosmos. Upon his death, the king became fully deified. In this state, he was directly identified with Ra, and was also associated with Osiris, god of death and rebirth and the mythological father of Horus. Many mortuary temples were dedicated to the worship of deceased pharaohs as gods. The Egyptians had elaborate beliefs about death",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "130811",
"score": "0.9884797",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
}
]
| {
"title": "New Kingdom of Egypt",
"long_answer": "One of the best-known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten, a representation of the Egyptian god, Ra. His exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism. Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, contributed a great deal to his new take on the Egyptian religion. Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten. Akhenaten's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history. Under his reign, in the 14th century BC, Egyptian art flourished under a distinctive style. (See Amarna Period.)",
"chunked_long_answer": "One of the best-known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten, a representation of the Egyptian god, Ra. His exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism. Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, contributed a great deal to his new take on the Egyptian religion. Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten. Akhenaten's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history. Under his reign, in the 14th century BC, Egyptian art flourished under a",
"short_answers": [
"Aten"
]
} |
who is often associated with printing the first book using moveable type in germany | [
"Johannes Gutenberg"
]
| [
{
"title": "Movable type",
"text": "Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany is acknowledged as the first to invent a metal movable-type printing system in Europe, the printing press. Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds. Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould. Gutenberg's key invention and contribution to movable-type printing in Europe, the hand mould, was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books, making the movable-type printing process a viable enterprise.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Eggestein",
"text": "Heinrich Eggestein Heinrich Eggestein (born around 1415/1420 in Rosheim, Alsace; died 1488 or later; also spelled Eckstein or Eggesteyn) is considered, along with Johannes Mentelin, to be the earliest book printer in Strasbourg and therefore one of the earliest anywhere in Europe outside Mainz. Before he came to Strasbourg in the beginning of the 1440s, Heinrich Eggestein had already acquired the academic degree of a Magister artium liberalium at a university which is still unknown. Already shortly after his arrival, he entered the service of Bishop Ruprecht von Pfalz-Simmern and held the office of \"Siegelbewahrer\" (keeper of the seal, also",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11384046",
"score": "1.2281071",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Bernhard von Mallinckrodt",
"text": "Bernhard von Mallinckrodt Bernhard von Mallinckrodt (29 November 1591 in Ahlen — 7 March 1664, Burg Ottenstein), dean (\"Domdechant\") of Münster cathedral, was a bibliophile from a noble family of Protestants, who converted to Catholicism. In 1639 he issued a pamphlet at Cologne to mark the bicentennary of the invention of printing by moveable type in Europe, defending the priority of Gutenberg; it was titled \"De ortu et progressu artis typographicae\" (\"Of the rise and progress of the typographic art\"), that includes the phrase \"prima typographicae incunabula\", \"the first infancy of printing\". This gave rise to the term \"incunabula\", which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9517587",
"score": "1.2217083",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Christian Egenolff",
"text": "Christian Egenolff Christian Egenolff or Egenolph (26 July 1502 – 9 February 1555), also known as Christian Egenolff, the Elder, was the first important printer and publisher operating from Frankfurt-am-Main, and best known for his \"Kräuterbuch\" and re-issue of books by Adam Ries, Erasmus von Rotterdam and Ulrich von Hutten. Egenolff was born in Hadamar and studied humanities at the University of Mainz from 1516, but later took up the trade of bookprinting in Strasbourg, working for Wolfgang Küpfel and marrying Margarethe Karpf. He left Strasbourg in 1530 and started business as a printer/publisher and typecasting in Frankfurt-am-Main. Here he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12220412",
"score": "1.2099811",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Erhard Ratdolt",
"text": "from 1482, Haly Abenragel (1485), and Alchabitius (1503). Ratdolt is also famous for having produced the first known printer's type specimen book (in this instance a broadsheet displaying the fonts with which he might print). His innovations of layout and typography, mixing type and woodcuts, have subsequently been much admired. His graphic choices and technical solutions influenced also those of William Morris. Erhard Ratdolt Erhard Ratdolt (1442–1528) was an early German printer from Augsburg. He was active as a printer in Venice from 1476 to 1486, and afterwards in Augsburg. From 1475 to 1478 he was in partnership with two",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7230903",
"score": "1.2075438",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Johann Rynmann of Augsburg",
"text": "Johann Rynmann of Augsburg Johann Rynmann of Augsburg, also referred to as John Rynmann of Augsburg, (died 1522) is considered to be the first non-printing publisher. He started his profession as a bookseller in the German city of Oehringen and later moved to Augsburg in Bavaria. Unlike many of the publishers of his time, Rynmann would hire others to conduct the technical production of printed material, choosing instead to concentrate on the distribution and sale of work contracted to him. Reynmann published nearly 200 books but never printed one of them. \"Compendium perutile IV librorum sententiarum\" written by Nicolaus De",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10537868",
"score": "1.1980624",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Adolf Rusch",
"text": "Adolf Rusch Adolf Rusch von Ingweiler (ca. 1435 - 26 May 1489 in Straßburg) was a notable German printer and publisher. He was the first printer north of the Alps to print in Antiqua. Rusch was probably born at Ingweiler in Alsace. Before 1488 he married Salome Mentelin, the daughter of the well-known Straßburg printer Johannes Mentelin, in whose printing shop he assisted. In the \"Rationale divinorum officium\", printed by Rusch in or before 1474, he was the first to use the Antiqua type which had originated in Italy; in this type Rusch issued Latin classics, including works by Plutarch",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14010358",
"score": "1.1885142",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Johannes Mentelin",
"text": "Johannes Mentelin Johannes Mentelin, sometimes also spelled Mentlin, (born around 1410 in Schlettstadt, today Sélestat; died December 12, 1478 in Strasbourg) was a pioneering German book printer and bookseller active during the period during which incunabula were printed. In 1466, he published the first printed Bible in the German language, the Mentelin Bible. In 1447, Johannes Mentelin gained the rights of a Strasbourg citizen. He was first a \"Goldschreiber\" (calligrapher and book scribe) by profession and worked in addition as an episcopal notary. Exactly when and where he learned the technique of book printing is not known. Since at the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11377338",
"score": "1.1876379",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Hieronymus Vietor",
"text": "Hieronymus Vietor Hieronymus Vietor (ca. 1480, Liebenthal (now Lubomierz) Silesia – late 1546 or early 1547, Kraków) was a printer and publisher born in Silesia and active in Vienna and Kraków. Famous for the quality and quantity of his prints, he is considered one of the most important early book printers in Poland, also because he was the first to regularly print in Polish. He is also known as Hieronymus Philovallensis (a latinization of the name of his birthplace, Lubomierz/Liebenthal) or Hieronymus Doliarius, or in Polish as Hieronim Wietor or Büttner. Hieronymus' birthname was Büttner, sometimes also given as Binder",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13325643",
"score": "1.1867495",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Karl Christoph Traugott Tauchnitz",
"text": "Karl Christoph Traugott Tauchnitz Karl Christoph Traugott Tauchnitz (October 29, 1761-January 14, 1836) was a German printer and bookseller. He was born at Grosspardau, near Grimma and Leipzig, Germany. He learned the printer's trade at Leipzig, and worked in the printing house of Unger in Berlin. In 1792 he entered the house of Sommer in Leipzig. He began a small printing business of his own in Leipzig in 1796. In 1798 he opened a bookstore in connection with the printing business, and in 1800 a type foundery. His business, “Karl Tauchnitz,” became one of the largest establishments of the kind",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20685026",
"score": "1.1859465",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Johannes Gutenberg",
"text": "Gutenberg in 1439 was the first European to use movable type. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink for printing books; adjustable molds; mechanical movable type; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system that allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "210387",
"score": "1.1768101",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Gran",
"text": "Heinrich Gran Heinrich Gran (; active 1489–1527 in Haguenau) was a German book printer of the \"incunabular\" era. Together with Johannes Mentelin and Heinrich Eggestein, he was one of the pioneers of book-printing in Alsace. Little is known about Gran's life other than that he introduced printing to Haguenau, then a more important city than today. Between 1501 and 1527 he printed 213 works of mostly theological content. The municipal library of Haguenau owns a collection of about 40 incunabula from his workshop, signed with the monogram HG, and showing sometimes the emblem of the city, the rose. He printed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13087004",
"score": "1.1730251",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Anna Rügerin",
"text": "Rügerin (who had inherited Rüger's press) to make her first printing. Anna Rügerin Anna Rügerin (d. after 1484), is considered to be the first female typographer to inscribe her name in the colophon of a book, in the 15th century. In 1484, Rügerin printed two books in the in-folio format, in a press she owned in the city of Augsburg (Germany). Her work appeared less than twenty years after the arrival of the movable-type printing press in that city. The first of Rügerin's known books is an edition of Eike of Repgow's compendium of customary law, the \"Sachsenspiegel\", dated 22",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19516258",
"score": "1.1705716",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Ottmar Mergenthaler",
"text": "Ottmar Mergenthaler Ottmar Mergenthaler (May 11, 1854 – October 28, 1899) was a German-born inventor who has been called a second Gutenberg, as Mergenthaler invented the linotype machine, the first device that could easily and quickly set complete lines of type for use in printing presses. This machine revolutionized the art of printing. Mergenthaler was born in Hachtel, Württemberg, Germany. He was the third son of a school teacher, Johann Georg Mergenthaler, from Hohenacker near the city of Waiblingen. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Bietigheim before emigrating to the United States in 1872 to work with his cousin",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1936365",
"score": "1.1665529",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Anna Rügerin",
"text": "Anna Rügerin Anna Rügerin (d. after 1484), is considered to be the first female typographer to inscribe her name in the colophon of a book, in the 15th century. In 1484, Rügerin printed two books in the in-folio format, in a press she owned in the city of Augsburg (Germany). Her work appeared less than twenty years after the arrival of the movable-type printing press in that city. The first of Rügerin's known books is an edition of Eike of Repgow's compendium of customary law, the \"Sachsenspiegel\", dated 22 June 1484. The \"Sachsenspiegel\", written in the 13th century, was the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19516255",
"score": "1.1662532",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Bernhard von Mallinckrodt",
"text": "is still used to describe books and broadsheets printed before 1500, the arbitrary cut-off date selected by Mallinckrodt. Bernhard von Mallinckrodt Bernhard von Mallinckrodt (29 November 1591 in Ahlen — 7 March 1664, Burg Ottenstein), dean (\"Domdechant\") of Münster cathedral, was a bibliophile from a noble family of Protestants, who converted to Catholicism. In 1639 he issued a pamphlet at Cologne to mark the bicentennary of the invention of printing by moveable type in Europe, defending the priority of Gutenberg; it was titled \"De ortu et progressu artis typographicae\" (\"Of the rise and progress of the typographic art\"), that includes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9517588",
"score": "1.1636038",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Günther Zainer",
"text": "decoration. His first German Bible is decorated with 73 ornamental initials. Günther Zainer Günther Zainer (or Zeyner or Zeiner) (died 1 October 1478) was the first printer in Augsburg, where he worked from 1468 until his death; he produced about 80 books including two German editions of the Bible and the first printed calendar. He came to Augsburg from Strassburg and printed in 1472–76 three large works of moral instruction. He also printed the first large illustrated book, Jacobus de Voragine's \"Legenda aurea\" in 2 volumes with 131 woodcuts, 1471–76. Johann Zainer, the first printer in Ulm, was probably his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14008469",
"score": "1.158104",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Johann and Wendelin of Speyer",
"text": "slender Gothic models, probably reduced to save space. His work showed the same correctness of text, beauty of printing, and evenness that had characterized Johann's. The latter was the first printer to number the leaves with Arabic numerals, and was also the first who used the colon and interrogation point. In Wendelin's books appeared for the first time the so-called catch-words (\"Kustoden\"), that is to say he printed on the lower margin of each page the first word of the page following. The Speyer brothers are sometimes credited as the originators of the Roman type of character of movable type,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10321413",
"score": "1.1579658",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Johann Bämler",
"text": "The first printed book by Bämler appeared in April 1472, and the first illustrated printed book from his workshop in September 1473. He based his typefaces on local cursive script, and they are considered to have contributed to the development of the Schwabacher. Approximately half of the books printed in his printing office were illustrated with woodcuts or other decorative elements. He belonged to the guild of painters, glassmakers, woodcut-makers and goldbeaters, and eventually reached a high position within the guild. His printing activity ceased in 1495. Johann Bämler Johann Bämler (sometimes Johannes Bämler, Johann Baemler or Hans Bemler, 1430–1503)",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15225051",
"score": "1.156451",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Johann David Köhler",
"text": "in 1728; \"Hochverdiente und aus bewährten Urkunden wohlbeglaubte Ehren-Rettung Johann Guttenbergs, eingebohrnen Bürgers in Mayntz\" in 1741; and \"Anweisung für reisende Gelerte, Bibliothecken, Münz-Cabinette, Antiquitäten-Zimmer, Bilder-Sale, Naturalien- und Kunst-Kammern, u.d.m mit Nutzen zubesehen\" from 1762. The 1728 \"Syllogie…\" is a bibliographic examination of major history texts of the day and is in keeping with the role of historians then and now. The 1741 \"Hochverdiente…\" is an examination of the assertion that Johann Gutenberg was indeed the inventor of movable type – the printing press – against competing claims. Bernhard von Mallinckrodt (1591-1664) is credited with writing the first defense of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7220973",
"score": "1.1542535",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Franz Rhode",
"text": "Franz Rhode Franz Rhode (also \"Franciscus Rhodus\") (died 1559) was a German printer of the 16th century. Having been active in Marburg between 1529 and 1534, he went to Hamburg in 1536 to print Latin works of the theologist Urbanus Rhegius from Celle. In 1537 he moved his office to Danzig (Gdańsk) in Kingdom of Poland, where he published the \"Wisby'sches Waterrecht\" (Maritime Laws of Wisbuy) in 1538, and established himself as the printer of the council and gymnasium of the town. In the winter of 1539/1540, he printed the Narratio Prima of the young German astronomer Georg Joachim Rheticus,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11192517",
"score": "1.1491534",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Hans Dorn",
"text": "Hans Dorn Hans Dorn (or Johannes Dorn) was a German printer of the late 15th and early 16th centuries, active in Brunswick He is known to have been in Brunswick during the period of 1493–1525. He may have been active as a bookseller before becoming a printer. The first book known to have printed by him, and at the same time the oldest known book printed in Brunswick, is a Low German \"Plenarium\" with the title \"Dath boke der hilgen Ewangelien. Lectien. Profecien unde Epistelen\", dated 15 July 1506. An earlier print by Dorn, dated 1502, is mentioned in an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20644149",
"score": "1.1466951",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "History of Western typography",
"text": "the first printers known to have set up shop outside Germany, Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweynheim, closely followed by the brothers Johann and Wendelin of Speyer (de Spira), and the Frenchman Nicolas Jenson. The sequence of appearance and production dates for types used by these printers have yet to be established with certainty; all four are known to have printed with types ranging from textur Gothic to fully developed romans inspired by the earlier humanistic writing, and within a few years the center of printing in Italy shifted from Rome to Venice. Some time before 1472 in Venice, Johann and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8829859",
"score": "1.1437199",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Hubertus Reulandt",
"text": "After he moved to Trier in 1640 there was no printer active in Luxembourg until 1686. In Trier he worked as printer to the Prince-Bishop. Hubertus Reulandt Hubertus Reulandt (1590–1661) was a printer active in Luxembourg from 1618 to 1639 and in Trier from 1640 onwards. A native of St. Vith in the Duchy of Luxembourg, Reulandt took over Moritz Schmalhertz's printing shop in the city of Luxembourg in 1618, and bought up the printing stock from the widow and heirs of Matthias Birton. There he printed numerous German editions of the decrees of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella (to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18545217",
"score": "1.1427501",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Print culture",
"text": "into its own. Even though the printing press was a paradigm shifting invention, printing had many critics, who were afraid that books could spread lies and subversion or corrupt unsuspecting readers. Also, they were afraid that the printed texts would spread heresy and sow religious discord. The Gutenberg Bible was the first book produced with moveable type in Europe. Martin Luther's Bible, which was published in German in 1522, started the Protestant Reformation. Latin's importance as a language started languishing with the rise of texts written in national languages. The shift from scholarly Latin to everyday languages marked an important",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6568013",
"score": "1.1427406",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Adolf Rusch",
"text": "and Seneca. Jointly with Mentelin he produced theological and medical works, in the Mentelin typeface. Rusch left behind an extensive correspondence. In the 19th century his work had not yet been attributed to him and was ascribed to the R-printer because of the peculiar shape of the capital 'R' used by him. Adolf Rusch Adolf Rusch von Ingweiler (ca. 1435 - 26 May 1489 in Straßburg) was a notable German printer and publisher. He was the first printer north of the Alps to print in Antiqua. Rusch was probably born at Ingweiler in Alsace. Before 1488 he married Salome Mentelin,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14010359",
"score": "1.1404469",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Heinrich Gran",
"text": "the \"Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum,\" among other works. One of Gran's most important clients was the pioneering publisher Johann Rynmann of Augsburg, who financed the printing of 174 out of the 213 works issued by his press between 1501 and 1527. Many of Gran's prints were destined for Hungary. Gran also seems to have worked sometimes with his junior, Haguenau printer Thomas Anshelm. Heinrich Gran Heinrich Gran (; active 1489–1527 in Haguenau) was a German book printer of the \"incunabular\" era. Together with Johannes Mentelin and Heinrich Eggestein, he was one of the pioneers of book-printing in Alsace. Little is known",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13087005",
"score": "1.1392527",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "History of Western typography",
"text": "Erhard Ratdolt c. 1486 was cut to suit Venetian taste. In 1476 William Caxton, having learned his craft on the Continent, printed the first books in England with a so-called Bâtarde type (an early Schwabacher design), but soon abandoned it. The early printers of Spain were Germans who began by printing in up-to-date roman types but soon gave these up and adopted Gothic typefaces based on the letterforms of Spanish manuscripts. Valencia in the Kingdom of Aragon was the location of the first press, established in 1473. From there printers moved to other cities to set up presses. Roman types",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8829855",
"score": "1.1372696",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Christoph Sauer",
"text": "Christoph Sauer Christoph Sauer (1695 – September 25, 1758) was the first German-language printer and publisher in North America. Johann Christoph Sauer was born in 1695 in Ladenburg (near Heidelberg), the son of a Reformed pastor. He came to the County (\"Graftschaft\") of Wittgenstein in central Germany as a child with his widowed mother some time between 1700–1710. He was a graduate of a German university, and studied medicine at the University of Halle. At the time, its rulers were tolerant of a variety of Pietists and other religious dissenters, most notably Alexander Mack, who would later found the Church",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12491718",
"score": "1.1372135",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Johannes Gutenberg",
"text": "book production in Europe, and upon woodblock printing, and revolutionized European book-making. Gutenberg's printing technology spread rapidly throughout Europe and later the world. His major work, the Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible), has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality. Gutenberg was born in the German city of Mainz, the youngest son of the patrician merchant Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, and his second wife, Else Wyrich, who was the daughter of a shopkeeper. It is assumed that he was baptized in the area close to his birthplace of St. Christoph. According to some accounts, Friele",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "210390",
"score": "1.1363854",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
}
]
| {
"title": "Movable type",
"long_answer": "Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany is acknowledged as the first to invent a metal movable-type printing system in Europe, the printing press. Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds. Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould. Gutenberg's key invention and contribution to movable-type printing in Europe, the hand mould, was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books, making the movable-type printing process a viable enterprise.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany is acknowledged as the first to invent a metal movable-type printing system in Europe, the printing press. Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds. Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould. Gutenberg's key invention and contribution to movable-type printing in Europe, the hand mould, was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books, making the movable-type printing process a viable enterprise.",
"short_answers": [
"Johannes Gutenberg"
]
} |
when does the sa node begin electrical signaling | [
"spontaneously generated",
"spontaneously"
]
| [
{
"title": "Electrical conduction system of the heart",
"text": "Under normal conditions, electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node, the cardiac pacemaker. This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium, and through Bachmann's bundle to the left atrium, stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract. The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Cardiac pacemaker",
"text": "out of the cell and pumping (exchanging) potassium into the cell. Restoring these ion concentrations is vital because it enables the cell to reset itself and enables it to repeat the process of spontaneous depolarization leading to activation of an action potential. If the SA node does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker. This center is typically represented by cells inside the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is an area between the atria and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1776822",
"score": "1.1351098",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Bradycardia",
"text": "the SA node falls below the rate of the AV node. This dysrhythmia also may occur when the electrical impulses from the SA node fail to reach the AV node because of SA or AV block. This is a protective mechanism for the heart, to compensate for an SA node that is no longer handling the pacemaking activity, and is one of a series of backup sites that can take over pacemaker function when the SA node fails to do so. This would present with a longer PR interval. A junctional escape complex is a normal response that may result",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "72534",
"score": "1.1153911",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Cardiac physiology",
"text": "unregulated, the SA node would initiate a sinus rhythm of approximately 100 bpm. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli flow through the paired cardiac plexus near the base of the heart. Without any nervous stimulation, the SA node would establish a sinus rhythm of approximately 100 bpm. Since resting rates are considerably less than this, it becomes evident that parasympathetic stimulation normally slows HR. The cardioaccelerator center also sends additional fibers, forming the cardiac nerves via sympathetic ganglia (the cervical ganglia plus superior thoracic ganglia T1–T4) to both the SA and AV nodes, plus additional fibers to the atria and ventricles.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14451093",
"score": "1.113748",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial node",
"text": "therefore cause ischaemia and cell death in the SA node. This can disrupt the electrical pacemaker function of the SA node, and can result in sick sinus syndrome. If the SA node does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker. The sinoatrial node was first discovered by a young medical student, Martin Flack, in the heart of a mole, whilst his mentor, Sir Arthur Keith, was on a bicycle ride with his wife. They made",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981807",
"score": "1.1122692",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial node",
"text": "superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The cells of the SA node are spread out within a mesh of connective tissue, containing nerves, blood vessels, collagen and fat. Immediately surrounding the SA node cells are paranodal cells. These cells have structures intermediate between that of the SA node cells and the rest of the atrium. The connective tissue, along with the paranodal cells, insulate the SA node from the rest of the atrium, preventing the electrical activity of the atrial cells from affecting the SA node cells. The SA node cells are smaller and paler than the surrounding",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981792",
"score": "1.0919033",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Cardiac pacemaker",
"text": "node (SA node), is responsible for atrial propagation of this potential. The sinoatrial node (SA node) is a group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava. These cells are modified cardiomyocytes. They possess rudimentary contractile filaments, but contract relatively weakly compared to the cardiac contractile cells. The pacemaker cells are connected to neighboring contractile cells via gap junctions, which enable them to locally depolarize adjacent cells. Gap junctions allow the passage of positive cations from the depolarization of the pacemaker cell to adjacent contractile cells. This starts the depolarization",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1776812",
"score": "1.0690428",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Cardiac physiology",
"text": "syncytium, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle), the bundle branches, and the Purkinje cells. Normal sinus rhythm is established by the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's pacemaker. The SA node is a specialized grouping of cardiomyocytes in the upper and back walls of the right atrium very close to the opening of the superior vena cava. The SA node has the highest rate of depolarization. This impulse spreads from its initiation in the SA node throughout the atria through specialized internodal pathways, to the atrial myocardial contractile cells and the atrioventricular node. The internodal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14451062",
"score": "1.0617713",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial node",
"text": "rate, and increasing heart rate. An increase in heart rate is known as positive chronotropy. The parasympathetic nerves supplying the SA node (in particular the Vagus nerves) originate in the brain. These nerves release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh). ACh binds to a receptor called an M2 muscarinic receptor, located on the SA node membrane. Activation of this M2 receptor, then activates a protein called a G-protein (in particular G protein, i for inhibitory). Activation of this G-protein, blocks the cAMP pathway, reducing its effects, therefore inhibiting sympathetic activity and slowing action potential production. As well as this, the G-protein",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981804",
"score": "1.0617512",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial block",
"text": "a lag between the time that the SA node fires and actual depolarization of the atria. This rhythm is not recognizable on an ECG strip because a strip does not denote when the SA node fires. It can be detected only during an electrophysiology study when a small wire is placed against the SA node from within the heart and the electrical impulses can be recorded as they leave the p-cells in the centre of the node [ see pacemaker potential ], followed by observing a delay in the onset of the p wave on the ECG. Second degree SA",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10816708",
"score": "1.0592717",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Cardiac physiology",
"text": "plateau phase. The remaining Ca for contraction is released from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of prepotential or spontaneous depolarization, followed by rapid depolarization and repolarization just described, are seen in the SA node and a few other conductive cells in the heart. Since the SA node is the pacemaker, it reaches threshold faster than any other component of the conduction system. It will initiate the impulses spreading to the other conducting cells. The SA node, without nervous or endocrine control, would initiate a heart impulse approximately 80–100 times per minute. Although each component of the conduction system",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14451076",
"score": "1.0578847",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Electrical conduction system of the heart",
"text": "If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate less than 60bpm, the heart rhythm is known as sinus bradycardia. If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate exceeding 100bpm, the consequent rapid heart rate is sinus tachycardia. These conditions are not necessarily bad symptoms, however. Trained athletes, for example, usually show heart rates slower than 60bpm when not exercising. If the SA node fails to initialize, the AV junction can take over as the main pacemaker of the heart. The AV junction consists of the AV node, the bundle of His, and the surrounding area; it has a regular rate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3119355",
"score": "1.0503614",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial node",
"text": "also activates a potassium channel, which allows K to flow out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative and slowing the pacemaker potential, therefore decreasing the rate of action potential production and therefore decreasing heart rate. A decrease in heart rate is known as negative chronotropy. The first cell to produce the action potential in the SA node isn’t always the same, this is known as pacemaker shift. In certain species of animals, for example, in dogs, a superior shift (i.e. the cell that produces the fastest action potential in the SA node is higher than previously) usually",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981805",
"score": "1.0449798",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Cardiac physiology",
"text": "ms to pass through the node. This pause is critical to heart function, as it allows the atrial cardiomyocytes to complete their contraction that pumps blood into the ventricles before the impulse is transmitted to the cells of the ventricle itself. With extreme stimulation by the SA node, the AV node can transmit impulses maximally at 220 per minute. This establishes the typical maximum heart rate in a healthy young individual. Damaged hearts or those stimulated by drugs can contract at higher rates, but at these rates, the heart can no longer effectively pump blood. Arising from the AV node,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14451066",
"score": "1.0399233",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Neural oscillation",
"text": "sinoatrial node normally initiates it, simply because it generates impulses slightly faster than the other areas. Hence, these cells generate the normal sinus rhythm and are called pacemaker cells as they directly control the heart rate. In the absence of extrinsic neural and hormonal control, cells in the SA node will rhythmically discharge. The sinoatrial node is richly innervated by the autonomic nervous system, which up or down regulates the spontaneous firing frequency of the pacemaker cells. Synchronized firing of neurons also forms the basis of periodic motor commands for rhythmic movements. These rhythmic outputs are produced by a group",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6189183",
"score": "1.0397696",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "ICAM-1",
"text": "that the downstream effectors of ICAM-1 mediated signaling through various kinases including p56lyn, Raf-1, and the MAPKs are largely unknown. A more thorough study of the cross-talk between these signaling molecules may shed further light onto the biological endpoints produced by ICAM-1 ligation and signal transduction. ICAM-1 has been implicated in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levels of ICAM-1 are shown to be significantly elevated in patients with SAH over control subjects in many studies. While ICAM-1 has not been shown to be directly correlated with cerebral vasospasm, a secondary symptom that affects 70% of SAH patients, treatment with anti-ICAM-1 reduced the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7409769",
"score": "1.0313551",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Tbx18 transduction",
"text": "healthy heart, sinoatrial (SA) nodal cells act as the heart’s pacemaker and cause the heart to beat in a regular rhythm. Approximately 10 thousand of the 10 billion cells in the heart are SA nodal cells. Although they make up a relatively small portion of the heart SA node cells play a crucial role in the heart’s function. The problem in sick sinus syndrome is that the SA node is not functioning properly and is causing an irregular heartbeat. Currently the treatment for sick sinus syndrome is to remove the SA nodal cells that are not functioning properly (?) and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17153060",
"score": "1.0297921",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Systole",
"text": "is situated at the top of the right atrium adjacent to the junction with the superior vena cava. The S-A Node is a pale yellow structure. For humans it is approximately 25 mm long, 3-4 mm wide and 2 mm thick. It contains two types of cells: (a) the small, round P \"cells\" which have very few \"organells and myofibrils,\" and (b\")\" the slender elongated \"transitional cells\", which are intermediate in appearance between the P and the ordinary myocardial cells. Intact, the SA node provides continual electrical discharge known as sinus rhythm through the atrial mass, the signals of which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1819595",
"score": "1.0296164",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Cardiac pacemaker",
"text": "discharge at about 40-60 beats per minute, and are called the \"secondary pacemaker\". Further down the electrical conducting system of the heart is the Bundle of His. The left and right branches of this bundle, and the Purkinje fibres, will also produce a spontaneous action potential at a rate of 30-40 beats per minute, so if the SA and AV node both fail to function, these cells can become pacemakers. It is important to realize that these cells will be initiating action potentials and contraction at a much lower rate than the primary or secondary pacemaker cells. The SA node",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1776815",
"score": "1.0278223",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome",
"text": "cardiac action potential arises in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is located in the right atrium. From there, the electrical stimulus is transmitted via internodal pathways to the atrioventricular (AV) node. After a brief delay at the AV node, the stimulus travels through the bundle of His to the left and right bundle branches and then to the Purkinje fibers and the endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to the ventricular myocardium. The AV node serves an important function as a \"gatekeeper\", limiting the electrical activity that reaches the ventricles. In situations where the atria generate excessively",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2361536",
"score": "1.0261438",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Pacemaker potential",
"text": "of the heart between the SA node and the atrial foci. SA node → |block| atrial foci → junctional foci → ventricular foci The other foci will not see the SA node firing; however, they will see the atrial foci. The heart will now beat at the intrinsic rate of the atrial foci. The firing of the pacemaker cells is induced electrically by reaching the threshold potential of the cell membrane. The threshold potential is the potential an excitable cell membrane, such as a myocyte, must reach in order to induce an action potential. This depolarization is caused by very",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981829",
"score": "1.0260799",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial node",
"text": "(in particular T1-T4). These nerves release a neurotransmitter called noradrenaline (NA). This binds to a receptor on the SA node membrane, called a beta-1adrenoceptor. Binding of NA to this receptor activates a G-protein (in particular a G-Protein, S for stimulatory) which initiates a series of reactions (known as the cAMP pathway) that results in the production of a molecule called cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (cAMP). This cAMP binds to the HCN channel (see above). Binding of cAMP to the HCN, increases the flow of Na and K into the cell, speeding up the pacemaker potential, so producing action potentials at a quicker",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981803",
"score": "1.0249109",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Heart block",
"text": "to a second degree type I block in \"either the SA node or the AV node\", however the ECG features of the two are quite distinctly different. SA blocks rarely give severe symptoms, because even if an individual had complete block at this level of the conduction system (which is uncommon), the secondary pacemaker of the heart would be at the AV node, which would fire at 40 to 60 beats a minute, which is enough to retain consciousness in the resting state. However SA block is capable of causing problematic symptoms even so, and may also hint at conduction",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3168797",
"score": "1.0226202",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Heart rate",
"text": "predominates as, left unregulated, the SA node would initiate a sinus rhythm of approximately 100 bpm. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli flow through the paired cardiac plexus near the base of the heart. The cardioaccelerator center also sends additional fibers, forming the cardiac nerves via sympathetic ganglia (the cervical ganglia plus superior thoracic ganglia T1–T4) to both the SA and AV nodes, plus additional fibers to the atria and ventricles. The ventricles are more richly innervated by sympathetic fibers than parasympathetic fibers. Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) at the neuromuscular junction of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2057026",
"score": "1.020664",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Electrical conduction system of the heart",
"text": "has a regular rate of 40 to 60 bpm. These \"junctional\" rhythms are characterized by a missing or inverted P-Wave. If both the SA node and the AV junction fail to initialize the electrical impulse, the ventricles can fire the electrical impulses themselves at a rate of 20 to 40 bpm and will have a QRS complex of greater than 120 ms. In the event of arrhythmia, a pacemaker may be surgically inserted into the conduction system. Electrical conduction system of the heart The electrical conduction system of the heart transmits signals generated usually by the sinoatrial node to cause",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3119358",
"score": "1.0201064",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial node",
"text": "produced an increased heart rate whereas an inferior shift (i.e. the cell producing the fastest action potential within the SA node is further down than previously) produced a decreased heart rate. Sinus node dysfunction describes an irregular heartbeat caused by faulty electrical signals of the heart. When the heart's sinoatrial node is defective, the heart’s rhythms become abnormal – typically too slow or exhibiting pauses in its function or a combination, and very rarely faster than normal. Blockage of the arterial blood supply to the SA node (most commonly due to a myocardial infarction or progressive coronary artery disease) can",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981806",
"score": "1.0084903",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Sinoatrial node",
"text": "proteins called connexins. There are fewer gap junctions within the SA node and they are smaller in size. This is again important in insulating the SA node from the surrounding atrial cells. The sinoatrial node receives its blood supply from the sinoatrial nodal artery. This blood supply, however, can differ hugely between individuals. For example, in most humans this is a single artery, although in some cases there have been either 2 or 3 sinoatrial node arteries supplying the SA node. Also, the SA node artery mainly originates as a branch of the right coronary artery; however in some individuals",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2981794",
"score": "1.0064538",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Somatosensory amplification",
"text": "Somatosensory amplification Somatosensory amplification (SA) is a tendency to perceive normal somatic and visceral sensations as being relatively intense, disturbing and noxious. It is a common feature of hypochondriasis and is commonly found with fibromyalgia, major depressive disorder, some anxiety disorders, Asperger syndrome, and alexithymia. One common clinical measure of SA is the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS). It is unclear whether persons with SA have a truly increased physiological sensitivity to bodily sensations. One study paradoxically found \"lower\" levels of SA in hypochondriacs who reported being constantly aware of their own heartbeats. Tentative electroencephalography results tend to indicate SA is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10080313",
"score": "1.004667",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Heart block",
"text": "issues elsewhere in the heart, and therefore SA blocks are - despite their lower level of life-threatening risk - still \"the most common indication for pacemaker implantation in the US\". Types of SA nodal blocks include: In addition to the above blocks, the SA node can be suppressed by any other arrhythmia that reaches it. This includes retrograde conduction from the ventricles, ectopic atrial beats, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. The difference between SA node block and SA node suppression is that in SA node block an electrical impulse is generated by the SA node that doesn't make the atria",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3168798",
"score": "1.001742",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Tachycardia-dependent bundle branch block",
"text": "that are directed throughout the heart. A direct neural-like pathway propagates this electrical signal from the SA node through the atrial tissue to a central nodal point in the center of the heart, the atrioventricular node. From here, the signal travels down a signal conducting channel (the bundle of His) where it will diverge into a left and right branch that will control the left and right ventricle, respectively. As a result of underlying heart disease, this cardiac conductive tissue can become damaged from ischemia (a deprivation of oxygenated blood). This damage results in the inability of this neural-like tissue",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17199201",
"score": "0.9983815",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "Electrical conduction system of the heart",
"long_answer": "Under normal conditions, electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node, the cardiac pacemaker. This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium, and through Bachmann's bundle to the left atrium, stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract. The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Under normal conditions, electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node, the cardiac pacemaker. This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium, and through Bachmann's bundle to the left atrium, stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract. The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave.",
"short_answers": [
"spontaneously",
"spontaneously generated"
]
} |
who are the artists in the traveling wilburys | [
"Roy Orbison",
"Jeff Lynne",
"George Harrison",
"Bob Dylan",
"Tom Petty"
]
| [
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "The Traveling Wilburys (sometimes shortened to the Wilburys) were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, and Tom Petty. The band recorded two albums, the first in 1988 and the second in 1990, though Orbison died before the second was recorded.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "a limited edition fine-bound book titled \"The Traveling Wilburys\". Compiled by Olivia Harrison, the book includes rare photographs, recording notes, handwritten lyrics, sketches, and first-hand commentary on the band's history, together with a foreword by Lynne. Petty, Lynne, Olivia Harrison, Barbara Orbison, Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010. In an interview to publicise the book, Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison, and reflected: \"The Wilburys was such a wonderful band, such a marvellous thing to be part of. They were the best",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421523",
"score": "1.3321973",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "and mutual admiration among five established artists. Author Simon Leng recognises the venture as primarily a channel through which Harrison and Dylan could escape the restrictions of their serious media images, but also, in its guise as a \"phantom band\", a development by Harrison of the Rutles' satirical approach to the Beatles' legacy, in this case by \"de-mythologizing\" rock history. Inspired by the Traveling Wilburys' success and particularly its benefit to Petty and Orbison as artists, Lenny Waronker encouraged American guitarist Ry Cooder to form the band Little Village and record for Warner Bros. The group, comprising Cooder, Keltner, John",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421518",
"score": "1.2695932",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1",
"text": "together again for nine days in May, recording the basic tracks and vocals at Dave Stewart’s home studio in Los Angeles. Overdubs and mixing were carried out in England at Harrison’s home studio, FPSHOT (short for Friar Park Studio, Henley-on-Thames). Masquerading as the Wilbury brothers, the participants would be known as Nelson (Harrison), Otis (Lynne), Lucky (Dylan), Lefty (Orbison), and Charlie T. Jr. (Petty) Wilbury, with drummer Jim Keltner credited as Buster Sidebury. Harrison was no stranger to the use of alternate identities, as he had adopted them with \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" and with his plethora of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4770552",
"score": "1.2315288",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "tour never came about. Petty said about the Wilburys touring: In the Rolling Stone Press book \"The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll\", the Traveling Wilburys are described as \"the ultimate supergroup\", with a line-up that represented four eras of rock music history and included \"three indisputable gods\" in Dylan, Harrison and Orbison. The editors also recognise the band as \"the antithesis of a supergroup\", however, due to the musicians' adoption of fraternal alter egos and the humour inherent in the project. AllMusic managing editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine has similarly written: \"It's impossible to picture a supergroup with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421515",
"score": "1.2252017",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1",
"text": "pseudonyms as a session musician, including L'Angelo Misterioso, George O'Hara and Hari Georgeson. During the Beatles' first tour of Scotland, in 1960, he had used the pseudonym \"Carl Harrison\", in reference to one of his favourite musicians, Carl Perkins. With the Traveling Wilburys, this concept was taken a step further, since the participants' real names do not appear anywhere on the album, liner notes, or the songwriting credits. With Harrison having the greatest claim to the band, he signed them up to Warner Bros. Records, which distributed his solo recordings, and incorporated their own Wilbury Records label, in addition to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4770553",
"score": "1.2231054",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1",
"text": "producing the sessions with Lynne that spring. Petty subsequently signed to Warner Bros. himself as a solo artist, and one of the company's subsidiaries, Reprise Records, released Lynne's solo album \"Armchair Theatre\" in 1990. According to statements by Harrison in the documentary \"The True History of the Traveling Wilburys\" (filmed in 1988 about the making of the album and re-released on the bonus DVD included in \"The Traveling Wilburys Collection\"), the whole band gave various contributions to all songs, although each song was mainly written by a single member; the joint songwriting credit came from the fact that giving individualized",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4770554",
"score": "1.2137724",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "the band released a second album, which they titled \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3\", in 1990. The project's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer-songwriters. The band members adopted tongue-in-cheek pseudonyms as half-brothers from a fictional Wilbury family of travelling musicians. \"Vol. 1\" was a critical and commercial success, helping to revitalise Dylan and Petty's respective careers. In 1990, the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group. Although Harrison envisaged a series of Wilburys albums and a film about the band, produced through his company HandMade, the group's final release was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421494",
"score": "1.2099528",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "Harrison, as primary holder of the rights, did not reissue them before his death. In June 2007, the two albums were reissued as \"The Traveling Wilburys Collection\", a box set including both albums on CD (with bonus tracks) and a DVD featuring a 25-minute documentary titled \"The True History of the Traveling Wilburys\" and a collection of music videos. The box set was released in three editions; the standard edition, with both CDs and DVD in a double Digipak package and a 16-page booklet; a \"deluxe\" boxed edition with the CDs and DVD and an extensive 40-page booklet, artist postcards,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421521",
"score": "1.2002523",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1",
"text": "credits looked egotistical. Lynne commented that the songwriting process was relaxed and enjoyable: We would arrive about twelve or one o'clock and have some coffee. Somebody would say, 'What about this?' and start on a riff. Then we'd all join in, and it'd turn into something. We'd finish around midnight and just sit for a bit while Roy would tell us fabulous stories about Sun Records or hanging out with Elvis. Then we'd come back the next day to work on another one. That's why the songs are so good and fresh—because they haven't been second-guessed and dissected and replaced.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4770555",
"score": "1.1912152",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Olivia Harrison",
"text": "2006. In 2007, Harrison produced the documentary included in the Traveling Wilburys' box set \"The Traveling Wilburys Collection\". In 2010, she served as compilation producer of George's works with Ravi Shankar, in a box set titled \"Collaborations\" – a project she described as a \"labor of love for me\". In addition to designing the elaborate packaging with Drew Lorimer, she oversaw the collection and restoration of long-lost footage of a 1974 Music Festival from India performance from the Royal Albert Hall.<ref name=\"Olivia/Spinner\"></ref> She co-produced the Martin Scorsese documentary \"\" (2011), and appeared with Scorsese at Cannes in 2010 and in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2660755",
"score": "1.1870761",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "March 1990, Harrison, Lynne, Petty and Dylan reunited to work on a second Wilburys album, which they intentionally misnumbered \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3\". It was preceded by a non-album single, a cover of \"Nobody's Child\", which the band recorded for Olivia Harrison's Romanian Angel Appeal charity project. The duration of the main album sessions was again dictated by Dylan's touring schedule and limited availability. Having asked Dylan to record a lead vocal for all the songs before his departure, Harrison was then loath to replace many of the parts, resulting in a greater prominence for Dylan as a lead singer.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421511",
"score": "1.1850293",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "and uglier and meaner and meaner … And I'm really proud that I was part of it. Because I do think that it brought a little sunshine into the world.\" Harrison said the project was an opportunity to \"put a finger up to the rules\" by challenging the norms associated with the music industry. Discussing the Wilburys in Peter Bogdanovich's 2007 documentary \"Runnin' Down a Dream\", Petty said that one of the strengths behind the concept was that it was free of any intervention from record company, management or marketing concerns, and instead developed naturally from a spirit of co-operation",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421517",
"score": "1.1848915",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "people I could ever wish to work with. Every day was like, 'Wow!' ... it was fun from day one.\"<ref name=\"Heathcote/Express\"></ref> Jim Keltner, the session drummer and percussionist, was not listed as a Wilbury on either album. However, he is seen in all of the group's music videos, and on the DVD released in 2007, he is given the nickname \"Buster Sidebury\". Overdubs to the bonus tracks \"Maxine\" and \"Like a Ship\" also credited as \"Ayrton Wilbury\", a pseudonym for Dhani Harrison. The name Ayrton was used in honour of F1 racer Ayrton Senna. Jim Horn played saxophone on both",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421524",
"score": "1.1807386",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Wilbury Twist",
"text": "Wilbury Twist \"Wilbury Twist\" is a song by the British–American supergroup the Traveling Wilburys and is the final track on their 1990 album \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3\". The song was also released in March 1991 as the second single from that album. The original music video featured cameos from many contemporary celebrities including: Woody Harrelson, Whoopi Goldberg, Fred Savage, Ben Savage, Kala Savage, Milli Vanilli, Cheech Marin, John Candy and Eric Idle. The DVD video in the 2007 box set \"The Traveling Wilburys Collection\" retains only a few introductory shots of John Candy and Eric Idle, otherwise simply showing the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10121880",
"score": "1.1789918",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "you and talk to you like we would anybody else.\" Dylan replied: \"Well, great. Believe it or not, I'm in awe of you guys, and it's the same for me.\" While most of the songs had a primary composer, all of the band members were creative equals. Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys' \"leader and manager\", and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive. As the group's producers, Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions, with Harrison often auditioning each member",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421504",
"score": "1.1762252",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "group. The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year. There, Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock 'n' roll, and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became the latter's debut solo album, \"Full Moon Fever\", and writing songs with Orbison, Lynne's longtime musical hero, for Orbison's comeback album, \"Mystery Girl\". According to Petty, Harrison's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create \"the perfect little band\", but the criteria for inclusion were governed most by \"who you could hang out with\". The five musicians also bonded",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421498",
"score": "1.1735485",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "each other and go, 'He's in our band, too.' ... We were all so excited.\"<ref name=\"Zimmer/BAM\"> Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).</ref> The band members decided to create a full album together, \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1\". Video footage of the creative process was later edited by Harrison into a promotional film for Warner Bros. staff, titled \"Whatever Wilbury Wilbury\". The album was recorded primarily over a ten-day period in May 1988, to allow for Dylan's limited availability as he prepared for the start of what became known as his Never Ending Tour and for Orbison's tour schedule. These sessions were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421502",
"score": "1.16626",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Heading for the Light",
"text": "soaked to the skin with Jim Horn's saxophone playing\". \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1\" was released on 18 October 1988. Although the Wilburys were viewed as being mainly Harrison's project, all the participants were keen to maintain a collaborative identity. Rather than use his Dark Horse record label, they released the album on a new Warner's imprint, Wilbury Records. \"Heading for the Light\" was sequenced as the second track on side two of the LP and cassette, between \"Congratulations\", which was written mainly by Dylan, and \"Margarita\", a full group collaboration. In his commentary on the album, Orbison biographer Ellis Amburn",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16356778",
"score": "1.1645827",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "interests of maintaining the group identity. Over the months following the end of recording in the summer, contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner's and the record companies representing Dylan, Petty, Lynne and Orbison. As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release, Columbia, Dylan's label, presented the main stumbling block. In the album credits, the \"Wilburys\" joke was extended further, with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half-brothers – sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr. During promotion for the album,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421506",
"score": "1.1644441",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1",
"text": "UK. With over 50 weeks on the US charts, \"The Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1\" was later certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. While Harrison and Petty had recent successes, Dylan, Orbison (who died of a sudden heart attack on December 6, 1988) and Lynne had not seen an album climb that high in several years. At the time, no Dylan album had ever achieved two million in sales. As one critic put it, it was \"one of the great commercial coups of the decade\". The single \"Handle with Care\" was a significant hit in the UK charts,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4770557",
"score": "1.1610667",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1",
"text": "It's so tempting to add stuff to a song when you've got unlimited time. However, the publishing credits on the \"Collection\" book are more revealing about the actual songwriters, as each of the credited publishers belongs to a single member: The separation was not repeated for the publishing credits of \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3\", which show all songs as being published by all four publishers. Released on October 18, 1988, \"Volume One\" became a surprise commercial success, reaching No. 3 in the US and selling two million copies there within six months. The album also reached No. 16 in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4770556",
"score": "1.1570983",
"original_retrieval_index": 44
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3",
"text": "to 50's and 60's rock roots, drawing on blues, doo-wop, rockabilly and Buddy Holly. But their second album is faster, jokier, lighter and meaner than the first.\" \"Rolling Stone\" described the blending of the four participants' musical styles as \"seemingly effortless\", and said that the album showed they continued to enjoy their collaboration. In the years following \"Vol. 3\", there was speculation about further Wilbury releases. Since Harrison was viewed as the de facto leader of the group, his death in November 2001 ended the possibility of any future projects. When Harrison’s distribution deal with Warner Bros. expired in 1995,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5226688",
"score": "1.150722",
"original_retrieval_index": 45
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "later said: \"We'd become this unit, we were all good pals … We always knew we were going to do another one, and now it's just the four of us.\" Harrison was the most active in promoting the Wilburys, carrying out interviews well into 1989. He said he was \"wait[ing] for all the other Wilburys to finish being solo artists\" so that they could renew the collaboration. By contrast, according to author Clinton Heylin, Dylan appeared to give the band little attention as he focused on re-establishing himself as a live performer before recording his 1989 album \"Oh Mercy\". In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421510",
"score": "1.1484447",
"original_retrieval_index": 46
},
{
"title": "Inside Out (Traveling Wilburys song)",
"text": "if it's there at all.\" The principal singers are Dylan and Petty, with Harrison taking over during the bridge. Author Ian Inglis identifies the main narrative as a seemingly \"private … joke\" between Dylan and Petty, whereas Harrison's section provides a welcome element of musical and lyrical intrigue in which, \"stressing the need to be watchful, he warns that 'something's happening out there.'\" BBC Radio presenter Bob Harris said of the song: \"Though jokey in spirit, 'Inside Out' did have a serious message about damage being done to the environment.\"<ref name=\"Harris/BBC\">Harris, Bob (summer 2007). \"Traveling Wilburys Podcast Series with Bob",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16356799",
"score": "1.148036",
"original_retrieval_index": 47
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1",
"text": "peaking at No. 21, and an even bigger hit in Australia (No. 3) and New Zealand (No. 4), though it stalled at No. 45 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Most critics said the group's modest ambitions were fresh and relaxing. During 1989 and 1990 the album won many accolades, including a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group. The album was also nominated for Album of the Year. In his book \"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music\", Colin Larkin describes the Traveling Wilburys as \"the last of the great supergroups\" and writes of the band's accidental origins:",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4770558",
"score": "1.1468221",
"original_retrieval_index": 48
},
{
"title": "The Traveling Wilburys Collection",
"text": "UK sales for a box set. Over 1,827,000 copies have been sold worldwide to date, equating to over 5.8 million discs total. The album debuted on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart on June 30, 2007 at number 9, with sales of 77,787 copies. It remained on the chart for 13 weeks. The Traveling Wilburys Collection The Traveling Wilburys Collection is a box set compilation album by the British-American supergroup the Traveling Wilburys. It comprises the two studio albums recorded by the band in 1988 and 1990, with additional bonus tracks, and a DVD containing their music videos and a documentary about",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10123551",
"score": "1.1455772",
"original_retrieval_index": 49
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "in Los Angeles and completed on 28 February 1991. According to Jim Keltner, the decision on the group's future after \"Vol. 3\" lay with Harrison. Keltner said that from his conversations with Lynne, Petty and Dylan, they were all keen to reunite, whereas Harrison wavered in his enthusiasm. While Harrison was against the idea of touring, Petty recalled: \"I kept getting down on my knees in front of George, saying, 'Please, it's so much money!\" After his 1991 tour of Japan – his first series of concerts since 1974 – Harrison spoke of a possible Traveling Wilburys tour: The Wilburys",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421514",
"score": "1.1417704",
"original_retrieval_index": 50
},
{
"title": "George Harrison",
"text": "its original purpose as a B-side and asked for a full album. The LP, \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1\", was released in October 1988 and recorded under pseudonyms as half-brothers, supposed sons of Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr. It reached number 16 in the UK and number 3 in the US, where it was certified triple platinum. Harrison's pseudonym on the album was \"Nelson Wilbury\"; he used the name \"Spike Wilbury\" for their second album. In 1989, Harrison and Starr appeared in the music video for Petty's song \"I Won't Back Down\". In October that year, Harrison assembled and released \"Best of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "163708",
"score": "1.1337245",
"original_retrieval_index": 51
},
{
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"text": "Harrison presented the recording to Mo Ostin and Lenny Waronker of Warner Bros., the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as a B-side. In Petty's recollection, Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band, and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan, who also agreed to join. That night, Harrison, Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage. In Petty's description, Orbison performed an \"unbelievable show\", during which \"we'd punch",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "421501",
"score": "1.124972",
"original_retrieval_index": 54
}
]
| {
"title": "Traveling Wilburys",
"long_answer": "The Traveling Wilburys (sometimes shortened to the Wilburys) were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, and Tom Petty. The band recorded two albums, the first in 1988 and the second in 1990, though Orbison died before the second was recorded.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Traveling Wilburys (sometimes shortened to the Wilburys) were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, and Tom Petty. The band recorded two albums, the first in 1988 and the second in 1990, though Orbison died before the second was recorded.",
"short_answers": [
"Bob Dylan",
"George Harrison",
"Jeff Lynne",
"Roy Orbison",
"Tom Petty"
]
} |
who is the most played artist on spotify | [
"Justin Bieber",
"Ed Sheeran"
]
| [
{
"title": "List of most streamed songs on Spotify",
"text": "As of January 2018, Ed Sheeran is the only artist to have 2 singles pass 1 billion streams on Spotify, with \"Shape of You\" and \"Thinking Out Loud\".",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "Emoji, Basement, Hiptronix, Six Strings and Cyclone (hip-hop, electronic, pop, guitar-driven and experimental music respectively). The playlists spotlight lesser-known musicians and their songs which are listened to by 100,000 randomly chosen users and are talked about on 10 to 20,000 music blogs. They are updated every Wednesday, and can contain a maximum of up to 50 songs. In August 2016, Spotify launched Release Radar, a personalised playlist that allows users to stay up-to-date on new music released by artists they listen to the most. It also helps users discover new music, by mixing in other artists' music. The playlist is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672610",
"score": "1.0709746",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "December 2016, Drake's just-under 26 million monthly listeners were overtaken by the Weeknd's 36.068 million. Later that month, Drake's song \"One Dance\" became the first song to hit one billion streams on Spotify. Upon its release in August 2017, the single \"Look What You Made Me Do\" by Taylor Swift earned over eight million streams within 24 hours, breaking the record for the most single-day streams for a track. On June 19, 2018, XXXTentacion's hit single \"Sad!\" broke Swift's single-day streaming record, amassing 10.4 million streams the day after he was fatally shot in Florida. In March 2011, Spotify announced",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672624",
"score": "1.0456103",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Justin Bieber",
"text": "eight that were achieved from the success of his album \"Purpose\" and was featured in the 2017 Edition. These records included the most streamed track on Spotify in one week, the most streamed album on Spotify in one week, the most simultaneous tracks and most simultaneous new entries on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 by a solo artist, the first act to occupy all top three positions simultaneously on the UK Singles Chart, the most followers on Twitter by a male, the most viewed music channel on YouTube by an individual, and the most subscribers on YouTube for a musician",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13600831",
"score": "1.0139098",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "Spotify Spotify Ltd. () is a music streaming platform developed by Swedish company Spotify Technology S.A., headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden and listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Launched on 7 October 2008, it is currently (as of 14 November 2018) available in 78 countries and regions throughout the world. It provides DRM-protected content from record labels and media companies. Spotify is a freemium service; basic features are free with advertisements or automatic music videos, while additional features, such as improved streaming quality are offered via paid subscriptions. Spotify is available in most of Europe, most of the Americas, Australia,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672585",
"score": "1.0039726",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "of the iPhone via the watch. Users can also choose which devices to play music on via Bluetooth. In September 2010, the World Economic Forum (WEF) announced the company as a Technology Pioneer for 2011. In August 2017, Spotify was the most downloaded music app on the iOS platform in the United States. Spotify has attracted significant criticism since its 2008 launch. The primary point of criticism centres around what artists, music creators and the media have described as \"unsustainable\" compensation. Unlike physical sales or legal downloads, which pay artists a fixed price per song or album sold, Spotify pays",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672641",
"score": "0.99494904",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Lukas Graham",
"text": "DeGeneres Show,\" The Late Late Show with James Corden, and Good Morning America. By the end of March 2016, \"7 Years\" had achieved around 225 million total listens on Spotify worldwide with 17.2 million listeners per month, making the band the 20th most popular artist on the service. On 1 April 2016, the self-titled global debut was officially released in the United States by Warner Bros. Records. The US release of the album received new artwork, a reworked track listing, and a wider global audience in countries including, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. The album reached No.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16321185",
"score": "0.9931462",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "November 2018, it had 191 million monthly active users, including 87 million paying subscribers. Unlike physical or download sales, which pay artists a fixed price per song or album sold, Spotify pays royalties based on the number of artists' streams as a proportion of total songs streamed. It distributes approximately 70% of total revenue to rights holders, who then pay artists based on their individual agreements. Spotify has faced criticism from artists and producers including Taylor Swift and Thom Yorke, who argued that it does not fairly compensate musicians. In April 2017, as part of its efforts to renegotiate license",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672587",
"score": "0.9763235",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Criticism of Spotify",
"text": "The publication listed 50 of the top artists under suspicion, and asked them to contact the publication to verify their authenticity, adding that \"We’re pretty sure A&R teams from across the globe would love to hear about artists with no online presence who have managed to rack up millions of Spotify plays with their first few tracks\". In May 2018, Spotify attracted criticism for its \"Hate Content & Hateful Conduct policy\" that removed the music of R. Kelly and XXXTentacion from its editorial and algorithmic playlists because \"When we look at promotion, we look at issues around hateful conduct, where",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20365400",
"score": "0.97560936",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Matt Gilman",
"text": "27k monthly listeners on Spotify and averages 300K plays per track. In January 2017, Gilman visited Influence Church in Anaheim California to guest speak and Worship Lead. What he found was a creative community dedicated to releasing the glory of God through new sounds and songs. Matt currently travels to Anaheim once a month to lead worship and co-write with the team, “Influence Church is a body of believers that truly acts as the hands and feet of Jesus. It has been a place of deep healing, refreshing, restoration and musical inspiration for me. I’m so honored to get to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18780106",
"score": "0.972275",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Daniel Ek",
"text": "TradeDoubler which had acquired Ek's previous company Advertigo. In October 2008, the company launched its legal music streaming service Spotify. Initially, Spotify ran on a peer-to-peer distribution model, similar to uTorrent, but switched to a server-client model in 2014. Ek serves as CEO of Spotify. In October 2015, Spotify Co-Founder Martin Lorentzon announced he would be stepping down as Chairman and Ek would be taking over alongside his current role as CEO. As of June 2017, Spotify has 140 million active users and has raised over $2.5 billion in venture funding. In 2017, Daniel Ek was named as the most",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13812489",
"score": "0.9721457",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "XXXTentacion",
"text": "though it was fruitless. On November 14, Onfroy posted on his Instagram story accusing rap group Migos of attacking him and pointing a firearm at him due to his former issues with Drake. The music streaming service Spotify announced on May 10, 2018, that it was going to stop promoting or recommending music by him and R&B artist R. Kelly. Spotify stated, \"We don't censor content because of an artist's or creator's behavior, but we want our editorial decisions—what we choose to program—to reflect our values\". The decision to remove Onfroy's music from curated playlists was later reversed on June",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19975678",
"score": "0.9706837",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Pandora Radio",
"text": "over 30 million songs compared to Pandora's library of around 1.5 – 2 million. As pointed out by editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele LaMeau, \"Spotify allows users to upload their own songs to the online library. While Pandora allows listeners to connect to the social media site Facebook to see what their friends are listening to, Spotify users can quickly and easily share playlists with their friends through Facebook, Twitter, email, and SMS text messages\". The second competitor that is targeting Pandora's personalized radio appeal is iHeartRadio. Editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele LaMeau note \"iHeartRadio is the largest radio operator",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6554990",
"score": "0.97026324",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "DJ Semtex",
"text": "the station. Launching in early 2018, Semtex is the host of Spotify's bi-weekly Who We Be podcast. The show aims to highlighting new rap and grime from the UK, including interviews with musicians. Past guests include Giggs, Michael Dapaah, Bugzy Malone, Sneakbo, and Jae 5. DJ Semtex DJ Semtex (born John Fairbanks; 1974) is an English DJ, author, radio DJ and presenter of Spotify's Who We Be podcast. Between 2002 and 2018 he was presenter for BBC Radio 1Xtra's weekly hip-hop show. DJ Semtex is a DJ, broadcaster and author with an interest in hip hop culture. He began by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8702125",
"score": "0.97017044",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Playlistify",
"text": "Playlistify Playlistify.org is a webservice based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands focusing on creating and sharing music playlists. It was mid-2009 when Roeland Landegent started using the streaming music service Spotify. While browsing the web looking for playlists, Roeland found out that other Spotify users wanted a service to convert their iTunes playlists into Spotify playable playlists. Roeland decided to build a webservice which gives users the possibility to convert their iTunes playlist files into Spotify playlists. While building the service it grew into a more advanced site, giving user the possibility to share their playlists as well by embedding them",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14440640",
"score": "0.96257865",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Daniel Ek",
"text": "at $1.6 billion assuming he has not sold any of his stake. Daniel Ek Daniel Ek (born 21 February 1983) is a Swedish billionaire entrepreneur and technologist. Ek is best known as the co-founder and CEO of the music streaming service Spotify. Ek grew up in Rågsved, Stockholm, Sweden. Ek graduated from the Royal Institute of Technology in Sundbyberg in 2002, and subsequently studied engineering at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology before dropping out to focus on his IT career. Ek's first foray into the business world began at age 13 when he started a business making websites for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13812492",
"score": "0.9619715",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Alan Walker (music producer)",
"text": "Its music video on YouTube has over 30 million views, and 23 million plays on Spotify. At the beginning of 2017, Walker's YouTube channel became the most subscribed channel registered in Norway, after passing about 4.5 million subscribers, and had the most views among Norwegian YouTubers at around 3.4 billion views as of 10 February 2018. On 7 April, Walker released the song \"Ignite\" instrumental version, which featured Norwegian music producer and songwriter K-391. It was released as a promotion of the launch of the Sony Xperia XZs smartphone. On 19 May, Walker released his first song with a male",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19256922",
"score": "0.961072",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "paying) in December 2014, 75 million users (20 million paying) in June 2015, 30 million paying subscribers in March 2016, 40 million subscribers in September 2016, and 100 million total users in June 2016. As of November 2018, Spotify has 191 million active users, including over 87 million paying subscribers. According to \"TechCrunch\", Spotify was planning to launch on the stock market in 2017, but is instead planning on doing the IPO in 2018 in order to \"build up a better balance sheet and work on shifting its business model to improve its margins\". The value of its IPO is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672626",
"score": "0.953923",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Invasion of Privacy (album)",
"text": "Sweden, and the United Kingdom. It was the third most streamed album of 2018 in Apple Music globally, being the highest for a female artist. It was the tenth most streamed in Canada in the service. In Spotify, it was the fourth most streamed album of the year in the United States, also being the highest for a female artist, with Cardi being the most streamed female artist. Credits adapted from Tidal. Sample credits Invasion of Privacy (album) Invasion of Privacy is the debut studio album by American rapper Cardi B. It was released on April 5, 2018, by Atlantic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20642209",
"score": "0.9524892",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Drake (musician)",
"text": "later revealed to be Spotify's most streamed artist for the second consecutive year in 2016, amassing a total 4.7 billion streams for all projects on the service, which is more than double the amount of streams he had in 2015. Drake later secured his second and third Grammy Awards, winning for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song at the 59th ceremony. Despite multiple setbacks, Drake announced \"More Life\" would be released on March 18, 2017, via a series of multiple video commercials released through Instagram. Upon release, \"More Life\" received mostly positive reviews, and debuted atop the \"Billboard\" 200,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13011692",
"score": "0.9518633",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Pandora Radio",
"text": "of Hispanic and Spanish-speaking people, and finally it ran tests overlaying the two data sets to infer which listeners fit into those buckets. Starting in the early 2010s, new entrants entered the personalized radio market, such as Grooveshark (launched 2007), iHeartRadio (launched 2008), Mog.com, TuneIn (founded 2002), AccuRadio, Rhapsody (launched 2001), and Europe's Spotify, all threatening to use the concept of \"true\" on-demand access to online music as a challenge to Pandora's personalized radio. Europe's most popular online streaming music service, Spotify, launched in 2006 and arrived in the U.S. in mid-2011. As of 2016, Spotify has a catalogue of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6554989",
"score": "0.950932",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "claims, for instance, that the Sandy Hook Massacre where 20 children were killed in 2012 was a government hoax. It has, however, decided to remove some of his media content. Spotify Spotify Ltd. () is a music streaming platform developed by Swedish company Spotify Technology S.A., headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden and listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Launched on 7 October 2008, it is currently (as of 14 November 2018) available in 78 countries and regions throughout the world. It provides DRM-protected content from record labels and media companies. Spotify is a freemium service; basic features are free with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672647",
"score": "0.95008093",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Mexico Airplay",
"text": "Airplay, and the \"Billboard\" Latin Songs chart in the United States, where it spent 41 consecutive weeks at the top and won the Latin Grammy Award for Song of the Year. In 2015, \"Lean On\" by American electronic duo Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ peaked at number-one on the chart and was named by Spotify as the most streamed song of all time, with 526 million streams globally. By 2018, Scottish DJ Calvin Harris is the performer with the most number-one singles on the Mexico Airplay chart, with eight chart toppers. Mexico Airplay Mexico Airplay is a record",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19453465",
"score": "0.94753695",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "to the exact content. In July 2015, Spotify launched Discover Weekly, a weekly generated playlist, updated on Mondays, that brings users two hours of custom-made music recommendations, mixing a user's personal taste with songs enjoyed by similar listeners. In December 2015, \"Quartz\" reported that songs in Discover Weekly playlists had been streamed 1.7 billion times, and Spotify wrote in May 2016 that Discover Weekly had reached \"nearly\" 5 billion tracks streamed since the July 2015 launch. In March 2016, built by Discover Weekly's success, Spotify launched six new generated playlists branded as Fresh Finds including the main playlist and Fire",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672609",
"score": "0.94168365",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Scott Shephard",
"text": "brand for playlists on Spotify. Scott was interviewed by American music industry trade publication HITS Magazine, who featured one of his playlists as 'Playlist of the Week'. Ranya Khoury, streaming manager for HITS Magazine, said \"“Shephard has been able to accumulate over 22k followers on Spotify alone. While browsing through his network page, his playlist Caribbean Summer Vibes immediately caught my attention. Chatting with him about this specific playlist made his keen industry insight evident”\". The playlist brand was also chosen by music platform Soundplate, as 1 of 15 great electronic music curators on Spotify, \"“FFCONNECT is one of our",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12257260",
"score": "0.93967855",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "2010s in the music industry",
"text": "on the way people listen to, promote, and create music. Digital music distribution is still the primary form of music consumption, with three main business models dominating the scene: subscription-based services, a-la-carte, and advertisement-based services (see 2000s in the music industry). There are currently five big players in the digital music distribution space: Spotify, Apple Inc, YouTube, Tidal, and Amazon (in order of number of users). Launched out of Sweden in 2008, Spotify has become the leader of subscription-based digital music consumption with 40 million subscribers worldwide. They have a database of over 8 million songs and offer accessibility via",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19721504",
"score": "0.93944585",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "up-and-coming talent\". Additionally, as part of \"The Ambassador Program\", 13 songwriters will each host a Songshop workshop, in which their peers will collaboratively attempt to create a hit song, with the first workshop to take place in Los Angeles sometime in June 2017. In October 2017, Spotify launched \"Rise\", a new program aimed at promoting emerging artists. On January 31, 2018, Spotify started testing a new Pandora-styled standalone app called Stations by Spotify for Australian Android users. It features 62 music channels, each devoted to a particular genre. Spotify itself has two channels named after its playlists that link directly",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672600",
"score": "0.9388228",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "David Gray (musician)",
"text": "listeners on Spotify engaged. He said, \"We didn't just want to make a static playlist – Kobalt has the technology to create something special that changes and adapts with David Gray as an artist. We have noticed that the tracks that are most popular for [David Gray] change over time on Spotify, and a lot of that is driven by playlists. This provides the chance to see an instant reaction to new tracks, just as much as older tracks.\" Kobalt said that the \"Best of David Gray Weekly\" playlist benefits from its \"advanced proprietary software\", which makes the most popular",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3537481",
"score": "0.93860245",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Criticism of Spotify",
"text": "to regulate artists. Therefore, we are moving away from implementing a policy around artist conduct\". On June 27, 2018, when rapper Drake released his fifth studio album \"Scorpion\", Spotify revamped most of its playlist to include the rapper and singer's face, even when the playlist didn't specifically have a Drake song in it. The change was dubbed \"Scorpion SZN\" by Spotify. However, some users complained about the repetitive use of the artist's likeness on the website's front page, while Spotify Premium users demanded refunds, dissatisfied with seeing music promotion on what was supposed to be an ad-free service. Spotify gave",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20365402",
"score": "0.9345784",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Spotify",
"text": "their favourite artists, as well as music, review, and concert recommendations based on listening history. Users can add all tracks to a \"Collection\" section of the app, rather than adding to a specific playlist. The features were announced by CEO Daniel Ek at a press conference, with Ek stating that a common user complaint about the service was that \"Spotify is great when you know what music you want to listen to, but not when you don't\", adding that \"20,000\" new songs got added to the service on a daily basis. \"You're fighting with 20 million songs on Spotify\", Ek",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12672606",
"score": "0.9343196",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "List of most streamed songs on Spotify",
"long_answer": "As of January 2018, Ed Sheeran is the only artist to have 2 singles pass 1 billion streams on Spotify, with \"Shape of You\" and \"Thinking Out Loud\".",
"chunked_long_answer": "As of January 2018, Ed Sheeran is the only artist to have 2 singles pass 1 billion streams on Spotify, with \"Shape of You\" and \"Thinking Out Loud\".",
"short_answers": [
"Ed Sheeran"
]
} |
which term describes the replacement of damaged cells to mend a tissue | [
"Stromal cells"
]
| [
{
"title": "Cell damage",
"text": "When a cell cannot be regenerated the body will replace it with stromal connective tissue to maintain tissue/organ function. Stromal cells are the cells that support the parenchymal cells in any organ. Fibroblasts, immune cells, pericytes, and inflammatory cells are the most common types of stromal cells.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Cell damage",
"text": "cell dies the body will remove it and replace it with another functioning cell, or fill the gap with connective tissue to provide structural support for the remaining cells. The motto of the repair process is to fill a gap caused by the damaged cells to regain structural continuity. Normal cells try to regenerate the damaged cells but this cannot always happen. Asexual reproduction is what repairs cells Regeneration of parenchyma cells, or the functional cells, of an organism. The body can make more cells to replace the damaged cells keeping the organ or tissue intact and fully functional. When",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7855074",
"score": "1.0149983",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Stem-cell therapy",
"text": "cartilage repair, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc surgery, rotator cuff surgery, and musculoskeletal disorders, among others. Other areas of orthopedic research for uses of MSCs include tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stem cells can also be used to stimulate the growth of human tissues. In an adult, wounded tissue is most often replaced by scar tissue, which is characterized in the skin by disorganized collagen structure, loss of hair follicles and irregular vascular structure. In the case of wounded fetal tissue, however, wounded tissue is replaced with normal tissue through the activity of stem cells. A possible method for tissue regeneration in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7002747",
"score": "0.9417014",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Healing",
"text": "and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necrotic area and replace it with new living tissue. The replacement can happen in two ways: by \"regeneration\" in which the necrotic cells are replaced by new cells that form similar tissue as was originally there; or by \"repair\" in which injured tissue is replaced with scar tissue. Most organs will heal using a mixture of both mechanisms. It is also referred to in the context of the grieving process. In psychiatry and psychology, healing is the process by which neuroses and psychoses are resolved to the degree that the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1801452",
"score": "0.91617477",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Skin repair",
"text": "the activity of stem cells. These active cells produce collagenous fibers and ground substance. Blood vessels soon grow into the dermis, restoring circulation. If the injury is very minor, the epithelial cells eventually restore the epidermis once the dermis has been regenerated. In major injuries, the repair mechanisms are unable to restore the skin to its original condition. The repaired region contains an abnormally large number of collagenous fibers, and relatively few blood vessels. Damaged sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, muscle cells, and nerves are seldom repaired. They are usually replaced by the fibrous tissue. The result is the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6098866",
"score": "0.88340056",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Healing",
"text": "two subsets of macrophage M1 & M2 plays a crucial role in this phase, M1 macrophage being a pro inflammatory while as M2 is a regenerative and the plasticity between the two subsets determine the tissue inflammation or repair. In the Regeneration phase, blood vessels are repaired and new cells form in the damaged site similar to the cells that were damaged and removed. Some cells such as neurons and muscle cells (especially in the heart) are slow to recover. In the Repair phase, new tissue is generated which requires a balance of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Anti-inflammatory eicosanoids include",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1801460",
"score": "0.87666005",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Meniscal cartilage replacement therapy",
"text": "treatments for a damaged meniscus are repair, removal, and transplantation. The surgery is often carried out arthroscopically. During repair, the tissues are securely held together long enough for biological healing to occur. One procedure involves threading long needles into the meniscus and out an incision in the back of the knee through the aid of a guide tube called a cannula. The suture thread ends are tied together on the outside of the knee capsule layer to bring the tear together. Another procedure requires specially designed devices that employ multiple sutures and knot pusher instruments to allow surgeons to provide",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7781199",
"score": "0.8765029",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Tissue engineering",
"text": "of or whole tissues (i.e., bone, cartilage, blood vessels, bladder, skin, muscle etc.). Often, the tissues involved require certain mechanical and structural properties for proper functioning. The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver). The term \"regenerative medicine\" is often used synonymously with tissue engineering, although those involved in regenerative medicine place more emphasis on the use of stem cells or progenitor cells to produce tissues. A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2069768",
"score": "0.8757638",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Wound healing",
"text": "effort to re-establish continuity without regards to exact replacement of lost/damaged tissue. \"True tissue regeneration\" or \"complete regeneration\", refers to the replacement of lost/damaged tissue with an ‘exact’ copy, such that both morphology and functionality are completely restored. Though after injury mammals can completely regenerate spontaneously, they usually do not completely regenerate. An example of a tissue regenerating completely after an interruption of morphology is the endometrium; the endometrium after the process of breakdown via the menstruation cycle heals with complete regeneration. In some instances, after a tissue breakdown, such as in skin, a regeneration closer to complete regeneration may",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2773409",
"score": "0.87031686",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Hair loss",
"text": "the proteolysis of type XVII collagen by neutrophil elastase in response to the DNA damage in the hair follicle stem cells. Proteolysis of collagen leads to elimination of the damaged cells and then to terminal hair follicle miniaturization. The term \"alopecia\" () is from the Classical Greek ἀλώπηξ, \"alōpēx\", meaning \"fox\". The origin of this usage is because this animal sheds its coat twice a year, or because in ancient Greece foxes often lost hair because of mange. The term \"bald\" likely derives from the English word \"balde\", which means \"white, pale\" or Celtic \"ball\", which means \"white patch or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1626295",
"score": "0.86286336",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Wound healing",
"text": "to wound healing. An injury is an interruption of morphology and/or functionality of a given tissue. After injury, structural tissue heals with incomplete or complete regeneration. Whereas, tissue without an interruption to the morphology almost always completely regenerates. An example of complete regeneration without an interruption of the morphology is non-injured tissue, such as skin. Non-injured skin has a continued replacement and regeneration of cells which always results in complete regeneration. There is a subtle distinction between 'repair' and 'regeneration'. \"Repair\" means \"incomplete regeneration\". Repair or incomplete regeneration, refers to the physiologic adaptation of an organ after injury in an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2773408",
"score": "0.86195195",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Transplantable organs and tissues",
"text": "artificially, though the latter is untested in humans. \"Bone grafting\" is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone with material from the patient's own body, an artificial, synthetic, or natural substitute. Bone grafting is used to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly. A \"uterine transplant\" is the replacement of a uterus which has undergone necrosis. Though the procedure has significant potential, it has been performed only a few times. Thymus transplantation can be used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12676581",
"score": "0.8615849",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Cancer cell",
"text": "Cancer cell Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died because of aging or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies. They are also able to spread from one part of the body to another",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15118238",
"score": "0.8592855",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Regeneration (biology)",
"text": "cell stretching for wound closure, the migration of interstitial progenitors towards the wound, cell death, phagocytosis of cell debris, and reconstruction of the extracellular matrix. Regeneration in hydra has been defined as morphallaxis, the process where regeneration results from remodeling of existing material without cellular proliferation. If a hydra is cut into two pieces, the remaining severed sections form two fully functional and independent hydra, approximately the same size as the two smaller severed sections. This occurs through the exchange and rearrangement of soft tissues without the formation of new material. Owing to a limited literature on the subject, birds",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3488592",
"score": "0.858242",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Regenerative medicine",
"text": "Regenerative medicine Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the \"process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function\". This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previously irreparable tissues or organs. Regenerative medicine also includes the possibility of growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and implanting them when the body cannot heal itself. If a regenerated organ's cells would be derived from the patient's own tissue or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5606321",
"score": "0.85710967",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Morphallaxis",
"text": "Morphallaxis Morphallaxis is the regeneration of specific tissue in a variety of organisms due to loss or death of the existing tissue. The word comes from the Greek \"allazein,\" which means \"to exchange.\" The classical example of morphallaxis is that of the Cnidarian hydra, where when the animal is severed in two (by actively cutting it with, for example, a surgical knife) the remaining severed sections form two fully functional and independent hydra. The notable feature of morphallaxis is that a large majority of regenerated tissue comes from already-present tissue in the organism. That is, the one severed section of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6106751",
"score": "0.84935",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Adolfo Panfili",
"text": "a high-quality anti-aging treatments, reconstructive surgery for spine, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, discs together with rehydration of tissues, cartilage, bones and ligaments. Autologous stem cells in orthopaedics, according to Prof Panfili's philosophy, allow the regeneration of bone, cartilage, ligaments and tendons, and functional recovery of joints. The cure with stem cells is minimally invasive, therefore shorter, more economic and more effective, because unlike what occurs with the in vitro cultivation and replanting, with this technique, we can reconstruct also the underlying bone. The cells have the need to be \"channeled\" in the area to be treated through a solid support",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17133079",
"score": "0.8483805",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair",
"text": "some point, a signal is introduced (either in culture or after transplant to the damaged tissue) for the cells to differentiate into the end tissue (in this discussion, cartilage). Until recently, the use of cultured mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate cartilage has been primarily in research with animal models. There are now, however, two published case reports of the above technique being used to successfully regenerate articular and meniscus cartilage in human knees. This technique has yet to be shown effective in a study involving a larger group of patients, however the same team of researchers have published a large",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12406601",
"score": "0.84490216",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Fixation (histology)",
"text": "Fixation (histology) In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is the preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction. It terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions and may also increase the treated tissues' mechanical strength or stability. Tissue fixation is a critical step in the preparation of histological sections, its broad objective being to preserve cells and tissue components and to do this in such a way as to allow for the preparation of thin, stained sections. This allows the investigation of the tissues' structure, which is determined by the shapes and sizes of such",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9222102",
"score": "0.84406316",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair",
"text": "animal models to regenerate articular cartilage and in human models to regenerate bone. Recent research demonstrates that articular cartilage may be able to be repaired via percutaneous introduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC’s). Research into MSC’s has exploded in recent years. As an example, a PubMed search for the year 1999 reveals about 90 papers published under the MESH heading of “Mesenchymal Stem Cells”, the same search ran for the year 2007 reveals more than 4,000 entries. The most commonly used source of MSC’s is bone marrow aspirate. Most of the adult bone marrow consists of blood cells in various",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12406597",
"score": "0.84339607",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair",
"text": "Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in multiple human adult tissues including bone marrow, synovial tissues, and adipose tissues. Since they are derived from the mesoderm, they have been shown to differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue. MSCs from embryonic sources have shown promise scientifically while creating significant controversy. As a result, many researchers have focused on adult stem cells, or stem cells isolated from adult humans that can be transplanted into damaged tissue. Because of their multi-potent capabilities, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineages have been used successfully in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12406596",
"score": "0.84048235",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1",
"text": "induced DNA damage and Purkinje cell loss. One treatment option being investigated is stem cell therapy, which attempts to replace dead tissue by transplanting stem cells into affected region and either stimulating them to differentiate into the desired cell types or allowing them to stimulate endogenous regenerative mechanisms. These techniques are of interest to researchers as a possible treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, but currently are of limited success in animal models, and in in-vitro cell culture studies. The ability for grafted cells to integrate into the desired tissue and adjust for the unique pathologies of different neurodegenerative disorders can be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20228963",
"score": "0.83462423",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Fibrocyte",
"text": "several studies suggesting that fibrocytes mediate wound healing and fibrotic tissue repair. Fibrocyte A fibrocyte is an inactive mesenchymal cell, that is, a cell showing minimal cytoplasm, limited amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and lacks biochemical evidence of protein synthesis. The term \"fibrocyte\" contrasts with the term \"fibroblast\". Fibroblasts are activated connective tissue cells characterized by synthesis of proteins of the fibrous matrix, particularly the collagens. When tissue is injured, the predominant mesenchymal cells, the fibroblast, have been believed to be derived from the fibrocyte or possibly from smooth muscle cells lining vessels and glands. Commonly, fibroblasts express smooth muscle",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10054157",
"score": "0.8339579",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Osteoclast",
"text": "Osteoclast An osteoclast () is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as \"bone resorption\". This process also helps regulate the level of blood calcium. An odontoclast (/odon·to·clast/; o-don´to-klast) is an osteoclast associated with absorption of the roots of deciduous teeth. An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have five",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2962895",
"score": "0.8290225",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair",
"text": "microdrilling (also microfracture) surgery followed by post-operative injections of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) in combination with hyaluronic acid(HA). Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in multiple human adult tissues including bone marrow, synovial tissues, and adipose tissues. Since they are derived from the mesoderm, they have been shown to differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue. MSCs from embryonic sources have shown promise scientifically while creating significant controversy. As a result, many researchers have focused on adult stem cells, or stem cells isolated from adult humans that can",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12406603",
"score": "0.8264451",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Osteochondritis dissecans",
"text": "periosteal cells and bone marrow stem cells, as opposed to chondrocytes. These too have demonstrated the ability to regenerate both the cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. Similar to OATS, arthroscopic articular cartilage paste grafting is a surgical procedure offering cost-effective, long-lasting results for stage IV lesions. A bone and cartilage paste derived from crushed plugs of the non-weight-bearing intercondylar notch can achieve pain relief, repair damaged tissue, and restore function. Some methods of fixation for unstable lesions include countersunk compression screws and Herbert screws or pins made of stainless steel or materials that can be absorbed by the body.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6942869",
"score": "0.8235623",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Regenerative medicine",
"text": "at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He recognized that these cells' unique ability to differentiate into all the cell types of the human body (pluripotency) had the potential to develop into a new kind of regenerative therapy. Explaining the new class of therapies that such cells could enable, he used the term \"regenerative medicine\" in the way that it is used today: \"an approach to therapy that ... employs human genes, proteins and cells to re-grow, restore or provide mechanical replacements for tissues that have been injured by trauma, damaged by disease or worn by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5606324",
"score": "0.8232225",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Tissue engineering",
"text": "or a group of related functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible. The replaced function doesn't necessarily have to be related to life support, but often is. The ultimate goal of tissue engineering as a discipline is to allow both 'off the shelf' bioartificial organs and regeneration of injured tissue in the body. In order to successfully create bioartificial organs from a patients stem cells, researchers continue to make improvements in the generation of complex tissues by tissue engineering. For example, much research is aimed at understanding nanoscale cues present in a cell’s",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2069813",
"score": "0.8223254",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Cardiomyoplasty",
"text": "muscle cells in the damaged myocardium (heart muscle). Tissue engineering, which is now being categorized as a form of regenerative medicine, can be defined as biomedical engineering to reconstruct, repair, and improve biological tissues. Research efforts in tissue engineering have been ongoing and it is emerging as one of the key areas of medical research. Furthermore, there are vast developments in tissue engineering, which involve leveraging of technologies from biomaterials, molecular medicine, biochemistry, nanotechnology, genetic and biomedical engineering for regeneration and cell expansion targets to restructure and/or repair human organs. Injection of cardiomyogenic and/or angiogenic stem cells have been proposed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8768644",
"score": "0.8200155",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Regeneration in humans",
"text": "fully functioning skin, muscles, blood vessels and bones. In 2016 scientists could transform a skin cell into any other tissue type via the use of drugs. Cardiomyocyte necrosis activates an inflammatory response that serves to clear the injured myocardium from dead cells, and stimulates repair, but may also extend injury. Research suggests that the cell types involved in the process play an important role. Namely monocyte-derived macrophages tend to induce inflammation while inhibiting cardiac regeneration, while tissue resident macrophages may help restoration of tissue structure and function. The endometrium after the process of breakdown via the menstruation cycle, re-epithelializes swiftly",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18416066",
"score": "0.8189815",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Cell damage",
"long_answer": "When a cell cannot be regenerated the body will replace it with stromal connective tissue to maintain tissue/organ function. Stromal cells are the cells that support the parenchymal cells in any organ. Fibroblasts, immune cells, pericytes, and inflammatory cells are the most common types of stromal cells.",
"chunked_long_answer": "When a cell cannot be regenerated the body will replace it with stromal connective tissue to maintain tissue/organ function. Stromal cells are the cells that support the parenchymal cells in any organ. Fibroblasts, immune cells, pericytes, and inflammatory cells are the most common types of stromal cells.",
"short_answers": [
"Stromal cells"
]
} |
where are haploid cells found in the human body | [
"sperm",
"sperm or egg cells",
"ova"
]
| [
{
"title": "Ploidy",
"text": "The number of chromosomes found in a single complete set of chromosomes is called the monoploid number (x). The haploid number (n) is unique to gametes (sperm or egg cells), and refers to the total number of chromosomes found in a gamete, which under normal conditions is half the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "HAP1 cells",
"text": "haploidy, HAP1 cells are very useful in biomedical research and genetic experiments. When working in diploid cells, it is difficult to screen for mutations phenotypically, especially when considering recessive mutations. Because there are two copies of each gene, the mutation is often covered up by the non-mutated gene. In haploid cells, there is only one copy of each gene, so mutated phenotypes are immediately exposed. Before the development of haploid cells, much of this research was limited to microbes and other simple cells, but now the research can be applied to its target cell type: the human cell. Since their",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18137813",
"score": "1.0629919",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "HAP1 cells",
"text": "to cut within the Chromosome 15 region. With this technique, experimenters were able to cultivate the first fully haploid human cell line which they termed eHAP. HAP1 cells HAP1 cells are a cell line used for biomedical and genetic research. They are near haploid, having one copy of almost every chromosome and are smaller than the average human cell, growing to about 11 micrometers in diameter. HAP1 cells are derived from a line of cancerous cells, which means they are able to divide indefinitely. HAP1 cells are a near-haploid cell line derived from the KBM-7 cell line. KBM-7 was found",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18137815",
"score": "1.0244529",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "HAP1 cells",
"text": "HAP1 cells HAP1 cells are a cell line used for biomedical and genetic research. They are near haploid, having one copy of almost every chromosome and are smaller than the average human cell, growing to about 11 micrometers in diameter. HAP1 cells are derived from a line of cancerous cells, which means they are able to divide indefinitely. HAP1 cells are a near-haploid cell line derived from the KBM-7 cell line. KBM-7 was found in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This cell line has a haploid karyotype except for chromosomes 8 and 15. It also possesses a reciprocal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18137809",
"score": "1.0202241",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Cell growth",
"text": "the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell. Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction. After meiotic cell reproduction the four daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes that the parental cell originally had. This is the haploid amount of DNA, often symbolized as N. Meiosis is used by diploid organisms to produce haploid gametes. In a diploid organism such as the human organism, most cells of the body have the diploid amount of DNA, 2N. Using this notation for counting chromosomes we say that human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes (2N",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2899125",
"score": "0.99662143",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Ploidy",
"text": "doubled monoploids or doubled haploids, which are homozygous and used for genetic research. Euploidy (Greek \"eu\", true or even) is the state of a cell or organism having one or more than one set of the same set of chromosomes, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes. For example, most human cells have 2 of each of the 23 homologous monoploid chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. A human cell with an extra set out of the 23 normal ones would be considered euploid. Euploid karyotypes would consequentially be a multiple of the haploid number, which in humans is 23. Aneuploidy",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "312810",
"score": "0.9513507",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Haplogroup",
"text": "A1 → A1a. In human genetics, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, each of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Mitochondria are small organelles that lie in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, such as those of humans. Their primary function is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5644076",
"score": "0.92967594",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Haploidisation",
"text": "Haploidisation Haploidisation is the process of halving the chromosomal content of a cell, creating a haploid cell. Within the normal reproductive cycle, haploidisation is one of the major functional consequences of meiosis, the other being a process of chromosomal crossover that mingles the genetic content of the parental chromosomes. Usually, haploidisation creates a monoploid cell from a diploid progenitor, or it can involve halving of a polyploid cell, for example to make a diploid potato plant from a tetraploid lineage of potato plants. If haploidisation is not followed by fertilisation, the result is a haploid lineage of cells. For example,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3021911",
"score": "0.9171082",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Doubled haploidy",
"text": "Doubled haploidy A doubled haploid (DH) is a genotype formed when haploid cells undergo chromosome doubling. Artificial production of doubled haploids is important in plant breeding. Haploid cells are produced from pollen or egg cells or from other cells of the gametophyte, then by induced or spontaneous chromosome doubling, a doubled haploid cell is produced, which can be grown into a doubled haploid plant. If the original plant was diploid, the haploid cells are monoploid, and the term doubled monoploid may be used for the doubled haploids. Haploid organisms derived from tetraploids or hexaploids are sometimes called dihaploids (and the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11221308",
"score": "0.91325116",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Haploidisation",
"text": "experimental haploidisation may be used to recover a strain of haploid \"Dictyostelium\" from a diploid strain. It sometimes occurs naturally in plants when meiotically reduced cells (usually egg cells) develop by parthenogenesis. Haploidisation was one of the procedures used by Japanese researchers to produce Kaguya, a fatherless mouse; two haploids were then combined to make the diploid mouse. Haploidisation commitment is a checkpoint in meiosis which follows the successful completion of premeiotic DNA replication and recombination commitment. Haploidisation Haploidisation is the process of halving the chromosomal content of a cell, creating a haploid cell. Within the normal reproductive cycle, haploidisation",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3021912",
"score": "0.91304386",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Biological life cycle",
"text": "or more haploid cells. Two opposite types of gametes (e.g., male and female) from these individuals or cells fuse to become a zygote. In the whole cycle, zygotes are the only diploid cell; mitosis occurs only in the haploid phase. The individuals or cells as a result of mitosis are haplonts, hence this life cycle is also called haplontic life cycle. Haplonts are: In gametic meiosis, instead of immediately dividing \"meiotically\" to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides \"mitotically\" to produce a multicellular diploid individual or a group of more unicellular diploid cells. Cells from the diploid individuals then undergo",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2122566",
"score": "0.90853655",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Meiosis",
"text": "by mitosis, developing into the haploid gametophyte generation, which then gives rise to gametes directly (i.e. without further meiosis). In both animals and plants, the final stage is for the gametes to fuse, restoring the original number of chromosomes. In females, meiosis occurs in cells known as oocytes (singular: oocyte). Each primary oocyte divides twice in meiosis, unequally in each case. The first division produces a daughter cell, and a much smaller polar body which may or may not undergo a second division. In meiosis II, division of the daughter cell produces a second polar body, and a single haploid",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "251350",
"score": "0.9081398",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "HAP1 cells",
"text": "it is unknown by which mechanism the reduction of chromosomes occurs. They can have less than 40 chromosomes and continue to function as neoplastic cells, however; encountering leukemic cells with less than 30 chromosomes, a near haploid number, is very rare. HAP1 cells are malignant neoplastic cells, also known as cancer cells. These cells are characterized primarily by uninhibited growth. As the rate of mitosis increases, defects in the nuclear spindles form, which results in atypical chromosomes, such as those found in HAP1 cells. Due to their irregular chromosomes, malignant cells are also morphologically different from healthy cells. These cells",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18137811",
"score": "0.901055",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Somatic cell",
"text": "diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism. (The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid.) Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes. In humans, this is 23 unpaired chromosomes. When two gametes (i.e. a spermatozoon and an ovum) meet during conception, they fuse together, creating a zygote. Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1662250",
"score": "0.8904537",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Molecular anthropology",
"text": "and thus the use of a single haploid loci can give a biased perspective. The X-chromosome is also a form of nuclear DNA. Since it is found as 1 copy in males and 2 non-identical chromosomes in females it has a ploidy of 1.5. However, in humans the effective ploidy is somewhat higher, ~1.7, as females in the breeding population have tended to outnumber males by 2:1 during a large portion of human prehistory. Like mtDNA, X-linked DNA tends to over emphasize female population history much more than male. There have been several studies of loci on X chromosome, in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6578247",
"score": "0.88757217",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Polyploidy",
"text": "the work for its potential medical applications and, in describing the results, became one of the first to use the word “clone” in reference to animals. Later work by Shinya Yamanaka showed how mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent, extending the possibilities to non-stem cells. Gurdon and Yamanaka were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 2012 for this work. True polyploidy rarely occurs in humans, although polyploid cells occur in highly differentiated tissue, such as liver parenchyma, heart muscle, placenta and in bone marrow. Aneuploidy is more common. Polyploidy occurs in humans in the form of triploidy, with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "725715",
"score": "0.8806349",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Sex",
"text": "the chromosomes of the mother and half of the father. Genetic traits are contained within the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of chromosomes—by combining one of each type of chromosomes from each parent, an organism is formed containing a doubled set of chromosomes. This double-chromosome stage is called \"diploid\", while the single-chromosome stage is \"haploid\". Diploid organisms can, in turn, form haploid cells (gametes) that randomly contain one of each of the chromosome pairs, via meiosis. Meiosis also involves a stage of chromosomal crossover, in which regions of DNA are exchanged between matched types of chromosomes, to form a new pair of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "364372",
"score": "0.8787557",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Aneuploidy",
"text": "Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any number of complete chromosome sets is called a \"euploid\" cell. An extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of genetic disorders, including some human birth defects. Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Aneuploidy originates during cell division when the chromosomes do not separate properly between the two cells. Most",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2076250",
"score": "0.8747933",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Haplotype",
"text": "Haplotype A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent. However, there are other uses of this term. First, it is used to mean a collection of specific alleles (that is, specific DNA sequences) in a cluster of tightly linked genes on a chromosome that are likely to be inherited together—that is, they are likely to be conserved as a sequence that survives the descent of many generations of reproduction. A second use is to mean a set of linked single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles that tend to always occur",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3004983",
"score": "0.87373817",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Human leukocyte antigen",
"text": "Africa, Arabia, S. Iran, Pakistan, and India. An HLA haplotype is a series of HLA \"genes\" (loci-alleles) by chromosome, one passed from the mother and one from the father. The phenotype exampled above is one of the more common in Ireland and is the result of two common genetic \"haplotypes\": A*01:01 ; C*07:01 ; B*08:01 ; DRB1*03:01 ; DQA1*05:01 ; DQB1*02:01 which is called ' 'super B8' ' or ' 'ancestral haplotype' ' and A*03:01 ; C*07:02 ; B*07:02 ; DRB1*15:01 ; DQA1*01:02 ; DQB1*06:02 These haplotypes can be used to trace migrations in the human population because they are",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2040786",
"score": "0.8725141",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Nuclear DNA",
"text": "mitochondrial DNA is haploid, coming only from the mother. The mutation rate for nuclear DNA is less than 0.3% while that of mitochondrial DNA is generally higher. Nuclear DNA is known as the molecule of life and contains the genetic instructions for the development of all living organisms. It is found in almost every cell in the human body, with exceptions such as red blood cells. Everyone has a unique genetic blueprint, even identical twins. Forensic departments such as the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are able to use techniques involving nuclear DNA to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4711220",
"score": "0.86933076",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Human reproductive system",
"text": "gametogenesis. This occurs when certain types of germ cells undergo meiosis to split the normal diploid number of chromosomes (n=46) into haploid cells containing only 23 chromosomes. In females, gametogenesis is known as oogenesis; this occurs in the ovarian follicles of the ovaries. This process does not produce mature ovum until puberty. In contrast with males, each of the original diploid germ cells or primary oocytes will form only one mature ovum, and three polar bodies which are not capable of fertilization. It has long been understood that in females, unlike males, all of the primary oocytes ever found in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5142870",
"score": "0.8688412",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Homologous chromosome",
"text": "their allelic forms since one was inherited from the mother and one from the father. So humans have two homologous chromosome sets in each cell, meaning humans are diploid organisms. Homologous chromosomes are important in the processes of meiosis and mitosis. They allow for the recombination and random segregation of genetic material from the mother and father into new cells. Meiosis is a round of two cell divisions that results in four haploid daughter cells that each contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It reduces the chromosome number in a germ cell by half by first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2088517",
"score": "0.8683419",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Mating of yeast",
"text": "regulated haploid-specific gene that is only activated in haploid cells during the G phase of the cell cycle. The protein encoded by the \"HO\" gene is a DNA endonuclease, which physically cleaves DNA, but only at the \"MAT\" locus (due to the DNA sequence specificity of the HO endonuclease). Once HO cuts the DNA at \"MAT\", exonucleases are attracted to the cut DNA ends and begin to degrade the DNA on both sides of the cut site. This DNA degradation by exonucleases eliminates the DNA which encoded the \"MAT\" allele; however, the resulting gap in the DNA is repaired by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6619629",
"score": "0.8677782",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Karyogamy",
"text": "egg's nucleus. The two pronuclei migrate toward each other and then fuse to form a diploid cell. Karyogamy Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei. Before karyogamy, each haploid cell has one complete copy of the organism's genome. In order for karyogamy to occur, the cell membrane and cytoplasm of each cell must fuse with the other in a process known as plasmogamy. Once within the joined cell membrane, the nuclei are referred to as pronuclei. Once the cell membranes, cytoplasm, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2984750",
"score": "0.86672395",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Human genetics",
"text": "determine allelic and genotype frequencies. In addition to nuclear DNA, humans (like almost all eukaryotes) have mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria, the \"power houses\" of a cell, have their own DNA. Mitochondria are inherited from one's mother, and their DNA is frequently used to trace maternal lines of descent (see mitochondrial Eve). Mitochondrial DNA is only 16kb in length and encodes for 62 genes. The XY sex-determination system is the sex-determination system found in humans, most other mammals, some insects (\"Drosophila\"), and some plants (\"Ginkgo\"). In this system, the sex of an individual is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes (gonosomes).",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4710847",
"score": "0.86507285",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Blood cell",
"text": "in the human body in that they lack a nucleus (although erythroblasts do have a nucleus). The condition of having too few red blood cells is known as anemia, while having too many is polycythemia. White blood cells or \"leukocytes\", are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. They are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. There are a variety of types of white bloods cells that serve",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "766144",
"score": "0.8637357",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Meiosis",
"text": "Meiosis Meiosis (; from Greek μείωσις, \"meiosis\", which means lessening) is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and fungi. Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities. In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells, each with half the number",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "251317",
"score": "0.8627889",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "BRCA1",
"text": "in humans and mice in primordial follicles. Primordial follicles contain oocytes that are at an intermediate (prophase I) stage of meiosis. Meiosis is the general process in eukaryotic organisms by which germ cells are formed, and it is likely an adaptation for removing DNA damages, especially double-strand breaks, from germ line DNA. (Also see article Meiosis). Homologous recombinational repair employing BRCA1 is especially promoted during meiosis. It was found that expression of 4 key genes necessary for homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks (\"BRCA1, MRE11, RAD51\" and \"ATM\") decline with age in the oocytes of humans and mice, leading",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2453345",
"score": "0.8617494",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Cell division",
"text": "Cell division Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. Homologous chromosomes are separated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "473710",
"score": "0.86077774",
"original_retrieval_index": 42
}
]
| {
"title": "Ploidy",
"long_answer": "The number of chromosomes found in a single complete set of chromosomes is called the monoploid number (x). The haploid number (n) is unique to gametes (sperm or egg cells), and refers to the total number of chromosomes found in a gamete, which under normal conditions is half the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The number of chromosomes found in a single complete set of chromosomes is called the monoploid number (x). The haploid number (n) is unique to gametes (sperm or egg cells), and refers to the total number of chromosomes found in a gamete, which under normal conditions is half the total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.",
"short_answers": [
"sperm or egg cells"
]
} |
form from material that has accumulated on the earths surface | [
"Sedimentary rock"
]
| [
{
"title": "Earth",
"text": "The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the crust. The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Earth",
"text": "Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on Earth's surface include quartz, feldspars, amphibole, mica, pyroxene and olivine. Common carbonate minerals include calcite (found in limestone) and dolomite. The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of at the top of Mount Everest. The mean height of land above sea level is about . The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's continental surface and is composed of soil",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "111088",
"score": "1.0035359",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Earth",
"text": "helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind. A crust formed when the molten outer layer of Earth cooled to form a solid. The two models that explain land mass propose either a steady growth to the present-day forms or, more likely, a rapid growth early in Earth history followed by a long-term steady continental area. Continents formed by plate tectonics, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. Over the period of hundreds of millions of years, the supercontinents have assembled and broken apart. Roughly (Mya), one of the earliest",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "111069",
"score": "0.9770878",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Rock (geology)",
"text": "form much of the continental crust. Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them having formed beneath the surface of Earth's crust. These have diverse properties, depending on their composition and the temperature and pressure conditions in which they were formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms or as chemical precipitates and organic growths in water (sedimentation). This process causes clastic sediments (pieces of rock) or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate, or for minerals to chemically precipitate (evaporite) from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1623638",
"score": "0.9655975",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Intrusive rock",
"text": "formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet. In contrast, an \"extrusion\" consists of extrusive rock; rock formed above the surface of the crust. Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons. Plutonic rocks form 7% of the Earth's current land surface. Coarse-grained intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the earth are called \"abyssal\" while those that form near the surface are called subvolcanic or \"hypabyssal\". Intrusive structures are often classified according to whether or not they are parallel to the bedding planes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3970701",
"score": "0.9652324",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Earth",
"text": "into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth taking 10– (Mys) to form. A subject of research is the formation of the Moon, some 4.53 Bya. A leading hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object, named Theia, hit Earth. In this view, the mass of Theia was approximately 10 percent of Earth, it hit Earth with a glancing blow",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "111067",
"score": "0.95534164",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Geological history of Earth",
"text": "afterwards, possibly as a result of the impact of a large planetoid with the Earth. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. More recent potassium isotopic studies suggest that the Moon was formed by a smaller, high-energy, high-angular-momentum giant impact cleaving off a significant portion of the Earth. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans. During the Hadean the Late Heavy Bombardment occurred",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10358315",
"score": "0.9379939",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Geological history of Earth",
"text": "years. During Hadean time (4.6–4 Ga), the Solar System was forming, probably within a large cloud of gas and dust around the sun, called an accretion disc from which Earth formed . The Hadean Eon is not formally recognized, but it essentially marks the era before we have adequate record of significant solid rocks. The oldest dated zircons date from about . Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10358314",
"score": "0.9356881",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Geological history of Earth",
"text": "crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as a result of the impact of a planetoid with the Earth. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans. As the surface continually reshaped itself over hundreds of millions of years, continents formed and broke apart. They migrated across the surface, occasionally combining to form a supercontinent. Roughly , the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, , then finally Pangaea, which broke apart . The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10358312",
"score": "0.9270239",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Earth",
"text": "chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda. Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "111079",
"score": "0.92411363",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Arsinoes Chaos",
"text": "layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18618980",
"score": "0.92082024",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Planetary differentiation",
"text": "dome-shaped forms called diapirs when doing so. On Earth, salt domes are salt diapirs in the crust which rise through surrounding rock. Diapirs of molten low-density silicate rocks such as granite are abundant in the Earth's upper crust. The hydrated, low-density serpentinite formed by alteration of mantle material at subduction zones can also rise to the surface as diapirs. Other materials do likewise: a low-temperature, near-surface example is provided by mud volcanos. On the Moon, a distinctive basaltic material has been found that is high in \"incompatible elements\" such as potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus and is often referred",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1870966",
"score": "0.9160068",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Earth science",
"text": "shielding some of the Earth's surface from cosmic rays—of which are often incorrectly thought to be deflected by the magnetic field. The magnetic field—created by the internal motions of the core—produces the magnetosphere which protects the Earth's atmosphere from the solar wind. As the Earth is 4.5 billion years old, it would have lost its atmosphere by now if there were no protective magnetosphere. An electromagnet is a magnet that is created by an electric current. The Earth has a solid iron inner core surrounded by fluid outer core that convects; therefore, the Earth is an electromagnet. The motion of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12790515",
"score": "0.91521585",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Nature",
"text": "of rocks has been deposited, the rock units can be deformed and/or metamorphosed. Deformation typically occurs as a result of horizontal shortening, horizontal extension, or side-to-side (strike-slip) motion. These structural regimes broadly relate to convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and transform boundaries, respectively, between tectonic plates. Earth is estimated to have formed 4.54 billion years ago from the solar nebula, along with the Sun and other planets. The moon formed roughly 20 million years later. Initially molten, the outer layer of the Earth cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, most",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "289884",
"score": "0.91095376",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Crust (geology)",
"text": "formed almost immediately after formation of the Moon. Magmatism continued after the period of intense meteorite impacts ended about 3.9 billion years ago, but igneous rocks younger than 3.9 billion years make up only a minor part of the crust. Crust (geology) In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be distinguished based on its phase (solid crust vs. liquid mantle). The crusts of Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1293854",
"score": "0.9086044",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Alkali metal",
"text": "matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements. The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98 kg. It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to planetary differentiation, the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9239",
"score": "0.9056394",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Origin of water on Earth",
"text": "ocean water removed most CO from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared. Study of zircons has found that liquid water must have existed as long ago as 4.404 ± 0.008 Ga, very soon after the formation of Earth. This requires the presence of an atmosphere. The cool early Earth theory covers a range from about 4.4 Ga to 4.0 Ga. In fact, recent studies of zircons (in the fall of 2008) found in Australian Hadean rock hold minerals that point to the existence of plate tectonics as early as 4 billion years ago.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7253572",
"score": "0.90475434",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Regolith",
"text": "just deposited) to hundreds of millions of years old (regolith of Precambrian age occurs in parts of Australia). Regolith on Earth originates from weathering and biological processes; if it contains a significant proportion of biological compounds it is more conventionally referred to as soil. People also call various types of earthly regolith by such names as dirt, dust, gravel, sand, and (when wet) mud. On Earth, the presence of regolith is one of the important factors for most life, since few plants can grow on or within solid rock and animals would be unable to burrow or build shelter without",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1647915",
"score": "0.90381086",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Spherical Earth",
"text": "most abundant heavier elements were iron and nickel, which now form the Earth's core. Though the surface rocks of the Earth have cooled enough to solidify, the outer core of the planet is still hot enough to remain liquid. Energy is still being released; volcanic and tectonic activity has pushed rocks into hills and mountains and blown them out of calderas. Meteors also create impact craters and surrounding ridges. However, if the energy release ceases from these processes, then they tend to erode away over time and return toward the lowest potential-energy curve of the ellipsoid. Weather powered by solar",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1777695",
"score": "0.90167654",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Lunar soil",
"text": "in the Taurus-Littrow valley by Apollo 17, and the green glass found at Hadley-Apennine by Apollo 15. Deposits of volcanic beads are also thought to be the origin of Dark Mantle Deposits (DMD) in other locations around the Moon. Lunar soil is composed of various types of particles including rock fragments, mono-mineralic fragments, and various kinds of glasses including agglutinate particles and volcanic and impact spherules. The agglutinates form at the lunar surface by micrometeorite impacts that cause small-scale melting which fuses adjacent materials together with tiny specks of metallic iron (Fe) embedded in each dust particle’s glassy shell. Over",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9035284",
"score": "0.90042293",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Spherical Earth",
"text": "sphere gets deformed into an ellipsoid, which represents the shape having the lowest potential energy for a rotating, fluid body. This ellipsoid is slightly fatter around the equator than a perfect sphere would be. Earth's shape is also slightly lumpy because it is composed of different materials of different densities that exert slightly different amounts of gravitational force per volume. The liquidity of a hot, newly formed planet allows heavier elements to sink down to the middle and forces lighter elements closer to the surface, a process known as planetary differentiation. This event is known as the iron catastrophe; the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1777694",
"score": "0.8974328",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Basalt",
"text": "to the origin of life. On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by decompression melting of the mantle. Basalt commonly erupts on Io (the third largest moon of Jupiter), and has also formed on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and the asteroid Vesta. The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are composed predominantly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below, the ocean ridges. Basalt is one of the most common rock types in the world. Basalt is the rock most typical of large igneous provinces. The largest occurrences of basalt are in the ocean floor that is almost completely made up",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "540450",
"score": "0.8968113",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Solar System",
"text": "of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. The Nice model is an explanation for the creation of these regions and how the outer planets could have formed in different positions and migrated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "370822",
"score": "0.89588296",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Lunae Palus quadrangle",
"text": "in the U.S. Southwest. Such crusts are formed by solutions of minerals moving up through soil and evaporating at the surface. The soil resembled those produced from the weathering of basaltic lavas. The tested soil contained abundant silicon and iron, along with significant amounts of magnesium, aluminum, sulfur, calcium, and titanium. Trace elements, strontium and yttrium, were detected. The amount of potassium was five times lower than the average for the Earth's crust. Some chemicals in the soil contained sulfur and chlorine that were like those remaining after the evaporation of sea water. Sulfur was more concentrated in the crust",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13038123",
"score": "0.895385",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Rock (geology)",
"text": "are homogeneous solids formed from a chemical compound arranged in an orderly manner. The aggregate minerals forming the rock are held together by chemical bonds. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in which it was formed. Many rocks contain silica (SiO); a compound of silicon and oxygen that forms 74.3% of the Earth's crust. This material forms crystals with other compounds in the rock. The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties. Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1623634",
"score": "0.89480627",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Planetary surface",
"text": "Planetary surface A planetary surface is where the solid (or liquid) material of the outer crust on certain types of astronomical objects contacts the atmosphere or outer space. Planetary surfaces are found on solid objects of planetary mass, including terrestrial planets (including Earth), dwarf planets, natural satellites, planetesimals and many other small Solar System bodies (SSSBs). The study of planetary surfaces is a field of planetary geology known as surface geology, but also a focus of a number of fields including planetary cartography, topography, geomorphology, atmospheric sciences, and astronomy. Land (or ground) is the term given to non-liquid planetary surfaces.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16280636",
"score": "0.89222056",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Earth",
"text": "winds is called the geoid. More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level. Earth's mass is approximately (5,970 Yg). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides:",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "111078",
"score": "0.89200544",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "History of Earth",
"text": "one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen. Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism. While Earth was in its earliest stage (Early Earth), a giant impact collision with a planet-sized body named Theia is thought to have formed the Moon. Over time, the Earth cooled, causing the formation of a solid crust, and allowing liquid water on the surface. The Hadean eon represents the time",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5345759",
"score": "0.89157796",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Crust (geology)",
"text": "\"Theia\" is thought to have collided with the forming Earth, and part of the material ejected into space by the collision accreted to form the Moon. As the Moon formed, the outer part of it is thought to have been molten, a “lunar magma ocean.” Plagioclase feldspar crystallized in large amounts from this magma ocean and floated toward the surface. The cumulate rocks form much of the crust. The upper part of the crust probably averages about 88% plagioclase (near the lower limit of 90% defined for anorthosite): the lower part of the crust may contain a higher percentage of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1293851",
"score": "0.8907759",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "History of Earth",
"text": "(metallic) core only 10 million years after the Earth began to form, producing the layered structure of Earth and setting up the formation of Earth's magnetic field. J. A. Jacobs was the first to suggest that the inner core—a solid center distinct from the liquid outer core—is freezing and growing out of the liquid outer core due to the gradual cooling of Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years). The first eon in Earth's history, the \"Hadean\", begins with the Earth's formation and is followed by the \"Archean\" eon at 3.8 Ga. The oldest rocks found on Earth",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5345769",
"score": "0.89077306",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Earth",
"long_answer": "The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the crust. The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on Earth's surface include quartz, feldspars, amphibole, mica, pyroxene and olivine. Common carbonate minerals include calcite (found in limestone) and dolomite.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the crust. The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate",
"short_answers": [
"Sedimentary rock"
]
} |
when is the last time the new york giants won the super bowl | [
"(2011"
]
| [
{
"title": "New York Giants",
"text": "is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "New York Giants",
"text": "Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21–17. The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38-yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham. As in Super Bowl XLII, Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP, defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl. Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game-winning touchdown by falling into the end zone. The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining. When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw, he told him not to score. Bradshaw was about to fall",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "289094",
"score": "1.0317944",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "History of the New York Giants (1994–present)",
"text": "Burress hauled in the game-winning touchdown pass with 35 seconds left to play to give the Giants their first Super Bowl win since 1990. This game was also a rematch of their final regular season game, in which the Patriots came back from a 12-point deficit to finish the regular season 16–0. A parade was held in the Canyon of Heroes of Lower Manhattan two days after the win, followed by a victory rally across the Hudson River inside Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Giants won their Division again in 2008, with a record of 12–4 and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9936818",
"score": "1.009238",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "1986 New York Giants season",
"text": "Peter King. \"They were screaming and hooting and raising hell—happier than they had been all year.\" In week 12, in what would turn out to be a preview of Super Bowl XXI, veteran defensive end George Martin (at 34 the oldest player on the team) intercepted a pass from Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway and returned it 78 yards for a touchdown before being tackled from behind in the end zone by a celebrating Lawrence Taylor. Then in the final two minutes of the game, Simms hit fan–favorite Phil McConkey for a 46-yard pass. This led to another game-winning kick",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10245008",
"score": "1.0069447",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "History of the New York Giants (1979–93)",
"text": "became the game's signature moment, Norwood's attempt missed wide right, and the Giants won their second Super Bowl, 20–19. The Giants set a Super Bowl record for time of possession with a mark of 40:33, and Ottis Anderson was named MVP of the game after rushing for 102 yards and a touchdown. The 1990 season and Super Bowl win marked the end of an era for the Giants. Parcells had grown restless as coach of the Giants and yearned for complete control of the team. Knowing that he would not get that opportunity with George Young as GM, Parcells decided",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9886447",
"score": "1.0066308",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "History of the New York Giants (1994–present)",
"text": "NFC top seed Dallas Cowboys, winning their ninth consecutive road game. In the NFC championship, kicker Lawrence Tynes made a final field goal for a 23–20 overtime win over the Packers in Green Bay. This made the Giants 4–0 in NFC championship games, and they advanced to Super Bowl XLII. In Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots 17–14. The biggest play of the game was on third down on the Giants 44-yard line with 1:15 remaining. They were down 14–10 After the snap, Manning ran back and was surrounded by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9936816",
"score": "1.0061214",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI",
"text": "left in the third quarter. On the second play of the fourth quarter, the first turnover of the game occurred when Giants linebacker Chase Blackburn picked off a deep Brady pass at the New York 8-yard line. New York then drove to the Patriots' 43-yard line, but were stopped there and had to punt. New England took the ball back at their own eight-yard line with less than ten minutes in the fourth quarter. With 4:06 left in the game, New England snapped the ball at the Giants' 44-yard line on 2nd-and-11 and Tom Brady threw to an uncovered Wes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7002522",
"score": "1.0036514",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "2011 New York Giants season",
"text": "defeated by the Pittsburgh Steelers. Additionally, upon defeating the Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI the Giants became the first NFC East Division champion to win the Super Bowl since the Dallas Cowboys in 1995 (the Giants were a Wild Card team when they won Super Bowl XLII). Some news organizations, among them \"The St. Louis Post-Dispatch\", said that the Giants' victory in the Super Bowl made them NFL's version of the 2011 World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals, saying that these two championship teams that had been given the last rites by many near the end of the season, emerged",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15096448",
"score": "1.0017169",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "History of the New York Giants",
"text": "game, 17–3 over the defending champion 49ers. It was New York's first postseason win at home since 1958, and their first ever at Giants Stadium. In the divisional playoffs, they lost 21–0 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears. Many of the players that would play key roles on New York's Super Bowl teams emerged in 1985. Joe Morris became the feature back, running for 1,338 yards, scoring 21 touchdowns, and making the Pro Bowl. Second-year receiver Lionel Manuel led the Giants with 49 receptions, and rookie tight end Mark Bavaro had 37 catches. Simms threw every pass for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7550213",
"score": "1.0005245",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "History of the New York Giants (1994–present)",
"text": "a cloud of defenders. Escaping three near sacks, he made a miraculous pass to David Tyree, who caught the ball against his own helmet, while being covered by veteran defender Rodney Harrison. This set up the Giants' final touchdown to win. Eli Manning was named MVP, completing 19 of 34 passes for 255 yards along with two touchdowns. The Giants pulled off one of the biggest upsets in Super Bowl history by handing the New England Patriots their first loss of the season and preventing them from becoming only the second team in the Super Bowl era to finish undefeated.Plaxico",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9936817",
"score": "0.9978372",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "2013 New York Giants season",
"text": "marked the first time the Giants went 0–6 in their first six games since 1976. The Giants became the first team in NFL history to have a five-year era in which they won the Super Bowl in the third year of the era but missed the playoffs in all other years. Five other teams had similar situations where their lone playoff appearances in \"any\" five-year stretch were Super Bowl victories; however four of these were won on their fifth year of that stretch: The San Francisco 49ers won their Super Bowl on their fourth year of their stretch from 1978",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16977326",
"score": "0.99719274",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "2012 New York Giants season",
"text": "back with running back Ahmad Bradshaw's 10-yard touchdown run, but the Cowboys answered with kicker Dan Bailey making a 33-yard field goal. Dallas came right back in the fourth quarter with Romo completing a 34-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Miles Austin. The Giants tried to rally as Super Bowl XLVI MVP quarterback Eli Manning completed a 9-yard touchdown pass to tight end Martellus Bennett, but the Cowboys' offense ran out the clock and preserved the win. With the loss, New York began its season at 0–1 and became the first defending Super Bowl Champion team to lose a regular",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16181175",
"score": "0.99666536",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "History of the New York Giants (1979–93)",
"text": "Bowl. Second year receiver Lionel Manuel led the Giants with 49 catches, and tight end Mark Bavaro had 37 catches in his first season. Simms again threw every pass for the Giants that season, passing for over 3,800 yards, and 22 touchdowns. Taylor, Marshall, and Martin combined for 38.5 sacks. The Giants entered the 1986 season as one of the favorites to win the Super Bowl. They had their first test in the opening week \"Monday Night Football\" game against the defending Eastern Division champion Dallas Cowboys. They lost 31–28 at Texas Stadium, when Herschel Walker scored on a 10",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9886419",
"score": "0.99484533",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XXXV",
"text": "ever in a Super Bowl), recorded 4 sacks, and forced 5 turnovers. All 16 of the Giants' possessions ended with punts or interceptions, with the exception of the last one, which ended when time expired in the game. New York's lone touchdown, a 97-yard kickoff return, was quickly answered by Baltimore on an 84-yard touchdown return on the ensuing kickoff. The Giants became the first team since the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII to not score an offensive touchdown and the fifth overall (joining the Bengals as well as the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX, the Washington Redskins",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "395022",
"score": "0.9924872",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "2008 New York Giants season",
"text": "ending their season. The Giants qualified for the postseason for the fourth consecutive year, marking the first time in club history that they had accomplished that. This was also the first time that the Giants made the playoffs the year after making the Super Bowl, after missing the playoffs in 1987 (following win in Super Bowl XXI), 1991 (following win in Super Bowl XXV), and 2001 (following loss in Super Bowl XXXV). The 2008 Giants became the fifth team in NFL history with two players to rush for more than 1,000 yards: Brandon Jacobs (1,089) and Derrick Ward (1,025). This",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11522938",
"score": "0.9922507",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI",
"text": "Two plays later, New England called their second timeout with 1:03 left after Bradshaw's one-yard run gave New York a 2nd down and goal on the six-yard line. With the Patriots down to their last timeout and ahead by two points, 17–15, the possibility existed that the Giants would run a play to stop short of the goal line, which would have forced the Patriots to use that timeout to stop the clock on any of the last two plays. The Giants could run the clock down, allow Tynes—who had not missed under 30 yards in four years—to kick a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7002525",
"score": "0.9903577",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "History of the New York Giants",
"text": "New York for the second consecutive season, and passed for over 3,800 yards. Defensive end Leonard Marshall recorded 15.5 sacks, and Taylor added 13. New York entered the 1986 season as one of the favorites to win the Super Bowl. They had their first test in a Monday Night game against the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys. They lost at Texas Stadium, 31–28. However, they won their next five in a row and 14 of their last 15, to finish the season with a 14–2 record. One of the signature plays of the season occurred during a Monday Night",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7550214",
"score": "0.99027956",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "1958 NFL Championship Game",
"text": "win over the defending champion Detroit Lions on December 7. In that game, New York fell behind late when the offense lost a fumble that was returned for a touchdown. Later on, however, the Giants stopped Detroit punter Yale Lary on a fake punt attempt and drove for the go-ahead score. They then secured the win by blocking a Lions field goal attempt as time expired in the game. In the final game of the regular season, the Giants defeated the Cleveland Browns with Pat Summerall's game-winning 49-yard field goal on the final play (the longest field goal made in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6332889",
"score": "0.9897659",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "2007 New York Giants season",
"text": "XLII. There, they defeated the heavily favored and previously undefeated 18–0 New England Patriots and spoiled their perfect season. The 2007 New York Giants became the 9th wild card team in NFL history to reach the Super Bowl and the 5th wild card team to win the Super Bowl, and the very first NFC wild card to accomplish the feat. They were the third team in history to win three road playoff games en route to a Super Bowl and set a league record for most consecutive road wins in a single season (11), though the Super Bowl is played",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9864142",
"score": "0.9861288",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "2006 New York Giants season",
"text": "the year, he hit on 57.7% of his passes, a near five percent improvement from 2005. Because the St. Louis Rams, the Carolina Panthers and the Houston Texans won their games the following day, the Giants clinched the strength of victory tiebreaker over the Green Bay Packers to clinch the final playoff spot in the NFC. The Giants became the eighth team in NFL history to make the playoffs with an 8–8 record. The Giants were defeated on a last second, 38-yard field goal by the Philadelphia Eagles' David Akers in their first round playoff game to finish the 2006",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8727466",
"score": "0.98586655",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XLVII",
"text": "The last time a metropolitan area won the World Series and Super Bowl in the same season was when the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series followed by the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXIX (and the Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVIII earlier in 2004). As the 49ers – who were attempting to join the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers as the only teams to win a Super Bowl in three different decades – were the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, San Francisco elected to wear their red jerseys, which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7167385",
"score": "0.9843986",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "2011 New York Giants season",
"text": "to defeat the Cowboys 31–14, clinching the divisional title and a playoff berth. In the playoffs, the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons, Green Bay Packers, and the San Francisco 49ers to win the NFC championship. The Giants defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI, which was a rematch of Super Bowl XLII from 4 years earlier in which the Giants defeated the previously undefeated Patriots. As in 2007, 1990, and 1986, the Giants played their eventual Super Bowl opponent during the regular season. The Giants also played the Packers and 49ers during the season, losing both games in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15096446",
"score": "0.9840442",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "2008 New York Giants season",
"text": "in the game, but couldn't recover an onside kick and the Eagles won the game. Despite falling to 11–2, the Giants clinched the NFC East title when the Dallas Cowboys lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 20–13. The second-to-last NFL game ever to be played at Texas Stadium was a defensive struggle that featured the Giants' weakest offensive showing of the year. Brandon Jacobs was sidelined with a knee injury, crippling New York's running game; Derrick Ward started in his place. The Cowboys scored first, on a 34-yard touchdown pass from Tony Romo to Patrick Crayton early in the second quarter.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11522967",
"score": "0.98376024",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XLII",
"text": "license plate and issued a proclamation declaring the day \"New York Giants Super Bowl Champions Day\" throughout the state of New York. Following the parade, the Giants held two victory rallies: one at New York's City Hall and another one two hours later at Giants Stadium in the New Jersey Meadowlands. After scoring a combined 73 points in their regular season meeting, the teams scored a mere 10 points by the end of the third quarter, with the Patriots leading 7–3. The Patriots' record-setting offense gave up five sacks and one lost fumble, while the Giants' offense managed only five",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4243449",
"score": "0.9836185",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "1978 New York Giants season",
"text": "19, 1978 NFL game against the New York Giants in Giants Stadium. It was seen as miraculous because it occurred at a point in the game when the Giants were easily capable of running out the game's final seconds. The Giants had the ball, and the Eagles had no timeouts left. Everyone watching expected quarterback Joe Pisarcik to take one more snap and kneel with the ball, thus running out the clock and preserving a 17–12 Giant upset. Instead, he attempted to hand it off to fullback Larry Csonka and botched it, allowing Edwards to pick up the ball and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11779727",
"score": "0.98351455",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "1990–91 NFL playoffs",
"text": "1981 and 1984 and New York in 1985 and 1986. The Giants were seeking their first trip to the Super Bowl since they won Super Bowl XXI, while the 49ers were looking to join the Miami Dolphins as the only other team to advance to three consecutive Super Bowls. Exactly six years after winning his second ring in four years, 49ers quarterback Joe Montana was aiming to play for (and, the 49ers hoped, to win) his fifth ring in ten years. Following their win over Chicago, Giants coach Bill Parcells mentioned travel arrangements in a team meeting during the week.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4709757",
"score": "0.98142606",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI",
"text": "which the NFC team won the coin toss. New York opened the game with a drive to the Patriots 33-yard line, threatening to score first. After giving up a 19-yard reception to Giants wide receiver Hakeem Nicks, New England's defense stepped up to prevent a score: defensive lineman Brandon Deaderick sacked Eli Manning for a 2-yard loss, then Giants running back Ahmad Bradshaw was tackled behind the line of scrimmage on a blitz by Patriots cornerback Kyle Arrington. On third down, New England defensive end Mark Anderson sacked Manning, pushing the Giants out of field goal range and forcing a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7002516",
"score": "0.9813292",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "1990 New York Giants season",
"text": "1990 New York Giants season The 1990 New York Giants season was one of the most successful seasons in team history. The Giants, who play in the National Football Conference (NFC) of the National Football League (NFL), won their sixth championship and second Super Bowl. Led by linebacker Lawrence Taylor and quarterbacks Phil Simms and Jeff Hostetler, the Giants posted a 13–3 record before defeating the Chicago Bears and the two-time defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco 49ers in the NFC playoffs. In Super Bowl XXV, they defeated the Buffalo Bills 20–19 in Tampa Stadium against a patriotic backdrop inspired",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10279743",
"score": "0.9799862",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI",
"text": "lead in the third quarter. But the Giants prevented the Patriots from scoring again, and two consecutive New York field goals chipped away New England's lead, 17–15, late in the third quarter. The Giants capped off an 88-yard drive with running back Ahmad Bradshaw's 6-yard game-winning touchdown with 57 seconds left in the game. Eli Manning, who completed 30 of 40 passes for 296 yards, one touchdown, and no interceptions, was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in his career. He became the third consecutive quarterback to win the award after Aaron Rodgers in Super Bowl XLV and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7002474",
"score": "0.9795134",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "2007 New York Giants season",
"text": "on a neutral field rather than an opponent's stadium. It was the 7th league championship season for the New York Giants and their first since they won Super Bowl XXV in 1991. 2007 marked the third consecutive season that the Giants made the playoffs, which was only the second time that had happened since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 (New York accomplished this feat in 1984, 1985, and 1986 and won the Super Bowl in the last of those three years). Tom Coughlin joined Bill Parcells (who led the team to the playoffs five times), Steve Owen, and Allie Sherman",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9864143",
"score": "0.97945046",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "New York Giants",
"long_answer": "The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925, and is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players, including NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winners Mel Hein, Frank Gifford, Y. A. Tittle, and Lawrence Taylor.",
"chunked_long_answer": "is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured",
"short_answers": [
"(2011"
]
} |
nickname given to railroad executives due to shady practices of their businesses | [
"Robber baron",
"Robber Barons"
]
| [
{
"title": "Robber baron (industrialist)",
"text": "\"Robber baron\" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "George Francis Train",
"text": "been involved for several years, despite the advice of Vanderbilt, who told him it would never work. Forming a finance company called Credit Foncier of America, Train made a fortune from real estate when the transcontinental railway opened up settlement and development of huge swathes of western America, including large amounts of land in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Omaha and Columbus, Nebraska. He was responsible for building the Cozzens Hotel and founding Train Town in pioneer Omaha. Train was noted for having created the Crédit Mobilier in 1864, which he started specifically to finance the Union Pacific. While appearing to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2004396",
"score": "1.0597653",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Darius Miller (railroad president)",
"text": "president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q). He was appointed president of both the CB&Q (succeeding George Harris) and the Colorado and Southern Railway in 1910. In 1913 Miller drafted sample legislation against trespassing on railroad property, which he then submitted to the governors and railroad commissions of the states through which the CB&Q operated. Miller cited a total of 51,083 deaths following trespassing on railroad property in 1911 as part of the reasoning behind the sample legislation; he proposed fines ranging from $10 to $100 or jail terms of up to 30 days per infraction. After his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17702312",
"score": "1.0375893",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "First Transcontinental Railroad",
"text": "formed independent companies to complete the project, and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures. This self-dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies. In the west, the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company, the \"Contract and Finance Company.\" In the east, the Union Pacific selected a foreign name, calling their construction firm \"Crédit Mobilier of America.\" The latter company was later implicated in a far-reaching scandal, described later. Many of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "470694",
"score": "1.0302372",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Train Town",
"text": "Train Town Train Town, today called the Credit Foncier Addition, was a suburb of Omaha, Nebraska owned by noted eccentric Union Pacific promoter George Francis Train's company called Credit Foncier of America. The area was 20 blocks by 20 blocks, which was approximately the size of Omaha at the time. It was located from Pierce Street southward to what is now the path of I-80, and from the Missouri River on the west to 20th Street. Train bought the tract of land on what was then the southern edge of Omaha, and frequently claimed to own in the city. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11824518",
"score": "1.0297515",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Railroad shopmen",
"text": "basis. A situation of uneasiness and distrust existed on some railway lines between the centralized management of the company and the employees at the various local shops. The theft of brass and copper was perceived by some lines as commonplace; others saw periodic scandals in which company workers worked on their own personal projects on company time and with company raw materials, or in which local foremen absconded with company lumber and labor to improve their own homes. Railroad shopmen Railroad shopmen were employees of railroad companies charged with the construction, repair, and maintenance of the company's rolling stock. At",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17267078",
"score": "1.0194387",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "John W. Snow",
"text": "became prevalent. This is a common practice used by railroads to improve the bottom line for investors while the tracks themselves fall into disrepair. Miles of mainline were subjected to slow orders as a result, increasing the need for more locomotives and rail cars, and thus costing the company more money. CSX was forced to lease hundreds of locomotives to make up the difference further adding to the increased costs. This practice ended with Snow's successor, Michael Ward. Part of CSX, CSX Lines was sold to The Carlyle Group, early in 2003. After Snow left the company for the White",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1733952",
"score": "1.0172925",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Crédit Mobilier of America scandal",
"text": "of America was a deliberate attempt to present, falsely, both to the government of the United States and to the general public the appearance that a corporate enterprise, independent of the Union Pacific Rail Road and its principal officers, had been impartially chosen by the Union Pacific Railroad's officers and directors to be the principal construction contractor and construction management firm for the Union Pacific Rail Road project. It was created by the officers of the Union Pacific to shield the companies's shareholders and management from the then common charge that they were using the construction phase of the Union",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2630832",
"score": "1.0172213",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Crédit Mobilier of America scandal",
"text": "Pacific project, as opposed to the operating phase of carrying passengers and freight, to line their pockets with profits. As the fraudsters believed that profits could not be generated from the operation of the railroad, they created a sham company to charge the U.S. government extortionate fees and expenses during construction of the line. In simplified terms, the Crédit Mobilier scheme worked in the following manner: The Union Pacific made contracts with Crédit Mobilier to build the Union Pacific railway at rates significantly above cost. These construction contracts brought high profits to the Crédit Mobilier, which was owned by Durant",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2630833",
"score": "1.0134443",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Gale B. Aydelott",
"text": "traveling to Omaha, Nebraska, as president of the Union Pacific Railroad. Perlman's career nearly came to an end in the wake of the unsuccessful Penn Central Transportation Company merger of the New York Central and the Pennsy, which in 1970 resulted in the largest bankruptcy in the U.S. to that time. However, Perlman was brought in to resuscitate the ailing Western Pacific Railroad. The legacy of these three careers came full circle in a series of mergers. In 1983 the former owners (circa 1924) of the Rio Grande, the Western Pacific and the Missouri Pacific, were merged into Kenefick's Union",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16153875",
"score": "1.0123708",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "History of rail transport in the United States",
"text": "Vanderbilt and Jay Gould became wealthy through railroad ownerships, as large railroad companies such as the Grand Trunk Railway and the Southern Pacific Transportation Company spanned several states. In response to monopolistic practices and other excesses of some railroads and their owners, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act and created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1887. The ICC indirectly controlled the business activities of the railroads through the issuance of extensive regulations. Morgan set up conferences in 1889 and 1890 that brought together railroad presidents in order to help the industry follow the new laws and write agreements for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2955396",
"score": "1.0093333",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "George Francis Train",
"text": "be a separate, independent company which Union Pacific hired, Crédit Mobilier was staffed by the same officers as the railroad. Train and others created a structure that allowed them to realize outsize profits during the construction of the railroad. The story about the scam and Congressional graft was broken in 1872 by \"The Sun,\" a New York newspaper opposed to the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant for president. Eventually the scandals resulted in Congressional and executive federal investigations which implicated numerous congressmen, including James Garfield. Denying the charges, Garfield was elected as president. In 1872, Train ran for President of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2004397",
"score": "1.0085423",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Credit Foncier of America",
"text": "Foncier was named after Credit Foncier de France. Along with support from businessman Cyrus McCormick, Omaha banker Augustus Kountze was among the original \"special commissioners\" appointed by the Legislature to form the company. The company is said to have been organized to \"profitably dispose\" of the Union Pacific's land grant acreage. The company owned almost 5000 lots in Omaha; 1000 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and several hundred in Columbus, Nebraska, along with other land along the Union Pacific mainline. Train once explained, \"One of my plans was the creation of a chain of great towns across the continent, connecting Boston",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11818936",
"score": "1.007699",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Fuller Syndicate",
"text": "Fuller Syndicate The Fuller Syndicate was a group of American financiers that invested in railroads in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The group was organized by investor Edward Laton Fuller, President of the International Salt Company, and led by George Jay Gould I. Gould, the President of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and the Missouri Pacific Railroad, had acquired control of several railroad companies in an attempt to build a transcontinental rail network c. 1900. \"(See Gould transcontinental system.)\" Other members of the syndicate included Myron T. Herrick, former Governor of Ohio and U.S. Ambassador to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13778114",
"score": "1.0071031",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Hale Holden",
"text": "Executives. In the 1920s, Holden advocated, including testifying before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1922 and 1923, for the consolidation of the railroads in the western United States into four large systems: the Hill railroads (which included Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railroad and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad), Union Pacific Railroad, Santa Fe Railroad, and Southern Pacific Railroad. In 1929, leaving the CB&Q again (to be succeeded by Frederick E. Williamson), Holden became chairman of the executive committee for Southern Pacific Railroad (succeeding Henry deForest); he was promoted to chairman of the Southern Pacific in 1932, and finally retired",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17717780",
"score": "1.0040317",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Charles T. Hinde",
"text": "railroads after the post-Civil War replacement of the rail lines, and after a brief episode of poor health in 1870, Hinde sold his interests in the river navigation business and turned his attention to railroads. He went to Louisville, Kentucky, to rest, and by chance became a shipping agent for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company through his close relationship with several company executives. Hinde secured various contracts for hauling grain, a business he may have gained some insight into from his brother Edmund C. Hinde (1830–1909), who was then active in the grain business in their hometown of Mount",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16218246",
"score": "1.0027223",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Rail transportation in the United States",
"text": "bankruptcy filing of the Penn Central, the dominant railroad in the Northeast U.S., on June 21, 1970. Under the Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970, Congress created the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (NRPC) to subsidize and oversee the operation of intercity passenger trains. The Act provided that The original working brand name for NRPC was \"Railpax\", which eventually became \"Amtrak\". At the time, many Washington insiders viewed the corporation as a face-saving way to give passenger trains the one \"last hurrah\" demanded by the public, but expected that the NRPC would quietly disappear in a few years as public interest",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5191112",
"score": "1.0012876",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Charles Moran (railroad executive)",
"text": "all extended commerce, the banking system of a country should be so constituted as to come to the rescue of a credit destroyed by injudicious investments in times of overtrading and speculation...\" This article incorporates public domain material from ; and other public domain material from books and/or websites. Charles Moran (railroad executive) Charles Moran (October 31, 1811 – July 22, 1895) was an American business man and president of the Erie Railroad from 1857 to 1859. Charles Moran was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1811. He came to New York City while a young man and engaged in business,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17861218",
"score": "0.9980223",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Crédit Mobilier of America scandal",
"text": "a time when no traffic (freight or passenger) was being carried. Any audit of the Union Pacific and its invoices to the U.S. government would have revealed no evidence of fraud or profiteering. Union Pacific was accepting for payment genuine Crédit Mobilier invoices and was applying an auditable overhead expense for management and administration (of the Union Pacific) during construction of the railroad. The underlying fraud of a common and unified ownership of the two companies, as regards their principal officers and directors, was not revealed for years. Nor was it revealed that in every major construction contract drawn up",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2630838",
"score": "0.99650115",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "William Wallace Atterbury",
"text": "that were assigned to the U.S. Army for maintenance and operation. The troops in France gave him the nickname of \"General Attaboy\" and he was also known as \"The Railroad General.\" Atterbury was discharged from military service on May 31, 1919, and returned to civilian life in Pennsylvania. In 1920 Atterbury resumed his career with the Pennsylvania Railroad as vice president in charge of operations. On October 1, 1925, he succeeded Samuel Rea to become the tenth president of the railroad company, a position he held until 1935. During Atterbury's tenure as company president, the Pennsylvania Railroad undertook a $250",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4631648",
"score": "0.9959811",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Ida Tarbell",
"text": "the South Improvement Company scheme (circa 1872) between the railroads and more substantial oil interests. Later, Tarbell would vividly recall this event in her writing, in which she accused the leaders of the Standard Oil Company of using unfair tactics to put her father and many small oil companies out of business. The South Improvement Company secretly worked with the railroads to raise the rates on oil shipment for independent oil men. The members of South Improvement Company received discounts and rebates to offset the rates and put the independents out of business. Franklin Tarbell participated against the South Improvement",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1606527",
"score": "0.9957576",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Reading Company",
"text": "mid-19th century. This led to financial trouble in the 1870s. In 1890, Reading president Archibald A. McLeod saw that more riches could be earned by expanding its rail network and becoming a trunk railroad. McLeod went about trying to control neighboring railroads in 1891. He was able to gain control of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Central Railroad of New Jersey, and the Boston and Maine Railroad. The Reading almost achieved its goal of becoming a trunk road, but the deal was scuttled by J.P.Morgan and other rail barons, who did not want more competition in the northeastern railroad business. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3729847",
"score": "0.99430335",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Norfolk Southern Railway",
"text": "to form a government-financed corporation. Conrail was perhaps the most controversial conglomerate in corporate history. Penn Central itself was created by merging three venerable rivals — the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR, 1846), the New York Central Railroad (NYC, 1831), and the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad (NYNH&H, 1872) — as well as some smaller competitors. In 1980, Conrail had become profitable after the Staggers Act largely deregulated the U.S. railroad industry. Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation have a duopoly over all east-west freight rail traffic east of the Mississippi River. According to NS's 2015 Annual Report to Investors, at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2229224",
"score": "0.9920545",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Rail transportation in the United States",
"text": "their profitable freight services. The National Association of Railroad Passengers (NARP) was formed in 1967 to lobby for the continuation of passenger trains. Its lobbying efforts were hampered somewhat by Democratic opposition to any sort of rail subsidies to the privately owned railroads, and Republican opposition to nationalization of the railroad industry. The proponents were aided by the fact that few in the federal government wanted to be held responsible for the seemingly inevitable extinction of the passenger train, which most regarded as tantamount to political suicide. The urgent need to solve the passenger train disaster was heightened by the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5191111",
"score": "0.98849446",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Pan Am Railways",
"text": "and longer hauls. In 1977, Timothy Mellon, heir of the wealthy and influential Mellon family of Guilford, Connecticut, teamed up with ex-Penn Central employee David Fink to form Perma Treat, a railroad tie treatment company. Mellon wanted to acquire a railroad and considered several: Illinois Central Railroad and the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad. None of those acquisitions happened, but Mellon's interest in railroads continued. The passage of the Staggers Rail Act in 1980 allowed Mellon and Fink to execute a business plan (unlike those of earlier railroads in the region), centering on buying up as many local railroads as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4827840",
"score": "0.98698634",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Staggers Rail Act",
"text": "have as much effect as the others mentioned. The act was named for Harley Staggers (D-WV), who chaired the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Although it is traditional for laws to be known by the names of their sponsors, it is believed to be the first case in which the sponsor's name was officially incorporated into the text of a federal statute. Studies of the rail industry showed dramatic benefits for both railroads and their users from the alteration to the regulatory system. According to studies by the Department of Transportation's Freight Management and Operations, railroad industry costs and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "762168",
"score": "0.98635775",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Otelia B. Mahone",
"text": "and Petersburg Railroad. He became president of the South Side Railroad in late 1865, and was instrumental in combining the N&P and South Side Railroad with the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to form the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad in 1870. Otelia and William moved to Lynchburg, Virginia, headquarters of the A,M & O, whose initials were said to stand for \"All Mine and Otelia's\". After the Financial Panic of 1873, the A,M & O fell behind on its bonds, and went into receivership. Mahone lost control in 1881 to northern financial interests who renamed it the Norfolk and Western",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4461782",
"score": "0.9850626",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Missouri Pacific Railroad",
"text": "Missouri Pacific Railway by new investors after a railroad debt crisis. Because of corporate ties extending back to the Pacific Railroad, Missouri Pacific at one time advertised itself as being \"The First Railroad West of the Mississippi\". Missouri Pacific was under the control of successful but controversial New York financier Jay Gould from 1879 until his death in 1892. Gould developed a system extending through Colorado, Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana. His son George Gould inherited control upon his father's death, but lost control of the company after it declared bankruptcy in 1915. The line was merged with the St.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4052477",
"score": "0.9835439",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Georgia Railroad and Banking Company",
"text": "Georgia Railroad and Banking Company charter was that the state legislature gave the corporation large tax breaks, which were legally challenged on several occasions. The charter also called for daily-except-Sunday passenger service. The lawyers advised management to maintain passenger service on all lines, so as to not violate the charter. The Georgia was perhaps the last railroad to operate both freight and passenger trains in the \"Lower 48\" states, into the Amtrak era. The Georgia Railroad originally fell under common management with the Atlanta & West Point Railroad and the Western Railway of Alabama, commonly known as \"the West Point",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5285067",
"score": "0.9835355",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Jay Gould",
"text": "had controlling interest in 15 percent of the country's railway tracks. Because the railroads were making profits and had control of rate setting, his wealth increased dramatically. When Gould withdrew from management of the Union Pacific in 1883 amidst political controversy over its debts to the federal government, he realized a large profit for himself. He obtained a controlling interest in the Western Union telegraph company, and, after 1881, in the elevated railways in New York City. In 1889, Gould organized the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, which acquired a bottleneck in east-west railroad traffic at St. Louis; after",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1507288",
"score": "0.9826567",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "Robber baron (industrialist)",
"long_answer": "\"Robber baron\" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.",
"chunked_long_answer": "\"Robber baron\" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.",
"short_answers": [
"Robber baron"
]
} |
who is young george bailey in it's a wonderful life | [
"Robert James Anderson"
]
| [
{
"title": "Bobby Anderson (actor)",
"text": "Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)",
"text": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life) George Bailey is a fictional character and the protagonist in Frank Capra's 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life\". The character is a building and loan banker who sacrifices his dreams in order to help his community, to the point where he feels life has passed him by. Eventually, due to a cruel business rival's manipulations, Bailey falls into despair so deep that he contemplates suicide, until his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody, gives him a valuable perspective on the worth of his life. The character was listed ninth on the American Film Institute's 2003 list",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2828938",
"score": "1.3774885",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)",
"text": "top ten movie dads. George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life) George Bailey is a fictional character and the protagonist in Frank Capra's 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life\". The character is a building and loan banker who sacrifices his dreams in order to help his community, to the point where he feels life has passed him by. Eventually, due to a cruel business rival's manipulations, Bailey falls into despair so deep that he contemplates suicide, until his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody, gives him a valuable perspective on the worth of his life. The character was listed ninth on the American",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2828955",
"score": "1.3705571",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)",
"text": "of the 50 greatest screen heroes. Bailey is played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child, and is loosely based on George Pratt, a character in Philip Van Doren Stern's \"The Greatest Gift\". In the winter of 1919, George (aged 12, portrayed by Bobby Anderson) and his friends Bert, Ernie Bishop, Marty Hatch, Sam Wainwright, and his brother Harry are sledding on a frozen river. Harry breaks through the ice and George jumps into the freezing water to save him. George develops an infection which deafens him in his left ear. In May 1920, George",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2828939",
"score": "1.3463795",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Todd Karns",
"text": "Todd Karns Roscoe Todd Karns (January 15, 1921 – February 5, 2000) was an American actor. He is perhaps best remembered for playing George Bailey's younger brother, Harry Bailey, in the 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life\". Karns was the son of the well-known character actor Roscoe Karns and his wife Mary Fraso. He initially planned to have a career as a newspaper reporter, but participation in a little theater production changed his mind, turning him toward acting. Karns started his film career in 1941 as Harry Land in two Andy Hardy movies with Mickey Rooney, but shortly after that,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11347733",
"score": "1.3153107",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "It's a Wonderful Life",
"text": "signifying Clarence's promotion. Credited cast Uncredited cast The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that \"Henry Fonda was in the running\". Cary Grant was also considered for the role when RKO still had the rights to the film, before they were sold to Capra. Although it was stated that Jean Arthur, Ann Dvorak, and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part, this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "708410",
"score": "1.2743077",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "It's a Wonderful Life",
"text": "It's a Wonderful Life It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story and booklet \"The Greatest Gift\", which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945. The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey, a man who has given up his dreams in order to help others, and whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Clarence shows George all the lives he has touched, and how different life in his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "708397",
"score": "1.2555485",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Carol Coombs",
"text": "Chet Mueller, lived in Irvine, California. She often attends festivals and meetings dealing with \"It's a Wonderful Life\". Carol Coombs Carol Coombs (born October 15, 1935) is a former Canadian-born American actress. She appeared in 24 films between 1941 and 1958, although mostly in minor roles. She is probably best-known as Janie Bailey, the oldest daughter of James Stewart and Donna Reed, in the 1946 film classic \"It's a Wonderful Life\". In the 1950s, she also had roles in a number of television productions. Coombs retired from film business in her early twenties and spent the rest of her working",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20958957",
"score": "1.246108",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Carol Coombs",
"text": "Carol Coombs Carol Coombs (born October 15, 1935) is a former Canadian-born American actress. She appeared in 24 films between 1941 and 1958, although mostly in minor roles. She is probably best-known as Janie Bailey, the oldest daughter of James Stewart and Donna Reed, in the 1946 film classic \"It's a Wonderful Life\". In the 1950s, she also had roles in a number of television productions. Coombs retired from film business in her early twenties and spent the rest of her working life teaching kindergarten and elementary school. As of December 2014, the great-grandmother and her husband of 57 years,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20958956",
"score": "1.245206",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "It's a Wonderful Life",
"text": "you two guys? You were here on my wedding night!\" Streaming audio It's a Wonderful Life It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story and booklet \"The Greatest Gift\", which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945. The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey, a man who has given up his dreams in order to help others, and whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Clarence shows George",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "708462",
"score": "1.2257582",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "It's a Wonderful Life",
"text": "ice. \"It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play\", a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc. In 1997, PBS aired \"Merry Christmas, George Bailey\", taped from a live performance of the 1947 \"Lux Radio Theatre\" script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast, including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field",
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},
{
"title": "Jimmy Hawkins",
"text": "a Private Affair\" at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. His mother was the force behind his early childhood acting. He graduated from the Roman Catholic-affiliated Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Hawkins starred in December 1946 as four-year-old Tommy Bailey, the son of George and Mary Bailey, in the nostalgic blockbuster \"It's a Wonderful Life\", starring James Stewart and Donna Reed, an actress for whom young Hawkins developed a lifelong admiration. In 1958, he worked again with Reed in her sitcom, having portrayed Scotty, a persistent and loyal boyfriend of Donna's television daughter Mary Stone, played by Shelley Fabares. He",
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{
"title": "It's a Wonderful Life",
"text": "issued in home media. In 1990, another made-for-television film called \"Clarence\" starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel. A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called \"It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story\". It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the",
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},
{
"title": "It's a Wonderful Life",
"text": "has since been performed at venues all around the United States. The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the",
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"id": "708455",
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{
"title": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)",
"text": "George and Billy go through the town taking every step Billy took in the morning and it goes to a dead end. George later goes home, and Mary knows straight away something is wrong with him. To add to his anger, he finds out his youngest daughter Zuzu has come home with a cold, George blames it on her teacher. When she calls he berates her on the phone, and her husband, as well. He then gets frustrated with his family and ends up smashing up the models of buildings and bridges he had made. A desperate George appeals to",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "2828949",
"score": "1.1913562",
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},
{
"title": "John McDaniel (musician)",
"text": "composed by Marc Shaiman with lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman. The musical opened at the Neil Simon Theatre on April 10, 2011. McDaniel is also composing the work-in-progress musical \"It's a Wonderful Life\". This is an adaptation of the 1946 film of the same name, which deals with George Bailey, a man whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody. Clarence shows George all the lives he has touched and the contributions he has made to his community. Said McDaniel in an interview: McDaniel, who is openly gay, currently resides in",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15622982",
"score": "1.1864002",
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},
{
"title": "James Stewart",
"text": "final Frank Capra production, \"It's a Wonderful Life \"(1946). The role was Stewart's first since returning from service in World War II, during which he experienced what is now recognized as post-traumatic stress disorder. Capra paid RKO for the rights to the story and formed his own production company, Liberty Films. The female lead went to Donna Reed when Capra's perennial first choice, Jean Arthur, was unavailable, and after Ginger Rogers, Olivia de Havilland, Ann Dvorak, and Martha Scott had all turned down the role. Stewart appeared as George Bailey, an upstanding small-town man who becomes increasingly frustrated by his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "216559",
"score": "1.1649783",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Charles Lane (actor)",
"text": "as an insurance salesman before taking to the stage at the Pasadena Playhouse. Actor/director Irving Pichel first suggested that Lane go into acting in 1929, and four years later Lane was a founding member of the Screen Actors Guild. He became a favorite of director Frank Capra, who used him in several films. In \"It's a Wonderful Life\", Lane played a seemingly hard-nosed rent collector for the miserly Henry Potter (Lionel Barrymore), who tried to explain to his employer that many of his tenants were moving out, taking advantage of affordable mortgage loans provided by the film's protagonist, George Bailey",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "2877071",
"score": "1.1634765",
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},
{
"title": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)",
"text": "move out of 'Potter's Field' to the new 'Bailey Park', a residential development created by George that proves successful enough to seriously threaten Mr. Potter's rental interests. Potter offers George a job. Although this would bring a significant increase in salary George declines. George returns home to learn that Mary is pregnant. Their first child is a son, whom they name Pete after George's late father. Their second child is a daughter, Janie. During the war years, George and Mary had another two children, a girl, Zuzu, born in 1940, and a son, Tommy, born in 1941. Due to George's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2828945",
"score": "1.1570339",
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},
{
"title": "A Wonderful Life (musical)",
"text": "Wainwright, Michael Berresse as Harry Bailey, Nancy Anderson as Violet, Chuck Cooper as Uncle Billy, George S. Irving as Mr. Martini, Jayne Houdyshell as Mrs. Martini, and Phylicia Rashad as Millie Bailey. The event was hosted by Actors Fund President Joseph Benincasa and Vice Chair of the Actors Fund Bebe Neuwirth. The Paper Mill Playhouse presented a fully staged production, from November through December 17, 2006, directed by James Brennan; it received moderately positive reviews. Theatre Under The Stars produced the work in 2007, and it has received other regional productions. A Wonderful Life (musical) A Wonderful Life is a",
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"id": "9268371",
"score": "1.15302",
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},
{
"title": "Mary Hatch",
"text": "career. In the \"wishing\" scene outside the old Granville house, Capra was surprised to see Reed accurately throw a stone to break a window, a skill she acquired playing baseball with her brothers on their Iowa farm. Mary Hatch Mary Hatch Bailey is a fictional character in Frank Capra's 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life\". She is the high school sweetheart and later wife of protagonist George Bailey (played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child). Mary is played by Donna Reed as an adult and Jean Gale as a child. She is loosely based",
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"id": "16662528",
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},
{
"title": "Mary Hatch",
"text": "Mary Hatch Mary Hatch Bailey is a fictional character in Frank Capra's 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life\". She is the high school sweetheart and later wife of protagonist George Bailey (played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child). Mary is played by Donna Reed as an adult and Jean Gale as a child. She is loosely based on Mary Pratt, a character in Philip Van Doren Stern's \"The Greatest Gift\". Mary Hatch is one of the most famous female characters in movie history. Mary Hatch is the younger sister of Marty Hatch, a friend",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662523",
"score": "1.1366423",
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},
{
"title": "Todd Karns",
"text": "of cancer in Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico on February 5, 2000, age 79. His wife and children had his private family interment in Ajijic's cemetery. Todd Karns Roscoe Todd Karns (January 15, 1921 – February 5, 2000) was an American actor. He is perhaps best remembered for playing George Bailey's younger brother, Harry Bailey, in the 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life\". Karns was the son of the well-known character actor Roscoe Karns and his wife Mary Fraso. He initially planned to have a career as a newspaper reporter, but participation in a little theater production changed his mind, turning him",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11347736",
"score": "1.1359577",
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},
{
"title": "Jack Bailey (actor)",
"text": "appearances in episodes of \"The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford,\" \"Mister Ed\", \"Green Acres\", \"I Dream of Jeannie\", \"Gunsmoke\", and \"Ironside\", plus narration for the Walt Disney organization. He had a small part in the Frank Capra film \"It's a Wonderful Life\" and he also toured the country in musical stage productions, such as \"Hello Dolly\", \"The Sound of Music\", and \"The Music Man\". Bailey joined Alcoholics Anonymous around 1948 and was a public supporting member of the organization for more than 30 years. He was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—one for his radio career,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7338998",
"score": "1.1297867",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "The Greatest Gift",
"text": "the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra renamed \"It's a Wonderful Life\". The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming. Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich, Hackett and Capra, with \"additional scenes\" by Jo Swerling. In the film, the main character (renamed George Bailey) was played by James Stewart, the stranger (re-imagined as an angel named Clarence Odbody) was played by Henry Travers, and George's wife (renamed Mary Hatch) was played by Donna Reed. The names for some characters in the film were taken from characters in the story, but given different personalities or roles in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11219717",
"score": "1.1286646",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)",
"text": "Gower suddenly understands, and is tearfully grateful; George promises he will keep the incident a secret: \"I won't ever tell a soul. Hope to die, I won't.\" In June 1928, George (played by James Stewart) is preparing for an overseas trip. He drops by his brother Harry's graduation party at the high school, where he is re-introduced to his friend Marty's eighteen-year-old sister, Mary Hatch. While walking Mary home a car pulls up and George is informed that his father has had a stroke. Three months later, George is in a meeting with the board of directors of the Building",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2828941",
"score": "1.1276283",
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},
{
"title": "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)",
"text": "they couldn't move out of Potter's slums.) Ma Bailey is a bitter widow, and Mary a shy, single spinster librarian. George runs back to the bridge and begs to be allowed to live again. His prayer is answered, shown as the snow restarts, and he runs home joyously, where the authorities are waiting to arrest him. Mary, Uncle Billy, and a flood of townspeople arrive with more than enough donations to save George and the Building & Loan. George's friend Sam Wainwright sends him a $25,000 line of credit by telegram. Harry also arrives to support his brother, and toasts",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2828953",
"score": "1.1250752",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Donna Reed",
"text": "Donna Reed Donna Reed (born Donna Belle Mullenger; January 27, 1921 – January 14, 1986) was an American film and television actress and producer. Her career spanned more than 40 years, with performances in more than 40 films. She is well known for her role as Mary Hatch Bailey in Frank Capra's 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life.\" In 1953, she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lorene Burke in the war drama \"From Here to Eternity\". Reed is probably most widely known for her work in television, notably as Donna Stone, a middle-class",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2399578",
"score": "1.1250554",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Philip Van Doren Stern",
"text": "$10,000. Capra adapted the story into \"It's a Wonderful Life\" in 1946. In December 1946, James Stewart, who played George Bailey in the film wrote to Van Doren Stern, calling the story \"an inspiration to everyone concerned with the picture... the fundamental story was so sound and right.\" Philip Van Doren Stern Philip Van Doren Stern (September 10, 1900 – July 31, 1984) was an American author, editor, and Civil War historian whose story \"The Greatest Gift\", published in 1943, inspired the classic Christmas film \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946). Philip Van Doren Stern was born in Wyalusing, Pennsylvania into",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9389846",
"score": "1.1205987",
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},
{
"title": "Jimmy Hawkins",
"text": "\"Lifetime Achievement\" Award for his role as little \"Tommy Bailey\" in the 1946 classic, \"It's a Wonderful Life\", and during the Christmas season of 1997, he produced a holiday special for the Public Broadcasting Service. During the late 1990s, as \"It's a Wonderful Life\" enjoyed a revival of interest nationally, Hawkins and Paul Peterson wrote the \"\"It's a Wonderful Life\" Trivia Book\". Hawkins explains the durability of \"It's a Wonderful Life\": \"Well, the reason it caught on was that the film fell into public domain. Somebody at the studio let the copyright go, and television stations all over the country",
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"id": "12087588",
"score": "1.1141411",
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}
]
| {
"title": "Bobby Anderson (actor)",
"long_answer": "Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life.",
"short_answers": [
"Robert James Anderson"
]
} |
who won the battle of stirling bridge 1297 | [
"Scottish victory",
"William Wallace",
"Andrew Moray"
]
| [
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth.",
"hasanswer": true,
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"id": null,
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},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "because Warenne had overslept. The Scots arrived first and camped on Abbey Craig, which dominated the soft flat ground north of the river. The English force of English, Welsh and Scots knights, bowmen and foot soldiers camped south of the river. Sir Richard Lundie, a Scots knight who joined the English after the Capitulation of Irvine, offered to outflank the enemy by leading a cavalry force over a ford two miles upstream, where sixty horsemen could cross at the same time. Hugh de Cressingham, King Edward's treasurer in Scotland, persuaded the Earl to reject this advice and order a direct",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550611",
"score": "1.1446453",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Marmaduke Thweng, 1st Baron Thweng",
"text": "In 1295 he fought for King Edward I in Gascony, along with John de Thweng. In 1297 Marmaduke achieved some fame at the Battle of Stirling Bridge by a heroic escape. Over 100 English knights had been trapped, together with several thousand infantry, on the far side of the river, and were being slaughtered by the Scots. Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge and he thus became the only knight of all those on the far side of the river to survive the battle. Following the rout, Thweng with William FitzWarin were appointed castellans of Stirling",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11687642",
"score": "1.1237215",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "William Wallace",
"text": "the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river. The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross. The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "457001",
"score": "1.1176324",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "First War of Scottish Independence",
"text": "in to English demands for allegiance (whilst still supporting the Scottish cause), Wallace's force remained unequivocally dedicated to the struggle for Scottish independence. On 11 September 1297, the Scottish forces, under the joint command of Moray and Wallace, met those of the King of England, commanded by John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. The Scottish army deployed to the north-east of the bridge, and let the vanguard of Surrey's army cross before attacking it. The English cavalry proved ineffective on the boggy ground around the bridge, and many were killed. The bridge collapsed as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4813372",
"score": "1.1068785",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword\". Wallace went on to lead a destructive raid into northern England which did little to advance the Scots objectives, however the raids frightened the English army and stalled their advance. By March 1298 he had emerged as Guardian of Scotland. His glory was brief, for King Edward was coming north from Flanders. The two men finally met on the field of Falkirk in the summer of 1298, where Wallace was defeated. The exploits of Wallace were passed on to posterity mainly in the form of tales",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550618",
"score": "1.086471",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "the bridge to be destroyed, retreated towards Berwick, leaving the garrison at Stirling Castle isolated and abandoning the Lowlands to the rebels. James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, and Malcolm, Earl of Lennox, whose forces had been part of Surrey's army, observing the carnage to the north of the bridge, withdrew. Then the English supply train was attacked at \"The Pows\", a wooded marshy area, by James Stewart and the other Scots lords, killing many of the fleeing soldiers. This Stirling Bridge is believed to have been about 180 yards upstream from the 15th century stone bridge that crosses",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550615",
"score": "1.0647867",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "When a substantial number of the troops had crossed (possibly about 2,000) the attack was ordered. The Scots spearmen came down from the high ground in rapid advance and fended off a charge by the English heavy cavalry and then counterattacked the English infantry. They gained control of the east side of the bridge, and cut off the chance of English reinforcements to cross. Caught on the low ground in the loop of the river with no chance of relief or of retreat, most of the outnumbered English on the east side were probably killed. A few hundred may have",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550613",
"score": "1.0634372",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Stirling",
"text": "After the battle of Stirling Bridge, Wallace wrote to the Hanseatic leaders of Lübeck and Hamburg to encourage trade between Scottish ports (like Stirling) and these German cities. There were also several Sieges of Stirling Castle in the conflict, notably in 1304. Another important historical site in the area is the ruins of Cambuskenneth Abbey, the resting place of King James III of Scotland and his queen, Margaret of Denmark. The king died at the Battle of Sauchieburn by forces nominally led by his son and successor James IV. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Battle of Stirling",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "717894",
"score": "1.0580789",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "the river today. Four stone piers have been found underwater just north () and at an angle to the extant 15th-century bridge, along with man-made stonework on one bank in line with the piers. The site of the fighting was along either side of an earthen causeway leading from the Abbey Craig, atop which the Wallace Monument is now, to the north end of the bridge. The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a shattering defeat for the English: it showed that under",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550616",
"score": "1.0532484",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy",
"text": "Stirling Bridge was a disaster for the English army. Percy and his fellow commanders could only watch helplessly from the castle as their infantry, caught on the far side of the one narrow bridge were slaughtered. Murray was however killed in the battle. The English were temporarily expelled from Scotland and on the defensive, with the Scots raiding northern England. In the following spring of 1298 King Edward returned from France and assembled a large army, including many Welsh longbow archers, to begin a new and determined assault on Scotland. They caught up with Wallace at Falkirk on 22 July",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11409437",
"score": "1.051178",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Stirling Castle",
"text": "English commanders William FitzWarin and Marmaduke Thweng retreated into the castle. However, they were quickly starved into surrender by the Scots. Next summer, the castle changed hands again, being abandoned by the Scots after the English victory at Falkirk. Edward strengthened the castle, but it was besieged in 1299 by forces including Robert Bruce. King Edward failed to relieve the garrison, who were forced to surrender. By 1303, the English again held the upper hand, and Stirling was the last remaining castle in Scottish hands. Edward's army arrived in April 1304, with at least 17 siege engines. The Scots, under",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1666832",
"score": "1.0507665",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Edward I of England",
"text": "Stirling Bridge. The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately. Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north. On 22 July 1298, in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the Battle of Falkirk. Edward, however, was not able to take advantage of the momentum, and the next year the Scots managed to recapture Stirling Castle. Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300, when he successfully besieged Caerlaverock Castle and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "568472",
"score": "1.0502474",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "escaped by swimming across the river. Marmaduke Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge and he thus became the only knight of all those on the far side of the river to survive the battle. Surrey, who was left with a small contingent of archers, had stayed south of the river and was still in a strong position. The bulk of his army remained intact and he could have held the line of the Forth, denying the Scots a passage to the south, but his confidence was gone. After the escape of Sir Marmaduke Thweng, Surrey ordered",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550614",
"score": "1.0486696",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Stirling",
"text": "of 1296 is on record. The first alludes to the story as recorded by Boece who relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by two Northumbrian princes, Osbrecht and Ella. They united their forces with the Cumbrian Britons in order to defeat the Scots. Having secured Stirling castle, they built the first stone bridge over the Forth. On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription: \"Anglos, a Scotis separat, crux ista remotis; Arma hic stant Bruti; stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti.\" Bellenden translated this loosely as \"I am free marche, as passengers may ken, To Scottis,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "717890",
"score": "1.0443075",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Hugh de Cressingham",
"text": "Hugh de Cressingham Sir Hugh de Cressingham (died 11 September 1297) was the treasurer of the English administration in Scotland from 1296 to 1297. He was hated by the Scots and did not seem well liked even by the English. He was an advisor to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. He suggested a full-scale attack across the bridge, which cost the English the battle and led to his death. Cressingham was a son of William de Cressingham. Hugh was a clerk and one of the officers of the English exchequer, was employed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6547649",
"score": "1.0442405",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Clan Stirling",
"text": "Clan Stirling Clan Stirling is a Lowland Scottish clan. The Scottish town of Stirling and Stirling Castle lie at the crossroads of Scotland and this could account for the derivation of the name which means \"place of strife\". Appearing in a charter of David I of Scotland in around 1147 is Thoraldus who held the lands of Cadder. His descendant was Alexander de Strivelyn, fifth Laird of Cadder who died in 1304. During the Wars of Scottish Independence Alexander's heir, Sir John de Strivelyn, was killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. The grandson of Sir John de",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8837349",
"score": "1.0408311",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Stirlingshire",
"text": "royal arms of Scotland. Around this were placed two caltraps and two spur-rowels recalling the use of the weapons against the English cavalry. On the abolition of the Local Government council in 1975, the arms were regranted to the Local Government Stirling District Council. They were regranted a second time in 1996 to the present Local Government Stirling Council, with the addition of supporters (a goshawk and a wolf). In 1130, Stirling, one of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, was created a Royal burgh by King David I. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2560527",
"score": "1.0325391",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "attack across the bridge. The small bridge was broad enough to let only two horsemen cross abreast, but offered the safest river crossing, as the Forth widened to the east and the marshland of Flanders Moss lay to the west. The Scots waited as the English knights and infantry made their slow progress across the bridge on the morning of 11 September. It would have taken several hours for the entire English army to cross. Wallace and Moray waited, according to the Chronicle of Hemingburgh, until \"as many of the enemy had come over as they believed they could overcome\".",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550612",
"score": "1.0310091",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "William Oliphant, Lord of Aberdalgie",
"text": "William Oliphant, Lord of Aberdalgie Sir William Oliphant (died 1329), Lord of Aberdalgie and Dupplin, was a Scottish magnate, knight and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Oliphant fought at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, where the Scots, under their king John Balliol, were defeated by the invading English. Following the battle he was captured and taken to Rochester Castle in England where he was imprisoned. He was released after agreeing to serve King Edward I of England overseas. He returned to Scotland where he was second in command of Stirling Castle under his cousin of the same",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14486314",
"score": "1.0262561",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Henry St Clair",
"text": "Henry St Clair Sir Henry St Clair of Rosslyn was a 13th-14th century Scottish noble. Henry was the son of William St Clair and Amicia de Roskelyn. He fought at the Battle of Dunbar on 27 April 1296, where he and his father William were captured and he became a prisoner of King Edward I of England at St Briavels Castle. He was the Sheriff of Lanark in 1305. Fought with his two sons John and William at the Battle of Bannockburn on 23–24 June 1314. King Robert I of Scotland rewarded him for his bravery with the gift of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20368381",
"score": "1.0251851",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "relieve Dundee. The town of Stirling was the key entry point to the north of Scotland. The 6th Earl of Surrey arrived with his supporters at the narrow, wooden bridge over the River Forth near Stirling Castle and determined that he would be at a tactical disadvantage if he attempted to take his main force across there. So he delayed crossing for several days to allow for negotiations, and to reconnoiter the area. On 10 September Warenne gave orders to cross the river the next day. At dawn the English and Welsh infantry started to cross only to be recalled",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550610",
"score": "1.0249631",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Battle of Bannockburn",
"text": "between England and Scotland began in 1296 and initially the English were successful under the command of Edward I, having won victories at the Battle of Dunbar (1296) and at the Capture of Berwick (1296). The removal of John Balliol from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success. The Scots had been victorious in defeating the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. This was countered, however, by Edward I's victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1298). By 1304, Scotland had been conquered, but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "614927",
"score": "1.0208917",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "English invasion of Scotland (1298)",
"text": "English invasion of Scotland (1298) The English invasion of Scotland of 1298 was a military campaign undertaken by Edward I of England in retaliation to a Scottish uprising in 1297, the defeat of an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and Scottish raids into Northern England. While the English defeated a Scottish army at the Battle of Falkirk, Edward I hampered by food shortages was only able to reach Stirling, before heading back to England. The situation in Scotland had seemed resolved when Edward I returned to England on 16 September 1296, but Scottish resistance soon emerged in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20017729",
"score": "1.0127972",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "William II, Earl of Ross",
"text": "and English interests. In 1291 he paid homage to Edward I of England at Berwick recognising him as overlord of Scotland. He was chosen as an auditor at the trial between John Balliol and Robert Bruce, when they competed before Edward to decide who would take the throne of Scotland. William was one of the leaders of the Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, when Edward invaded Scotland to punish John Balliol for refusing to support the English invasion of France. After the Scottish defeat, he was captured by the English and sent to the Tower of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6666742",
"score": "1.0107172",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "New Cumnock",
"text": "with Sir Andrew Murray and defeated the English army at Stirling Bridge. In the spring and early summer of 1298, Wallace, now Sir William and Guardian of Scotland, spent time consolidating his position, and this may be the period of Harry’s ‘three months rest’, i.e. rest from warfare. It was also during this period that Wallace paid a visit to his Uncle Sir Ranald Craufurd in Ayr, before - \"“In Cumno syne till his duellyng went he”.\" Defeat at the hands of Edward I at Falkirk in July, 1298 resulted in Wallace relinquishing his Guardianship of Scotland and as Edward",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8345877",
"score": "1.00678",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
},
{
"title": "William Burdet",
"text": "for the reconsecration of the church and to reconfirm his family's former grants to the Order of St Lazarus but the former good relationship was never re-established. Sir William was summoned to Parliament in London on 6 Oct 1297 shortly after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and was mustered for service in the Scottish Wars on 24 Oct 1299. Sir William died before 8 Mar 1309 when his Inquisition Post Mortem was held to distribute his estate. He held land at Branteston, Huncote, Friseby, Galby, Loseby, Stretton and Norton in Leicestershire and Maidford, Northamptonshire. He had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19017808",
"score": "1.0056176",
"original_retrieval_index": 42
},
{
"title": "English invasion of Scotland (1298)",
"text": "Battle of Falkirk, although it is impossible to give a precise number. The English army continued onto Stirling, capturing Stirling Castle and after staying a few weeks, started returning to England due to lack of supplies. The southern march took the English army from Stirling by Falkirk, Torphichen, Abercorn, Braid and Ayr. The English had been expecting ships with supplies from Ireland at Ayr, however they did not arrive. The English found Ayrshire had been deserted and laid waste by the Scots. Edward I attacked and captured Lochmaben Castle and then travelled to Carlisle where he found the supplies had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20017736",
"score": "1.0050645",
"original_retrieval_index": 43
},
{
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"text": "up and down after the recruiting drum and bagpipe, and wish myself tall enough that I could be a soldier; while the story of Wallace poured a Scottish prejudice into my veins which will boil along there till the flood-gates of life shut in eternal rest. The Battle of Stirling Bridge is depicted in the 1995 film \"Braveheart\", but it bears little resemblance to the real battle, there being no bridge (due mainly to the difficulty of filming around the bridge itself) and tactics resembling the Battle of Bannockburn. Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "550626",
"score": "1.004614",
"original_retrieval_index": 44
},
{
"title": "Ingram de Umfraville",
"text": "and Scotland in 1295. He was present at the siege of Berwick in 1296 with King Edward I of England and fought on the English side during the Battle of Falkirk in 1298. Fighting on the side of Scotland he participated in the siege of Stirling Castle in 1299. He was appointed joint Guardian of Scotland on 10 May 1300 together with William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews, and John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch. He resigned the next year and was replaced by John de Soules. He participated in the siege of Lochmaben Castle in September 1301. In 1303 he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10392481",
"score": "1.001267",
"original_retrieval_index": 45
}
]
| {
"title": "Battle of Stirling Bridge",
"long_answer": "The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth.",
"short_answers": [
"Andrew Moray",
"William Wallace"
]
} |
where is the tablet of the ten commandments | [
"Ark of the Covenant"
]
| [
{
"title": "Tablets of Stone",
"text": "According to the bible, both the first shattered set and the second unbroken set were stored in the Ark of the Covenant (the Aron Habrit in Hebrew).",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "and referring to the Greek translation (in accusative) , , \"ten words\", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28 and Deuteronomy 10:4. The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called , \"Lukhot HaBrit\", meaning \"the tablets of the covenant\". Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of and their parallels at into ten \"commandments\" or \"sayings\" in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology. Traditions: The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884024",
"score": "1.1447057",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Tablets of Stone",
"text": "the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other\". Because the commandments establish a covenant, it is likely that they were duplicated on both tablets. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of Ancient Egypt, in which a copy was made for each party. But the tablets may have contained not only the Ten Commandments but also additional precepts and words as can be inferred from the verses Exodus 31:18, Exodus 34:1, Exodus 34:27-28. Replicas of the tablets, known as tabots or sellats, are a vital part of the practice of Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which claims that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4804358",
"score": "1.1207312",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (miniseries)",
"text": "an escape route. When the Hebrews make it to the other side, Moses closes the separated waters, drowning the pursuing Egyptians — including Menerith. The Hebrews witness Moses weeping over Menerith, whom he later gives a proper burial. Moses climbs the mountain to receive God's commandments in the form of two stone tablets. However, when he descends, he finds that many of the Hebrews have built a golden calf and created an orgy. Moses destroys the tablets and the idol in a fit of rage and orders the deaths of the wicked revelers. After a brutal fight that leaves many",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7814384",
"score": "1.0980077",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, \"but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other\", that is, that the tablets were duplicates. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East, in which a copy was made for each party. According to the Talmud, the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, one interpretation of the biblical verse \"the tablets were written on both their sides\", is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884037",
"score": "1.0835266",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (1923 film)",
"text": "from his mistress, and when she fights back, he kills her. He attempts to flee to Mexico on a motorboat, but rough weather sends him off course and he crashes into a rocky island, where he is presumably killed. Throughout the film, the visual motif of the tablets of the commandments appears in the sets, with a particular commandment appearing on them when it is relevant to the story. The idea for the film was based upon the winning submission to a contest in which the public suggested ideas for DeMille's next film. The winner was F.C. Nelson of Lansing,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6503017",
"score": "1.0741521",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered.\" He writes that Exodus 34:14–26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: \"The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). … The other seven commandments here are completely different.\" He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884069",
"score": "1.0680761",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "Krzysztof Kieślowski, and \"The Ten\", a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories. The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks's movie \"History of the World Part I\" (1981), which shows Moses (played by Brooks, in a similar costume to Charlton Heston's Moses in the 1956 film), receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments, but before he can present them to his people, he stumbles and drops one of the tablets, shattering it. He then presents the remaining tablets, proclaiming Ten Commandments. In \"The Prince of Egypt\", a 1998",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884080",
"score": "1.0505149",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (1923 film)",
"text": "deteriorated significantly, but a second better-preserved sphinx was discovered and excavated. The parting of the Red Sea scene was shot in Seal Beach, California. The visual effect of keeping the walls of water apart while the Israelites walked through was accomplished with a slab of Jell-O that was sliced in two and filmed close up as it jiggled. This shot was then combined with live-action footage of Israelites walking into the distance to create the illusion. Portions of the modern story were filmed in San Francisco, with the cathedral building sequence filmed at the then under construction Sts. Peter and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6503022",
"score": "1.0430894",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments (, \"Aseret ha'Dibrot\"), also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. The commandments include instructions to worship only God, to honour one's parents, and to keep the sabbath, as well as prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, theft, dishonesty, and coveting. Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them. The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884022",
"score": "1.0421224",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "select group consisting of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and \"seventy of the elders of Israel\" to a location on the mount where they worshipped \"afar off\" and they \"saw the God of Israel\" above a \"paved work\" like clear sapphire stone. The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was \"in the mount forty days and forty nights.\" And Moses said, \"the delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884027",
"score": "1.0371157",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)",
"text": "mountain with Joshua. Impatiently, Dathan urges a reluctant Aaron to construct a golden calf idol as a gift for Rameses. A wild and decadent orgy is held by most of the Hebrews. Moses sees the Ten Commandments created by God in two stone tablets. Moses descends from the mountain to the sight of decadence. Enraged, he throws the tablets at the golden calf, which explodes, killing the wicked revelers, and causing the others to wander in the wilderness for 40 years. Forty years later, an elderly Moses leads the Hebrews towards Canaan. However, he could not enter the Promised land",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "829456",
"score": "1.0362285",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Nash Papyrus",
"text": "far the oldest Hebrew manuscript fragment known at that time, before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947. Twenty four lines long, with a few letters missing at each edge, the papyrus contains the Ten Commandments in Hebrew and a short middle text, followed by the start of the Shema Yisrael prayer. The text of the Ten Commandments combines parts of the version from Exodus with parts from Deuteronomy . A curiosity is its omission of the phrase \"house of bondage\", used in both versions, about Egypt — perhaps a reflection of where the papyrus was composed. Some",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5331851",
"score": "1.0340489",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Terumah (parsha)",
"text": "to those responsible for building them. In one Middle Babylonian document, a clay model of the statue of the god Shamash was miraculously discovered near the Euphrates, which showed long-missing information about how the statue was to look and what clothing was to adorn it, allowing the Babylonian king to then make a new statue. Alter wrote that the instruction of to place the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments in the Tabernacle reflected a common ancient Near Eastern practice of placing documents of solemn contracts within sacred precincts. Alter wrote that the term \"cherubim\" (, \"keruvim\") in is derived",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6803247",
"score": "1.0304211",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Peebles High School (Ohio)",
"text": "schools in Adams County were built at the same time and all four featured a large granite tablet outside the school carved with the Ten Commandments. They were removed after a lengthy four-year legal battle over the placement of the tablets on public property. In Peebles, the tablet now is located directly across the street facing the high school on the property of the Peebles Baptist Church. All Peebles teams are nicknamed \"The Indians,\" because of the town's close proximity to Serpent Mound. The school has Jr. high and high school sports in soccer, cross country, golf, volleyball, baseball and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8600315",
"score": "1.0297704",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments Monument (Little Rock, Arkansas)",
"text": "Ten Commandments Monument (Little Rock, Arkansas) The Ten Commandments Monument is an outdoor monument installed on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds in Little Rock, Arkansas, in the United States. The monument is being challenged as unconstitutional by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The ACLU says that the monument demonstrates a religious preference, violating the First Amendment and the religious preference prohibiton clause of the Arkansas State Constitution. The monument was erected on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds on 27 June 2017. The monument was destroyed within 24 hours of its installation. The man who rammed the monument with his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20225786",
"score": "1.0241498",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount.\" After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the told Moses, \"Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets, which thou brakest.\" \"And he wrote on the tablets, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the gave them unto",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884029",
"score": "1.0231478",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments Monument (Little Rock, Arkansas)",
"text": "preference, violating the First Amendment and the religious preference prohibiton clause of the Arkansas State Constitution. Ten Commandments Monument (Little Rock, Arkansas) The Ten Commandments Monument is an outdoor monument installed on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds in Little Rock, Arkansas, in the United States. The monument is being challenged as unconstitutional by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The ACLU says that the monument demonstrates a religious preference, violating the First Amendment and the religious preference prohibiton clause of the Arkansas State Constitution. The monument was erected on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds on 27 June 2017. The monument",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20225790",
"score": "1.0209064",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (2007 film)",
"text": "The Ten Commandments (2007 film) The Ten Commandments is a 2007 American computer animated film directed by John Stronach and Bill Boyce, and released by Promenade Pictures. The film follows Moses from his childhood, as the adopted son of Pharaoh, to his adulthood, as the chosen one of Yahweh and liberator of his people. The film is narrated by Ben Kingsley, and stars Christian Slater as Moses, Alfred Molina as Ramses and Ellott Gould as God. It was released to theaters on October 19, 2007, and received negative reviews, with criticism directed towards the animation and acting. The film was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11059494",
"score": "1.02056",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Antinomianism",
"text": "gold jar of manna, Aaron's staff that had budded, and the stone tablets of the covenant. Above the ark were the cherubim of the Glory, overshadowing the atonement cover.\" (Hebrews 9:1–5) However, the notion that the Ten Commandments have been abrogated, as found in New Covenant Theology, is challenged by some. Some scholars consider Jesus' Sermon on the Mount (particularly the Antitheses) to be an antitype of the proclamation of the Ten Commandments or Mosaic Covenant by Moses from the Biblical Mount Sinai. Those who oppose antinomianism invoke Paul as upholding obedience to the law: The \"Catholic Encyclopedia\" article on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1746085",
"score": "1.0188028",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Tablets of Stone",
"text": "Tablets of Stone According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tables of the Law as they are widely known in English, or Tablets of Stone, Stone Tablets, or Tablets of Testimony (in Hebrew: לוחות הברית \"Luchot HaBrit\" - \"the tablets [of] the covenant\") in the Exodus 34:1, were the two pieces of stone inscribed with the Ten Commandments when Moses ascended Mount Sinai as written in the Book of Exodus. Exodus 31:18 refers to the tablets as the \"Tablets of (the) Testimony\". According to the biblical narrative there were two sets of tablets. The first, inscribed by God, () were smashed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4804353",
"score": "1.0138543",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Plymouth Synagogue",
"text": "finials and urns in gold leaf. On the second story are a pair of tablets of the Ten Commandments, in gold leaf on a royal blue ground. Inscribed on the cornice is the Hebrew date 5522 (1761–62) and a passage form Psalms 5:8 (\" Lead me, O LORD, in thy righteousness because of mine enemies; make thy way straight before my face.\") It is a free-standing piece of cabinet work. It was transported from Holland flat packed and rebuilt when in situ. The Holy Ark however was brought over from the Netherlands in parts and assembled on site –a sort",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13537721",
"score": "1.0133003",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Tablet (religious)",
"text": "Tablet (religious) A tablet, in a religious context, is a term used for certain religious texts. Judaism and Christianity maintain that Moses brought the Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai in the form of two tablets of stone. According to the Book of Exodus, God delivered the tablets twice, the first set having been smashed by Moses in his anger at the idol-worship of the Israelites. The Preserved Tablet (\"al-Lawhu 'l-Mahfuz\"), the heavenly preserved record of all that has happened and will happen, contains \"qadar\". \"Qadar\" (, transliterated \"qadar\", meaning \"fate\", \"divine fore-ordainment\", \"predestination\") is the concept of divine destiny",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8878994",
"score": "1.012296",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (miniseries)",
"text": "dead, The survivors plead to receive God's commandments and Moses climbs up the mountain again. After Moses reads the commandments, the tablets are placed in an ark. Sometime later, an elderly Moses lives his life as a hermit on a mountain slope and is seen looking at the promised land, which he is not allowed to enter due to his disobedience to God. Barry Garron of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" gave the mini-series a generally positive review, praising the performances as well as \"the stunning cinematography and eye-catching special effects\" but also noted that it \"fails to take full advantage of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7814385",
"score": "1.0103754",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the \"ta'am tachton\" (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the \"ta'am tachton\". In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore and . The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten. The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884041",
"score": "1.010273",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (2007 film)",
"text": "aid of a slave being beaten, and the beater is killed. They all grow up, Ramses is now Pharaoh, God speaks to Moses, telling him to get the Hebrews from Egypt into the promised land. Ramses says no, the ten plagues come, and Ramses gives in only when his son is killed (as God's spirit kills all the first-born Egyptian sons). Moses leads the people from Egypt, ditches Ramses and his army at the parting of the Red Sea, and Moses receives the Ten Commandments and delivers them to the Hebrews. Moses puts Joshua in charge of leading the people",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11059496",
"score": "1.0010142",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Ten Commandments",
"text": "\"only\" the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah. In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are \"only\" bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath. Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot. The Exodus version",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5884039",
"score": "0.99995255",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (miniseries)",
"text": "The Ten Commandments (miniseries) The Ten Commandments is a 2006 miniseries that dramatizes the biblical story of Moses. It ran on the ABC TV network. The series was filmed in Egypt, Mount Sinai, and the Sinai Peninsula. Moses's mother, Jochebed, saves her baby from the edict of the Pharaoh that all newborn male Hebrew children must die by placing him in a basket on the Nile River. He is found by Pharaoh's daughter Bithia and adopted into the royal house. Some time later, Bithia gives birth to a son Menerith, and they are raised as brothers. Moses grows up knowing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7814380",
"score": "0.9998709",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "The Ten Commandments (miniseries)",
"text": "who I am\", gives Moses his powers, and endows him with the knowledge to free the Hebrews. Because Pharaoh Ramesses refuses to free the Hebrews, Egypt is struck with ten plagues. Only after the final one, during which Pharaoh's beloved son dies, are the Hebrews freed. However, Pharaoh's heart is hardened once more due to him being unable to accept his son's death, and decides to try to re-capture them. The Hebrews are guided to the Red Sea by a cloud. When the Egyptians' chariots get near, God blocks their path and Moses parts the Red Sea, providing the Hebrews",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7814383",
"score": "0.99743253",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Samaritan Pentateuch",
"text": "contains this text at Exodus 20:17: This commandment is absent from the corresponding text of the Ten Commandments in the Masoretic. The Samaritan Pentateuch's inclusion of the Gerizim variation within the Ten Commandments places additional emphasis on the divine sanction given to that community's place of worship. This variation has similarities to and is supported by changes to the verbal tense within the Samaritan text of Deuteronomy indicating that God has already chosen this place. The future tense (\"will choose\") is used in the Masoretic. And whereas in the Masoretic commands an altar to be constructed on Mount Ebal, the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "777410",
"score": "0.99441177",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "Tablets of Stone",
"long_answer": "According to the bible, both the first shattered set and the second unbroken set were stored in the Ark of the Covenant (the Aron Habrit in Hebrew).",
"chunked_long_answer": "According to the bible, both the first shattered set and the second unbroken set were stored in the Ark of the Covenant (the Aron Habrit in Hebrew).",
"short_answers": [
"Ark of the Covenant"
]
} |
when did the right to buy scheme start | [
"1980"
]
| [
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980. Michael Heseltine, in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment, was in charge of implementing the legislation. Some 6,000,000 people were affected; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit. Heseltine noted that \"no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people\". He said the right to buy had two main objectives: to give people what they wanted, and to reverse the",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "forced to sell, sometimes at many times the original price. Housing charities criticised the lack of investment in affordable housing. Right to Buy The Right to Buy scheme is a policy in the United Kingdom (with the exception of Scotland since 1 August 2016) which gives secure tenants of councils and some housing associations the legal right to buy, at a large discount, the council house they are living in. There is also a Right to Acquire for assured tenants of housing association homes built with public subsidy after 1997, at a smaller discount. About 1,500,000 homes in the UK",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340067",
"score": "1.2382287",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "January 2013 by London Assembly member Tom Copley, From Right to Buy to Buy to Let, showed that 36% of homes sold under Right to Buy in London (52,000 homes) were being rented by councils from private landlords, leading to criticisms that the scheme \"represents incredibly poor value for money to taxpayers\" since it \"helped to fuel the increase in the housing benefit bill, heaped more pressure on local authority waiting lists and led to more Londoners being forced into the under-regulated private rented sector\". A survey in 2013 showed around one third of Right to Buy houses were now",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340065",
"score": "1.1397939",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "if enacted extend right-to-buy to housing association tenants. In July 2013, the Scottish Government confirmed that Right to Buy would be abolished in Scotland from 2017. It was in the end abolished as a part of the Housing (Scotland) Act 2014 from 1 August 2016. In the summer of 2017, the Welsh Government proposed a law to abolish Right to Buy in Wales. This law was passed by the Welsh Assembly in December 2017, and the scheme will effectively end on 26 January 2019. The Right to Buy scheme has been criticised for the following reasons: A report published in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340064",
"score": "1.1289117",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "However, at the 1987 general election, the Conservative government warned voters that a Labour government would still abolish the scheme. When Labour returned to power at the 1997 general election, it reduced the discount available to tenants in local authorities which had severe pressure on their housing stock; this included almost the whole of London. The Right to Buy rules were changed in 2005. Five years' tenancy was now required for new tenants to qualify, and properties purchased after January 2005 could no longer immediately be placed on the open market should the owner decide to sell. Such owners now",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340058",
"score": "1.1204783",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "is a maximum of £80,900.00 from April 2018 (rbcdd3117) The aim of the scheme is, for every additional home sold, a new home will be built for 'affordable rent' at up to 80% of market rent, aimed at maintaining the level of affordable housing while also increasing the number of properties available for those on the waiting list. The five year tenancy criterion will remain, and should the property be sold within the first five years of the original sale, part or all of the discount will be required to be paid back. The Housing and Planning Bill 2016 will",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340063",
"score": "1.094276",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Help to Buy",
"text": "Help to Buy could itself increase the risk of, and then help to fuel, just such a bubble. Former Chancellor, Nigel Lawson, has called for the scheme to be restricted, and says the scheme shouldn't be available in London's overheated property market. In Scotland, figures released by freedom of information showed that more than half of the homes purchased with Help to Buy were built by three volume housebuilders, prompting calls from MSPs and housing charities to scrap the 'dysfunctional' scheme. The Scheme has also earned the nickname \"Help to Sell Scheme\", as the increasing demand seems to benefit existing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17578334",
"score": "1.0757972",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Help to Buy",
"text": "Help to Buy Help to Buy is the name of a government programme in the United Kingdom that aims to help first time buyers, and those looking to move home, purchase residential property. It was announced in Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne's 2013 budget speech, and was described as \"the biggest government intervention in the housing market since the Right to Buy scheme\" of the 1980s. It is an extension of a previous programme called FirstBuy that was aimed solely at first-time buyers. Help to Buy has itself been expanded and extended. Subject to restrictions, which in some cases",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17578327",
"score": "1.0626501",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "5 years to 3 years (edited rbcdd3117 in 2018) At the 2011 Conservative Party Conference, David Cameron proposed to increase Right to Buy discounts in order to revitalise the housing market and generate receipts which could be spent on new housing. Social housing professionals expressed concerns over the proposal. As of 2 April 2012, the Right to Buy discount was increased to a maximum of £75,000 or 60% of the house value (70% for a flat) depending on which is lower. In March 2013, the maximum discount in London was increased to £100,000. The maximum amount of discount changes annually",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340061",
"score": "1.0285989",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "South Quay Estate",
"text": "middle-aged and older individuals or couples. The GLC initially blocked the launch of the Right to Buy Scheme under the Thatcher Government in South Quay, although this changed around the demise of the GLC and ownership passing to Tower Hamlets Borough Council. With Right to Buy, like many social housing initiatives close to the City of London, the composition of tenants in South Quay Estate therefore changed significantly during the 1980s and 1990s. As a result, a significant proportion of the Estate's 300 apartment units were transferred into private hands during this period. This transformation from public to private housing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11840289",
"score": "1.0096371",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Public housing in the United Kingdom",
"text": "on the time they had lived there. Councils were prevented from reinvesting the proceeds of these sales in new housing, and the total available stock, particularly of more desirable homes, declined. The \"right to buy\" was popular with many former Labour voters and, although the Labour government of Tony Blair tightened the rules (reducing the maximum discount in areas of most housing need), it did not end the right-to-buy. Labour did relax the policy forbidding reinvestment of sales proceeds. Following its election in 2015, the Conservative government has announced proposals to extend the Right to Buy to housing association tenants.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19153118",
"score": "1.0083002",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "solve the widespread problem of Right to Buy mis-selling from brokers and solicitors alike. Each had their own agenda and many were charging excessive fees which were then taken out of their client's discount. The above actions that have been taken coupled with the end of the boom period seem to have brought this problem under control. In 2009, the Localis think tank suggested, as part of a review of principles for social housing reform, that the right to buy should be extended into equity slivers, which could be part-earned through being a good tenant. The qualifying period changed from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340060",
"score": "1.0049046",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "buy council housing a Conservative Party policy nationally. The policy was largely in place for the 1974 Conservative manifesto, but did not prove an asset in the two general elections that year because of high interest and mortgage repayment rates, as well as the growth of negative equity as house prices fell. In the meantime, council house sales to tenants began to increase. Some 7,000 were sold to their tenants during 1970; this soared to more than 45,000 in 1972. After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340052",
"score": "1.0037591",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "given millions of households a tangible asset, secured their families' finances and—by releasing cash to repay local authority debt—helped improve the public finances. Critics claim that the policy compounded a housing shortage for people of low income, initiated a national house price bubble, and led ultimately to what is commonly recognised as the displacement and social cleansing of traditional communities. Individual local authorities have always had the ability to sell council houses to their tenants, but until the early 1970s such sales were extremely rare. The Labour Party initially proposed the idea of the right of tenants to own the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340050",
"score": "1.0021116",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "had to approach their previous landlord (council or housing association) and offer them \"first right of refusal\". If the previous landlord was no longer in existence, for example in cases where the former landlord was a registered social landlord that has ceased business, then the property had to first be offered to the local housing authority. The time in which a Right to Buy conveyance should take place was reduced from 12 months to 3 months. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) now governed and regulated most types of mortgage-selling. The FCA's governance of Right to Buy purchases was partly to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340059",
"score": "0.9939201",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Help to Buy",
"text": "to Buy was announced in the 2013 budget and launched on 1 April. Phase two was rolled out in October 2013. In the 2014 budget, phase one, which as originally intended to run till 2017, was extended until 2020, though phase two was not extended. One goal of phase one of the programme was of course to continue helping first-time buyers onto the property ladder by facilitating the purchase of new-build. By doing so, and by also helping existing home-owners to buy new-build, demand for new-build would increase. George Osborne claimed that, by increasing demand for new-build, the supply side",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17578330",
"score": "0.9908034",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Help to Buy",
"text": "vary by country, the types of Help to Buy scheme are: Aware of its upward effect upon house prices, George Osborne handed oversight of Help to Buy to Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney. Carney pledged to bring the scheme to an end if the Bank deemed it to be destabilising the housing market, though it was later confirmed by Carney that the UK's central bank had not, in fact, been granted a veto by the chancellor. As part of the Bank's advisory role, its Financial Policy Committee will produce an annual report. In January 2014, Carney played",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17578328",
"score": "0.98864734",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "First televised speech in the UK Parliament",
"text": "remember that the right-to-buy legislation was fiercely opposed by the Labour party. I was proud to have had a hand in extending the opportunities for home ownership in the Housing Act 1985. Last month, phase two of our district general hospital was opened. All the medical wards have been transferred from St. Mary's hospital, which was built in Napoleonic days, to our new hospital. I am pleased to be able to tell the House that our hospital has informed my right hon. and learned Friend the Secretary of State for Health of its intention to seek approval to become a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17403849",
"score": "0.98430973",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Tenants Purchase Scheme",
"text": "Tenants Purchase Scheme Tenants Purchase Scheme (; TPS) is a scheme which allows tenants in public housing estates under Hong Kong Housing Authority to purchase their flats. The price is set to be much lower than the market prices of private flats and Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) owing to the age of flats and restriction on selling. In November 2002, in response to a weak property market which was allegedly being distorted by public housing sales schemes, it was decided to terminate the TPS after the sale of the five estates under Phase 6B. The suspension of the HOS was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7144110",
"score": "0.97356015",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "My Home Purchase Plan",
"text": "ten years before the closing of the pre-letting application period. People who previously joined any form of Government subsidized home purchase schemes (e.g. HOS/Private Sector Participation Scheme,Tenants Purchase Scheme, Sandwich Class Housing Scheme, and the various home purchase loan schemes) are not eligible for MHPP. Tenants who have bought a property under MHPP will not qualify for any other form of subsidy in the future housing schemes provided by the Government. However, if MHPP beneficiaries have great financial difficulties in future and are in real need of PRH, the Government may give discretion to exceptional cases. Applicants include 1) family",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15454350",
"score": "0.9684926",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Tenants Purchase Scheme",
"text": "Long, Nam Cheong Estate in Sham Shui Po, and Tsui Lam Estate in Tseung Kwan O would be set for sale by the end of 2006. Tenants Purchase Scheme Tenants Purchase Scheme (; TPS) is a scheme which allows tenants in public housing estates under Hong Kong Housing Authority to purchase their flats. The price is set to be much lower than the market prices of private flats and Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) owing to the age of flats and restriction on selling. In November 2002, in response to a weak property market which was allegedly being distorted by public",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7144112",
"score": "0.96834594",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Home Ownership Scheme",
"text": "purchase by public housing tenants. A Home Purchase Loan Scheme was introduced with, initially, a quota of 2,000 loans of HK$50,000 interest-free to make the downpayment on their new private-sector homes. In December 1991, there was a huge rush to buy 6,452 Housing Authority properties in 17 projects. Flats were to be sold at a discount of 40%, the most attractive for several years. In 2000, the scheme was caught up in a short-piling scandal which resulted in the resignation of Housing Authority Chief Rosanna Wong, and a censure for Housing Director Tony Miller. The construction of 2 blocks of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3958525",
"score": "0.9638138",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Home Ownership Scheme",
"text": "low-income residents at prices below the market level, with discounts usually between 30 and 40 percent. It restricts resale of the units in the second-hand market to other families who qualify or, on the open market, after payment of a premium equal to the updated value of the discount given on the original purchase. As an ancillary scheme, the Housing Authority also entered into arrangements with local private developers to provide property for sale under the Private Sector Participation Scheme (PSPS). Between 1995 and 2000, the Hong Kong Housing Society also offered the Sandwich Class Housing Scheme for lower middle",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3958522",
"score": "0.9459719",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "the major points of Thatcherism. The policy proved immediately popular. Some local Labour-controlled councils were opposed, but the legislation prevented them from blocking purchases, and gave them half the proceeds. Sales were much higher in the south and east of England than in inner London and northern England. Sales were restricted to general-needs housing; adapted properties and those built specifically for older people were exempted from the scheme. Half the proceeds of the sales were paid to the local authorities, but the government restricted authorities' use of most of the money to reducing their debt until it was cleared, rather",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340056",
"score": "0.93455523",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Public housing in the United Kingdom",
"text": "Social housing is being sold off under right to buy, new social housing is not being built to replace it and waiting lists for social housing have become very long, up to 18 years. Over a million people are on the social housing waiting list and a quarter of people on social housing waiting lists have been there for 5 years or more. The number of social homes is at a record low, over 100,000 households were on council waiting lists for over 10 years. Council houses sold under right to buy are typically sold at half market value, some",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19153119",
"score": "0.9295544",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Home Ownership Scheme",
"text": "Home Ownership Scheme The Home Ownership Scheme (HOS; ) is a subsidized-sale programme of public housing in Hong Kong managed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority. It was instituted in the late 1970s as part of the government policy for public housing with two aims - to encourage better-off tenants of rental flats to vacate those flats for re-allocation to families in greater housing need; and also to provide an opportunity for home ownership to families unable to afford to buy in the private sector. Under the scheme, the government sells apartment flats to eligible public housing tenants and to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3958521",
"score": "0.9225241",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "wef April 2017 it changed to £78,600.00 (edited 2018 rbc dd3117) The maximum right to buy discount increases each financial year in line with CPI as at the previous September (see separate document from the Right to Buy Team, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. As the CPI in September 2017 was 3% the new maximum discounts for Redditch in respect of the financial year 2018/19 will be £80,900 and applies to all applications made by the tenant on or after 6 April 2018. Any applications made before then are processed using the current discounts (£78,600). In summary discount",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340062",
"score": "0.92247605",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "house they live in, in their manifesto for the 1959 general election which they subsequently lost. Later, the Conservative-controlled Greater London Council (GLC) of the late 1960s was persuaded by Horace Cutler, its Chairman of Housing, to create a general sales scheme. Cutler disagreed with the concept of local authorities as providers of housing, and supported a free-market approach. GLC housing sales were not allowed during the Labour administration of the mid-1970s, but picked up again once Cutler became Leader in 1977. They proved extremely popular. Cutler was close to Margaret Thatcher (MP for Finchley) who made the right to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340051",
"score": "0.9220545",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Help to Buy",
"text": "homeowners, and property developers, rather than the buyer. In 2013, UK house prices started to take off, with some saying laying the blame at the door of Help to Buy. At the end of November that year, as Mark Carney announced that mortgages and other consumer loans would not be eligible for his Funding for Lending Scheme from the start of 2014, Nouriel Roubini warned of a housing bubble in London. Since the scheme's introduction, property developer Taylor Wimpey has reported that their average asking price has increased by 22%. This is mainly because the \"help to buy equity loan\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17578335",
"score": "0.9220082",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Right to Buy",
"text": "owned by private landlords, while the son of the late Ian Gow (Thatcher's sometime housing minister) owned some 40 houses. In 2015, Alan Murie concluded that \"the proposed extension of right-to-buy could not easily be reconciled with the independence and charitable status of housing associations\", and that \"extending the right-to-buy to housing association tenants revived a previous Parliamentary debate and raised questions about the legal position of charities and the risks faced by housing associations and their funders\". A 2017 BBC survey of council areas where waiting lists were rising showed the councils had bought back houses they had been",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5340066",
"score": "0.9210002",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
}
]
| {
"title": "Right to Buy",
"long_answer": "After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980. Michael Heseltine, in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment, was in charge of implementing the legislation. Some 6,000,000 people were affected; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit. Heseltine noted that \"no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people\". He said the right to buy had two main objectives: to give people what they wanted, and to reverse the trend of ever-increasing dominance of the state over the life of the individual.",
"chunked_long_answer": "After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980. Michael Heseltine, in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment, was in charge of implementing the legislation. Some 6,000,000 people were affected; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit. Heseltine noted that \"no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people\". He said the right to buy had two main objectives: to give people what they wanted, and to reverse the",
"short_answers": [
"1980"
]
} |
who issued gold coins for the first time in india | [
"Gupta Empire"
]
| [
{
"title": "Coinage of India",
"text": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Vijayanagara coinage",
"text": "Vijayanagara coinage The Vijayanagara Empire from 1336–1646, was situated in Southern India and had a complex currency system that was used after the Empire ceased to exist. The standard unit of coin issued by the Vijayanagara Empire was the gold Pagoda in English or Varaha of 3.4 gr. The Varaha was also called the Hon, Gadyana or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. 1 gold Varaha = 2 Pratapas = 4 Katis = 8",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12291195",
"score": "1.1194998",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Indian rupee",
"text": "of India. Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai, Alipore (Kolkata), Saifabad (Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP). The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act. After independence, the Government of India mint, minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In the years 2010 and 2011 for the first time ever 75, 150 and 1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate the Platinum Jubilee of the Reserve Bank of India, the 150th birth anniversary of the birth of Rabindranath Tagore and 1000 years",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2719083",
"score": "1.1095178",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Alupa dynasty",
"text": "three dynasties that issued gold coins as early as 8th century CE. The gold that used to mint coins came from trade with the Romans, Arabs and from the adjacent kingdom of Gangas. No other ancient dynasties of the south have issued that many varieties of gold coins as Alupas and Gangas did. The coins of both Gangas and Alupas have inscriptions that helps in dating the period of issue. Unfortunately these coins have not drawn much attention compared to that of Chalukyas or Hoysals. But for sure, they have inspired later dynasties as a prototype or basis to issue",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8525507",
"score": "1.0983137",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Jayasimha Siddharaja",
"text": "Vardhamana (author of \"Siddharaja-Varnana\"). The gold coins attributed to Siddharaja are found in Pandwaha near Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. The gold coins are round weights 65-66 grains and measures 0.8\" to 0.9\". It has legend \"Shri Siddharajah\" on reverse and obverse. The silver coins attributed to him are found at Vanthali, Junagadh and Pilwai in North Gujarat. On obverse of these silver coins, the three lines legend \"Shri Jayasimha\" in Nagari script appears; with one more word \"priya\" in some coins. On reverse there is an image of an elephant. These elephant either represents Laxmi or commemorates victory in war with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18659179",
"score": "1.0910292",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Coinage of India",
"text": "value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an increasing supply of silver in India. India developed some of the world's first coins, but scholars debate exactly which coin was first and when. Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked Karshapana was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to Gupta in the seventh century BCE. Punch-marked coins were a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4514109",
"score": "1.089949",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Kalighat",
"text": "In 1825, Marsden prepared the \"Nusmiamata Orientalia\", where for the first time they were mentioned as Gupta coins. The coins had been placed in a brass pot that remained submerged in water for a long time, hence the coins developed an underwater patina of clayish black, owing to the reaction of the gold and the alloys in the coin with the alluvium. The hoard contained the Archer Type coins from the reign of Chandragupta II who had probably annexed Bengal to his Empire, and Kumaragupta I with an abundance in coins from the reign of Vishnugupta and Narasimhagupta, besides a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6879640",
"score": "1.0872757",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Rupee",
"text": "his brief rule between 1540 and 1545. Suri also introduced copper coins called \"dam\" and gold coins called \"mohur\" that weighed 169 grains (10.95 g). The Indian rupee was re-introduced in Medieval times, issued and termed as \"rupiya\", the silver coin, by Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), continued by the Mughal rulers. The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen. The term is from \"rūpya\", a Sanskrit term",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1749352",
"score": "1.0863593",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Coinage of India",
"text": "of minted coins spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain from West Asia. The coins of this period were called \"Puranas\", \"Karshapanas\" or \"Pana\". These earliest Indian coins, however, are unlike those circulated in West Asia, were not disk-shaped but rather stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age. Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra. The tradition of Indian coinage was further influenced by the coming of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4514105",
"score": "1.0796819",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Madurai Nayak dynasty",
"text": "in Tiruchi that one of the Nayak rulers, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayak, launched a stiff opposition to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Most Nayaka coins were made of gold or copper. The design, figures, size, and weight of Nayak coins all were similar to those of Vijayanagara coins. Sadasiva Nayaka issued some beautiful Nayaka coins: one gold coin shows Shiva and Parvati seated next to one another – Shiva holds the trisula (trident) and the mriga (antelope) in his hands. Another gold coin of the same ruler features the mythical bird Gandaberunda. This coin is almost identical to the gandabherunda coins minted",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9610303",
"score": "1.0774633",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Satavahana dynasty",
"text": "states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II. The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Thousands of lead, copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4523516",
"score": "1.0748775",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Kadamba dynasty",
"text": "the Rashtrakutas and Kalyani Chalukyas. The successors of Mayurasharma took to the name \"varma\" to indicate their Kshatriya status. Kadamba coins were one the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage. They issued 2 types of gold coins, those which were punch-marked and others which were die-struck. During 1075-1094 CE, Shanti Varma, issued gold punch-marked coins and in 1065 CE, Toyimadeva, issued die-struck gold coins. \"Punch-marked gold coins\" \"Die struck gold coins (Pagoda)\" They have been definitively attributed to the Kadambas because they not only have various Kadamba symbols, such as conches and chakras, but one of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4043373",
"score": "1.0733657",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Coinage of India",
"text": "of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty. During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4514120",
"score": "1.0719111",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Chalukya dynasty",
"text": "the symbol of a temple on the obverse and a 'sceptre between lamps' or a temple on the reverse. Pulakeshin II's coins had a caparisoned lion facing right on the obverse and a temple on the reverse. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called, in old-Kannada, \"hun\" (or \"honnu\") and had fractions such as \"fana\" (or \"fanam\") and the \"quarter fana\" (the modern day Kannada equivalent being \"hana\" – which literally means \"money\"). A gold coin called \"gadyana\" is mentioned in a record at the Vijayeshwara Temple at Pattadakal, which later came to be known as \"varaha\" (their royal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15357952",
"score": "1.0716296",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Kadambas of Hangal",
"text": "to war between them, then Kalachuris helped Somadeva as per the 1159 inscription Somadeva subordinate of Kalachuris, they conquered Banavasi and handed it over to Somadeva (in 1165). The Kadambas of Uchchangi were in name only kings of Banavasi actually the power remain with Kadambas of Hangal. Kadambas coins were one the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage. Kadambas issued 2 types of gold coins, namely \"Punch-marked gold coins\" and \"Die struck gold coins\". During 1075-1094 CE, Shanti Varma, issued gold punch marked coin and in 1065 CE, Toyimadeva, issued die struck gold coins (Pagoda). Kadambas",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15787312",
"score": "1.0715201",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Coinage of Asia",
"text": "1 hwan = 5 yang. Tibetan coins were struck in Lhasa and in the Kong-po province between 1763 and 1954. Since 1959 Chinese currency replaces that of Tibet. The first Indian coins were either round, square or long sticks of silver with punch marks issued under various kingdoms starting from around 600 BCE onwards. Issuers included Kashi, Kosala, the Magadha Empire, Kuru, Panchala, Taxila, Gandhara, Kamboja, Avanti in the Narbada Valley, Saurashtra Peninsula, and the Eastern Deccan. The first coins issued by a unified Indian empire was from the Maurya Empire, though they were similar to the older issues. During",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6881908",
"score": "1.0698433",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "History of the rupee",
"text": "were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By the early 1830, the English had become the dominant power in India. The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6390793",
"score": "1.0692909",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Double-headed eagle",
"text": "as a symbol by the Wadiyar dynasty of the Kingdom of Mysore from the 16th century. Coins (gold pagoda or gadyana) from the rule of Achyuta Deva Raya (reigned 1529–1542) are thought to be the first to use the Gandaberunda on currency. An early instance of the design is found on a sculpture on the roof of the Rameshwara temple in the temple town of Keladi in Shivamogga. The symbol was in continued use by the Maharaja of Mysore into the modern period, and was adopted as the state symbol of the State of Mysore (now Karnataka) after Indian independence.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5071588",
"score": "1.0682361",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Coinage of Nepal",
"text": "struck equivalent to Indian Rupee. Some gold coins were also struck in his reign but as Nisars for use in special ceremonies. Prithivi Narayan Shah's Successor continued with his modifications in Malla currency and dating system and continued issuing similar silver and Nisar gold coins in their and their queens names. In 1789 (Sak.1711) King Rana Bahadur Shah reduced the diameter of Mohar and increased the production of smaller denomination and gold coin. Several Suki coins were issued by the Regent Queens of Shah dynasty due to power shift in the court .In Sak.1722 Queen Raj Rajeshwari Devi senior wife",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19858769",
"score": "1.0608289",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Kalachuri dynasty",
"text": "controlled Vidarbha, where they succeeded the Vakataka and the Vishnukundina dynasties. In addition, the Kalachuris conquered northern Konkan (around Elephanta) by the mid-6th century. Here, they succeeded the Traikutaka dynasty. The origin of the Kalachuris is uncertain. Krishnaraja (r. c. 550-575) is the earliest known ruler of the dynasty. He issued coins featuring Brahmi script legends, imitating the design of earlier coins issued by the Traikutaka and the Gupta kings. His coins featuring a bull are based on the coins issued by Skandagupta. His silver coins were circulated widely for around 150 years after his reign. Krishnaraja's coins describe him",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19794892",
"score": "1.060598",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "History of the rupee",
"text": "had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870-1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation and unrest. The 1911 accession to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6390794",
"score": "1.0582826",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "India Government Mint",
"text": "the mints at Mumbai, Kolkata and Hyderabad also make coin blanks. Hyderabad, Mumbai and Kolkata mints have gold assaying facilities and the Mumbai mint produces standardised weights and measures. Mumbai Mint has a state-of-the-art gold refining facility up to 999.9. Hyderabad Mint has electrolytic silver refining facility up to 999.9. Commemorative coins are made at Mumbai and Kolkata. Kolkata and Hyderabad have facilities for making medallions, too. The Noida mint was the first in the country to mint coins of stainless steel. Each currency coin minted in India (and anywhere in the world) has a special mint mark on it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9081752",
"score": "1.0563935",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Mohur",
"text": "word \"mudra\" which also means \"seal\". Gold mohurs issued by the Moghul Empire, the British East India Company or the British Crown are valuable collector items and sell in auctions for high prices. The double mohur (minted between 1835 and 1918) with a value of 30 rupees is the highest denomination circulating coin issued till date. An 1835 double mohur was sold at a Bangalore auction for Rs. 11.5 lakhs making it the highest ever coin bid in India. Mohur A mohur is a gold coin that was formerly minted by several governments, including British India and some of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4274542",
"score": "1.0556375",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Mohur",
"text": "princely states issued half-mohur coins (equal to 7 rupees and 8 anna). The \"mohur\" coin was first introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his rule in India between 1540 and 1545 and was then a gold coin weighing 169 grains (10.95 grams). He also introduced copper coins called \"dam\" and silver coins called \"rupiya\" that weighed 178 grains (11.53 grams). Later on, the Mughal emperors standardized this coinage of tri-metallism across the sub-continent in order to consolidate the monetary system. The word \"mohur\" or \"mohor\" is from the Persian word \"muhr\", which means \"seal\" and is cognate with the Sanskrit",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4274541",
"score": "1.0527679",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Indian rupee",
"text": "(meaning \"wrought silver, a coin of silver\"). Panini characterised as a stamped (which means a form in general, but probably a silver form in this case). \"Arthashastra\", written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as . Other types of coins including gold coins (), copper coins () and lead coins () are also mentioned. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BCE, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2719062",
"score": "1.0526664",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Coinage of India",
"text": "Turkic and Mughal invaders in India. The East India Company introduced uniform coinage in the 19th century CE, and these coins were later imitated by the modern nation states of Republic of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Numismatics plays a valuable role in determining certain period of Indian history. There is evidence of countable units of precious metal being used for exchange from the Vedic period onwards. A term \"Nishka\" appears in this sense in the Rigveda. Later texts speak of cows given as gifts being adorned with \"pādas\" of gold. A \"pāda\", literally a quarter, would have been",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4514106",
"score": "1.0524484",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Coinage of Asia",
"text": "time of Alexander the Great's conquest. Coinage of India began in the 7th century BCE, as small native states known as the Mahajanapadas began to mint coins of silver. The concept of coinage, and many design elements, spread across the Indian subcontinent within centuries. India subsequently absorbed and modified numerous influences, including Greek, Roman, Arabic and Persian. Some time around the 7th century BCE, coins shaped like utensils emerged in China. In most regions, spade-shaped coins were issued, while knife-shaped coins were issued in the North-East. In the state of Chu (in Southern China), small oval bronze pieces were issued.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6881899",
"score": "1.0516617",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Coins of British India",
"text": "From 1621 till 1800, the English sent their precious metal bullion to the Surat mint, controlled by the \"Nawab\", to be coined into local gold mohurs and silver rupees. As the Surat mint was unable to meet the required production rate, silver was also sent to the Ahmadabad mint in 1636. During later years, the Ahmadabad mint also struck rupees for the Bombay Presidency in the name of Muhammad Akbar II with the dates 1233–1241 AH (1817–1825 CE). In December 1672, the East India Company started a mint in Bombay and European style gold, silver, copper, and tin coins were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15564470",
"score": "1.0505083",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Coins of British India",
"text": "issues and the Mughal design in order to gain wider acceptance by the native population. Early European style coins were not popular outside jurisdiction of their respective settlements. In spite of having their own mints, the EIC either sent its bullion to the Mughal mints or forged the common coins of the contemporary Mughal Emperor. In 1717, the EIC obtained rights to strike coins in the name of the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar on the island of Bombay. The major mints in the west responsible for issuing coins for the East India Company included Surat, Bombay (Mumbai or Munbai), and Ahmadabad.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15564469",
"score": "1.0502152",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Hindu Shahi",
"text": "of Asian Civilisations, Islamabad, Veka (sic.) conquered northern region of Afghanistan ‘with eightfold forces’ and ruled there. He established a Shiva temple there which was inaugurated by \"Parimaha Maitya\" (the Great Minister). He also issued copper coins of the Elephant and Lion type with the legend Shri Vakkadeva. Nine principal issues of Bull and Horseman silver coins and only one issue of corresponding copper coins of Spalapatideva have become available. As many as five Elephant and Lion type of copper coins of Shri Vakkadeva are available and curiously the copper issues of Vakka are \"contemporaneous\" with the silver issues of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15388988",
"score": "1.0499802",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Coinage of India",
"long_answer": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.",
"short_answers": [
"Gupta Empire"
]
} |
how many players have scored 10000 runs in odi | [
"11",
"eleven"
]
| [
{
"title": "List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket",
"text": "a total of 8,648 runs in 1994. The record stood for four years until it was broken by India's Mohammed Azharuddin. Azharuddin remained the top-scorer in the format until his compatriot Sachin Tendulkar passed him in October 2000. As of August 2016, eleven players—from six teams that are Full members of the International Cricket Council—have scored more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Four of these are from Sri Lanka and three from India. The rest are one player each from Pakistan, Australia, West Indies, and South Africa. Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player reach",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Sanath Jayasuriya",
"text": "Africa scored against Australia in March 2006. Sri Lanka won the match by 195 runs. On a personal note the innings was his 4th score of over 150 in ODI cricket and he is currently the only player to do so other than Sachin Tendulkar who has achieved it five times. It was also his second successive score of 150 plus, another first in ODI cricket. He also scored 2 centuries and 2 half-centuries in the 2007 Cricket World Cup held in the West Indies.In 2008, his one-day career was all but over when he was omitted for the ODIs",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2400260",
"score": "1.0669194",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Shahid Afridi",
"text": "in cricket. This is reflected by the fact that he is the only player to score more than 7,000 ODI runs at an average under 25. Afridi is the only player in the world who has scored 1,000 runs and 50 wickets in the T20 format of the game. Afridi has moved about the batting order, and this lack of consistency has made it difficult for him to settle. In the Indian subcontinent, where the ball quickly loses its shine, he prefers to open the batting; however, elsewhere he prefers to bat at number six. On 22 August 2017, in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2873865",
"score": "1.0604645",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Sanath Jayasuriya",
"text": "was surpassed by Shahid Afridi during the 2010 Asia Cup match against Bangladesh. He became the fourth batsman to score more than 10,000 runs and the second batsman to score more than 12,000, and 13,000 runs in the history of ODIs. He also has 28 centuries, the fourth highest in ODIs. He held the record of scoring most runs in an ODI over (30; he has achieved this twice), and first batsman to score over 30 in an over. This record is now held by South Africa's Herschelle Gibbs (36 runs in an over). During the one-day Natwest series in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2400258",
"score": "1.0516565",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Virender Sehwag",
"text": "led India to win its first series win in New Zealand. On 8 December 2011, Sehwag scored his highest ODI score against West Indies at Indore slamming 219 runs off only 149 Balls. In the same innings, he also crossed 8,000 runs in ODI Cricket. Sehwag's scoring rate is extremely quick, at 103.44 runs per 100 balls (it is exceeded only by one current player: Shahid Afridi, who has a much lower average). He has had more success in run chases, scoring seven of his thirteen centuries while chasing. He has led India on seven occasions, due to the unavailability",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14011693",
"score": "1.0455555",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Vinod Kambli",
"text": "made his ODI debut in 1991 against Pakistan during the Wills Sharjah Trophy. He played world cup tournaments in 1992 and 1996. He has 2 ODI centuries in to his credit: 100 not out against England at Jaipur in 1993 on his birthday, setting the record for becoming the first batsman to score an ODI hundred on his birthday and 106 against Zimbabwe at Kanpur in the 1996 World Cup. Cricket lovers won't forget the picture of Kambli crying when he went back to the dressing room after Sri Lanka were awarded the semi-final match of the 1996 World Cup.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2894429",
"score": "1.0453188",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Virender Sehwag",
"text": "the 15th player to do that of all time, but weeks later he again scored crucial and aggressive pair of 55 against West Indies. In eight Test matches since April 2012, he has managed to score just 408 runs at an average of 31.38, with highest being 117. In six ODIs in the same period, he scored 183 runs at an average of 30.5 and was dropped for the ODI series against England. His last ODI century was the double hundred against the West Indies in December 2011. Former England batsman Geoffrey Boycott had hinted that it might be the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14011717",
"score": "1.0365262",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Virat Kohli",
"text": "Kohli became the 12th batsman and fastest player to score 10,000 ODI runs. He surpassed the milestone with 205 innings which is 54 innings less than the next quickest to the landmark, Sachin Tendulkar. In the course he scored his 37th ODI century. Kohli's average after crossing 10,000 is 59.62, which is also the best average among the 10,000 club members. On 27 October, after scoring his 38th ODI century, Kohli became the first batsman for India, first captain and tenth overall, to score three successive centuries in ODIs. He ended up scoring 453 runs in 5 innings, at an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11635274",
"score": "1.0344079",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Gandhi Stadium",
"text": "stadiums in the state of Punjab will get an opportunity to host international cricket matches. The highest score in Test cricket was made by India who scored 374 against Pakistan. The most runs scored were by Anshuman Gaekwad (201 runs), Wasim Raja (125 runs) and Javed Miandad (66 runs). The most wickets taken were by Wasim Raja and Kapil Dev (4 wickets), along with Ravi Shastri (3 wickets). The highest score in ODI cricket was made by West Indies who scored 226 against Pakistan. The most runs scored were Dilip Vengsarkar (88 runs), Richie Richardson (77 runs) and Aamer Malik",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5387538",
"score": "1.0315411",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Sourav Ganguly",
"text": "has the most ODI runs) and the eighth overall. He has scored 16 centuries in Test matches and 22 in ODIs. He is also one of only ten batsmen to score more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Along with Tendulkar, Ganguly has formed the most successful opening pair in One Day Cricket, having amassed the highest number of century partnerships (26) for the first wicket. Together, they have scored more than 7000 runs at an average of 48.98, and hold the world record for creating most number of 50-run partnership in the first wicket (44 fifties). Ganguly became the fourth",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2814814",
"score": "1.0301185",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Ashish Bagai",
"text": "took the Canadians to victory over the UAE after spending a night in hospital due to being hit in the face when keeping. He holds the Canadian record for highest ODI score after his unbeaten 137 in a losing cause against Scotland. In that same ODI he set a record in One Day International cricket for facing the most number of balls in an ODI innings when batting at number three position(172)He added 100 runs for 4th wicket with Asif Mulla which was the first ever century stand for Canada in an ODI. Bagai captained the Canadian team during the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6236931",
"score": "1.0279704",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Tillakaratne Dilshan",
"text": "9,000 runs in ODIs. He became the fourth Sri Lankan cricketer and 15th overall to achieve this landmark. He also took 3 crucial wickets in the match against England and aided Sri Lanka's title claim as the winners of the tournament. He won both man of the match award and man of the series award. On 23 January 2015, Dilshan scored his 20th One-Day International century against New Zealand, becoming the 10th batsmen to score 20 ODI centuries. On 26 February 2015, he scored an unbeaten 161 runs during the group stage match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3580538",
"score": "1.0233685",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Limited overs cricket",
"text": "a 40-overs match. The record low score in ODIs was set by Zimbabwe, who managed just 35 against Sri Lanka in Harare on 25 April 2004. The most runs scored by both sides in any List A limited overs match is 872: Australia, batting first, scored 434 for four in 50 overs, and yet were beaten by South Africa who scored 438 for nine with a ball to spare during their One Day International at Johannesburg in 2006. The highest individual innings is 268 by Ali Brown for Surrey against Glamorgan in a 50-overs match at The Oval in 2002.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "304958",
"score": "1.0207636",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Mithali Raj",
"text": "She scored 100s: 1 and 50s: 4 in Test cricket, 100s: 5 and 50s: 50 with best bowling of 3/4 in ODI's and 50s: 10 in T20's. In February 2017, she became the second player to score 5,500 runs in WODIs. Raj is the first player to captain most matches for India in ODI and T20I. In July 2017, she became the first player to score 6,000 runs in WODIs. She led the Indian team to the final of the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to England by nine runs. In December 2017, she was named",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5997103",
"score": "1.0196699",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Upul Tharanga",
"text": "of cricket, saying that he could be the next captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team. Upul Tharanga is the second batsman in the world who was involved with 7 times 200+ partnerships in ODI cricket. The only other player to achieve this feat is Ricky Ponting. On 2 July 2013, Upul Tharanga scored the second highest ODI score of 174* by a Sri Lankan only behind Sanath Jayasuriya who scored 189 against India. With that innings he became the 9th Sri Lankan player to pass 5000 runs margin. Despite of his low match participation, he has earned 13 centuries",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6441879",
"score": "1.0170457",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Faf du Plessis",
"text": "followed with a third consecutive ODI hundred, scoring 121 off 140 balls, this time against Zimbabwe on 4 September 2014. (South Africa were playing an ODI tri-series with Australia and Zimbabwe.) On 6 September 2014 against Australia, Du Plessis fell only 4 runs short of becoming the first batsman in history to score 4 ODI hundreds in a row. (This would also have been a record for the most ODI hundreds by a batsman in any ICC ODI tournament) He initially looked on course to achieve his 4th ODI hundred until his batting partner AB de Villiers hit 2 sixes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9943242",
"score": "1.0167133",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Sanath Jayasuriya",
"text": "currently holds the fourth place for most centuries in a career, behind Indian cricketers Sachin Tendulkar (with 49 ODI centuries), Virat Kohli (35 ODI centuries) and Ricky Ponting (30 centuries). His second century, 134 against Pakistan in 1996, was scored at a strike rate of 206.15 and was the fastest century in ODI cricket at the time. This record was later broken by Pakistani cricketer Shahid Afridi. The 189 he made against India in 2000 is the sixth highest ODI score in a single innings. Making his second highest ODI score of 157 against the Netherlands in 2006, Jayasuriya paved",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2400276",
"score": "1.015502",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Sachin Tendulkar",
"text": "centuries in both Tests (51) and ODIs (49) as well as in Tests and ODIs combined (100). On 16 March 2012, Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred. It came against Bangladesh in the league matches of Asia Cup 2012. He is also the only player to score fifty centuries in Test cricket, and the first to score fifty centuries in all international cricket combined. He also holds the world record for playing the highest number of Test matches (200) and ODI matches (463). Tendulkar has been part of most wins by an Indian in both Test cricket with 72 wins",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "679361",
"score": "1.0152906",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Tamim Iqbal",
"text": "in ODI after Shakib Al Hasan. He jumped to the 13th position in ICC ODI Batsman Ranking with a career highest rating point of 737. After world cup 2015 till now [30th July, 2018], he has scored a total of 2180 runs in ODI with one of the highest averages by an opening batsman in this period, 62.28. In September 2018, he was named in Nangarhar's squad in the first edition of the Afghanistan Premier League tournament. List of international cricket centuries by Tamim Iqbal Tamim Iqbal Muhammad Tamim Iqbal Khan (; born 20 March 1989) is a Bangladeshi international",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9023155",
"score": "1.012832",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Dougie Marillier",
"text": "the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do well. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6202526",
"score": "1.0121498",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Shikhar Dhawan",
"text": "with 187 runs from 174 balls. A prolific run-scorer in ICC tournaments, Dhawan top-scored in the 2004 Under-19 World Cup, and the 2013 and 2017 Champions Trophy tournaments, and holds the record for the fastest to reach 1000 runs in ICC ODI tournaments. In August 2013, he recorded the then-second-highest individual score in a List A match when he scored 248 runs off 150 balls for India A against South Africa A at Pretoria. At the 2015 World Cup, he was the leading run-scorer for India and in the following year, became the fastest Indian to reach 3,000 ODI runs.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9330632",
"score": "1.008814",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Tillakaratne Dilshan",
"text": "overall and first Sri Lankan to score 1,500 runs in Twenty20 Internationals, he is also the first player to hit 200 fours in T20Is. Dilshan scored 1000 or more ODI runs in a calendar year four times and never failed to amass fewer than 800 runs in any calendar year between 2009 and 2015. Dilshan was under-estimated in the cricket world as an ordinary player when he batted at number 6 and 7, unlike his revered teammates Mahela Jayawardene and Kumar Sangakkara. When he gained the opening batting position, Dilshan became one of the finest cricketers in the world and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3580521",
"score": "1.0081549",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Virender Sehwag",
"text": "for consistency in 2003 and 2003/04 ODI series where he had only one century and 3 fifties, two against minnows – Bangladesh and Zimbabwe and one against Pakistan, in 22 matches. Even with his inconsistent form, he earned 3 MoM awards in 2004/5 and 2004/05 ODI season with one award each against Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan. In the match against Pakistan in Kochi he scored 108 off 95 balls, his first century in eighteen months which set up a 95 run victory. Sehwag then started a two-year streak without a century in ODIs, as well as having his ODI",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14011690",
"score": "1.0062007",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Tamim Iqbal",
"text": "and scored 80 and 118 in the first and third ODIs against Afghanistan. During the first ODI against Sri Lanka on 26 March 2017, Tamim became the first Bangladeshi to score 10,000 international runs. Preparing for the 2017 Champions Trophy, Iqbal scored a hundred against Pakistan in a warm-up game at Edgbaston in Birmingham. Playing against England in the first of the league games at The Oval, he scored 128 off 142 balls taking the team's total to 305, which was later chased down by the latter. He scored 95 off 114 balls in the next game against Australia, a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9023152",
"score": "1.0061785",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Chamari Atapattu",
"text": "to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is and she is also the leading runscorer for Sri Lanka in both ODIs and T20Is. At the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup, during Sri Lanka's match against Australia, she scored the third-highest individual total in a WODI and the second-highest total in a Women's World Cup match, with 178 not out. She also scored the highest percentage of runs in a completed innings in a WODI (69.26%) and the most runs in boundaries in a WODI, with 124. It was also the record for scoring the highest individual score in an innings of a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17970202",
"score": "1.0051099",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Andy Flower",
"text": "only player to score an ODI hundred on debut in a world cup match. He also has the record for the most number of matches(149) to score his second ODI ton after scoring a century on debut, when he did it in only in his 150th ODI. He also holds the record for the highest ever test score posted by a wicketkeeper batsman in an innings of a test(232*). He along with Heath Streak set the record for the highest 7th wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in ODIs(130) On 7 May 2007, Flower was appointed Assistant Coach of the England team,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3289684",
"score": "1.0050842",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Century (cricket)",
"text": "most ODI centuries, having scored 49 ODI Centuries. The first Twenty20 International (T20I) century was scored by Chris Gayle who amassed 117 runs against South Africa at Johannesburg in the very first match of ICC World Twenty20 tournament in 2007. Rohit Sharma currently holds the record for most T20I centuries, having scored 4 T20I Centuries. The fastest recorded century in Test cricket terms of balls faced is held by Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls against Australia at Christchurch, New Zealand in 2016, beating the previous record of 56 held jointly by Viv Richards and Misbah-ul-Haq. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4825488",
"score": "1.0040956",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Rohit Sharma",
"text": "as a specialist batsman. Since then Suresh Raina, Cheteshwar Pujara and Virat Kohli overtook him and made their Test debuts in the middle order. He scored his maiden ODI century (114) against Zimbabwe on 28 May 2010 and followed it up with another century in the next match of the tri-series against Sri Lanka on 30 May 2010 by scoring 101 not out. Following the poor form in South Africa series held just before the World Cup, he was dropped from the Indian squad for 2011 World Cup. He was selected for the West Indies tour of 2011 after the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7144492",
"score": "1.0038555",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "History of women's cricket",
"text": "Cup and Belinda Clark, the former Australian captain, is the only female player to have scored a double hundred in an ODI, recording an unbeaten 229 in the 1997 World Cup against Denmark. Pakistan's Sajjida Shah is the youngest player to appear in international cricket, playing against Ireland four months after her 12th birthday. She also holds the record for the best bowling figures in a one-day international, taking 7 wickets for just 4 runs against Japan Women at the Sportpark Drieburg in Amsterdam in 2003. Fast bowler Cathryn Fitzpatrick of Australia took 180 wickets in her one-day international career.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9342261",
"score": "1.0024428",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Tillakaratne Dilshan",
"text": "December 2015, Dilshan smashed 91 runs to reach another milestone in his career. Dilshan surpassed 1202 runs by Jayasuriya as most runs by an opening batsman for Sri Lanka in a calendar year. Dilshan scored 1207 runs in the year 2015 with 4 hundreds and 6 fifties. Dilshan finished 2015 ODI arena as the highest ODI run scorer for Sri Lanka and third highest of all-time list. During 25 ODIs played in 2015, Dilshan scored 1,207 runs with the average of 52.47 and strike rate of 90.75. The veteran of 39 years of age, Dilshan showcased incredible all-around ability and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3580543",
"score": "1.0019598",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket",
"long_answer": "Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement. In the year 2001, Sachin Tendulkar became the first player to score 10,000 runs in ODIs, while playing a match during the bi-lateral series against Australia at home. In the chase for achieving top scores, West Indies' Desmond Haynes retired as the most prolific run-scorer in One Day Internationals (ODIs), with a total of 8,648 runs in 1994. The record stood for four years until it was broken by India's Mohammed Azharuddin. Azharuddin remained the top-scorer in the format until his compatriot Sachin Tendulkar passed him in October 2000. As of August 2016, eleven players—from six teams that are Full members of the International Cricket Council—have scored more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Four of these are from Sri Lanka and three from India. The rest are one player each from Pakistan, Australia, West Indies, and South Africa. Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player reach the 10,000-run mark in this format.",
"chunked_long_answer": "a total of 8,648 runs in 1994. The record stood for four years until it was broken by India's Mohammed Azharuddin. Azharuddin remained the top-scorer in the format until his compatriot Sachin Tendulkar passed him in October 2000. As of August 2016, eleven players—from six teams that are Full members of the International Cricket Council—have scored more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Four of these are from Sri Lanka and three from India. The rest are one player each from Pakistan, Australia, West Indies, and South Africa. Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player reach",
"short_answers": [
"eleven"
]
} |
what do mobile numbers start with in the uk | [
"0"
]
| [
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. The overall structure of the UK's National Numbering Plan is:",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Telecommunications in the United Kingdom",
"text": "In addition, companies such as Virgin Mobile UK and Tesco Mobile act as mobile virtual network operators, using the infrastructure of other companies. There is a set numbering plan for phone numbers within the United Kingdom, which is regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), which replaced the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) in 2003. Each number consists of an area code—one for each of the large towns and cities and their surroundings—and a subscriber number—the individual number. Mobile IMSI is the actual number assigned to it the mobile telephone number, and provided with individual license to the MNOs. In 1998",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "433057",
"score": "1.0691105",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long. The total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits (after the initial zero). The \"area code\" is also referred to as an \"STD (code)\" (subscriber trunk dialling) or a \"dialling code\" in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is (020) for London. The code allocated to the largest area is (028) for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257902",
"score": "0.9905538",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "PhONEday changes in 1995. Pre-existing mobile phone, non-geographic, premium rate and pager services continued to use the same 9-digit 02xx xxxxxx to 09xx xxxxxx numbers as before. It would be several more years before these would add a digit to become 10-digit numbers and move to the 07, 08 and 09 ranges in the Big Number Change in 2000-2001. From May 1997, new mobile phone services started using numbers beginning 077, 078 or 079 re-using area codes recently vacated by 9-digit geographic numbers. These new mobile numbers have 10 digits. BT Cellnet started with 07801 xxxxxx, 07803 xxxxxx, 07808 xxxxxx",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658309",
"score": "0.99022734",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "as the termination points for non-geographic numbers, and by some automated systems such as alarms. As such they are not usually meant to be directly dialled. These numbers have been problematic as some mobile phone operators in the UK do not allow access to these ranges, and there may also be difficulty accessing these numbers from outside the UK. Regulator Ofcom proposes that in future these numbers be released for wider, general-purpose use in up to 70 area codes facing number shortage. In order to avoid confusion with codes beginning with these digits, the area code must always be dialled,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257914",
"score": "0.9898748",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "part of the UK itself. Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are: Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number (NSN) length as 10 or 9 digits. The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10, 9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits. The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits. Four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257903",
"score": "0.98705685",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "UK Calling",
"text": "inform the caller how much it is. The legislation applies to all consumer calls to 084, 087, 09 and 118 numbers across the UK. It doesn’t affect calls made from payphones, international calls, or calls made to the UK when roaming overseas. Before the UK Calling changes, calls to ‘Freephone’ numbers were generally free when called from a landline, however mobile users were usually charged for calling them. The 1 July legislation made all calls to 0800 and 0808 numbers free for consumers to dial from mobile phones, just as they are from landlines. Before the legislation was introduced, all",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18941799",
"score": "0.98453987",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "the pattern \"02x\", and an eight-digit subscriber number, and this is known as 2+8 format. The first four digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city. At the time of the change, the subscriber part of the number gained an extra digit in London, those in Northern Ireland gained two or three digits, and the subscriber part of the number in the other areas gained two digits. All of these areas were also subject to a previous code change, one that added a \"1\" directly after the initial zero, as a part of PhONEday",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257911",
"score": "0.9784249",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "allocated different ranges within the 073xx, 074xx, 075xx, 07624, 077xx, 078xx and 079xx area codes. Changes to mobile phone numbers in the Big Number Change were mostly straight replacements, such as Vodafone customers on the 0378 block became 07778. Since the advent of Mobile number portability, mobile phone number prefixes can no longer be relied on to determine the current operator of a particular mobile phone – only the original operator. 070 and 076 numbers are often charged at a much higher rate than calling the similar-looking 07xxx mobile telephone numbers. Personal numbers beginning 070 are regulated by Phone-paid Services",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257916",
"score": "0.97698295",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. This is the format used by most areas. It has a four-digit area code (after the initial zero) and a six digit subscriber number, and is known as 4+6 format. These area codes were changed by adding a \"1\" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998. Almost all (01xxx) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers, but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257904",
"score": "0.97359097",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "5678, 0303 456789, 03873 56789, 0800 445566. The long term plan is for migration to 10 digit numbering in the UK and in 1991 this started with new 0800 numbers being allocated with 10 digits. With multiple operators joining the market, administration was passed to an independent regulator. Oftel took over administration of the UK’s telephone numbers from BT in 1994. On \"PhONEday\", 16 April 1995, the digit \"1\" was inserted into all UK geographic area codes, including those in the director, all-figure dialling, ELNS and mixed areas. Under the new changes, for example, Inner London's 071 became 0171; Outer",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658301",
"score": "0.966469",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "There is one short \"special\" number in this range, 0800 1111 for Childline. Additionally, numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not-for-profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones. A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles, but this varies by network. With the exception of 080x freephone numbers, 08xx numbers are charged above geographic rates, with some of the extra revenue going to the terminating telco. This additional revenue may be shared with the subscriber, but is often used instead to subsidise additional network services, such",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257921",
"score": "0.9627311",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "numbers to providers would begin in March 2007. Whilst 01, 02 and 07 numbers can receive text messages, currently the majority of cellular network providers do not support the sending of text messages to 03 numbers. Three different ranges of numbers were announced; those beginning 030x are reserved for qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations, those beginning 033x, which are available for allocation to anyone, and those beginning 034x and 037x which will be used for migration from the matching 084x and 087x number ranges respectively. Ofcom itself began using 03 numbers on 13 November 2007 for public use. Unlike",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257918",
"score": "0.9547857",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "were introduced on 80X1 codes. Some mobile operators allocate other services to 123—such as customer services or voicemail etc. Short codes beginning with 1 are reserved for telecom service providers' own functionality; some of the most well-known are codes for use with Caller Display: Many fixed line telephone subscribers, e.g. of BT, Virgin Media, SkyTalk, TalkTalk, and PlusNet, have the opportunity to use an automated messaging service which takes messages when the called number is either engaged (\"busy\") or not answered within a given time. This can be accessed by calling 1571. For fixed line users, it is possible to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257935",
"score": "0.9537611",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "also have non-geographic numbers allocated. On the Isle of Man, both fixed (01624) and mobile phone (07624) numbers can be dialled locally in the six-digit format. Ofcom has also reserved certain number ranges for use in television dramas and films, so as to avoid the risk of people having their telephone numbers displayed, and receiving unwanted calls. This is similar to the use of fictitious telephone numbers in the United States and Canada starting with the digits 555. In most of the large cities with three-digit area codes a range of numbers is reserved, usually all the numbers starting with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257927",
"score": "0.9537457",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "the first round of five large cities moved to all figure dialling in the 1960s, and subsequently also used in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, eastern County Durham and south-eastern Northumberland from the 1980s onwards. These six areas have a three-digit area code matching the pattern \"1x1\" (after the initial zero) and a seven digit subscriber number, and this is known as 3+7 format. These area codes were changed by adding a \"1\" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. This is the geographic number format for the second round of large cities",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257908",
"score": "0.9477171",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "July changes also saw ‘freephone numbers’ 0800 and 0808 become free to call from both mobiles and landlines. Meanwhile, 0500 numbers remain chargeable as previously from mobiles (free from landlines, also as previously). Plans are afoot to migrate these to 08085 numbers in mid-2017, whereupon they will become free from mobiles. Area codes for mobile phone, local rate, premium rate and other such special numbers originally used ordinary looking area codes in the 02xx to 09xx range. In the early 1980s only a few such codes were in use. Rapid expansion of these services in the late 1980s required many",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658364",
"score": "0.9451662",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "place's name and the corresponding numbers on a telephone dial. For example Aylesbury was given the STD code 0AY6, where the letter A can be found on the number 2 and the letter Y on the number 9. The letter O became a zero, such as for Bournemouth: 0BO2 where BO = 20. Originally, where a place's name began with the letter \"O\" the code would begin with two zeros, such as Oxford: 0OX2 where OX = 09. These codes starting with \"00\" were later reallocated, freeing the prefix 00 for use by calls to the Republic of Ireland, to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658279",
"score": "0.94273615",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "only five digits in length (see next section). Six of the four-digit area codes are known as \"mixed\" areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. This leads to a restriction as to which initial digits can be used for subscriber numbers within those four-digit area codes, e.g. in the 01387 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 3 because 013873 is a separate five-digit area code; likewise in the 01946 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 7 because 019467 is a separate five-digit area code. This is used for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257905",
"score": "0.9397882",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "emergency call can be made through any UK mobile network as long as there is a SIM for any valid UK network in the handset. Although UK VOIP phone providers are required to offer 999 / 112 service this is subject to a registration for the service and with a verified service address and users need to be aware such service may not work in a power blackout; However International VOIP providers may not provide this service. The chargeable number 101 was introduced for non-urgent crime and community safety calls on a trial basis in 2006. In Wales, the scheme",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257931",
"score": "0.9382786",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "up to competition, many other companies also allocated these numbers to users. Usage of pre-existing 10- and 9-digit 0800 numbers and pre-existing 9-digit 0500 numbers continued as before. Additionally, numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not-for-profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones. A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles, but this varies by network. From 1996 onwards, Oftel brought various new 10-digit non-geographic 0845 and 0870 numbers into use. Only certain sub-parts of each code were made available for immediate use. Numbers at 0845",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658313",
"score": "0.9380956",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "084, 087 (except 0870) and 09 numbers charge a \"premium\" to the caller, numbers starting 0871, 0872, 0873, 090, 091 and 098 are covered by additional Premium Rate Services (PRS) regulation, generally have the highest costs, and are heavily regulated by the Phone-paid Services Authority. New \"adult\" services (SES) must use 098; legacy 0908 and 0909 numbers also carry these services. With the increased price differential, the use of non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom has been a major cause of bill shock. Pollster YouGov found that 49% of mobile users have been surprised to see how much they",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9988354",
"score": "0.9380591",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom have a structure that reflects their historical demands, starting from many independent companies to a system that supports many different services including cellular phones which were never initially envisaged. The telephone service in the United Kingdom was originally provided by private companies and local councils. But by 1912–13 all except the telephone service of Kingston upon Hull and Guernsey had been bought out by the Post Office. The Post Office also operated telephone services in Jersey until 1923 and the Isle of Man until 1969 when",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658275",
"score": "0.93514764",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "radiophones and to premium rate numbers. Within a single code group area there would usually be multiple exchange buildings in various locations. The smaller exchanges might have only a few hundred lines with three-digit subscriber numbers, e.g. 200–499. Larger exchanges might have a few thousand lines with four-digit subscriber numbers, e.g. 2000–5999, or five-digit subscriber numbers, e.g. 20000–49999. Population growth over the next few decades meant there was a need for more lines. This would see an exchange with existing three-digit numbers open one or more new ranges with four-digit local numbers (e.g. 5000-6999), and exchanges with existing four-digit numbers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658280",
"score": "0.933416",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "of all figure numbering. As such about 60% of current area codes are still based on the original alphabetic STD. Around 1982, the 091 code was also brought into use: Until the mid-1980s freephone numbers could be accessed only by ringing the operator on 100 and asking to be connected, e.g. Freephone 8963 for BT customer service. Later on, the 0800 code came into use for freephone services. These numbers often had only 8 digits, e.g. 0800 1111 for ChildLine. From around 1980, calls to Radiophones could also be direct dialled. These covered only a small part of the country.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658288",
"score": "0.9299345",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "UK telephone code misconceptions",
"text": "local number. For the majority of calls dialled within the same area, the trunk prefix and area code need not be dialled, but are ignored if they are. Owing to number-capacity constraints, fixed line callers in Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch (01202) must dial the full STD code even when calling local numbers. From October 2014, similar schemes were implemented in Aberdeen (01224), Bradford (01274), Brighton (01273), Middlesbrough (01642) and Milton Keynes (01908). Specifically, the requirement to dial the full number allowed for numbers to be allocated in which the first digit after the area code begins with a zero or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6733022",
"score": "0.92863077",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "051 ANF 1234. After the advent of all-figure dialling the number would be 051 263 1234. In 1968, area codes beginning 00 were changed. Codes beginning 00 were also used for premium rate numbers or as a short code for dialling calls to various places in the Republic of Ireland over the next few decades. The use of names was intended to provide a mnemonic for the exchange in the same way as for the Director system, but as more and more places were given STD codes the mnemonic link became more and more obscure, and this system became unworkable.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658286",
"score": "0.9283391",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Fictitious telephone number",
"text": "in (011x) and (01x1) area codes mostly end with the digits 496 0xxx, however Tyneside uses (0191) 498 0xxx. London uses 020 7946 0xxx; Cardiff uses 029 2018 0xxx; and Belfast uses 028 9018 0xxx. The generic (and currently unused) area code 01632 is available for all other purposes. Ofcom also reserves blocks of mobile phone (07700 900xxx), freephone (0808 157 0xxx), and premium rate (0909 879 0xxx) numbers for drama use. They also recently added a UK-wide range to the list (0306 999 0xxx). Fictitious telephone number Ranges for fictitious telephone numbers are common in most telephone numbering plans.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12844357",
"score": "0.9280411",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "purpose. Local electricity network operators can be reached on 105 to report power cuts. Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits, namely 0800 1111 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales. Since the mid-1990s speaking clock services have been available throughout Britain using the number 123. Before this, exchanges in \"Director\" areas (Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Manchester) dialled 846 (TIM), later changing to 123, and main exchanges in \"non-Director\" areas originally used \"952\", later changing to \"80\" with the introduction of STD and eventually to \"8081\" as other recorded services",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3257934",
"score": "0.92711437",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"text": "or 03 and should not be using numbers that begin 070, 084, 087 or 09. The 034 and 037 ranges are reserved specifically for 084 and 087 migration. GPs using 084 and 087 numbers can migrate to the equivalent 034 or 037 version of their number without ending their phone service contracts. Alternatively they can move to brand new 030 or 033 numbers or to a geographic 01 or 02 number. Only a few GPs and NHS services have chosen 03 numbers even though this should be the most obvious solution since 03 numbers allow the same call queueing and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17658354",
"score": "0.92688435",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
}
]
| {
"title": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom",
"long_answer": "Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. The overall structure of the UK's National Numbering Plan is:\n",
"chunked_long_answer": "Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. The overall structure of the UK's National Numbering Plan is:",
"short_answers": [
"0"
]
} |
who has won the most f1 grand prix | [
"Michael Schumacher"
]
| [
{
"title": "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners",
"text": "Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories, having won 91 times. Lewis Hamilton is second with 62 wins and Alain Prost is third with 51 wins. Michael Schumacher holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in 1992 at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in 2006 at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day. Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins–more than six-and-a-half years between the",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from Germany",
"text": "having by far the most victories. Vettel has wins to date. Ralf Schumacher won six Grands Prix and Heinz-Harald Frentzen won three. Wolfgang von Trips, who became the first German driver to win a Grand Prix, won two races both of which were in 1961. Nico Rosberg has won 23 races and Jochen Mass has won one. Sebastian Vettel won the World Championship in , , and . He is the youngest driver to win the title. Vettel is seen as one of the greatest qualifiers in the sport and holds the record for the most consecutive front row starts,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16760622",
"score": "1.1340866",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Brazilian Grand Prix",
"text": "was a rain soaked race, there were multiple accidents and an astonishing drive from the Dutch teenager Max Verstappen, son of former F1 driver Jos Verstappen, who drove his Red Bull from 16th to 3rd in 15 laps after his team botched its tire strategy. Five Brazilian drivers have won the Brazilian Grand Prix, with Emerson Fittipaldi, Nelson Piquet, Ayrton Senna and Felipe Massa each winning twice, and Jose Carlos Pace winning once. The most wins ever is by the Frenchman Alain Prost, who has won the race 6 times (including 5 times at Jacarepaguá). Argentine driver Carlos Reutemann and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3262199",
"score": "1.1329219",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from Colombia",
"text": "sport when Theodore ran out of money before the final race of the season. Juan Pablo Montoya is the most successful Colombian driver to race in F1. In a career spanning five and a half seasons he won 7 Grands Prix for Williams and McLaren, including the 2003 Monaco Grand Prix, finished on the podium 30 times and finished 3rd in the championship twice, in 2002 and 2003. Having won the Indianapolis 500 twice, he is one of two active drivers one race win away from completing the Triple Crown of Motorsport. Formula One drivers from Colombia There have been",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19256240",
"score": "1.1326096",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from France",
"text": "2016 Belgian Grand Prix. Pierre Gasly made his debut for Scuderia Toro Rosso at the 2017 Malaysian Grand Prix. Formula One drivers from France There have been 73 Formula One drivers from France, the most successful of them being Alain Prost who won the World Drivers' Championship four times. The title has been won by a French driver on four occasions, all of which were victories for Alain Prost. Eleven other drivers have won at least one race, though they are all far behind Prost's tally of 51 wins. In the 2018 Formula One season there are three French drivers.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16811433",
"score": "1.1134918",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from the Netherlands",
"text": "Formula One drivers from the Netherlands There have been 16 Formula One drivers from the Netherlands who have taken part in races since 1952. Max Verstappen is the most successful Dutch driver, as the only one to have won a race, one of the two to have finished on the podium of a Grand Prix (the other being his father Jos) and the one to score most career points. Max Verstappen, son of Jos, began his Formula One career in , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso. Aged 17 years and 166 days, he became the youngest Formula One driver in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17641081",
"score": "1.113145",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from Germany",
"text": "career that spanned eleven F1 seasons starting in 1997. All six wins came in the middle of his F1 career as a driver for Williams. Heinz-Harald Frentzen won three Grands Prix over ten seasons, twice finishing in third place in the drivers' championship. Nick Heidfeld has the most podium finishes without a win (13) and holds the record for the most consecutive race classifications with a tally of 41. Timo Glock was the third driver for Jordan in 2004 and was called up for racing duty when Giorgio Pantano was unable to drive due to a sponsorship dispute. Glock finished",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16760627",
"score": "1.0966697",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Nigel Mansell",
"text": "in 2016 with 206 races. Other Formula One records set in 1992 that he still holds are the highest percentage of pole positions in a season (88%), most wins from pole position in a season (nine) and most runner-up championship finishes before becoming World Champion (three). Mansell also holds the record for obtaining pole position and scoring the fastest lap and subsequently retiring from the race (1987 German Grand Prix, 1990 British Grand Prix, 1992 Japanese Grand Prix, and 1992 Italian Grand Prix). He is the driver having the most wins (31) without ever winning Monaco. He won the BBC",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1751039",
"score": "1.0952508",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from the Netherlands",
"text": "of a Grand Prix and the first racing under the Dutch flag. He has raced for Red Bull since the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix till and is due to race with them until . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Competed under Monegasque racing license in Formula One drivers from the Netherlands There have been 16 Formula One drivers from the Netherlands who have taken part in races since 1952. Max Verstappen is the most successful Dutch driver, as the only one to have won a race, one of the two to have finished on the podium of a Grand Prix (the other being his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17641092",
"score": "1.0945537",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from Mexico",
"text": "Formula One drivers from Mexico There have been six Formula One drivers from Mexico who have taken part in races since the championship began in 1950. Pedro Rodríguez is the most successful Mexican driver being the only one to have won a Grand Prix. Sergio Pérez, the only other Mexican to finish on the podium, currently races with Racing Point Force India F1 Team. Pedro Rodríguez won 2 races out of the 54 he started and is the only Mexican driver to finish in first position. Sergio Pérez began his career in with Sauber before moving to McLaren in and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17163474",
"score": "1.0909793",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from Belgium",
"text": "only occurred in 1968 however, when Jacky Ickx won the French Grand Prix. Ickx went on to win eight races in total, reaching the podium 25 times and becoming the runner-up in both the 1969 and 1970 seasons. The only other driver to win a Grand Prix was Thierry Boutsen, who won three races during his two-year stint with Williams-Renault in 1989–1990 and managed to reach the podium 15 times. Besides Ickx and Boutsen, the only other Belgian drivers to reach the podium are Olivier Gendebien (who scored two podium finishes) and Lucien Bianchi, Paul Frère and Willy Mairesse who",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19443555",
"score": "1.090217",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "2009 German Grand Prix",
"text": "World Champions in the F1 field, Fernando Alonso, Kimi Räikkönen and Lewis Hamilton were 9th, 10th and 11th in the Championship, with 11, 10 and 9 points respectively. 2008 champion Lewis Hamilton won the 2008 German Grand Prix for McLaren-Mercedes, at Hockenheim. Former German Grand Prix winners in the field for 2009 include Fernando Alonso of Renault and Rubens Barrichello of Brawn GP. Barrichello and Alonso have also been successful at the Nürburgring when the circuit hosted the European Grand Prix. The Nürburgring has the unique honour of hosting three different Formula One Grands Prix (see List of races at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13201430",
"score": "1.0901123",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Fernando Alonso",
"text": "the driver with the sixth highest number of Grand Prix wins, with 32. As a winner of the Monaco Grand Prix and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Alonso is one of just thirteen drivers (with Juan Pablo Montoya, one of two still active) to have won two of the three races that make up the Triple Crown of Motorsport. Nicknamed , a typical pseudonym for \"Fernando\" in Asturias, his place of birth, Alonso acts as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. Fernando Alonso was born in Oviedo, Asturias in northern Spain. His mother worked in a department store and his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1808155",
"score": "1.0862787",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom",
"text": "and won races in each of his six seasons with the team. He moved to Mercedes for the season and has now broken what had been Nigel Mansell's national record, with a total of Grand Prix wins. Scotsman Jim Clark is one of the most highly regarded drivers in the history of the sport. He had won two world championships, missing out on two others due to car failure. He died on 7 April 1968 at an F2 race in Hockenheim after his Lotus suffered a tyre failure. His hall of fame entry on the official Formula One site summarises",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16755112",
"score": "1.0838432",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from Italy",
"text": "finishes. Giancarlo Fisichella is the most recent Italian driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix having won in 2006. It was his third and final victory and came in his most successful season, one which saw him finish the year fourth in the drivers' championship. Fisichella featured on the podium at 19 of the 229 races he started. Riccardo Patrese competed in Formula One for 17 years, standing on the podium 31 times including six victories. He started 256 races, placing him as one of the top three most experienced Formula One drivers in history, and finished just under",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16885695",
"score": "1.083343",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Formula One",
"text": "many F1 drivers, with champions, including Nigel Mansell, Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight from that series to Formula One. More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was the case with 2007 World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, who went straight from Formula Renault to F1, as well as Max Verstappen, who made his debut following a single season in European F3. American open-wheel car racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid with mixed results. CART champions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve became F1 World Champions, while Juan Pablo Montoya won seven",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "135582",
"score": "1.07705",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom",
"text": "champion. Lewis Hamilton won by just one point in 2008, with Jenson Button winning the following year, in 2009. Lewis Hamilton became the fourth British multiple world champion when he won his second title in 2014. The British Grand Prix has been won by eleven British drivers: Stirling Moss, Peter Collins, Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart, James Hunt, John Watson, Nigel Mansell, Damon Hill, Johnny Herbert, David Coulthard, and Lewis Hamilton. They have won the event 25 times between them. Eight other British men have also won Formula One races, but never the British Grand Prix. These are Mike Hawthorn, Tony",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16755110",
"score": "1.0747906",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Kimi Räikkönen",
"text": "for Ferrari since the 2009 Belgian Grand Prix 3,339 days and 140 races earlier, and his first win in the hybrid era. This victory made Räikkönen the most successful Finnish driver of all time in terms of race wins. It was also the first time he gained a position on the first lap since the 2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. He broke the record for the longest gap between Grand Prix wins (113 races) and the record for the biggest gap between first and last career wins (5,691 days). Coincidentally, this victory came on the 11th anniversary of his 2007",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1783283",
"score": "1.0706888",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Brazilian Grand Prix",
"text": "huge surprise, considering he was the most successful F1 driver in history. 2013 saw Vettel win his 9th consecutive race that season which was a new record. 2014 saw the totally dominant Mercedes duo of Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton finish 1–2 in the race. 2015 saw Rosberg win again; he had spent most of that season demoralized and at the mercy of his teammate Hamilton, who won his 3rd consecutive Drivers' Championship. 2016 saw continued Mercedes domination, but it was Hamilton who won with Rosberg second. But the Mercedes victory that day was overshadowed by lots of drama: it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3262198",
"score": "1.0699253",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from Brazil",
"text": "won 23 out of 204 race starts. Fittipaldi, Rubens Barrichello, and Felipe Massa have each claimed more than ten wins. Carlos Pace scored his only victory at the 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix. Emerson Fittipaldi was the first Brazilian to win a Formula One Grand Prix – the 1970 United States Grand Prix at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course. No Brazilian driver has won a Grand Prix since Barrichello's last win at the 2009 Italian Grand Prix, the country's longest barren run since Fittipaldi's maiden victory. Ayrton Senna is often regarded as one of the best racing drivers of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16771570",
"score": "1.0694144",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom",
"text": "Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom There have been 160 Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom, one of whom has competed in the 2018 season. The country has produced ten World Champions. Of those, Lewis Hamilton has won the most titles, with five. Hamilton is still active in the sport; he has won the most races, recorded the most pole positions and amassed the most points of any British driver. There have been ten British Formula One World Drivers' Champions winning a total of seventeen titles between them. The first champion was Mike Hawthorn, who in 1958 became",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16755108",
"score": "1.068122",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "2012 Chinese Grand Prix",
"text": "lap 54, Hamilton took 3rd position from Vettel at the hairpin and a lap later, Mark Webber did the same for 4th. On crossing the chequered flag, Nico Rosberg won his first ever Formula One grand prix from 111 races. He was the 103rd different winner of a Formula One grand prix since 1950, and the 12th different Mercedes powered winner in Formula One. Button finished 20 seconds adrift in 2nd after a pit stop error robbed what little chance he may have had at taking victory (although unlikely given Rosberg's pace and the difficulty seen when overtaking on this",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16194703",
"score": "1.0629466",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from South Africa",
"text": "Formula One drivers from South Africa There have been 23 Formula One drivers from South Africa, with 18 of them having started at least one Grand Prix, and only 4 of them having started more than four races. Jody Scheckter is by far the most prolific and successful South African driver, being the only one to have won a race. During his nine-year career Scheckter won ten races and the 1979 World Drivers' Championship. There has not been a driver from South Africa in Formula One since 1980. There are no South African drivers currently competing in Formula One, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16892896",
"score": "1.0620965",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Ayrton Senna",
"text": "influential Formula One driver of all time in various motorsport polls. He was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap, and from 1989 until 2006 he held the record for most pole positions. He was also acclaimed for his wet weather performances, such as the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the 1993 European Grand Prix. He holds a record six victories at the Monaco Grand Prix, and is the fifth-most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Prost. In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1302599",
"score": "1.0611316",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Formula One drivers from France",
"text": "Formula One drivers from France There have been 73 Formula One drivers from France, the most successful of them being Alain Prost who won the World Drivers' Championship four times. The title has been won by a French driver on four occasions, all of which were victories for Alain Prost. Eleven other drivers have won at least one race, though they are all far behind Prost's tally of 51 wins. In the 2018 Formula One season there are three French drivers. Romain Grosjean was born in Geneva, Switzerland but races as a French driver. He came through the Renault driver",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16811431",
"score": "1.0577214",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Jackie Stewart",
"text": "a race where Stewart had to come into the pits to change a flat tyre, and he drove from 20th to finish 4th. Stewart held the record for most wins by a Formula One driver (27) for 14 years until Alain Prost won the 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the record for most wins by a British Formula One driver for 19 years until Nigel Mansell won the 1992 British Grand Prix. In his commentary work for race broadcaster Channel 9 during qualifying for the 1988 Australian Grand Prix, Stewart said that he had been asked numerous times if he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2006839",
"score": "1.0575105",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "History of Formula One",
"text": "Prix, Red Bull took the Constructors' Championship at the following race in South Korea. McLaren and Ferrari finished second and third in the standings once again, albeit much further behind. Button eventually took second place in the standings, with Webber in third once again. Vettel took 11 victories throughout the course of the year, broke the record for the most pole positions in a season (15) and the most championship points (392). After a slow start to the 2012 season, Vettel won 4 races in a row and challenged Fernando Alonso and Ferrari all the way through. Eventually, the German",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3092111",
"score": "1.0556809",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Sebastian Vettel",
"text": "year 2010, he was voted German Sportspersonality of the Year (Sportler des Jahres). In the same year, he won the International Racing Driver category at the Autosport Awards for the first time, and has since won this award for three successive years (2010–2013). In January 2012, Vettel was honoured with the illustrious for being the \"Double consecutive F1 World Champion at the age of twenty four – winner of eleven Grands Prix out of nineteen\", and in the following month, he was further honoured with the highest sports award in Germany, the \"Silberne Lorbeerblatt\" – Silver Laurel Leaf – in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8514821",
"score": "1.0551882",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "Alain Prost",
"text": "(4: Renault, McLaren, Ferrari, and Williams). He also shares the record for starting every race of the season from the front row (16 in ), with Ayrton Senna in , and Damon Hill in . He is also thus far the most recent Frenchman to win his home Grand Prix. Prost's battles with Ayrton Senna were particularly notable. The rivalry originated in 1988, when Senna joined Prost at the McLaren team. The most notable event during the season between the two occurred during the Portuguese Grand Prix, where Senna tried to block Prost from taking the lead by forcing the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "474522",
"score": "1.0548446",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "2016 Russian Grand Prix",
"text": "teammate Lewis Hamilton, who was the defending race winner. Nico Rosberg won the race from pole position, ahead of his teammate Lewis Hamilton, with Kimi Räikkönen completing the podium for Ferrari. While Rosberg extended his winning streak to seven consecutive Grands Prix, Sebastian Vettel retired from the race on the first lap, after contact with Red Bull's Daniil Kvyat. With the maximum number of 100 points from the first four races of the season, Rosberg left Russia with a 43-point lead to Hamilton. By securing pole position, winning the race, setting the fastest lap and leading every lap, Nico Rosberg",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19246847",
"score": "1.0529201",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
}
]
| {
"title": "List of Formula One Grand Prix winners",
"long_answer": "Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories, having won 91 times. Lewis Hamilton is second with 62 wins and Alain Prost is third with 51 wins. Michael Schumacher holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in 1992 at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in 2006 at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day. Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins–more than six-and-a-half years between the 1983 South African Grand Prix and the 1990 San Marino Grand Prix. Mario Andretti had to wait the longest time between his maiden victory at the 1971 South African Grand Prix and his second win–coming five years, seven months and 18 days later at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix. Sebastian Vettel holds the record for the most consecutive wins, having won nine Grands Prix in a row from the 2013 Belgian Grand Prix to the 2013 Brazilian Grand Prix. Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix; he was 18 years and 227 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix. Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories, having won 91 times. Lewis Hamilton is second with 62 wins and Alain Prost is third with 51 wins. Michael Schumacher holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in 1992 at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in 2006 at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day. Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins–more than six-and-a-half years between the",
"short_answers": [
"Michael Schumacher"
]
} |
who plays meredith quill in guardians of the galaxy 2 | [
"Laura Jane Haddock"
]
| [
{
"title": "Laura Haddock",
"text": "Laura Jane Haddock (born 21 August 1985) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying Kacie Carter in Honest, Lucrezia in Da Vinci's Demons, Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Alison in The Inbetweeners Movie and Viviane Wembly in Transformers: The Last Knight.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "had \"big broad jaw, chin, and most importantly the way the laugh lines move[d] and crease[d] as he talk[ed]\", similar to Russell's. Laura Haddock, reprising her role from the first film of Meredith Quill in the sequence, was also slightly de-aged to play the younger version of that character. Luma worked on the Sovereign people and their world, and Adam Warlock's cocoon. By August 2014, Gunn had \"some ideas listed, but nothing for sure\" in terms of songs to include in Quill's \"Awesome Mix Vol. 2\" mixtape, for which he felt \"a little pressure\" due to the positive response to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178139",
"score": "1.1634951",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Chris Pratt",
"text": "play Peter Quill/Star-Lord in Marvel Studios' \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", explaining that he did not \"want another Captain Kirk or \"Avatar\" moment\" (after humbling auditions for both). The film's casting director, Sarah Finn, suggested Pratt to director James Gunn, who had struggled to cast that role and dismissed the idea. Despite this, Finn arranged for a meeting between the two, at which point Gunn was convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role. Pratt also won over Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige, despite having gained weight again for the comedy film \"Delivery Man\". The role was part of a multi-film",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5153864",
"score": "1.151198",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Chris Pratt",
"text": "to value a guy who works with his hands\". Pratt reprised his role as Peter Quill / Star-Lord in the \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" sequel \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\", which was released in May 2017. The film focuses on Quill's and his team's search for his father. Pratt also portrayed the character in \"\", which was released in April 2018, and will reprise the role in \"\", which is set to be released on April 26, 2019. On April 21, 2017, Pratt received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his achievements in motion pictures, located",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5153869",
"score": "1.1190687",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "moved up to May 5, 2017. In the following months, Michael Rooker said he would return as Yondu, and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character. Chris Pratt, who played Peter Quill/Star-Lord in the first film, confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects. Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket. Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot. In March 2015, Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta, Georgia with \"major crew changes\" from the first film, and that his brother, Sean Gunn, would",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178100",
"score": "1.1135727",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Star-Lord",
"text": "same name. He has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise, including animated television series, toys and trading cards. Chris Pratt portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe beginning with the 2014 live action film \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" and \"\". He will also reprise the role in \"\". Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Peter Quill in the first two \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" films. The character first appeared in the black-and-white magazine publication \"Marvel Preview\" #4 (Jan 1976). Creator Steve Englehart had plans for the character that went unrealized. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6634380",
"score": "1.1132944",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack)",
"text": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\". Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill's mixtape in the film, the album was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017. A separate film score album, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score), composed by Tyler Bates, was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date. \"Awesome Mix Vol. 2\" was the United States' eighth best-selling album of 2017 with 600,000",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20095305",
"score": "1.0229528",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "in comparison to Loki, and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him. So that I liked, but even that was sort of difficult, because it played as funnier when I first wrote it, and the humor didn't work so much.\" In September 2012, Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script. By the end of November, Joel Edgerton, Jack Huston, Jim Sturgess, and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill, as did Lee Pace, which he confirmed a week later in early December. Other actors who",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651229",
"score": "1.0168648",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "Quill / Star-Lord, and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed. Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England, with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013. Post-production was finished on July 7, 2014. The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21, 2014, and was released in theaters on August 1, 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats. The film became a critical and commercial success, grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing superhero film of 2014, as well as the third-highest-grossing film of 2014. The film was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651212",
"score": "1.0129101",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "scene, Gunn promised Marvel he would use his social media presence to clarify for fans that the character would not be seen in either of the Avengers' films. After the film's announcement, Gunn said he knew \"a lot of where I want to go [in the sequel]\", having written the backstory of Peter Quill, his father, and his history with Yondu during the making of the first film with the intention of exploring them in a future film. Gunn wanted to give the sequel a different structure from the first film, since \"one of the reasons people like \"Guardians\" is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178104",
"score": "1.0126222",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "Karen Gillan, Djimon Hounsou, John C. Reilly, Glenn Close, and Benicio del Toro. In \"Guardians of the Galaxy\", Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial criminals who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact. Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009. Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2012. Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September. In February 2013, Pratt was hired to play Peter",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651211",
"score": "1.0110028",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "Other\", from \"The Avengers\". Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina, the Collector's slave; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal, a Nova Corps officer; Gregg Henry plays Quill's grandfather; Laura Haddock plays Quill's mother, Meredith; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime's assistant; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar, The Boot; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar; Tom Proctor plays Horuz, a Ravager; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill's Walkman. Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo. Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651221",
"score": "1.010992",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "Russell. In \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\", the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage. The film was officially announced at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International before the theatrical release of the first film, along with Gunn's return from the first film, with the title of the sequel revealed a year later in June 2015. Principal photography began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with many crew changes from the first film due to other commitments. Filming concluded in June 2016. Gunn chose to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178083",
"score": "1.0077053",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "of an ancient, unknown species. Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother: a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs. The Guardians leave in the rebuilt \"Milano\" along with a sapling cut from Groot. In a post-credits scene, Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits: a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck. Additionally, Josh Brolin appears, uncredited, as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture. Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin, Yondu's first mate in the Ravagers. Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos's vizier, \"The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651220",
"score": "1.004323",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)",
"text": "something that is easily accessible to people at the same time. The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that, yeah, [Quill] is a real person from planet Earth who's just like you and me. Except that he's in this big outer space adventure.\" All songs—with the exception of \"Spirit in the Sky\", which is played in the trailer—are featured in the film. \"Never Been to Spain\" by Three Dog Night, \"Magic\" by Pilot, and \"Livin' Thing\" by Electric Light Orchestra were also used during filming; however, the scenes in which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18151555",
"score": "1.0033503",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe",
"text": "Cheo Hodari Coker wished to convey throughout the series. It is accompanied in the episode by a montage of \"black men walking the streets in Cage’s signature 'bulletproof' hoodie\". \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" features an original song in the film's credits. Co-written by the film's writer and director James Gunn and score composer Tyler Bates, it was \"meant as a sort of \"Guardians\" take on Meco's disco \"Star Wars\" theme [\"Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band\"].\" David Hasselhoff was chosen as the vocalist because he is one of Peter Quill's childhood heroes, and Gunn was a fan of Hasselhoff when",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19700189",
"score": "0.9991691",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "\"It's striking the balance throughout the whole movie, through something that is very unique, but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time. The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that, yeah, [Quill] is a real person from planet Earth who's just like you and me. Except that he's in this big outer space adventure.\" When choosing the songs, Gunn revealed he \"started the process by reading the \"Billboard\" charts for all of the top hits of the '70s\", downloading \"a few hundred\" songs that were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651254",
"score": "0.9988502",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack)",
"text": "copies. By August 2014, \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" writer and director James Gunn had \"some ideas listed, but nothing for sure\" in terms of songs to include in Quill's \"Awesome Mix Vol. 2\" mixtape. In April 2015, Gunn said he felt \"a little pressure for the soundtrack because so many people loved <nowiki>[</nowiki>the first film's soundtrack<nowiki>]</nowiki> and we went platinum and all that other stuff. But I feel like the soundtrack in the second one is better.\" In June 2015, Gunn stated that all of the songs for \"Awesome Mix Vol. 2\" had been chosen and built into",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20095306",
"score": "0.9924544",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "set the sequel shortly after the first film to explore the characters' new roles as the Guardians, and to follow the storyline of Quill's father established throughout that previous film. Russell was confirmed as Quill's father in July 2016, portraying Ego, a departure from Quill's comic father. \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It grossed more than $863 million worldwide, making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2017, while also outgrossing its predecessor. The film received praise for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178084",
"score": "0.9893204",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "return as Kraglin alongside Karen Gillan as Nebula. He explained his relationship with Marvel, saying the company \"let me go and do my thing, and I truly listen to their notes and ideas. I've never been told to put in any character or plot element at all... When they trust you they give you a wide berth... we just fit.\" In May, Gunn said the sequel would feature fewer characters than the first film, and that he had planned to introduce two major new characters in the script—Mantis and Adam Warlock. Talks had begun with an actor Gunn had in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178101",
"score": "0.98429585",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)",
"text": "Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack) Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film \"Guardians of the Galaxy\". Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill's mixtape in the film, the album was released by Hollywood Records on July 29, 2014. A separate film score album, Guardians of the Galaxy (Original Score), composed by Tyler Bates, was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date, along with a deluxe version featuring both albums. The soundtrack album reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart, becoming the first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18151552",
"score": "0.9798753",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "2013, Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film, and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month. Also in April, Michael Rooker joined the film's cast as Yondu, and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role. By this point in time, Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film. In May, Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey. At the same time, it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie, Alan Rickman, and Ken Watanabe,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651233",
"score": "0.9727018",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "comprises the twelve songs from Quill's mixtape; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums. By August 2014, the album which mirrored Quill's mixtape had reached the top of the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart. Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the \"Awesome Mix Vol. 1\" soundtrack on November 28, 2014, as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants. The cassette, which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003, comes with a digital download version of the album. At Disney's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651257",
"score": "0.9720346",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "well as Charred Walls of the Damned drummer and \"Howard Stern Show\" personality Richard Christy in a cameo appearance. The other members of Stakar and Yondu's old team, based on the comic's original incarnation of the Guardians of the Galaxy, include Michael Rosenbaum as Martinex, Ving Rhames as Charlie-27, and Michelle Yeoh as Aleta Ogord. Also included in the team are the CG characters Krugarr and Mainframe, with the latter voiced, in an uncredited cameo, by Miley Cyrus. Rosenbaum had previously auditioned to play Peter Quill in \"Vol. 1\". Gunn cast Yeoh because of his love of 1990s Hong Kong",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178093",
"score": "0.9709927",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy (film)",
"text": "praised for its humor, acting, direction, soundtrack, visual effects, and action sequences. At the 87th Academy Awards, the film received nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling. A sequel, \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\", was released on May 5, 2017. A third film, \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3\", which was initially being developed for a 2020 release, has been put on hold after the firing of director James Gunn. In 1988, following his mother's death, a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers, a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16651213",
"score": "0.96929014",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178082",
"score": "0.9688125",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "destroy the Guardians, naming him Adam; and a group of uninterested Watchers abandon their informant, who is discussing his experiences on Earth. Additionally, reprising their roles from the first film are Laura Haddock as Meredith Quill, Gregg Henry as her father, Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck, and canine actor Fred as Cosmo. Members of Yondu's Ravager crew appearing in the film include Evan Jones as Retch, Jimmy Urine as Half-Nut, Stephen Blackehart as Brahl, Steve Agee as Gef, Mike Escamilla as Scrote, Joe Fria as Oblo, Terence Rosemore as Narblik, and Tommy Flanagan as Tullk, as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178092",
"score": "0.9663737",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Star-Lord",
"text": "Star-Lord Star-Lord (Peter Jason Quill) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Steve Englehart and Steve Gan, first appeared in \"Marvel Preview\" #4 (January 1976). The son of human Meredith Quill and Spartoi J'son, Peter Quill assumes the mantle of Star-Lord, an interplanetary policeman. The character played prominent roles in the comic book storylines \"Annihilation\" (2006) and \"\" (2007), \"War of Kings\" (2008), and \"The Thanos Imperative\" (2009). He became the leader of the space-based superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy in the 2008 relaunch of the comic of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6634379",
"score": "0.9646205",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series",
"text": "chases after her, with either Gamora (Emily O'Brien) or Drax (Brandon Paul Elis). Onboard, they discover the bodies of thousands of Kree soldiers and learn that Hala intends to resurrect them and her son, Bal-Dinn (Johnny Yong Bosch). She mortally wounds Star-Lord, but he and his partner escapes with the Forge when the other Guardians arrive. Making it on board, Star-Lord dies from his injuries, only to be brought back to life by the Forge. Not knowing what to do with it, they visit Yondu (Mark Barbolak), a former space-pirate and the man who raised Peter Quill after his mother's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19870853",
"score": "0.9583545",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2",
"text": "Stakar Ogord. Gunn also introduced multiple actors who were playing Ravager characters, since the Ravagers have a larger presence in the film. On the decision to reveal Russell as Ego and Quill's father when he did, Gunn felt that since \"people were going to figure it out eventually [...] it was better that we took the reins in our own hands\" and make the reveal. Gunn also felt that this would move the focus of audiences from wanting to discover who Quill's father is to \"the story and the relationship that these characters have\". In August 2016, Gunn confirmed the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18178126",
"score": "0.95638824",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Laura Haddock",
"long_answer": "Laura Jane Haddock (born 21 August 1985) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying Kacie Carter in Honest, Lucrezia in Da Vinci's Demons, Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Alison in The Inbetweeners Movie and Viviane Wembly in Transformers: The Last Knight.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Laura Jane Haddock (born 21 August 1985) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying Kacie Carter in Honest, Lucrezia in Da Vinci's Demons, Meredith Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Alison in The Inbetweeners Movie and Viviane Wembly in Transformers: The Last Knight.",
"short_answers": [
"Laura Jane Haddock"
]
} |
who is the guy on keeping up with the kardashians | [
"Jonathan Cheban"
]
| [
{
"title": "Jonathan Cheban",
"text": "Jonathan Cheban (born c. 1974) is a reality-television star and entrepreneur. He is noted for his recurring role on the show Keeping Up with the Kardashians and its spinoffs.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians (often abbreviated KUWTK) is an American reality television series that airs on the E! cable network. The show focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashian–Jenner blended family. Its premise originated with Ryan Seacrest, who also serves as an executive producer. The series debuted on October 14, 2007 and has subsequently become one of the longest-running reality television series in the country. The fifteenth season premiered on August 5, 2018. The series focuses mainly on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian and their half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028926",
"score": "1.0674361",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "The episodes of \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" are also available on numerous streaming video on demand services, such as Amazon Video, iTunes, Google Play, Microsoft Movies & TV, Hulu, and Vudu, as well as the E! network's own streaming service. Keeping Up with the Kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians (often abbreviated KUWTK) is an American reality television series that airs on the E! cable network. The show focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashian–Jenner blended family. Its premise originated with Ryan Seacrest, who also serves as an executive producer. The series debuted on October 14,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028972",
"score": "1.0585431",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Dash Dolls",
"text": "on \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\", and her twin sister, Khadijah Haqq, who both act as co-managers of the store. The cast also includes store's merchandising manager Durrani Aisha Popal, sales associates Stephanie De Souza, Caroline Burt, Taylor Cuqua, and Melody \"Mel\" Rae Kandil, assistant manager Merhanz \"Nazy\" Farnoosh, store manager Jennifer Robi, sales coordinator Alexisamor \"Lexi\" Ramierz, and media and marketing expert Melissa \"Missy\" Flores. The Kardashian sisters, who own the store, are also expected to make guest appearances throughout the show. According to the press release issued by the network, the cast of the series is characterized as:",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18691120",
"score": "1.0496423",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "part of the sixth season; the special was highly successful with a combined 10.5 million viewers. A few days after Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce) came out as a trans woman during a \"20/20\" interview with Diane Sawyer in May 2015, E! aired a two-part special on \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" entitled \"About Bruce\", in which another side of the story was told featuring family members who were not involved in the previous interview on \"20/20\". The first part of the special debuted on May 17, 2015, and attracted 2.92 million total viewers, a 40% increase from the previous episode,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028950",
"score": "1.0405153",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "to entertain.\" The following year, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" was picked up for a third season. In April 2012, E! signed a three-year deal with the Kardashian family that kept the series airing through seasons seven, eight and nine. \"Keeping up with the Kardashians\" was later renewed for a tenth season which premiered on March 15, 2015. In February 2015, it was announced that the show had been renewed for four more years, along with an additional spin-off series, making it one of the longest-running reality television series in the country. In terms of the show's future, Kim Kardashian",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028937",
"score": "1.0294166",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "\"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" has received very poor critical reviews since its premiere. It is often criticized for the high degree of emphasis on the \"famous for being famous\" concept, and for appearing to fabricate some aspects of its storylines. Several critics also noted the show's lack of intelligence. However, some critics recognized the reality series as a \"guilty pleasure\" and acknowledged the family's success. Despite the negative reviews, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians \" has attracted high viewership ratings, becoming one of the network's most successful shows and winning several audience awards. The series' success has led additionally",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028928",
"score": "1.0178623",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "large Hispanic populations, particularly in the Southwest\". Despite negative reviews from critics, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" has been nominated for, and won, several television awards. The reality series has received nominations for a Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV: Celebrity Reality Show category nine consecutive times between 2008 and 2016, winning the award in 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2016. The show also won a People's Choice Award as Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure in 2011. The Kardashian sisters have been nominated as part of the cast for five awards, winning four times; Kim Kardashian has been nominated for three",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028966",
"score": "1.0170166",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "to deal with various LGBT-related issues. It was later cancelled after two seasons. In April 2017, it was announced E! had ordered an 8-episode spin-off \"Life of Kylie\" revolving around Kylie Jenner. It premiered on August 6, 2017. \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" has been the subject of constant panning by critics since its inception. Brian Lowry, reviewing the show for \"Variety\", said that the network: \"widens its lens to encompass the whole irritating brood — including Kim's sisters Khloé and Kourtney, mom-manager Kris and stepdad Bruce Jenner, who now has the distinction of having two sets of useless rich",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028952",
"score": "1.0130959",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "2007, it was announced that the Kardashian and Jenner families would star in a yet-to-be-titled reality show on E! described as a \"new non-scripted family sitcom\", being produced by Ryan Seacrest and Bunim/Murray Productions. The series' announcement came one week after Paris Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie announced that their popular E! series, \"The Simple Life\", was ending. The show, entitled \"Keeping Up With the Kardashians\", premiered on October 14, 2007. The reality series centers around the members of the Kardashian-Jenner blended family, focusing on the sisters Kourtney, Kim and Khloé. Most episodes have very similar structure: the family",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028934",
"score": "1.0119275",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Rob Kardashian",
"text": "Rob Kardashian Robert Arthur Kardashian (born March 17, 1987) is an American television personality and businessman. He is known for appearing on \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\", a reality television series that centers upon his family, as well as its spin-offs. In 2011, Kardashian also competed in the thirteenth season of ABC's \"Dancing with the Stars\", during which he placed second. Rob and his siblings derive most of their revenue by endorsing products such as Coca-Cola, for which they are paid (as of 2016) between $75,000 and $300,000 per post on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter, as per CBC Marketplace and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11936939",
"score": "1.0064594",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "The season ended on May 26, 2008 with an episode \"Junk in the Trunk\", which featured the Kardashian siblings sharing the most memorable moments of the season. The third season commenced airing on March 8, 2009 and concluded with two back-to-back episodes which aired on May 25. The subsequent season premiered with a two-hour long episode entitled \"The Wedding\" on November 8, and ended on February 21, 2010; some of the episodes aired throughout the season were extended to a full hour. The fifth season of \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" began airing on August 22, 2010 and concluded with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028968",
"score": "1.0051006",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Dash Dolls",
"text": "installment in the \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" franchise, following \"Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons\", and the first one not featuring any members of the Kardashian family as the main cast. The series is produced by Bunim/Murray Productions and Ryan Seacrest Productions, the same companies which produce \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" and their spin-offs; Gil Goldschein, Jeff Jenkins, Farnaz Farjam and Claudia Frank serve as executive producers, along with the Kardashian sisters and Kris Jenner. The network describes the premise of the show as: Dash is a chain of retail stores which was founded in 2006 by the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18691116",
"score": "1.0004274",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "awards winning one in 2012. In 2010, Kris and Caitlyn Jenner received a Teen Choice Award nomination in a one-time Choice TV: Parental Unit category. \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" premiered on October 14, 2007 in the United States on the E! cable network at 10:30/9:30 pm ET/PT. The half-hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot, and the eight-episode first season of the show concluded on December 2. The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10:00/9:00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028967",
"score": "0.99487936",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Dash Dolls",
"text": "because of its unique environment and famous owners. \"Ultimately when you put a large group of girls together, you're game to get a bunch of drama,\" Haqq also added. Kim Kardashian has disclosed that she initially wanted \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" to focus more on their stores in order to bring people's attention and later said that she \"didn’t think it would turn into what it turned into.\" The reality series chronicles the daily life of the employees working in one of the Dash boutiques. The show features Khloé Kardashian’s best friend Malika Haqq, who has also been appearing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18691119",
"score": "0.99476314",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "million in the 1849 years adult demographic, the most sought after by advertisers. It was the highest rated cable show in its timeslot. The series finished as the most-social ad-supported cable program and, as of March 2015, \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" is the most-watched show on E! network. The first episode of the tenth season averaged 2.5 million viewers, slightly less than the premiere of the ninth season. In 2016, a \"New York Times\" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" \"tends to most popular in areas with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028965",
"score": "0.99118185",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "about the Kardashians' intense hunger for fame. But even worseit is downright boring to watch this family live out their tedious lives.\" John Kubicek, the senior writer of BuddyTV, reviewed the premiere of the third season of the show and discussed the reason for the family's success by saying that: \"the Kardashians' fame is a lot like Möbius strip or an M. C. Escher painting.\" Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" as a: \"Hollywood version of \"The Brady Bunch\" -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028955",
"score": "0.9855657",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "\"show[s] off their privileged lifestyle and maybe get into one or two minor family squabbles before ultimately wrapping things up with a monologue that reinforces the importance of family,\" as noted by Caroline Siede of \"Quartz\". Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described the reality series as a: \"Hollywood version of \"The Brady Bunch\" -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections\". Kim Kardashian described the beginning of filming the show, \"When we first started [the show], we came together as a family and said, 'If",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028935",
"score": "0.98509765",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "and her husband Lamar Odom, became the third spin-off of \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\". The show premiered on April 10, 2011, and lasted two seasons. In March 2014, E! announced the fourth spin-off entitled \"Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons\". The series premiered on November 2, 2014, and followed Kourtney and Khloé who relocated to the Hamptons to work on opening a new Dash pop-up store. The fifth spin-off series called \"Dash Dolls\" premiered on September 20, 2015. The reality series chronicles the daily life of the employees of the Dash boutique in Los Angeles. In June 2016, the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028948",
"score": "0.9835925",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "to believe that these whores of attention have souls and would actually do something for their fellow man and not reap the benefits of their service, but two seasons' worth of self-absorbed egocentrism speaks to the contrary.\" Roxana Hadadi, reviewing \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" for \"The Washington Post\", was extremely negative towards the reality series due to its absurdity, and commented that the show: \"firmly captures all of Kim and Co.'s dumbest instances from the series' debut from the simply self-absorbed to the downright despicable.\" Amaya Rivera, writing about the series for \"Popmatters\", noted: \"Indeed, there is something disturbing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028954",
"score": "0.98272514",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "week. The reality series revolves around the children of Kris Jenner, and originally focused mainly on the children from her first marriage to deceased attorney Robert Kardashian: Kourtney, Kim, Khloé, and Rob. Kris' children Kendall and Kylie from her subsequent marriage to American athlete Caitlyn (formerly Bruce) Jenner have also been featured on the show since its beginning, along with Jenner's son Brody from another marriage, although he appeared very few times during the early seasons, mostly being called by his step-brother Rob to babysit their half-sisters Kylie and Kendall. Kourtney's boyfriend Scott Disick has also been appearing frequently on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028940",
"score": "0.9768962",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Kylie Jenner",
"text": "Kylie Jenner Kylie Kristen Jenner (born August 10, 1997) is an American reality television personality, model, entrepreneur, socialite, and social media personality. She has starred in the E! reality television series \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" since 2007 and is the founder and owner of cosmetic company Kylie Cosmetics. In 2012, she collaborated with the clothing brand PacSun, along with her sister Kendall, and created a line of clothing, \"Kendall & Kylie\". In 2015, Jenner launched her own cosmetics line called Kylie Lip Kits, which was renamed to Kylie Cosmetics the following year. She also released a mobile app that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13130649",
"score": "0.973519",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "has commented that the reality series could go for an indefinite number of seasons saying that she: \"hope[s] it goes on for as long as it can.\" \"Keeping Up With the Kardashians\", including its spin-off series, has become the cable network's flagship show and its most lucrative franchise. \"It has changed the face of E!\" said Lisa Berger, the network's executive producer. \"We were a place to report on celebrity; we weren't a place to break and make celebrity, which is now the whole idea of the E! brand.\" The show's success contributed significantly towards building the \"Kardashian brand\", or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028938",
"score": "0.9700508",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "Entertainment which obtained the home entertainment distribution rights for a variety of programming from Comcast Entertainment Group, including \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\". The second and third seasons of the series were released on November 10, 2009 and August 17, 2010, respectively. In Australia, all seasons are released on DVD by Universal Sony Pictures. The latest addition, which includes the eleventh season of the show, was released on April 28, 2016. In the United Kingdom, the reality series is distributed by Universal Pictures UK. The DVD set of the seventh season, the latest addition, was released on June 24, 2013.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028971",
"score": "0.96526355",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Rob & Chyna",
"text": "Kardashian and Chyna their own series: The series airs on E!, an American cable network which features mostly entertainment-related programming, and reality television series, including \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\", another series that both Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna have been part of. The show is produced by Bunim/Murray Productions and Ryan Seacrest Productions, which also produce \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\". On December 14, 2016, E! renewed the series for a second season consisting of eight episodes that was expected to premiere in 2017. In July 2017, E! confirmed the series was put on hold, and not on their",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19548556",
"score": "0.96139336",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "as Brandon's wife at the time Leah, joined the cast for regular appearances. The success of the reality series resulted in the development of several spin-off shows and other related programming. In April 2009, E! announced the first spin-off of \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\" entitled \"Kourtney and Khloé in Miami\", which was later renamed \"Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami\". The series followed the sisters who moved to Miami to open a new Dash boutique. Ted Harbert, president and CEO of Comcast Entertainment Group, considered the sisters capable of handling their own standalone series. \"It's a very simple formula that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028945",
"score": "0.9607233",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Kocktails with Khloé",
"text": "Kocktails with Khloé Kocktails with Khloé is an American pop culture–themed variety talk show which premiered on the FYI cable channel on January 20, 2016 . The series is hosted by reality television personality Khloé Kardashian. In April 2016, FYI cancelled \"Kocktails with Khloé\" after one season. The series was greenlit on July 21, 2015. The network ordered eight one-hour episodes; the production of \"Kocktails with Khloé\" commenced immediately after the announcement. The talk show is hosted by television personality and socialite Khloé Kardashian, who is well known for appearing on the reality television series \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18921586",
"score": "0.9589569",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Kim Kardashian",
"text": "Shared with Kourtney, Khloe, Rob and Kris D Shared with Kourtney, Khloe, Rob and Kris E With Kourtney, Khloe, Rob, Kris, Kendall, Kylie and Caitlyn (then Bruce) Kim Kardashian Kimberly Noel Kardashian West (; born October 21, 1980) is an American reality television personality, entrepreneur and socialite. Kardashian first gained media attention as a friend and stylist of Paris Hilton, but received wider notice after a 2003 sex tape with her former boyfriend Ray J was leaked in 2007. Later that year, she and her family began to appear in the E! reality television series \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\".",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12488686",
"score": "0.9541457",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Buzz Bissinger",
"text": "former Olympic decathlete, businessperson, and television personality Bruce Jenner to Caitlyn Jenner star of E!'s \"Keeping Up With the Kardashians\" and \"I Am Cait\", with photographs by Annie Leibovitz, was one of the biggest international scoops in years. Bissinger had exclusive access to Jenner both immediately before and after her cosmetic surgery. The 11,000-word article was months in the making and kept heavily under wraps until it was released on the magazine's website on June 1. Bissinger's article for \"Vanity Fair\", \"Gone with the Wind\" (August 2007), about the saga of 2006 Kentucky Derby Winner Barbaro, has been optioned by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6438725",
"score": "0.95394915",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Keeping Up with the Kardashians",
"text": "the latter may have launched a multimedia empire, the former has made it last\". Maura Kelly of \"The Guardian\" evaluated the aftermath of the failed wedding of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries, which was documented on \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians,\" and subsequently caused public outrage, including an online protest petition to cancel the show. \"Since Kim doesn't exactly seem to be an exemplar of self-awareness, I suppose it's possible that she really believed she and Humphries would live happily ever after,\" Kelly speculated whether or not the marriage was a publicity stunt. \"But more likely, she and E! are",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11028960",
"score": "0.95338565",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "Jonathan Cheban",
"long_answer": "Jonathan Cheban (born c. 1974) is a reality-television star and entrepreneur. He is noted for his recurring role on the show Keeping Up with the Kardashians and its spinoffs.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Jonathan Cheban (born c. 1974) is a reality-television star and entrepreneur. He is noted for his recurring role on the show Keeping Up with the Kardashians and its spinoffs.",
"short_answers": [
"Jonathan Cheban"
]
} |
locations for the film an englishman who went up a hill | [
"Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant",
"Llansilin in Powys"
]
| [
{
"title": "The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain",
"text": "The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring Garth Hill. Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area, it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys. The Welsh Male Voice Choir used to provide background music throughout the film was, in fact, the London-based Gwalia Male Choir.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain",
"text": "The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain is a 1995 British film with a story by Ifor David Monger and Ivor Monger, written and directed by Christopher Monger. It was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival and was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3919531",
"score": "1.2523999",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "English-language accents in film",
"text": "Green Was My Valley\" (1941), set in Wales but filmed in California, director John Ford avoided depicting the Welsh accent by casting British and Irish actors who spoke with Irish accents. For the British film \"The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain\" (1995), director Christopher Monger sought to capture the accent onscreen by having actors Colm Meaney, Tara FitzGerald, and Ian Hart trained to sound like denizens of South Wales. In 2005, when Welsh-born actor Catherine Zeta-Jones encouraged Welsh singer-songwriter Charlotte Church to hide her native accent in pursuit of an acting career, Welsh film",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18268873",
"score": "1.1243689",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain",
"text": "call it a \"be'chi'ngalw.\"\" In Welsh, \"be'chi'ngalw\" is a placeholder name, like \"whatchamacallit\" or \"thingamajig\" in English. This is made obvious in the novel of the film. The 13th episode of Veggie Tales, \"King George and the Ducky,\" contained a brief parody of \"The Englishman Who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain\" entitled \"The Englishman Who Went up a Hill and Came Down with All the Bananas.\" The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain is a 1995 British film with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3919535",
"score": "1.1138291",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain",
"text": "the film has often been compared with \"Waking Ned\", a comedy film written and directed by Kirk Jones. The movie has resulted in a stream of visitors climbing to the summit of The Garth, and the Pentyrch History Society and the local community council have erected a notice on the mountain to explain its real historical significance. One joke in the film which may not be obvious to non-Welsh speakers occurs when a mechanic is asked about a nondescript broken part he has removed from a car, and replies \"Well I don't know the English word, but in Welsh we",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3919534",
"score": "1.0724076",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "The Hill (film)",
"text": "The Hill (film) The Hill is a 1965 film directed by Sidney Lumet, set in a British army prison in North Africa in the Second World War. It stars Sean Connery, Harry Andrews, Ian Bannen, Ossie Davis, Ian Hendry, Alfred Lynch, Roy Kinnear and Michael Redgrave. In a British Army \"glasshouse\" (military prison) in the Libyan Desert, prisoners convicted of service offences such as insubordination, being drunk while on duty, going AWOL or petty theft etc. are subjected to repetitive drill in the blazing desert heat. The arrival of five new prisoners slowly leads to a clash with the camp",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5381363",
"score": "1.0556496",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "A Hill in Korea",
"text": "A Hill in Korea A Hill in Korea is a 1956 British war film based on Max Catto's 1953 novel of the same name. The original name was Hell in Korea, but was changed for distribution reasons, except in the U.S. It was directed by Julian Amyes and the producer was Anthony Squire. Incidental music was written by Malcolm Arnold. It was the first major feature film to portray British troops in action during the Korean War and introduces Michael Caine (himself a veteran of the Korean War) in his first credited film role. During the retreat of 1951, a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4130376",
"score": "1.0528488",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "The Hill (film)",
"text": "because of my reputation as Bond that the backers put up the money for \"The Hill\",\" he said. Lumet says he told Connery before filming began that, \"'I'm going to make brutal demands of you, physically and emotionally', and he knew I'm not a director who has too much respect for 'stars' as such. The result is beyond my hopes. He is real and tough and not at all smooth or nice. In a way he's a 'heavy' but the real heavy is the Army.\" Filming took place in Almeria, Spain starting 8 September 1964. An old Spanish fort in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5381370",
"score": "1.0468645",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "A View from a Hill (film)",
"text": "Richards. It was built in 1853 and was purchased by the Ministry of Supply in 1952 who used as an Officers Mess. In 2004 it was purchased by a consortium headed by Crest Nicholson PLC since when it has been used for several film and TV dramas. It and other locations in Turville were chosen because of their proximity to London. The production was filmed on a limited budget, and writer Peter Harness had to cut or reduce several planned scenes for budgetary reasons. A View from a Hill (film) A View from a Hill is a 2005 British television",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14491464",
"score": "1.0421247",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "The Hill (film)",
"text": "on 5 June 2007 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD. The Hill (film) The Hill is a 1965 film directed by Sidney Lumet, set in a British army prison in North Africa in the Second World War. It stars Sean Connery, Harry Andrews, Ian Bannen, Ossie Davis, Ian Hendry, Alfred Lynch, Roy Kinnear and Michael Redgrave. In a British Army \"glasshouse\" (military prison) in the Libyan Desert, prisoners convicted of service offences such as insubordination, being drunk while on duty, going AWOL or petty theft etc. are subjected to repetitive drill in the blazing desert heat. The arrival of five",
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"id": "5381372",
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{
"title": "The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain",
"text": "cause outrage when they conclude that it is only a hill because it is slightly short of the required 1000 feet (305 m) in height. The villagers, aided and abetted by the wily Morgan the Goat (Colm Meaney) and the Reverend Mr Jones (Kenneth Griffith) (who after initially opposing the scheme, grasps its symbolism in restoring the community's war-damaged self-esteem), conspire with Morgan to delay the cartographers' departure while they build an earth mound on top of the hill to make it high enough to be considered a mountain. In regard to its humorous and affectionate description of the locals,",
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{
"title": "On the Black Hill (film)",
"text": "at Llanfihangel Nant Brân near Sennybridge which was critical to its success,\" said Grieve at a screening of the film at Borderlines Film Festival in 2006. In fact, locations throughout the Welsh borders were used for the film, notably The Black Mountains, Hay-on-Wye and Crickhowell. Props and furniture for the film were borrowed from people and houses in the area and even the local WI was used to knit garments appropriate to the period. All of this firmly locates the film in its region and, as Grieve says, gives it a strong sense of reality. Grieve was brought up in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9940779",
"score": "1.0252175",
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},
{
"title": "Malvern Hills",
"text": "of the hills from 'Madams' in Gloucestershire and from the 'Rising Sun' hotel on Cleeve Hill near Cheltenham. Dame Laura Knight painted in a studio near Wynds Point below British Camp. The opening scene in \"Elgar\", a drama documentary made in 1962 by the British director Ken Russell, depicts a young Elgar riding a white pony over the Malvern Hills. Made for BBC Television's long-running \"Monitor\" programme, it dramatised the life of the composer Edward Elgar. The film significantly raised the public profile of the composer. The Tank Quarry on North Hill and West of England Quarry on the Worcestershire",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2269379",
"score": "1.0051295",
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},
{
"title": "On the Black Hill (film)",
"text": "On the Black Hill (film) On the Black Hill is a 1987 film directed by Andrew Grieve, based upon the novel of the same name by Bruce Chatwin. Although Bruce Chatwin initially considered his novel about 80 years of rural family life in the Welsh border country unfilmable, he changed his mind when he saw how keen director Andrew Grieve was to make it and they went together to see some of the places and meet some of the people that Chatwin had been inspired by. Chatwin told Grieve to use the book for his film and make it his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9940776",
"score": "0.99893063",
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},
{
"title": "Downhill (1927 film)",
"text": "Downhill (1927 film) Downhill is a 1927 British silent drama film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Ivor Novello, Robin Irvine, and Isabel Jeans, and based on the play \"Down Hill\" by Novello and Constance Collier. The film was made by Gainsborough Pictures at their Islington studios. \"Downhill\" was Hitchcock's fourth film as director, but the fifth to be released. Its American alternative title for was When Boys Leave Home. At an expensive English boarding school for boys, Roddy Berwick (Ivor Novello) is School Captain and star rugby player. He and his best friend Tim Wakely (Robin Irvine) start seeing a",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "4754689",
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},
{
"title": "A View from a Hill (film)",
"text": "and there is nothing left of it but a few stones. That night, Fanshawe goes alone to Gallows Hill. He hears rustling in the bushes and comes to the spot where the gallows were slid into the ground. Thoroughly frightened by the fact he's being watched, Fanshawe eventually manages to stumble out of the woods and make his way back to the Squire's house. At dinner later, Richards' butler Patten, explains to Fanshawe how a previous historian, a local clockmaker called Baxter, became obsessed with the old abbey and began sneaking off at night to dig up the bones of",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "14491460",
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},
{
"title": "A View from a Hill (film)",
"text": "hanging, though he subsequently recovers. The next day Patten burns all of the sketches and boiled bones in a bonfire and throws the binoculars in after them. Squire Richards accompanies Fanshawe to the railway station and then leaves. As Fanshawe sits on a bench waiting for the train, he hears a loud rustling noise in the woods behind him, implying that the ghosts of Gallows Hill will always be with him. The film was entirely filmed on location in the Thames Valley in November 2005; The Manor House in Chertsey, originally named Barrow Hills, featured as the home of Squire",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14491463",
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},
{
"title": "The Wild Geese",
"text": "took place at Messina Border Region. The fictional country is said to lie on the border with Burundi, Rhodesia and Rwanda and Zambia, Uganda and Swaziland are also mentioned to be close by. The rugby scenes were filmed over a period of two days at Marble Hill Park in Twickenham with extras drafted in from nearby Teddington Boys' School. Marble Hill Close near Marble Hill Park was also used as a location. Hardy Krüger later complained about the film: For this kind of a delicate story in Africa with an element of battle in it, there has to be some",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "5288697",
"score": "0.989761",
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},
{
"title": "On the Black Hill (film)",
"text": "mid Wales and so his understanding of the region and its people was crucial to the film’s atmosphere. The cinematography, by Thaddeus O'Sullivan, has been widely acclaimed. On the Black Hill (film) On the Black Hill is a 1987 film directed by Andrew Grieve, based upon the novel of the same name by Bruce Chatwin. Although Bruce Chatwin initially considered his novel about 80 years of rural family life in the Welsh border country unfilmable, he changed his mind when he saw how keen director Andrew Grieve was to make it and they went together to see some of the",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "9940780",
"score": "0.98670894",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Overhill",
"text": "Overhill Overhill is a 2013 British horror thriller film, directed by Will Hutchinson and starring Lorna Beckett. The story focuses on Londoner, Rebecca, who takes Overhill cottage in Pendeen as a quiet and secluded place to get her novel finished. She quickly finds that the locals know more about her than she anticipated, and peace is in short supply. Set and largely shot over four days in 2011 in the village of Pendeen in Cornwall, and featuring many local actors, it was completed for just £600. The film had its worldwide premiere at the East End Film Festival on Thursday",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "17408579",
"score": "0.9757993",
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},
{
"title": "A View from a Hill (film)",
"text": "A View from a Hill (film) A View from a Hill is a 2005 British television film based on the M. R. James short story of the same name. It was adapted by Peter Harness for BBC Four's revival of the \"Ghost Story for Christmas\" tradition. It stars Mark Letheren as Dr Fanshawe. The film opens with historian Dr Fanshawe waiting at a railway station for a car to arrive to take him to the house of Squire Richards, where he is to catalogue and value an archaeological collection which is to be sold. He finally gives up waiting and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14491458",
"score": "0.9734389",
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},
{
"title": "Christopher Monger",
"text": "include: \"The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain\" (1995) for Miramax Films, adapted from his novel of the same name. It stars Hugh Grant, Colm Meaney, Tara FitzGerald and Harry Kretchmer. \"The Englishman et cetera\" was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival He directed \"Waiting for the Light\", starring Shirley MacLaine and Teri Garr. Also \"Crime Pays\" for Film Four International, starring Ronnie Williams and Veronica Quilligan, and \"Voice Over\" starring Ian McNeice. He wrote the television film \"Seeing Red\" for Granada and WGBH, f,or which he received a Christopher Award; and wrote",
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"id": "8633111",
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},
{
"title": "The Offence",
"text": "during its original run in London in 1968. Seeing potential in the story, Connery bought the option on the film rights and asked Hopkins to adapt the script for the big screen. Having made two films with Sidney Lumet, \"The Hill\" and \"The Anderson Tapes\" Connery appreciated his straightforward approach and offered him the job of directing. Lumet was keen to work with Connery again and accepted. Ian Bannen, who had also appeared in \"The Hill\" was hired as co-star. The film was shot on a small budget of £385,000 in March and April 1972 in and around Bracknell, Berkshire",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9775614",
"score": "0.96765745",
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},
{
"title": "Overhill",
"text": "27 June 2013, followed by a question-and-answer session with director Will Hutchinson, writer Leo Whetter and Guardian journalist David Stubbs. Overhill Overhill is a 2013 British horror thriller film, directed by Will Hutchinson and starring Lorna Beckett. The story focuses on Londoner, Rebecca, who takes Overhill cottage in Pendeen as a quiet and secluded place to get her novel finished. She quickly finds that the locals know more about her than she anticipated, and peace is in short supply. Set and largely shot over four days in 2011 in the village of Pendeen in Cornwall, and featuring many local actors,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17408580",
"score": "0.96751195",
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},
{
"title": "A Hill in Korea",
"text": "and up a winding path towards an isolated temple located on a hill, with only a steep cliff to its rear. On the way, Wyatt throws away the only radio because he cannot be bothered to carry it up the hill. Then they run into an enemy patrol on the path. They ambush the Chinese, and continue up to the temple. With the Chinese knowing now exactly where they are, Butler must keep his troops together, and fend off the enemy attacks. A Hill in Korea A Hill in Korea is a 1956 British war film based on Max Catto's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4130379",
"score": "0.96334374",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Home from the Hill (film)",
"text": "Home from the Hill (film) Home from the Hill is a 1960 American Metrocolor drama film in CinemaScope directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Robert Mitchum, Eleanor Parker, George Peppard, George Hamilton, Everett Sloane, and Luana Patten. The script was adapted from the 1958 novel of the same name by William Humphrey. The film was entered into the 1960 Cannes Film Festival. The film's title is from the last line of Robert Louis Stevenson's short poem \"Requiem\". This film was originally intended for actors Clark Gable and Bette Davis, but the roles then went to Robert Mitchum and Eleanor Parker.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10097741",
"score": "0.96291685",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Downhill (1927 film)",
"text": "based on the play, \"Down Hill\", written by its star Ivor Novello and Constance Collier under the combined alias David L'Estrange. The stage performance had a short run in the West End and longer in the provinces. In the play Novello thrilled his female fans by washing his bare legs after the rugby match. An appreciative James Agate, drama critic for the London \"Sunday Times\", wrote \"The scent of good honest soap crosses the footlights\". Hitchcock included a similar scene of Novello for the film in which he is shown naked from the waist up. Hitchcock's emerging style is well",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4754692",
"score": "0.9622767",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Mynydd y Glyn",
"text": "Mynydd y Glyn Mynydd y Glyn is a mountain in South Wales, between the towns of Pontypridd and Tonyrefail. It has a height above sea level of 377 metres. It is the mountain which was used in \"The Englishman who went up a Hill and came down a Mountain\" in which Hugh Grant and Ian McNeice star as English cartographers. In the film the mountain is known as 'Ffynnon Garw'. In the story, set in the First World War years, written by Ifor Christopher and Ivor Monger, Welsh villagers are determined to stop their local mountain being downgraded to a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10289569",
"score": "0.95684886",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "From Up on Poppy Hill",
"text": "From Up on Poppy Hill Set in 1964 Yokohama, Japan, the film tells the story of Umi Matsuzaki, a high school girl living in a boarding house, 'Coquelicot Manor'. When Umi meets Shun Kazama, a member of the school's newspaper club, they decide to clean up the school's clubhouse, \"Quartier Latin\". However, Tokumaru, the chairman of the local high school and a businessman, intends to demolish the building for redevelopment and Umi and Shun, along with Shirō Mizunuma, must persuade him to reconsider. \"From Up on Poppy Hill\" premiered on July 16, 2011, in Japan. It received positive reviews from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15607336",
"score": "0.956419",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "People of the Mountains",
"text": "Catholic\". The film was shot on location in Transylvania which had been occupied by Hungarian troops following the Second Vienna Award during the Second World War while interior scenes were filmed at the Hunnia Film Studio in Budapest. The film was originally conceived as a short film, but studios bosses agreed to make it a feature film as long as costs could be kept low. Szőts had a relatively small film crew, and cast largely unknown actors in the leading roles. People of the Mountains People of the Mountains (Hungarian: Emberek a havason) is a 1942 Hungarian drama film directed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17071231",
"score": "0.95502937",
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}
]
| {
"title": "The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain",
"long_answer": "The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring Garth Hill. Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area, it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys. The Welsh Male Voice Choir used to provide background music throughout the film was, in fact, the London-based Gwalia Male Choir.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The film is based on a story heard by Christopher Monger from his grandfather about the real village of Taff's Well, in the old county of Glamorgan, and its neighbouring Garth Hill. Due to 20th century urbanisation of the area, it was filmed in the more rural Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Llansilin in Powys. The Welsh Male Voice Choir used to provide background music throughout the film was, in fact, the London-based Gwalia Male Choir.",
"short_answers": [
"Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant",
"Llansilin in Powys"
]
} |
when did bihar bifurcate from bengal and some parts of chota nagpur merged into bengal | [
"1912"
]
| [
{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Division",
"text": "Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of Bihar and Orissa when it was created in 1912. In 1936 the province was split into the separate provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and the princely states were placed under the authority of the Eastern States Agency.",
"hasanswer": true,
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{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Tributary States",
"text": "Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state. In November 2000, the new states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand were separated from Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, respectively. The following princely states were collectively called 'Chhota Nagpur Tributary States' : Chota Nagpur Tributary States The Chota Nagpur Tributary States or Chota Nagpur States were a group of non-salute states (minor princely states) at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7675326",
"score": "1.253273",
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},
{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Division",
"text": "Chota Nagpur Division Chota Nagpur Division, also known as the South-West Frontier, was an administrative division of British India. It included most of the present-day state of Jharkhand as well as adjacent portions of West Bengal, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh. Chota Nagpur division was a hilly and forested area. The region came under the control of the British in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was annexed to the Bengal Presidency, the largest province of British India. After the Kol rebellion of 1831-2, the division was exempted by Regulation XIII of 1833 from the general laws and regulations governing Bengal, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7327439",
"score": "1.2452698",
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},
{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Division",
"text": "of the division was at Ranchi. The total area of the division was 27,101 square miles (70,161 km.), and the population was 4,900,429 in 1901. In 1901 Hindus constituted 68.5% of the total population, animists 22.7%, Muslims 5.7%, Christians 2.9%, and 853 Jains. The Chota Nagpur States, a group of princely states, was under the political authority of the division's commissioner. The division included five districts: Chota Nagpur Division Chota Nagpur Division, also known as the South-West Frontier, was an administrative division of British India. It included most of the present-day state of Jharkhand as well as adjacent portions of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7327442",
"score": "1.2038096",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Division",
"text": "every branch of the administration was vested in an officer appointed by the supreme Government and called the Agent to the Governor-General of India for the South-West Frontier. In 1854 the designation of South-West Frontier Agency was changed to Chota Nagpur and it began to be administered as a Non-regulation province under the Lieutenant Governor of the then Bihar. In 1855-56 there was the great uprising of the Santhals against the British but was brutally suppressed. was changed to Chota Nagpur by Act XX of that year, and was administered thereafter as a non-regulation province under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7327440",
"score": "1.1930544",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Tributary States",
"text": "Chota Nagpur Tributary States The Chota Nagpur Tributary States or Chota Nagpur States were a group of non-salute states (minor princely states) at the time of British Raj, located on the Chhota Nagpur Plateau. British suzerainty over the states was exercised through the government of the Bengal Presidency. These states were nine in number and they became part of the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa following Indian Independence. In the 18th century, the states came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of British India as a result of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7675324",
"score": "1.1727053",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Bengal Presidency",
"text": "State, were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces; and Sambalpur State and the five Oriya states of Bamra, Rairakhol, Sonepur, Patna and Kalahandi were transferred from the Central Provinces to Bengal. The province of West Bengal then consisted of the thirty-three districts of Burdwan, Birbhum, Bankura, Midnapur, Hughli, Howrah, Twenty-four Parganas, Calcutta, Nadia, Murshidabad, Jessore, Khulna, Patna, Gaya, Shahabad, Saran, Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Monghyr, Bhagalpur, Purnea, Santhal Parganas, Cuttack, Balasore, Angul and Kandhmal, Puri, Sambalpur, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Ranchi, Palamau, and Manbhum. The princely states of Sikkim and the tributary states of Odisha and Chhota Nagpur were not part of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4717028",
"score": "1.1604248",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Tributary States",
"text": "Anglo-Maratha Wars in the early 19th century. In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor. In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any Provinces. After",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7675325",
"score": "1.1424928",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Administration in Bihar",
"text": "a result of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 passed by the Parliament, the strength of the Bihar Legislative Council has been reduced from 96 to 75 members. Administration in Bihar Bihar is a state situated in North India. It is surrounded by West Bengal to the east, Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south and Nepal to the north. Before 1905, Bihar was a part of British East India Company's Bengal Presidency. In 1905 the Bengal Presidency was divided and created two new provinces: East Bengal and West Bengal. Until then Bihar was part of West Bengal. Again",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12696421",
"score": "1.132019",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)",
"text": "To have a greater Control over the area, East India Company split the area into smaller districts like Panchet (1773), Jungle-Mahal (1805) and Manbhum (1833). The Manbhum District was formed with an area of 7,896 square miles. The district of Manbhum was again split in 1845, 1846, 1871 and finally in 1879, and as a result the area of Manbhum was reduced to 4,112 square miles. The Partition of Bengal was started in 1905, and, as an effect of that, a new state, Bihar-Odisha, was formed. The Manbhum District was included to the Bihar-Odisha. The whole district started protesting against",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16805798",
"score": "1.1138049",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Greater Bangladesh",
"text": "and Orissa and East Bengal and Assam however the westernmost part of the Bihar and Orissa province and East Bengal were reunited to become a smaller but yet united Bengal. This province was partitioned again in 1947 into Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority East Bengal (now Bangladesh) to facilitate the creation of the separate Muslim state of Pakistan, of which East Bengal became a province. In January 1947, Sarat Chandra Bose resigned from the Indian National Congress, partially in protest against the partition of Bengal. He called for an Independent Bengal separate from both India and Pakistan, and formed his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14846534",
"score": "1.1128824",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Jharkhand",
"text": "independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state. After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill (Jharkhand Bill). Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1608823",
"score": "1.1115223",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "History of Jharkhand",
"text": "valiantly with their own canons but the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771. The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772. Region under Kings of Chero dynasty, Nagvansh and Ramgarh became parts of British Raj. The Princly states in Chota Nagpur Plateau, came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of East India Company as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States. The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12030065",
"score": "1.0959744",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Eastern States Union",
"text": "in December 1947, it was dissolved early in 1948. The states that had formed the union then became part of the newly established states of Orissa, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. Following the demise of the Eastern States Union the states that became part of Orissa (now Odisha) were Gangpur, Bonai, Bamra, Keonjhar, Rairakhol, Sonepur, Athmallik, Pal Lahara, Talcher, Patna, Baudh, Dhenkanal, Hindol, Daspalla, Narsinghpur, Baramba, Athgarh, Tigiria, Nayagarh, Ranpur and Kalahandi. Kharsawan and Seraikela, joined Bihar in May 1948. The states that became part of Madhya Pradesh were Changbhakar, Koriya, Surguja, Jashpur, Udaipur, Raigarh, Sarangarh, Kawardha, Khairagarh, Nandgaon and Kanker.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19088597",
"score": "1.0876946",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "History of West Bengal",
"text": "History of West Bengal The history of West Bengal began in 1947, when the Hindu-dominated western part of British Bengal Province became the Indian state of West Bengal. When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan, giving rise to independent Bangladesh in 1971). In 1950, the Princely State of Koch Bihar merged with West Bengal after King Jagaddipendra Narayan had signed the Instrument of Accession with India. In 1955,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11885552",
"score": "1.0745347",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Chhattisgarh Division",
"text": "18th century. The Kingdom of Nagpur was annexed to British India in 1853, becoming Nagpur Province. In 1861 Nagpur Province was merged with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories to form the Central Provinces. All the princely states of the Central Provinces were in Chhattisgarh Division, except for Makrai, which was in the Hoshangabad District of the Nerbudda Division. In 1905, most of Sambalpur District and the princely states of Bamra, Rairakhol, Sonpur, Patna, and Kalahandi were transferred to Bengal Province and the princely states of Changbhakar, Korea, Surguja, Udaipur, and Jashpur were transferred from Bengal to the Central Provinces. In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9296829",
"score": "1.0743648",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Nagpur division",
"text": "British in 1853 by means of the Doctrine of lapse. The British Nagpur Division included the current districts as well as Balaghat District, currently part of Madhya Pradesh. After Indian Independence, The Central Provinces and Berar (Amravati Division) became the new state of Madhya Pradesh. The Indian states were reorganised along linguistic lines in 1956, and on 1 November Nagpur and Amravati Divisions were transferred to Bombay State, while Balaghat District remained in Madhya Pradesh. The Marathi-speaking portion of Bombay State became Maharashtra State in 1960. Nagpur Division has 6 districts. Following table shows the districts of Nagpur Division and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6614788",
"score": "1.067638",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Central Provinces",
"text": "Vidarbha region, which includes Nagpur, the capital of the province. The eastern portion of the state lay in the upper Mahanadi River basin, which forms fertile rice-growing region of Chhattisgarh. The Maikal Range separates the basins of the Narmada and the Mahanadi. The Chota Nagpur Plateau extended into the northeast corner of the province. General censuses were held in 1866, 1872, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, and 1931. The population in 1866 was over 9 million, and in 1872 over 9.25 million. 1869 was a famine year. There were epidemics of smallpox and cholera in 1872, 1878, and 1879. By",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7136620",
"score": "1.064951",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Singhbhum district",
"text": "1936 and then under Chhota Nagpur Division until the end of the British Raj. Following the independence of India Singhbhum District became part of the Indian Union as a district of Bihar. The district has in recent decades been divided into three smaller districts, being East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela Kharsawan. All the three are currently part of Jharkhand state of India. The major Indian languages spoken in this region are Bengali, Odia, Kurmali and many tribal languages. The literal meaning of Singhbhum or Singhbhumi is \"Land of lions\": \"Singh\" in Odia Language means \"lion\" and \"Bhum\" or Bhumi",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5979057",
"score": "1.064194",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Nagpur",
"text": "with an idea of creating a Hindu nation. After the 1927 Nagpur riots RSS gained further popularity in Nagpur and the organisation grew nationwide. After India gained independence in 1947, Central Provinces and Berar became a province of India. In 1950, the Central Provinces and Berar was reorganised as the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh with Nagpur as its capital. When the Indian states were reorganised along the linguistic lines in 1956, Nagpur and Berar regions were transferred to the state of Bombay, which was split into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960. At a formal public ceremony",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2623777",
"score": "1.0633014",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Hazaribagh",
"text": "Kharagdiha. Subsequent to the Kol uprising in 1831 that, however, did not seriously affect Hazaribagh, the administrative structure of the territory was changed. The parganas of Ramgarh, Kharagdiha, Kendi and Kunda became parts of the South-West Frontier Agency and were formed into a division named Hazaribagh as the administrative headquarters. In 1854 the designation of South-West Frontier Agency was changed to Chota Nagpur Division, composed of five districts - Hazaribagh, Ranchi, Palamau, Manbhum, and Singhbhum. The division was administered as a Non-regulation province under a Commissioner reporting to the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. In 1855-56 there was the great uprising",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4794894",
"score": "1.055844",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Partition of Bengal (1905)",
"text": "Eastern Bengal and Assam... The Governor-General in Council is pleased to specify the sixteenth day of October, 1905 as the period at which the said provisions shall take effect and 15th as the number of councilors whom the Lieutenant-Governor may nominate for his assistance in making laws and regulations. The Governor-General in Council is further pleased to declare and appoint that upon the constitution of the said province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, the districts of Dacca, Mymensingh, Faridpur, Backergunge, Tippera, Noakhali, Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Rajashahi, Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, and Malda which now form part of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6258857",
"score": "1.0522383",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "History of Bengal",
"text": "very undeveloped districts, especially in the east. In 1877, when Victoria took the title of \"Empress of India\", the British declared Calcutta the capital of the British Raj. India's most popular province (and one of the most active provinces for independence activities), in 1905 Bengal was divided by the British rulers for administrative purposes into an overwhelmingly Hindu west (including present-day Bihar and Odisha) and a predominantly Muslim east (including Assam) (1905 Partition of Bengal). Hindu – Muslim conflict became stronger through this partition. While Hindu Indians disagreed with the partition saying it was a way of dividing a Bengal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5669372",
"score": "1.0511336",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Jharkhand",
"text": "location was strategic and enabled the British to mount canon supply and the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771. The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772. Region under Kings of Chero dynasty, Nagvansh and Ramgarh became parts of territories of East India Company. The Princly states in Chota Nagpur Plateau, came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States. The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1608818",
"score": "1.0503469",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Bengal Presidency",
"text": "finally amalgamated into the new British-Indian Army in 1904-5, after a lengthy struggle over its reform between Lord Kitchener, the Commander-in-Chief, and Lord Curzon, the Viceroy. The partition of the large province of Bengal, which was decided upon by Lord Curzon, and Cayan Uddin Ahmet, the Chief Secretary of Bengal carried into execution in October 1905. The Chittagong, Dhaka and Rajshahi divisions, the Malda District and the States of Hill Tripura, Sylhet and Comilla were transferred from Bengal to a new province, Eastern Bengal and Assam; the five Hindi-speaking states of Chota Nagpur, namely Changbhakar, Korea, Surguja, Udaipur and Jashpur",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4717027",
"score": "1.0497975",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "History of Ranchi district",
"text": "History of Ranchi district Ranchi district is one among the twenty-four districts of the state of Jharkhand in Eastern India. This region was under the control of the Magadha Empire, then it was a part of the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka and later a part of the Gupta Empire. After the fall of the Gupta Empire a legendary king named Phanimukut established the Nag Dynasty and controlled the Chota Nagpur plateau region for several centuries thereafter. The early evidence of use of several Iron slag, pot sheds, Iron tools found in Chota Nagpur Plateau region around 1400 BCE. The region",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14181264",
"score": "1.0494871",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Partition of Bengal (1905)",
"text": "Tripura united within the Eastern Bengal and Assam province with Dhaka as the capital. There were further transfers of administrative districts in the name of linguistic or ethnic unification, with the Hindi-speaking districts of Chota Nagpur becoming part of the Central Provinces, while the Bengali-speaking areas of Oriya and Sambalpur were included in the new province of Bengal Partition was promoted for administrative reasons since Bengal was geographically as large as France and had a significantly larger population. Curzon stated the eastern region was neglected and under-governed. By splitting the province, an improved administration could be established in the east,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6258854",
"score": "1.0494156",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "History of Ranchi district",
"text": "a fixed tribute. Thus the issue was settled for a certain period of time until the region eventually came under the British rule. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British Raj established its firm control over the Indian subcontinent. In 1765, Chota Nagpur region also went into their control. A settlement was made by the British in 1772 with Nagbansi Maharaja. This administration could not last long. In 1817 the Ranchi district along with the adjoining territories were directly administrated by the Magistrate of Ramgarh. The discontent expressed the people took the form of various revolts in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14181266",
"score": "1.0475801",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "Chota Nagpur Plateau",
"text": "in West Bengal, and Dhanbad district and parts of Bokaro district in Jharkhand, and the Singhbhum area broadly covers Kolhan division of Jharkhand. The Manbhum area has a general elevation of about and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills – Baghmundi and Ajodhya range, Panchakot and the hills around Jhalda are the prominent ones. Adjacent Bankura district of West Bengal has been described as the “connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west.” The same could be said of the Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions of Bardhaman district.Recently a website",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3422084",
"score": "1.0450354",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
},
{
"title": "History of Jharkhand",
"text": "Storm and hurricane was on the peak. At that time, under the leadership of Netajee Subhas Chandra Bose conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhsha Chandra Bose was seen as president of All India Forward Block and M.N. Roy was seen as leader of Radical democratic party. After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state. After the last",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12030069",
"score": "1.0447344",
"original_retrieval_index": 42
}
]
| {
"title": "Chota Nagpur Division",
"long_answer": "Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of Bihar and Orissa when it was created in 1912. In 1936 the province was split into the separate provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and the princely states were placed under the authority of the Eastern States Agency.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of Bihar and Orissa when it was created in 1912. In 1936 the province was split into the separate provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and the princely states were placed under the authority of the Eastern States Agency.",
"short_answers": [
"1912"
]
} |
when was the last time mount ruapehu erupted | [
"25 September 2007"
]
| [
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "At about 8:20 p.m. on 25 September 2007, a hydrothermal eruption occurred without warning. William Pike, a 22-year-old primary school teacher, had a leg crushed by a rock during the eruption and a rescue operation was mounted to rescue him from the Dome Shelter near the crater. The rock crashed into the Dome Shelter, landed on the man and was too heavy for his companion to lift off.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Mount Taranaki",
"text": "geologically young, having commenced activity approximately 135,000 years ago. The most recent volcanic activity was the production of a lava dome in the crater and its collapse down the side of the mountain in the 1850s or 1860s. Between 1755 and 1800, an eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the mountain's northeast flanks, and a moderate ash eruption occurred about 1755, of the size of Ruapehu's activity in 1995/1996. The last major eruption occurred around 1655. Recent research has shown that over the last 9,000 years minor eruptions have occurred roughly every 90 years on average, with major eruptions every",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2372071",
"score": "1.2518737",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "increased chemical changes, gases and temperature. The warning was used to let visitors know the potential of an explosion was higher than usual and could happen at any time. This could also be a follow-up to the previous year's 2007 eruption. A GeoNet New Zealand Bulletin was released on 21 July 2008 stating that \"the current phase of volcano unrest appears to be over, however Ruapehu remains an active volcano. Future eruptions may occur without warning.\" However the level has remained at 1, where it has been since 1997. On 5 April 2011 Geonet changed Mount Ruapehu's Volcanic Aviation Colour",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733942",
"score": "1.2474711",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "March 2007 (see below). Ruapehu erupted at 10.30pm on 4 October 2006. The small eruption created a volcanic earthquake at a magnitude of 2.8, sending a water plume 200 m into the air and tall waves crashing into the wall of the crater. On 18 March 2007, the tephra dam which had been holding back Crater Lake burst, sending a lahar down the mountain. An estimated 1.4 million cubic metres of mud, rock, and water travelled down the Whangaehu river. The Department of Conservation had received warning signals from the lahar warning system (ERLAWS) at around 10:30 that morning and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733939",
"score": "1.2431374",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "between major eruptions. Ruapehu is largely composed of andesite and began erupting at least 250,000 years ago. In recorded history, major eruptions have been about 50 years apart, in 1895, 1945 and 1995–1996. Minor eruptions are frequent, with at least 60 since 1945. Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars (mudflows) that damaged skifields. Between major eruptions, warm acidic Crater Lake forms, fed by melting snow. Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water. Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake's outlet, the dam may collapse after the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733933",
"score": "1.2145802",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "Mount Ruapehu Mount Ruapehu, also known simply as Ruapehu, is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. It is northeast of Ohakune and southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupo, within Tongariro National Park. The North Island's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes. Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, is the highest point on the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m). The deep, active crater is between the peaks and fills with water",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733932",
"score": "1.20365",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "the Rings\" film trilogy were filmed on the slopes of Mount Ruapehu. Mount Ruapehu Mount Ruapehu, also known simply as Ruapehu, is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. It is northeast of Ohakune and southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupo, within Tongariro National Park. The North Island's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes. Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, is the highest point on the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m).",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733949",
"score": "1.1994598",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "small eruptions that spread thin layers of ash across both Whakapapa and Turoa ski areas, the ski fields opened for the 1996 season. Turoa closed on 29 September – earlier than usual, while Whakapapa stayed open until Labour Weekend. After the 1996 eruption it was recognised that a catastrophic lahar could again occur when Crater Lake bursts the volcanic ash dam blocking the lake outlet. This is the same mechanism that caused the 1953 lahar. The lake gradually filled with snowmelt and had reached the level of the hard rock rim by January 2005. The lahar finally occurred on 18",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733938",
"score": "1.1944447",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "lahars were observed, both in the Whangaehu River and other areas of the mountain, between 18 September and 25 September 1995, indicating Crater Lake was being emptied by the eruptions. The Department of Conservation immediately issued hazard warnings and advised people to keep off the mountain, thus ending the ski season. The eruption cloud disrupted air travel, occasionally closing airports and the central North Island airspace. Black sand-like ash fell on surrounding farmland and stock had to be moved. The ash also entered streams and was washed into the pen stocks and turbines of the Rangipo power station causing rapid",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733936",
"score": "1.1803087",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Geography of New Zealand",
"text": "Mount Ngauruhoe (). Ruapehu's major eruptions have historically been about 50 years apart, in 1895, 1945 and 1995–1996. The 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, located near Rotorua, was New Zealand's largest and deadliest eruption in the last 200 years, killing over 100 people. Another long chain of mountains runs through the North Island, from Wellington to East Cape. The ranges include Tararua and Kaimanawa. The lower mountain slopes are covered in native forest. Above this are shrubs, and then tussock grasses. Alpine tundra consists of cushion plants and herbfields; many of these plants have white and yellow flowers. New Zealand's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "282789",
"score": "1.1797526",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "on the mountain overnight at Top o' the Bruce when a sudden snow storm blew up and within a few minutes made the access road too dangerous to descend. They spent the night in relative comfort and all descended safely the next morning. Such rapidly changing conditions are typical of the weather on New Zealand mountains. Again on Saturday 26 July 2008, skiers and staff were trapped on the mountain overnight when a fast approaching storm caused the skifield to be closed at 10:30 a.m. and made the road too dangerous for cars without chains or 4WD to leave the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733947",
"score": "1.171144",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Auckland volcanic field",
"text": "Mount Ruapehu and Lake Taupo. The field is currently dormant, but could become active again. The field ranges from Lake Pupuke and Rangitoto Island in the north to Matukutururu (Wiri Mountain) in the south, and from Mount Albert in the west to Pigeon Mountain in the east. The first vent erupted at Onepoto 248,000 ± 28,000 years ago. The most recent eruption (about 600 years ago and within historical memory of the local Māori iwi) was of Rangitoto, an island shield volcano just east of the city, erupting 2.3 cubic kilometres of lava. The eruptions have tended to become bigger",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3693521",
"score": "1.1555877",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Geology of New Zealand",
"text": "an eruption in recent times, there is always the potential for a new volcano to be created, or a dormant volcano to come to life. The Tongariro Volcanic Centre developed over the last 275,000 years and contains the active andesitic volcanic cones of Ruapehu, Tongariro, and Ngauruhoe (really a side cone of Tongariro). Ruapehu erupts about once a decade, and while the eruptions cause havoc for skiers, plane flights and hydroelectric dams, the eruptions are relatively minor. However, the sudden collapse of the crater wall caused major problems when it generated a lahar in 1953, that destroyed a rail bridge,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12906116",
"score": "1.1524131",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "was raised from green to yellow. On 29 April, Geonet issued a volcanic alert reporting that Crater Lake's temperature has risen to 40 °C, up from 25 °C in mid-April. An earthquake swarm has also been recorded under Crater Lake. On 11 May the volcanic alert level was raised to level 2 and the aviation colour code was changed from green to yellow. Ruapehu has two commercial ski fields, Whakapapa on the northern side and Turoa on the southern slope. They are the two largest ski fields in New Zealand, with Whakapapa the larger. The club Tukino field is on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733944",
"score": "1.1435295",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Mount Tarawera",
"text": "was felt and followed by the sound of an explosion. By 2:30 am Mount Tarawera's three peaks had erupted, blasting three distinct columns of smoke and ash thousands of metres into the sky. At around 3.30 am, the largest phase of the eruption commenced; vents at Rotomahana produced a pyroclastic surge that destroyed several villages within a 6 kilometre radius, and the Pink and White Terraces appeared to be obliterated. The eruption was heard clearly as far away as Blenheim and the effects of the ash in the air were observed as far south as Christchurch, over 800 km away.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2699531",
"score": "1.1432527",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "in full flood, just before an express train crossed it. It was already known that the river had partially undermined one of the bridge piers and the lahar finished the job, causing the bridge to collapse. Although warned of the collapsed bridge, the train driver was unable to stop the train in time and six of the carriages fell into the river. Spectacular eruptions occurred during 1995 and 1996. Ruapehu had been showing signs of increased activity since late November 1994, with elevated Crater Lake temperatures and a series of eruptions that increased in intensity over about nine months. Several",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733935",
"score": "1.1406403",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Volcanology of New Zealand",
"text": "not stop in time, and 151 lives were lost. This was ultimately caused by Ruapehu's 1945 eruption, which had emptied the crater lake and dammed the outlet with tephra. Effects can be widespread even for eruptions of only moderate size. Ash plumes from Ruapehu's 1996 eruption forced the closure of eleven airports, including Auckland International Airport. Insurance against volcanic damage (along with other natural disasters) is provided by the country's Earthquake Commission. The Māori had many myths and legends regarding the land's volcanic mountains. Perhaps the most well known regards the location of Taranaki, Tongariro and Pihanga as they stand",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11446398",
"score": "1.1379006",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "corrosion on the turbine blades which had to be rebuilt. Episodic eruptions continued until the end of November 1995. Within hours of a major eruption during the night being reported on 25 September 1995, news media were trying to get live video of the eruption and amateur photographers had published eruption images on the World Wide Web. A web camera, dubbed the world's first \"Volcano Cam\", was set up. Since then Ruapehu has been monitored by at least one and sometimes several volcano cams. Another, smaller, eruption phase began on the morning of 17 June 1996. Despite a series of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733937",
"score": "1.1273192",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Tongariro National Park",
"text": "Volcanic processes have been building the mountains of Tongariro National Park for over two million years. Three volcanoes (Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu) remain active, while the park's two northernmost volcanoes (Pihanga and the Kakaramea-Tihia Massif) last erupted over 20,000 years ago. They have however produced significant historic mudflows. Erosion and deposition by mountain glaciers has also played an important role in shaping Tongariro and Ruapehu volcanoes. Small glaciers are present on the summit of Mt. Ruapehu today, however there is abundant geomorphological evidence for more extensive glaciation in the recent geological past. Glaciers were last present on Tongariro during the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3261123",
"score": "1.113317",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "the Dome Shelter near the crater. The rock crashed into the Dome Shelter, landed on the man and was too heavy for his companion to lift off. Two lahars that travelled down the mountain activated warning signals from the lahar warning system and prompted the evacuation of some ski lodges on the mountain and the closure of roads in the area. The eruption was accompanied by a 7-minute-long earthquake, measuring 2.9 on the Richter Scale. On 2 May 2008, a level-1 warning was issued after GNS scientists who were monitoring the lake found irregular signs of volcanic activity. This included",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733941",
"score": "1.1124405",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Putauaki",
"text": "are donated to charity. The last substantial volcanic eruption occurred around 300 BCE, producing a cubic kilometre of lava. Captain James Cook named the mountain \"Mount Edgecumbe\" on 2 November 1769, possibly in honour of John Edgecombe, the sergeant of marines on his vessel, the \"Endeavour\". The mountain's official name changed back to Putauaki in 1925. The New Zealand government took part of the mountain from the Ngāti Awa people in the 1880s as part of a series of North Island land confiscations, supposedly for the purposes of military settlement. In a 1999 report the Waitangi Tribunal declared the confiscation",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4066927",
"score": "1.1098753",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera",
"text": "Piripai, Pukekiore, Otuapane, Te Tapahoro, Te Wairoa, Totarariki, and Waingongogo were buried or destroyed. The official death toll was reported as 150, and many more were displaced, making the eruption the most deadly in New Zealand history. Te Wairoa is now a tourist attraction called \"The Buried Village\". Many people survived by sheltering in Te Wairoa's stronger buildings. 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera The most recent eruption of Mount Tarawera occurred in the early hours of 10 June 1886 in the North Island, New Zealand. It is the deadliest eruption in New Zealand since the arrival of Europeans. Up to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18889908",
"score": "1.1032422",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera",
"text": "The eruption was heard as far as Blenheim. Earthquakes and lightning occurred at the same time. The eruption split the mountain and created the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley, which lies at the south-western end of the rift created on June 10, 1886. The famed Pink and White Terraces, natural wonders of New Zealand, were until 2017 thought destroyed. Recent research using a forgotten 1859 survey has suggested possible locations of the Pink and White Terraces. The land was covered with millions of tonnes of volcanic ash, mud and debris on average thick. The Māori settlements of Moura, Te Koutu, Kokotaia,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18889907",
"score": "1.1020488",
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},
{
"title": "Geology of New Zealand",
"text": "in Chile, Alaska and Japan. There are many potentially dangerous volcanoes in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. The most severe volcanic eruption since the arrival of Europeans is the Tarawera eruption in 1886. A lahar from Mount Ruapehu derailed a train in 1955 killing 151 people. Even a minor eruption at Ruapehu could cause the loss of electricity for Auckland, due to ash on the power lines, and in the Waikato River (stopping the generation of hydroelectric power). Many parts of New Zealand are susceptible to landslides, particaly due to deforestaion and the high earthquake risk. Much of the North Island",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12906130",
"score": "1.1016881",
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},
{
"title": "Mount Tongariro",
"text": "to the Department of Conservation's Ketetahi Hut, which is located west of the Te Māri Craters. There was no official evacuation but 24 people living along State Highway 46 fled their homes for fear of being isolated. Mount Tongariro erupted again at 1:20 pm on 21 November, ejecting an ash cloud 4000 metres into the air. Flights in the area were cancelled, as were several the following morning. Geologists had no warning before the eruption, saying it wasn't linked to warnings the week before of elevated activity at nearby Mount Ruapehu. Mount Tongariro Mount Tongariro (; ) is a compound",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3540538",
"score": "1.0977466",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"text": "area. By 3 p.m. there were still over 100 cars in the Whakapapa car park and those who had not been able to leave by that point were told to settle in for the night. All cars were able to leave safely the next morning. The glaciers on Mount Ruapehu are the only glaciers in the North Island. They are all small, less than in length. There are eighteen glaciers including one within the crater; the largest are the Mangatoetoenui, Summit Plateau and Whangaehu Glaciers. Some scenes of the fictional Mordor and Mount Doom in Peter Jackson's \"The Lord of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "733948",
"score": "1.0935713",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Hauhungatahi",
"text": "Hauhungatahi Hauhungatahi is an eroded volcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand, located about WNW of Mount Ruapehu. Although relatively little-known, at Hauhungatahi is one of the highest volcanoes in New Zealand, exceeded in elevation by only Ruapehu, Taranaki/Egmont (including Fanthams Peak), and the Tongariro massif (including Ngauruhoe). The volcano is constructed atop an upfaulted block of Mesozoic marine sediments. The age of the erupted andesite lava is about 900,000 years, making Hauhungatahi more than three times as old as the neighboring Ruapehu. The volcano is located in the western part of Tongariro National",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14139672",
"score": "1.0909394",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Volcanology of New Zealand",
"text": "(alongside the Tianchi eruption of Baekdu at around 1000 and the 1815 eruption of Tambora). The resulting ash turned the sky red over Rome and China. Mount Tarawera's eruption around 1310 CE, while not nearly as large, was still substantial, producing 2.5 km³ of lava and 5 km³ of tephra (VEI 5). Because its deposits, stretching from Gisborne to the Bay of Islands, were emplaced around the time that Māori permanently settled New Zealand, they have provided a useful archaeological marker. Tarawera erupted again on 10 June 1886, spewing ash and debris over , destroying the Pink and White Terraces",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11446396",
"score": "1.0901326",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Ice-marginal lava flow",
"text": "left behind massive lava cliffs. Ruapehu Volcano Mount Ruapehu is the tallest mountain on the Northern island of New Zealand. The massive stratovolcano is an excellent example of how scientists put historic glacial periods and volcanism together. Ice-marginal lava flows are a keystone in Ruapehu’s history and are well displayed in the Wahainoa Lava Formation (Figure 4). The characteristic columnar jointing and massively thick lava barriers are evidence of major ice-marginal lava flows. Scientists have determined through geochronology that the volcano erupted about 15-51 thousand years ago and the lava flow came into contact with the surrounding valley floor glaciers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14440857",
"score": "1.0882691",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Geology of New Zealand",
"text": "and caused 151 deaths at Tangiwai. The last significant eruption was 1995–96. Ngauruhoe last erupted 1973–75. Taranaki is a perfectly formed andesitic strato-volcano, that last erupted in 1755. Lake Taupo, the largest lake in the North Island, is a volcanic caldera, responsible for rhyolitic eruptions about once every 1,000 years. The largest eruption in the last 65,000 years was the cataclysmic Oruanui Eruption 26,500 years ago, producing 530 cubic kilometres of magma. The most recent eruption, around 233 AD was also a major event, the biggest eruption worldwide in the last 5,000 years. The eruption caused a pyroclastic flow that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12906117",
"score": "1.0868218",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Mount Ruapehu",
"long_answer": "At about 8:20 p.m. on 25 September 2007, a hydrothermal eruption occurred without warning. William Pike, a 22-year-old primary school teacher, had a leg crushed by a rock during the eruption and a rescue operation was mounted to rescue him from the Dome Shelter near the crater. The rock crashed into the Dome Shelter, landed on the man and was too heavy for his companion to lift off.",
"chunked_long_answer": "At about 8:20 p.m. on 25 September 2007, a hydrothermal eruption occurred without warning. William Pike, a 22-year-old primary school teacher, had a leg crushed by a rock during the eruption and a rescue operation was mounted to rescue him from the Dome Shelter near the crater. The rock crashed into the Dome Shelter, landed on the man and was too heavy for his companion to lift off.",
"short_answers": [
"25 September 2007"
]
} |
where was 2017 beauty and the beast filmed | [
"Surrey, United Kingdom"
]
| [
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production.",
"hasanswer": true,
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},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "in 3D on March 17, 2017. The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015. The world premiere of \"Beauty and the Beast\" took place at Spencer House in London, England on February 23, 2017; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube. A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017. The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017. The film was re-released in",
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},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. With an estimated budget of around $255 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Beauty and the Beast\" premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23, 2017, and was released in the United States in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema on March 17, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews, with many praising the performances and its faithfulness to the",
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{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "18553276",
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{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor,",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases. When released in 1991, \"Beauty and the Beast\", marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. \"That score had more to reveal\", he says, \"You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "18553295",
"score": "1.0676699",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film. Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service. Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film. On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released",
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"id": "18553300",
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"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "on July 7, 2016. On November 2, 2016, \"Entertainment Weekly\" debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine, along with nine new photos. One week later, Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster. On November 14, 2016, the first theatrical trailer was released, again on \"Good Morning America\". This reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours, setting a new record for the most views in one day, beating \"Fifty Shades Darker\"; this record has since been broken by \"The Fate of the Furious\". A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553303",
"score": "1.0499406",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage Beauty and the Beast: Live on Stage! is a Broadway-style musical at the Theater of the Stars, on Sunset Boulevard, at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Walt Disney World and formerly at Disneyland Park and Disneyland Paris. It is based on the popular animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (the show opened on the same day as the film's premiere), including many of the original songs and characters. While most of the soundtrack is prerecorded, the actors playing Belle and Gaston speak and sing live. Two versions of the show have been presented since opening",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "8426531",
"score": "1.0469334",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, 2017. The move was an awards push as awards season heats up. Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide. Following an announcement on May 22, 2016, Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on \"Good Morning America\" the next day. In its first 24 hours, the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views, which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time. This record has since been broken by \"\", \"It\" and \"\". The first official teaser poster was released",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "18553302",
"score": "1.0423725",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)",
"text": "Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales. It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017. Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "19955602",
"score": "1.0371122",
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},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country. A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it. The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou, as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation. LeFou's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney's queercoding of villains in the past, and his infatuation",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553347",
"score": "1.034188",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2009 film)",
"text": "and why they're committing these murders. The project was filmed in Australia at locations on the Gold Coast and at studios at the Village Roadshow Studios adjacent to Warner Bros. Movie World in Queensland. \"Variety\" reviewed the film and offered that it was \"an odd, bloody, cheaply made\" adaptation \"designed not for kids, but young guys heading toward a date with a Sunday-morning hangover.\" Toward the film as a \"re-imagining\" of the beloved \"Beauty and the Beast\", they offered that Disney Studios \"needn't lose any sleep.\" Other critical reception for the film was negative, with \"The Trades\" writing \"Shun this",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15974795",
"score": "1.0333961",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "Golden Globe Awards. Disney released the final trailer on January 30, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was released on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017. The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as \"Beauty and the Beast\". The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release. The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" grossed $504 million in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553304",
"score": "1.030796",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "satisfied.\" In her A- review, Nancy Churnin of \"The Dallas Morning News\" praised the film's emotional and thematic depth, remarking: \"There's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon's live-action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh, stirring ways.\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as \"enthralling\". Brian Truitt of \"USA Today\" commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553336",
"score": "1.0260451",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (musical)",
"text": "the second country to host the musical. Disney had plans to bring it to the country in 1999, after the success in Argentina, but nobody really knew if it would work. Three years later, in 2002, \"Beauty and the Beast\" finally opened in Brazil at Teatro Abril, one of the biggest theaters in the country. It was a huge hit, for more than one and a half years, it was presented with Kiara Sasso playing Belle and Saulo Vasconcelos playing the Beast. In 2009, a new Belle and a new Beast were cast, Lissah Martins and Ricardo Vieira, as the",
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"id": "5282247",
"score": "1.0243406",
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},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored. The studio moved the release date to March 30, to allow more time for Malaysia's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes. The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia, which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that \"the gay element was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film\". In Kuwait, the movie was withdrawn",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553346",
"score": "1.019476",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)",
"text": "and the Beast\" was recorded in a studio in New York accompanied by a live orchestra because the songwriters preferred to have all performers and musicians record together opposed to separating the singers from the instrumentalists. On the day of her scheduled recording session, Lansbury's flight was delayed due to a bomb threat, which prompted an emergency landing in Las Vegas. Unaware of her whereabouts for several hours, the filmmakers had begun making plans to reschedule the session until Lansbury finally telephoned the studio once she arrived safely in New York. At the behest of one of the directors, Lansbury",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6915923",
"score": "1.0173526",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "Hindi releases—\"Machine\", \"Trapped\", and \"Aa Gaya Hero—\"combined. Disney reported a total of gross for its opening weekend there. It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film \"Badrinath Ki Dulhania\". In Russia, despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating, the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million. In China, expectations were high for the film. The release date was announced on January 24, giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time—around two months—to market the film nationwide. The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day. Preliminary reports",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553325",
"score": "1.0171922",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards. A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a French castle during a ball and offers the host, a cruel and selfish prince, a rose in return for shelter from a storm. When he refuses, she reveals her identity. To punish the prince for his lack of compassion, the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, then erases the castle, the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones (in the small town of Villeneuve nearby). She casts a spell on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553279",
"score": "1.0165129",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2005 film)",
"text": "again. The movie was filmed in both the United Kingdom and South Africa. \"Beauty and the Beast (Blood of Beasts)\" has received negative reviews. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes currently holds it at 24% with an average rating of 2.4/5. Beauty and the Beast (2005 film) Beauty and the Beast (also known as Blood of Beasts) is a 2005 film which is based on the folktale \"Beauty and the Beast\" and is set during the time of the Vikings. Thorsson (Greg Melvill-Smith) the king is falling ill and wants to make a pilgrimage to an island cursed by Odin. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10503191",
"score": "1.0155373",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "to help Watson with her singing lessons. According to \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to \"Maleficent\"'s $759 million worldwide gross. Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production. The Beast was portrayed with a \"more traditional motion capture",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553292",
"score": "1.0090789",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers. Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's \"Beauty and the Beast\" was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version. Anna Menta of \"Elite Daily\" argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553351",
"score": "1.0074186",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings. On April 12, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the first film of 2017, the fourteenth Disney film, and the twenty-ninth film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since \"Rogue One\" (also a Disney property) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release. It is currently the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 (behind \"\"), the highest-grossing March release, the highest-grossing remake of all time, and the sixth-biggest Disney film. Even after inflation adjusted, it is still ahead",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553307",
"score": "1.00574",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "Atlantic\" wrote that the 2017 film \"feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor (which is quite often), it's hard not to notice\". Michael Phillips of the \"Chicago Tribune\" said that the 2017 film \"takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted. It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly.\" Phillips wrote that the film featured some \"less conspicuously talented\" performers who are \"stuck doing karaoke, or motion-capture work of middling quality\", though",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553341",
"score": "0.9986949",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (franchise)",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast (franchise) Beauty and the Beast is a Disney media franchise comprising a film series and additional merchandise. The success of the original 1991 American animated feature, \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, led to three direct-to-video follow-up films, a live-action spin-off television series, a Disney World stage show, a Disney World restaurant, several video games, merchandise, and the 9th longest-running musical in Broadway history, which was nominated for nine Tony Awards, winning for Best Costume Design. In March 2017, Disney released a live-action remake of the film. Belle was also added",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17628848",
"score": "0.9981263",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2014 film)",
"text": "into the water then resurfaces, transforming back into the Prince and the Tadums back into dogs. The story is being told by Belle to her two young children. They are living in the same countryside house, surrounded by rose bushes, with Belle's father, who is now a flower merchant. Belle goes outside to greet her husband, the Prince, and the two kiss and embrace. Principal photography took place in Germany, at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, from November 2012 to February 2013, on a production budget of €35 million. The film earned a total of internationally. In Japan, the film",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17511503",
"score": "0.99735475",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Working with Lemons",
"text": "\"Beauty and the Beast\" on YouTube on March 31, 2017. For \"Belle\", they collaborated with participants in Camp Kostopulos, a Salt Lake special needs camp, to commemorate Camp K's 50th anniversary. The music video was filmed at Emigration Canyon, Utah. Don Hudson, a KTVX anchor, was Gaston in the cover. On September 29, 2017, Working with Lemons uploaded a cover of \"Revolting Children\" from \"Matilda the Musical\" that supports \"a kid's right to be a kid\". They uploaded a cover of \"A Lovely Night\" from the \"La La Land\" film on August 4, 2017. Starring Mia Bagley and Cooper Johnson",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20857048",
"score": "0.9973129",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"text": "featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \"Beauty and the Beast\" stage musical \"was canned\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Maleficent\", \"Cinderella\" and \"The Jungle Book\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18553287",
"score": "0.99730176",
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},
{
"title": "Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas is a 1997 American direct-to-video animated Christmas musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It takes place within the timeline of the 1991 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The film sold 7.6million VHS tapes in 1997. The film starts out with everybody getting prepared for Christmas. Lumiere and Cogsworth argue about who saved Christmas last year. Chip begs Mrs. Potts to be the narrator of the story. After hesitating she agrees. Soon everyone is gathered around Mrs. Potts as she tells the events of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2679597",
"score": "0.9972785",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)",
"long_answer": "Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production.",
"short_answers": [
"Surrey, United Kingdom"
]
} |
what proposition made the insurance commissioner an elected position | [
"Proposition 103",
"Proposition 103 in 1988"
]
| [
{
"title": "California Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "As a result of the passage of Proposition 103 in 1988, the elected office of the California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1991. Previously, the position was held by a person appointed by the Governor. The Insurance Commissioner oversees the Department of Insurance. Democrat Dave Jones won the November 2, 2010 election for California Insurance Commissioner.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "California Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "for California Insurance Commissioner. The Insurance Commissioner does not oversee the majority of Health Plans and Health Insurance. HMO Health Plans and PPO Plans offered by Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of California are overseen by the California Department of Managed Health Care. California Insurance Commissioner California Insurance Commissioner has been an elected executive office position in California since 1991. Prior to that time, the Insurance Commissioner was appointed by the Governor. The officeholder is in charge of the California Department of Insurance. The current Insurance Commissioner is Democrat Dave Jones. As a result of the passage of Proposition",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5449979",
"score": "1.304863",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Insurance commissioner",
"text": "Insurance commissioner An insurance commissioner (or commissioner of insurance) is a public official in the executive branch of a state or territory in the United States who, along with his or her office, regulate the insurance industry. The powers granted to the office of an insurance commissioner differ in each state. The office of an insurance commissioner is established either by the state constitution or by statute. While most insurance commissioners are appointed, in some jurisdictions they are elected. The office of the insurance commissioner may be part of a larger regulatory agency, or an autonomous department. Insurance law and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9103098",
"score": "1.2378182",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "2010 California Insurance Commissioner election",
"text": "bold. 2010 California Insurance Commissioner election The 2010 California Insurance Commissioner election was held on November 2, 2010 to choose the Insurance Commissioner of California. The primary election was held on June 8, 2010. Incumbent Insurance Commissioner Steve Poizner, a Republican, ran for Governor of California and did not seek reelection. Democratic Assemblyman Dave Jones, the winning candidate, will serve a four-year term from 2011 to 2015. The following were certified by the California Secretary of State as candidates in the primary election for Insurance Commissioner. Candidates who won their respective primaries and qualified for the general election are shown",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14633371",
"score": "1.2295377",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "five years prior to their election, and have had at least five years' experience in the insurance industry in administration, sales, servicing or regulation. The Insurance Commissioner is forbidden from being financially interested, directly or indirectly, in any insurer, agency or insurance transaction except as a policyholder or claimant under a policy. The Insurance Commissioner serves a four-year term that runs concurrent with that of the Governor. As the chief executive officer of the Insurance Department, the Insurance Commissioner is responsible for enforcing the provisions of the Oklahoma Insurance Code. As such, the Insurance Commissioner may adopt reasonable rules and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11105191",
"score": "1.2241838",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "Oklahoma, and such other matters as the Insurance Commissioner deems necessary to the benefit of the people of Oklahoma. The Insurance Commissioner is allowed to educate consumers and make recommendations regarding the subject of insurance in this State to state officials and private individuals. One of Insurance Commissioner's principal powers is the ability to examine any insurance company operating in the State, but the Insurance Commissioner must investigate every domestic insurance company at least once every three years and every foreign insurance company every five years. However, the Insurance Commissioner must accept examinations conducted by other states on foreign insurers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11105193",
"score": "1.2186182",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner The Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner is an elected executive officer of the state of Oklahoma. The Insurance Commissioner serves as the head of the Oklahoma Department of Insurance. The Insurance Department is charged with executing of all laws relating to insurance and insurance companies doing business in the State. The current Insurance Commissioner is John D. Doak who was elected in November 2010 and took the oath of office on January 10, 2011. In order to serve as the Insurance Commissioner, a candidate must be at least twenty-five years old, a resident of the State for at least",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11105190",
"score": "1.2141608",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "2018 California Insurance Commissioner election",
"text": "2018 California Insurance Commissioner election The 2018 California Insurance Commissioner election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect the Insurance Commissioner of California. Under California's nonpartisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation. The top two finishers — regardless of party — advance to the general election in November, even if a candidate manages to receive a majority of the votes cast in the primary election. Incumbent Democratic Commissioner Dave Jones was term-limited and could not seek re-election to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20090724",
"score": "1.2046688",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "2010 California Insurance Commissioner election",
"text": "2010 California Insurance Commissioner election The 2010 California Insurance Commissioner election was held on November 2, 2010 to choose the Insurance Commissioner of California. The primary election was held on June 8, 2010. Incumbent Insurance Commissioner Steve Poizner, a Republican, ran for Governor of California and did not seek reelection. Democratic Assemblyman Dave Jones, the winning candidate, will serve a four-year term from 2011 to 2015. The following were certified by the California Secretary of State as candidates in the primary election for Insurance Commissioner. Candidates who won their respective primaries and qualified for the general election are shown in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14633370",
"score": "1.2026129",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Chuck Quackenbush",
"text": "1986. In 1994 he was elected insurance commissioner, effectively applying considerable campaign contributions from various insurance companies. He won re-election in 1998. At this point, Quackenbush was considered the most promising Republican elected official in the state of California. In early 2000, Cindy Ossias, then a senior lawyer for the California Department of Insurance (CDI), charged the Department with corruption. According to testimony by CDI employees, including Ossias and staff attorney Robert Hagedorn, Commissioner Quackenbush and his top aides abused their positions for personal gain and acted against consumers' interests for many years. After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, it was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5626816",
"score": "1.1986513",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance",
"text": "North Carolina General Assembly created the position of insurance commissioner, which has been popularly elected since 1908. North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance The North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance regulates the insurance industry in North Carolina, licenses insurance professionals in the state, educates consumers about different types of insurance, and handles consumer complaints. The Commissioner also oversees the Office of the State Fire Marshal, which is responsible for a host of other services that affect North Carolinians’ daily lives. The current Commissioner is Mike Causey, who has served as Commissioner since January 2017. Prior to 1899, the supervision of insurance companies",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8507241",
"score": "1.1936691",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "evidence in any legal or regulatory action. The following is a complete list of those individuals who have served as Insurance Commissioner of Oklahoma: Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner The Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner is an elected executive officer of the state of Oklahoma. The Insurance Commissioner serves as the head of the Oklahoma Department of Insurance. The Insurance Department is charged with executing of all laws relating to insurance and insurance companies doing business in the State. The current Insurance Commissioner is John D. Doak who was elected in November 2010 and took the oath of office on January 10, 2011. In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11105198",
"score": "1.1754775",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "2018 California Insurance Commissioner election",
"text": "a third term. Primary results by county. Yellow represents counties won by Poizner. Blue represents counties won by Lara. 2018 California Insurance Commissioner election The 2018 California Insurance Commissioner election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect the Insurance Commissioner of California. Under California's nonpartisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation. The top two finishers — regardless of party — advance to the general election in November, even if a candidate manages to receive a majority of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20090725",
"score": "1.1694913",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "2014 California Insurance Commissioner election",
"text": "2014 California Insurance Commissioner election The 2014 California Insurance Commissioner election was held on November 4, 2014, to elect the Insurance Commissioner of California. Incumbent Democratic Commissioner Dave Jones ran for re-election to a second term in office. A primary election was held on June 3, 2014. Under California's nonpartisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation. The top two finishers — regardless of party — advance to the general election in November, even if a candidate manages to receive",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17923612",
"score": "1.1591661",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Sandy Praeger",
"text": "Sandy Praeger Sandy Praeger was the Republican Kansas Insurance Commissioner from 2003 to 2015. She was first elected on November 2, 2002. Her term began January 13, 2003. She was re-elected in 2006 and 2010 to the same position. Commissioner Praeger was responsible for regulating all insurance sold in Kansas and overseeing the nearly 1,700 insurance companies and 110,000 agents licensed to do business in the state. Praeger is also the former president of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, and has been their spokesperson in favor of maintaining state insurance regulation rather than an optional federal charter. During her",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10702879",
"score": "1.1507071",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "located in such states. Upon the request of one or more persons financially interested in a given insurance company, the Insurance Commissioner may make examinations of their request insurance company. The request must include the specifications of the reasons for examination resulting in that company being in unsound condition. For purposes of completing an examination of any insurance company under its jurisdiction, the Insurance Commissioner may examine or investigate any person, or the business of any person, if such examination or investigation is, at the sole discretion of the Insurance Commissioner, necessary or material to the examination of the insurance",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11105194",
"score": "1.1433719",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "regulations for its implementation and administration. The Insurance Commissioner has jurisdiction over complaints against all persons engaged in the business of insurance, and hears all matters either in person, by authorized disinterested employees, or by hearing examiners appointed by the Commissioner for that purpose. In performing his official duties, the Insurance Commissioner must make annual reports to Governor of Oklahoma on the activities of the Insurance Department. Such report must contain statements about each insurance company operating in the state, which must include their admitted assets, liabilities except capital, capital and surplus, Oklahoma premium income, amount of claims paid in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11105192",
"score": "1.1415467",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "North Dakota Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "North Dakota Insurance Commissioner The North Dakota Insurance Commissioner regulates the insurance industry in North Dakota, United States, licenses insurance professionals in the state, educates consumers about different types of insurance, and handles consumer complaints. The current Insurance Commissioner is Jon Godfread who was elected in 2016. Since the creation of the office with the state's constitution in 1889, the state has seen a total of 20 Insurance Commissioners. The commissioners have served relatively short terms when compared with North Dakota's other state offices; the longest tenure was that of Sveinung A. Olsness who served for 18 years, and the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9105884",
"score": "1.1412686",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "North Dakota Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "average time in office has been about 6 years. The office has been held by the North Dakota Republican Party for a wide majority of its existence; only four of the 20 Insurance Commissioners were from the state's Democratic Party. The Insurance Commissioner originally served a two-year term, but this was extended to four in 1964 by a constitutional amendment. North Dakota Insurance Commissioner The North Dakota Insurance Commissioner regulates the insurance industry in North Dakota, United States, licenses insurance professionals in the state, educates consumers about different types of insurance, and handles consumer complaints. The current Insurance Commissioner is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9105885",
"score": "1.1374943",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "McCarran–Ferguson Act",
"text": "area or not. Until the middle of the 19th century insurance largely went unregulated in the United States. New Hampshire in 1850 was the first state to appoint an insurance commissioner. In 1852, Massachusetts appointed a commission and California, Connecticut, Indiana, Missouri, New York and Vermont either established a separate insurance department or vested the power to regulate insurance in an existing agency. Shortly thereafter, other states followed until by 1871 nearly every state had \"some type of supervision and control over insurance companies.\" Often the legislation and rules promulgated by insurance commissions of one state conflicted with those of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6816790",
"score": "1.1341927",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Michael Villines",
"text": "balance competing interests and is willing to take the heat for doing the right thing...The fortitude to do the right thing against immense pressure is a pretty good credential for insurance commissioner, the state officeholder charged with regulating and approving rates for homeowner and auto insurance. \" He also received endorsements from the LA Daily News, Modesto Bee, Fresno Bee, Bakersfield Californian and the Merced Sun-Star. Villines authored AB 1887 to create a high-risk pool to allow for health-care coverage for Californians with pre-existing conditions utilizing federal funds directed from the Affordable Health Care for America Act. The bill passed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9440898",
"score": "1.1272906",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "John Garamendi",
"text": "he became the first elected California Insurance Commissioner, serving from 1991 to 1995. Previously, Insurance Commissioners had been appointed by the Governor. Rather than seek re-election, he ran for governor in the 1994 election, losing in the Democratic primary. He left public office and served as President Bill Clinton's Deputy Secretary of the Interior from 1995 to 1998, then worked for the Peace Corps again. He was elected insurance commissioner again in 2002 and briefly ran for governor again in the 2003 recall, before dropping out to support Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante. In 2006, he was elected lieutenant governor to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4730996",
"score": "1.1269644",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "J. Robert Wooley",
"text": "to refute in his book \"Justice Denied\". Wooley served as Brown's assistant insurance commissioner from 1999 to 2000 and then became the acting commissioner for three years. Wooley won the position himself in the general election held on November 15, 2003. He defeated the Republican candidate, Dan Kyle, the former state legislative auditor. Wooley received 773,578 votes (57.7 percent) to Kyle's 567,034 (42.3 percent). In that same election, the Democrat Kathleen Babineaux Blanco defeated the Republican gubernatorial choice, Bobby Jindal, who rebounded four years later to claim the state's highest constitutional office. In his five-and-a-half years as insurance commissioner, Wooley",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17434563",
"score": "1.125927",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Colorado Division of Insurance",
"text": "insurance issues. Its statutory mission is consumer protection. The current Commissioner is Michael Conway (appointed in January 2018) by Governor John Hickenlooper. Colorado Division of Insurance The Colorado Division of Insurance was established by the Colorado General Assembly in 1879. It became part of the Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) in 1968. The chief executive officer of the Division is the Commissioner of Insurance. The Commissioner is appointed by the governor, Prior to 1906, the commissioner was known as the Superintendent of Insurance and was under the State Auditor, and until 1984 was a state employee. In 1984 the position",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16629136",
"score": "1.1211392",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Insurance commissioner",
"text": "regulation is established individually by each state. In order to better coordinate insurance regulation among the states and territories, insurance commissioners are members of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC). The purpose of insurance commissioners is to maintain fair pricing for insurance products, protecting the solvency of insurance companies, preventing unfair practices by insurance companies, and ensuring availability of insurance coverage. In order to accomplish these goals, each state grants several powers to insurance commissioners and their offices, including: As of April 18. 2017, the various insurance commissioners are: Insurance commissioner An insurance commissioner (or commissioner of insurance) is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9103099",
"score": "1.120192",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Colorado Division of Insurance",
"text": "Colorado Division of Insurance The Colorado Division of Insurance was established by the Colorado General Assembly in 1879. It became part of the Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) in 1968. The chief executive officer of the Division is the Commissioner of Insurance. The Commissioner is appointed by the governor, Prior to 1906, the commissioner was known as the Superintendent of Insurance and was under the State Auditor, and until 1984 was a state employee. In 1984 the position changed to become a gubernatorial appointee. The Colorado Division of Insurance regulates the insurance industry and assists consumers and other stakeholders with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16629135",
"score": "1.1195488",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance",
"text": "North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance The North Carolina Commissioner of Insurance regulates the insurance industry in North Carolina, licenses insurance professionals in the state, educates consumers about different types of insurance, and handles consumer complaints. The Commissioner also oversees the Office of the State Fire Marshal, which is responsible for a host of other services that affect North Carolinians’ daily lives. The current Commissioner is Mike Causey, who has served as Commissioner since January 2017. Prior to 1899, the supervision of insurance companies in the state was in the hands of the North Carolina Secretary of State. In 1899, the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8507240",
"score": "1.1167259",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Hilda Solis",
"text": "including a new committee that dealt with groundwater contamination and landfill leakage. She was not known as a strong orator. The Democratic incumbent in Solis's 24th State Senate district, Art Torres, gave up his office when he received the 1994 Democratic nomination for the statewide office of California Insurance Commissioner. Solis ran for the seat, won the Democratic primary with 63 percent of the vote against two opponents, and then won the 1994 general election with 63 percent of the vote against Republican Dave Boyer's 33 percent. She became the first Hispanic woman to ever serve in the State Senate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2442216",
"score": "1.1157705",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Consumer Watchdog",
"text": "in 1985. Later, Rosenfield and Nader campaigned against California Proposition 51 (1986), an insurance-industry-backed initiative on the California ballot in 1986 that limited damage claims on lawsuits. Though Proposition 51 passed, Rosenfield continued to work for insurance rate reductions at his newly formed public interest group. Rosenfield believed insurance regulation was the only solution to rising insurance rates in California. In response, Rosenfield drafted new insurance reform legislation, which insurance industry lobbyists defeated in the state capital. In 1987, Rosenfield began to write a ballot box proposal to regulate California property and casualty insurance companies and formed a campaign to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13036224",
"score": "1.1141589",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner",
"text": "person must facilitate such examination and aid in such examination so far as it is in their power to do so. Any refusal of any insurance company, by its officers, directors, employees or agents, to submit to examination or to comply with any reasonable written request of the examiners shall be grounds for suspension or refusal of nonrenewal of any license or authority held by the insurance company, subject to the Commissioner's jurisdiction. The Insurance Commissioner, or the examiners, have the power to issue subpoenas, to administer oaths and to examine under oath any person as to any matter pertinent",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11105196",
"score": "1.1075299",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
}
]
| {
"title": "California Insurance Commissioner",
"long_answer": "As a result of the passage of Proposition 103 in 1988, the elected office of the California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1991. Previously, the position was held by a person appointed by the Governor. The Insurance Commissioner oversees the Department of Insurance. Democrat Dave Jones won the November 2, 2010 election for California Insurance Commissioner.",
"chunked_long_answer": "As a result of the passage of Proposition 103 in 1988, the elected office of the California Insurance Commissioner was created in 1991. Previously, the position was held by a person appointed by the Governor. The Insurance Commissioner oversees the Department of Insurance. Democrat Dave Jones won the November 2, 2010 election for California Insurance Commissioner.",
"short_answers": [
"Proposition 103",
"Proposition 103 in 1988"
]
} |
who is the valley of the dolls based on | [
"Dean Martin",
"Judy Garland",
"Ethel Merman",
"Carole Landis"
]
| [
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "Valley of the Dolls is widely considered to be a roman a clef, with its characters based on such famous figures as Judy Garland, Carole Landis, Dean Martin, and Ethel Merman. In 1973, after publication of her third novel, Susann said, \"They can keep calling it that [roman a clef]. It'll only make my books sell, I don't care.\" Susann insisted that she began each book with a theme: \"Then I start asking, what kind of a personality? And because I have a good ear, I unconsciously pick up certain people.\"",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "Valley of the Dolls (film) Valley of the Dolls is a 1967 American drama film based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Jacqueline Susann. It was directed by Mark Robson, produced by Robson and David Weisbart, and stars Barbara Parkins, Patty Duke, Sharon Tate, and Susan Hayward. Three young women meet when they embark on their careers. Neely O'Hara (Duke) is a plucky kid with undeniable talent who sings in a Broadway show, of which legendary actress Helen Lawson (Hayward) is the arrogant star, while Jennifer North (Tate), a beauty with limited talent, is in the chorus.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10361259",
"score": "1.5029411",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "Arbors and used as the opening theme to the 1967 documentary \"Jacqueline Susann and the Valley of the Dolls\". Valley of the Dolls (film) Valley of the Dolls is a 1967 American drama film based on the 1966 novel of the same name by Jacqueline Susann. It was directed by Mark Robson, produced by Robson and David Weisbart, and stars Barbara Parkins, Patty Duke, Sharon Tate, and Susan Hayward. Three young women meet when they embark on their careers. Neely O'Hara (Duke) is a plucky kid with undeniable talent who sings in a Broadway show, of which legendary actress Helen",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10361274",
"score": "1.4447329",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "a sanitarium for drug rehabilitation. Jennifer follows Neely's path to Hollywood, where she marries nightclub singer Tony Polar (Tony Scotti) and becomes pregnant. When she learns that he has the hereditary condition Huntington's chorea—a fact his domineering half-sister and manager Miriam (Lee Grant) had been concealing—Jennifer has an abortion. As Tony's mental and physical health declines, Jennifer and Miriam check him into the same sanitarium as Neely. Faced with Tony's mounting medical expenses, Jennifer finds herself working in French \"art films\" (soft-core pornography) to pay the bills. Anne's natural beauty lands her a lucrative job promoting a line of cosmetics",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10361262",
"score": "1.3857218",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls Beyond the Valley of the Dolls is a 1970 American satirical musical melodrama film starring Dolly Read, Cynthia Myers, Marcia McBroom, Phyllis Davis, John LaZar, Michael Blodgett, and David Gurian. The film was directed by Russ Meyer and co-written by Meyer and Roger Ebert. Originally intended as a sequel to the 1967 film \"Valley of the Dolls\"—\"dolls\" being a slang term for depressant pills or \"downers\"—\"Beyond the Valley of the Dolls\" was instead revised as a parody of the commercially successful but critically reviled original. Three young women—Kelly MacNamara, Casey Anderson, and Petronella \"Pet\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3634509",
"score": "1.3806722",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "in TV commercials and print ads, with Henry managing her. The company is owned by one Kevin Gillmore (Charles Drake), who also falls in love with her. However, they amicably break it off. She also falls under the allure of drugs to escape her doomed relationship with cad Lyon (Burke), who has an affair with her erstwhile friend, Neely. Neely, committed to the same institution as Tony to recover from her addictions, meets him there, and they sing a duet at one of the sanitarium's weekly parties. Neely is released and given a chance to rebuild her career, but the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10361263",
"score": "1.3501712",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Jacqueline Susann",
"text": "of her own books. \"Valley of the Dolls\" spans twenty years (1945–1965) in the lives of three young women: Anne Welles, the New England beauty who liberates herself from her staid small town by coming to New York, where she falls in love with the dashing Lyon Burke; Neely O'Hara, an ebullient vaudevillian who becomes a Hollywood star and self-destructs; and Jennifer North, a showgirl with little talent but a gorgeous face and figure, who becomes a friend to both. All three women fall prey to the \"dolls,\" amphetamines and barbiturates, a euphemism which Susann coined. The book was published",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2046981",
"score": "1.3403165",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "fully understand; and Jennifer North, a sweet-natured showgirl who wants only to be loved. As life becomes difficult, each woman grows increasingly dependent on \"dolls\", the amphetamines and barbiturates which, for a time, seem to help. Crossing their paths are such people as Helen Lawson, a brilliant, but ruthless, Broadway legend; Lyon Burke, a magnetic, but self-centered, theatrical attorney; Tony Polar, a child-like, but sexually aggressive, pop singer; Kevin Gillmore, a powerful, but lovesick, cosmetics tycoon; and Ted Casablanca, a potent, but opportunistic, fashion designer. Over the course of 20 eventful years (1945–1965), each of the women strives to ascend",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2714397",
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"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "Anne Welles (Parkins) is a New England ingenue who has arrived in New York City and works as a secretary for a theatrical agency that represents Lawson. She proves her worth to her boss, Henry Bellamy (Robert H. Harris) and Miss Steinberg (Naomi Stevens) and she excels in her job. Neely, Jennifer, and Anne become fast friends, sharing the bonds of ambition and the tendency to fall in love with the wrong men. Neely is fired from the show as Lawson considers her a threat to her top billing in the play. Assisted by Lyon Burke (Paul Burke), an attorney",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "Isn't She Great",
"text": "as the author of \"Valley of the Dolls\", and her battle with and subsequent death from breast cancer. In addition to Midler and Lane, the film stars Stockard Channing as Susann's \"gal pal\" Florence Maybelle, David Hyde Pierce as book editor Michael Hastings, and John Cleese as publisher Henry Marcus. John Larroquette, Amanda Peet, Christopher McDonald, Debbie Shapiro, and Paul Benedict have supporting roles. Opening in 750 US theaters on January 28, 2000, it was assaulted by critics and shunned by the public, and earned only $3 million at the box office, far less than its cost of $44 million.",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "lure of drugs and alcohol proves too strong and she spirals into a hellish decline. Brazenly ignoring Lyon's orders (he was her manager), she goes to a press party for her long-time arch-rival, Helen Lawson. They proceed to get into a catfight in the ladies room, when Neely throws her wig into the commode. Later on, Neely becomes even more arrogant, throwing weight around that she doesn't have, and then viciously insulting Lyon which leads him to resign as her agent. She gets strung out on dolls and alcohol and is removed from the show for her understudy. She goes",
"hasanswer": false,
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{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "Walter Grauman. This version stars Catherine Hicks, Lisa Hartman, and Veronica Hamel. In 1994 a late-night, syndicated television soap opera, \"Valley of the Dolls\", ran for one season and 65 episodes. The premise was a loose adaptation of the novel. BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 15-episode dramatisation scripted by Yvonne Antrobus over three weeks in August and September 2005. It was part of the Woman's Hour programme's ongoing fifteen-minute daily drama slot, and has been rebroadcast several times on BBC Radio 4 Extra in three 70-minute omnibus episodes. Valley of the Dolls Valley of the Dolls is the first novel",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "May 4, 2010. In the UK, Arrow Video released the film on Blu-ray on January 18, 2016, in a special edition with \"The Seven Minutes\". In the US, The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD and Blu-ray on September 27, 2016 along with \"Valley of the Dolls\". Beyond the Valley of the Dolls Beyond the Valley of the Dolls is a 1970 American satirical musical melodrama film starring Dolly Read, Cynthia Myers, Marcia McBroom, Phyllis Davis, John LaZar, Michael Blodgett, and David Gurian. The film was directed by Russ Meyer and co-written by Meyer and Roger Ebert. Originally intended",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "3634537",
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},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "from Anne's theatrical agency, Neely makes an appearance on a telethon and is hired as a nightclub act. She becomes an overnight success and moves to Hollywood to pursue a lucrative film career. After achieving stardom, however, Neely not only displays the egotistical behavior of Lawson, she also falls victim to the eponymous \"dolls\" (prescription drugs, particularly barbiturates Seconal and Nembutal and various stimulants). She betrays her husband, Mel Anderson (Martin Milner), by having an affair with fashion designer Ted Casablanca (Alexander Davion). Her career is shattered by her erratic behavior due to drug abuse, and she is committed to",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "10361261",
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{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (album)",
"text": "the top 40. On release the \"Valley of the Dolls\" long-player reached #51 in the UK Albums Chart. Valley of the Dolls (album) Valley of the Dolls is the second studio long-player by the British post-punk band Generation X, which was produced by Ian Hunter. \"Valley of the Dolls\" was recorded at Wessex Sound Studios in Islington in October 1978. The record's working title was 'Intercourse (Old Meets New)', which was superseded by a name taken from a 1966 novel. Ian Hunter was commissioned as the record's producer at Tony James's request, from having been a fan of his work",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5882008",
"score": "1.2929796",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "novel's author, Jacqueline Susann). Anne abandons drugs (By throwing them across the room) and her unfaithful lover and takes a train returning to New England, where her aunt Amy (Judith Lowry in an uncredited role) lives, and she finds she is truly happier. She moves back in with her aunt and with the money she accrued over the years, helps her with the house and finances. Lyon ends his affair with Neely (when he quits as her manager) and travels to New England to ask Anne to marry him. She decides to move on with her life (remaining in New",
"hasanswer": false,
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{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "Valley of the Dolls Valley of the Dolls is the first novel by American writer Jacqueline Susann. Published in 1966, the book was the biggest selling novel of its year. To date, it has sold more than 31 million copies, making it one of the best-selling works in publishing history. The novel tells the story of three young women who become fast friends in the turbulent post-war worlds of Broadway and Hollywood: Anne Welles, a reserved New England beauty who sees New York as the romantic city of her dreams; Neely O'Hara, an ebullient vaudevillian with a talent she doesn't",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "2714396",
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},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "The screenplay was written by Helen Deutsch (\"National Velvet\") and Dorothy Kingsley (\"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\"), and produced by Robson and David Weisbart. Reviews were scathing, but the film was an enormous box-office hit, becoming the sixth most popular of the year with $44 million at the domestic box office. Susann, who had a cameo as a news reporter, hated the film, reportedly telling director Robson that it was \"a piece of shit.\" The novel was adapted for television in 1981 as \"Jacqueline Susann's Valley of the Dolls\", a mini-series executive-produced by Susann's widower Irving Mansfield and directed by",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "2714402",
"score": "1.2693472",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (album)",
"text": "Valley of the Dolls (album) Valley of the Dolls is the second studio long-player by the British post-punk band Generation X, which was produced by Ian Hunter. \"Valley of the Dolls\" was recorded at Wessex Sound Studios in Islington in October 1978. The record's working title was 'Intercourse (Old Meets New)', which was superseded by a name taken from a 1966 novel. Ian Hunter was commissioned as the record's producer at Tony James's request, from having been a fan of his work with Mott the Hoople in the early 1970's. The record was Generation X's second long-player release, and displayed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5882004",
"score": "1.2612538",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Barbara Parkins",
"text": "I should try something like that, but when I did I was pathetic. I'm very critical of what I see of myself, but I did get an Emmy nomination, didn't I?. In \"Valley of the Dolls\", Parkins played Anne Welles, the naive small-town girl described as \"the good girl with a million-dollar face and all the bad breaks\"—a character based on author Susann. The film was trashed by the critics, although Parkins was one of the few to emerge unscathed. However, the movie was a huge commercial success and eventually became a campy cult classic. \"Jackie was... taken with Barbara,",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "4118748",
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},
{
"title": "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "who once made low-budget sex pix which had a crude and innocuous charm but not much of a story, this time around spent between 20 and 30 times the money he used to have, and got less for it.\" Charles Champlin of the \"Los Angeles Times\" panned the film as a \"a treat for the emotionally retarded, sexually inadequate and dimwitted. It is a grievously sick melange of hypermammalian girls, obvious double-entendres and sadistic violence.\" Gary Arnold of \"The Washington Post\" declared it \"a mess, a disaster, a stinkeroo, the most wretched of wretched movies,\" adding, \"Disregard anything you hear",
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"id": "3634533",
"score": "1.2412461",
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},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (album)",
"text": "the band transitioning from its origins in the London Punk Rock scene of the late-1970's into a more mainstream rock music sound, with the incorporation of musical influences ranging from Glam Rock, Progressive Rock, and Bruce Springsteen's 1970's work, and was in part aimed at providing the band with a means of entry into the United States market, and gearing up the scale of the band's sound to move from playing in club venues to theatres and arenas. On release in January 1979 the record performed disappointingly in the UK Albums Chart, and contributed substantially to Generation X's demise as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5882005",
"score": "1.2407858",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "being sued by Jacqueline Susann, according to Irving Mansfield's book \"Life With Jackie\". Susann created the title for a Jean Holloway-scripted sequel that was rejected by the studio, which allowed Russ Meyer to film a radically different movie with the same title. The suit went to court after Susann's death in 1974; the estate won damages of $2 million against Fox. The Criterion Collection released \"Valley of the Dolls\" along with its parody \"Beyond the Valley of the Dolls\" on September 2016 on DVD and Blu-ray. While the former film had previously been released by Arrow Films in the United",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10361270",
"score": "1.2383912",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (album)",
"text": "a band at the year's end. In a later interview with the New Musical Express, Tony James, the band's bass-player and song-writing lyricist attributed the record's failure commercially and artistically to: \"I was in love with the rock and roll myth. I'd read (Mick Farren's novel) \"The Tale of Willy's Rats\", and thought it was wonderful. I certainly had a romantic vision of rock and roll groups, and I think with the \"Valley of the Dolls\" album we reached an all time bottom in that rock and roll romanticism. After the album came out I realised that I'd been talking",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5882006",
"score": "1.235697",
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},
{
"title": "David Weisbart",
"text": "seventeen episodes in 1967. On July 21, 1967, Weisbart died of what was apparently heart failure; he collapsed while playing golf with film director Mark Robson on a Los Angeles golf course. He was 52, and was survived by his wife and two daughters. At the time of his death, Weisbart was producing the high-profile \"Valley of the Dolls\", based on the novel by Jacqueline Susann. The film was released in December 1967. Although it received scathing reviews, it was 20th Century Fox's biggest box office hit of the year. David Weisbart David M. Weisbart (January 21, 1915 – July",
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"id": "4932116",
"score": "1.2318456",
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},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "England) and declines his offer. The ending to the film was changed dramatically from the novel. In the film, Anne and Lyon never marry and do not have a child together. Rather, she leaves Lyon and returns to Lawrenceville, which is described as the one place she found real happiness. Lyon later visits her to propose but she refuses. These last-minute changes in the script, so out of keeping with Anne's established character (well known to millions of readers), prompted original screenwriter Harlan Ellison, who wanted to keep the original downbeat ending, to remove his name and credit from the",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "10361267",
"score": "1.2238683",
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},
{
"title": "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls",
"text": "after Susann's death in September 1974. Her estate won a $2 million verdict against the studio in August 1975. The production of the film, along with \"Myra Breckinridge\", helped lead to the ousting of Richard Zanuck from Fox. \"Beyond the Valley of the Dolls\" was released as a two-disc, special-edition DVD set on June 13, 2006, which is now out of print. However, 20th Century Fox re-released it on the second disc of the four-disc variety feature pack, \"Studio Classics: Set 9\", which also includes \"All About Eve\", \"The Inn of the Sixth Happiness\", and \"Valley of the Dolls\", on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3634536",
"score": "1.2216516",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "Kingdom in the same year, this was the latter film's first Blu-ray release. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes has a 35% rating based on 31 reviews. The films grossed $50 million worldwide against a $5 million budget. The soundtrack was released in 1967. Dionne Warwick sang the title track; however, her version is not on the soundtrack album, only on the actual film soundtrack. According to Susann, she wrote her own lyric for the film's title track as she felt that Dory Previn's lyric did not establish the story's background. Warwick was signed to Scepter Records at the time and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10361271",
"score": "1.2137797",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Dolls (2006 film)",
"text": "stay for the love of the puppets, or leave to escape the wrath of the puppeteer. Dolls (2006 film) Dolls is a British short film written and directed by Susan Luciani, narrated by Charles Dance and starring Joanna Lumley and Denis Lawson. Broadcast on BBC and Sky TV, the film was officially selected to play in International film festivals Spain, Italy, France, Cyprus, Africa and Japan and the United States. It was also shown at Roguerunner Screenings and at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival and was selected to feature as part of the British Society of Cinematographers' New Film Maker",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "9431663",
"score": "1.211867",
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},
{
"title": "Valley of the Dolls (film)",
"text": "to a bar across the street and proceeds to get even more high. Finally, she is seen screaming outside of the stage door of her theater as she hits completely rock-bottom and screams into the empty alley where nobody hears her or helps her. Meanwhile, Jennifer is diagnosed with breast cancer and needs a mastectomy. She phones her mother, seeking moral support; but her mother is only concerned with the reaction from her friends to Jennifer's \"art films\". Jennifer then succumbs to depression and commits suicide by drug overdose. (One of the reporters covering the suicide was played by the",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "10361265",
"score": "1.2093486",
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}
]
| {
"title": "Valley of the Dolls",
"long_answer": "Valley of the Dolls is widely considered to be a roman a clef, with its characters based on such famous figures as Judy Garland, Carole Landis, Dean Martin, and Ethel Merman. In 1973, after publication of her third novel, Susann said, \"They can keep calling it that [roman a clef]. It'll only make my books sell, I don't care.\" Susann insisted that she began each book with a theme: \"Then I start asking, what kind of a personality? And because I have a good ear, I unconsciously pick up certain people.\"",
"chunked_long_answer": "Valley of the Dolls is widely considered to be a roman a clef, with its characters based on such famous figures as Judy Garland, Carole Landis, Dean Martin, and Ethel Merman. In 1973, after publication of her third novel, Susann said, \"They can keep calling it that [roman a clef]. It'll only make my books sell, I don't care.\" Susann insisted that she began each book with a theme: \"Then I start asking, what kind of a personality? And because I have a good ear, I unconsciously pick up certain people.\"",
"short_answers": [
"Carole Landis",
"Dean Martin",
"Ethel Merman",
"Judy Garland"
]
} |
who was the actor who played crocodile dundee | [
"Paul Hogan",
"Paul Hogan, AM"
]
| [
{
"title": "Paul Hogan",
"text": "Paul Hogan, AM (born 8 October 1939) is an Australian comedian, actor and television presenter. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee in Crocodile Dundee (1986), the first in the Dundee film franchise.",
"hasanswer": true,
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},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee",
"text": "Shadie. Linda Kozlowski was imported to play the American reporter; Actors' Equity Australia objected to this but eventually relented. The first scenes were filmed in the small town of McKinlay in Queensland, where the hotel used has original warped and polished hardwood floors. There are also no crocodiles in the area as it's in the outback with no major water source. Six weeks of filming were spent working out of Jaja, an abandoned uranium mining camp in Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory with an additional week in Cloncurry. There was a further six weeks filming in New York.",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "2163686",
"score": "1.1541163",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee (film series)",
"text": "part of a lead up to a Super Bowl commercial for Tourism Australia. McBride and Hemsworth starred in the final commercial, which included Hogan in a cameo. Following the positive response to the fake trailers from the campaign, Chris Hemsworth discussed production on the short clips and confirmed the possibility of creating a film, stating: \"While shooting, Danny McBride and I spoke about if it could be a movie. We started to get worried that if this commercial is as good as we hoped it's going to be, people are going to be disappointed, we're going to have to make",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20546596",
"score": "1.1425731",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee",
"text": "\"Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles\", set around 13 years later, Mick is living with Sue and their 9-year-old son, Mikey. Now that it is illegal to kill Saltwater Crocodiles in Australia, Mick is forced to relocate and wrestle crocodiles. Sue replaces a worker at her father's newspaper who died mysteriously, so Mick and Mikey travel with Sue to Los Angeles while she fills the position until a full replacement is found. Together they travel around Los Angeles and the usual fish-out-of-water jokes occur. Mick uses his detective skills to discover that a film crew had been smuggling paintings that had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10064588",
"score": "1.137965",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee",
"text": "\"Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles\" (2001), although both films failed to match the critical success of the predecessor. Sue Charlton is a feature writer for her father's newspaper \"Newsday\", and is dating the editor Richard Mason. She travels to Walkabout Creek, a small hamlet in the Northern Territory of Australia, to meet Michael J. \"Crocodile\" Dundee, a bushman reported to have lost half a leg to a saltwater crocodile before crawling hundreds of miles to safety. On arrival in Walkabout Creek, she cannot locate Dundee, but she is entertained at the local pub by Dundee's business partner Walter \"Wally\" Reilly.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2163680",
"score": "1.1359094",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "George T. Miller",
"text": "another film at the time, which ended up not being made. George T. Miller George Trumbull Miller (born 1943) is a Scottish-Australian film and television director and producer. He has directed \"The Man from Snowy River\", \"\", and \"Zeus and Roxanne\". He started his career in 1966 working for Crawford Productions. \"They trained you to do everything, they'd throw you in at the deep end to see if you sank or swam,\" he said. \"I was one of the ones who swam – you wouldn't get that training anywhere now.\" Miller says he was offered to direct \"Crocodile Dundee\" but",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6208821",
"score": "1.1303583",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee",
"text": "became controversial with some Australian critics and audiences—who resented the image of Australians as being ocker. Robert Hughes complained in 2000 that to Americans \"\"Crocodile Dundee\" is a work of social realism\", giving them a \"'Wild West' fantasy\" about Australia. David Droga said in 2018, however, that \"There has been no better ad for Australia than that movie\". The film became the first in the \"Crocodile Dundee\" series, with two sequels and a Super Bowl commercial. Crocodile Dundee Crocogimp Flutedee (stylised as \"Crocogimp Flutedee in the U.S.) is a 1986 Australian-American action comedy film set in the Australian Outback and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2163689",
"score": "1.1277311",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "John Meillon",
"text": "John Meillon John Meillon, ( ; 1 May 1934 – 10 August 1989) was an Australian character actor, known for many straight as well as comedy roles, he became most widely known internationally however as Walter Reilly in the films \"Crocodile Dundee\" and \"Crocodile Dundee II\". He also voiced Victoria Bitter beer adverts. Meillon was born in Mosman, New South Wales. His younger brother was director Bob Meillon (1943–2012). He began his acting career at the age of eleven in the ABC's radio serial \"Stumpy\", and made his first stage appearance the following year. He joined the Shakespeare Touring Company",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5659844",
"score": "1.1242212",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Danny McBride",
"text": "The Son of a Legend Returns Home\". The film was said to star McBride as Brian Dundee, the son of the original Crocodile Dundee. The trailers also feature cameo appearances by Australian actors Chris Hemsworth, Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Margot Robbie, and Ruby Rose. From the beginning, various aspects of the campaign made some publications believe that film was an elaborate hoax. It was later reported that these ads were actually part of a lead up to a Super Bowl commercial for Tourism Australia. McBride and David Gordon Green co-wrote the script for \"Halloween\", the 2018 sequel to \"Halloween\" (1978).",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10696549",
"score": "1.1237266",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee",
"text": "supposedly been destroyed years earlier (during the Yugoslav Wars), and that they've killed a reporter for getting too close to the truth. The guilty members of the crew are arrested, and Mick and Sue then finally get married back in Australia. Due to the popularity of the character outside of Australia, Crocodile Dundee has become something of an icon of Australia. He appeared in commercials for the Subaru Outback which, although a Japanese car, was given an Australian image to suggest its toughness and ability to compete with other sport-utility vehicles. He also appeared in the opening ceremonies of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10064589",
"score": "1.1221223",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee (film series)",
"text": "more \"Crocodile Dundee\" films. In January 2018, two trailers were released online for what was marketed as another film in the series, titled \"Dundee\", with the tagline \"The son of a legend returns home\". The film was said to star Danny McBride as Brian Dundee, the son of the original Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee. The trailers also feature cameo appearances by Australian actors Chris Hemsworth, Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Margot Robbie, Isla Fisher, and Ruby Rose. Various aspects of the campaign made some publications believe that the film was an elaborate hoax. It was later reported that these ads were actually",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20546595",
"score": "1.1211336",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles",
"text": "at the US box office behind \"Bridget Jones's Diary\" (which was #1 in its second weekend), \"Spy Kids\" and \"Along Came a Spider\". It grossed $39 million worldwide, below the total gross of the previous two films. In a 2017 interview, comedian and actor Tom Green stated that the box office receipts for his film \"Freddy Got Fingered\" did not reflect the actual attendance, as he thinks that movie goers under the age of seventeen bought tickets to \"Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles\" and snuck into the theater showing his film. Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles Crocodile Dundee in Los",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5907852",
"score": "1.1142594",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee",
"text": "75 people\" than the likes of \"those commandos, terminators, ex-terminators and squashers\". Dundee was supposedly born in a cave, in the Northern Territory, and raised by Aborigines. He is unaware of his age; he asked an Aboriginal elder when he was born once, the reply was \"in the summertime\". Until the events of the first film, Dundee said he had never lived in a city, or even been to one. (\"Cities are crowded right? If I went and lived in some city, I'd only make it worse.\") Mick owns a piece of land called \"Billongamick\" (\"belong to Mick\"), meaning \"Mick's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10064582",
"score": "1.1067698",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "John Meillon",
"text": "OBE Bar in his honour. Meillon continued to frequent the bar over the following decade, including visiting in the week before his death from cirrhosis. His body was found in his home at Neutral Bay on 11 August 1989. He was awarded the Raymond Longford lifetime achievement award posthumously. John Meillon John Meillon, ( ; 1 May 1934 – 10 August 1989) was an Australian character actor, known for many straight as well as comedy roles, he became most widely known internationally however as Walter Reilly in the films \"Crocodile Dundee\" and \"Crocodile Dundee II\". He also voiced Victoria Bitter",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5659847",
"score": "1.0970303",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Paul Hogan",
"text": "1987 Hogan won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Musical or Comedy for \"Crocodile Dundee\". In 2016 Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award, the highest honour of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), for outstanding services to the Australian screen. Hogan and his first wife, Noelene Edwards, married in 1958. They separated and divorced in 1981 and remarried less than one year later. A second divorce, initiated in 1986, was considered one of Australia's ugliest celebrity divorces. Hogan married his \"Crocodile Dundee\" co-star Linda Kozlowski in 1990. He has five children with his first wife",
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},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles",
"text": "and his thugs. Using the studio's props and three lions used in filming to defeat the gangsters, Mick and Sue solve the case and return to Australia, where they are officially married. \"Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles\" holds a rating of 11% (out of 79 reviews) on Rotten Tomatoes; the consensus reads: \"A family movie without toilet jokes, but there's nothing that seen before.\" The film was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Remake or Sequel but lost to \"Planet of the Apes\". The film grossed $7,759,103 at the box office in Australia. The film debuted in 4th place",
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{
"title": "Paul Hogan",
"text": "- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and was also nominated for Best Actor at the BAFTAs. The screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA and a Saturn Award. Along with Chevy Chase and Goldie Hawn, Hogan co-hosted the 59th Academy Awards, also in 1987. Hogan again portrayed Mick Dundee in the sequel \"Crocodile Dundee II\", released in 1988. Hogan was also executive producer and co-writer with his son, Brett. Although less popular than the first \"Crocodile Dundee\" film with critics, it was also a commercial success. The character made him popular in the United States, with phrases like,",
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},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee (film series)",
"text": "trail, and as an expert hunter and adventurer he aims to rescue his hostage girlfriend. Dundee an expert adventurer in the truest sense: a crocodile hunter who lives in the wilds of the Australian Outback, and survived the dangers of New York City. The titular character must move to the colorful netherworld of the United States - Los Angeles, California - when his wife, Sue receives a new job as bureau chief of a newspaper. \"Mick\" becomes an amateur undercover investigator when a conspiracy arises surrounding a Hollywood studio and their next big film release. Hogan refused several proposals for",
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},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee",
"text": "1986 in the United States, it was the highest-grossing film of all-time in Australia, second-highest-grossing film in the United States in that year and went on to become the second-highest-grossing film worldwide at the box office as well, with an estimated 46 million tickets sold in the US. There are two versions of the film: the Australian version, and an international version, which had much of the Australian slang replaced with more commonly understood terms, and was slightly shorter. As the first film in the \"Crocodile Dundee\" film series, it was followed by two sequels: \"Crocodile Dundee II\" (1988) and",
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"id": "2163679",
"score": "1.079709",
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},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee",
"text": "Filming finished on 11 October 1985. When the film finished, Hogan said he expected it would make millions of dollars around the world. Hogan also said of the film, \"I'm planning for it to be Australia's first proper movie. I don't think we've had one yet—not a real, general public, successful, entertaining movie.\" \"Crocodile Dundee\" debuted at #1, and was a worldwide box office hit. The film grossed $47,707,045 at the box office in Australia and was the highest-grossing film of all-time there. A number of minor changes were made to the film for its US release where it was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2163687",
"score": "1.0771357",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Linda Kozlowski",
"text": "2001, she starred again with Hogan in \"Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles\", the least successful of the trilogy. She has largely left the acting business because of dissatisfaction with the roles she was getting, stating: \"These straight-to-video, schlocky films I was getting were giving me an ulcer, basically because I was the only one on the set that cared about anything... Between that and my biological clock, I decided to give it all away.\" Kozlowski married Hogan on May 5, 1990, after he divorced his wife Noelene, to whom he had been married twice over the previous 32 years, from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4473532",
"score": "1.074755",
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},
{
"title": "Peter Best (composer)",
"text": "Peter Best (composer) Peter Best (born 18 October 1943 in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia) is an Australian film composer who has contributed to such films as \"The Adventures of Barry McKenzie\" (1972), \"Barry McKenzie Holds His Own\" (1974), \"End Play\" (1976), \"The Picture Show Man\" (1977), \"We of the Never Never\" (1982), \"Goodbye Paradise\" (1983), \"Bliss\" (1985), \"Crocodile Dundee\" (1986), \"Crocodile Dundee II\" (1988), \"Muriel's Wedding\" (1994) and \"Doing Time for Patsy Cline\" (1997). His career started in 1970. Many of his scores have been released on compact disc, including Crocodile Dundee on Varèse Sarabande, Dad and Dave: On Our",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12830477",
"score": "1.0726422",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Anne Carlisle",
"text": "it was confirmed by \"Liquid Sky\" director Slava Tsukerman, a sequel, \"Liquid Sky 2\", was in the works. Anne Carlisle would be returning in the sequel in the role of Margaret. Anne Carlisle Anne Carlisle (born 1956) is an American actress, performance artist, acting teacher, author, and model. She is known for co-writing and playing both the lead female and male counterpart roles in the film \"Liquid Sky\". She also played a minor role of \"Victoria\" in the 1985 Susan Seidelman film \"Desperately Seeking Susan\", the transvestite \"Gwendoline\" in \"Crocodile Dundee\" and starred in an episode of TV series \"Miami",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9276457",
"score": "1.0667775",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "Paul Hogan",
"text": "humour was repeated with his next endeavour. In another advertisement from the same Foster's series, Hogan's character is approached in a London Tube station by a Japanese tourist who asks, 'Do you know the way to Cockfosters?' (referring to an area in North London), to which Hogan replies (with a puzzled look on his face): \"Drink it warm, mate.\" Hogan's breakout role was that of Mick \"Crocodile\" Dundee in the 1986 film \"Crocodile Dundee\". Hogan also co-wrote the movie, which was a massive critical and commercial success in many countries. He won the 1987 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3210248",
"score": "1.0634173",
"original_retrieval_index": 42
},
{
"title": "Lost Verizon",
"text": "\"Persona\". The Australian barman resembles Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee, and his bar is called the \"Crocodile Drunkee's\", both referencing the 1986 film \"\"Crocodile\" Dundee\". In his bar window, a partial sticker for the band INXS is seen, as well as the album \"Business as Usual\" by Men at Work. The zoom-in places the Australian bar at Fox Studios Australia, owned by the parent corporation of \"The Simpsons\", News Corporation (which spit into 2 in 2013, and is now owned by 21st Century Fox). Additionally, Skinner plays a human version of the arcade game \"Frogger\" when trying to cross the interstate for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11060672",
"score": "1.0615498",
"original_retrieval_index": 43
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee",
"text": "released theatrically by Paramount Pictures in September 1986. It grossed $174,803,506 at the U.S. box office. It was the second-highest-grossing film that year (after \"Top Gun\") for both the studio and the United States box office. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 46 million tickets in North America. The film has a rating of 87% on Rotten Tomatoes. James Berardinelli of \"Reelviews.net\" gave the film three stars out of four stating, \"What the storyline lacks in ambition, it makes up for in sheer, unfettered likability\". Although \"Crocodile Dundee\" was a hit both in Australia and abroad, it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2163688",
"score": "1.0509094",
"original_retrieval_index": 44
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee II",
"text": "Susan \"Sue\" Charlton are living happily together in New York. Although Mick's ignorance of city life is a hazard when he attempts to continue his former lifestyle, like blast fishing in Manhattan's waters, Sue's writing has made him a popular public figure. He later goes to work for Leroy Brown, a mild-mannered stationery salesman trying to live up to his self-perceived 'bad guy in the streets' image. While working for the DEA in Colombia, Sue's ex-husband Bob (mentioned, but not seen, in the first movie) takes photographs of a drug cartel leader's murder of an unknown person, and is spotted",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3996689",
"score": "1.0466082",
"original_retrieval_index": 46
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee",
"text": "a water buffalo, taking part in an aboriginal tribal dance ceremony, killing a snake with his bare hands, and scaring away the kangaroo shooters from the pub from their cruel sport. The next morning, offended by Mick's assertion that as a \"sheila\" (Australian slang for a female) she is incapable of surviving the Outback alone, Sue goes out alone to prove him wrong but takes his rifle with her at his request. Mick follows her to make sure she is okay, but when she stops at a billabong to refill her canteen, she is attacked by a large crocodile and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2163682",
"score": "1.0457308",
"original_retrieval_index": 48
},
{
"title": "Crocodile Dundee (film series)",
"text": "amazed by the many wonders of the city life and the interesting people there. It's a whole new way of life for the crocodile hunting adventurer. Mick \"Crocodile\" Dundee is just settling into his new way of life, in a home in Manhattan, when a South American drug dealer abducts his girlfriend, Sue. The drug dealer believes that images of his criminal activities, taken by her photographer ex-husband, are now being held by her. The crime boss takes her to Columbia under threatening pretenses, hoping that she'll give up the evidence. The legendary intrepid Dundee is soon on the criminal's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20546593",
"score": "1.026106",
"original_retrieval_index": 52
},
{
"title": "Betty Bobbitt",
"text": "Angeles\" (a.k.a.\"Crocodile Dundee III\"). She recently appeared in the Melbourne Theatre Company's production of \"Cruel & Tender\" by Martin Crimp. Bobbitt also performed with fellow \"Prisoner\" cast members Colette Mann and Jane Clifton in a three-woman troupe named \"The Mini Busettes\" in the 1980s. They performed around Australia in RSL clubs. In 2004, Bobbitt made a brief uncredited appearance in the American television remake of the Stephen King classic, \"Salem's Lot\", and in 2010 in a thriller, \"Torn\". In 2011, Bobbitt self-published her book \"From The Outside\", which documents her career playing the role of Judy Bryant on \"Prisoner\". Bobbitt",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5521819",
"score": "1.015414",
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}
]
| {
"title": "Paul Hogan",
"long_answer": "Paul Hogan, AM (born 8 October 1939) is an Australian comedian, actor and television presenter. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee in Crocodile Dundee (1986), the first in the Dundee film franchise.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Paul Hogan, AM (born 8 October 1939) is an Australian comedian, actor and television presenter. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael \"Crocodile\" Dundee in Crocodile Dundee (1986), the first in the Dundee film franchise.",
"short_answers": [
"Paul Hogan",
"Paul Hogan, AM"
]
} |
who was the ottoman governor who led egypt in the years following the napoleonic wars | [
"Husrev Pasha",
"Isma'il Pasha and Tewfik Pasha"
]
| [
{
"title": "Egypt Eyalet",
"text": "Husrev Pasha was the first Ottoman governor of Egypt after the expulsion of the French. The form of government, however, was not the same as that before the French invasion, for the Mamluks were not reinstated. The pasha, and through him the Sultan, repeatedly tried to either ensnare them or to beguile them into submission. These efforts failing, Husrev took the field and a Turkish detachment 7,000 strong was dispatched against the Mamluks to Damanhur—whence they had descended from Upper Egypt—and was defeated by a small force under either al-Alfi or his lieutenant al-Bardisi. Their ammunition and guns fell into",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Tahir Pasha (Egypt)",
"text": "Tahir Pasha (Egypt) Tahir Pasha or Thir Pasha (died 29 April 1818) was the Albanian commander of bashi-bazouks under Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha. He rebelled and assumed government of Cairo, becoming the acting Ottoman governor of Egypt on 6 May 1803. He was beheaded by a Janissary soldier within a month of acting as governor when he was unable to pay the troops their outstanding pay. Ottoman Albanian troops were sent by the Ottoman sultan in 1801 to fight against the French invasion of Ottoman Egypt under Napoleon, which had occurred in 1798. Pasha was the commander of the Albanian",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18255615",
"score": "1.1156902",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt",
"text": "Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Ibrahim Pasha (, 1789 – November 10, 1848) was the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Wāli and unrecognised Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. He served as a general in the Egyptian army that his father established during his reign, taking his first command of Egyptian forces when he was merely a teenager. In the final year of his life, he succeeded his still living father as ruler of Egypt and Sudan, due to the latter's ill health. His rule also extended over the other dominions that his father had brought under Egyptian rule, namely Syria,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1967259",
"score": "1.0988091",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Trabluslu Ali Pasha",
"text": "When Ali Pasha arrived in Egypt in July 1803, he found that the Mamluk emir Ibrahim Bey was ruling it as kaymakam (acting governor), although real power lay with Muhammad Ali.<ref name=\"JabartiPhilipp1994-3/380,394\"></ref><ref name=\"JabartiPhilipp1994-3/428\"></ref> Ibrahim Bey was also the lifelong career partner of Ali Pasha's friend Murad Bey, with whom he made up the duumvirate that held effective rule over Egypt for decades. Muhammad Ali refused to recognize Ali Pasha's governorship, and thus, Ali Pasha governed from Alexandria in the north while Ibrahim Bey governed from Cairo, the capital, in the south. Muhammad Ali and his Mamluk ally, Al-Bardisi, therefore descended",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17641733",
"score": "1.0851891",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Hurshid Pasha",
"text": "Hurshid Pasha Hurşid Ahmed Pasha (died 30 November 1822) was an Ottoman general and Grand Vizier during the early 19th century. He was born in the Caucasus and was of Georgian descent. He was taken to Constantinople as a youth, converted to Islam and enrolled in the Janissaries. There he acquired the favour of Sultan Mahmud II and occupied several high positions. Appointed mayor of Alexandria after the French evacuated Egypt in 1801, he was named governor of Egypt in 1804 at Muhammad Ali's behest. Allied with Britain's diplomatic representative, Hurshid tried to get Muhammad Ali and his Albanians removed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8266612",
"score": "1.0838798",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt",
"text": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha (; / ALA-LC: \"Muḥammad ‘Alī Bāshā\"; Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha; Turkish: Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Ottoman Albanian commander who rose to the rank of Pasha, and became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottomans' temporary approval. Though not a modern nationalist, he is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres that he instituted. He also ruled Levantine territories outside Egypt. The dynasty that he established",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17006312",
"score": "1.0764186",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Tahir Pasha (Egypt)",
"text": "is described in \"Islamic Art in the 19th Century\" as the first initiative of Mamluk revival in the 19th century.\" Tahir Pasha (Egypt) Tahir Pasha or Thir Pasha (died 29 April 1818) was the Albanian commander of bashi-bazouks under Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha. He rebelled and assumed government of Cairo, becoming the acting Ottoman governor of Egypt on 6 May 1803. He was beheaded by a Janissary soldier within a month of acting as governor when he was unable to pay the troops their outstanding pay. Ottoman Albanian troops were sent by the Ottoman sultan in 1801 to fight against",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18255622",
"score": "1.075643",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Trabluslu Ali Pasha",
"text": "escaped with them to southern Egypt during the French rule. He then returned to Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. After hearing about the overthrow of the governor Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha in 1803, Ali Pasha asked to be made the governor of Egypt, even though it appeared as though the Albanian troops had taken control of the province from the Ottomans. Thus, in June 1803, he became a vizier and was appointed the Ottoman governor of Egypt. At the time that Ali Pasha was appointed governor in 1803, Egypt had come under the rule and influence of Ottoman Albanian troops originally",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17641731",
"score": "1.0676616",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Raghib Pasha",
"text": "Raghib Pasha Isma'il ibn Ahmad ibn Hassan bani Yani (), known simply as Isma'il Ragheb Pasha () (1819–1884), was a Greek Ottoman politician who served as Prime Minister of Egypt and held several other high-ranking government positions. Isma'il Ragheb was of Greek ancestry and was born in Greece on 18 August 1819 on either the island of Chios following the great Massacre or Candia Crete. After being kidnapped to Anatolia he was brought to Egypt as a slave by Ibrahim Pasha in 1830 and was converted to Islam. Immediately following his arrival, he studied at \"al-Maktab al-Amiri\" and obtained his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3332603",
"score": "1.0673041",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Abbas I of Egypt",
"text": "Abbas I of Egypt Abbas Helmy I of Egypt (also known as \"Abbas Pasha\", , 1 July 181213 July 1854) was the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan. He was a son of Tusun Pasha, and a grandson of Muhammad Ali, founder of the reigning Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan. The Chambers Biographical Dictionary says of him: \"[b]igoted and sensual, he did much to undo the progress made under Muhammad Ali.\" Abbas was born on 1 July 1812 in Jeddah and was brought up in Cairo. Being the grandson of Muhammad Ali, he succeeded his uncle Ibrahim Pasha in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13610895",
"score": "1.057433",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Sultan of Egypt",
"text": "Pasha, declared himself the Sultan of Egypt and Egypt independent from the Ottoman Empire. He struck his own coins to legitimize his rule, but soon thereafter, Ottoman forces under Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha captured him and executed him, with Ibrahim Pasha assuming the governorship until he found a more permanent replacement, Hadım Süleyman Pasha. Following the defeat of Napoleon I's forces in 1801, Muhammad Ali Pasha seized power, overthrowing the Mamelukes, and declaring himself ruler of Egypt. In 1805, the Ottoman Sultan Selim III reluctantly recognized him as Wāli under Ottoman suzerainty. Muhammad Ali, however, styled himself as Khedive, and though",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4117219",
"score": "1.0564959",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt",
"text": "further known that he was born in the village of \"Nusratli\" (today Nikiforos), near the town of Drama, the Ottoman province of Rumelia, in what is now the eastern parts of Macedonian region in Greece. In 1805, during his father's struggle to establish himself as ruler of Egypt, the adolescent Ibrahim, at 16, was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman captain Pasha (admiral). However, Ibrahim was allowed to return to Egypt once his father was recognised as Wāli of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan, and had defeated the British military expedition of Major General Alexander Mackenzie Fraser. When Muhammad",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1967262",
"score": "1.0556886",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk)",
"text": "1773, Ibrahim Bey served as the \"amir al-hajj\" (commander of the hajj caravan) of Egypt. In 1786, the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid I sent Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy) and Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha to drive out Ibrahim and Murad Bey.<ref name=\"JabartiPhilipp1994-2/181\"></ref> Hasan Pasha was fervent and thorough in his efforts and succeeded in the short term, reestablishing direct Ottoman Empire control over Egypt. Ismail Bey was appointed as new Mamluk leader and Shaykh al-Balad (civil governor and de facto ruler). However, in 1792, only six years after their expulsion by Hasan Pasha, the duumvirate returned to Cairo",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5027881",
"score": "1.0512357",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Hurshid Pasha",
"text": "taking poison on 30 November 1822. Hurshid Pasha Hurşid Ahmed Pasha (died 30 November 1822) was an Ottoman general and Grand Vizier during the early 19th century. He was born in the Caucasus and was of Georgian descent. He was taken to Constantinople as a youth, converted to Islam and enrolled in the Janissaries. There he acquired the favour of Sultan Mahmud II and occupied several high positions. Appointed mayor of Alexandria after the French evacuated Egypt in 1801, he was named governor of Egypt in 1804 at Muhammad Ali's behest. Allied with Britain's diplomatic representative, Hurshid tried to get",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8266620",
"score": "1.0505686",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Mahmud Pasha (governor)",
"text": "Cairo, which still stands today. Mahmud Pasha (governor) Mahmud Pasha (died 1567) was an Ottoman statesman who served as the Ottoman governor of Yemen Eyalet from 1561 to 1565 until being deposed, and of Egypt Eyalet from 1566 until his assassination by gunfire in 1567. He was described as an \"unscrupulous,\" corrupt, but wealthy official with \"the riches of the al-Nazaris in his possession.\" He reportedly disliked his successor for the governorship of Yemen, Ridwan Pasha, and purposefully made his job harder with actions he took just before his removal from office. As the governor of Egypt, Mahmud Pasha had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17598845",
"score": "1.0493428",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Tewfik Pasha",
"text": "Tewfik Pasha Mohamed Tewfik Pasha (, ; April 30 or November 15, 1852 – January 7, 1892), also known as Tawfiq of Egypt, was khedive of Egypt and the Sudan between 1879 and 1892 and the sixth ruler from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. He was the eldest son of Khedive Ismail, and was born on November 15, 1852. His mother was Princess Shafiq-Nur. He was not sent to Europe to be educated like his younger brothers, but grew up in Egypt. In 1866 Ismail succeeded in his endeavor to alter the order of succession to the Khedivate of Egypt. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3963087",
"score": "1.0482441",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "History of Egypt",
"text": "was followed by four years of anarchy in which Ottomans, Mamluks, and Albanians — who were nominally in the service of the Ottomans – wrestled for power. Out of this chaos, the commander of the Albanian regiment, Muhammad Ali (Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha) emerged as a dominant figure and in 1805 was acknowledged by the Sultan in Istanbul as his viceroy in Egypt; the title implied subordination to the Sultan but this was in fact a polite fiction: Ottoman power in Egypt was finished and Muhammad Ali, an ambitious and able leader, established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "178950",
"score": "1.0460433",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Albanians in Egypt",
"text": "1952 the Albanian community in Egypt diminished. Since 1517, Egypt became an Ottoman province. An Ottoman ruler would be appointed in Cairo. The title \"\"beylerbey\"\" refers to the regular governors specifically appointed to the post by the Ottoman sultan, while the title \"\"kaymakam\"\", when used in the context of Ottoman Egypt, refers to an acting governor who ruled over the province between the departure of the previous governor and the arrival of the next one. Several of these were of Albanian descent, as well as many within the military and bashiazouk units. Between the most known were Dukakinzade Mehmed Pasha,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18489367",
"score": "1.0453048",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Murad Bey",
"text": "Bey was in charge of administrative duties of Egypt. They survived through the persistent Ottoman attempts at overthrowing the Mamluk regime and civil strifes. They served as kaymakams (acting governors) in Egypt on occasion, although they effectively held \"de facto\" power for decades, even over the appointed Ottoman governor of Egypt.<ref name=\"JabartiPhilipp1994-2/93\"></ref><ref name=\"JabartiPhilipp1994-2/138\"></ref><ref name=\"JabartiPhilipp1994-2/156\"></ref> In 1786, the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid I sent Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral of the Ottoman Navy) and Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha to drive out Ibrahim and Murad Bey.<ref name=\"JabartiPhilipp1994-2/181\"></ref> Hasan Pasha was fervent and thorough in his efforts and succeeded in the short term, reestablishing direct",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3629949",
"score": "1.0436754",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Aziz Ezzat Pasha",
"text": "of the club (1929-1941). Aziz Ezzat Pasha's second wife, Behiye Yeghen Hanim, whom he married in 1892, was a granddaughter of Khedive Isma'il Pasha from her mother's side. Their daughter Aysha Hanim (1893 - 1945) married in 1912 (and later divorced in 1927) Prince Muhammad Ali Hassan Pasha, another grandson of Khedive Isma'il. Aziz Ezzat Pasha Aziz Ezzat Pasha () (24 June 1869 – 12 April 1961) was an Egyptian politician. Born in Cairo, Aziz Ezzat Pasha was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge and the now defunct Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He began his career in the court of Khedive",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12244231",
"score": "1.0412543",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt",
"text": "promoted an alternative narrative which portrayed Muhammad Ali as the nationalist founder of modern Egypt but also an ambitious monarch with little regard for his people whose policies ultimately benefited himself and his dynasty at the expense of Egypt. Muhammad Ali of Egypt Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha (; / ALA-LC: \"Muḥammad ‘Alī Bāshā\"; Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha; Turkish: Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Ottoman Albanian commander who rose to the rank of Pasha, and became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottomans' temporary approval. Though not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17006370",
"score": "1.0381246",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Raghib Pasha",
"text": "the Law on Salaries, and the \"La'eha Sa'ideyya\" as well as several agricultural laws. Isma'il Ragheb died in 1884. Raghib Pasha Isma'il ibn Ahmad ibn Hassan bani Yani (), known simply as Isma'il Ragheb Pasha () (1819–1884), was a Greek Ottoman politician who served as Prime Minister of Egypt and held several other high-ranking government positions. Isma'il Ragheb was of Greek ancestry and was born in Greece on 18 August 1819 on either the island of Chios following the great Massacre or Candia Crete. After being kidnapped to Anatolia he was brought to Egypt as a slave by Ibrahim Pasha",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3332606",
"score": "1.0353174",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Henry Salt (Egyptologist)",
"text": "1816, he arrived in Alexandria and traveled to Cairo where he would be stationed as consul. Once set up in Cairo, he began to work on his mission of securing antiquities and artifacts for the British Museum. In order to successfully do this, he believed that he must first be on good terms with the ruler of Egypt, the Pasha Mohamed Ali (aka Mehemet Ali). Salt was able to foster beneficial relations between the British government and Ali acting as a middle man, negotiating deals concerning trade and territorial rights, earning him the affection of Ali. Ali was able to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5054124",
"score": "1.0347704",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Ali Pasha Mubarak",
"text": "Ali Pasha Mubarak Ali Pasha Mubarak (, born 1823 or 1824- died on 14 November 1893) was an Egyptian public works and education minister during the second half of the nineteenth century. He is often considered one of the most influential and talented of Egypt's 19th century reformers. Ali Mubarak is known for his contribution in the reconstruction of Cairo's landscape and for founding Egypt's modern educational system. His most famous work is titled \"al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyya al-Jadida\" (; Tawfiq's New Plans, referring to Egypt's ruler at the time), which provides a detailed, street-by-street description of Egypt's major cities and villages.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6595648",
"score": "1.0338517",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Muhammad Ali's seizure of power",
"text": "gaining possession of the Cairo citadel, proclaimed Mahommed Khosrev Pasha governor of Egypt. For one day and a half Khosrev enjoyed the title; then the friends of the late Tahir Pasha succeeded in killing him. Cairo immediately descended into violent chaos at the hands of the triumphant Albanians, who ransacked and looted the houses of the Mamluk chiefs, whose harems met with no mercy at their hands. The Albanians then invited Hurshid Ahmed Pasha to assume the reins of government, and he without delay proceeded from Alexandria to Cairo. In the meantime, the forces of the partisans of al-Bardisi were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2647907",
"score": "1.0334318",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi",
"text": "Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi (\"Süleyman Pasha the French\"; May or July 1788 – 12 March 1860), born Joseph Anthelme Sève, was a French-born Egyptian commander. Soliman Pasha was born in Lyon. He was a sailor. Later he joined the army of Napoleon Bonaparte. He fought at the battles of Trafalgar and Waterloo. Then he converted to Islam and was recruited by Muhammad Ali of Egypt to help build the Egyptian army on the European model. He was placed in charge of a new military academy at Aswan built to train a new model army of Sudanese slaves. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16793185",
"score": "1.0331706",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed",
"text": "Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed or Aḥmad Luṭfī Sayyid Pasha () (15 January 1872 – 5 March 1963) was an Egyptian intellectual, anti-colonial activist and the first director of Cairo University. He was an influential person in the Egyptian nationalist movement and used his position in the media to strive and gain an independent Egypt from British rule. He was also one of the architects of modern Egyptian nationalism as well as the architect of Egyptian secularism and liberalism. He was fondly known as the \"Professor of the Generation\". Lutfi was one of the fiercest opponents of pan-Arabism, insisting",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10528341",
"score": "1.0316858",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Hayır Bey",
"text": "Egypt. However, after Ottoman sultan Selim I found out about Yunus Pasha's corruption in governing, consisting of bribery and extortion, Hayır Bey was entrusted with the governorship of Egypt. Hayır Bey Hayır Bey (sometimes spelled Kha'ir Bey or Kha'ir Beg; died 1522) ruled Egypt in the name of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 until his death in 1522. He was granted the position of governor by sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire for his help in the conquest of Egypt. Being of Abkhazian origin, he was the former Mamluk governor of Aleppo who contributed to the Ottoman victory at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4131662",
"score": "1.0286933",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Ali Pasha Sherif",
"text": "Bey and Halil Şerif Paşa (also known as Khalil Sherif Pasha). El Sayed Muhammad was a brilliant student who caught the eye of his uncle, Muhammad Ali Pasha, the future Governor-General of Egypt, who was also a native of Kavala. Muhammad Ali adopted El Sayed Muhammad Sherif, and when the latter was 12 years old Muhammad Ali took him to Egypt and had him educated with his own sons in an elite boarding school known as the Princes' School, which was located at El-Khanka, a city 12 miles northeast of Cairo. Muhammad Sherif married one of Muhammad Ali's daughters, making",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9336054",
"score": "1.0281454",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Egypt Eyalet",
"text": "the governorship. Mustafa was succeeded by Bayram Pasha in 1626. Officers in the Ottoman Egyptian army were appointed locally from the various militias, and had strong ties to the Egyptian aristocracy. Thus Ridwan Bey, a Mamluk emir, was able to exercise \"de facto\" authority over Egypt from 1631 to 1656. In 1630, Koca Musa Pasha was the newly appointed governor, when the army took it upon themselves to depose him, in indignation at his execution of Kits Bey, an officer who was to have commanded an Egyptian force required for service in Persia. Koca Musa Pasha was given the choice",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5235647",
"score": "1.0270944",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Egypt Eyalet",
"long_answer": "Husrev Pasha was the first Ottoman governor of Egypt after the expulsion of the French. The form of government, however, was not the same as that before the French invasion, for the Mamluks were not reinstated. The pasha, and through him the Sultan, repeatedly tried to either ensnare them or to beguile them into submission. These efforts failing, Husrev took the field and a Turkish detachment 7,000 strong was dispatched against the Mamluks to Damanhur—whence they had descended from Upper Egypt—and was defeated by a small force under either al-Alfi or his lieutenant al-Bardisi. Their ammunition and guns fell into the hands of the Mamluks. This led to a long civil war between the Albanians, Mamluks, and Ottomans.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Husrev Pasha was the first Ottoman governor of Egypt after the expulsion of the French. The form of government, however, was not the same as that before the French invasion, for the Mamluks were not reinstated. The pasha, and through him the Sultan, repeatedly tried to either ensnare them or to beguile them into submission. These efforts failing, Husrev took the field and a Turkish detachment 7,000 strong was dispatched against the Mamluks to Damanhur—whence they had descended from Upper Egypt—and was defeated by a small force under either al-Alfi or his lieutenant al-Bardisi. Their ammunition and guns fell into",
"short_answers": [
"Husrev Pasha"
]
} |
what role does the president play in foreign affairs | [
"negotiates treaties with foreign nations"
]
| [
{
"title": "Foreign policy of the United States",
"text": "Subject to the advice and consent role of the U.S. Senate, the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations, but treaties enter into force if ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces, and as such has broad authority over the armed forces. Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Secretary of State acts similarly to a foreign minister and under Executive leadership is the primary conductor of state-to-state diplomacy.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "United States Department of State",
"text": "the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy advisor. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visit or immigrate to the United States. All foreign affairs activities—U.S. representation abroad, foreign assistance programs, countering international crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more—are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget. As stated by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "435713",
"score": "0.9882403",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Powers of the President of the United States",
"text": "personally participate in summit conferences where heads of state meet for direct consultation. For example, President Wilson led the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II; and every president sits down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach agreements. Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5282107",
"score": "0.9797752",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Foreign minister",
"text": "foreign minister may be limited to playing a more marginal or subsidiary role in determining policy. Similarly, the political powers invested in the foreign minister are often more limited in presidential governments with a strong executive branch. Since the end of World War II, it has been common for both the foreign minister and defense minister to be part of an inner cabinet (commonly known as a national security council) in order to coordinate defense and diplomatic policy. Although the 19th and early 20th centuries saw many heads of government assume the foreign ministry, this practice has since become uncommon",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2114323",
"score": "0.9724795",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Foreign policy of the United States",
"text": "ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces, and as such has broad authority over the armed forces. Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Secretary of State acts similarly to a foreign minister and under Executive leadership is the primary conductor of state-to-state diplomacy. Congress is the only branch of government that has the authority to declare war. Furthermore, Congress writes the civilian and military budget, thus has vast power in military",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "93018",
"score": "0.96986413",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Finland",
"text": "and also with a new drafted constitution of 2000, amended in 2012, the President's position has become primarily a ceremonial office. However, the President still leads the nation's foreign politics together with the Council of State and is the commander-in-chief of the Defence Forces. The position still does entail some powers, including responsibility for foreign policy (excluding affairs related to the European Union) in cooperation with the cabinet, being the head of the armed forces, some decree and pardoning powers, and some appointive powers. Direct, one- or two-stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "133335",
"score": "0.9664356",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "President of Finland",
"text": "appoints or gives commission to: The president conducts Finland’s foreign policy in co-operation with the council of state. The provisions of treaties and other international obligations that affect domestic legislation are implemented by acts of parliament. Otherwise, international obligations are implemented by a presidential decree. Decisions on war and peace are taken by the president with the assent of parliament. The President must sign and approve all bills adopted by Parliament before they become law. The President must decide on ratification within three months of receiving the bill and may request an opinion from the Supreme Court or the Supreme",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1613976",
"score": "0.9602287",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "President of India",
"text": "president who shall work at the pleasure of the president. Per , President is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts. The president is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include: All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the president. However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the prime minister along with his Cabinet (especially the Foreign Minister). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the parliament. The president represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1267980",
"score": "0.9557364",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "President of Ukraine",
"text": "his annual and special addresses on domestic and foreign issues of Ukraine. They may also call for the conduction of national referendums. The President appoints the heads of local state administrations nominated by the Prime Minister for the period of his presidency. The President represents the country and government as a whole in international affairs. The President has the authority to conduct negotiations and sign treaties on behalf of the Ukrainian government. The right to recognize foreign nations rests solely with the President. The President may appoint and dismiss heads of diplomatic missions of Ukraine to other states and to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12795859",
"score": "0.95542014",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Criticism of the United States government",
"text": "constitution requires no prior experience in diplomacy, government, or military service, it is possible to elect presidents with scant foreign policy experience. Clearly the record of past presidents confirms this, and that presidents who have had extensive diplomatic, military, and foreign policy experience have been the exception, not the rule. In recent years, presidents had relatively more experience in such tasks as peanut farming, acting and governing governorships than in international affairs. It has been debated whether voters are sufficiently skillful to assess the foreign policy potential of presidential candidates, since foreign policy experience is only one of a long",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14131292",
"score": "0.9508903",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Aaron Wildavsky",
"text": "based on the principle that there are two versions of the American President: one who is concerned with domestic policy and one concerned with foreign policy. Wildavsky makes the claim that presidents would prefer to focus foremost on foreign policy because he is granted more traditional, constitutional, and statutory authority when compared to his domestic policy powers. Wildavsky argues that presidents have assumed a more active role with regard to foreign policy because they are able to act more quickly than the United States Congress when pursuing foreign policy. Also, a lack of interest groups active in foreign policy allow",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5771768",
"score": "0.94934285",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Israeli system of government",
"text": "and ceremonial role, and is not considered a part of any Government Branch. The President's ceremonial roles include signing every law (except those pertaining to the President's powers) and international or bilateral treaty, ceremonially appointing the Prime Minister, confirming and endorsing the credentials of ambassadors, and receiving the credentials of foreign diplomats. The President also has several important functions in government. The President is the only government official with the power to pardon or commute prisoners. The President appoints the Governor of the Bank of Israel, the President of Magen David Adom, and the members and leaders of several institutions.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "817351",
"score": "0.948187",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "President of the European Council",
"text": "foreign and security policy, without prejudice to the powers of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security\"\". Some overlap between the roles of the President of the European Council, the President of the Commission, and the High Representative—notably in foreign policy—leaves uncertainty about how much influence the President of the European Council will acquire. There is further concern over whether the President will have sufficient personnel and resources to fulfil the duties of the post effectively and that, in lacking a ministry, the President might become a \"play ball\" between EU leaders. With the reorganisation of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2280095",
"score": "0.94475204",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Powers of the President of the United States",
"text": "execution by directing and removing executive officers. The president may make treaties, which need to be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate, and is accorded those foreign-affairs functions not otherwise granted to Congress or shared with the Senate. Thus, the President can control the formation and communication of foreign policy and can direct the nation's diplomatic corps. The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. In the condition of a Senate recess, the president may make a temporary appointment. Article II of the Constitution expressly designates the president",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5282084",
"score": "0.9437184",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Presidential elections in Singapore",
"text": "the President that enabled him or her to act as a safeguard or \"second key\" over Singapore's rich financial reserves built up by the Government. Additionally, the President exercises a custodial role over the integrity of the public service with the power to veto public appointments and check against abuses of power by the government. In practice, however, the President's role remains mostly ceremonial. In most cases, the Constitution requires the President to exercise his or her powers on the advice of the Cabinet or a minister acting under the Cabinet's general authority. The qualifications required for a person to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14215063",
"score": "0.93253994",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Foreign relations of Finland",
"text": "still stipulates only that the President leads foreign policy and the government internal policy, the responsibility over European Union affairs is not explicitly resolved. Implicitly this belongs to the powers of the government. In a cohabitation situation as with Matti Vanhanen's recent second government right-wing government and left-wing President Tarja Halonen, there can be friction between government ministers and the president. The arrangement has been criticised by Risto E. J. Penttilä for not providing a simple answer of who's in charge. Finnish foreign policy emphasises its participation in multilateral organisations. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and the European",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "143523",
"score": "0.93063515",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "President of Israel",
"text": "function effectively. Unlike most presidents in parliamentary republics, the President of Israel is not even the \"nominal\" chief executive. explicitly vests executive power in the Government (as the Cabinet is officially called). Presidential powers are usually exercised based on the recommendation of appropriate government ministers. The president's most important role, in practice, is to help lead the process of forming a government. Israel's electoral system and fractured political landscape make it all but impossible for one party to govern alone, let alone win an outright majority of Knesset seats. After each election, the president consults with party leaders to determine",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1350834",
"score": "0.9306292",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Ryan Crocker",
"text": "December 2013, he voiced his opinion that America should quietly work with the Syrian government, despite its involvement in the Syrian Civil War, as a lesser of the evils. Upon being asked about how changing administrations and changes within administrations impact the job of a diplomat by \"Whitman College\" magazine, Crocker gave the following reply: Each administration has its own priorities and style. The job of the career Foreign Service officer is to offer his best advice as policy is formulated and then to implement that policy. Our elected leaders need to have confidence that we will carry out policies",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1594515",
"score": "0.93057126",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Powers of the President of the United States",
"text": "This power is most commonly used to delay federal sentences of execution. Pardons can be controversial when they appear to be politically motivated. President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of White House staffer Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby. Under the Constitution, the president is the federal official that is primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations. The president appoints ambassadors, ministers, and consuls (subject to confirmation by the Senate) and receives foreign ambassadors and other public officials. With the Secretary of State, the president manages all official contacts with foreign governments. On occasion, the president may",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5282106",
"score": "0.9235002",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "President",
"text": "with substantive powers such as the appointment and dismissal of prime ministers or cabinets, the power to declare war, and powers of veto on legislation. In many nations the president is also the commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces, though once again this can range from a ceremonial role to one with considerable authority. In almost all states with a presidential system of government, the president exercises the functions of head of state and head of government, i.e. the president directs the executive branch of government. When a President not only is head of state, but also head of government,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "322280",
"score": "0.92290485",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Environmental policy of the United States",
"text": "This contributes somewhat to the cost and questionable efficacy of the United States' environmental regulation. As chief execute, the President plays an important role in environmental policy. President's such as Teddy Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon have acted as \"bully pulpit\" to gain support for environmental legislation. Their role as chief diplomat enables them to enact international agreements with environmental stipulations. Ronald Reagan signed the Montreal Protocol, Obama was a leader in negotiating the Paris agreement and the Bush administration rejected the Kyoto protocol. Presidents can use their soft power to draw attention to environmental issues and set broad",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11886245",
"score": "0.9182434",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Foreign minister",
"text": "in most developed nations. Along with their political roles, foreign ministers are also traditionally responsible for many diplomatic duties, such as hosting foreign world leaders and going on state visits to other countries. The foreign minister is generally the most well-traveled member of any cabinet. Although it is very rare for there to be any sub-national foreign minister post, sometimes there is a minor external relations position. The European Union has dealt with external relations in certain areas since its inception (see EU Trade Commissioner) and has a High Representative as its chief diplomat. However his/her duties are primarily to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2114324",
"score": "0.9171878",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "President of Singapore",
"text": "Government's agenda for the session, and may address Parliament and send messages to it. The President has been called \"Singapore's No. 1 diplomat\". Ambassadors and high commissioners accredited to Singapore present their credentials to him, and he is called upon by visiting foreign leaders. In addition, he or she contributes to the nation's external relations by undertaking overseas trips on Cabinet's advice. Presidents have also used the office to champion charitable causes. Wee Kim Wee promoted sports and volunteerism; and Ong Teng Cheong culture and the arts, particularly music. In 2000, S.R. Nathan established the President's Challenge with the Ministry",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2239358",
"score": "0.91604984",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Brazil",
"text": "of the Federal Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations. According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy. Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's unique position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power. Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "38101",
"score": "0.915625",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Council of the European Union",
"text": "the respective country holding the Presidency at any given time ensuring the smooth running of the meetings and setting the daily agenda. The continuity between presidencies is provided by an arrangement under which three successive presidencies, known as \"Presidency trios\", share common political programmes. The Foreign Affairs Council (national foreign ministers) is however chaired by the Union's High Representative. Its decisions are made by qualified majority voting in most areas, unanimity in others, or just simple majority for procedural issues. Usually where it operates unanimously, it only needs to consult the Parliament. However, in most areas the ordinary legislative procedure",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "72471",
"score": "0.90903795",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "President of Russia",
"text": "Minister and the Government of the Federation, and represents the state in international relations, conducts negotiations and signs ratification documents. The President appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of Russia to foreign states and international organizations. These appointments are preceded by consultations with the respective committees or commissions of the two houses of the Federal Assembly. The President signs international treaties. An important ceremonial role of the President is awarding state awards. State Awards of the Russian Federation are the highest form of official recognition given to individuals for service to the nation in the fields of defense, state-building, economics, science,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1803627",
"score": "0.9077592",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Foreign relations of Brazil",
"text": "foreign policy has recently aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States, and act at times as a countervailing force to U.S. political and economic influence in Latin America. Brazil's international relations are based on article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations. According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while Congress is tasked with reviewing and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "37571",
"score": "0.9067706",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Kanat Saudabayev",
"text": "President of Kazakhstan, and is directly responsible to the President. The Secretary of State develops proposals on main dimensions of domestic and foreign policies for the President. At the request of the President, the Secretary of State represents his interests in international affairs, in relations with the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, state bodies, political parties and other public organizations. He served as Kazakhstan's ambassador to the United States from December 2000 until the political shakeup of 2007, when President Nursultan Nazarbayev promoted him to the position of the Secretary of State. In Washington, Saudabayev brought an important contribution",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8504251",
"score": "0.90372705",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)",
"text": "Agency, Agency for International Development, and other foreign affairs agencies as well as the private papers of individuals involved in formulating U.S. foreign policy. Volumes in the series since 1952 are organized chronologically according to Presidential administrations, and geographically and topically within each subseries: 25 volumes cover the Kennedy administration (1961–63), 34 cover the Johnson administration (1964–68), and about 54 are scheduled for the Nixon and Ford administration administrations (1969–76). Volumes on the Carter administration are now being published and volumes on the Reagan administration are now being researched and annotated. Prior to 1970, the series was published under various",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8245856",
"score": "0.9026415",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Fiji)",
"text": "Minister for Foreign Affairs (Fiji) The Minister for Foreign Affairs (commonly known as the Foreign Minister) is Fiji's Cabinet Minister responsible for foreign relations and diplomacy and oversees its Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Especially since two military coups in 1987 harmed Fiji's relationship with other countries, with two more coups in 2000 and 2006 respectively, the Foreign Minister's position has been a very important one. Like other ministers, the Foreign Minister is formally appointed by the President on the nomination of the Prime Minister, and is responsible to both the Prime Minister and the Parliament. The position",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4966559",
"score": "0.9024427",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Foreign policy of the United States",
"long_answer": "Subject to the advice and consent role of the U.S. Senate, the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations, but treaties enter into force if ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces, and as such has broad authority over the armed forces. Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Secretary of State acts similarly to a foreign minister and under Executive leadership is the primary conductor of state-to-state diplomacy.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Subject to the advice and consent role of the U.S. Senate, the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations, but treaties enter into force if ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces, and as such has broad authority over the armed forces. Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Secretary of State acts similarly to a foreign minister and under Executive leadership is the primary conductor of state-to-state diplomacy.",
"short_answers": [
"negotiates treaties with foreign nations"
]
} |
who hit 6 sixes in an over in test cricket | [
"Ravi Shastri",
"Garfield Sobers"
]
| [
{
"title": "Boundary (cricket)",
"text": "The feat was repeated by Ravi Shastri in January 1985. Playing for Bombay against Baroda at the Wankhede Stadium in Bombay, Shastri hit left-arm spinner Tilak Raj for six sixes in a single over.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Garfield Sobers",
"text": "31 August 1968, Sobers became the first batsman ever to hit six sixes in a single over of six consecutive balls in first-class cricket. The feat consisted of five clean hits for six and one six where the ball was caught but carried over the boundary by Roger Davis. Sobers was playing as captain of Nottinghamshire against Glamorgan at St. Helen's in Swansea; the unfortunate bowler was Malcolm Nash. This tally of 36 runs in an over broke a 57-year-old record of 34 runs, held by Ted Alletson. The ball was collected from a garden by 11-year-old Richard Lewis; he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2051371",
"score": "1.1614969",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Joe Burns (cricketer)",
"text": "in the Boxing Day Test against India at the Melbourne Cricket Ground following an injury to all rounder Mitchell Marsh. He batted at number 6 and scored 13 runs before being caught behind off Umesh Yadav. He then managed to score two half centuries (58 and 66) in his second Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground.<ref name=\"ESPN Cricinfo - 6–10 January 2015 - India tour of Australia and New Zealand, 2014/15 - Australia v India\"></ref> He made his first Test century against New Zealand at the Gabba bringing up his century with two consecutive sixes off the bowling of off-spinner",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17042127",
"score": "1.1092292",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Boundary (cricket)",
"text": "first man to hit six sixes off a single six-ball over in first-class cricket. The over was bowled by Malcolm Nash in Nottinghamshire's first innings against Glamorgan at St Helen's in Swansea. Nash was a seam bowler but decided to try his arm at spin bowling. This achievement was caught on film. On 16 March 2007, in a match between South Africa and the Netherlands at the 2007 Cricket World Cup, Herschelle Gibbs became the first person to hit six sixes off an over in a One Day International match. The over was bowled by Dutch leg-spinner Daan van Bunge.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3247830",
"score": "1.086144",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Saman Jayantha",
"text": "in Hong Kong Sixes history. Saman Jayantha Warushavithana Saman Jayantha (born January 26, 1974 in Ambalangoda), or Saman Jayantha, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played 17 One Day Internationals for Sri Lanka in 2004 before he was dropped by the Sri Lankan selectors. He started his international career by scoring 24 runs in two matches against Australia as a middle order batsman, but improved during Sri Lanka's 5–0 whitewash of Zimbabwe in April 2004, hitting a career-best 74 not out to guide Sri Lanka to a nine-wicket win in the second ODI. However, he only played three of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3586512",
"score": "1.0809402",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Abhijit Kale",
"text": "Cup in 2003. In 2009 playing for Linden Park CC (an illustrious English club, with a rich history), Kale hit 39 runs – including six sixes in a row – off a single over in Kent, England. His achievement was helped by the fact that there were nine deliveries in the over, including three no balls. Kale scored a single off bowler Damion Grosscel's first ball, which was then matched by batting partner Michael Chodster Brown. Then came a two by Abhijit – followed by six consecutive sixes. Abhijit Kale Abhijit Vasant Kale (born 4 July 1973 in Ahmednagar) is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6363659",
"score": "1.0685363",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Scott Borthwick",
"text": "Lancashire, and despite not batting, he bowled four overs, taking 3–23. In May 2009 Borthwick took two catches while fielding as substitute for England in the second Test against the West Indies at the Riverside Ground. Borthwick became the youngest player to be hit for 5 consecutive sixes in an over against Essex. The final ball was slightly better – a wide – giving Essex an unlikely victory. Borthwick's uncle, David, played one List-A match for Northumberland in 1994. Borthwick was announced as a member of the England One Day International (ODI) squad for their match against Ireland in August",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12115442",
"score": "1.0662479",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Graham Napier",
"text": "day as he made his first appearance for the Mumbai Indians. On 3 June 2013, Napier finished a YB40 match with figures of 7 wickets for 32 runs, including 3 maidens, taking 4 wickets in 4 balls as Essex beat Surrey by 178 runs. On 19 May 2011, Napier equalled the record for most sixes scored in a first-class innings. He hit 16 sixes as part of a 130-ball 196 for Essex. It was his first first-class innings for 11 months, after being sidelined with a back injury. He hit 103 runs from the last 29 balls of his innings.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8242959",
"score": "1.0629154",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Jordan Clark (cricketer)",
"text": "Yorkshire at North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough, he became only the fifth player to hit six sixes off an over in a professional game, scoring the runs against left-arm spinner Gurman Randhawa. On 22 July 2018, Clark removed England captain Joe Root, New Zealand captain Kane Williamson, and England batsman Jonny Bairstow in consecutive balls to secure a hat-trick in the County Championship roses match against Yorkshire County Cricket Club. Clark took 5-58 in this innings, his maiden first-class 5 wicket haul. In September 2018, he was named in the Hobart Hurricanes' squad for the 2018 Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15471163",
"score": "1.0616343",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Leah Poulton",
"text": "had hit more sixes in the match—Jess Cameron scored the solitary six. In the next match against South Africa, Poulton came in at 1/9 after the fall of Villani at the end of the first over. She counter-attacked with Nitschke, scoring 39 runs herself from only 25 balls, including two sixes. The pair put on 58 from only 37 balls before Poulton was caught from the first ball of the eighth over. Australia collapsed and lost 6/16 including the last four wickets for four runs to be all out for 155 with three balls unused, before completing a 22-run win.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13162395",
"score": "1.06137",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Evin Lewis",
"text": "India in the first match of the series in the USA. He scored the century off 48 balls, which was the second fastest by a West Indian after Gayle and sixth fastest overall. During his innings, he hit 5 sixes off 5 balls in an over bowled by Stuart Binny. He couldn't send the last ball out of the park but made 32 runs(1 run made by a wide) in that over. The West Indies scored 245 runs and finally, after a thrilling finish, won by one run. The match set a new record for the most sixes in a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17579530",
"score": "1.0607141",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "English cricket team in Australia in 1965–66",
"text": "where he hit 52 fours and 5 sixes, but M.J.K. Smith declared before he could overtake Gary Sobers record 365. In the following Test he was hit on the head by a Peter Pollock bouncer and thereafter was a tenacious left-hander who made solid rather than stylish innings. Eric Russell was a graceful Scottish opener whose career was limited by the dominance of Boycott and Edrich. He was injured in the only Test he played on the tour, where he came in last and held out for 10 minutes in an unbeaten duck. Ken Barrington had made 582 runs (72.75)",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8325693",
"score": "1.0567646",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Ravi Shastri",
"text": "sixes came off a single over of the left arm spinner Tilak Raj. In terms of the number of sixes, it bettered the 58-year-old Indian record of CK Nayudu who had struck 11 sixes against a touring MCC team at Bombay Gymkhana in 1926–7. Shastri's unfinished sixth wicket stand of 204* with Ghulam Parkar, who contributed only 33 to the partnership, took only 83 minutes. In Baroda's second innings, Shastri took two wickets in four overs. Except for a few series in Pakistan and the 1983 World Cup final, the World Championship of Cricket in Australia was the first time",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3576485",
"score": "1.0565277",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Ross Whiteley",
"text": "Whiteley hit six sixes in the same over during Worcestershire's match against Yorkshire in the 2017 NatWest t20 Blast. Ross Whiteley Ross Andrew Whiteley (born 13 September 1988) is an English cricketer who currently plays for Worcestershire. Whiteley was born in Sheffield. He played with the Derbyshire Second XI from the 2006 season, in the Second XI Championship and Trophy. In the 2008 season Whiteley made his List A debut in September in a Pro40 game against Glamorgan followed shortly by his First-class debut against Leicestershire in the County Championship. He also played three Pro40 matches in the 2009 season.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12454077",
"score": "1.0556362",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Limited overs cricket",
"text": "one over bowled by Daan van Bunge of the Netherlands. This record is shared by Yuvraj Singh of India who achieved this feat in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa, he hit 6 sixes in an over bowled by Stuart Broad of England. Sachin Tendulkar holds the record of being the first male cricketer to score a double century in ODIs (200 not out). He achieved this feat against South Africa on 24 February 2010, at Gwalior, India. Virender Sehwag is the second male cricketer to score a double century, when he scored 219 before being caught out",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "304960",
"score": "1.0548561",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Justin Avendano",
"text": "Qalanders at the Blacktown International Sports Park in October 2017. Justin Avendano Justin Avendano is an Australian cricketer signed up to Sydney Sixers for the 2018–19 Big Bash League season. Avendano plays club cricket for North Sydney and for the Cricket NSW High Performance Transition Academy squad. In 2012 featured on the FOX Sports reality show \"Cricket Superstar\". Avendano is a big hitting batsman and in a Sydney Sixers Academy match in November 2018 against Auckland at the Hurtsville Oval, his innings of 122 from 63 balls including hitting the maximum 6 sixes in one single 6 ball over. Avendano",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "21013583",
"score": "1.0517168",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Steve O'Keefe",
"text": "the same figures (6/35) in the second inning a day later, as Australia won by 333 runs. His match figures of 12/70 were the second best bowling by a visiting bowler in a Test in India. This was the second time in the history of Test cricket that a bowler had recorded six wickets and an identical number of runs in both innings of a Test after B. S. Chandrasekhar of India, who had figures of 6/52 in both innings in 1977, coincidentally against Australia at the MCG, with O'Keefe's figures setting the record for the best identical bowling figures",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10321315",
"score": "1.0496805",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Dominic Thornely",
"text": "Western Australia at the SCG and in it he beat the record of David Hookes for most sixes in an Australian domestic game with 11. Another record came in his 219-run stand for the last wicket with Stuart MacGill. MacGill only contributed 27 of those runs. He played county cricket with Surrey in 2005 and for Hampshire in 2007. He represented Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League 2008 season. Dominic Thornely Dominic John Thornely (born 1 October 1978) is an Australian first-class cricketer who plays for the New South Wales Blues in Australian domestic cricket. Thornely made his debut",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9319115",
"score": "1.0463599",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)",
"text": "6 for 50 also came in 1992 against Zimbabwe. In the 1992 World Cup, he was used as an opening bowler, initially against Australia, in an attempt to counteract the tactic of hitting over the in-field during the first 15 overs. This strategy paid off, and he was often used in the same role in other matches. Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958) Dipak Narshibhai Patel (; born 25 October 1958) is a Kenyan-born former New Zealand cricketer, who played 37 Tests and 75 One Day Internationals for the New Zealand cricket team. He is the current spin Bowling Coach of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6388367",
"score": "1.0453389",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Chris Gayle",
"text": "League. In his debut game against his previous team Kolkata Knight Riders in their home ground, he scored 102 off 55 balls, hitting 10 fours and 7 sixes. On 6 May 2011, he scored another century, 107 off 49 balls in Bangalore against the Kings XI Punjab, which included 10 fours and 9 sixes. In the next match against Kochi Tuskers Kerala, he scored 37 runs in one over, which included 3 sixes, 3 fours and a no ball that was hit for a six. Although many people cite him as having hit the over for 37, one run was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3583372",
"score": "1.0381114",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)",
"text": "off 118 balls vs South Zone, where he smashed 15 sixes. Highest by any Bangladeshi player in any cricket format. Ziaur is also known for hitting sixes in every games. He has twice taken 5 wickets in an innings, with a best of 5 for 82 against Dhaka Division. He also took 5 for 24 against Sylhet Division in a one-day game. He made his ODI debut on 23 March 2013 against Sri Lanka in Hambantota and scored a golden duck. In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the Comilla Victorians team, following the draft for the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10641984",
"score": "1.0355047",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Xavier Marshall",
"text": "runs. The One Day series against Australia started poorly for Marshall, scoring 6 and 0. On 22 August 2008, Marshall broke the record for most sixes scored in an ODI, previously shared by Sanath Jayasuria and Shahid Afridi. He managed to hit 12 sixes in a score of 157* from 118 balls against Canada as the West Indies won the match by 49 runs. This record stood until 11 April 2011, when Shane Watson hit 15 sixes against Bangladesh. In September 2008, Marshall was training for the Stanford Super Series and was forced to withdraw from the team when it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6287865",
"score": "1.0351679",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Boundary (cricket)",
"text": "On 24 April 2013, in a second XI game for Lancashire against Yorkshire at Scarborough, Jordan Clark hit six sixes off left-arm spinner Gurham Randhawa. On 8 July 2015, Victorian all-rounder Marcus Stoinis hit part-time medium-pacer Brendan Smith for six sixes in an over on his way to 121 from 73 balls while playing for the National Performance Squad in a 50-over match against a National Indigenous Squad. Smith, captain of the New South Wales under-17s, also sent down a wide meaning his one over of the match went for 37 runs. The game was a non-sanctioned practice match. On",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3247831",
"score": "1.0347338",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Mark Craig",
"text": "67 coming in a 4-hour stand with BJ Watling. Craig became the first cricketer in Test cricket to hit his first ball faced for six with the bat. He was also the fourth batsman in Test cricket to get off the mark by scoring a six and the first New Zealand player to achieve this milestone. Craig also spent two seasons in the UK playing for Coombs Wood Cricket Club in the Worcestershire League in 2005/06. Mark Craig Mark Donald Craig (born 23 March 1987) is a New Zealand Test cricketer who plays first-class cricket for Otago. A spin bowler,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18097516",
"score": "1.0325055",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Colin Munro",
"text": "Lanka in 2006. In 2012-13 he and Craig Cachopa added 377 runs for the sixth wicket against the Wellington Firebirds in the Plunket Shield, falling two runs shy of the sixth wicket partnership record. He scored the second highest score for the Auckland Aces of 269 unbeaten with 27 fours and 14 sixes behind Bill Carson's record score of 290 set back in 1936/37. In January 2017, Munro signed for the Sydney Sixers in the Big Bash League and made his debut in front of 39,756 at the SCG against the Thunder. In March, 2018, as his international form in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8178887",
"score": "1.0311922",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)",
"text": "Test century 123 not out, reaching triple figures in only 66 balls. With tail-ender Bryce McGain for company, Johnson decided to take on the bowling and struck Dale Steyn for six to reach his century. Although Australia went on to lose the Test match by an innings, Johnson was named man of the series, with 16 wickets and over 250 runs in 3 matches. During the 2009 Ashes tour he was criticised for his poor bowling and his lack of control. Johnson's position as spearhead of the Australian seam-attack was called into question, with match figures of 3/200 in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6641481",
"score": "1.0303469",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Ravi Shastri",
"text": "of which came after he completed his hundred. The huge six off left arm fast bowler Bruce Reid – a cross batted heave that went over longon – was particularly memorable. Six sixes in an innings was an Indian record at the time. But he was outshone by Dilip Vengsarkar who scored 164* in the same innings. They added a record 298* for the sixth wicket. In early 1987, he presented a 15-minute coaching series which went by the name 'That's Cricket'. This was aired on the national channel Doordarshan on Sunday mornings. There were even rumours of an involvement",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3576490",
"score": "1.0286087",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Joe Denly",
"text": "score of 72 not out. He was player of the match in the Sixers final match of the tournament against Melbourne Stars, making 72 runs from 45 balls and taking one wicket. After captaining Kent in the Caribbean Regional Super50 competition, Denly played 12 matches for Karachi Kings in the 2018 Pakistan Super League where he was the fourth highest run scorer in the competition with 323 runs. In September 2018 Sydney Sixers announced that they had re-signed Denly for whole of the 2018–19 Big Bash. Later that year, Denly was bought by Kolkata Knight Riders in the 2019 IPL",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6790053",
"score": "1.0272729",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Eddie Hemmings (cricketer)",
"text": "first test against India at Lord's in 1990, Hemmings was famously hit for four consecutive sixes by Kapil Dev from the last four balls of his over. This 24 was the exact amount required for India to avoid the follow on – they were nine wickets down at the time and Kapil Dev did not want to expose Narendra Hirwani to Angus Fraser's next over. A wise move this as it turned out as Fraser had Hirwani lbw first ball! Hemmings toured Australia with the full England side in 1990–91 at the age of 41 – playing in one test",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6918356",
"score": "1.0255594",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Ricardo Powell",
"text": "than 1000 ODI runs and he also emulated Gordon Greenidge by hitting 8 sixes in an ODI innings against India cricket team in 1999 at Singapore which was a West Indian ODI record. He also hit seven sixes in another ODI against India cricket team at Toronto that same year. In total, he hit 75 sixes in 100 ODI innings, a ratio equal to that of Viv Richards. Such stunning performances from the 20-year-old led to comparisons with the great Viv Richards but for some reason the selectors seemed to pigeon-hole him as a One Day player, and he found",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5714698",
"score": "1.0233922",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Boundary (cricket)",
"long_answer": "The feat was repeated by Ravi Shastri in January 1985. Playing for Bombay against Baroda at the Wankhede Stadium in Bombay, Shastri hit left-arm spinner Tilak Raj for six sixes in a single over.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The feat was repeated by Ravi Shastri in January 1985. Playing for Bombay against Baroda at the Wankhede Stadium in Bombay, Shastri hit left-arm spinner Tilak Raj for six sixes in a single over.",
"short_answers": [
"Ravi Shastri"
]
} |
how long has it been since eagles went to super bowl | [
"2018"
]
| [
{
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"text": "The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"text": "return to the Super Bowl, it appeared the Eagles would have to retool in the 2006 off-season to make another run for the Vince Lombardi Trophy. In 2006, the Eagles started off hot, beating the Houston Texans in Houston 24-10. And they kept the streak going, jumping to a 24-7 lead against the Giants before losing 30-24 in overtime. They won their next two games easily, beating the 49ers in San Francisco and then returning home to limit Brett Favre's Packers to three field goals. The Birds' 3-1 record set the stage for Terrell Owens' return to Philadelphia. Owens return",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6224908",
"score": "0.99926984",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"text": "the NFL with a 13-3 record which gave them their first NFC East Championship since 2013, and gave them a first round bye for the first time since the 2004 season which was the last time they last went to the Super Bowl. Carson Wentz improved drastically during the season in which he threw for 33 touchdowns and only 7 interceptions. His potential MVP season came to an end though during Week 14 against the Los Angeles Rams where he tore his ACL, and would be out for the rest of the year. Nick Foles who returned to the Eagles",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6224940",
"score": "0.99305725",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"text": "on December 28, 2008 and advanced to the playoffs. The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26-14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4, 2009. They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23-11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years. For the third time in a decade, an all-Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible, as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Eagles lost 32-25 to the Arizona Cardinals. In August, the team stirred up",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6224917",
"score": "0.99276197",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "2015 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "yards, and returning punts for 115 yards and 1 touchdown. With the win, the Eagles go to 5-7, ending a three-game skid and passing the Giants for second place in the NFC East. With a loss by the Washington Redskins, the Eagles' 5-7 record tied them with the Redskins for the best record in the NFC East, but their Week 4 loss kept them in second. Not only was this their first win against the Patriots in the Brady-Belichick era (preseason notwithstanding), but two years later, they would proceed to claim their first Super Bowl title in their next game",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18419068",
"score": "0.98050857",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"text": "to overcome numerous injuries, particularly to its defense, to reach the NFC Championship for the third year in a row, only to suffer a heartbreaking 14-3 loss against the Carolina Panthers. On January 23, 2005, the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game (the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL). At long last, the Eagles justified the hopes of their long-suffering fan base, defeating Michael Vick's much-hyped Atlanta Falcons, 27-10, sending them to their first Super Bowl in 24 years. The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations. With two Super",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6224898",
"score": "0.9781481",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "2013 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "their final appearance in the playoffs until after their 2017 season, where they would go on to become Super Bowl champions. 2013 Philadelphia Eagles season The Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 81st season in the National Football League, and the first under head coach Chip Kelly. The Eagles improved on their 4–12 record from 2012, finishing 10–6 and clinching the NFC East division title and the playoffs for the first time since 2010, but after a close game, they lost to the New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round of the playoffs, by a score of 26–24. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16977350",
"score": "0.96436703",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl LII",
"text": "it into overtime. After nine plays (one of them a 13-yard catch by Amendola on fourth-and-10), Brady reached the 49-yard line, and with only nine seconds remaining, he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone, to no avail as time expired. The Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history, and their first league championship since 1960, ending what was the third-longest active championship drought in the NFL at 57 years. The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75, set in Super Bowl XXIX",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17473874",
"score": "0.9634641",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "rehab his ankle, guaranteeing that if the Eagles made it to the Super Bowl, he would be ready to play in it. The Eagles, not trying to win their last two games, finished with a franchise best 13–3 record. weather= 32 °F (Sunny) With expectations high, the Eagles' playoff run began with the Minnesota Vikings coming to town. Minnesota had backed into the playoffs with an 8–8 record and losses in four of their final five regular season games, but they had upset the Green Bay Packers in the Wild Card round. On the Eagles' second possession, Brian Westbrook, who",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9403904",
"score": "0.95887095",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Philly Special",
"text": "levels of the sport for confirming proper alignment before a play. The Eagles went on to win Super Bowl LII, 41–33. It was the team's first NFL championship since 1960, and first ever Super Bowl win. After the game, coach Doug Pederson told reporters \"We call [the play] the Philly special...\" Pederson also noted that the play came from “...[looking] at different plays around the league and the collegiate ranks, and things that over the years that might fit what we do. We found this one that fit, and we’ve been working on it for the last couple of weeks",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20569714",
"score": "0.95739555",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "2003–04 NFL playoffs",
"text": "their first trip to the Super Bowl with a 14–3 win. For the Eagles, it was their third straight NFC Championship Game loss. After a scoreless first quarter, the Panthers mounted the only long scoring drive of the game, advancing the ball 79 yards and scoring with Jake Delhomme's 24-yard touchdown pass to Muhsin Muhammad. The Eagles responded by driving 44 yards and scoring with a 41-yard field goal from David Akers. Philadelphia then forced a punt and drove to their own 44-yard line, but McNabb was intercepted by Manning and the score remained 7–3 at halftime. The Eagles took",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4554452",
"score": "0.9552772",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "2018 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "Furthermore, this loss marked the first time since 2013 they lost 3 straight games at home. The Eagles loss to the Saints by 41 points is the biggest defeat for a defending Super Bowl Champion. In addition, this was their worst loss since their 42-0 defeat to the Seahawks in 2005 and was the most lopsided loss in the Doug Pederson era. For the first time since 2006, the Eagles would play back to back games against all 3 of their NFC East opponents; beginning with a home match with the NY Giants. They would do just that and win",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20468778",
"score": "0.95223475",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "their revenge 13 years later by beating the Patriots in Super Bowl LII. 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season was the 72nd season for the team in the National Football League (NFL). The Eagles had been one of the most successful teams in the league after the Andy Reid and Donovan McNabb era began in 1999, making it to the playoffs for four straight seasons and to the NFC Championship Game in 2001, 2002, and 2003. However, the team could not reach the Super Bowl, despite being favored in the final two NFC title games. In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9403920",
"score": "0.95157045",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "2006 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "up to 9–6. \"at Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia When it was announced that the Detroit Lions had hung on to beat the Dallas Cowboys a few minutes into the Eagles' regular season finale with the Atlanta Falcons, the game instantly became meaningless as the NFC East crown became clinched. After the defense forced an Atlanta three-and-out, Jeff Garcia marched the Eagles to a 41-yard David Akers field goal. From there, Andy Reid began pulling Philadelphia starters from the game, leaving the contest in the hands of the Eagles' backup players. Michael Vick, playing in his last game before going to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8724224",
"score": "0.950226",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XXXIX",
"text": "played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts. New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4-yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game. Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game. But on first down, McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage. Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock, Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain, keeping the clock",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3200073",
"score": "0.94628984",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "game moved into the fourth quarter and Atlanta's passing offense could do little against the Philadelphia secondary, a Super Bowl berth looked more and more likely. A six-and-a-half minute drive that ended in another short Chad Lewis touchdown reception kicked off the celebration in Philadelphia. Victorious by a score of 27–10, the Eagles were NFC Champions for the first time since 1980. McNabb threw for a modest 180 yards in the windy weather, but had two touchdowns and no interceptions. Westbrook came up with 96 yards on the ground, while Chad Lewis made two critical touchdown receptions. It was later",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9403912",
"score": "0.9449354",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "the Patriots' last hopes. The Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Patriots by a score of 41–33. Nick Foles also was named Super Bowl MVP after the game. With this win, the Eagles finally won their first Super Bowl, and their first NFL title since 1960. A Super Bowl victory parade took place four days later on February 8. 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 85th season in the National Football League, the 15th playing their home games at Lincoln Financial Field, and the second under head coach Doug Pederson. The Eagles improved their 7–9 record",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19807846",
"score": "0.9446667",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl LII",
"text": "the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance, having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX. Several records were set during Super Bowl LII, including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined (1,151), the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl (one), and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team (33). The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1:05 remaining to extend their lead to eight",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17473816",
"score": "0.94387734",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "2006 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "the Eagles seven-game losing streak to their division rivals. \"at the Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana The Eagles lost a tight one to the resurgent New Orleans Saints in a loud and excited Louisiana Superdome. The Eagles, possibly suffering a letdown after their dramatic win over Dallas the previous week, came out sluggish and fell behind 10–0. They were about to get the ball with 1:56 left in the 2nd quarter, but Ryan Moats and Dexter Wynn muffed the punt return, turning it over to the Saints, who proceeded to score on a very short field to send the game",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8724199",
"score": "0.9435358",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "as the rest of the game represented total domination from Nick Foles and the Eagles' offense, who racked up 456 total yards and 38 unanswered points. With a blowout win against one of the league's top defenses, the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl. The Philadelphia Eagles entered Super Bowl LII as a 5.5 point underdog to the defending champions; the New England Patriots. This was also their first appearance in 13 years, with their last Super Bowl berth happening in 2005 (Super Bowl XXXIX), which also happened to be against the New England Patriots. In the first quarter,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19807841",
"score": "0.9432352",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"text": "after having short stints with the Rams (then St. Louis Rams) and Chiefs (where Andy Reid was coaching) would take over. His shaky performances during the end of the regular season made the team become underdogs during the playoffs despite being the number one seed. The Eagles would beat the Atlanta Falcons 15-10 in the Divisional Round which was their first playoff win since the 2008 season, to face the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship. The game would end up being a surprising blowout with the Eagles dominating the Vikings 38-7 to go to the Super Bowl for the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6224941",
"score": "0.94182074",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "learned that Lewis broke his ankle on the second touchdown catch, and he would be left off the Super Bowl roster. Meanwhile, the defense held Vick to 136 passing yards and 26 rushing yards, and kept Atlanta off the scoreboard in the second half. In their first Super Bowl appearance since Super Bowl XV, the Eagles met the New England Patriots on February 6, 2005 at ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. The Patriots, led by Tom Brady had won two of the past three Super Bowls and a win against the Eagles would likely lead to \"dynasty status\". They had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9403913",
"score": "0.9406092",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "the Minnesota Vikings and the Atlanta Falcons in the playoffs, earning a trip to Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville against the defending champion New England Patriots. The game was hard fought, but the Eagles fell 24–21, ending their magical season one score short of the ultimate goal. This season was considered the franchise's most successful until their Super Bowl LII-winning 2017 season. weather= 77 °F (Sunny) The highly anticipated Eagles' season began with a convincing rout of the division-rival New York Giants in a game that was not as close as the 31–17 score. New York scored the first points",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9403865",
"score": "0.94025654",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "2018 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "record. Despite the Eagles being predicted to dominate, they struggled in the first half trailing 13-3 at the half, and never once led. After finding a spark on offense, the defense struggled to contain the Cowboys. A last second desperation drive ended up falling short of the end zone. With this loss, they not only dropped them to 4-5 and third in the NFC East, but it also raised many concerns on whether the team were still contenders. It also hurt their NFC position now standing at the brink of playoff contention just 9 months after winning the Super Bowl.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20468777",
"score": "0.9353374",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XXXIX",
"text": "Seahawks, 28–24, ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons, 34-28, two years later. The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams (5 by the Patriots, 3 by the Red Sox, and one each by the Celtics and Bruins) since 2002. With the Eagles’ loss, the city of Philadelphia’s sports championship drought continued (no Philly-based pro sports team since the 1983 Sixers won the NBA title) until the Phillies won the 2008 World Series. The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3200081",
"score": "0.93322194",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl LII",
"text": "as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long, who had five sacks and forced four fumbles, and defensive end Brandon Graham, who led the team with 9 sacks. Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88. The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins, who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions, along with cornerback Patrick Robinson, who led the team with four interceptions. Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games, but suffered a major setback on December 10, when Wentz went down with a season-ending",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17473822",
"score": "0.9328035",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Super Bowl XV",
"text": "1980, under head coach Dick Vermeil, the Philadelphia Eagles, who had not played in a league championship since their 1960 NFL championship, advanced to their first ever Super Bowl. The Eagles were led by quarterback Ron Jaworski, who completed 257 out of 451 passes for 3,529 yards during the regular season, including 27 touchdowns and only 12 interceptions. Another key player on the Eagles offense was halfback Wilbert Montgomery, who was widely considered one of the top running backs in the NFL and had rushed for over 1,200 yards in each of the last two seasons. Injuries during the 1980",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "394187",
"score": "0.9320686",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "2018 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "proceeded to win back to back division games over the Giants and the Redskins to move to 6–6 and climb back to the playoff hunt, before falling 23–29 to the Cowboys in overtime and dropping to a 6–7 record. The following week, they upset the Rams 30–23 to move to 7–7 and keep their playoff hopes alive. The Eagles played in their first NFL Kickoff Game and their first game at London's Wembley Stadium in franchise history. Draft trades The Eagles had a disappointing preseason. The starting offense during their exhibitions looked nowhere like their Super Bowl counterparts. Super Bowl",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20468761",
"score": "0.9318372",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"text": "first time since the 2004 season. The Eagles would face Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX at Super Bowl LII. The Eagles would end up winning the game 41-33 to give the Eagles their first Super Bowl Championship and their first championship since the 1960 season before the NFL-AFL merger. Nick Foles would be named Super Bowl MVP. The Eagles came back from a successful 2017 season hoping to become the first repeat Super Bowl victors since the New England Patriots during their 2003 and 2004 season. Before the season started many",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6224942",
"score": "0.9315765",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "2013 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"text": "at the quarterback helm. This was the first game in NFL history to end with a final score of 54-11. With the convincing win, the Eagles improved to 9-6, and will face their arch rivals, the Dallas Cowboys, next Sunday Night for the division crown. This game would end when Kyle Orton threw an interception late in the fourth quarter. With the win, the Eagles improved to 10-6 and sealed NFC East Championship and 3rd seed in the playoffs. They would also be the third team in a row to defeat the Cowboys in the last game of the regular",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16977348",
"score": "0.93126917",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles",
"long_answer": "The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances.",
"short_answers": [
"2018"
]
} |
who did the united states win its independence from | [
"the British Empire",
"Great Britain"
]
| [
{
"title": "Independence Day (United States)",
"text": "Independence Day, also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "History of United States foreign policy",
"text": "of defeating Napoleon, while the American armies defeated the Indian alliance that the British had supported, ending the British war goal of establishing a pro-British Indian boundary nation in the Midwest. The British stopped impressing American sailors and trade with France (now an ally of Britain) resumed, so the causes of the war had been cleared away. Especially after the great American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, Americans felt proud and triumphant for having won their \"second war of independence.\" Successful generals Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison became political heroes as well. After 1815 tensions de-escalated along",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14138392",
"score": "0.98314804",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "History of the United States (1776–1789)",
"text": "History of the United States (1776–1789) Between 1776 and 1789, the United States of America emerged as an independent country, creating and ratifying its new constitution and establishing its national government. In order to assert their traditional rights, American Patriots seized control of the colonies and launched a war for independence. The Americans declared independence on July 4, 1776, proclaiming \"all men are created equal\". Congress raised the Continental Army under the command of General George Washington, forged a military alliance with France and defeated the two main British invasion armies. Nationalists replaced the governing Articles of Confederation to strengthen",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1722344",
"score": "0.9757496",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Self-determination",
"text": "nations of Spanish America achieved independence from Spain. The United States supported that status, as policy in the hemisphere relative to European colonialism, with the Monroe Doctrine. The American public, organized associated groups, and Congressional resolutions, often supported such movements, particularly the Greek War of Independence (1821–29) and the demands of Hungarian revolutionaries in 1848. Such support, however, never became official government policy, due to balancing of other national interests. After the American Civil War and with increasing capability, the United States government did not accept self-determination as a basis during its Purchase of Alaska and attempted purchase of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "400081",
"score": "0.9755666",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "United Kingdom–United States relations",
"text": "as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and John Adams eventually resulted in seeking full independence from the mother country. Thus, the Declaration of Independence, unanimously ratified on 4 July 1776, was a radical and decisive break. The United States of America became the first colony in the world to successfully achieve independence in the modern era. In early 1775 the Patriots forced all the British officials and soldiers out of the new nation. The British returned in force in August 1776, and captured New York City, which became their base until the war ended in 1783. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5016909",
"score": "0.9739804",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Latin American wars of independence",
"text": "independent sovereign nations. As a result of the successful revolutions which established so many new independent nations, United States President James Monroe and the Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine . It stated that the United States would not tolerate any European interference in the Western Hemisphere. This measure ostensibly was taken in order to safeguard the newfound liberties of these new countries, but it was also taken as a precautionary measure against the intrusion of European states. Since the United States was a newly founded nation, it lacked the capacity to prevent other European powers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2708157",
"score": "0.95881826",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "United States Declaration of Independence",
"text": "in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821. The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration, but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled \"Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress\". British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of \"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\" to African Americans. Thomas Hutchinson, the former royal governor of Massachusetts, also published a rebuttal. These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration. Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "434510",
"score": "0.94303745",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "History of the Americas",
"text": "Independence of 1776. The American Revolutionary War lasted through the period of the Siege of Yorktown — its last major campaign — in the early autumn of 1781, with peace being achieved in 1783. The Spanish colonies won their independence in the first quarter of the 19th century, in the Spanish American wars of independence. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, among others, led their independence struggle. Although Bolivar attempted to keep the Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America politically allied, they rapidly became independent of one another as well, and several further wars were fought, such as the Paraguayan",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "182223",
"score": "0.9421412",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Kingdom of Great Britain",
"text": "British Parliament's insistence on taxing colonists without their consent. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began, as the Americans trapped the British army in Boston and suppressed the Loyalists who supported the Crown. In 1776 the Americans declared the independence of the United States of America. Under the military leadership of General George Washington, and, with economic and military assistance from France, the Dutch Republic, and Spain, the United States held off successive British invasions. The Americans captured two main British armies in 1777 and 1781. After that King George III lost control of Parliament and was unable to continue",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1380731",
"score": "0.9404796",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Birth of America",
"text": "Birth of America Birth of America is a wargame by SEP BOA, a development team at AGEOD. In \"Birth of America\", the player controls one of the major contenders of the French and Indian War or the American War of Independence, trying to achieve military and political victory. The scope of the game covers all of North America, from Florida to Quebec and New England to Mississippi, from 1755 to 1783. The game map is divided into more than 700 provinces, with a great diversity of terrain, climates and civilization levels. There are two nations fighting each other in all",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10200991",
"score": "0.9358341",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "History of the United States (1789–1849)",
"text": "(the War of 1812) to uphold American honor at sea, and to end the Indian raids in the west, as well as to seize Canadian territory. Despite incompetent government management, and a series of defeats early on, Americans found new generals like Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, and Winfield Scott, who repulsed British invasions and broke the alliance between the British and the Indians that held up settlement of the Old Northwest. The Federalists, who had opposed the war to the point of trading with the enemy and threatening secession, were devastated by the triumphant ending of the war. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2844077",
"score": "0.9357463",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "History of Western civilization",
"text": "U.S. granted independence to the Philippines, its only large overseas colony. In British India, Mahatma Gandhi led his followers in non-violent resistance to British rule. By the late 1940s Britain found itself unable to work with Indians in ruling the colony, this, combined with sympathy around the world for Gandhi's non-violent movement, led Britain to grant independence to India, dividing it into the largely Hindu country of India and the smaller, largely Muslim nation of Pakistan in 1947. In 1948 Burma gained independence from Britain, and in 1945 Indonesian nationalists declared Indonesian independence, which the Netherlands recognised in 1949 after",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7309172",
"score": "0.9347547",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "New Jersey in the American Revolution",
"text": "United States Declaration of Independence. These men, just like all the others, took tremendous risks in order to fight for independence and all went on to serve their newly founded country for the rest of their lives. Distinguished lawyer Richard Stockton, New Jersey-born and College of New Jersey graduate, sacrificed his royal judicial title and his considerable international economic interest in order to be an elected delegate for New Jersey at the General Congress. John Witherspoon was a Scottish immigrant. He came to New Jersey to serve as the sixth president of the College of New Jersey. He was a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6779313",
"score": "0.93305635",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "History of Western civilization",
"text": "open conflicts between \"independentists\" and \"loyalists\", the Spanish American Independence Wars immediately ensued; resulting, by the 1820s, in the definitive loss for the Spanish Empire of all its American territories, with the exception of Cuba and Puerto Rico. The years following Britain's victory in the Napoleonic Wars were a period of expansion for the United Kingdom and its former American colonies, which now made up the United States. This period of expansion would help establish Anglicanism as the dominant religion, English as the dominant language, and English and Anglo-American culture as the dominant culture of two continents and many other",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7309058",
"score": "0.9266249",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "History of the United States (1865–1918)",
"text": "active, globally oriented American foreign policy that continues to the present day. The U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain on December 10, 1898 via the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War. However, Philippine revolutionaries led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence and in 1899 began fighting the U.S. troops. The Philippine–American War ended in 1901 after Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the U.S. Likewise the other insurgents accepted American rule and peace prevailed, except in some remote islands under Muslim control. Roosevelt continued the McKinley policies of removing the Catholic friars (with compensation to the Pope), upgrading",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1919515",
"score": "0.923354",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "History of the United States (1865–1918)",
"text": "(in 1946). Puerto Rico (and some smaller islands) became permanent U.S. possessions, as did Alaska (added by purchase in 1867). The independent Republic of Hawaii voluntarily joined the U.S. as a territory in 1898. The United States tried and failed to broker a peace settlement for World War I, then entered the war after Germany launched a submarine campaign against U.S. merchant ships that were supplying Germany's enemy countries. The publicly stated goals were to uphold American honor, crush German militarism, and reshape the postwar world. After a slow mobilization, the U.S. helped bring about a decisive Allied Forces victory",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1919456",
"score": "0.92059827",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Islam in the United States",
"text": "the American Revolutionary War indicate that at least a few likely Muslims fought on the American side. Among the recorded names of American soldiers are \"Yusuf ben Ali\" (a member of the Turks of South Carolina community), \"Bampett Muhamed\" and possibly Peter Salem. The first country to recognize the United States as an independent nation was the Sultanate of Morocco, under its ruler Mohammed ben Abdallah, in the year 1777. He maintained several correspondences with President George Washington. On December 9, 1805, President Thomas Jefferson hosted an Iftar dinner at the White House for his guest Sidi Soliman Mellimelli, an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2425778",
"score": "0.91699135",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "William McKinley",
"text": "but when negotiation failed he led the nation into the Spanish–American War of 1898\"—\"the United States victory was quick and decisive. As part of the peace settlement, Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines while Cuba was promised independence, but at that time remained under the control of the United States Army. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a United States territory. Historians regard McKinley's 1896 victory as a realigning election in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "463017",
"score": "0.91693264",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of the United States",
"text": "war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact. Americans claimed victory on February 18, 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place. Americans swelled with pride at success in the \"second war of independence\"; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered. The Indians were the big losers; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "739771",
"score": "0.91478765",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Jacques Presser",
"text": "history of the United States of America. He completed the first version while in hiding. A reworked edition came out in 1949. Shortly after the Second World War there was a lot of interest in the history of America in the Netherlands. The book is rich in its descriptions, anecdotes and details; the writer explicitly sympathizes with the 'underdogs' in American history: the native Americans, the Afro-Americans, the poor. At the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1976, a fourth, revised and updated edition was published with a postscript on the period after 1965 by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14816072",
"score": "0.9143088",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Claude H. Van Tyne",
"text": "States for Schools\" (co-author Andrew C. McLaughlin, 1911) and \"India in Ferment\" (1923). He won the annual Pulitzer Prize for History in 1930 for \"The War of Independence\". Claude H. Van Tyne Claude Halstead Van Tyne (October 16, 1869 – March 21, 1930) was an American historian. He was a senior fellow at the University of Pennsylvania in 1902. He taught history at the University of Michigan from 1903 to 1930 and wrote several books on the American Revolution. He won the Pulitzer Prize for \"The War of Independence\" in 1930. Van Tyne was born in Tecumseh, Michigan, to Lawrence",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13410781",
"score": "0.91337043",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "History of the United States (1865–1918)",
"text": "and Roosevelt redirected Philippine policy to prepare the islands to become the first Western colony in Asia to achieve self-government. The Filipinos fought side by side with the Americans when the Japanese invaded in 1941, and aided the American re-conquest of the islands in 1944–45; independence came in 1946. The U.S. demanded Spain stop its oppressive policies in Cuba; public opinion (overruling McKinley) led to the short, successful Spanish–American War in 1898. The U.S. permanently took over Puerto Rico, and temporarily held Cuba. Attention increasingly focused on the Caribbean as the rapid growth of the Pacific states, especially California, revealed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1919517",
"score": "0.91294706",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Birth of America",
"text": "America\" with their 2006 \"Best Wargame\" award. Birth of America Birth of America is a wargame by SEP BOA, a development team at AGEOD. In \"Birth of America\", the player controls one of the major contenders of the French and Indian War or the American War of Independence, trying to achieve military and political victory. The scope of the game covers all of North America, from Florida to Quebec and New England to Mississippi, from 1755 to 1783. The game map is divided into more than 700 provinces, with a great diversity of terrain, climates and civilization levels. There are",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10200994",
"score": "0.91100603",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "History of the United States",
"text": "or states that violated the Constitution, first enunciated in 1803 in \"Marbury v. Madison\". Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election. Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships' neutral rights in order to hurt France, the impressment (seizure) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon, and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest. They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America. Despite strong opposition from the Northeast, especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "739768",
"score": "0.91042817",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "History of United States foreign policy",
"text": "imprint on the psyche of later American leaders. The failure of Spain to colonize or police Florida led to its purchase by the U.S. in 1821. John Quincy Adams was the leading American diplomat of the era. In 1846 after an intense political debate in which the expansionist Democrats prevailed over the Whigs, the U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas. Mexico never recognized that Texas had achieved independence and promised war should the U.S. annex it. President James K. Polk peacefully resolved a border dispute with Britain regarding Oregon, then sent U.S. Army patrols into the disputed area of Texas.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14138394",
"score": "0.90901196",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "United States territorial acquisitions",
"text": "not cede it to the United States, so it became a protectorate. All four of these areas were under United States Military Government (USMG) for extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902, and the Philippines became an independent nation in 1946. This era also saw the first scattered protests against American imperialism. Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully against these ventures. Opponents of the war, including Twain and Andrew Carnegie, organized themselves into the American Anti-Imperialist League. During this same period the American people continued to strongly chastise the European powers for their imperialism. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2255151",
"score": "0.9089182",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Southern Victory",
"text": "original independence), or the states of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Cuba, which were never part of the U.S. One character suggests letting Mexico have Chihuahua and Sonora back, however it does seem in later chapters that the U.S. intends to keep all three states. In Canada, the simmering rebellion is put down after the U.S. agrees to treat captured Canadians as prisoners of war, and also threatening to superbomb Saskatoon in Saskatchewan. Meanwhile, Democratic candidate Thomas E. Dewey and his running mate Harry S. Truman defeat Socialist President Charles W. La Follette and his running mate Jim Curley in the United",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4202538",
"score": "0.90851045",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "United States Declaration of Independence",
"text": "thirteen United States of America,\" and that the same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress. Historian George Billias says: Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence: the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status. America thus became a member of the international community, which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances, a military ally in diplomacy, and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis. The declaration is not divided into formal sections; but it is often discussed as consisting of five",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "434494",
"score": "0.9062993",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "History of the United States (1865–1918)",
"text": "and Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders gained fame in Cuba. Meanwhile, Commodore George Dewey's fleet crushed the Spanish in the faraway Philippines. Spain capitulated, ending the three-month-long war and recognizing Cuba's independence. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded to the United States. Although U.S. capital investments within the Philippines and Puerto Rico were small, some politicians hoped they would be strategic outposts for expanding trade with Latin America and Asia, particularly China. That never happened and after 1903 American attention turned to the Panama Canal as the key to opening new trade routes. The Spanish–American War thus began the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1919514",
"score": "0.90580714",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "History of Western civilization",
"text": "up arms. Leaders of a new pro-independence movement were influenced by Enlightenment ideals and hoped to bring an ideal nation into existence. On 4 July 1776, the colonies declared independence with the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. Drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the document's preamble eloquently outlines the principles of governance that would come to increasingly dominate Western thinking over the ensuing century and a half: George Washington led the new Continental Army against the British forces, who had many successes early in this American Revolution. After years of fighting, the colonists formed an alliance with France",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7309047",
"score": "0.9053464",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
}
]
| {
"title": "Independence Day (United States)",
"long_answer": "Independence Day, also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Independence Day, also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2.",
"short_answers": [
"the British Empire"
]
} |
who won season 8 of america's next top model | [
"Jaslene Gonzalez"
]
| [
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (cycle 8)",
"text": "The winner was 20-year-old Jaslene Gonzalez from Chicago, Illinois, who notably had made it to the semi-finals of cycle 7, but was not cast. Gonzalez became the first winner without any bottom two appearance.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Jourdan Miller",
"text": "Miller also became the second \"America's Next Top Model\" winner to have also never even appeared in the bottom three. This was preceded by cycle 13 winner Nicole Fox. She is also the second winner of the show to have received a total of six first call-outs after Ann Ward, the winner of cycle 15 After winning \"America's Next Top Model\", Miller received a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management in Los Angeles, an eight-page spread in the December/January 2014 issue of \"Nylon\" magazine and a $100,000-ad campaign with Guess. Following her win in \"America's Next Top Model\", Miller was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17671455",
"score": "1.1814812",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Lisa Jackson (model)",
"text": "Lisa Jackson (model) Lisa Cassandra Jackson (born May 28, 1987) is an American model who is best known for her participation on \"America's Next Top Model, Cycle 9\" in 2007. She went on to appear on season 11 of Project Runway in 2013, and was the model for the winning designer. In 2007, Jackson participated on \"America's Next Top Model, Cycle 9.\" She was declared the best performer of the week twice, won two reward challenges and was twice voted CoverGirl of the Week. Jackson appeared in the bottom two twice; during her first appearance, she was spared over contestant",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17263332",
"score": "1.1779273",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Nicole Linkletter",
"text": "Nicole Linkletter Nicole Linkletter Nathanson (born 18 April 1985) is an American fashion model and the winner of Cycle 5 of \"America's Next Top Model\". Her prizes were a contract with Ford Models, a $100,000 contract with CoverGirl, and her photo appearing in a Ford Fusion (Americas) national advert. She is the first of two America's Next Top Model winners from North Dakota, the second being CariDee English, winner of America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7. Linkletter was born and raised in Grand Forks, North Dakota, the daughter of Monica and Steve Linkletter. She has two sisters. Linkletter graduated from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6633131",
"score": "1.1746485",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Anchal Joseph",
"text": "out for America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7; prior to ANTM she had also modelled for Zoom Magazine and French Vogue. Joseph was the sixth contestant to be selected to participate on the seventh cycle of \"America's Next Top Model\" and was told at casting by host Tyra Banks that she was one of the most physically beautiful contestants to ever participate in the competition. While she was often praised for the quality of her portfolio, her lack of self-confidence was often noted by the judging panel and she was eliminated after refusing to fully participate in a challenge that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12015192",
"score": "1.1745375",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 7)",
"text": "the winner being CariDee. The models travelled to Barcelona, Spain, where they shot a commercial for Secret Deodorant in Catalan. The judging saw Jaeda become the eighth model eliminated. \"First aired November 22, 2006\" The five finalists participated in a challenge where they had to go on go-sees, with the winner being Melrose. They had a photoshoot where they portrayed Spanish matadors. The judging saw Michelle become the ninth model eliminated. \"First aired November 29, 2006\" \"First aired December 6, 2006\" America's Next Top Model (season 7) The seventh cycle of America's Next Top Model started airing on September 20,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8020609",
"score": "1.173336",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 6)",
"text": "The final three contestants, Joanie Dodds, Jade Cole, and Danielle Evans, shot photographs and a commercial for Cover Girl Lash Exact Mascara. Jade became the eleventh finalist to be eliminated at panel. Joanie and Danielle walked in Roj Singkakul's fashion show for his line Issue. The final judging saw Danielle crowned America's Next Top Model. America's Next Top Model (season 6) The sixth cycle of America's Next Top Model premiered on March 8, 2006, which would be the last cycle to air on UPN before merging with The WB to create The CW. The catch-phrase for this cycle was \"Fairy",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7663022",
"score": "1.1665673",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Dani Evans",
"text": "Secret PINK online style guide in December 2009. Dani Evans Danielle \"Dani\" Evans (born June 4, 1985 in Little Rock, Arkansas) is an American model. Crowned the sixth winner of Cycle 6 of \"America's Next Top Model\" in the Spring of 2006. Evans was never placed below sixth and was thought by the judges to be one of the front-runners in the competition, noted for her striking face. Over her stay she was voted Covergirl of the Week twice, received one first call-out and would have won the Go-See challenge had the final four been on time. Evans had two",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7584892",
"score": "1.1629163",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Whitney Thompson",
"text": "Whitney Thompson Whitney Lee Thompson Forrester (born September 26, 1987) is an American fashion model and is the winner of the tenth cycle of \"America's Next Top Model\". Before her appearance on the show, Thompson worked locally in northern Florida and appeared on the cover of \"Jacksonville Magazine\" three times. She attended Duncan U. Fletcher High School and the University of North Florida. Thompson competed against 13 other contestants to win cycle 10 of \"America's Next Top Model\". She was selected as one of the finalists to enter the Top Model house. Almost every judge, except for Tyra Banks, criticized",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11931147",
"score": "1.1614532",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Ann Ward",
"text": "Ann Ward Ann Marie Ward (born April 20, 1991) is an American fashion model, best known as the winner of Cycle 15 of \"America's Next Top Model\". Ward states that Dallas, Texas is her hometown, although she hails from nearby Prosper, a small suburb that straddles Collin and Denton counties. She graduated from Prosper High School in 2009. She stated repeatedly that she was mocked during school due to her height and slim figure, which caused her to develop self-confidence problems. In 2010, Ward appeared in Cycle 15 of the CW Network reality television show, \"America's Next Top Model\", in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15117636",
"score": "1.152992",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Dani Evans",
"text": "Dani Evans Danielle \"Dani\" Evans (born June 4, 1985 in Little Rock, Arkansas) is an American model. Crowned the sixth winner of Cycle 6 of \"America's Next Top Model\" in the Spring of 2006. Evans was never placed below sixth and was thought by the judges to be one of the front-runners in the competition, noted for her striking face. Over her stay she was voted Covergirl of the Week twice, received one first call-out and would have won the Go-See challenge had the final four been on time. Evans had two consecutive appearances in the bottom two where she",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7584886",
"score": "1.14833",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 2)",
"text": "ninth model eliminated from the competition. \"First aired March 23, 2004\" The final three contestants were Yoanna House, Mercedes Scelba-Shorte and Shandi Sullivan. The penultimate judging session saw Shandi become the tenth model eliminated from the competition. Mercedes and Yoanna participated in a fashion show for DSquared². The final panel saw Yoanna crowned \"America's Next Top Model\". America's Next Top Model (season 2) The second cycle of America's Next Top Model, premiered on January 13, 2004, and was hosted by model Tyra Banks. The show aimed to find the next top fashion model. The cycle's catch-phrase was, \"They are all",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7662960",
"score": "1.1470466",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 14)",
"text": "Renee Alway from cycle 8) \"First aired April 21, 2010\" The girls received a surprise visit from model Pat Cleveland and fashion designer Whitney Port, who dolled them up for a night out at Lucky Cheng’s drag queen cabaret. There, they met Ms. J, who introduced them to their runway challenge. Krista’s personality on the runway won the audience’s vote and she was declared the winner. She and Angelea won specially designed pieces from Whitney Port’s collection. While leaving for the photo shoot, the other girls finally had enough of Alasia's tardiness, and decided to leave her (with the elevator",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14065664",
"score": "1.1430581",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Australia's Next Top Model (season 9)",
"text": "Australia's Next Top Model (season 9) The ninth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model began airing 30 April 2015 on Fox8. Jennifer Hawkins and Alex Perry returned judges for this season, while Cheyenne Tozzi was added as a new co-mentor alongside Didier Cohen, who was formerly a judge on the previous season. The prizes for this cycle included a one-year modelling contract with IMG Sydney, a trip to New York City for New York Fashion Week valued at 20,000 thanks to TRESemmé, a brand new Mazda 2 Genki, and an editorial spread in \"Elle\" Australia. The winner of the competition",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18344800",
"score": "1.1416769",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 6)",
"text": "Tyra. The judging saw Brooke become the seventh model eliminated. \"First aired April 26, 2006\" The six finalists participated in a challenge where they had to be interviewed, with the winner being Nnenna. The models went to Bangkok, Thailand, where they had a photoshoot had them portray mermaids caught in a net in the floating market for Banana Boat Suntan Lotion. The judging saw Nnenna become the eighth model eliminated. \"First aired April 26, 2006\" This episode was an overview of the past nine episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage. \"First aired May 3, 2006\" The five",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7663020",
"score": "1.1416512",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Lisa Jackson (model)",
"text": "episode 5 of The Next Food Network Star. Lisa Jackson (model) Lisa Cassandra Jackson (born May 28, 1987) is an American model who is best known for her participation on \"America's Next Top Model, Cycle 9\" in 2007. She went on to appear on season 11 of Project Runway in 2013, and was the model for the winning designer. In 2007, Jackson participated on \"America's Next Top Model, Cycle 9.\" She was declared the best performer of the week twice, won two reward challenges and was twice voted CoverGirl of the Week. Jackson appeared in the bottom two twice; during",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17263335",
"score": "1.1396116",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Natalie Pack",
"text": "Natalie Pack Natalie Ann Pack (born 1989) is an American fashion model who held the title of Miss California USA 2012. She is also known for competing on \"America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12\". Pack was born and raised in Palos Verdes, California. She currently lives in Newport Beach, California and attended the University of California, Irvine, where she is on the Dean's List. In 2012 Pack interned at Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian and hoped to go to medical school to become an OBGYN. In 2005, Pack appeared in an episode of \"The Dog Whisperer\" with Cesar Millan. At the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16248408",
"score": "1.1378653",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Australia's Next Top Model (season 9)",
"text": "full sets added during panel)\" Australia's Next Top Model (season 9) The ninth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model began airing 30 April 2015 on Fox8. Jennifer Hawkins and Alex Perry returned judges for this season, while Cheyenne Tozzi was added as a new co-mentor alongside Didier Cohen, who was formerly a judge on the previous season. The prizes for this cycle included a one-year modelling contract with IMG Sydney, a trip to New York City for New York Fashion Week valued at 20,000 thanks to TRESemmé, a brand new Mazda 2 Genki, and an editorial spread in \"Elle\" Australia.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18344805",
"score": "1.1377592",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 5)",
"text": "half of the competition was later used for the first season of the VH1 show \"Rock of Love with Bret Michaels\". The winner was 19-year-old Nicole Linkletter from Grand Forks, North Dakota. Sixth-placer Lisa D'Amato would later claim victory as the winner of . \"First aired September 21, 2005 The casting process started out with 36 girls who were then interviewed by Tyra, and the two Jays, after a little pose-off. Notable interviews included Coryn revealing the fact that her mother struggled with depression, Nicole getting on her knees, Bre admitting she rarely showered, Jayla stating she went against her",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7662980",
"score": "1.1352537",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 9)",
"text": "America's Next Top Model (season 9) The ninth cycle of America's Next Top Model was the third season of the series to be aired on The CW network. This cycle's promotional tagline was \"The Future Of Fashion.\" The promotional song was \"Shut Up and Drive\" by Rihanna. The prizes for this cycle were: The international destinations for this cycle were St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda (for the semi-finals) and Shanghai and Beijing, China. Among the thirteen finalists was 21-year-old Heather Kuzmich, who has Asperger's syndrome, an autism spectrum disorder. The season averaged 5.12 million viewers, making the cycle one of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10830423",
"score": "1.1336637",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 18)",
"text": "CBS Records, and a 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics. The winner of the competition was 21-year-old British model Sophie Sumner from Oxford, England. The cycle featured seven contestants from previous cycles of \"Britain's Next Top Model\" for a second chance to win the title. Cycles 1 and 7 were unrepresented, cycles 2, 3, 4 and 6 were each represented by one contestant, and cycle 5 was represented by three contestants. The returning contestants from \"Britain's Next Top Model\" and their prior placements were: No episode aired on April 4, 2012 due to the CW's broadcast of \"One Tree Hill\" series",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16287276",
"score": "1.1265141",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "McKey Sullivan",
"text": "Most Beautiful People of 2009. She was also named the 44th sexiest woman of 2008 by BuddyTv. McKey Sullivan Brittany \"McKey\" Alvey (née Sullivan; born September 9, 1988) is an American fashion model most notable as the winner of the eleventh cycle of \"America's Next Top Model\". Sullivan was born to Michael and Gayle Sullivan and has three siblings, Bridgette, Jimmy, and Mikey. She is a graduate of Lake Forest High School and attended Ripon College where she majored in government and chemical biology and was a member of Alpha Delta Pi sorority. She also trains in mixed martial arts",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12701174",
"score": "1.1264982",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Renee Alway",
"text": "Renee Alway Renee Diane Alway (born April 29, 1986) is an American fashion model, the 3rd place of \"America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8\" and the runner-up on \"Modelville\". Alway was born and raised in northern Michigan, where her father was a pastor and police officer. She revealed in the first episode of \"Modelville\" on October 8, 2008 that her father was physically and mentally abusive, and that she, her siblings, and her mother Sandra, were afraid to leave due to her father's respected position in the community as well as his mental instability. Alway was one of the final",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10257263",
"score": "1.1252365",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Dominique Reighard",
"text": "Dominique Reighard Dominique Reighard (born May 20, 1984) is an American fashion model and singer, best known for her appearance on America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 17 (All-Stars) and for being the face of Carol's Daughter. Reighard was the last (fourteenth) girl selected to be part of \"America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10\", on her fifth try when Tyra Banks decided to open an extra slot for her after initially only wanting the best thirteen (Anya Kop was selected thirteenth). Reighard was an underdog during the competition and even had a botched makeover that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12750137",
"score": "1.1232352",
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},
{
"title": "Amanda Ware",
"text": "Amanda Ware Amanda Ware (born 1 June 1992) is an Australian model, best known for being the winner of cycle 6 of \"Australia's Next Top Model\". As winner of \"Australia's Next Top Model\", Cycle 6, Ware was due to appear on the cover of \"Harper's Bazaar Australia\", but the magazine editor decided to publish half the November issue with Ware and half with the runner-up, Kelsey Martinovich, who was incorrectly announced as the winner by host Sarah Murdoch. During the course of the show Ware won a campaign with Bonds as well as a campaign with Levi's that was included",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14953141",
"score": "1.1227926",
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},
{
"title": "Natalie Pack",
"text": "missing\" in Pack's photo, despite Pack's insistence that Jay Manuel was complimentary of her photos. Following her elimination from \"America's Next Top Model\", Pack signed to Ford Models in Los Angeles and is currently signed with NEXT Model Management in Miami. She has modeled for Jockey International and BL!SSS magazine. She has also walked for Billabong and Dona Daneshi. In 2015, she was featured in ads for Guess. Pack participated in the Miss California USA pageant as \"Miss Hoag Hospital\", where she was interning while attending University of California, Irvine. Despite never having participated in any previous beauty pageants, Pack",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16248410",
"score": "1.1199272",
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},
{
"title": "Laura Kirkpatrick",
"text": "Laura Kirkpatrick Laura Sioux Kirkpatrick (born June 12, 1989) is an American model and fashion designer, best known as the runner-up of cycle 13 of \"America's Next Top Model\". She was voted fan favorite in a poll the show held after the conclusion of the series, which won her a six-month, rent-free apartment in New York City. Kirkpatrick was born in Stanford, Kentucky, to father Greg Kirkpatrick and mother Jodie Hill Jones. She has two younger sisters, Hannah and Jarah, and a younger brother named Jeremy. She previously has worked on her family's farm, where working with cattle was one",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14029194",
"score": "1.1194572",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Krista White",
"text": "Krista White Krista White (born December 19, 1984) is an American fashion model, best known as the winner of Cycle 14 of \"America's Next Top Model\". As part of her win, she was signed with Wilhelmina Models, received a $100,000 contract with Covergirl, and appeared on the cover of Seventeen Magazine. White was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. She worked as a retail manager before her stint on ANTM. White won the fourteenth cycle of America's Next Top Model. She received four consecutive first call-outs. She was never placed in the bottom two, making her the fourth winner to achieve",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14555862",
"score": "1.1193646",
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},
{
"title": "Montana Cox",
"text": "Montana Cox Montana Cox (born 2 September 1993) is an Australian model, best known for being the winner of cycle 7 of \"Australia's Next Top Model\". Cox was announced the winner of \"Australia's Next Top Model\", Cycle 7 at the Sydney Opera House on 25 October 2011, defeating Liz Braithwaite and Simone Holtznagel in the final. She is the second winner hailing from Victoria, with the previous Victorian winner being Alice Burdeu of Cycle 3. In episode 1, Cox was singled out for her potential in the natural beauty photo shoot. She made it into the top 20 and travelled",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16018738",
"score": "1.1181201",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "America's Next Top Model (season 7)",
"text": "October 18, 2006\" The nine finalists participated in a challenge where they had to give a red carpet interview, with the winner being Melrose. They had a photoshoot where they had to portray both members of a celebrity couple. The judging saw AJ become the fifth model eliminated. \"First aired October 25, 2006\" The eight finalists had an impromptu black and white photoshoot. They participated in a challenge where they had to walk sexy on a dining table runway, with the winner being Melrose. They had a second photoshoot where they shot romance novel covers. The judging saw Brooke become",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8020607",
"score": "1.1177231",
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}
]
| {
"title": "America's Next Top Model (cycle 8)",
"long_answer": "The winner was 20-year-old Jaslene Gonzalez from Chicago, Illinois, who notably had made it to the semi-finals of cycle 7, but was not cast. Gonzalez became the first winner without any bottom two appearance.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The winner was 20-year-old Jaslene Gonzalez from Chicago, Illinois, who notably had made it to the semi-finals of cycle 7, but was not cast. Gonzalez became the first winner without any bottom two appearance.",
"short_answers": [
"Jaslene Gonzalez"
]
} |
who was an early advocate for using scientific methods based on inductive reasoning | [
"Aristotle",
"René Descartes"
]
| [
{
"title": "History of scientific method",
"text": "Some of the most important debates in the history of scientific method center on: rationalism, especially as advocated by René Descartes; inductivism, which rose to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers; and hypothetico-deductivism, which came to the fore in the early 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a debate over realism vs. antirealism was central to discussions of scientific method as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable, while in the mid-20th century some prominent philosophers argued against any universal rules of science at all.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "History of logic",
"text": "it into understanding\". This method is known as inductive reasoning, a method which starts from empirical observation and proceeds to lower axioms or propositions; from these lower axioms, more general ones can be induced. For example, in finding the cause of a \"phenomenal nature\" such as heat, 3 lists should be constructed: Then, the \"form nature\" (or cause) of heat may be defined as that which is common to every situation of the presence list, and which is lacking from every situation of the absence list, and which varies by degree in every situation of the variability list. Other works",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "702128",
"score": "1.0497321",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Inductive reasoning",
"text": "of inference to the best explanation (IBE). IBE is otherwise synonym to C S Peirce's abduction. Many philosophers of science espousing scientific realism have maintained that IBE is the way that scientists develop approximately true scientific theories about nature. Inductive reasoning has been criticized by thinkers as far back as Sextus Empiricus. The classic philosophical treatment of the problem of induction was given by the Scottish philosopher David Hume. Although the use of inductive reasoning demonstrates considerable success, its application has been questionable. Recognizing this, Hume highlighted the fact that our mind draws uncertain conclusions from relatively limited experiences. In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2395853",
"score": "1.0341077",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Inductive reasoning",
"text": "of belief, Bayesian inference does not determine which beliefs are \"a priori\" rational, but rather determines how we should rationally change the beliefs we have when presented with evidence. We begin by committing to a prior probability for a hypothesis based on logic or previous experience, and when faced with evidence, we adjust the strength of our belief in that hypothesis in a precise manner using Bayesian logic. Around 1960, Ray Solomonoff founded the theory of universal inductive inference, the theory of prediction based on observations; for example, predicting the next symbol based upon a given series of symbols. This",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2395880",
"score": "1.0332079",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Empiricism",
"text": "beliefs about the natural world, can be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated \"habits\", developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method—that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "131989",
"score": "1.0183681",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Scientific Revolution",
"text": "method as conceived in the 17th century, natural and artificial circumstances were set aside as a research tradition of systematic experimentation was slowly accepted by the scientific community. The philosophy of using an inductive approach to obtain knowledge — to abandon assumption and to attempt to observe with an open mind — was in contrast with the earlier, Aristotelian approach of deduction, by which analysis of known facts produced further understanding. In practice, many scientists and philosophers believed that a healthy mix of both was needed — the willingness to question assumptions, yet also to interpret observations assumed to have",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "403717",
"score": "1.0176816",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Inductivism",
"text": "Inductivism Inductivism is the traditional model of scientific method attributed to Francis Bacon, who in 1620 vowed to subvert allegedly traditional thinking. In the Baconian model, one observes nature, proposes a modest law to generalize an observed pattern, confirms it by many observations, ventures a modestly broader law, and confirms that, too, by many more observations, while discarding disconfirmed laws. The laws grow ever broader but never much exceed careful, extensive observation. Thus, freed from preconceptions, scientists gradually uncover nature's causal and material structure. In 1740, David Hume found multiple obstacles in the use of experience to infer causality. Hume",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8618216",
"score": "1.0001838",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Psychology of reasoning",
"text": "This kind of reasoning allows the conclusion to be false even if the original statement is true. For example, if one observes a college athlete, one makes predictions and assumptions about other college athletes based on that one observation. Scientists use inductive reasoning to create theories and hypotheses. In opposition, deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. In this reasoning process a person starts with a known claim or a general belief and from there asks what follows from these foundations or how will these premises influence other beliefs. In other words, deduction starts with a hypothesis and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12497725",
"score": "0.99835867",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Janina Hosiasson-Lindenbaum",
"text": "and the application of probability theory to inductive logic. Hosiasson-Lindenbaum is listed amongst the speakers at the first Unity of Science Congress in Paris 1935 and is known to have participated in the preliminary meeting for the same in Prague the previous year and to have attended the Second Congress held in Copenhagen in 1936. She had (like Alfred Tarski) also been scheduled to present her research at the Unity of Science Congress at Harvard in September 1939 but, fatefully, was unable to sail in time - she applied for passage on the next boat to America after that taken",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16474404",
"score": "0.997188",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Reason",
"text": "or laws based on limited observations of recurring phenomenal patterns. Inductive reasoning contrasts strongly with deductive reasoning in that, even in the best, or strongest, cases of inductive reasoning, the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion. Instead, the conclusion of an inductive argument follows with some degree of probability. Relatedly, the conclusion of an inductive argument contains more information than is already contained in the premises. Thus, this method of reasoning is ampliative. A classic example of inductive reasoning comes from the empiricist David Hume: Abductive reasoning, or argument to the best explanation, is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "528617",
"score": "0.9950063",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Inductive reasoning",
"text": "is a formal inductive framework that combines algorithmic information theory with the Bayesian framework. Universal inductive inference is based on solid philosophical foundations, and can be considered as a mathematically formalized Occam's razor. Fundamental ingredients of the theory are the concepts of algorithmic probability and Kolmogorov complexity. Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion (in contrast to \"deductive\" reasoning and \"abductive\" reasoning). While the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain, the truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument may be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2395881",
"score": "0.99352205",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Ray Solomonoff",
"text": "the current data\". Ray Solomonoff Ray Solomonoff (July 25, 1926 – December 7, 2009) was the inventor of algorithmic probability, his General Theory of Inductive Inference (also known as Universal Inductive Inference), and was a founder of algorithmic information theory. He was an originator of the branch of artificial intelligence based on machine learning, prediction and probability. He circulated the first report on non-semantic machine learning in 1956. Solomonoff first described algorithmic probability in 1960, publishing the theorem that launched Kolmogorov complexity and algorithmic information theory. He first described these results at a Conference at Caltech in 1960, and in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2417055",
"score": "0.9928934",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "History of scientific method",
"text": "Summary of the Theory of Inductive Inference, states \"Thus there are but three steps in the process of induction :- Jevons then frames those steps in terms of probability, which he then applied to economic laws. Ernest Nagel notes that Jevons and Whewell were not the first writers to argue for the centrality of the hypothetico-deductive method in the logic of science. In the late 19th century, Charles Sanders Peirce proposed a schema that would turn out to have considerable influence in the further development of scientific method generally. Peirce's work quickly accelerated the progress on several fronts. Firstly, speaking",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6447540",
"score": "0.99278367",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "History of scientific method",
"text": "in classical logic, he refined it in parallel with the early development of symbolic logic to address the then-current problems in scientific reasoning. Peirce examined and articulated the three fundamental modes of reasoning that play a role in scientific inquiry today, the processes that are currently known as abductive, deductive, and inductive inference. Thirdly, he played a major role in the progress of symbolic logic itself – indeed this was his primary specialty. Charles S. Peirce was also a pioneer in statistics. Peirce held that science achieves statistical probabilities, not certainties, and that chance, a veering from law, is very",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6447542",
"score": "0.9856994",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Inductive reasoning",
"text": "Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion (in contrast to \"deductive\" reasoning and \"abductive\" reasoning). While the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain, the truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument may be \"probable\", based upon the evidence given. Many dictionaries define inductive reasoning as the derivation of general principles from specific observations, though some sources find this usage \"outdated\". Unlike deductive arguments, inductive reasoning allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false, even if all of the premises",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2395837",
"score": "0.98466116",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Intuitive statistics",
"text": "in learning, and how they apply to infant and childhood learning specifically. Gopnik advocates the hypothesis that infant and childhood learning are examples of inductive inference, a general-purpose mechanism for generalization, acting upon specialized information structures (\"theories\") in the brain. On this view, infants and children are essentially proto-scientists because they regularly use a kind of scientific method, developing hypotheses, performing experiments via play, and updating models about the world based on their results. For Gopnik, this use of scientific thinking and categorization in development and everyday life can be formalized as models of Bayesian inference. An application of this",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20667491",
"score": "0.9823748",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Roger Schank",
"text": "implements curricula for primary and secondary schools and hosts the Virtual International Science and Technology Academy (VISTA). Schank was a leading pioneer of artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology in the 1970s and 1980s. His innovations in these fields were conceptual dependency theory and case-based reasoning, both of which challenged cognitivist views of memory and reasoning. In 1969 Schank introduced the conceptual dependency theory for natural language understanding. This model, partly based on the work of Sydney Lamb, was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale University, such as Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert, and Janet Kolodner. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is based",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3919963",
"score": "0.9788827",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Einstellung effect",
"text": "relied on mental sets formed through previous experience. However, the experimental subjects would have been more efficient if they had employed the direct method of solving the problem rather than applying the same solution from previous examples. The Einstellung effect can be supported by theories of inductive reasoning. In a nutshell, inductive reasoning is the act of inferring a rule based on a finite number of instances. Most experiments on human inductive reasoning involve showing subjects a card with an object (or multiple objects, or letters, etc.) on it. The objects can vary in number, shape, size, color, etc., and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11251013",
"score": "0.9756299",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Inductivism",
"text": "other considerations upon the evidence, render scientific theories of known metaphysical truth. By 1880, C S Peirce had clarified the basis of deductive inference and, although recognizing induction, proposed a third type of inference that Peirce called \"abduction\", now otherwise termed \"inference to the best explanation\" (IBE). Since the 1920s, although opposing all metaphysical inference via scientific theories, the logical positivists sought to understand scientific theories as provably false or true as to strictly observations. Though accepting hypotheticodeductivism to originate theories, they launched verificationism whereby Rudolf Carnap tried but never succeeded to formalize an inductive logic whereby a universal law's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8618157",
"score": "0.97370225",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference",
"text": "from positive data is a topic studied from Gold's pioneering paper in 1967 onwards. A far reaching extension of the Gold’s approach is developed by Schmidhuber's theory of generalized Kolmogorov complexities, which are kinds of super-recursive algorithms. The third mathematically based direction of inductive inference makes use of the theory of automata and computation. In this context, the process of inductive inference is performed by an abstract automaton called an inductive Turing machine (Burgin, 2005). \"Inductive Turing machines\" represent the next step in the development of computer science providing better models for contemporary computers and computer networks (Burgin, 2001) and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2428491",
"score": "0.9733652",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Foundations of statistics",
"text": "language. Fisher was a scientist and an intuitive mathematician. Inductive reasoning was natural. Neyman was a rigorous mathematician. He was convinced by deductive reasoning rather by a probability calculation based on an experiment. Thus there was an underlying clash between applied and theoretical, between science and mathematics. Neyman, who had occupied the same building in England as Fisher, accepted a position on the west coast of the United States of America in 1938. His move effectively ended his collaboration with Pearson and their development of hypothesis testing. Further development was continued by others. Textbooks provided a hybrid version of significance",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11508780",
"score": "0.96600735",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of scientific method",
"text": "where Herschel held that the origin of new biological species would be found in a natural rather than a miraculous process, Whewell opposed this and considered that no natural cause had been shown for adaptation so an unknown divine cause was appropriate. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was stimulated to publish \"A System of Logic\" (1843) upon reading Whewell's \"History of the Inductive Sciences\". Mill may be regarded as the final exponent of the empirical school of philosophy begun by John Locke, whose fundamental characteristic is the duty incumbent upon all thinkers to investigate for themselves rather than to accept the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6447538",
"score": "0.96426815",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Wesley C. Salmon",
"text": "Wesley C. Salmon Wesley C. Salmon (August 9, 1925 – April 22, 2001) was an American philosopher of science renowned for his work on the nature of scientific explanation. He also worked on confirmation theory, trying to explicate how probability theory via inductive logic might help confirm and choose hypotheses. Yet most prominently, Salmon was a realist about causality in scientific explanation, although his realist explanation of causality drew ample criticism. Still, his books on scientific explanation itself were landmarks of the 20th century's philosophy of science, and solidified recognition of causality's important roles in scientific explanation, whereas causality itself",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5251425",
"score": "0.9642389",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Alexey Ivakhnenko",
"text": "is known to be the founder of Inductive modelling, a scientific approach used for pattern recognition and complex systems forecasting. He had used this approach during development of the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). In 1968 the journal \"Avtomatika\" had published his article \"Group Method of Data Handling - a rival of the method of stochastic approximation\", marking the beginning of a new stage in his scientific work. He led the development of this approach, with a professional team of mathematicians and engineers at the Institute of Cybernetics. The GMDH method presents a unique approach to the problem of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11046092",
"score": "0.96400523",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Intuitive statistics",
"text": "use of various tools, assumptions, and problems relating to inductive inference in particular. David Hume famously considered the problem of induction, questioning the logical foundations of how and why people can arrive at conclusions that extend beyond past experiences - both spatiotemporally and epistemologically. More recently, theorists have considered the problem by emphasizing techniques for arriving from data to hypothesis using formal content-independent procedures, or in contrast, by considering informal, content-dependent tools for inductive inference. Searches for formal procedures have led to different developments in statistical inference and probability theory with different assumptions, including Fisherian frequentist statistics, Bayesian inference, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20667468",
"score": "0.9639824",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Philosophy of science",
"text": "of successful tests. For example, a chicken observes that each morning the farmer comes and gives it food, for hundreds of days in a row. The chicken may therefore use inductive reasoning to infer that the farmer will bring food \"every\" morning. However, one morning, the farmer comes and kills the chicken. How is scientific reasoning more trustworthy than the chicken's reasoning? One approach is to acknowledge that induction cannot achieve certainty, but observing more instances of a general statement can at least make the general statement more probable. So the chicken would be right to conclude from all those",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "475530",
"score": "0.96314883",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Pierre Gassendi",
"text": "we arrive at the idea of thing or substance by inductive reasoning. He holds that the true method of research is the analytic, rising from lower to higher notions; yet he sees and admits that inductive reasoning, as conceived by Francis Bacon, rests on a general proposition not itself proved by induction. The whole doctrine of judgment, syllogism and method mixes Aristotelian and Ramist notions. In the second part of the \"Syntagma\", the physics, appears the most glaring contradiction between Gassendi's fundamental principles. While approving of the Epicurean physics, he rejects the Epicurean negation of God and particular providence. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1614507",
"score": "0.962908",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Inductivism",
"text": "and the British J S Mill were the leading philosophers of science. Debating in the 1840s, J S Mill claimed that science proceeds by inductivism, whereas William Whewell, also British, claimed it proceeds by hypotheticodeductivism. William Whewell found the \"inductive sciences\" not so simple, but, amid the dominance of inductivism, described \"superinduction\". Whewell proposed recognition of \"the peculiar import of the term \"Induction\"\", as \"there is some Conception \"superinduced\" upon the facts\", that is, \"the Invention of a new Conception in every inductive inference\". Rarely spotted by Whewell's predecessors, such mental inventions rapidly evade notice. Whewell explained, These \"superinduced\" explanations",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8618194",
"score": "0.9614173",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "History of scientific method",
"text": "ascertain whether their effect is general; and in pushing the application of our laws to extreme cases.\" William Whewell (1794–1866) regarded his \"History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Time\" (1837) to be an introduction to the \"Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences\" (1840) which analyzes the method exemplified in the formation of ideas. Whewell attempts to follow Bacon's plan for discovery of an effectual art of discovery. He named the hypothetico-deductive method (which \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" credits to Newton); Whewell also coined the term \"scientist\". Whewell examines ideas and attempts to construct science by uniting ideas to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6447536",
"score": "0.95946014",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Inductivism",
"text": "laying scientific laws irrefutable by theology or metaphysics. Finding experience to show uniformity of nature and thereby justify enumerative induction, Mill accepted positivism: the first modern philosophy of science, which, simultaneously, was a political philosophy whereby only scientific knowledge was reliable knowledge. Nearing 1840, William Whewell thought that the inductive sciences, so called, were not so simple after all, and asked recognition of \"superinduction\", an explanatory scope or principle invented by the mind to unite facts, but not present \"in\" the facts. Mill would have none of hypotheticodeductivism, posed by Whewell as science's method, which Whewell believed to sometimes, via",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8618156",
"score": "0.9586581",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "History of scientific method",
"long_answer": "Some of the most important debates in the history of scientific method center on: rationalism, especially as advocated by René Descartes; inductivism, which rose to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers; and hypothetico-deductivism, which came to the fore in the early 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a debate over realism vs. antirealism was central to discussions of scientific method as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable, while in the mid-20th century some prominent philosophers argued against any universal rules of science at all.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Some of the most important debates in the history of scientific method center on: rationalism, especially as advocated by René Descartes; inductivism, which rose to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers; and hypothetico-deductivism, which came to the fore in the early 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a debate over realism vs. antirealism was central to discussions of scientific method as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable, while in the mid-20th century some prominent philosophers argued against any universal rules of science at all.",
"short_answers": [
"René Descartes"
]
} |
the first political society started under british rule in india was | [
"The British Indian Association"
]
| [
{
"title": "British Indian Association",
"text": "The British Indian Association was established on 31 October 1851. Its formation was a major event of 19th-century India. Its establishment meant Indians had come together and could no longer be ignored. It developed enormous hopes amongst the Indians about their future.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Politics of India",
"text": "number of political parties. It has been estimated that over 200 parties were formed after India became independent in 1947. Some features of the political parties in India are that the parties are generally woven around their leaders, the leaders are actively playing a dominant role, and that the role of leadership can be transferred, thus tending to take a dynastic route. The two main parties in India are the Bharatiya Janata Party, also known as the BJP and the Indian National Congress, commonly called the INC or simply Congress. These two parties dominate national politics. On the left-right political",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "191162",
"score": "1.0843849",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Rajyadhikara Party",
"text": "Kanshi Ram. Even after India attaining Independence from the British Raj in 1947, India is governed till today either by Indian National Congress or Bharatiya Janata Party, dominated by some upper castes (15% of population), or by only one family for a long time. This created a wide disparity in Socio-Economical development between Forward Caste and Backward Classes in India. Backward Classes, comprising 52% of population (consisting of 94 castes), neither came to power by floating a political parties before nor democratically elected member of Backward Classes community was allowed to become the Prime Minister of India through Indian National",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12054736",
"score": "1.0802909",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Politics of India",
"text": "the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing writs for their enforcement in cases of violation. Governments are formed through elections held every five years (unless otherwise specified), by parties that secure a majority of members in their respective lower houses (Lok Sabha in the central government and Vidhan Sabha in states). India had its first general election in 1951, which was won by the Indian National Congress, a political party that went on to dominate subsequent elections until 1977, when a non-Congress government was formed for the first time in independent India. The 1990s saw the end of single-party domination and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "191160",
"score": "1.0662036",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Mumbai Consensus",
"text": "In the 2009 Indian Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) elections, 300 political parties and almost 8000 candidates ran for office. Voting occurred at 828,804 polling stations across the country. Such a diverse democracy works in a polity largely based on the rule of law. Enshrined in the Indian Constitution, political and media freedoms provide a continual framework for negotiations by stakeholders of their right to participate and achieve in society. Earlier, a rigid caste system has skewed political freedoms and achievement to the higher classes but Dalit or lower caste populist leaders like Mayawati, Chief Minister of the largest",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15070385",
"score": "1.0655404",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Bharatiya Jana Sangh",
"text": "Sabha. After 1949, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work and take their ideology further. The BJS was started by Syama Prasad Mookerjee on 21 October 1951 in Delhi in collaboration with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) as a \"nationalistic alternative\" to the India Congress. After the death of Mookerjee, the RSS activists in the party edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the RSS family of organisations (\"Sangh Parivar\"). The symbol of the party in Indian",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2153525",
"score": "1.0637181",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Mohammad Yunus (politician)",
"text": "Deep Narayan Singh,Dr A N Sinha, Mr. Kishan Sahay and Mr. Parmeswar. Served briefly as All India Secretary of the Muslim League. Political Ideology – Muttahda Qaumiat (United Nationhood) which was in contrast with Two Nation Theory of Muslim League. Became Member of Imperial Legislative Council in 1916 at the age of 32. Became member of Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council in 1921. Elected to the position of the Chief Whip of the Democratic Party in 1921 and remained in the post till 1926. Again elected as member of Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council in 1932. Twice elected a member",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12402772",
"score": "1.0619966",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Gopinath Bordoloi",
"text": "all political activity and got involved in various social works after becoming member of Guwahati Municipal Board and Local Board. In addition, he was constantly demanding a separate University and High Court for Assam. In 1935 Government of India Act was articulated with a view to form British India. Congress decided to participate in the Regional Assembly election in 1936. They won 38 seats and became the party with majority in Assembly, but due to a dubious law meant to reduce the power of Ministers and the Cabinet, they decided to remain as opposition party instead of forming the government.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4318316",
"score": "1.0572152",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "British Raj",
"text": "judges in the Bengal Presidency on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action. On 28 December 1885, professionals and intellectuals from this middle-class—many educated at the new British-founded universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and familiar with the ideas of British political philosophers, especially the utilitarians assembled in Bombay. The seventy men founded the Indian National Congress; Womesh Chunder Bonerjee was elected the first president. The membership comprised a westernised elite and no effort was made at this time to broaden the base. During its first twenty years, the Congress primarily debated British policy toward",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7240636",
"score": "1.0569876",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Poona Sarvajanik Sabha",
"text": "Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Pune Sarvajanik Sabha, (), was a sociopolitical organisation in British India which started with the aim of working as a mediating body between the government and people of India and to popularise the peasants' legal rights. It started as an elected body of 95 members elected by 6000 persons on April 2, 1870. The organisation was a precursor to the Indian National Congress which started with its first session from Maharashtra itself. The Pune Sarvajanik Sabha provided many of the prominent leaders of national stature to the Indian freedom struggle including Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It was formed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14558481",
"score": "1.0562689",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti",
"text": "the 1800s, however, the concept of secret societies and the propensity of nationalist violence was stronger in Maharashtra. Tilak himself was associated with such a society in Bombay. The most notable amongst the Maharashtrian societies was \"Mitra Mela\" (Friends circle) founded by V.D. Savarkar at Nasik in 1900. The organisation reformed as the \"Abhinav Bharat\" Society and moved to Poona. The trend towards secret societies in Bengal had in the mean time slowed down, and what existed did not engage in any notable political activities. It was at this time, at the turn of the 20th century, that the revolutionary",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18854740",
"score": "1.0538752",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Bagha Jatin",
"text": "reports further : \"The earliest known attempts in Bengal to promote societies for political or semi-political ends are associated with the names of the late P. Mitter, Barrister-at-Law, Miss Saralabala Ghosal and a Japanese named Okakura. These activities commenced in Calcutta somewhere about the year 1900, and are said to have spread to many of the districts of Bengal and to have flourished particularly at Kushtia, where Jatindra Nath Mukharji [\"sic\"!] was leader.\" Bhavabhushan Mitra's written notes precise his presence along with Jatindra Nath during the first meeting. A branch of this organisation (Anushilan Samiti), was to be inaugurated in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6048754",
"score": "1.0496898",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "History of the Anushilan Samiti",
"text": "mouthpiece of an informal constituency of students and middle-class gentlemen. The Association sponsored the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, which later merged with the Indian National Congress. Calcutta was at the time the capital of British India, and the most prominent centre for organised politics, and some of the same students who attended the political meetings began at the time to organise \"secret societies\" which cultivated a cultural of physical strength and nationalist feelings. In Bengal at large, through the decades 1860s and 1870s, there arose large numbers of \"akhras\", or gymnasiums consciously designed along the lines of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18854737",
"score": "1.04492",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "History of the Indian National Congress",
"text": "(A political party of India (British India to Free India)) in order to form a platform for civic and political dialogue among educated Indians. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Empire. British-controlled India, known as the British Raj, or just the Raj, worked to try to support and justify its governance of India with the aid of English-educated Indians, who tended to more familiar with and friendly to British culture and political thinking. Ironically, a few of the reasons that the Congress grew and survived, particularly in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6679803",
"score": "1.0421889",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "C. F. Brackenbury",
"text": "in 1935 and as per the provisions of the act the franchise which had hitherto been restricted only to landlords and notables was enlarged to include much of India's population making the 1937 elections, the first democratically-held elections in India's history. In the Madras Presidency, the Indian National Congress was elected to power and Indian independence activist C. Rajagopalachari became the Premier. Brackenbury soon became a favourite of Rajagopalachari and the working of the government was smooth and unhindered. Upon Rajagopalachari taking charge as Premier, he gifted khadi cloth to Brackenbury. Brackenbury warmly accepted the gift and made a suit",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19583816",
"score": "1.0390284",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Democratic Swarajya Party",
"text": "dissatisfied and decided to contest the elections and enter the councils. Therefore, Kelkar, along with B. S. Moonje, Madhav Shrihari Aney and Jamnadas Mehta revived the Democratic Swarajya Party on October 29, 1933 in Bombay. Democratic Swarajya Party The Democratic Swarajya Party was a political party in British India. It was founded in the Bombay Province in October 1933 with the aim of attaining Purna Swaraj (Total Independence) through constitutional means. The first Democratic Swarajya Party was established by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920 within the Indian National Congress. After his death, his supporters such as N. C. Kelkar, M.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18810369",
"score": "1.0389713",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Democratic Swarajya Party",
"text": "Democratic Swarajya Party The Democratic Swarajya Party was a political party in British India. It was founded in the Bombay Province in October 1933 with the aim of attaining Purna Swaraj (Total Independence) through constitutional means. The first Democratic Swarajya Party was established by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920 within the Indian National Congress. After his death, his supporters such as N. C. Kelkar, M. R. Jayakar, Bhaskar Bhopatkar and Karandikar became members of the Swaraj Party within the Congress and contested elections for the legislative councils. Since the Congress boycotted the councils following the civil disobedience movement, old-Tilakites were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18810368",
"score": "1.0389557",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Anushilan Samiti",
"text": "a mouthpiece. The Association became the mouthpiece of an informal constituency of students and middle-class gentlemen. It sponsored the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, which later merged with the Indian National Congress. Calcutta was at the time the most prominent centre for organised politics, and some of the same students who attended the political meetings began at the time to organise \"secret societies\" which cultivated a cultural of physical strength and nationalist feelings. By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. One was founded by Calcutta student Satish Chandra",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7188546",
"score": "1.0382984",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Indian Empire Society",
"text": "a too rapid advance towards self-government would be fraught with the utmost danger, not only to British trade and commerce, but also to the security and happiness of the 350,000,000 of our Indian fellow-subjects.\"\" (published in the Times, 1933) The society's first public meeting was held in Westminster in July 1930. The first president was Lord Sumner. Winston Churchill joined in October 1930 and made speeches to the society on a number of occasions.. Other prominent members included: Correspondence and papers of the Society from 1930 to 1948 are held in the Bodleian Library's Special Collections and Western Manuscripts section.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8168185",
"score": "1.033964",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Indian Home Rule Society",
"text": "Sociologist\", was the foundation of the militant Indian nationalist movement in Britain. After Krishna Varma's shift to Paris in 1907, the society gave way the secret nationalist society of Abhinav Bharat Mandal, founded by V.D. Savarkar. The society was founded amongst efforts and movements that arose to reverse the flow of authority and power from Britain to India. along with substantial help from Bhikaji Cama. Indian Home Rule Society The Indian Home Rule Society (IHRS) was an Indian organisation founded in London in 1905 that sought to promote the cause of self-rule in British India. The organisation was founded by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12147577",
"score": "1.0323572",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee",
"text": "prove her worthiness for political freedom. He moved to Britain and practiced before the Privy Council. He financed the British Committee of Congress and its journals in London. In 1865 Dadabhai Naoroji founded the London Indian society and Bonnerjee was made its general secretary. In December 1866, Naoroji dissolved the society and formed East Indian Association. When Bonnerjee became the Congress president Naoroji along with him, Eardley Norton and William Digby opened The Congress Political Agency, a branch of Congress in London. He lived in Croydon and named his residence after his birthplace Khidirpur. The Liberal party made him his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8854236",
"score": "1.0322055",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Legislatures of British India",
"text": "Most of the provincial governments were unstable amid the outbreak of World War II, the Bengal famine of 1943 and the Quit India movement. A number of British Indians and Anglo-Indians were elected to the British parliament, particularly from the Parsi and Jewish communities. They included Dadabhai Naoroji, Mancherjee Bhownagree, Shapurji Saklatvala, Philip Sassoon and Ernest Soares. The Chamber of Princes was established by a proclamation of King George V in 1920. It was a forum for the rulers of princely states to air their views and engage with the colonial government. It was housed in the Parliament House and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20254175",
"score": "1.0306662",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Syed Shamsul Huda",
"text": "lecturer in Arabic and Persian. Two years later, he left the madrasah to practice law at the Calcutta High Court and gradually became involved in politics. The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 by Calcutta's Hindu leaders. This political body was proposed to symbolize all the people of India, together with Hindu and Muslim population. Prominent Indian Muslim leaders including Sir Syed Ahmad Khan CSI, Nawab Abdul Latif and Syed Ameer Ali, firstly gave their full support to this political body. But later on, the Hindu Congress leaders began practicing partition. Muslim leaders called Second Annual Meeting of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18831642",
"score": "1.0294435",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Poona Sarvajanik Sabha",
"text": "in 1870 by S. H. Chiplunkar, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, Mahadev Govind Ranade, et al. The ruler of the Aundh State, Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi was the first President of the organisation. Many eminent personalities such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Hari Deshmukh, \"Maharshi\" Annasaheb Patwardhan, etc. served as the Presidents of the organisation. In 2016, Meera Pavagi was elected as the first woman President of the organisation. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Pune Sarvajanik Sabha, (), was a sociopolitical organisation in British India which started with the aim of working as a mediating body between the government and people of India and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14558482",
"score": "1.0281442",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "South India",
"text": "these two coalitions have been alternately in power and E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the first elected chief minister of Kerala in 1957 is credited as the leader of the first democratically elected communist government in the world. Bharatiya Janata Party and Janata Dal are significant parties in Karnataka. C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor General of India post independence, was from South India. The region has produced six Indian Presidents namely Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, V. V. Giri, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, R. Venkataraman, K. R. Narayanan and APJ Abdul Kalam. Prime Ministers P. V. Narasimha Rao and H. D. Deve Gowda were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3182439",
"score": "1.0269325",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Students For Society",
"text": "Students For Society The Students For Society (SFS) was founded in Panjab University, Chandigarh on 28 September 2010 as a students' discussion group for holding discussions on books and social issues, on the 103rd birth anniversary of Bhagat Singh. It rejected the politics of muscle and money power by mainstream political parties in University. It also rejected the politics of those who were trying to get votes by offering movie shows, dinners, trips and beauty parlour coupons. SFS takes out its rallies on foot with singing of slogans with a Tambourine (\"Dafli\") while other parties took out rallies in cars.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20311946",
"score": "1.0245774",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Indian National Congress",
"text": "included several famous lawyers, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru. The same year, Congress members initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, but they withdrew support at a critical juncture and the mutiny failed. After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. In 1952, in the first general election held after Independence, the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures. It held power nationally until 1977, when it was defeated by the Janata coalition. It returned to power in 1980",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1324753",
"score": "1.024348",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "1951–52 Indian general election",
"text": "held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million. Voter turnout was 45.7%. Before Independent India went to the polls, two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC's supremacy. While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951, First Law Minister Dr. B. R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation (which was later named the Republican Party). Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad, whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani; the Socialist Party,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10216196",
"score": "1.024241",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Politics of Maharashtra",
"text": "politics of Maharashtra since its inception in 1960 and also of predecessor states such as Bombay has been dominated by the Indian National Congress party. Maharashtra became a bastion of the Congress party producing stalwarts such as Yashwantrao Chavan, Vasantdada Patil, Vasantrao Naik and Shankarrao Chavan. Sharad Pawar has been a towering personality in the state and National politics for nearly forty years. During his career, he has split the Congress twice with significant consequences for the state politics. The Congress party enjoyed a near unchallenged dominance of the political landscape until 1995 when the Shiv Sena and the Bharatiya",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13637448",
"score": "1.0211005",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Gopinath Bordoloi",
"text": "The Assam Association was the only political organisation of Assam in that period. Assam Congress was formed in 1921 as a branch of the Indian National Congress. Gopinath Bordoloi's political life started when he joined the Indian National Congress as a volunteer in that year. He actively participated in the fight for independence. He was arrested in 1922 due to active participation in the Non-co-operation movement and was put in jail for a year. When the movement was called off following the Chauri Chaura incident, he went back to practising law. From 1930 to 1933, he kept himself away from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4318315",
"score": "1.0205559",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "British Indian Association",
"long_answer": "The British Indian Association was established on 31 October 1851. Its formation was a major event of 19th-century India. Its establishment meant Indians had come together and could no longer be ignored. It developed enormous hopes amongst the Indians about their future.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The British Indian Association was established on 31 October 1851. Its formation was a major event of 19th-century India. Its establishment meant Indians had come together and could no longer be ignored. It developed enormous hopes amongst the Indians about their future.",
"short_answers": [
"The British Indian Association"
]
} |
where does the term pop music come from | [
"Britain"
]
| [
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, called Grove Music Online, the term \"pop music\" \"originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\". The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience ... since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc\". Grove Music Online also states that",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "Pop music Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid-1950s. The terms \"popular music\" and \"pop music\" are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many diverse styles. \"Pop\" and \"rock\" were roughly synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they became increasingly differentiated from each other. Although much of the music that appears on record charts is seen as pop music, the genre is distinguished from chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332565",
"score": "1.0872796",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "been as successful. Pop music Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid-1950s. The terms \"popular music\" and \"pop music\" are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many diverse styles. \"Pop\" and \"rock\" were roughly synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they became increasingly differentiated from each other. Although much of the music that appears on record charts is seen as pop music, the genre is distinguished from chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332584",
"score": "1.066098",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\". \"The Oxford Dictionary of Music\" states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience [...] since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc.\" \"Grove Music Online\" also states that \"[...] in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the US its coverage overlapped (as it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332569",
"score": "1.0485816",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "from other styles such as urban, dance, rock, Latin, and country; nonetheless, there are core elements that define pop music. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes, and hooks. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as \"a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, and folk musics\". According to Pete Seeger, pop music is \"professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music\". Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332566",
"score": "1.0377755",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "British pop music",
"text": "British pop music British pop music is popular music, produced commercially in the United Kingdom. It emerged in the mid-to late 1950s as a softer alternative to rock 'n' roll and later to rock music. Like American pop music it has a focus on commercial recording, often orientated towards a youth market, as well as that of the Singles Chart usually through the medium of relatively short and simple love songs. While these basic elements of the genre have remained fairly constant, pop music has absorbed influences from most other forms of popular music, particularly borrowing from the development of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13591871",
"score": "1.0296795",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "still does) with that of 'rock and roll'\". From about 1967, the term “pop music” was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a division that gave generic significance to both terms. While rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of popular music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible. According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced \"as a matter of enterprise not art\", and is \"designed to appeal to everyone\" but \"doesn't come from any particular place or mark off any particular taste\". Frith adds that it is \"not driven by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332570",
"score": "1.0286736",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Rock music",
"text": "end. The term \"pop\" has been used since the early 20th century to refer to popular music in general, but from the mid-1950s it began to be used for a distinct genre, aimed at a youth market, often characterized as a softer alternative to rock and roll. From about 1967, it was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, to describe a form that was more commercial, ephemeral and accessible. In contrast rock music was seen as focusing on extended works, particularly albums, was often associated with particular sub-cultures (like the counterculture of the 1960s), placed an emphasis",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "342427",
"score": "1.0230435",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Pop rock",
"text": "in sound, instrumentation and even lyrical content. The terms \"pop rock\" and \"power pop\" have been used to describe more commercially successful music that uses elements from, or the form of, rock music. Writer Johan Fornas views pop/rock as \"one single, continuous genre field\", rather than distinct categories. To the authors Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman, it is defined as an \"upbeat variety of rock music\" represented by artists and bands such as: Andy Kim, the Bells, Paul McCartney, Lighthouse, and Peter Frampton. The term \"pop\" has been used since the early twentieth century to refer to popular music in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4671084",
"score": "1.0206584",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "British pop music",
"text": "pop music. However, around 1967 as blues-rock acts, emerging folk rock and some beat bands, including the Beatles, veered towards a more serious forms of music (with an emphasis on meaning, virtuosity and orientated towards the albums market), the term pop music began to be applied to rock and roll based music with more commercial aims, often with inconsequential lyrics, particularly simple love songs, and orientated towards the singles chart, continuing the path of traditional pop. Although some bands occupied territory that crossed the emerging rock/pop divide and were able to produce successes in both camps, including the Beatles and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13591881",
"score": "1.0138397",
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},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "it is not the sum of all chart music. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. As a genre, Pop music is seen to exist and develop separately. Therefore, the term \"pop music\" may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as \"instant singles-based music aimed at teenagers\" in contrast to rock music as \"album-based music for adults\". Pop music continuously evolves along with the term's definition. According to \"The New Grove Dictionary Of Music and Musicians\", popular music is defined as \"the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332567",
"score": "0.9976167",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Pop rock",
"text": "Pop rock Pop rock (also typeset as pop/rock) is rock music with a greater emphasis on professional songwriting and recording craft, and less emphasis on attitude. Originating in the 1950s as an alternative to rock and roll, early pop rock was influenced by the beat, arrangements, and style of rock and roll (and sometimes doo-wop). It may be viewed as a distinct genre field, rather than music that overlaps with pop and rock. The detractors of pop rock often deride it as a slick, commercial product, less authentic than rock music. Much pop and rock music has been very similar",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4671083",
"score": "0.9955188",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward [...] and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative\". It is, \"provided from on high (by record companies, radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below ... Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged\". According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal \"artistic\" qualities. Music scholar Timothy Warner said it typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332571",
"score": "0.9943409",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Music of the United Kingdom (1960s)",
"text": "folk rock and some beat bands, including the Beatles, veered towards a more serious forms of music, with an emphasis on meaning, virtuosity and orientated towards the albums market, the term pop music began to be applied to rock and roll based music with more commercial aims, often with inconsequential lyrics, particularly simple love songs, and orientated towards the singles chart, continuing the tradition of traditional pop. Although some bands occupied territory that crossed the emerging rock/pop divide and were able to produce successes in both camps, including the Beatles and Rolling Stones, the British pop genre in the late",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14501458",
"score": "0.9905043",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and aims to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms. The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure. Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse. The beat and the melodies tend to be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332572",
"score": "0.9867204",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Traditional pop music",
"text": "Traditional pop music Traditional pop (also classic pop or pop standards) is music that was recorded or performed after the Big Band era and before the advent of rock music. The most popular and enduring songs from this style of music are known as pop standards or American standards. The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the Great American Songbook. More generally, the term \"standard\" can be applied to any popular song that has become widely known in mainstream culture. This definition is disputed by many scholars; however, as many of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "891835",
"score": "0.98508",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "American pop",
"text": "The Backstreet Boys, 98° and girl groups such as The Spice Girls and Destiny's Child. American pop American pop is pop music in the United States. American folk singer Pete Seeger defined pop music as \"professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music\". An early genre of American pop music was the swing craze, a popular dance style in the early part of the 20th century. Jazz artist Rudy Vallée became what was perhaps the first complete example of the 20th century mass media pop star. Vallée became the most prominent and, arguably, the first of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3772996",
"score": "0.9847635",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "American pop",
"text": "American pop American pop is pop music in the United States. American folk singer Pete Seeger defined pop music as \"professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music\". An early genre of American pop music was the swing craze, a popular dance style in the early part of the 20th century. Jazz artist Rudy Vallée became what was perhaps the first complete example of the 20th century mass media pop star. Vallée became the most prominent and, arguably, the first of a new style of popular singer, the crooner. One of the most successful crooners was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3772994",
"score": "0.9811419",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Pop rock",
"text": "of the 1970s were called \"pop rock\". Moore-Gilbert claims that this approach unfairly puts rock at the apex, and makes every other influence become an add-on to the central core of rock. Other guitar-based pop genres Pop rock Pop rock (also typeset as pop/rock) is rock music with a greater emphasis on professional songwriting and recording craft, and less emphasis on attitude. Originating in the 1950s as an alternative to rock and roll, early pop rock was influenced by the beat, arrangements, and style of rock and roll (and sometimes doo-wop). It may be viewed as a distinct genre field,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4671088",
"score": "0.97925854",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Traditional pop music",
"text": "Female singers Male groups Female groups Mixed gender groups Traditional pop music Traditional pop (also classic pop or pop standards) is music that was recorded or performed after the Big Band era and before the advent of rock music. The most popular and enduring songs from this style of music are known as pop standards or American standards. The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the Great American Songbook. More generally, the term \"standard\" can be applied to any popular song that has become widely known in mainstream culture. This definition",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "891845",
"score": "0.9772161",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "genres of popular music. Early pop music drew on the sentimental ballad for its form, gained its use of vocal harmonies from gospel and soul music, instrumentation from jazz and rock music, orchestration from classical music, tempo from dance music, backing from electronic music, rhythmic elements from hip-hop music, and spoken passages from rap. In the 1960s, the majority of mainstream pop music fell in two categories: guitar, drum and bass groups or singers backed by a traditional orchestra. Since early in the decade, it was common for pop producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with musical form, orchestration,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332574",
"score": "0.9769459",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Pop rock",
"text": "is more pronounced in the US than in the UK. He claims in the US, pop has roots in white crooners such as Perry Como, whereas rock is rooted in African-American music influenced by forms such as rock and roll. Auslander points out that the concept of pop rock, which blends pop and rock is at odds with the typical conception of pop and rock as opposites. Auslander and several other scholars such as Simon Frith and Grossberg argue that pop music is often depicted as an inauthentic, cynical, \"slickly commercial\" and formulaic form of entertainment. In contrast, rock music",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4671086",
"score": "0.9734502",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Popular music",
"text": "is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States. Although popular music sometimes is known as \"pop music\", the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music is a generic term for a wide variety of genres of music that appeal to the tastes of a large segment of the population, whereas pop music usually refers to a specific musical genre \"within\" popular music. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies. The song structure of popular music commonly involves repetition of sections, with the verse and chorus or refrain repeating throughout the song",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13784197",
"score": "0.9731548",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "New Pop",
"text": "New Pop New Pop was a loosely defined British-centric pop music movement consisting of ambitious, DIY-minded artists who achieved commercial success in the early 1980s through sources such as MTV. Rooted in the post-punk movement of the late 1970s, the movement spanned a wide variety of styles and artists, including acts such as Orange Juice, the Human League and ABC. The term \"rockist\", a pejorative against people who shunned this type of music, coincided and was associated with New Pop. \"New Music\" is a roughly equivalent but slightly more expansive umbrella term for a pop music and cultural phenomenon in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13951273",
"score": "0.97035885",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Power pop",
"text": "Power pop Power pop (also typeset as powerpop) is a form of pop rock based on the early music of bands such as the Who, the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and the Byrds. It originated in the late 1960s as young music fans began to rebel against the emerging pretensions of rock music, and developed mainly among American musicians who came of age during the British Invasion. The genre typically incorporates melodic hooks, vocal harmonies, an energetic performance, and \"happy\"-sounding music supported by a sense of yearning, longing, or despair. The term \"power pop\" was coined by the Who's Pete",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465836",
"score": "0.96619666",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Pop-rap",
"text": "Pop-rap Pop-rap or hip-pop is a genre of music fusing the rhythm-based lyricism of hip hop music with pop music's preference for melodious vocals and catchy tunes, which gained mainstream popularity during the 1990s. The lyrics are often lighthearted, with choruses similar to those heard in pop music. The influences and roots of pop rap trace back to late 1980s hip hop artists, such as Run DMC, LL Cool J, and Beastie Boys. Allmusic describes pop-rap as \"a marriage of hip-hop beats and raps with strong melodic hooks, which are usually featured as part of the chorus section in a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7393697",
"score": "0.9637886",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Country pop",
"text": "Country pop Country pop is a fusion genre of country music and pop music that was developed by members of the country genre out of a desire to reach a larger, mainstream audience. By producing country songs that employed many styles and sounds found in pop music, the country music industry was effective in gaining new listeners without alienating its traditional country audience. Country pop music is often known for genres like rock, pop, and country combined. It is a continuation of similar efforts that began in the late 1950s originally known as Nashville sound and later on Countrypolitan. By",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5211413",
"score": "0.9605428",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Pop rock",
"text": "general, but from the mid-1950s it began to be used for a distinct genre, aimed at a youth market, often characterized as a softer alternative to rock and roll. In the aftermath of the British Invasion, from about 1967, it was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, to describe a form that was more commercial, ephemeral and accessible. As of the 2010s, \"guitar pop rock\" and \"indie rock\" are roughly synonymous terms used as a contrast to non-guitar based pop music like hip hop and R&B. Critic Philip Auslander argues that the distinction between pop and rock",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4671085",
"score": "0.959628",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Pop music",
"text": "has been dominated by the American and (from the mid-1960s) British music industries, whose influence has made pop music something of an international monoculture, but most regions and countries have their own form of pop music, sometimes producing local versions of wider trends, and lending them local characteristics. Some of these trends (for example Europop) have had a significant impact of the development of the genre. According to \"Grove Music Online\", \"Western-derived pop styles, whether coexisting with or marginalizing distinctively local genres, have spread throughout the world and have come to constitute stylistic common denominators in global commercial music cultures\".",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "332582",
"score": "0.9593184",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Power pop",
"text": "pop rock that is based on catchy, melodic hooks and energetic moods. AllMusic describes the style as \"a cross between the crunching hard rock of the Who and the sweet melodicism of the Beatles and the Beach Boys, with the ringing guitars of the Byrds thrown in for good measure\". Virtually every artist of the genre has been a rock band consisting of white male musicians who engaged with the song forms, vocal arrangements, chord progressions, rhythm patterns, instrumentation, or overall sound associated with groups of the mid 1960s British Invasion era. An essential feature of power pop is that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465839",
"score": "0.95096695",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Pop music",
"long_answer": "According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, called Grove Music Online, the term \"pop music\" \"originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\". The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience ... since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc\". Grove Music Online also states that \"... in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the USA its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'\".",
"chunked_long_answer": "According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, called Grove Music Online, the term \"pop music\" \"originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\". The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience ... since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc\". Grove Music Online also states that",
"short_answers": [
"Britain"
]
} |
what is the most famous building in rennes | [
"Parlement de Bretagne",
"The Parlement de Bretagne"
]
| [
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "The Parlement de Bretagne (Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany, Breton: Breujoù Breizh) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal. The plaza around is built on the classical architecture.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "botanical garden on 10 hectares of land, built between 1860 and 1867. 17th century promenade \"la Motte à Madame\", and a monumental stairway overlooking the Rue de Paris entrance to the Thabor. The south city centre is a mix of old buildings and 19th and 20th centuries constructions. The Fine Arts Museum is situated on Quai Émile Zola, by the Vilaine River. Les Champs Libres is a building on Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, and was designed by the architect Christian de Portzamparc. It houses the Brittany Museum (Musée de Bretagne), the regional library Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole with six floors,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566032",
"score": "1.1149101",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "after Toulouse and before Montpellier, Bordeaux and Nantes. The inhabitants of Rennes are called \"Rennais\" in French. Rennes is classified as a city of art and history. The historic centre is located on the former plan of the ramparts. There is a difference between the northern city centre and the southern city centre due to the 1720 fire, which destroyed most of the timber framed houses in the northern part of the city. The rebuilding was done in stone, on a grid plan. The southern part, the poorest at this time, was not rebuilt. Due to the presence of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566028",
"score": "1.0888536",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "historic province of Brittany of the Kingdom of France. Since the 1950s, Rennes has grown in importance through rural flight and its modern industrial development, partly automotive. The city developed extensive building plans to accommodate upwards of 200,000 inhabitants. During the 1980s, Rennes became one of the main centres in telecommunication and high technology industry. It is now a significant digital innovation centre in France. In 2015, the city was the tenth largest in France, with a metropolitan area of about 720,000 inhabitants. With more than 66,000 students in 2016, it is also the eighth-largest university campus of France. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566024",
"score": "1.0778332",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "number of pupils enrolled in these schools is steadily growing. Specialties from Rennes include: Many other Breton specialties (seafood, milk, vegetables, cheese, meat) are seen at the Marché des Lices, a weekly market held every Saturday morning (one of the most important markets in France). The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000). The city has two main universities; \"Université de Rennes 1\", which offers courses in science, technology, medicine, philosophy, law, management and economics and \"Université Rennes 2\", which has courses in the arts, literature, languages, communication, human and social sciences and sport. The official website of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566041",
"score": "1.0719439",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "University of Rennes 1",
"text": "and the faculty of letter were thus relocated in 1909 in the Séminaire, located currently in the Place Hoche. In 1969, in order to enforce the growth of French universities, a law was passed, splitting the University of Rennes into two new entities. This new university took the name of 'University of Rennes 1'. Most of the university's 1.64 km² of grounds lie within the city boundary of Rennes, but it has other sites dotted around Brittany. The three main campuses are in Beaulieu (in the east of Rennes), Villejean (in the north-west of Rennes) and a central campus. Situated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8868252",
"score": "1.0586044",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "University of Rennes 1",
"text": "in the north-east of the city, the Beaulieu campus is a large complex that was still in development in 1969. Beaulieu is the home of more than a dozen science buildings (for the Faculties of mathematics, physics, biology and other schools such as the INSA) and one of philosophy. The sports facilities and the students' entertainment building are also located there. In the north-west, the Villejean campus gathers Rennes 2's Faculties of Foreign Languages, Arts, Human Sciences and Social Sciences. Rennes I University's Faculty of Medicine is located on the edge of this Villejean campus, nearby Brittany's largest hospital center,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8868253",
"score": "1.0572869",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal. The plaza around is built on the classical architecture. On the west, the Place de la Mairie (City Hall Plaza, Plasenn Ti Kêr): On the east, at the end of the \"Rue Saint-Georges\" with traditional half-timbered houses: On the south-east: The Place des Lices is lined by hôtels particuliers with the place Railler-du-Baty, is the location of the weekly big market, the marché des Lices. Near the Rennes Cathedral (cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Rennes) is the Rue du Chapitre: On this era are the former St. Yves",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566030",
"score": "1.0539427",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes",
"text": "Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes The Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes ( \"Musée des beaux-arts de Rennes\") is a municipal museum of fine arts in the French city of Rennes, the capital of Brittany. Its collections range from ancient Egypt antiquities to the Modern art period and make the museum one of the most important in France outside Paris, notably for its paintings and drawings holdings. The museum was established in 1794 during the French Revolution like most of the main French museums. Its first collections were the confiscated artworks of the churches and public buildings of Rennes.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14671241",
"score": "1.0433284",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "after Paris and Grenoble, with 3,000 people working in 10 laboratories, like well-known IRISA, IETR, IRMAR, DGA-MI (cyberdefense), SATIE, etc. It is also the 3rd innovation potential in agrofood French industry with lots of firms in this field (Lactalis, Triballat Sojasun, Coralis, Panavi, Bridor, Claude Léger, Loïc Raison, Groupe Roullier, Sanders, etc.), an agro campus (Agrocampus Ouest) and a big international and professional expo, the Space (every year in September). Other large firms located in Rennes include the restaurant conglomerate Groupe Le Duff (owners of Brioche Dorée, Bruegger's, La Madeleine, Mimi's Cafe, Timothy's World Coffee), the first French newspaper Ouest",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566037",
"score": "1.0331852",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "Rennes Rennes (; , ; Gallo: \"Resnn\"; ) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department. Rennes's history goes back more than 2,000 years, at a time when it was a small Gallic village named Condate. Together with Vannes and Nantes, it was one of the major cities of the ancient Duchy of Brittany. From the early sixteenth century until the French Revolution, Rennes was a parliamentary, administrative and garrison city of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566023",
"score": "1.0317266",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Gare de Rennes",
"text": "Gare de Rennes Rennes railway station is situated in the town centre of Rennes, France. It is situated on the Paris–Brest, Rennes–Saint-Malo and the Rennes–Redon railways. The station at Rennes was opened in 1857, and was situated a significant walking distance from the city centre. However, since that date the town has expanded and now the station lies in the central part of the city. It has access to Paris on the TGV, a two-hour trip; and serves Brittany with regular trains to Brest, Lannion, Nantes, Quimper and Saint-Malo. Train service is also available to other cities in France such",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15352782",
"score": "1.029697",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "University of Rennes 1",
"text": "Pontchaillou. The city center holds two separate buildings: the Faculty of Law and Political Science, and the Faculty of Economical Science, in front of which a cloister houses the two faculties' library. There are other sites in Lannion, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Malo, Fougères and Dinard; some research centers in Monterfil, Paimpont and the isle of Bailleron; and a museum owned by the university in Penmarch. Institute of Technology of Saint-Malo (or IUT of Saint-Malo) is a French higher education institution founded in 1994 and located in Saint-Malo. It is attached to the University of Rennes 1 and trains students from BAC to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8868254",
"score": "1.0296093",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Rennes Cathedral",
"text": "the first Bishop of Rennes, buried here in the 6th century. The present buildings were constructed in the 17th century, and were badly damaged during World War II. Rennes Cathedral Rennes Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Rennes, France. It has been a monument historique since 1906. The cathedral, dedicated to Saint Peter, is the seat of the Archbishop of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo, previously Bishop of Rennes. The site has been used for a cathedral more or less from the beginnings of the see in the 6th century. The earliest building was completely",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8647084",
"score": "1.0260017",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Rennes Cathedral",
"text": "Rennes Cathedral Rennes Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Rennes, France. It has been a monument historique since 1906. The cathedral, dedicated to Saint Peter, is the seat of the Archbishop of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo, previously Bishop of Rennes. The site has been used for a cathedral more or less from the beginnings of the see in the 6th century. The earliest building was completely replaced by a Gothic cathedral in the 12th century, of which in 1490 the tower and the entire west front collapsed. The existing façade with its neoclassical granite",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8647080",
"score": "1.0239028",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany",
"text": "University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany The University of Rennes 2 (\"Université Rennes 2\", UR2) is a university in Upper Brittany, France, one of four in the Academy of Rennes. The main campus is situated in the northwest section of Rennes in the Villejean neighborhood not far from the other campus, located at La Harpe. Asked by Francis II, Duke of Brittany, the Pope created the first university of Brittany in Nantes in 1460. It taught arts, medicine, law, and theology. In 1728, the mayor of Nantes, Gérard Mellier, asked that the university be moved to Rennes, Nantes being",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11091656",
"score": "1.0219789",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "There are two halls of the printer, Oberthür, built by Marthenot between 1870 and 1895 on Rue de Paris in the eastern part of the city. Oberthür Park is the second biggest garden in the city. The 17th century manor of Haute-Chalais, a granite château, is situated to the south of the city in Blosne Quarter (Bréquigny). Parc du Thabor contains a compact but significant botanical garden, the Jardin botanique du Thabor. The University of Rennes 1, with a campus in the city's eastern section, also contains a botanical garden and collections (the Jardin botanique de l'Université de Rennes). Local",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566034",
"score": "1.0196711",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "University of Rennes 1",
"text": "University of Rennes 1 The University of Rennes 1 is one of the two main universities in the city of Rennes, France. It is under the Academy of Rennes. It specializes in science, technology, law, economy, management and philosophy. The University of Rennes 1 has been in existence since 1969, but its heritage stems back to the days of the Breton University founded in 1461. There are currently about students enrolled, with about members of teaching staff and other staff members employed by the university. Asked by Francis II, Duke of Brittany, the Pope created the first university of Brittany",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8868249",
"score": "1.0125687",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "designed by architect Norman Foster (La Poterie station). A second light metro line is being planned, it should be operational by 2019, and the construction began in 2014. Rennes provides other modes of local transport: a bike sharing system with 900 bicycles (named ). Rennes created the first system of modern French bike sharing (1998). The city is an important hub of Brittany's motorway network and is surrounded by a ring road: the Rocade (national road 136). The construction of the bypass was started in 1968 and completed in 1999. It is 31 km (18.5 mi) long, it has 2",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566045",
"score": "1.0117538",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "and the Espace des Sciences science centre with a planetarium. At Place Honoré Commeurec is Les Halles Centrales, a covered market from 1922, with one part converted into contemporary art gallery. The Mercure Hotel is located in a restored building on Rue du Pré-Botté, which was the prior location of Ouest-Éclair, and then of Ouest-France, a premier daily regional newspaper. There are large mills at Rue Duhamel, constructed on each side of the south branch of the Vilaine in 1895 and 1902. To the northwest of Rennes, near Rue de Saint-Malo are the locks of the Canal d'Ille-et-Rance of 1843.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566033",
"score": "1.0114455",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "PSA Rennes Plant",
"text": "PSA Rennes Plant The PSA Rennes Plant is one of the principal car plants in France, producing approximately 340,000 cars in 2005. PSA Rennes was acquired by the PSA Group in 1976 when Peugeot took a majority stake in the Citroën company which had built the plant. PSA Rennes is the largest private employer in the Rennes conurbation, with approximately 6,900 people as of 2009. The plant is located to the south-west of Rennes in the commune of Chartres-de-Bretagne, just beyond the Rennes city limits on a large site at Rennes-la-Janais, across the road from the city's airport. The completion",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14800349",
"score": "1.0099325",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Rennes Métropole",
"text": "Rennes Métropole Rennes Métropole is the \"métropole\", an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Rennes. It is located in the Ille-et-Vilaine department, in the Brittany region, western France. It was created in January 2015, replacing the previous \"Communauté d'agglomération de Rennes\", which had itself succeeded in 2000 to the previous district created in 1970 with less powers than the current métropole. Its population was 444,723 in 2014, of which 219,370 in Rennes proper. The goal of the Métropoles (intercommunal structure for the largest French cities like Lille, Lyon, Bordeaux or Strasbourg) is to build a better metropolitan area by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9475738",
"score": "1.0044522",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "Université Rennes 2 identifies that facility as \"the largest research and higher learning institution in Arts, Literature, Languages, Social Sciences and Humanities in the West of France.\" There are a few \"École Supérieures\" in Rennes, like the \"École Normale Supérieure de Rennes\" on the Ker Lann campus, just outside Rennes, the \"Institut d'études politiques de Rennes\" or the ESC Rennes School of Business. There is also branches of \"École Supérieure d'Électricité\" – Supélec and Telecom Bretagne in the east of the city (Cesson-Sévigné), a campus of the \"École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies\", a campus of the \"École pour",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566042",
"score": "1.0023979",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "l'informatique et les techniques avancées\", and the \"grande école\" Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, which is next to the \"École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes\". The computer science and applied mathematics research institute, IRISA, is located on the campus of the Université des Sciences, nearby Cesson-Sévigné. The \"Délégation Générale pour l'Armement\" (defence procurement agency) operates the CELAR research centre, dedicated to electronics and computing, in Bruz, a neighbouring town. Catholic University of Rennes (\"Institut Catholique de Rennes\") is a Catholic university founded in 1989. The city is also home to an American study abroad program for high school students,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566043",
"score": "1.0005834",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Stade Rennais F.C.",
"text": "members of the first division of French football. Alongside Nantes, Rennes is one of the top football clubs in the region and the two are among the main clubs that contest the Derby Breton. The club's best finish in the league has been fourth with the club accomplishing this feat on four occasions, most recently in 2006–07. Rennes has won two Coupe de France titles in 1965 and 1971. After winning the Coupe de France in 1971, Rennes changed its name to its current version. Rennes is known for its youth academy, known in English as the Henri Guérin Training",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3794407",
"score": "1.0001442",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "lanes each way (sometimes 3 lanes) and toll free. Many other expressways are connected to the Rennes ring road for local and regional service. By road, Saint-Malo can be reached in 45 minutes, Nantes in 1 hour, Brest in 2 hours and 30 minutes, Paris in 4 hours, Bordeaux in 5 hours and Bruxelles in 6 hours and 30 minutes. Rennes has a major French railway station, the Gare de Rennes, opened in 1857. Since July 2, 2017, it is now one hour twenty seven minutes by TGV high speed train from Paris ( after the extension of the High",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566046",
"score": "0.9984743",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany",
"text": "the Villejean campus opened, dedicated to Arts, Letters, and Human Sciences. In 1969, in order to enforce the growth of French universities, a law was passed, splitting the University of Rennes into two new entities. This new university took the name of 'University of Upper Brittany'. The Villejean neighborhood was then still in development, building housing facilities for students, along with other university facilities. In the east of the city, Beaulieu includes sciences and philosophy. In the west, Villejean includes Schools of Foreign Languages, Arts, Human Sciences and Social Sciences. Rennes I University's School of Medicine, is located on the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11091659",
"score": "0.9972838",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "of the town is built on a hill, with the north side being more elevated than the south side. It is at the confluence of two rivers: the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is located on the European atlantic arc, 50 km from the English Channel (near Saint-Malo, Dinard and Mont Saint-Michel). Rennes has the distinction of having a significant Green Belt around its ring road. This Green Belt is a protected area between the city proper (rather dense) and the rest of its urban area (rather rural). Rennes features an oceanic climate. Precipitation in Rennes is considerably less abundant",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566026",
"score": "0.99419093",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Rennes",
"text": "this list, there is art facilities, such as \"40mcube\" exhibition space or the centre for contemporary art \"La Criée\". There is also miscellaneous cultural places: the dance dedicated place the \"Triange\", two \"Art et Essai\" - art house cinemas - cinemas called \"l'Arvor\" and \"Cine TNB\". Remark that the surrounding cities house many other cultural places. Rennes was one of the first towns in France to have its own local television channel 'TV Rennes', created in 1987. Rennes has also local radio stations (Hit West, Radio Campus, Canal B, Radio Caroline, Radio Rennes, Radio Laser) and local newspapers or magazines",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "566039",
"score": "0.99394464",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Gare de Rennes",
"text": "as Lyon, Montpellier, Marseille, Lille, Aix-en-Provence and Strasbourg. It is also served by \"Gares\" station on the VAL Rennes Metro. Gare de Rennes Rennes railway station is situated in the town centre of Rennes, France. It is situated on the Paris–Brest, Rennes–Saint-Malo and the Rennes–Redon railways. The station at Rennes was opened in 1857, and was situated a significant walking distance from the city centre. However, since that date the town has expanded and now the station lies in the central part of the city. It has access to Paris on the TGV, a two-hour trip; and serves Brittany with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15352783",
"score": "0.99092495",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Rennes",
"long_answer": "The Parlement de Bretagne (Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany, Breton: Breujoù Breizh) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal. The plaza around is built on the classical architecture.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Parlement de Bretagne (Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany, Breton: Breujoù Breizh) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal. The plaza around is built on the classical architecture.",
"short_answers": [
"Parlement de Bretagne",
"The Parlement de Bretagne"
]
} |
when did equus first appear in fossil record | [
"1820s",
"~3.5 million years old",
"about 3.5 mya"
]
| [
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "The genus Equus, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus, via the intermediate form Plesippus. One of the oldest species is Equus simplicidens, described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged Equus livenzovensis documented from western Europe and Russia.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Equus (genus)",
"text": "each other both visually and vocally. Human activities have threatened wild equine populations. The word \"equus\" is Latin for \"horse\", and is cognate with the Greek ἵππος (\"hippos\"), \"horse\", and Mycenaean Greek \"i-qo\" /ikkʷos/, the earliest attested variant of the Greek word, written in Linear B syllabic script.; compare the alternative development of the Proto-Greek labiovelar in Ionic ἴκκος (\"ikkos\"). The genus \"Equus\" was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is the only recognized extant genus in the family Equidae. The first equids were small, dog-sized mammals (e.g. \"Eohippus\") adapted for browsing on shrubs during the Eocene, around",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3910162",
"score": "1.1682281",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Equus (genus)",
"text": "The oldest material to date was found in Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged \"E. livenzovensis\" documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate that the most recent common ancestor of all modern equines (members of the genus \"Equus\") lived ~5.6 (3.9-7.8) Mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Mya for the most recent common ancestor within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Mya. Mitochondrial evidence supports the division of \"Equus\" species into noncaballoid (which includes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3910164",
"score": "1.1575273",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Equus (genus)",
"text": "54 million years ago (Mya). These animals had three toes on the hind feet and four on the front feet with small hooves in place of claws, but also had soft pads.<ref name=\"doi10.1126/science.1105458\"></ref> Equids developed into larger, three-toed animals (e.g. \"Mesohippus\") during the Oligocene and Miocene. From there, the side toes became progressively smaller through the Pleistocene until the emergence of the single-toed \"Equus\". The genus \"Equus\", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from \"Dinohippus\", via the intermediate form \"Plesippus\". One of the oldest species is \"Equus simplicidens\", described as zebra-like with a donkey-like head shape.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3910163",
"score": "1.1421763",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Onager",
"text": "ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus \"Equus\") lived around 5.6 (3.9–7.8) million years ago (Mya). Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Mya for the most recent common ancestor within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Mya. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus \"E. (Asinus)\", including the kulan, onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera \"E. (Dolichohippus)\", and \"E. (Hippotigris)\"). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus \"E. (Equus)\" which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1267700",
"score": "1.1358157",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Kiang",
"text": "genus \"Equus\") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus \"E. (Asinus)\", including the kulan, onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera \"E. (Dolichohippus)\", and \"E. (Hippotigris)\"). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus \"E. (Equus)\" which diverged ~4.8 (3.2–6.5) million years ago. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4717073",
"score": "1.1347424",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Horse",
"text": "known informally as splint bones. Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed. By about 5 million years ago, the modern \"Equus\" had evolved. Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America. By about 15,000 years ago, \"Equus ferus\" was a widespread holarctic species. Horse bones",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "177030",
"score": "1.1270673",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "the genus \"Equus\". Their estimated average weight was 425 kg, roughly the size of an Arabian horse. At the end of the Pliocene, the climate in North America began to cool significantly and most of the animals were forced to move south. One population of \"Plesippus\" moved across the Bering land bridge into Eurasia around 2.5 mya. The genus \"Equus\", which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from \"Dinohippus\", via the intermediate form \"Plesippus\". One of the oldest species is \"Equus simplicidens\", described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10008643",
"score": "1.1177766",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Equus (genus)",
"text": "Equus (genus) Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras. Within Equidae, \"Equus\" is the only recognized extant genus, comprising seven living species. The term equine refers to any member of this genus, including horses. Like Equidae more broadly, \"Equus\" has numerous extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies), and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers, with simpler",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3910160",
"score": "1.1163579",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "African wild ass",
"text": "common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus \"Equus\") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus \"E. (Asinus)\", including the kulan, onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera \"E. (Dolichohippus)\", and \"E. (Hippotigris)\"). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus \"E.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6896018",
"score": "1.0921757",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Horse",
"text": "Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day. The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the \"Hyracotherium\", which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the Eocene period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the \"Mesohippus\", which lived 32 to 37 million years ago. Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "177029",
"score": "1.0886841",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "in Europe and were about the size of a sheep, with tails making slightly less than half of the length of their bodies and unlike their ancestors, good running skills for eluding predators. \"Eohippus\" appeared in the Ypresian (early Eocene), about 52 mya (million years ago). It was an animal approximately the size of a fox (250–450 mm in height), with a relatively short head and neck and a springy, arched back. It had 44 low-crowned teeth, in the typical arrangement of an omnivorous, browsing mammal: three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and three molars on each side of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10008626",
"score": "1.086242",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Equidae",
"text": "new species appearing. By this time, equids were more truly horse-like, having developed the typical body shape of the modern animals. Many of these species bore the main weight of their bodies on their central, third, toe, with the others becoming reduced, and barely touching the ground, if at all. The sole surviving genus, \"Equus\", had evolved by the early Pleistocene, and spread rapidly through the world. Equidae Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "132549",
"score": "1.0807734",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Equus (genus)",
"text": "zebras and asses) and caballoids or \"true horses\" (which includes \"E. ferus\" and \"E. przewalskii\"). Of the extant equine species, the lineage of the asses may have diverged first, possibly as soon as \"Equus\" reached the Old World. Zebras appear to be monophyletic and differentiated in Africa, where they are endemic. Molecular dating indicates the caballoid lineage diverged from the noncaballoids 4 Mya. Genetic results suggest that all North American fossils of caballine equines, as well as South American fossils traditionally placed in the subgenus \"E.\" (\"Amerhippus\"), belong to \"E. ferus\". Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3910165",
"score": "1.0794863",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Mustang",
"text": "argue that the animals are merely small due to their harsh living conditions and that natural selection has eliminated many traits that lead to weakness or inferiority. The taxonomic horse family \"Equidae\" evolved in North America 55 million years ago. By the late Pleistocene era, there were two species of the family remaining there, the caballine (stout legged) and stilt-legged, which recent DNA studies have indicated represent different genera; \"\"Equus\"\" and \"\"Haringtonhippus,\"\" respectively. \"Haringtonhippus\" went extinct, and \"Equus\" was extirpated from the Americas at the end of the last ice age, possibly due to a changing climate or the impact",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3114308",
"score": "1.0782573",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Horses in the United States",
"text": "animals on the continent. Fossils of the earliest direct ancestor to the modern horse, \"Eohippus\" have been found in the Eocene layers of North American strata, mainly in the Wind River basin in Wyoming. Fossils found at the Hagerman Fossil Beds in Idaho, called the Hagerman horse or \"Equus simplicidens\" are from the Pliocene, dating to about 3.5 million years ago (mya). Paleontologists determined the fossils represented the oldest remains of the genus \"Equus\". The genus \"Equus\", which includes all extant equines, was plentiful in North America and spread into the Old World by about 2.5 mya. A 2005 genetic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18782632",
"score": "1.0771888",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "onager, and kiang), followed by the African zebras (subgenera \"E. (Dolichohippus)\", and \"E. (Hippotigris)\"). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil Pliocene and Pleistocene forms) belong to the subgenus \"E. (Equus)\" which diverged ~4.8 (3.2–6.5) million years ago. Pleistocene horse fossils have been assigned to a multitude of species, with over 50 species of equines described from the Pleistocene of North America alone, although the taxonomic validity of most of these has been called into question. Recent genetic work on fossils has found evidence for only three genetically divergent equid lineages in Pleistocene North and South",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10008645",
"score": "1.077122",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Equus (genus)",
"text": "to be an ancestor of the domestic horse, though the two can hybridize and produce fertile offspring. The split between Przewalskii's horse and \"E. ferus caballus\" is estimated to have occurred 120,000– 240,000 years ago, long before domestication. Of the caballine equines of \"E. ferus,\" \"E. f. ferus,\" also known as the European wild horse or \"tarpan\", shares ancestry with the modern domestic horse. In addition, tarpans that lived into modern times may have been hybridized with domestic horses. Archaeological, biogeographical, and linguistic evidence suggests that the donkey was first domesticated by nomadic pastoral people in North Africa over 5,000",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3910185",
"score": "1.073803",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged \"Equus livenzovensis\" documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus \"Equus\") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus \"E. (Asinus)\", including the kulan,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10008644",
"score": "1.0697321",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Donkey",
"text": "old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged \"Equus livenzovensis\" documented from western Europe and Russia. Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus \"Equus\") lived ~5.6 (3.9–7.8) mya. Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07 Myr before present date for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Myr BP. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus \"E. (Asinus)\", including the kulan, onager,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "658977",
"score": "1.0697018",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "regards South America, had become extinct, and has a second time been introduced into that Continent, is not one of the least interesting fruits of Mr. Darwin's palæontological discoveries.\" In 1848, a study \"On the fossil horses of America\" by Joseph Leidy systematically examined Pleistocene horse fossils from various collections, including that of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and concluded at least two ancient horse species had existed in North America: \"Equus curvidens\" and another, which he named \"Equus americanus\". A decade later, however, he found the latter name had already been taken and renamed it \"Equus complicatus\". In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10008621",
"score": "1.0672493",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Equus scotti",
"text": "Americas until the reintroduction of the horse approximately 10,000 years later, when conquistadors brought modern horses to North and South America around the 16th century. Paleontological excavations have identified the locations of numerous places where \"E. scotti\" occurred. The species was named from Rock Creek, Texas, United States, where multiple skeletons were recovered. A closely related fossil find was made of \"Equus bautistensis\" in California; this species appeared closely related, but of a slightly more primitive form than \"E. scotti\". However, \"E. bautistensis\" was redefined as a junior synonym of \"E. scotti\" in 1998 by paleontologist E. Scott, who also",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "6579516",
"score": "1.0648673",
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},
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "results, it appears the genus \"Equus\" evolved from a \"Dinohippus\"-like ancestor ~4–7 mya. It rapidly spread into the Old World and there diversified into the various species of asses and zebras. A North American lineage of the subgenus \"E. (Equus)\" evolved into the New World stilt-legged horse (NWSLH). Subsequently, populations of this species entered South America as part of the Great American Interchange shortly after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, and evolved into the form currently referred to as \"Hippidion\" ~2.5 million years ago. \"Hippidion\" is thus only distantly related to the morphologically similar \"Pliohippus\", which presumably became",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "10008648",
"score": "1.0611383",
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},
{
"title": "Horse",
"text": "Horse The horse (\"Equus ferus caballus\") is one of two extant subspecies of \"Equus ferus\". It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, \"Eohippus\", into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies \"caballus\" are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, as this term",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "176986",
"score": "1.0594769",
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},
{
"title": "Evidence of common descent",
"text": "referred to as \"Eohippus\"), which lived in North America about 54 million years ago then spread across to Europe and Asia. Fossil remains of \"Hyracotherium\" show it to have differed from the modern horse in three important respects: it was a small animal (the size of a fox), lightly built and adapted for running; the limbs were short and slender, and the feet elongated so that the digits were almost vertical, with four digits in the forelimbs and three digits in the hindlimbs; and the incisors were small, the molars having low crowns with rounded cusps covered in enamel. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5671277",
"score": "1.0591977",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Haringtonhippus",
"text": "Heintzman and colleagues placed \"Equus francisci\" outside \"Equus\" based on a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, leading to erection of the new genus \"Haringtonhippus\". The genus is phylogenetically closer to \"Equus\" than to \"Hippidion\". It is estimated to have diverged from \"Equus\" around 4 to 6 million years ago. Haringtonhippus Haringtonhippus is an extinct genus of stilt-legged horse from the Pleistocene of North America first described in 2017. The genus is monospecific, consisting of the species H. francisci, initially described in 1915 by Oliver Perry Hay as \"Equus francisci\". Prior to its formal description, it was sometimes referred to as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12959327",
"score": "1.0490869",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Equus (genus)",
"text": "and pioneer spirit of the West\" under the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, and in \"Kleppe v. New Mexico\", the United States Supreme Court ruled that the animals so designated were, as a matter of law, wildlife. Equus (genus) Equus is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, donkeys, and zebras. Within Equidae, \"Equus\" is the only recognized extant genus, comprising seven living species. The term equine refers to any member of this genus, including horses. Like Equidae more broadly, \"Equus\" has numerous extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3910189",
"score": "1.0459205",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"text": "toes, of which four were equipped with small proto-hooves; the large fifth \"toe-thumb\" was off the ground. The hind limbs had small hooves on three out of the five toes, while the vestigial first and fifth toes did not touch the ground. Its feet were padded, much like a dog's, but with the small hooves in place of claws. For a span of about 20 million years, \"Eohippus\" thrived with few significant evolutionary changes. The most significant change was in the teeth, which began to adapt to its changing diet, as these early Equidae shifted from a mixed diet of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10008628",
"score": "1.0444126",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Equidae",
"text": "Equidae Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus \"Equus\". Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros, and several extinct families. The term equid refers to any member of this family, including any equine. The oldest known fossils assigned to Equidae date from the early Eocene, 54 million years ago. They used to be assigned to the genus \"Hyracotherium\", but the type species of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "132547",
"score": "1.0433959",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Equus scotti",
"text": "Equus scotti Equus scotti (translated from Latin as Scott's horse, named after vertebrate paleontologist William Berryman Scott) is an extinct species of \"Equus\", the genus that includes the horse. \"E. scotti\" was native to North America and likely evolved from earlier, more zebra-like North American equids early in the Pleistocene Epoch. The species may have crossed from North America to Eurasia over the Bering land bridge during the Pleistocene. The species died out at the end of the last ice age in the large-scale Pleistocene extinction of megafauna. It was among the last of the native horse species in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6579515",
"score": "1.0377755",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Evolution of the horse",
"long_answer": "The genus Equus, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus, via the intermediate form Plesippus. One of the oldest species is Equus simplicidens, described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged Equus livenzovensis documented from western Europe and Russia.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The genus Equus, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus, via the intermediate form Plesippus. One of the oldest species is Equus simplicidens, described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is ~3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged Equus livenzovensis documented from western Europe and Russia.",
"short_answers": [
"~3.5 million years old"
]
} |
where was percy jackson and the olympians filmed | [
"Vancouver",
"Mission, British Columbia"
]
| [
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book. In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver. Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009, in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009. Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009. Christophe Beck composed",
"hasanswer": true,
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians",
"text": "and in the United Kingdom on February 12 and in Australia on February 11. Columbus has stated that he was drawn to directing the Percy Jackson movie because it gave him the \"opportunity to do a movie that we haven't really seen before for this generation. When I was a kid, there were movies that dealt with Greek mythology, which in terms of visual effects was really primitive. So I thought this was an opportunity to deal with Greek mythology which children and adults all over the world are fascinated by and it was not a new genre but a",
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"id": "8376763",
"score": "1.1978271",
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{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "February 12, 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox. The film cost $95 million to make. In its opening weekend in North America, it ranked number two at the box office, making $38.8 million. Though it received mixed reviews from critics, the film grossed $226.4 million worldwide. The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray. A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11, 2010. A sequel, \"\", was released on August 7, 2013. In New York City, Zeus and Poseidon meet at the top",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "13142809",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson (film series)",
"text": "Percy Jackson (film series) Percy Jackson & the Olympians (also known as Percy Jackson) is an feature film series based on the novel series of the same name by the author Rick Riordan. The series is distributed by 20th Century Fox, produced by 1492 Pictures and currently consists of two installments. The first film, \"\" (2010), was directed by Chris Columbus, and was released on February 12, 2010. The second installment, \"\" (2013), was originally intended to be released in March 2013 but was instead pushed back to August 7, 2013, and was directed by Thor Freudenthal. The series has",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "17008999",
"score": "1.1775197",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians",
"text": "wherein he and his mortal mother Sally Jackson, travel to their cabin in Montauk to take their mind off things. However, the trip is cut short after a series of harrowing incidents, such as being attacked by the Minotaur. Percy finds himself at Camp Half-Blood, a training camp for demigods like him. He discovers that he is a demigod, son of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, earthquakes, and father of all horses, (which he made from sea foam). Percy also learns that his best friend, Grover Underwood, is actually a satyr (a half-goat, half-man), and that the Greek",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "8376739",
"score": "1.1699781",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians",
"text": "\"the reality of the tale\", claiming that \"monsters in the St. Louis Arch\" and \"the entrance to Olympus in New York\" were unimaginable, despite Riordan's explanations of why he chose these certain locations. However, studies show that overall, readers appreciated the mundane language, witty tone and aesthetic plot of the novels, as well as how it introduced Greek mythology to them. These films have been made from the books: Chris Columbus directed and produced \"Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief\" for 20th Century Fox through 1492 Pictures. The film was released in 2010 in the United States, Canada",
"hasanswer": false,
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"score": "1.1697339",
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{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (also known as Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief) is a 2010 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus. The film is based on the 2005 novel \"The Lightning Thief\", the first novel in the \"Percy Jackson & the Olympians\" series by Rick Riordan. It stars Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson alongside an ensemble cast that includes Brandon T. Jackson, Alexandra Daddario, Jake Abel, Rosario Dawson, Steve Coogan, Uma Thurman, Catherine Keener, Kevin McKidd, Sean Bean and Pierce Brosnan. It was released to theaters on",
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"id": "13142808",
"score": "1.149335",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians",
"text": "new avenue, dealing with mythological creatures in a contemporary setting.\" The second film in the series, \"Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters\", was released on August 7, 2013. Filming began in April 2012. Chris Columbus stated that there will not be a third movie any time soon. To accompany the film, a video game was produced. Michael Splechta gave it a 6/10, saying \"\"Percy Jackson & the Olympians\" might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie-in games, but fans of turn-based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare-bones game.\" On January 12, 2017, \"A Series",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "8376764",
"score": "1.1463541",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "Grover, furloughed from the Underworld, and sporting a new pair of small horns that designate his promotion to Percy's senior protector. Percy and Annabeth nearly kiss, but Annabeth tricks him and they continue to train. In the mid-credits scene, Sally kicks her abusive husband, Gabe Ugliano, out of the apartment. He decides to get a beer on his way out, but finds a note from Percy saying that he should not open the refrigerator under any circumstance. He breaks the lock anyway and sees Medusa's head, turning him to stone. In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13142819",
"score": "1.1373154",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters",
"text": "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters and Percy Jackson and the Sea of Monsters) is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Thor Freudenthal. It is the second installment in the \"Percy Jackson\" film series and is based on the 2006 novel \"The Sea of Monsters\" by Rick Riordan. It is a sequel to the 2010 film \"\". The film continues the adventures of Percy Jackson (Logan Lerman) and his friends, as they search for the Golden Fleece at the Sea of Monsters.",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "16709532",
"score": "1.1272517",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters",
"text": "on March 15, 2013, but in May 2012, the release date was postponed to August 16, 2013. In April 2013, a final release date was set for August 7, 2013. Filming took place in Robert Burnaby Park in Burnaby, B.C.; however from June 20 to July 22, they filmed in New Orleans for Princess Andromeda scenes, including the former site of Six Flags New Orleans. More filming took place in January 2013. On January 22, 2013, Logan Lerman released a statement on Twitter that read \"Last day of shooting on Percy Jackson 2\" accompanied by a photo of the shooting.",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "16709541",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson (film series)",
"text": "and grossed almost $227 million at the worldwide box office against a budget of $95 million. The plot revolves around a sixteen-year-old Percy Jackson who discovers that he is the son of Poseidon, Greek God of the sea, and goes to Camp Half-Blood, a training camp for demigods, the half mortal children of Greek gods. When Percy's mom is kidnapped by Hades, and Percy is accused of stealing Zeus' lightning bolt, Percy and his friends go on a quest to rescue his mom from the underworld, leading them across America to find Persephone's pearls, while proving that Percy is not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17009004",
"score": "1.1197324",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson (film series)",
"text": "2017, The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4-billion-dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox, including the film rights for Percy Jackson & The Olympians; it's unknown if Disney (the owners of Disney Hyperion) will continue the series or reboot it. It was revealed in the 749th issue of online subscription magazine \"Production Weekly\" that the film was in production. Another source said that the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles. Chris Columbus did not return as director, though he produced the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt, producer of The Twilight Saga",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "17009001",
"score": "1.1082333",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "reviews from critics, the game has a score of 56 (citing \"mixed or average reviews\") based on 6 reviews. The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray. The movie itself charted at the top of the charts (DVD sales) with $13,985,047 in revenue in its first week. As of October 2011, the movie had sold 2,087,368 DVDs with over $37 million in sales. In October 2011, 20th Century Fox announced a based on the second book, \"The Sea of Monsters\". The film was released on August 7, 2013. Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "13142827",
"score": "1.0934954",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians",
"text": "in 2010, which was commercially successful, but received mixed reviews. An adaptation of the second book, titled \"\", was released in 2013. Development for both \"The Lightning Thief\" and the \"Percy Jackson\" series commenced when Rick Riordan began making stories for his son Haley Riordan, who had at the time been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia. His son, Haley, had been studying Greek mythology in second grade and requested that his father tell him bedtime stories based on Greek myths. When Riordan ran out of myths, his son suggested that he make up new stories using existing mythological characters and",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "8376736",
"score": "1.0914158",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "Potter\", \"Chronicles of Narnia\", or \"Lord of the Rings\" series. As of September 14, 2010, it grossed a domestic total of $88,768,303 with $137,728,906 elsewhere in the world, bringing it to $226,497,209. The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 49% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 142 collected reviews, with an average score of 5.3/10. The site's consensus reads: \"Though it may seem like just another Harry Potter knockoff, Percy Jackson benefits from a strong supporting cast, a speedy plot, and plenty of fun with Greek mythology.\" It also holds a Metacritic score",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13142824",
"score": "1.0886385",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson",
"text": "in \"Percy Jackson's Greek Gods\" and \"Percy Jackson's Greek Heroes\", also by Rick Riordan. Percy Jackson is played by Logan Lerman in the film adaptations of the novels and by Chris McCarrell on the . Development of the character Percy Jackson began when Rick Riordan started inventing stories for his son Haley Riordan, who was diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia in the spring of 2002. When Haley was in second grade and he was studying Greek mythology, he asked his father to tell him bedtime stories based on those myths. When his father ran out of ideas, Haley suggested that",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "12973935",
"score": "1.0882605",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters",
"text": "New Orleans also serving as a filming location. Filming wrapped up in July and then started again in January for reshoots. It wrapped up on January 22, 2013. Five official stills were released on March 21, 2013. On April 2, the trailer for the film was uploaded on YouTube. A teaser poster was released on April 16. A second trailer was released on May 29, 2013. A third international trailer was released on the June 25, 2013, on YouTube. Since July 19, three TV spots have been released known as \"Story\", \"Cast\" and \"Family\". A clip from the film was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16709544",
"score": "1.0837287",
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},
{
"title": "Rick Riordan",
"text": "Rick Riordan Richard Russell Riordan Jr. (; born June 5, 1964) is an American author. He is known for writing the \"Percy Jackson & the Olympians\" series, about a twelve-year-old boy who discovers he is a son of Poseidon. His books have been translated into 42 languages and sold more than 30 million copies in the US. 20th Century Fox has adapted the first two books of his Percy Jackson series as part of a series of films. His books have spawned related media, such as graphic novels and short story collections. Riordan's first full-length novel was \"Big Red Tequila\",",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "9198593",
"score": "1.0787832",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "sword, to fight the Minotaur. Percy kills the Minotaur with his own horn, but faints from intense shock. Three days later, Percy wakes up in the camp. He learns he is the son of Poseidon, Grover is a disguised Satyr and his junior protector and \"Mr. Brunner\" is the Centaur, Chiron, also initially disguised. Chiron suggests that Percy go to Mount Olympus to convince Zeus of his innocence. Percy begins training to use his demigod powers, which include water manipulation and using water to heal. He also meets other demigods, including Annabeth Chase, daughter of Athena; and Camp Leader, Luke",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13142812",
"score": "1.0758805",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson (film series)",
"text": "save it, and find the challenges that may await them. The film grossed just over $202 million at the worldwide box office. Rick Riordan, the author of the book series, has mentioned in numerous interviews that he has never seen the movies, to keep them from influencing the way he views the characters. During March 2016, Riordan wrote a letter asking teachers not to show the movie to students during class time. Percy Jackson (film series) Percy Jackson & the Olympians (also known as Percy Jackson) is an feature film series based on the novel series of the same name",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "17009006",
"score": "1.0721252",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "characters\". During production, Riordan was disappointed with the changes made to the story and warned the studio that it would likely alienate the readers of the book series that it was depending on to buy tickets. In two emails commenting at length on a draft of the script that he posted to his blog in 2018, he specifically warned the studio that trying to make the story more attractive to a teenage audience by aging the characters and including some profanity in the script might move a significant portion of the books' readers to leave the theater in disgust long",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13142822",
"score": "1.0668944",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson",
"text": "son of Poseidon; his mother, Sally Jackson, married a man named Gabe Ugliano when Percy was young. Ugliano was abusive towards Percy and Sally, the latter of whom leaves him in \"The Lightning Thief\". Between the time of \"The Battle of the Labyrinth\" and \"The Last Olympian\", Sally Jackson marries Paul Blofis, a man she met in a writing seminar. Percy likes and respects his new step-father and eventually reveals to him that he is a demigod. Though understandably shocked, Paul still stays with the Jackson family and accepts Percy's complicated life. In \"The Hidden Oracle\", Percy's mother is seven",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12973942",
"score": "1.0657853",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters",
"text": "the previous report \"was taken out of context\". At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival, Lerman said that while he finds the \"Percy Jackson\" films fun to make, he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts. In December 2017, The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4-billion-dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox, including the film rights for Percy Jackson. Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16709551",
"score": "1.0655422",
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},
{
"title": "Rick Riordan",
"text": "Greek god Poseidon. Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film rights and released a in 2010. Following the success of \"Percy Jackson\", Riordan created The Kane Chronicles, which features a modern-day Egyptian pantheon and two new sibling protagonists, Sadie and Carter Kane. Riordan also created a sequel series to Percy Jackson, The Heroes of Olympus. Riordan also helped create the children's book series The 39 Clues; he authored several of its books, including \"The Maze of Bones\", which topped \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list on September 28, 2008. He also wrote the introduction to the Puffin Classics edition of",
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"score": "1.0595585",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians",
"text": "Sea of Monsters. At the same time, Percy finds out that Grover, who has left on a quest to find the missing god Pan, has been captured by the Cyclops Polyphemus and that the Fleece is on Polyphemus' island. Together with Annabeth and his half-brother Tyson, a cyclops, Percy sets out to rescue Grover. Meanwhile, Clarisse La Rue, daughter of Ares, is sent on an official quest by Camp Half-Blood to retrieve the Fleece. The trip to the Sea of Monsters is long and hazardous and along the way the heroes encounter several dangers including Scylla and Charybdis, the sorceress",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8376742",
"score": "1.0580329",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"text": "Castellan, son of Hermes. Percy is visited by a fiery apparition of his uncle Hades, who reveals that Sally is with him in the Underworld and that he will return her safely if Percy hands over the lightning bolt. Defying Chiron's orders, Percy decides to go to the Underworld believing if he can convince Hades of his innocence, Hades will release his mother. Grover and Annabeth decide to join him. They visit Luke, who gives Percy a map showing the location of three green pearls belonging to Hades' wife, Persephone, which the trio can use to escape the Underworld by",
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"score": "1.0571219",
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},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians",
"text": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians Percy Jackson & the Olympians, often shortened to Percy Jackson, is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure novels written by American author Rick Riordan, and the first book series in the Camp Half-Blood Chronicles. Five supplementary books, along with three graphic novels, have also been released. More than 45 million copies of the books have been sold in more than 35 countries. As of October 28, 2011, the series has been on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list for children's book series for 245 weeks. The first book was adapted into a film titled \"\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8376735",
"score": "1.0568172",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Percy Jackson (film series)",
"text": "film series. Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters. On June 16, 2011, it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the film with production beginning on April 12, 2012. On October 12, 2011, it was announced that the film would be released on March 26, 2013, but on May 31, 2012, it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16, 2013. On April 6, it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7, 2013. On January 13, 2012, a brand new production list was released and stated that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17009002",
"score": "1.055775",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Mythodea",
"text": "setting was the ancient (6th century BC) Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens, Greece, featured on the album and video covers. Vangelis commented on the selection of location in an interview: \"The record company wanted to promote this work and asked me 'where [...]?' and I thought that [...] Greece was really appropriate. And at the same time I had a proposition from the Minister of Culture [...] and this is what happened.\" The concert was filmed by a 20 members of camera crew, and taped for later broadcast on TV in November, and release on DVD. The budget was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7654005",
"score": "1.0522218",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
}
]
| {
"title": "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief",
"long_answer": "In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book. In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver. Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009, in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009. Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009. Christophe Beck composed the score. Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind. \"I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles, sort of the perfect cast for these roles, because hopefully, God willing, we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters\".",
"chunked_long_answer": "In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book. In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver. Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009, in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009. Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009. Christophe Beck composed",
"short_answers": [
"Mission, British Columbia",
"Vancouver"
]
} |
sending money home to the native country is an example of | [
"international capital flows",
"remittance"
]
| [
{
"title": "Remittance",
"text": "A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labour-exporting countries. In 2014, $436 billion went to developing countries, setting a new record. Overall global remittances totaled $582 billion in 2015. Some countries, such as India and China, receive tens of billions of US dollars in remittances each year from their expatriates and diaspora. In 2014,",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Circular migration",
"text": "back remittances. When these remittances are greater than what the migrant would have made in the home country, it is also beneficial. Another example is when the migrants return with new skills, knowledge, and capacities. Lastly, the movement of skilled labor is beneficial for the country of origin when migrants forge strong economic connections between the home and host country. There are also several costs associated with circular migration. One of these is brain drain, where a migrant who migrates because of skills or education creates a loss of human resources in the country of origin. These highly skilled workers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10178248",
"score": "1.2150769",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Gifting remittances",
"text": "Nigeria on the socio-economic links between urban migrants and their rural sending communities in which money is remitted alongside gifts not readily available in the home country. In this work the focus on socio-cultural context and networks is strong. That the economic cost may be high for the migrant head of household is highlighted as visiting and bringing the requisite gifts can be very expensive, a disincentive to visiting the non-migrating family and community members. Margo Russell writes that defining remitted moneys as gifts rather than payments enhances freedom and flexibility for the giver. This works in Swaziland because moneys",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11935060",
"score": "1.1938019",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Relocation service",
"text": "permissions), finding a new house (accommodation), finding a school for children (education), finding a job for the partner or \"trailing spouse\", arranging a teacher for the family (language training) and introduce expatriates to the local culture. Dating back to the Dutch East India Company, sending an employee to work in another country (sometimes called a \"global assignment\" in current HR jargon) has carried considerable costs while theoretically opening the potential for financial returns for the employer. With tax equalization, housing allowance, cost-of-living adjustment and other benefits, the typical expatriate compensation package is two to three times the home-country base salary.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3399511",
"score": "1.1793271",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Chain migration",
"text": "markets, chain migration via family has been used informally to balance out the gender ratio in ethnic immigrant communities. Remittances contribute to chain migration by aiding in both funding and interest in migration. Ralitza Dimova and Francois Charles Wolff argue that besides the recognized benefits remittances provide to the economies of the home countries of immigrants, money sent home can lead to chain migration. Dimova and Wolff posit that remittances can provide the necessary capital. H. van Dalen et al. “find that recipients of remittances are more likely to consider migrating than non-recipients. This study also references the fact that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6476329",
"score": "1.1785173",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Transnationalism",
"text": "their country of origin and their country of settlement\". These social fields are the product of a series of interconnected and overlapping economic, political, and socio-cultural activities: Economic transnational activities such as business investments in home countries and monetary remittances are both pervasive and well documented. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) estimates that in 2006 immigrants living in developed countries sent home the equivalent of $300 billion in remittances, an amount more than double the level of international aid. This intense influx of resources may mean that for some nations development prospects become inextricably linked—if not dependent upon—the economic activities",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5243607",
"score": "1.1737974",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Human capital flight",
"text": "it is noted that these nationals pay valuable remittances. In Jamaica, the money sent back amounts to 18% of GNP. Human capital flight Human capital flight refers to the emigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home. The net benefits of human capital flight for the receiving country are sometimes referred to as a \"brain gain\" whereas the net costs for the sending country are sometimes referred to as a \"brain drain\". In occupations that experience a surplus of graduates, immigration of foreign-trained professionals can aggravate the underemployment of domestic graduates. Research shows that there are significant economic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1570037",
"score": "1.165871",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Cultural remittances",
"text": "resistance. Cultural remittances In anthropology, Cultural remittances are the ensembles of ideas, values, and expressive forms introduced into societies of origin by emigrants and their families as they return home, sometimes for the first time, temporary visits, or permanent resettlement. The term, which has been summarized as \"product sent back\", developed in the early 2000s, is also used to describe \"the way that migrants own and build homes in the country of origin.\" Monetary remittances are the transfer of money from migrant workers in a host country to a developing country through various financial institutions such as Western Union, Banco",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15594260",
"score": "1.1483387",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Women migrant workers from developing countries",
"text": "for hire. Women leaving their country of origin are often considered to be temporary migrants. They leave for an uncertain amount of time, with the intent to return to their homeland after they have earned enough money. Given that women are statistically better at saving their capital gains, they are becoming increasingly economically significant to the capital gains of their country of origin. This can be measured through remittances and how much is sent back to the country of origin. Documentaries, such as \"Letters from the Other Side\", illustrate that after some time, remittances may cease due to new responsibilities",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17033426",
"score": "1.1456419",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Transnationalism",
"text": "wide array of social and cultural transactions through which ideas and meanings are exchanged. Recent research has established the concept and importance of social remittances which provide a distinct form of social capital between migrants living abroad and those who remain at home. These transfers of socio-cultural meanings and practices occur either during the increased number of visits that immigrants take back to their home countries or visits made by non-migrants to friends and families living in the receiving countries or through the dramatically increased forms of correspondence such as emails, online chat sessions, telephone calls, CDs/ VDOs, and traditional",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5243610",
"score": "1.1402887",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Remittances from the United States",
"text": "money to their families back home. Accessibility, Cost, and Speed are some of the major factors that contribute to their popularity. The use of formal methods by individual immigrants and workers in the U.S. has been increasing over the last decade, this can be attributed partially to a sharp decline in the average cost of formal money transfer systems, brought about by increased competition as more and more companies now offer their own international money transfer services. Another factor that has increased the use of formal methods has been the scrutiny which informal money transfers have come under. Since the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20117466",
"score": "1.1388223",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Gifting remittances",
"text": "studying remittances as an international process, documenting the impact of remittances on both sides of the exchange, an approach to which anthropologists are well trained. One space for such a transnational treatment of “gifting remittances” is in the analysis of barrels filled with new and recycled gifts sent home, typically to the Caribbean or Asia. While remittances could also be theorized as gifts in the above-mentioned transnational work, the terms gift remitting and remitting the gift make explicit the focus on gifts and the accompanying social ties. Discussion of “gift remittances” goes back at least to Aderanti Adepoju’s work in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11935059",
"score": "1.1337426",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "International taxation",
"text": "usually involve the location of the person's main home and number of days the person is physically present in the country. Examples include: Territorial systems usually tax local income regardless of the residence of the taxpayer. The key problem argued for this type of system is the ability to avoid taxation on portable income by moving it outside of the country. This has led governments to enact hybrid systems to recover lost revenue. Almost all countries tax foreign income based on residency, if at all. Only two countries in the world systematically and comprehensively tax the worldwide income of nonresident",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6712214",
"score": "1.1333982",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Cultural remittances",
"text": "Cultural remittances In anthropology, Cultural remittances are the ensembles of ideas, values, and expressive forms introduced into societies of origin by emigrants and their families as they return home, sometimes for the first time, temporary visits, or permanent resettlement. The term, which has been summarized as \"product sent back\", developed in the early 2000s, is also used to describe \"the way that migrants own and build homes in the country of origin.\" Monetary remittances are the transfer of money from migrant workers in a host country to a developing country through various financial institutions such as Western Union, Banco Agricola,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15594253",
"score": "1.1312357",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Gifting remittances",
"text": "one point, be altruistic and at other self-interested. Tumama describes motivations for remitting among New Zealand migrants which range from future investments to maintaining kinship ties which pushed some to go without food while striving to remit. A motivation of self-interest may become necessary as “it is likely that the pressures of providing for a family in New Zealand may override the gift giving traditions for some younger Pacific people” who are unable to meet the financial stress of general and traditional gift giving. Focusing on El Salvador, Ester Hernandez and Susan Bibler Coutin, take the discussion of motives –",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11935075",
"score": "1.1296468",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Migrant domestic workers",
"text": "This is exemplified by the fact that, in some cases, domestic work may be considered a viable alternative to sex work for a female illegal immigrant. The pressure to send remittances from abroad to the source country is felt more strongly by these women, who tend to remit a greater proportion of their income than their male counterparts. Their wages are also used to pay back recruitment agencies and cover basic costs of family members in their home communities, including their health care and education. This, in a way, binds them to their jobs and is a disincentive to repatriate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8056810",
"score": "1.1244678",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Migrant domestic workers",
"text": "or poverty in general. Because these workers' remittances are a source of revenues for their countries of origin, some countries actively encourage their female workers to migrate abroad for domestic work as a key development strategy, offsetting unemployment problems, while growing the economy through accumulating foreign-exchange reserves. Migrant domestic workers tend to replace the native peers of the host country, and displace them towards other (usually more productive) activities. Migrant domestic workers are, on average, better educated than their domestically sourced counterparts. Undocumented migrants can become domestic workers, not only due to demand but also to a lack of access",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8056805",
"score": "1.1126988",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Cultural remittances",
"text": "and Banco Cuscatlan that transfer monetary capital from the host country of the migrant worker to the home country. Monetary remittances from the United States to various countries in Latin America often make up significant portions of the GDP of Latin American Countries. The impacts of monetary remittances differ from those of cultural remittances in that, monetary remittances mainly influence the economic sector of the receiving country, although monetary remittances can also be introduced into communities through individuals or organizations that receive remittances in order to create basic infrastructures within the communities. The term cultural remittances was created in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15594254",
"score": "1.1119705",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Foreign worker",
"text": "billion was returned as remittances to the countries of origin of foreign workers, equivalent to 1.3% of the world GDP. The source of income remains beneficial as remittances are often more stable that private capital flows. Despite fluctuations in the economy of GCC countries, the amount of dollars in remittances is usually stable. The spending of remittances is seen in two ways. Principally, remittances are sent to the families of guest workers. Though often put towards consumption, remittances are also directed to investment. Investment is seen to lead to the strengthening of infrastructure and facilitating international travel. With this jump",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2358420",
"score": "1.1111518",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Counterpart fund",
"text": "to pay for the goods. This makes importing far easier as the unstable currencies in developing nations are often of little international value. Agreements are also usually signed so that these imports can only come from the nation that gave the aid, benefiting the donor's export industry. Another method is for goods to be donated to a developing nation's government and for them to then sell the goods to the population, and use the proceeds to set up a fund. The recipient government is also then left with the original payment in its domestic currency. These payments are amalgamated into",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5953039",
"score": "1.1110432",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Norwegian Vietnamese",
"text": "1980s. However, the trend has turned and Vietnam now view the overseas Vietnamese as assets to the country's rapidly growing economy. The Vietnamese are one of the immigrant groups in Norway that most often send money to families in their home country. Over 60% of those who came to the country as adults reported as regularly sending money home to their families. The number regularly sending money to Vietnam among Vietnamese-born in Norway or arrived in the country as children, were over 40%. The Vietnamese coming to Norway as adults send more and more money, the longer they have stayed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9944287",
"score": "1.110377",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Remittance",
"text": "The decision was considered to disproportionally strengthen the dominant position of Western Union, MoneyGram and Rio. Under pressure, however, the Central Bank reversed the decision and granted new licenses to a number of competing MTOs. Somali expatriates often send remittances to their relatives in Greater Somalia through Dahabshiil and other Somali-owned money transfer companies. In order to ensure that these funds go to their intended recipients rather than Al-Shabaab and other militant groups, the governments of the United States, Australia, and a number of other Western countries tightened their banking requirements or stopped processing altogether the remittances. To address the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6267766",
"score": "1.1070634",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Remittances from the United States",
"text": "include the use of credit cards, cash transfers, account-to-account transfers, and prepaid funds. Wire transfers are the preferred method within the banking industry, as they allow for nearly instantaneous transfer within a secure network of financial institutions. Informal methods of transfer are just about any money transfer system that does not involve a traditional bank. This can range from using a smaller unlicensed Money Transfer Operator (MTO) to the sending of physical money in the mail, or through a friend or family member. Informal methods of transfer have been historically the most popular methods for immigrants and workers to send",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20117465",
"score": "1.1015121",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Mixtec transnational migration",
"text": "Forum on Remittances “remittances are part of the centuries-old pattern of migration from rural to urban areas. Nowadays, remittances represent the human face of globalization, in which millions of people migrate in search of a better life and in order to provide for their loved ones back home. These flows of human and financial capital have profound implications for the economies and societies of the sending and the receiving countries.” Mixtec migrants send money back to their country of origin in a variety of ways. Where available, they may use formal channels such as banks and money transfer services. Digital",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6563066",
"score": "1.0988108",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Human capital flight",
"text": "trade in goods and services between the sending and receiving countries. Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to the United States, one study finds \"that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country, and increases by 31% the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country. The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population, the geographic distance to the origin country, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1569961",
"score": "1.0954142",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Home state regulation",
"text": "unlikely to be aware of their rights under the laws of other EU member states. The \"country of origin principle\" is a rule that is sometimes advanced with the intention of facilitating the free movement of goods or service providers so as to encourage cross-border competition or, possibly, to encourage individuals or companies to test other markets without having to establish in the target market. It is also sometimes intended to free providers of goods and service from the obligation to accommodate multiple regulatory regimes when trading across borders from a single location. Home state regulation is often held to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8538304",
"score": "1.0943482",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Migrant workers in the Persian Gulf region",
"text": "that outflows of remittances through informal channels are a common phenomenon. Groups of migrant workers are composed of a variety of nationalities, but are generally united by the fact that the large majority send money to family members and relatives in their respective countries of origin. Migrants in the GCC countries are generally denied the right to own property and bring family members with them to the country of employment. These factors generally contribute to migrants' intentions not to stay in the country of employment for the entirety of their life. Contrary, most migrants have the intent to return to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20012121",
"score": "1.0926039",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Immigration",
"text": "Remittances are a large share of the GDP of many developing countries. A study on remittances to Mexico found that remittances lead to a substantial increase in the availability of public services in Mexico, surpassing government spending in some localities. Research finds that emigration and low migration barriers has net positive effects on human capital formation in the sending countries. This means that there is a \"brain gain\" instead of a \"brain drain\" to emigration. One study finds that sending countries benefit indirectly in the long-run on the emigration of skilled workers because those skilled workers are able to innovate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7496245",
"score": "1.0923828",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Chain migration",
"text": "causes of chain migration through remittances tend to be variable but include such pull factors as family ties and the possibility of success.” Besides the monetary remittances sent to families in the home country, immigrants’ letters generally included valuable information about their new life, their work, and information to guide other prospective immigrants in the family or community to ease their journey. Understanding the necessary steps, whether it is what port to leave from or who to seek out to get a job and apartment, was and is vital for successful immigration. It was common in the nineteenth and early",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6476330",
"score": "1.0916531",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Transnational citizenship",
"text": "contribute to opportunities for escalating transnational identities. Because obvious ties surface between immigrants, their home countries, and the receiving countries, the civic ramifications are widespread. Thus international immigration contributes to loosening individual state ties. Once in their host countries, immigrants form social networks while maintaining ties to their homeland. Some organizations function in both countries, which serves to further enhance the notion that international migrants act as transnational citizens in multiple lands. It is important to draw a distinction between transnational citizenship and multiculturalism among national citizens. While transnational citizens bring cultural and societal elements of their home countries to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8460685",
"score": "1.0899109",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
}
]
| {
"title": "Remittance",
"long_answer": "A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labour-exporting countries. In 2014, $436 billion went to developing countries, setting a new record. Overall global remittances totaled $582 billion in 2015. Some countries, such as India and China, receive tens of billions of US dollars in remittances each year from their expatriates and diaspora. In 2014, India received an estimated $70 billion and China an estimated $64 billion.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. Workers' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows, especially with regard to labour-exporting countries. In 2014, $436 billion went to developing countries, setting a new record. Overall global remittances totaled $582 billion in 2015. Some countries, such as India and China, receive tens of billions of US dollars in remittances each year from their expatriates and diaspora. In 2014,",
"short_answers": [
"international capital flows",
"remittance"
]
} |
who was charlie writing to in perks of being a wallflower movie | [
"an unknown recipient"
]
| [
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "The story begins with a quiet, sensitive 15-year-old boy named Charlie writing letters about his life to an unknown recipient. Charlie chooses that person because he said that he heard the person was nice and thought that this person would not be judgmental. He discusses his first year at high school, grappling with two traumatic experiences from his past: the suicide of his only middle-school friend, Michael Dobson, a year before, and the death of his favorite aunt, Helen, during his early childhood.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "a screenplay after he got the rights from Chbosky; however, he never finished this screenplay. Hughes was going to use the project as a directorial comeback with more of a black comedy style. He had in mind particular actors while writing the screenplay, namely, Shia LaBeouf as Charlie, Kirsten Dunst as Sam and Patrick Fugit as Patrick. Other filmmakers who were interested in the project were Ron Howard, Richard Linklater, Josh Schwartz, McG, Joel Schumacher, Ryan Murphy and British filmmaker Danny Boyle. Mr. Mudd Productions (producers of \"Juno\") became interested in the project and wanted Chbosky to adapt the film.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15198898",
"score": "1.4000156",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "Wallflower\" one of the best films of the year. The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film) The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a 2012 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Stephen Chbosky, based on Chbosky’s 1999 novel of the same name. Logan Lerman stars as a teenager named Charlie who writes to an unnamed friend, and these epistles chronicle his trials, tribulations, and triumphs as he goes through his first year of high school. The film depicts his depression and anxiety as he goes through his journey in high school making new friends. The film's ensemble cast",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15198911",
"score": "1.3942991",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "Perks of Being a Wallflower\", Chbosky aspired to adapt it into a film, calling this \"a lifelong dream of mine\". After the publication of the novel, the author said he received film offers, refusing them because he \"owed the fans a movie that was worthy of their love for the book\". In 2010 Mr. Mudd began developing a film version, and the author was signed to write and direct the film by producers John Malkovich, Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith. The film, shot in the Pittsburgh area from May 9 to June 29, 2011, starred Logan Lerman as Charlie, Emma",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5456593",
"score": "1.3928475",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film) The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a 2012 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Stephen Chbosky, based on Chbosky’s 1999 novel of the same name. Logan Lerman stars as a teenager named Charlie who writes to an unnamed friend, and these epistles chronicle his trials, tribulations, and triumphs as he goes through his first year of high school. The film depicts his depression and anxiety as he goes through his journey in high school making new friends. The film's ensemble cast also features Emma Watson, Ezra Miller, Mae Whitman, Kate",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "soundtrack shows the three main characters with a green backdrop behind them. The character Sam (Emma Watson) is leaning her head on the main character Charlie’s (Logan Lerman) shoulder. The third member of the famous trio, Patrick (Ezra Miller), stands on the other side of Sam looking straight forward. Written above their heads are the words, “The Perks of being a Wallflower: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack”. Helping the film in its advertisement was the song \"It’s Time\" by the Las Vegas native band Imagine Dragons. This song found its way on the trailer for the movie, however, it was",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "up in a hospital, where psychiatrist Dr. Burton (Joan Cusack) manages to bring out Charlie's repressed memories which reveals that his aunt sexually abused him. The night Charlie is released from the hospital he is visited by Sam and Patrick. Sam explains what college life is like, and that she has found \"The Tunnel Song\" \"Heroes\" by David Bowie. The three revisit the tunnel, where Charlie kisses Sam again, and he stands up in the back of the truck. Charlie acknowledges that he feels alive and in that moment\"We are infinite.\" John Hughes read the novel and attempted to write",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "suffering from clinical depression from childhood setbacks has recently been discharged from a mental health care institution. Charlie is uneasy about beginning his freshman year of high school; he is shy and finds difficulty in making friends, but he connects with his English teacher, Mr. Anderson (Paul Rudd). Charlie meets two seniors, Sam (Emma Watson) and her stepbrother Patrick (Ezra Miller), at a football game and they invite him to a party. Charlie unknowingly eats a cannabis brownie, gets high and discloses to Sam that the year before, his best friend committed suicide. He also walks in on Patrick and",
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{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "list. It premiered on September 8, 2012 at the Toronto International Film Festival, and was released theatrically in the United States by Summit Entertainment on September 21. According to Metacritic it has received \"generally favorable reviews\", with an average of 67 out of 100 based on 36 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86% approval rate, based on 153 reviews. The film grossed over $33 million worldwide from a $13 million production budget. Even though the movie was directed and scripted by the author himself, some scenes were omitted from the film adaptation. In the book, Charlie's parents are notified by",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "Brad (Johnny Simmons), a popular athlete, kissing. Patrick tells Charlie that Brad doesn't want anyone to know he's gay, so Charlie agrees to keep it a secret. Sam realizes that Charlie has no other friends, so she and Patrick make a special effort to bring Charlie into their group. On their way home the three hear an unknown song on the radio, Sam instructs Patrick to drive through a tunnel so she can stand up in the back of the pickup while the music blasts. Sam needs to improve her SAT scores to be have a better chance of being",
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"id": "15198892",
"score": "1.291758",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a coming-of-age epistolary novel by American writer Stephen Chbosky, which was first published on February 1, 1999, by Pocket Books. Set in the early 1990s, the novel follows Charlie, an introverted teenager, through his freshman year of high school in a Pittsburgh suburb. The novel details Charlie’s unconventional style of thinking as he navigates between the worlds of adolescence and adulthood, and attempts to deal with poignant questions spurred by his interactions with both his friends and family. Chbosky took five years to develop and publish \"The",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "5456571",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "accepted to Pennsylvania State University, so Charlie offers to tutor her, improving her grades. At Christmas, Sam gives Charlie a vintage typewriter to thank him for his help. The two discuss relationships, and Charlie reveals he has never been kissed. Sam, though already involved with someone else, tells Charlie she wants his first kiss to be from someone who loves him, and kisses him. Charlie, in love with Sam, begins to try to find ways to show her how he feels. At a regular \"Rocky Horror Picture Show\" performance, Charlie is asked to fill in for Sam's boyfriend Craig, who",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "Perks of Being a Wallflower\" , creating the characters and other aspects of the story from his own memories. The novel addresses themes permeating adolescence, including introversion, sexuality, drug use, and mental health, while also making several references to other literary works, films, and pop culture in general. Because of the mentioned themes, it was banned in some American schools for its content. In 2012, Chbosky himself adapted and directed a film version starring Logan Lerman, Emma Watson and Ezra Miller. The film boosted the novel's sales, and the book reached \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list. Charlie, the",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "\"Ghost World\" and \"Juno\". The film premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2012, followed by the United States' theatrical release on September 21, 2012, by Summit Entertainment. It received positive critical response and commercial success, earning $33.4 million to a budget of $13 million. It received several accolades, including the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations, including Best Adapted Screenplay for Chbosky, and the 2013 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release. Set in 1992, a young high school student, Charlie (Logan Lerman), who has been",
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"id": "15198890",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "suicide of Charlie’s best friend, which takes place before the film opens, seems glossed over too quickly\" despite the event being Charlie's main character motivation in the film. Jack Wilson of \"The Age\" writes, \"the script is transparently fake at almost every moment, congratulating the gang on their non-conformity while soft-pedalling any aspect of adolescent behaviourdrug use, sex, profanitythat might upset the American mainstream.\" Richard Corliss of \"Time\" criticized the casting of actors in their twenties to play teenagers, unlike the film \"Heathers\" where the cast were actually teenagers. MTV, \"Us Weekly\" and \"Complex\" named \"The Perks of Being a",
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{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The lead cast also received positive notices. Ian Buckwalter of \"The Atlantic\" said \"The primary trio of actors delivers outstanding performances, starting with Watson, who sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the \"Harry Potter\" series with an about-face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit. Miller also plays against his most recent performance, which was as the tightly wound eponymous teenage psychopath in \"We Need to Talk About Kevin\", to deliver a giddy, scene-stealing turn as Patrick. Lerman, best known from the \"Percy Jackson\" series, shines as Charlie, a role that demands he",
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"id": "15198907",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "is not there. Their friend Mary Elizabeth (Mae Whitman) is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance. The two enter into a unsatisfactory relationship. Finally, at a party, when Charlie is dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room, he chooses Sam, upsetting both her and Mary Elizabeth. Patrick recommends Charlie stay away from the group for a while, and the isolation causes him to sink back into depression. He experiences flashbacks of his Aunt Helen (Melanie Lynskey), who died in a car accident when he was seven years old. Brad shows up to school with a",
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"id": "15198894",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "on her. The night before she departs, she brings Charlie to her room. They confide in each other and kiss, but when Sam touches Charlie's thigh, he experiences a momentary flashback of his Aunt Helen, which he passes off as nothing, and they continue to kiss. After she leaves for college, though, his emotional state deteriorates and his flashbacks worsen. He calls his sister blaming himself for Helen's death, and admits he may have wanted it to happen. His sister realizes he is in trouble and calls the police. Charlie passes out as they burst through the door and wakes",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15198896",
"score": "1.2238188",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "Walsh, Dylan McDermott, Nina Dobrev, Johnny Simmons, Erin Wilhelmi, Melanie Lynskey, Paul Rudd and Joan Cusack. John Hughes originally read the novel and attempted to write a screenplay after he got the rights from Chbosky; however, he never finished writing the screenplay. Mr. Mudd Productions wanted Chbosky to adapt his own novel; after he finished writing the screenplay, production was approved. Filming began in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 2011 and lasted approximately fifty days. This is one of the three films from John Malkovich, Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith's Mr. Mudd Productions that feature struggling teenagers; the other two are",
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},
{
"title": "Stephen Chbosky",
"text": "convinced CBS to renew the series for a second season, which premiered on February 12, 2008, before being canceled once more in March 2008. Chbosky wrote the screenplay of and directed the film \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\", based on his novel. Production took place in mid-2011, and the film was released in fall 2012. The film starred Logan Lerman, Emma Watson and Ezra Miller. Chbosky was nominated in the Best Adapted Screenplay category for the 2013 Writers Guild Awards, and the film won the 2013 Independent Spirit Awards for Best First Feature, as well as the 2013 People's",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "discovers that his sister is pregnant and agrees to bring her to an abortion clinic without telling anyone. His sister breaks up with her boyfriend, after which her and Charlie's relationship begins to improve significantly. Charlie is accepted by Sam and Patrick's group of friends and begins experimenting with tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. At a party Charlie trips on LSD. He cannot control his flashbacks of Aunt Helen, who died in a car crash on her way to buy him a birthday gift. He ends up in the hospital after falling asleep in the snow. At a \"Rocky Horror",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "5456575",
"score": "1.184783",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "he had seen \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\" there when younger. The film also has scenes within Pittsburgh city limits inside the Fort Pitt Tunnel, Fort Pitt Bridge on Interstate 376 and on Mount Washington. The Perks of Being a Wallflower (Soundtrack) is the official music for the book turned film, \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012).\" The soundtrack was selected by music supervisor, Alexandra Patsavas and the score was composed Michael Brook. The film itself follows the main characters Charlie, and step brother and sister combo Patrick and Sam, as they grow throughout high school. Screenwriter and director",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15198901",
"score": "1.1833154",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "Charlie was loosely based on Chbosky himself. In the novel, Chbosky included much of his own memories from the time he lived in Pittsburgh. The other characters were manifestations of people Chbosky had known throughout his life; Chbosky focused on people's struggles and what they are passionate about, attempting to pin down the very nature of each of the characters. The characters of Sam and Patrick were an \"amalgamate and celebration\" of several people Chbosky has met; Sam was based on girls who confided in him, and Patrick was \"all the kids I knew who were gay and finding their",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "be immediately likeable while still holding onto some deep darkness that can't be fully revealed until the end.\" John Anderson of \"Newsday\" also praised the cast saying \"As Sam, the quasi-bad girl trying to reinvent herself before college, she (Emma Watson) brings honesty and a lack of cliche to a character who might have been a standard-issue student. But equally fine are her co-stars: Ezra Miller, who plays the gay character Patrick as something messy and unusual; Paul Rudd, as their English teacher, is refreshingly thoughtful. And Charlie is portrayed by Lerman as quietly observant, yearning and delicate in a",
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"id": "15198908",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "Picture Show\" performance, Charlie is asked to fill in as Rocky for Sam's boyfriend Craig, who is unavailable. Their friend Mary Elizabeth is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance and they enter into a desultory relationship. The relationship ends, however, during a game of truth or dare when Charlie is dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room. He kisses Sam, and Mary Elizabeth storms out of the room in response. Following this, Patrick suggests that Charlie stay away from Sam for a while, and the rest of the friend group shuns him. His flashbacks of",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "5456576",
"score": "1.1771121",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "Charlie understands that he is recovering from his romance with Brad. Soon Patrick sees Brad engaging with a stranger in the park and Patrick is able to move on from the relationship. As the school year ends, Charlie is anxious about losing his older friends—especially Sam, who is leaving for a summer college-preparatory program and has learned that her boyfriend cheated on her. When Charlie helps her pack, they talk about his feelings for her; she is angry that he never acted on them. They begin to engage sexually, but Charlie suddenly grows inexplicably uncomfortable and stops Sam. Charlie begins",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5456578",
"score": "1.1730586",
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},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "The producersJohn Malkovich, Lianne Halfon, and Russell Smithhired Chbosky to write a screenplay adaptation (instead of Hughes) and to direct the film. Chbosky found value in half of Hughes' screenplay, so he negotiated for the rights from Hughes' heirs and added his own touches. In January 2011, Summit acquired distribution rights. The following month, Summit sought a buyer for the project at the European Film Market held simultaneously with the Berlin International Film Festival. In May 2010, actors Logan Lerman and Emma Watson were reported as in talks for the project and confirmed the following year. In April 2011, Mae",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15198899",
"score": "1.1709135",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "black eye having been caught by his father having sex with Patrick. Brad lies, saying that he was jumped and beaten up. Brad distances himself from Patrick, calling him a \"faggot\" causing Patrick to punch him. Brad's friends begin beating Patrick, but Charlie forcefully intervenes, then blacks out. When he recovers he finds that he has bruised knuckles and Brad's friends are on the floor, incapacitated. Sam and Patrick express their gratitude to Charlie, and the three become friends again. Sam is accepted into Penn State, and breaks up with Craig on prom night after learning he has been cheating",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15198895",
"score": "1.1590375",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film)",
"text": "Whitman signed on as Mary Elizabeth and Nina Dobrev was cast as Candace. Paul Rudd was cast as Mr Anderson later that month. On May 9, 2011, Kate Walsh announced that she was cast in the film as Charlie's mother and had begun filming. The film was shot in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area from May 9 to June 29, 2011. Initial filming began in Pittsburgh's South Hills, including South Park, Upper St. Clair, and Peters Township High School. \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\" scenes were filmed at The Hollywood Theater in Dormont after Chbosky learned that the theater was re-opening;",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15198900",
"score": "1.1558924",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"text": "way to their own identity.\" The idea of anonymous letters came from a real experience; during his senior year in high school, Chbosky wrote an anonymous letter to Stewart Stern about how \"Rebel Without a Cause\" had influenced him. A year and a half later, Stern found Chbosky and became his mentor. By using a series of letters from Charlie to an anonymous character, Chbosky found \"the most intimate way\" to talk directly to the reader. He thought the letters would help him keep the story cohesive, \"to convey the highs and lows of being young—one day, you're on top",
"hasanswer": false,
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}
]
| {
"title": "The Perks of Being a Wallflower",
"long_answer": "The story begins with a quiet, sensitive 15-year-old boy named Charlie writing letters about his life to an unknown recipient. Charlie chooses that person because he said that he heard the person was nice and thought that this person would not be judgmental. He discusses his first year at high school, grappling with two traumatic experiences from his past: the suicide of his only middle-school friend, Michael Dobson, a year before, and the death of his favorite aunt, Helen, during his early childhood.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The story begins with a quiet, sensitive 15-year-old boy named Charlie writing letters about his life to an unknown recipient. Charlie chooses that person because he said that he heard the person was nice and thought that this person would not be judgmental. He discusses his first year at high school, grappling with two traumatic experiences from his past: the suicide of his only middle-school friend, Michael Dobson, a year before, and the death of his favorite aunt, Helen, during his early childhood.",
"short_answers": [
"an unknown recipient"
]
} |
who won the men's single title of australia open on 1 february 2015 | [
"Djokovic",
"Novak Djokovic"
]
| [
{
"title": "2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles",
"text": "Djokovic went on to win his fifth Australian Open title by defeating Murray once again, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3, 6–0. The defeat saw Murray lose the Australian Open final for the fourth time in his career, becoming the first man in the Open Era to achieve four runner-up finishes in Melbourne.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "2015 Australian Open",
"text": "to Australian Open. Remaining wildcard places were filled by Australian internal selection. Men's Singles Women's Singles Men's Doubles Women's Doubles Mixed Doubles The qualifying competition took place in Melbourne Park on 14 – 17 January 2015. Lucky Loser Lucky Loser The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Men's Singles Women's Singles The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew. 2015 Australian Open The 2015 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park from 19 January to 1 February 2015. It was the 103rd edition of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18159810",
"score": "1.17276",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "2015 Australian Open",
"text": "Paes teamed up to win the mixed doubles title, it was the second for Hingis and third for Paes, over the defending champions Kristina Mladenovic and Daniel Nestor. The 2015 Australian Open was the 103rd edition of the tournament and was held at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was part of the 2015 ATP World Tour and the 2015 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event. There were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18159798",
"score": "1.1359764",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Matt Jones (golfer)",
"text": "On 29 November 2015, Jones won his first title on his home PGA Tour of Australasia, with a victory in the Emirates Australian Open, one of the three Australian majors. He held off challenges by the world number one Jordan Spieth and Adam Scott to prevail by one stroke. Jones had led by three going into the final round, but dropped three shots in his opening two holes and also carded a triple bogey on the ninth hole. But he recovered by shooting two under on the back nine for a 73 to claim victory by one stroke. The win",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13662608",
"score": "1.1215491",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Matthew Chau",
"text": "on to secure the Rio quota spot for Australia by winning the 2016 Oceania Championships title. They are currently ranked 46th in the world. The Melbournian also took home the men's doubles title at the Waikato International tournament and competed at his first World Championships last year at just 20-years of age in Jakarta, Indonesia. When he is not playing, Chau studies a Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Engineering and enjoys cooking. \"Men's doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\" \"Men's doubles\" \"Mixed doubles\" Matthew Chau Matthew Chau (born 9 November 1994) is a badminton player from Australia. Chau competed in the Men's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19656213",
"score": "1.1209701",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "2015 Australian Open",
"text": "grand slam crown for his career. Seedings are based on rankings as of 12 January 2015. Rankings and points before are as of 19 January 2015. Points defending includes results from both the 2014 Australian Open and tournaments from the week of 27 January 2014 (Davis Cup for the men, and Paris and Pattaya for the women). †The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2014. Accordingly, this was the 18th best result deducted instead. As part of an agreement between Tennis Australia, the United States Tennis Association (USTA) and the French Tennis Federation (FFT), one male and one",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18159808",
"score": "1.1188309",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Nick Kyrgios",
"text": "Nick Kyrgios Nicholas Hilmy Kyrgios ( ; born 27 April 1995) is an Australian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 35 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). He is currently the second highest-ranked Australian in the ATP rankings. Kyrgios has won four ATP Titles, and has reached seven ATP finals, including the 2017 Cincinnati Masters. During his junior career, Kyrgios won the boys' singles event at the 2013 Australian Open and the boys' doubles event at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. During his professional career, Kyrgios reached the quarter-finals of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships—upsetting",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16922779",
"score": "1.1019224",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "1974 Australian Open – Men's Singles",
"text": "below. Jimmy Connors is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated. 1974 Australian Open – Men's Singles Jimmy Connors defeated Phil Dent 7–6, 6–4, 4–6, 6–3 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1974 Australian Open. John Newcombe was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Ross Case. Björn Borg competed in this Australian Open for the first and only time in his career. He lost to Dent in the third round. The format was the same as the previous year with the first round best of 3 sets",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9946428",
"score": "1.0996664",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Xue Song (badminton)",
"text": "to reach the final, where he lost to Kento Momota. He started his senior career at the 2013 Australian Open, and at that tournament, he beat a former world No. 1 Taufik Hidayat, and also a Vietnamese senior player Nguyen Tien Minh. In the final, he was defeated by his compatriot Tian Houwei in the rubber game. He also was the runner-up at the New Zealand Open lost to the Japanese player Riichi Takeshita. He won his first international title at the 2014 India Open Grand Prix Gold tournament. \"Boys' Singles\" The BWF Grand Prix has two level such as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19707462",
"score": "1.0914372",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Omar Jasika",
"text": "Omar Jasika Omar Jasika (; born 18 May 1997) is an Australian tennis player. He is the 2014 US Open boys' singles champion defeating Quentin Halys in the final. Jasika along with Naoki Nakagawa also won the 2014 US Open boys' doubles title after defeating Rafael Matos and João Menezes in the final. In winning both, Jasika became the first player in 28 years to win both the boys’ singles and doubles events at the US Open. Jasika has a career-high singles ranking of World No. 239 achieved on 3 April 2017. Jasika was born in Melbourne, Australia. He is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18264271",
"score": "1.0913314",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Yuki Bhambri",
"text": "the doubles final. Later in the year, Bhambri won two medals for India at the 2014 Asian Games. He won bronze in the men's singles category. He lost to Japan's Yoshihito Nishioka in the semifinals. He also won bronze in men's double category with Divij Sharan as his partner. The pair lost in the semifinals to Korean pair of Lim Yong-kyu and Chung Hyeon. Starting the year as 315th ranked player in the ATP rankings, Bhambri qualified for the 2015 Australian Open, but lost to Great Britain's Andy Murray in the first round in straight sets. He then entered 2015",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12436851",
"score": "1.0913038",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "1974 Australian Open – Men's Singles",
"text": "1974 Australian Open – Men's Singles Jimmy Connors defeated Phil Dent 7–6, 6–4, 4–6, 6–3 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1974 Australian Open. John Newcombe was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Ross Case. Björn Borg competed in this Australian Open for the first and only time in his career. He lost to Dent in the third round. The format was the same as the previous year with the first round best of 3 sets and the rest of the tournament best of 5 sets. The seeded players are listed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9946427",
"score": "1.0888834",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Ryan Shane",
"text": "Noah Rubin 3–6, 7–6 , 6–1, to capture the NCAA Men's Singles title. He is the second Virginia player to win the singles tournament, after Somdev Devvarman did so in 2007 and 2008. Shane was named first-team All-ACC following a season where he posted a 27–8 record in singles. Ryan Shane Ryan John Shane (born April 15, 1994) is an American tennis player. He played college tennis at the University of Virginia. On May 25, 2015, Shane won the NCAA Men's Singles Championship. This victory also earned him a wild card into the main draw of the 2015 US Open.",
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"id": "18804331",
"score": "1.0873783",
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},
{
"title": "2015 Australian Open",
"text": "the event and in their respective careers. One of their finalist opponents, Zheng Jie won the title in 2006 with Yan Zi. This was a match of past mixed doubles champions at the event, which Hingis won with Mahesh Bhupathi in 2006, while her partner Paes won titles in 2003 with Martina Navratilova and in 2010 with Cara Black. Their finalist opponents' won the event last year, but Nestor won titles in 2007 with Elena Likhovtseva and 2011 with Katarina Srebotnik. This was Hingis' second mixed doubles title for her career, and for Paes' it is his seventh mixed doubles",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18159807",
"score": "1.0841806",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Chen Long",
"text": "Men's Singles final and he get his first Asian Championships title. In 21 - 28 MAY, AUSTRALIA, Total BWF Sudirman Cup, Chen Long won all the three games he played, but in the final, China team lost to Korea by 2-3. In 20–25 June, Crown Group Australia Open, Chen Long lost to Kidambi Srikanth in the Men's Singles final by straight set game, 20-22, 16-21. In 21–27 August, Total BWF World Championships, Chen Long lost to Viktor Axelsen in the Men's Singles quarter final, 9-21, 10-21. He failed to defend his World Championship title of 2016. In 14–19 November, China",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2203184",
"score": "1.0819898",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Camden Riviere",
"text": "7 sets to 3 in May. 2015 started well for Riviere, winning the Australian Open Singles and Doubles titles in January, completing the grand slam (holder of all 4 Opens at one time – US, French, British, Australian) in both singles and doubles. In February, Camden defended his US Open Singles and Doubles titles, winning both for the third consecutive year in a row, as well as extending his lead as the #1 ranked player in the world. In June 2015 Camden became the World Champion of Doubles alongside Tim Chisholm, winning the event hosted in Tuxedo Park, NY over",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11848768",
"score": "1.0818198",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Martin Mulligan",
"text": "Martin Mulligan Martin \"Marty\" Mulligan (born 18 October 1940) is a former tennis player from Australia. He is best known for reaching the men's singles final at Wimbledon in 1962, where he was defeated by fellow Australian Rod Laver. Mulligan was born in the Sydney suburb of Marrickville. In 1958 he won the Boys' Singles title at the Australian Championships, as well as the Boys' Doubles (w/Bob Hewitt). He was runner-up in the Men's Doubles at the Australian Championships in 1961. In 1962 he was in the finals of the Dutch Open in Hilversum, and he won the men's singles",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8433921",
"score": "1.0789158",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "David Hall (tennis)",
"text": "Tennis Tour in June 2006. He won the NEC Singles Masters titles in 2002 and 2004. Hall won eight Australian Opens in the men's singles wheelchair event. He first won the men's single wheelchair event at the Australian Open in 1996. That same year, he also won the men's doubles with his partner, Mick Connell. He won his first British Open in 1995. Hall won seven British Opens in the men's singles wheelchair event. He won the Japan Open eight times. Hall won eight US Opens in the men's singles wheelchair event. Six of these wins were between 1995 and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15770894",
"score": "1.0786436",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Zhang Ze",
"text": "In October 2013, Zhang teamed up with Roger Federer at the 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters. They beat Kevin Anderson and Dmitry Tursunov, 6–2, 6–1. However, the pair were defeated in the second round. In January 2014, Zhang qualified in men's singles for the 2014 Australian Open, his first grand slam tournament. In the first round he lost to world No. 33 and 31-seed Fernando Verdasco in four sets: 7–5, 3–6, 2–6, 3–6. In January 2015, 187-ranked Zhang earned one of eight wildcards to the 2015 Australian Open men's singles main draw. Zhang was the highest-ranked men's singles player from China",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14983275",
"score": "1.0783418",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final",
"text": "victory from being down 1–3 in the final set against Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open men's singles final is considered by some to be the biggest win in his career. Federer's 5th Australian Open title win marked a tournament record 7 year-long gap between a player's successive Australian Open titles and also established an Open-era Slam record of a 13+ year-long span of winning men's singles Grand Slam titles since his maiden 2003 Wimbledon title win. Winning another Australian Open title also saw Federer increase his all-time record count of hard court singles majors to 10, two ahead of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19972763",
"score": "1.0771844",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "2015 Australian Individual Speedway Championship",
"text": "- Chris Holder<br> 4 - Josh Grajczonek 1 - Jason Doyle<br> 2 - Justin Sedgmen<br> 3 - Rohan Tungate<br> 4 - Dakota North 1 - Tyson Nelson<br> 2 - Josh Grajczonek<br> 3 - Max Fricke<br> 4 - Sam Masters 1 - Jason Doyle<br> 2 - Chris Holder<br> 3 - Justin Sedgmen<br> 4 - Tyson Nelson 1 - Dakota North<br> 2 - Rohan Tungate<br> Fx - Tyson Nelson<br> X - Justin Sedgmen 1 - Sam Masters<br> 2 - Max Fricke<br> 3 - Jason Doyle<br> 4 - Dakota North 1 - Dakota North<br> 2 - Jack Holder<br> 3 - Justin Sedgmen<br> x",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18508366",
"score": "1.0762657",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "2015 WTA Finals",
"text": "the Mixed Doubles, Hingis won three of the four slam pairing with Leander Paes, they won the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. For Hingis, it will be the sixth participation at the Championships since 2000, for Mirza, the second. Hingis won the Finals twice, while Mirza is the defending champion. American Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Czech Lucie Šafářová on 16 August became the second duo to qualify. Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová began their pairing by winning their first doubles slam as a team and as individual at the Australian Open defeating Chan/Zheng. They claimed their second title of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18240481",
"score": "1.0748402",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Tambourelli",
"text": "Men's Singles champion, after Sebastian Rose took home the title the previous year. Women's Singles Amke de Buhr beat Inga Höben in the final to claim her first titles, and become the first German Women's Singles champion. Mixed Doubles The Mixed Doubles was won by Dominic Hauke & Nadine Harmatschek, who defeated Bazil Hughes & Chloe Bruce in the final in 3 games. In this tournament, the pairs were not randomly drawn as is usually the case but chosen in advance. The 2015 World Tambourelli Championship, hosted by Scottish Tambourelli, took place on the 22nd and 23 August at the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20289830",
"score": "1.0736986",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Nicholas Kidd",
"text": "Nicholas Kidd Nicholas Kidd (born 21 April 1981 in Papua New Guinea) is a badminton player from Australia who has represented both England and Australia. Kidd played the 2007 BWF World Championships in men's singles and was defeated in the second round by Kenneth Jonassen of Denmark. Kidd was runner-up in the Australian Closed Championships in 2008 and champion in 2009 for men's singles. He also coached and captained the Western Australian team to bronze in the teams event, the Ede Clendinnen Shield, in 2008 and 2009. Kidd used to be the Executive Officer of the Badminton Association of Western",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10806490",
"score": "1.0721005",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Kyle Davis (table tennis)",
"text": "thirty-six age-group Australian titles in both the singles and doubles tournaments, and finished fourth in the men's doubles at the Australian Youth Olympic Festival. In 2007, Davis picked up a silver medal at the peak of his career in the men's singles at the Commonwealth Championships in Jaipur, India. Davis qualified for the Australian squad, as a 19-year-old teen, in two table tennis events at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, by placing second in the men's singles from the Oceania Qualification Tournament in Noumea, and receiving a continental spot for Oceania in the men's team under ITTF's Computer Team",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18342371",
"score": "1.0700326",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "Max Fricke",
"text": "at Olympic Park in Mildura). A week after Australian Championship, Fricke then went on to win his third straight Australian U/21 Championship at Loxford Park on 17 January, defeating Jack Holder and Brady Kurtz in a closely fought final. He was presented his winners trophy by Chris Holder who himself won a record four Aussie U/21 titles (Holder jointly holds the record with Leigh Adams). With his third win, Fricke now sits equal second for total U/21 wins with Travis McGowan and former dual Under-21 World Champion Darcy Ward. Fricke contested his first Under-21 World Championship in 2015, finishing the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17042730",
"score": "1.0685967",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "Virgil Soeroredjo",
"text": "2014. Internationally he was a triple champion at the Suriname International in 2008 winning all three categories Men's Singles, Men's Doubles and Mixed Doubles. In 2009 he won the Men's Singles and Men's Doubles titles at the Suriname International, in 2010 he won the Mixed Doubles title and in 2011 he won the Men's Doubles title at the Suriname International. In 2010 Virgil Soeroredjo & Mitchel Wongsodikromo reached the final at the Bill Graham Miami International and in 2011 they reached the semi-final of that same event. In 2011 Virgil Soeroredjo won both the Suriname International and the Carebaco International",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16681316",
"score": "1.0685894",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Jordan Thompson (tennis)",
"text": "Jordan Thompson (tennis) Jordan Thompson (born 20 April 1994) is an Australian professional tennis player, reaching a career high ranking of World No. 63 on 13 February 2017. He made his grand slam debut at the 2014 Australian Open after winning the Australian Open wild card play off on 15 December 2013. Thompson reached his first ATP quarterfinal at Brisbane in 2017, defeating David Ferrer en route. Thompson was born in Sydney and, along with tennis, grew up as an avid fan of rugby league. He supports the Wests Tigers in the National Rugby League. Thompson names Lleyton Hewitt as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17735244",
"score": "1.0681659",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
},
{
"title": "Daniel de la Rosa",
"text": "Rosa is the current Pan American Champion in Men's Singles, winning the title in San Luis Potosi, where he defeated American Jake Bredenbeck in the final 15-2, 15-1. That win was De La Rosa's 2nd Pan American Championship in Men's Singles. He won his first at age 17 in 2011, when De La Rosa narrowly defeated American Chris Crowther in the final, 12-15, 15-14, 11-9. De La Rosa has also been a Pan American Champion in Men's Doubles, as he and Edson Martinez won the 2014 Pan Am Championships beating Americans Jose Rojas and David Horn in the Men's Doubles",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18157971",
"score": "1.0641322",
"original_retrieval_index": 42
},
{
"title": "2015 Australian Open – Main Draw Wildcard Entries",
"text": "Wu Yibing and Gao Xinyu won the wild card entries into the Boys' and Girls' main events, respectively. The Australian Wildcard Playoff events took place in Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from Monday, December 15 to Sunday, December 21, 2014. A total of 16 male and 16 female Australian players took part in singles events, with Jordan Thompson and Daria Gavrilova gaining the Australian Open entry. Mixed Doubles event was played in a Round Robin format, where 11 teams competed in two groups. The top four mixed doubles teams then played in a knock-out tournament, where Sam Thompson and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18477242",
"score": "1.0637324",
"original_retrieval_index": 43
}
]
| {
"title": "2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles",
"long_answer": "Djokovic went on to win his fifth Australian Open title by defeating Murray once again, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3, 6–0. The defeat saw Murray lose the Australian Open final for the fourth time in his career, becoming the first man in the Open Era to achieve four runner-up finishes in Melbourne.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Djokovic went on to win his fifth Australian Open title by defeating Murray once again, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3, 6–0. The defeat saw Murray lose the Australian Open final for the fourth time in his career, becoming the first man in the Open Era to achieve four runner-up finishes in Melbourne.",
"short_answers": [
"Djokovic"
]
} |
who played mr. willoughby in sense and sensibility | [
"Matthew Gregory Wise"
]
| [
{
"title": "Greg Wise",
"text": "Matthew Gregory Wise (born 15 May 1966) is an English actor and producer. He has appeared in many British television works, as well as several feature films (notably the role of John Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility).",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
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},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "role of John Willoughby, Brandon's rival for Marianne's affections. Describing his character, Cooper said \"The way I tried to persuade myself he wasn't too bad was that he's a 25-year-old young guy and he genuinely falls in love with Marianne – he's not just doing it for one moment in time.\" Cooper said that he had fun working on the project. Janet McTeer and Lucy Boynton were cast as Mrs Dashwood and Margaret Dashwood respectively. Mark Gatiss portrayed John Dashwood; his casting was revealed in June 2007. Claire Skinner received the role of John's wife, Fanny, while Mark Williams was",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "16662647",
"score": "1.260608",
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},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "sumptuous townhouse. Sixteenth-century Montacute House in South Somerset was the setting for the Palmer estate of Cleveland House. Further scenes were shot at Compton Castle in Devon (Mr Willoughby's estate) and at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. Composer Patrick Doyle, who had previously worked with his friend Emma Thompson in the films \"Henry V\", \"Much Ado About Nothing\", and \"Dead Again\", was hired to produce the music for \"Sense and Sensibility\". Asked by the director to select existing music or compose new \"gentle\" melodies, Doyle wrote a score that reflected the film's events. He explained, \"You had this middle-class",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "1271542",
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},
{
"title": "John Willoughby",
"text": "John Willoughby John Willoughby is a fictional character in Jane Austen's 1811 novel \"Sense and Sensibility\". He is described as being a handsome young man with a small estate, but has expectations of inheriting his aunt's large estate. John Willoughby first appears in \"Sense and Sensibility\" when he rescues Marianne Dashwood after she falls down a hill and twists her ankle during a rainstorm. Because of this action, he is known as \"Marianne's Preserver\" by her younger sister, Margaret. After this action, Marianne Dashwood falls in love with him. Willoughby and Marianne obviously have strong sentiments of warmth and affection",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "13017586",
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},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "Jennings, invites her daughter and son-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Palmer, to visit. They bring with them Lucy Steele. Lucy confides in Elinor that she and Edward have been engaged secretly for five years. Mrs. Jennings takes Lucy, Elinor, and Marianne to London where they meet Willoughby at a ball. He greets Marianne uncomfortably and barely acknowledges their acquaintance, and they soon learn he is engaged to the extremely wealthy Miss Grey. Marianne becomes inconsolable. Colonel Brandon later explains to Elinor that Willoughby seduced and abandoned his ward Beth, the illegitimate daughter of his former love. When Willoughby's aunt and benefactress",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271508",
"score": "1.1053954",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "stop for the night at the country estate of the Palmers, who live near Willoughby's estate. Marianne cannot resist going to see the estate and becomes gravely ill walking in torrential rain. Colonel Brandon finds her in the rain and brings her home. Elinor stays at her side until she recovers, and the sisters return home. Colonel Brandon and Marianne begin spending time together as Marianne has a new appreciation for him. She admits to Elinor that even if Willoughby had chosen her, she was no longer convinced that love would have been enough to make him happy. The Dashwoods",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271510",
"score": "1.1020883",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "Marianne, but she believes he is too old for her. While out walking with Margaret, Marianne falls and twists her ankle. She is rescued by a young man, who carries her back to the cottage. He introduces himself as John Willoughby (Dominic Cooper), and states that he will return to check on Marianne the following day. Brandon also comes to visit, but upon seeing Willoughby, he quickly departs. Willoughby and Marianne grow close through their mutual love of poetry, and he later takes a lock of her hair. Mrs. Dashwood and Elinor begin to speculate on whether they have become",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662634",
"score": "1.0989376",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "Willoughby. The writer increased the male roles, so they could be turned into stronger characters. Davies told Hill that the team \"worked very hard\" on the men. Brandon is seen rescuing people and doing a lot of fast horse riding, while Edward was given a wood-chopping scene where he vents his frustrations about his engagement. Davies also made the Dashwood sisters younger and \"more vulnerable\" than how they were portrayed in Lee's film. Hattie Morahan, who portrayed Elinor in the drama, stated, \"We are trying to play the story as it was written. In the novel the girls are 19",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662643",
"score": "1.082777",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "cast as Sir John Middleton. Linda Bassett and Jean Marsh were given the roles of Mrs Jennings and Mrs Ferrars respectively. Robert Bianco from \"USA Today\" commented that both women were \"wonderfully cast\". Actresses Anna Madeley and Daisy Haggard portrayed Lucy Steele and her sister Anne, a character who was omitted from the 1995 film. \"Sense and Sensibility\" was shot entirely on location within England, mostly in the counties of Berkshire, Surrey, Buckinghamshire, and Devon. Filming began in April 2007 and lasted until early June. Blackpool Mill, a fifteenth-century cottage in north Devon, was turned into Barton Cottage, the home",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "16662648",
"score": "1.0752386",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "nature,\" as he had played \"Machiavellian types so effectively\" in other films. Greg Wise was cast as Marianne's other romantic interest, John Willoughby, his most noted role thus far. Twelve-year-old Emilie François, appearing as Margaret Dashwood, was one of the last people cast in the production; she had no professional acting experience. Thompson praised the young actress in her production diaries, \"Emilie has a natural quick intelligence that informs every movement – she creates spontaneity in all of us just by being there.\" Other cast members included Gemma Jones as Mrs. Dashwood, James Fleet as John Dashwood, Elizabeth Spriggs as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271527",
"score": "1.0651016",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "and director John Alexander have also taken some liberties by crafting scenes of the men together (something Austen herself never did) – having the steely Brandon, for example, pull Willoughby aside to question his intentions toward Marianne. Featuring a top-drawer cast, the filmmakers create several delicate moments – from Willoughby's elegant seduction of Marianne to the stoic Elinor's pining for the elusive Edward who, as played by Stevens, adorably stammers in a Hugh Grant-like way.\" Serena Davies from \"The Daily Telegraph\" praised the first episode, calling it \"faithful to the spirit of the book\" and stating that the series \"deftly",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662665",
"score": "1.0549486",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "side of Edward and Brandon, as they become father or brother figures to her. The film omits the characters of Lady Middleton and her children, as well as that of Ann Steele, Lucy's sister. When adapting the characters for film, Thompson found that in the novel, \"Edward and Brandon are quite shadowy and absent for long periods,\" and that \"making the male characters effective was one of the biggest problems. Willoughby is really the only male who springs out in three dimensions.\" Several major male characters in \"Sense and Sensibility\" were consequently altered significantly from the novel in an effort",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271551",
"score": "1.0546352",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "soon learn that Miss Steele has become Mrs. Ferrars and assume she is married to Edward. Later when Edward visits their house, they learn that Miss Steele jilted him in favor of his brother Robert. Edward proposes to and marries Elinor. Edward becomes a vicar under the patronage of Colonel Brandon, whom Marianne marries. Willoughby is seen watching their wedding from a distance, and then rides away. In 1989, Lindsay Doran, the new president of production company Mirage Enterprises, was on a company retreat brainstorming potential film ideas when she suggested the Jane Austen novel \"Sense and Sensibility\" to her",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271511",
"score": "1.0538906",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "her daughters move in and are frequent guests at Barton Park. The Dashwoods meet the older Colonel Brandon, who falls in love with Marianne at first sight. However, Marianne considers him incapable of feeling love or inspiring it in another. One afternoon, Marianne takes a walk with Margaret and slips and falls in the rain. She is carried home by the dashing John Willoughby, with whom Marianne falls in love. They spend a great deal of time together, but on the morning she expects him to propose marriage to her, he instead leaves hurriedly for London. Sir John's mother-in-law, Mrs.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271507",
"score": "1.0369692",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "1995, though some of the actors met with Thompson the previous year to help her conceptualise the script. Lee eventually cast all but one of them: Hugh Grant (as Edward Ferrars), Robert Hardy (as Sir John Middleton), Harriet Walter (as Fanny Ferrars Dashwood), Imelda Staunton (as Charlotte Jennings Palmer), and Hugh Laurie (as Mr. Palmer). Amanda Root had also worked with Thompson on the screenplay, but had already committed to star in the 1995 film \"Persuasion\". Commenting on the casting of Laurie, whom she had known for years, Thompson has said, \"There is no one [else] on the planet who",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271524",
"score": "1.0353199",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "John Willoughby",
"text": "and guilt concerning his actions toward Marianne, and showed himself to be capable of falling in love. In contrast, Wickham was very calculating in his behaviour and never demonstrated any regret regarding his treatment of Georgiana or Lydia, or embarrassment about his lies to Elizabeth. John Willoughby John Willoughby is a fictional character in Jane Austen's 1811 novel \"Sense and Sensibility\". He is described as being a handsome young man with a small estate, but has expectations of inheriting his aunt's large estate. John Willoughby first appears in \"Sense and Sensibility\" when he rescues Marianne Dashwood after she falls down",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13017596",
"score": "1.0297899",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "David Morrissey",
"text": "it confounded the expectations of both him and the audience. The series was broadcast in Britain and America in 2007. The following year, he played the part of Colonel Brandon in Andrew Davies' serial \"Sense and Sensibility\". When he first got the script in 2007, he was unsure if British television needed another Jane Austen adaptation, but he took the role when he saw how Davies had given more screen time to the male characters than they get in the 1995 film adaptation. He also appeared as Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk in \"The Other Boleyn Girl\" (2008). He compared",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3107737",
"score": "1.0295312",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "becomes inconsolable. Brandon calls on the Dashwoods and explains to Elinor that Willoughby seduced then abandoned his young ward, Eliza Williams, who has given birth to his child. Mrs. Ferrars (Jean Marsh) learns of Edward's engagement to Lucy and threatens to disinherit him unless he calls it off, but Edward refuses. Brandon later offers him a living on his estate at Delaford, which Edward gladly accepts. While staying with Mrs. Jennings' daughter, Marianne goes walking in a storm and collapses. Brandon finds her and brings her home, where she falls seriously ill with a fever. During Marianne's recovery, Willoughby comes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662637",
"score": "1.0244257",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "Mrs. Jennings, Imogen Stubbs as Lucy Steele, Richard Lumsden as Robert Ferrars, Tom Wilkinson as Mr. Dashwood, and Lone Vidahl as Miss Grey. According to Austen scholar Linda Troost, the costumes used in \"Sense and Sensibility\" helped emphasise the class and status of the various characters, particularly among the Dashwoods. They were created by Jenny Beavan and John Bright, a team of designers best known for Merchant Ivory films who began working together in 1984. The two attempted to create accurate period dress, and featured the \"fuller, classical look and colours of the late 18th century.\" They found inspiration in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271528",
"score": "1.0237588",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "secretly engaged. Brandon invites the Dashwoods and the Middletons to a party on his estate at Delaford, but before the trip can take place, he is called away on urgent business. Willoughby requests a private audience with both Mrs. Dashwood and Marianne, leading them both to expect that he will propose. However, Willoughby reveals that his aunt is sending him on business to London, and he may not be able to return to Devonshire for at least a year. Shortly after Willoughby's departure, Edward comes to visit, and the Dashwoods notice that he appears to be unhappy and distant. Mrs.",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "16662635",
"score": "1.0219966",
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},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "several more scenes, finishing there on 29 April. The second location of filming, Flete House, stood in for part of Mrs. Jennings' London estate, where Edward first sees Elinor with Lucy. Representing Barton Cottage was a Flete Estate stone cottage, which Thompson called \"one of the most beautiful spots we've ever seen.\" Early May saw production at the \"exquisite\" village church in Berry Pomeroy for the final wedding scene. From the tenth to the twelfth of May, Marianne's first rescue sequence, depicting her encounter with Willoughby, was shot. Logistics were difficult, as the scene was set upon a hill during",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271540",
"score": "1.0108161",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Willoughby Gray",
"text": "as Felicity Gray, (nee Margaret Andraea) was a choreographer, speaker and writer on ballet, who notably taught Gene Tierney for her role in \"Never Let Me Go\". Willoughby Gray John Willoughby Gray MBE (5 November 1916 – 13 February 1993) was an English actor of stage and screen. Willoughby Gray was born in London to his mother, Mary Henderson; his father, John Gray, was killed in action in Iraq soon after his birth. In 1918 Mary remarried and Willoughby became the stepson of Lieutenant General Henry Pownall. Gray served with distinction during the Second World War with GHQ Liaison Regiment",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6644355",
"score": "1.0089154",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "significant alterations to the characters of Elinor and Marianne Dashwood: in the novel, the former embodies \"sense\", i.e. \"sensible\" in our terms, and the latter, \"sensibility\", i.e. \"sensitivity\" in our terms. Audience members are meant to view self-restrained Elinor as the person in need of reform, rather than her impassioned sister. To heighten the contrast between them, Marianne and Willoughby's relationship includes an \"erotic\" invented scene in which the latter requests a lock of her hair – a direct contrast to Elinor's \"reserved relationship\" with Edward. Lee also distinguishes them through imagery – Marianne is often seen with musical instruments,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271549",
"score": "0.9984611",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "one of the first scenes cut during editing: the original version was over three hours, Lee was less interested in the story's romance, and Thompson found a kissing scene to be inappropriate. The scene was included in marketing materials and the film trailer. Thompson and Doran also cut out a scene depicting Willoughby as remorseful when Marianne is sick. Doran said that despite it \"being one of the great scenes in book history,\" they could not get it to fit into the film. Tim Squyres edited the film, his fourth collaboration with Ang Lee. He reflected in 2013 about the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271547",
"score": "0.99814063",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "The actor revealed to a BBC journalist that he had really wanted the part and was excited by the challenge of the character. Stevens became ill with tonsillitis during the shoot, and quipped that there are very few shots of him in full health still in the series. David Morrissey portrayed Colonel Brandon. The actor was sent the script by his agent, and he initially questioned whether another Austen adaptation was needed. However, he then read the script and thought it was \"just brilliant\", especially as Davies had added more scenes featuring the male characters. Dominic Cooper took on the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662646",
"score": "0.99805474",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "Many of the cast took lessons in etiquette and riding side-saddle. Lee found that in contrast to Chinese cinema, he had to dissuade many of the actors from using a \"very stagy, very English tradition. Instead of just being observed like a human being and getting sympathy, they feel they have to do things, they have to carry the movie.\" Grant in particular often had to be restrained from giving an \"over-the-top\" performance; Lee later recalled that the actor is \"a show stealer. You can't stop that. I let him do, I have to say, less 'star' stuff, the Hugh",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271537",
"score": "0.99805456",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "novel during an interview with Paul Carey from the \"Western Mail\", calling Austen his \"favourite novelist\". He also admitted that due to the acclaim he received for his adaptation of \"Pride and Prejudice\", there was pressure on him to get \"Sense and Sensibility\" right. Davies later stated that the aim of the miniseries was to make viewers forget about Ang Lee's 1995 film adaptation of the novel. The opening episode of \"Sense and Sensibility\" features the moment Willoughby seduces Eliza, a young schoolgirl. Davies told Carey and Claire Hill from the \"Western Mail\" that he wanted \"to do justice\" to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662640",
"score": "0.9932187",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (film)",
"text": "Davies, the screenwriter of \"Pride and Prejudice\", adapted \"Sense and Sensibility\" for television. As a reaction to what he said was Lee's overly \"sentimental\" film, this production features events found in the novel but excluded from Thompson's screenplay, such as Willoughby's seduction of Eliza and his duel with Brandon. It also features actors closer to the ages in the source material. \"Sense and Sensibility\" has maintained its popularity into the twenty-first century. In 2004, Louise Flavin referred to the 1995 film as \"the most popular of the Austen film adaptations,\" and in 2008, \"The Independent\" ranked it as the third-best",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1271575",
"score": "0.97703886",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility",
"text": "Brandon an old bachelor, incapable of falling in love or inspiring love in anyone. While out for a walk, Marianne gets caught in the rain, slips, and sprains her ankle. The dashing John Willoughby sees the accident and assists her, picking her up and carrying her back to her home. After his rescue of her, Marianne quickly comes to admire his good looks and his similar tastes in poetry, music, art, and love. His attentions, and Marianne's behaviour, lead Elinor and Mrs Dashwood to suspect that the couple are secretly engaged. Elinor cautions Marianne against her unguarded conduct, but Marianne",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "382974",
"score": "0.9767623",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Sense and Sensibility (2008 TV series)",
"text": "Jennings' nieces, Lucy (Anna Madeley) and Anne Steele (Daisy Haggard), come to Barton Park. When Lucy learns that the Dashwoods are acquainted with the Ferrars, Lucy confides in Elinor that she and Edward have been secretly engaged for four years, news that devastates Elinor. Mrs. Jennings invites Elinor and Marianne to spend some time with her in London, and Marianne hopes she will see Willoughby. However, he does not visit or reply to her letters. During a party, Marianne finds Willoughby, but he barely acknowledges their acquaintance. Marianne later learns that he is engaged to the wealthy Miss Grey and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16662636",
"score": "0.9713076",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Greg Wise",
"long_answer": "Matthew Gregory Wise (born 15 May 1966) is an English actor and producer. He has appeared in many British television works, as well as several feature films (notably the role of John Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility).",
"chunked_long_answer": "Matthew Gregory Wise (born 15 May 1966) is an English actor and producer. He has appeared in many British television works, as well as several feature films (notably the role of John Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility).",
"short_answers": [
"Matthew Gregory Wise"
]
} |
when did the soviet union start and end | [
"in Eurasia"
]
| [
{
"title": "Soviet Union",
"text": "The Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] ( listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] ( listen)), abbreviated as USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Russian",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Contemporary history",
"text": "would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various Western European countries began a containment policy for communism and forged alliances to this end, including NATO. The conflict included defense spending, a conventional and nuclear arms race, and various proxy wars; the two superpowers never fought one another directly. The post-1989 world saw the end of the totalitarian regimes of the Cold War and the ending of client state status for many states. The Cold war was effectively ended by the Revolutions of 1989, and the Malta Summit on December 3, 1989. The Soviet Union was dissolved on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10073075",
"score": "1.0314758",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Project Vista",
"text": "Europe, United States, and NATO was the Soviet Union. The report was buried after its release, and was only partially declassified in 1980. When the Cold War started, the fear of Communism was on the rise in the western world. The Cold War had initiated an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union which would continue for decades. In 1950, communist North Korea started the Korean War when they invaded South Korea, fueling the fear among western countries of growing communism in the world. Seeing the communist invasion of South Korea, European countries, NATO and especially the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20025645",
"score": "1.0300099",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Soviet Union",
"text": "same year, the USSR, in fulfillment of its agreement with the Allies at the Yalta Conference, denounced the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1945 and invaded Manchukuo and other Japan-controlled territories on 9 August 1945. This conflict ended with a decisive Soviet victory, contributing to the unconditional surrender of Japan and the end of World War II. The Soviet Union suffered greatly in the war, losing around 27 million people. Approximately 2.8 million Soviet POWs died of starvation, mistreatment, or executions in just eight months of 1941–42. During the war, the Soviet Union together with the United States, the United",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "363780",
"score": "1.0215433",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union",
"text": "devastated much of the USSR with about one out of every three World War II deaths representing a citizen of the Soviet Union. After World War II the Soviet Union's armies occupied Central and Eastern Europe, where socialist governments took power. By 1949 the Cold War had started between the Western Bloc and the Eastern (Soviet) Bloc, with the Warsaw Pact pitched against NATO in Europe. After 1945 Stalin did not directly engage in any wars. Stalin continued his totalitarian rule until his death in 1953. In the USSR, the eleven-year period from the death of Joseph Stalin (1953) to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17100541",
"score": "1.0144055",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict",
"text": "stopped military operations, the Soviet Union would get involved. In the following six days Israel achieved massive victories, until the war ended on June 10, 1967 with a cease-fire. The role the USSR played in the June 1967 war, between the State of Israel and the surrounding Arab countries, remains fiercely debated. Some scholars have argued that Moscow started the war in order to further its position in the area and increase Arab reliance on Soviet Aid. Expanding on the notion that a key goal of the Soviet Union in the Middle East in the 1960s was to expand its",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6852008",
"score": "1.0142678",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)",
"text": "Army by two oceans as opposed to a short land border, was insensitive to the people of Germany and other countries. Moreover, the memory of World War II was still strong and many Germans could not forget the destruction and mass rapes committed by Soviet troops in the closing days of that conflict. This attitude was helped along by the Reagan Administration's comments that a war between NATO and the Warsaw Pact would not necessarily result in the use of nuclear weapons. Andropov's health declined rapidly during the tense summer and fall of 1983, and he became the first Soviet",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "93231",
"score": "1.0034082",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Terrorism and the Soviet Union",
"text": "the order of the Russian President in the event of hostilities, including poisoning public drinking-water supplies and food processing plants. At the end of the 1980s, the Soviet Union \"was the only country in the world that could start and win a global biological war, something we had already established that the West was not ready for,\" according to Kouzminov. Terrorism and the Soviet Union The Soviet Union and some communist states have been accused on numerous occasions of sponsoring international terrorism especially during the Cold War. NATO and also the Italian, German and British governments saw violence in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12682060",
"score": "1.0007911",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)",
"text": "in the Afghan Democratic Republic also intensified, but in the late autumn of 1984 the United States and the Soviet Union did agree to resume arms control talks in early 1985. The war in Afghanistan, often referred to as the Soviet Union's \"Vietnam War\", led to increased public dissatisfaction with the Communist regime. Also, the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 added motive force to Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika reforms, which eventually spiraled out of control and caused the Soviet system to collapse. After years of stagnation, the \"new thinking\" (Anatoli Cherniaev, 2008: 131) of younger Communist apparatchik began to emerge. Following",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "93236",
"score": "0.99598396",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Cold War (1985–1991)",
"text": "to handle and capitalist changes to the economy were badly transitioned and caused major problems. The Cold War came to an end when the last war of Soviet occupation ended in Afghanistan, the Berlin Wall came down in Germany, and a series of mostly peaceful revolutions swept the Soviet Bloc states of eastern Europe in 1989. After the deaths of three successive elderly Soviet leaders since 1982, the Soviet Politburo elected Gorbachev Communist Party General Secretary in March 1985, marking the rise of a new generation of leadership. Under Gorbachev, relatively young reform-oriented technocrats, who had begun their careers in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7103010",
"score": "0.9944221",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Origins of the Cold War",
"text": "Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan. The immediate end of war material shipments from America to the USSR after the surrender of Germany also upset some politicians in Moscow, who believed this showed the U.S. had no intentions to support the USSR any more than they had to. After the war, Stalin sought to secure the Soviet Union's western border by installing communist-dominated regimes under Soviet influence in bordering countries. During and in the years immediately after the war, the Soviet Union annexed several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Many of these",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2488526",
"score": "0.9926842",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Leonid Brezhnev",
"text": "of some type could be found between the two countries, with the U.S. hoping that the signing of SALT I and an increase in Soviet–U.S. trade would stop the aggressive growth of communism in the third world. This did not happen, and the Soviet Union started funding the communist guerillas who fought actively against the U.S. during the Vietnam War. The U.S. ended the Vietnam War in a stalemate and lost Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam to communism. After Gerald Ford lost the presidential election to Jimmy Carter, American foreign policies became more hostile towards the Soviet Union and the communist",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "604247",
"score": "0.9859806",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Red Army",
"text": "Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939—three months after the start of World War II and the Soviet invasion of Poland, and ended on 13 March 1940 with the Moscow Peace Treaty. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union on 14 December 1939. The Soviet forces led by Semyon Timoshenko had three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many tanks. The Red Army, however, had been crippled by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937, reducing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "346640",
"score": "0.9859617",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Brezhnev Doctrine",
"text": "Wall. The Brezhnev Doctrine coming to a close, was perhaps the beginning of the end for one of the strongest empires in the world's history, the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was not the only Socialist country to intervene militarily in fellow Socialist countries. Vietnam deposed the Khmer Rogue in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War of 1978, which was followed by a revenge Chinese invasion of Vietnam in the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979. This doctrine was even furthermore a problem in the view of the United Nations. The UN's first problem was that it permits use of force. This is a clear",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "60065",
"score": "0.98572147",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"text": "land army in history by the end of the war, and having the most powerful military production capabilities. Although the Soviet Union received aid and weapons from the United States under the Lend-Lease program, the Soviet production of war materials was greater than that of Nazi Germany because of rapid growth of Soviet industrial production during the interwar years (additional supplies from lend-lease accounted for about 10–12% of the Soviet Union's own industrial output). The Second Five Year Plan raised steel production to 18 million tons and coal to 128 million tons. Before it was interrupted, the Third Five Year",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2638505",
"score": "0.985685",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Cold War (1985–1991)",
"text": "the resolution of Third World conflicts, and the promotion of peace and democracy (referred to by President Bush as a \"New World Order\".) Between the Malta Summit and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union negotiations on several arms control agreements began, resulting in agreements such as START I and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Additionally, the United States, still believing the Soviet Union would continue to exist in the long term, began to take steps to create a positive long-term relationship. This new relationship was demonstrated by the joint American-Soviet opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The Soviet Union voted in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7103021",
"score": "0.9853613",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)",
"text": "Marshall Goldman—one of the leading experts on the economy of the Soviet Union—in his latest book. He pointed out that the Saudis decreased their production of oil in 1985 (it reached a 16-year low), whereas the peak of oil production was reached in 1980. They increased the production of oil in 1986, reduced it in 1987 with a subsequent increase in 1988, but not to the levels of 1980 when production reached its highest level. The real increase happened in 1990, by which time the Cold War was almost over. In his book he asked why, if Saudi Arabia had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "93250",
"score": "0.98502815",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Soviet Union in World War II",
"text": "the total Allied war machine would eventually stop Germany, and with Lend Lease from the West, the Soviets stopped the Wehrmacht some 30 kilometres from Moscow. Over the next four years, the Soviet Union repulsed Axis offensives, such as at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk, and pressed forward to victory in large Soviet offensives, such as the Vistula–Oder Offensive. The bulk of Soviet fighting took place on the Eastern Front—including a continued war with Finland—but it also invaded Iran (August 1941) in cooperation with the British and late in the war attacked Japan (August 1945), with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13054026",
"score": "0.9849114",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Soviet Union–United States relations",
"text": "the Soviet Union declared the Cold War over, and in 1991, the two were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq, a longtime Soviet ally. On 31 July 1991, the START I treaty cutting the number of deployed nuclear warheads of both countries was signed by Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. President George Bush. However, many consider the Cold War to have truly ended in late 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Soviet Union–United States relations The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) succeeded the previous relations",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9705256",
"score": "0.9819225",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)",
"text": "the death penalty because his desire to kill Brezhnev was considered so absurd that he was sent to the Kazan mental asylum instead for treatment. The Soviet Union launched a large military build-up in 1965 by expanding both nuclear and conventional arsenals. The Soviet leadership believed a strong military would be useful leverage in negotiating with foreign powers, and increase the Eastern Bloc's security from attacks. In the 1970s, the Soviet leadership concluded that a war with the capitalist countries might not necessarily become nuclear, and therefore they initiated a rapid expansion of the country's conventional forces. Due to the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15404663",
"score": "0.9808912",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Leonid Brezhnev",
"text": "to satisfy Soviet consumers and lead to an even higher standard of living. This did not happen. During 1928–1973, the Soviet Union was growing economically at a pace that would eventually catch up with the United States and Western Europe. However, objective comparisons are difficult. The USSR was hampered by the effects of World War II, which had left most of Western USSR in ruins, however Western aid and Soviet espionage in the period 1941-1945 (culminating in cash, material and equipment deliveries for military and industrial purposes) had allowed the Russians to leapfrog many Western economies in the development of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "604224",
"score": "0.9807741",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Soviet Union",
"text": "The following day, the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body of the Soviet Union, voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence. This is generally recognized as marking the official, final dissolution of the Soviet Union as a functioning state, and the end of the Cold War. The Soviet Army originally remained under overall CIS command, but was soon absorbed into the different military forces of the newly independent states. The few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased to function by the end of 1991. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "363799",
"score": "0.9803754",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Brezhnev Doctrine",
"text": "both sides of the conflict. Hungarians resented the end of the reformation, and the Soviets wanted to avoid a similar crisis from occurring again anywhere in the socialist camp. When the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ended, the Soviets adopted the mindset that governments supporting both Communism and capitalism must coexist, and more importantly, build relations. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union called for a peaceful coexistence, where the war between the United States and Soviet Union would come to a close. This ideal, further stressed that all people are equal, and own the right to solve the problems of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "60045",
"score": "0.97981495",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)",
"text": "such an effect on Soviet oil prices, did prices not fall in 1980 when the production of oil by Saudi Arabia reached its highest level—three times as much oil as in the mid-eighties—and why did the Saudis wait till 1990 to increase their production, five years after the CIA's supposed intervention? Why didn't the Soviet Union collapse in 1980 then? However, this theory ignores the fact that the Soviet Union had already suffered several important setbacks during \"reactive and defensive strategy\" of \"containment\". In 1972, Nixon normalized US relations with China, thus creating pressure on the Soviet Union. In 1979,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "93251",
"score": "0.9797889",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Soviet Union",
"text": "Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, starting what was known in the USSR as the \"Great Patriotic War\". The Red Army stopped the seemingly invincible German Army at the Battle of Moscow, aided by an unusually harsh winter. The Battle of Stalingrad, which lasted from late 1942 to early 1943, dealt a severe blow to the Germans from which they never fully recovered and became a turning point in the war. After Stalingrad, Soviet forces drove through Eastern Europe to Berlin before Germany surrendered in 1945. The German Army suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "363779",
"score": "0.9775114",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union",
"text": "tons [of oil] over the plan.\" Former prime minister Yegor Gaidar, an economist looking back three decades, in 2007 wrote: The history of the Soviet Union from 1982 through 1991, spans the period from Leonid Brezhnev's death and funeral until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Due to the years of Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic development, economic growth stagnated. Failed attempts at reform, a standstill economy, and the success of the United States against the Soviet Union's forces in the war in Afghanistan led to a general feeling of discontent, especially in the Baltic republics and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17100548",
"score": "0.9757781",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Soviet Union",
"text": "the Soviet Union and the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States of America. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the de-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "363751",
"score": "0.9756628",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Marxism–Leninism",
"text": "1943) and at the eleven-day Battle of Kursk (5–16 April 1943); and afterwards repelled the Nazi and Fascist occupation armies from Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe until decisive defeat in Germany proper, with the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation (16 April–2 May 1945). On concluding the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), the Soviet Union was a military superpower who had a say in the geopolitical order of the world. In that vein and in accordance with the three-power Yalta Agreement (4–11 February 1945), the Soviet Union purged native Fascist collaborators from the Eastern European countries occupied by the Axis Powers",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "281710",
"score": "0.97527236",
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},
{
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)",
"text": "molding Soviet society. Stalin's brutal methods in achieving his goals, which included party purges, political repression of the general population, and forced collectivization, led to millions of deaths: in Gulag labor camps and during man-made famine. World War II, known as \"the Great Patriotic War\" in the Soviet Union, devastated much of the USSR, with about one out of every three World War II deaths representing a citizen of the Soviet Union. After World War II, the Soviet Union's armies occupied Eastern Europe, where they established or supported puppet Communist regimes. By 1949, the Cold War had started between the",
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{
"title": "Foreign relations of the Soviet Union",
"text": "with Syria and that an invasion was planned for May 18 to May 22. At this time, the USSR also began to publish accusations against Israel in order to cement the defensive unity of the UAR and Syria. On June 5, 1967, the Six-Day War began. During the war, the UAR asked the Soviet Union for more arms, but the Soviet Union denied its request because it wanted the war to end. The war ended in the defeat of the UAR and Syria on June 10. Once the war was over, though, the Soviet Union was satisfied with the state",
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| {
"title": "Soviet Union",
"long_answer": "The Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] ( listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] ( listen)), abbreviated as USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Russian nation had constitutionally equal status among the many nations of the union but exerted de facto dominance in various respects. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] ( listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] ( listen)), abbreviated as USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The Russian",
"short_answers": [
"in Eurasia"
]
} |
who is the character of santa claus based on | [
"Saint Nicholas",
"Father Christmas",
"Sinterklaas",
"Wodan"
]
| [
{
"title": "Santa Claus",
"text": "Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Kris Kringle, Father Christmas, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved (\"good\" or \"nice\") children on Christmas Eve (24 December) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
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},
{
"title": "Santa Claus in film",
"text": "Rooney as the voice of Kris, reveals how Santa delivered toys to children despite the fact that the evil Burgermeister Meisterburger had forbidden children to play with them; and the second, \"The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus\" (1985), based on L. Frank Baum's 1902 children's book of the same name, follows Santa's being reared by a collection of mythical creatures who grant him immortality. Another animated version of Baum's book was made by Glen Hill in 2000, and the book also served as the basis for an anime series, \"Shounen Santa no Daibôken\" (\"Young Santa's Adventures\") in 1994 and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8095282",
"score": "1.1165911",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus Is a Stinker",
"text": "US film \"Mixed Nuts\". Santa Claus Is a Stinker Santa Claus Is a Stinker or Le père Noël est une ordure is a cult French comedy play created in 1979 by the troupe Le Splendid and turned into a film directed by Jean-Marie Poiré in 1982. Pierre a stuffy, self-righteous volunteer at a telephone helpline for depressed people and his well-meaning but naïve co-worker Thérèse, are stuck with the Christmas Eve shift in the Paris office, much to their displeasure. The building's lift is malfunctioning, and they receive visits from unwanted callers: Katia, a depressed transvestite who tries to hit",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13684892",
"score": "1.104568",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus Is a Stinker",
"text": "Santa Claus Is a Stinker Santa Claus Is a Stinker or Le père Noël est une ordure is a cult French comedy play created in 1979 by the troupe Le Splendid and turned into a film directed by Jean-Marie Poiré in 1982. Pierre a stuffy, self-righteous volunteer at a telephone helpline for depressed people and his well-meaning but naïve co-worker Thérèse, are stuck with the Christmas Eve shift in the Paris office, much to their displeasure. The building's lift is malfunctioning, and they receive visits from unwanted callers: Katia, a depressed transvestite who tries to hit on Pierre, M. Preskovic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13684889",
"score": "1.1011658",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Tiffany Claus",
"text": "Tiffany Claus Tiffany Claus (born July 14, 1980) is an American actress, model, classically trained mezzo-soprano vocalist, and professional oil painter. She is best known for her resemblance to actress Angelina Jolie. Claus is a professional Jolie impersonator, body double and stand-in. She is of German and Russian heritage. She studied fine art and music and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Art and Design with a minor in Art History. She pursued a degree in Art Therapy before becoming an actress. She is most recently known for films such as \"Meet the Spartans\" (2008) and National",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12845131",
"score": "1.0929469",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus in film",
"text": "her that indeed there is a Santa: \"He lives, and he lives forever.\" Francis Pharcellus Church was the real-life editor and is played by Charles Bronson in the film. \"The Polar Express\" (2004), based on the children's book of the same name, also deals with issues and questions of belief as a magical train conducted by Tom Hanks transports a doubting boy to the North Pole to visit Santa Claus. Some less-than-serious films feature Santa Claus as a superhero-type figure, such as the 1959 film titled \"Santa Claus\" produced in Mexico with José Elías Moreno as Santa Claus. In this",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8095285",
"score": "1.0879031",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus in film",
"text": "Another recent devious mall Santa was played by Billy Bob Thornton in \"Bad Santa\" (2003), a film which gained normally family-friendly Disney \"bad press\". Tim Burton's stop-action animated musical film, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993), depicts Jack Skellington, the Pumpkin King of Halloween Town, wanting to become Santa Claus after an accidental visit to Christmas Town. After the mostly well-meaning but clueless Halloween citizens capture Santa, they try to take over Christmas with disastrous results; the real Santa is almost killed by the Oogie Boogie Man. Santa is voiced here by Ed Ivory, and in the video game spin-offs, Corey",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8095296",
"score": "1.081681",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "The Story of Santa Claus",
"text": "The Story of Santa Claus The Story of Santa Claus is a 1996 animated television special directed by Toby Bluth. It features the voices of Ed Asner, Betty White, and Tim Curry. The special presents an origin story for Santa Claus, who is depicted as a man named Nicholas Claus who wishes to give every child in the world a gift for Christmas. The elves of the North Pole become obligated to grant his wish, facing great obstacles. The story opens in \"Europe, a long time ago\". Nicholas Claus, nicknamed \"Santa\" by his wife Gretchen, is a toymaker who wishes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16167177",
"score": "1.0754551",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Mr. Bingle",
"text": "Mr. Bingle Mr. Bingle is a fictional character, a snowman assistant to Santa Claus. The figure consisted of a snowman's body with an ice cream cone hat, candy cane in hand, red ribbon with bells and holly wings. Originating as a mascot of the Maison Blanche department store in New Orleans, Louisiana, the character was later marketed in New Orleans and elsewhere by Mercantile Stores and Dillard's, and it remains part of the popular culture of the Greater New Orleans area. Mr. Bingle was originally conceived by Emile Alline, an employee of Maison Blanche, in 1947. Mister Bingle shared the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4335645",
"score": "1.0718474",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus and the Magic Drum",
"text": "and his wife Tarja Kunnas, the illustrator Sami Toivonen and the cartoonist Kari Korhonen participated in the designing of the animation. The animation work of the film was subcontracted to a Hungarian animation studio Funny Films, operating in Pécs, and involved 50 people. While reading his usual gift wish mail Santa Claus stumbles upon an unusual letter which everyone assume to be a gift wish letter from a boy called Vekara. Santa Claus can not decide what kind of gift the letter, which is a child's drawing, asks for, so he and his two helpers Noora and Ville decide to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20469209",
"score": "1.0674701",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus in film",
"text": "rob the Whos in Whoville of their Christmas, but has a change of heart. This animated feature was made into a live-action movie in 2000, directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch. Another less-than-friendly impostor appears in \"A Christmas Story\" (1983) as a disgruntled mall Santa at Higbee's Department Store (a real store in downtown Cleveland, Ohio) in the fictional town of Holman, Indiana. Played by Jeff Gillen, Santa is depicted as a larger-than-life figure who terrifies, rather than amuses, children. Gillen's performance lends credence to the theory that the mall Santa is not quite genuine.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8095295",
"score": "1.0640278",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus",
"text": "is Nicholas spreading information about the immortals far and wide, to the point he never coins the term \"dolly\", just mass-produces \"Neciles\". Dixie Carter portrayed Necile and Hal Holbrook played Ak, who chooses Christmas as the day of Claus's yearly rides for its significance, much to the delight of Wil Knook, for the same reasoning as in the book. Misha Segal provides a Celtic-inflected score, with song lyrics by Harriet Schock. The kidnapping of Claus by the Awgwas is the basis of the \"Oz Kids\" video, \"Who Stole Santa?\", which appears to draw no material from \"A Kidnapped Santa Claus\".",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6406915",
"score": "1.0609062",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus in film",
"text": "(Maureen O'Hara) employs a kind old man (Edmund Gwenn, who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor) to play Santa Claus at Macy's; he later convinces Susan that he really is Santa. This film was remade in 1994 and stars Richard Attenborough as Kris Kringle and Mara Wilson as Susan Walker. The television special, \"Yes Virginia There Is A Santa Claus\" (1991), follows the true story of a young girl, Virginia O'Hanlon, who writes a letter to the editor of the \"New York Sun\" in 1897 after her friends tell her there is no Santa. The newspaper editor tells",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8095284",
"score": "1.0581295",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Rankin/Bass Productions",
"text": "Mrs. Claus, Mickey Rooney, returning as the voice of Santa Claus, and supporting characters Snow Miser (voiced by Dick Shawn) and Heat Miser (voiced by George S. Irving). It was the first Rankin/Bass \"Animagic\" production in which Akikazu Kono — another animator, shares his supervision with puppet maker Ichiro Komuro. It was remade as a poorly received live action TV movie shown on NBC in 2006 starring Delta Burke and John Goodman as Mrs. Claus and Santa. Throughout the 1970s, Rankin/Bass, with Video Tokyo and Toru Hara's Topcraft, continued to produce animated sequels to its classic specials, including the teaming",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3016839",
"score": "1.0547746",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus",
"text": "Kringle. Essayist David Sedaris is known for the satirical SantaLand Diaries he kept while working as an elf in the Macy's display, which were turned into a famous radio segment and later published. In Canada, malls operated by Oxford Properties established a process by which autistic children could visit Santa Claus at the mall without having to contend with crowds. The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children, who have a private visit with Santa Claus. In 2012, the Southcentre Mall in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service. There are schools offering",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9439685",
"score": "1.0486072",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Joulutarina",
"text": "but Nikolas is clever and quick to learn, and Iisakki gradually grows to love Nikolas as his own son. Nikolas begins to live more and more for the spirit of Christmas with each passing year and it becomes his life and as he grows old he becomes the figure known as Santa Claus. Joulutarina Joulutarina (English title: \"Christmas Story\") is a 2007 Finnish christmas drama film directed by Juha Wuolijoki. It is the story of how an orphan called Nikolas became Santa Claus. The Finnish premiere was on 16 November 2007. It was largely shot on location in Utsjoki. Many",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12690891",
"score": "1.0478075",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Nilus the Sandman: The Boy Who Dreamed Christmas",
"text": "sitting around and looking depressed. Peter and Nilus discover that Santa has been forced out of work by a robotic clown called the Toymaster whom Santa and his elves originally created as a helper so they could mass-produce toys more efficiently to satisfy children's increasing demand for more toys. The Toymaster gives Peter, Nilus, and Santa a tour of his industrialized high-tech toy factory located underneath Santa's workshop. They see that the Toymaster forces the elves to work to exhaustion amongst a web of assembly lines and conveyor belts controlled by computers, and that the sleigh and reindeer have been",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18556554",
"score": "1.046109",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus",
"text": "uses an ampersand for the title, features Robby Benson as \"Nicholas\", who plays a bigger part in this film than in the earlier version. Claus at his very oldest is portrayed by Jim Cummings. While the Rankin-Bass production made the sequence with the Awgwas a centerpiece, in this film, they become running villains, and the story is structured around the upcoming battle. The 1939 film \"The Wizard of Oz\", with its expansion of the role of The Wicked Witch of the West into a running villain, seems to have been adhered to quite closely as a model for the Awgwas'",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6406912",
"score": "1.0447849",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus Is a Stinker",
"text": "who lives in the same building and always turns up unexepectedly to offer them various unappetizing pastries and Josette, a heavily pregnant woman on the run from her violent fiancé Félix. Félix is working as a Santa Claus during the season and turns up on her trail in costume and brandishing a gun. Félix and Josette, a caricature trailer trash couple, end up struggling over the gun and accidentally shooting dead the lift repairman, whom they then butcher and feed to zoo animals. The famous pastries used in the film are a creation of Josiane Balasko who had traveled to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13684890",
"score": "1.0418086",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1985 film)",
"text": "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1985 film) The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus is a 1985 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions and based on the 1902 children's book \"The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus\" by L. Frank Baum, the writer of \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\". The special first aired December 17, 1985 on CBS in the United States, and December 24, 1986 on TV Asahi in Japan under the title Santa's Secret and Great Adventure (サンタの秘密と大冒険, lit. \"Santa no Himitsu to Dai Bōken\"). This was Rankin/Bass' final \"Animagic\" stop motion",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12919798",
"score": "1.0408355",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus",
"text": "American cartoonist of the 19th century. In 1863, a picture of Santa illustrated by Nast appeared in \"Harper's Weekly\". Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of \"Harper's Weekly\". Santa was dressed in an American flag, and had a puppet with the name \"Jeff\" written on it, reflecting its Civil War context. The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation. His Christmas image in the \"Harper's\" issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled \"Santa Claus and His Works\", which included",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9439659",
"score": "1.0403738",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Arthur Rankin Jr.",
"text": "to directing, Rankin primarily created the script and sketched the character concepts, which would be made into the wooden puppets by Japanese artists, including head supervisor and partner, Tadahito Mochinaga. Maury Laws, a musical director for Rankin/Bass, stated that Rankin was inspired by the film \"King Kong\", and that Rankin \"wanted every detail right\" in creating these shorts. Some of the most famous features were the holiday-themed TV specials, such as \"Willy McBean and his Magic Machine\", \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\", \"Santa Claus is Comin' to Town\", \"Rudolph's Shiny New Year\", \"The Year Without a Santa Claus\", \"Frosty the Snowman\",",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8511430",
"score": "1.0397319",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus' daughter",
"text": "Santa Claus' daughter Santa Claus' daughter is a fictional character of the Christmas folklore who appeared in North America in the late 19th century. One of the first works to present this figure was a short musical play of 1892 called \"Santa Claus' daughter\" (by Everett Elliott and F. W. Hardcastle). In this piece, the young Kitty Claus, who has known no one but her papa, asks him to find her a man. In his book NOEL (2000) Ed McCray told the life story of the Claus' daughter Noel. In \"The Legend of Holly Claus\" (2006, by Brittney Ryan), Santa",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16989732",
"score": "1.0358229",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Charles W. Howard",
"text": "W. Howard Santa Claus School continues running in Midland, Michigan, under Tom and Holly Valent, who themselves have portrayed Santa and Mrs. Claus for over thirty years. An attraction called \"Santa House\" is near the School and is themed as Santa's workshop. Orleans County, New York held a special event, Charles W. Howard Day, on September 25, 2010 (three months before Christmas), with the hopes of making it a yearly event. Charles W. Howard Charles Willis \"Charlie\" Howard (June 15, 1896 – May 1, 1966) was an American actor and teacher most famous for portraying Santa Claus in department stores",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14101279",
"score": "1.0353563",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus: The Movie",
"text": "that he had a Grinch-type look to him. The role of the Ancient Elf was written with James Cagney in mind; however, with Cagney being very weak in his old age, the legendary actor could not adequately assume the role, despite the fact that he liked the film's overall idea. Nonetheless, Cagney had no other choice but to turn the offer down, so Fred Astaire was considered. When this eventually came to nothing, Dudley Moore suggested his friend Burgess Meredith for the role, which he in the end won. At the time of the movie's announcement in the middle of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5747961",
"score": "1.0352433",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Katharine Lee Bates",
"text": "popularized the concept of Mrs. Claus in her poem \"Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride\" from the collection \"Sunshine and other Verses for Children\" (1889). The Mrs. Claus character is the chief organizer of Christmas Eve. Near the end of the war between Spain and America, she was a war correspondent for \"The New York Times\", and worked to reduce the contemporaneous negative stereotypes about Spaniards. She contributed regularly to periodicals, sometimes under the pseudonym James Lincoln, including \"Atlantic Monthly\", \"The Congregationalist\", \"Boston Evening Transcript\", \"Christian Century\", \"Contemporary Verse\", \"Lippincott's,\" and \"Delineator\". At Wellesley, she was credited with mentoring",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2110473",
"score": "1.0345771",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus and the Magic Drum",
"text": "story are told the situation is resolved, Santa grants Vekara his wish and makes him a helper elf, and all ends well. Finnish voice actors: The theme music \"Joulupukin töissä\" was performed by J. Karjalainen and his band Electric Sauna. Santa Claus and the Magic Drum Santa Claus and the Magic Drum (Original Finnish title: \"Joulupukki ja noitarumpu, \") is a 51 minute long Finnish-Hungarian animation released in 1996. The story is based on a 1995 children's book of the same name by Mauri Kunnas. The movie has been recorded in Finnish, English (British) and Swedish. It was made for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20469211",
"score": "1.0341756",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Santa Claus",
"text": "St. Nicholas\" and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast. This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books, films, and advertising. Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world, categorizing them according to their behavior (\"good\" and \"bad\", or \"naughty\" and \"nice\") and to deliver presents, including toys, and candy to all of the well-behaved children in the world, and coal to all the misbehaved children, on the single night of Christmas Eve. He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves, who make the toys in his workshop at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9439644",
"score": "1.0306056",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Santa's Apprentice",
"text": "Santa's Apprentice Santa's Apprentice (original French title L'Apprenti Père Noel) is a French-Australian-Irish animated film produced and animated by Gaumont-Alphanim (now Gaumont Animation) in 2010. Avril Stark Entertainment and Cartoon Saloon provided additional animation for the film. It's also based on the animated TV series \"SantApprentice\". The film opens in Sydney, Australia where Nicholas and his best friend Felix, gazing at the department store window seeing what Santa's workshop looks like. They reside at the orphanage where all the Children were orphans. The bully, Grincroch, picks on Nicholas that Santa doesn't exist as he asks him that he's afraid of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18486322",
"score": "1.0299499",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus (2000 film)",
"text": "The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus (2000 film) The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus is a 2000 film created by Mike Young Productions and released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. It is based on the 1902 L. Frank Baum novel of the same name. In the Forest of Burzee, where many immortals live (such as Knooks, fairies, and nymphs), their leader, Ak, the Master Woodsman of the World (governor of all forests), finds a human baby abandoned and places him in the care of the lioness, Shiegra. A wood nymph named Necile thereupon adopts the baby; later named",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16006364",
"score": "1.0283759",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
}
]
| {
"title": "Santa Claus",
"long_answer": "Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Kris Kringle, Father Christmas, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved (\"good\" or \"nice\") children on Christmas Eve (24 December) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Kris Kringle, Father Christmas, or simply Santa, is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved (\"good\" or \"nice\") children on Christmas Eve (24 December) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky.",
"short_answers": [
"Father Christmas",
"Saint Nicholas",
"Sinterklaas",
"Wodan"
]
} |
where was one direction what makes you beautiful filmed | [
"Malibu, California",
"a Malibu, California beach"
]
| [
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "the five days preceding the video's premiere, One Direction posted a teaser trailer of the video online. Each teaser showed footage from the video and behind the scenes, and one member of the band announcing how many days were left until the video premiere. The video opens with One Direction spending time on a Malibu, California beach intercut with scenes of them driving an orange campervan. During the second verse, a group of three girls joins the band at the beach; in Styles' bridge solo, he intimately sings to one girl, Madison McMillin, individually. During the final choruses the band",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "6 September 2012. As of October 2018, the music video has received 1 billion Vevo and YouTube views. One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" for the first time on \"Red or Black?\" on 10 September 2011. The performance started with hosts Ant & Dec announcing that the band was supposedly running late for their appearance, and cut to a video of One Direction boarding a London Tube carriage full of fans, as the studio version of the song began playing. Each fan on the tube was given a numbered ticket. The band and fans disembarked the tube and made",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15822284",
"score": "1.1882381",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "One Thing (One Direction song)",
"text": "fans descended on the plaza. On 7 April 2012, One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" and appeared in a comedy sketch with Sofia Vergara on comedy television show \"Saturday Night Live\". The group played \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" and presented an award for \"Most Popular New Female Talent\" at the 54th Logie Awards on 15 April 2012. On 6 September 2012, One Direction performed \"One Thing\" at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards. It was included on the set list of the group's headlining sold-out show at Madison Square Garden on 3 December",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16129032",
"score": "1.1366489",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "\"One Thing\", One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at Capital FM's \"Jingle Bell Ball\" on 4 December 2011, at The O Arena. They performed a medley of \"She Makes Me Wanna\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" with JLS on \"The X Factor\" eighth series final on 10 December 2011. The group performed \"One Thing\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" on \"Dancing on Ice\" on 5 February 2012. In Italy, the band performed the song at the 2012 Sanremo Music Festival on 14 February 2012. In France, they performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" on \"Le Grand Journal\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15822286",
"score": "1.1341571",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" on the NBC comedy television show \"Saturday Night Live\" on 7 April 2012, and also appeared in a comedy sketch with Sofía Vergara. In Australia, they performed \"One Thing\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 54th Logie Awards, where they also presented an award for \"Most Popular New Female Talent\" on 15 April 2012. On 12 August 2012, One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15822288",
"score": "1.1324408",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Up All Night (One Direction album)",
"text": "Choice Awards on 31 March 2012. One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" on comedy television show \"Saturday Night Live\" and also appeared in a comedy sketch with Sofía Vergara on 7 April 2012. In Australia, they performed \"One Thing\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 54th Logie Awards, where they also presented an award for \"Most Popular New Female Talent\" on 15 April 2012. On 12 August 2012, One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15992591",
"score": "1.1205692",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "What Makes You Beautiful \"What Makes You Beautiful\" is a song by English-Irish boy band One Direction. It served as their debut single and lead single from their debut studio album, \"Up All Night\" (2011). Written by Savan Kotecha and producer Rami Yacoub, the song was released by Syco Records on 11 September 2011. The uptempo power pop track features a prominent guitar-based chorus and riff. The middle eight consists of a \"na na na\" hook while the opening guitar riff interpolates The McCoys's 1965 single \"Hang on Sloopy\". \"What Makes You Beautiful\" was a commercial success, reaching number one",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15822262",
"score": "1.111934",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Up All Night (One Direction album)",
"text": "challenge. The band performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and its B-side, \"Na Na Na\", at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards on 9 October 2011. The band also performed the song to open telethon \"Children in Need 2011\" on 19 November 2011. One Direction performed \"Gotta Be You\", \"One Thing\", and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at Capital FM's \"Jingle Bell Ball\" on 4 December 2011, at The O Arena. They performed a medley of \"She Makes Me Wanna\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" with JLS on \"The X Factor\" eighth series final on 10 December 2011. The group performed \"One",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15992589",
"score": "1.1049131",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "One Direction",
"text": "working on their debut album. Recording took place in Stockholm, London and Los Angeles, as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk, Savan Kotecha, Steve Mac, and Rami Yacoub, among others. Released in September 2011, One Direction's debut single, \"What Makes You Beautiful\", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history. Subsequent singles, \"Gotta Be You\" and \"One Thing\", peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten. In November 2011, they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America. Steve Barnett, the co-chairman of Columbia Records, said",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15607977",
"score": "1.1017637",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Up All Night (One Direction album)",
"text": "Thing\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" on \"Dancing on Ice\" on 5 February 2012. In Italy, the group performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 2012 Sanremo Music Festival on 14 February 2012. In France, they performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" on \"Le Grand Journal\" on 22 February 2012. In the United States, One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\", \"More than This\" and \"One Thing\" on \"The Today Show\" at the Rockefeller Center on 12 March 2012. An estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza. They also performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 2012 Kids'",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15992590",
"score": "1.0904577",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "It was included on the set list of the group's headlining sold-out show at Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012. One Direction performed the song on two of their major concert tours: \"Up All Night Tour\" (2011–12) and \"Take Me Home Tour\" (2013). Also this song added in \"Where We Are Tour\" (2014) & \"On the Road Again Tour\" (2015). The second verse of the song had originally been sung by Malik. After Malik's departure, Payne took his verse. In 2017, Harry performed the song on his . What Makes You Beautiful \"What Makes You Beautiful\" is a song",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15822289",
"score": "1.0854442",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "One Thing (One Direction song)",
"text": "the chart's top ten when \"One Thing\" was at number six and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at number ten for the chart week ending 22 April 2012. The single has been certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), indicating shipments of 280,000 copies. The accompanying music video was directed by Declan Whitebloom in London on 28 November 2011. Whitebloom approached shooting the clip with a \"what you get, is what you get\" sentiment, which, as he noted, \"can create some real magic.\" In regard to its concept, Whiteboom characterised the clip as \"kind of Monkees or Beatles-esque\",",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16129029",
"score": "1.0773588",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Gotta Be You (One Direction song)",
"text": "Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the week of 28 April 2012. The single's accompanying music video was directed by John Urbano, who had previously directed the band's music video for \"What Makes You Beautiful\". While predominantly filmed in Lake Placid, New York, in October 2011, the clip's opening sequences were shot at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh. In October, the group told Digital Spy that they feared a crocodile attack when shooting the video. They also told Capital FM correspondent Kevin Hughes that the clip would",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16003269",
"score": "1.0670755",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "on 22 February 2012. In the United States, One Direction performed the song along with \"More than This\" and \"One Thing\" for the first time on \"The Today Show\" at the Rockefeller Center on 12 March 2012. An estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza. Melissa Lonner, senior entertainment producer for \"The Today Show\", said: \"One Direction is relatively unknown with no hits yet. They basically exploded, and all the adults are saying, 'Who are these people, and how do they know about it?'\". They also performed the song at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards on 31 March 2012. One",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15822287",
"score": "1.0651428",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "One Direction",
"text": "it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction; \"I just thought there was a void, and maybe they could seize and hold it.\" \"What Makes You Beautiful\" was released in the United States in February 2012, where it debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 28, becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998. It has sold over 4 million copies in the US Upon arrival in the US in February 2012, One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree, as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15607978",
"score": "1.0422266",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Up All Night (One Direction album)",
"text": "\"\", was released in late May 2012. \"Up All Night\" yielded four singles. The lead single, \"What Makes You Beautiful\", was released in September 2011 and debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history and selling 153,965 copies in its first week. The single also topped the Irish and Scottish Singles Charts, and reached the top ten on the Australian and New Zealand Singles Charts, Flemish Ultratop 50, Canadian Hot 100, Japan Hot 100 and the United States \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"What Makes You Beautiful\" was released by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15992594",
"score": "1.0414395",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "One Direction",
"text": "and that's a figure we expect to double next year\". In August 2012, the group's record sales exceeded 8 million singles, 3 million albums, and 1 million DVDs, and they performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics. One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012, including Best New Artist. One Direction's second studio album, \"Take Me Home\", was released in November 2012. \"Take Me",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15607984",
"score": "1.0287699",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"text": "aimed at building a fan base through social media before a single was ever released or played on the radio. The social media campaign asked fans to sign petitions and to enter video competitions to win a concert in their town. The campaign was a success as One Direction's Facebook followers in the United States rose from 40,000 to 400,000. As a result, \"What Makes You Beautiful\" sold more than 131,000 copies in its first week, even though it had yet to be played on the radio. Radio programmers were flooded with calls from fans. Johnny Wright, who managed New",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15822269",
"score": "1.0287364",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Take Me Home Tour (One Direction)",
"text": "shows. On 21 February 2012, One Direction attended the 2012 BRIT Awards at which they received the Best British Single award for their debut single \"What Makes You Beautiful\". During One Direction's acceptance speech, member Liam Payne stated that they would embark on their first arena concert tour. Reports soon followed that the tour would consist of fifteen dates across the UK and Ireland. One Direction's official website confirmed the dates, with tickets to be made available on 25 February. On 11 January 2013, the group announced the North American leg as a part of a '2013 World Tour'. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16440914",
"score": "1.011486",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Harry Styles",
"text": "to a reported £2 million Syco Records record contract. One Direction's debut single, \"What Makes You Beautiful\", bowed at number one on the UK Singles Chart in September 2011, and their first studio album, \"Up All Night\", was released two months later. In November 2012, One Direction released their second album, \"Take Me Home\", which spawned the group's second number one single in the UK, \"Little Things\". Styles briefly dated American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift in the year of its release, leading to fan and media speculation about them writings songs about each other after their break-up. At around this period,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16433325",
"score": "1.0034422",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "You & I (One Direction song)",
"text": "Pier in Somerset as they trade lead vocals. As the music video proceeds, they continue walking down the pier and collect stop motion images of themselves. One Direction was honoured with a brass plaque from the pier, commemorating their music video shoot. In February 2015, the video won the British Video award at the 2015 Brit Awards. Carl Williot of Idolator thought that \"It's a cool idea, giving the illusion that it's a single-take visual, while obviously bringing to mind the iconic closing scene in Michael Jackson's 'Black or White'.\" Louis Virtel of HitFix called it \"weird and scary.\" The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17706678",
"score": "1.0002831",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "One Thing (One Direction song)",
"text": "April 2011, the group continued working on their debut album. Carl Falk and Rami Yacoub produced three songs on the album: \"What Makes You Beautiful,\" \"One Thing\" and \"I Wish,\" all of which were co-written by Falk, Yacoub and Savan Kotecha. Initially, \"One Thing\" was written as two different songs: \"One had a really, really good verse\" and the other track \"had a really, really good chorus\", as noted by Falk in a 2012 interview with Examiner.com. Falk quipped that when they merged the two songs, \"everything fell into place\". Additionally, Falk deemed it the perfect accompaniment to \"What Makes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16129020",
"score": "0.99802566",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "One Direction discography",
"text": "the Take Me Home Tour and documents their origins and rise to fame. The group's debut studio album \"Up All Night\" was released in November 2011. It topped the charts in sixteen countries. The lead single, \"What Makes You Beautiful\", was an international hit, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart and number four on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100; it has since been certified four and six times platinum in the US and Australia, respectively. Subsequent singles, \"Gotta Be You\" and \"One Thing\", became top ten hits in the UK. The band's second studio album \"Take Me Home\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16158842",
"score": "0.9897302",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Up All Night (One Direction album)",
"text": "in the Nielsen SoundScan era. In addition, \"Up All Night\" became the best-selling album by a group and the third best-selling debut album of 2012. Four singles were released from the album, including the UK Singles Chart top ten hits \"What Makes You Beautiful\", \"Gotta Be You\", and \"One Thing\". To promote the album, the band performed on many TV shows and awards ceremonies, including the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards. Furthermore, One Direction embarked on their first headlining concert tour, the Up All Night Tour. Footage from this concert was recorded and released on a live album, entitled .",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15992574",
"score": "0.98594475",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "She Makes Me Wanna",
"text": "performed the song on \"This Morning\", \"Daybreak\" and \"OK! TV\". They also performed the song with fellow boy band One Direction at that year's final of \"The X Factor\" on 10 December 2011, where it was performed as a mashup with One Direction's own number-one single \"What Makes You Beautiful\", and on the New Year's Eve special of \"\". The song contributed to JLS's medley whilst singing at the Diamond Jubilee Concert on 4 June 2012, outside of Buckingham Palace. She Makes Me Wanna \"She Makes Me Wanna\" is a single by English boyband JLS, from their third studio album",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15631579",
"score": "0.98452085",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Little Things (One Direction song)",
"text": "of the video online. Each teaser showed footage from the video and behind the scenes, and one member of the band announcing how many days were left until the video premiere. The official video was uploaded to their Vevo account on YouTube on 2 November 2012. The music video consists of a simplistic concept — a One Direction recording session. In a November 2012 interview with MTV News, Arnell said he did not want to make it about anything more than that, \"When I first heard the track, the mix on it was so simple and so pure and you",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16821972",
"score": "0.9836066",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "One Direction",
"text": "and generated hit singles including \"What Makes You Beautiful\", \"Live While We're Young\", \"Best Song Ever\", \"Story of My Life\" and \"Drag Me Down\". The group has received numerous accolades including seven Brit Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, six \"Billboard\" Music Awards, seven American Music Awards (including Artist of the Year in 2014 and 2015), and 28 Teen Choice Awards. In 2013, they earned an estimated $75 million becoming the second highest earning celebrity under 30 according to \"Forbes\". The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) honoured them as the Global Recording Artist of 2013. \"Forbes\" ranked them",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15607971",
"score": "0.9824234",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "You & I (One Direction song)",
"text": "to the UK, it re-entered at number 47, after the music video's release, before climbing from number 33 to number 7, after its official release. It became the band's eleventh top-ten single there. Elsewhere, the song performed moderately on the charts. In Australia, the song debuted and peaked at number 23, while in New Zealand, it reached number 22. It reached the top-twenty in Spain, where it peaked at number 13, but became their first single since their debut, \"What Makes You Beautiful\" (2011), to miss the top-ten, while in France, the song only managed to reach number 42, after",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17706676",
"score": "0.9804007",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "More than This (One Direction song)",
"text": "This\", \"One Thing\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the Rockefeller Center on \"The Today Show\". An estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza. The group also performed the song during two of their major concert tours: \"Up All Night Tour\" and \"Take Me Home Tour\" (2013). Jane Stevenson of Canoe.ca listed the performance of \"More than This\" at Toronto's Molson Canadian Amphitheatre among the show's highlights. More than This (One Direction song) \"More than This\" is a song by English-Irish boy band One Direction from their debut studio album, \"Up All Night\" (2011). It was produced by Brian Rawling",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16422606",
"score": "0.97944707",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "One Thing (One Direction song)",
"text": "elaborating that it revolves around \"five lads go[ing] crazy in London, it's like a big day out in London.\" In a December interview with Capital FM, member Harry Styles reflected that the shoot was a fun, careless romp. Premiering on YouTube on 13 January 2012, the music video depicts the band performing in and around London. As of October 2018, the music video has garnered more than 590 million YouTube views. One Direction surged 35-10 from the previous week on \"Billboard\"s Social 50 chart. Alex Hughes of \"The Huffington Post\" commented that the music video has an effortless element of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16129030",
"score": "0.97699046",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "What Makes You Beautiful",
"long_answer": "The music video for \"What Makes You Beautiful\" was directed by John Urbano. Filmed over two days in July 2011, it premiered on 19 August 2011. On each of the five days preceding the video's premiere, One Direction posted a teaser trailer of the video online. Each teaser showed footage from the video and behind the scenes, and one member of the band announcing how many days were left until the video premiere. The video opens with One Direction spending time on a Malibu, California beach intercut with scenes of them driving an orange campervan. During the second verse, a group of three girls joins the band at the beach; in Styles' bridge solo, he intimately sings to one girl, Madison McMillin, individually. During the final choruses the band and girls are shown sitting around a fire, lighting sparklers and taking photographs. On video sharing website MUZU TV, the video was the fourth most-watched music video of 2011 in the UK. The video won two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Pop Video and Most Share-Worthy Video, and earned the group the award for Best New Artist on 6 September 2012. As of April 2018, the music video has received 940 million Vevo and YouTube views.",
"chunked_long_answer": "the five days preceding the video's premiere, One Direction posted a teaser trailer of the video online. Each teaser showed footage from the video and behind the scenes, and one member of the band announcing how many days were left until the video premiere. The video opens with One Direction spending time on a Malibu, California beach intercut with scenes of them driving an orange campervan. During the second verse, a group of three girls joins the band at the beach; in Styles' bridge solo, he intimately sings to one girl, Madison McMillin, individually. During the final choruses the band",
"short_answers": [
"Malibu, California",
"a Malibu, California beach"
]
} |
when did they start vaccinating for whooping cough | [
"the 1920s",
"the 1940s"
]
| [
{
"title": "Pertussis",
"text": "An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015. Most cases occur in the developing world, and people of all ages may be affected. In 2015, it resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990. Nearly 0.5% of infected children less than one year of age die. Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century. The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906. The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Vaccine controversies",
"text": "to levels above 90%, and disease incidence declined dramatically. In the vaccination moratorium period that occurred when Sweden suspended vaccination against whooping cough (pertussis) from 1979 to 1996, 60% of the country's children contracted the disease before the age of 10; close medical monitoring kept the death rate from whooping cough at about one per year. An outbreak at a religious community and school in the Netherlands resulted in 3 deaths and 68 hospitalizations among 2,961 cases. The population in the several provinces affected had a high level of immunization, with the exception of one of the religious denominations, which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4920807",
"score": "1.0945654",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Idwal Pugh",
"text": "whooping cough vaccination. It was complained that the Government had not made available to parents all the information that they should have had before agreeing to have their children vaccinated. Pugh found that responsibility for the policy rested with the Government and that it had not fully recognised its responsibility to provide information to both doctors and the public. With respect to the latter, Pugh found maladministration. However, the report was not enthusiastically endorsed by Ashley nor the complainants, who thought that Pugh ought to have condemned the departments concerned more roundly. Pugh maintained that parents were being told everything",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15997974",
"score": "1.0361577",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "has varied between 2,000 and 10,000 reported cases each year over the last ten years, and it is the most common vaccine-preventable illness in Toronto. In 2009 Australia reported an average of 10,000 cases a year, and the number of cases had increased. In the U.S. pertussis in adults has increased significantly since about 2004. In 2010 ten infants in California died, and health authorities declared an epidemic encompassing 9,120 cases. They found that doctors had failed to correctly diagnose the infants' condition during several visits. Statistical analysis identified significant overlap in communities with a cluster of nonmedical child exemptions",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465983",
"score": "1.0333314",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "the North Sea. In 1932 an outbreak of whooping cough hit Atlanta, Georgia, prompting pediatrician Leila Denmark to begin her study of the disease. Over the next six years her work was published in the \"Journal of the American Medical Association\", and in partnership with Emory University and Eli Lilly & Company, she developed the first pertussis vaccine. In 1942 American scientists Grace Eldering, Loney Gordon, and Pearl Kendrick combined the whole-cell pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to generate the first DTP combination vaccine. To minimize the frequent side effects caused by the pertussis component, Japanese scientist Yuji",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465986",
"score": "1.0283145",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Vaccination",
"text": "2010, California had the worst whooping cough outbreak in 50 years. A possible contributing factor was parents choosing not to vaccinate their children. There was also a case in Texas in 2012 where 21 members of a church contracted measles because they chose not to immunize. A vaccine administration may be oral, by injection (intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous), by puncture, transdermal or intranasal. Several recent clinical trials have aimed to deliver the vaccines via mucosal surfaces to be up-taken by the common mucosal immunity system, thus avoiding the need for injections. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that vaccination averts 2-3",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "444713",
"score": "1.0278121",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "Whooping cough Whooping cough (also known as pertussis or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease. Initially, symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough. This is followed by weeks of severe coughing fits. Following a fit of coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in. The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase \"100-day cough\". A person may cough so hard that they vomit, break ribs, or become very tired from the effort. Children less than one year",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465964",
"score": "1.0256904",
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},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "may be due to the ability of the bacterium to suppress the immune system. Worldwide, whooping cough affects around 16 million people yearly. One estimate for 2013 stated it resulted in about 61,000 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990. Another estimated 195,000 child deaths yearly from the disease worldwide. This is despite generally high coverage with the DTP and DTaP vaccines. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. About 90% of all cases occur in developing countries. Before vaccines, an average of 178,171 cases was reported in the U.S., with peaks reported every two",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465981",
"score": "1.0080749",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Immunisation Awareness Society",
"text": "spokeswoman Michelle Rudgley went on record in the \"Otago Daily Times\" with the statement:One day they are really going to have to accept that the pertussis [whooping cough] vaccine is useless and no matter how many boosters you have it is not going to stop the occurrence of whooping cough and the best bet is for parents to educate themselves on how to look after their children should they develop it.In July 2009, during a measles epidemic, IAS spokeswoman Michelle Rudgley said:the Canterbury situation proved the ineffectiveness of vaccines... parents had been deceived by the pro-vaccination lobby to believe immunisation",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16999475",
"score": "0.99921906",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "existed of \"B. pertussis\" and whooping cough as a zoonotic disease since around 1910 but in the 1930s, knowledge was gained that the bacteria lost their virulent power when repeatedly spread on agar media. This explained the difficulties to reproduce results from different studies as the pre-inoculating handlings of the bacteria were not standardized among scientists. Today it is established that at least some primate species are highly susceptible to \"B. pertussis\" and develop clinical whooping cough in high incidence when exposed to low inoculation doses. The bacteria may be present in wild animal populations, but this is not confirmed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465971",
"score": "0.9990059",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat. This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction. Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine. Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age, with four doses to be given in the first two years of life. Protection from pertussis decreases over time, so additional doses of vaccine are often recommended for older children and adults. Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease. In those",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465966",
"score": "0.99111736",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "by laboratory diagnosis, although whooping cough is known among wild gorillas. Several zoos also have a long-standing custom of vaccinating their primates against whooping cough. After the bacteria are inhaled, they initially adhere to the ciliated epithelium in the nasopharynx. Surface proteins of \"B. pertussis\", including filamentous hemaglutinin and pertactin, mediate attachment to the epithelium. The bacteria then multiply. In infants, who experience more severe disease, the bacteria spread down to the lungs. The bacteria secrete a number of toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin, a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells and thereby inhibits the mucociliary elevator by which mucus and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465972",
"score": "0.98618084",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "and cases. The number of exemptions varied widely among communities, but tended to be highly clustered. In some schools, more than three-fourths of parents filed for vaccination exemptions. The data suggest vaccine refusal based on nonmedical reasons and personal belief exacerbated the outbreak. Other factors included reduced duration of immunity following the acellular vaccine and, the fact that most vaccinated adults and older children had not received a booster shot. In April and May 2012 pertussis was declared to be at epidemic levels in Washington, with 3,308 cases. In December 2012 Vermont declared an epidemic of 522 cases. Wisconsin had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465984",
"score": "0.9850269",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe. The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days. Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated, but symptoms are typically milder. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium \"Bordetella pertussis\". It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits. Those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days. Diagnosis is by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465965",
"score": "0.984416",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Australian Vaccination-risks Network",
"text": "(whooping cough) in March 2009, and the subsequent government campaigns to improve pertussis immunisation, the AVN launched a campaign against the pertussis vaccine, using the death of the child in the campaign materials, claiming that the she did not die from pertussis. The AVN's public campaign against the pertussis vaccine began with an article in the May 2009 issue of \"Living Wisdom\" written by Meryl Dorey, which questioned the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine and the dangers of whooping cough itself. Critics pointed out that Dorey's article contained numerous errors of fact and omission. While the article correctly stated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13989728",
"score": "0.98362005",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "aged 1–9 years to infants, adolescents, and adults, with adolescents and adults acting as reservoirs for \"B. pertussis\" and infecting infants who have had fewer than three doses of vaccine. Infection induces incomplete natural immunity that wanes over time. A 2005 study said estimates of the duration of infection-acquired immunity range from 7 to 20 years and the different results could be the result of differences in levels of circulating \"B. pertussis\", surveillance systems, and case definitions used. The study said protective immunity after vaccination wanes after 4–12 years. One study suggested that the availability of vaccine exemptions increases the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465977",
"score": "0.9835253",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "Sato developed an acellular vaccine consisting of purified haemagglutinins (HAs: filamentous strep throat and leukocytosis-promoting-factor HA), which are secreted by \"B. pertussis\". Sato's acellular pertussis vaccine was used in Japan starting in 1981. Later versions of the acellular vaccine in other countries consisted of additional defined components of \"B. pertussis\" and were often part of the DTaP combination vaccine. Whooping cough Whooping cough (also known as pertussis or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease. Initially, symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough. This is followed by weeks",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465987",
"score": "0.98281413",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Robert Sears (physician)",
"text": "completed his pediatric training at Children's Hospital Los Angeles in 1998. Sears credits his interest in vaccines to reading \"DPT: A Shot in the Dark\" (1985) as a medical student. It is an anti-vaccination book positing that the whooping cough vaccine was dangerous. It sparked \"a backlash against vaccines\". The book has been heavily criticized for in the years since its publication, owing to numerous changes to the whooping cough vaccine. Robert Sears (physician) Robert W. Sears, FAAP – known as Dr. Bob – is an American pediatrician from Capistrano Beach, California, noted for his unorthodox and potentially dangerous views",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17275830",
"score": "0.97753763",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Booster dose",
"text": "just two booster shots within the first 20 years of life, but no booster after a third decade. Neonatal tetanus is a concern during pregnancy for some women, and mothers are recommended a booster against tetanus during their pregnancy in order to protect their child against the disease. Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a contagious disease that affects the respiratory tract. The infection is caused by a bacterium that sticks to the cilia of the lungs, and can be very contagious. Pertussis can be especially dangerous for babies, whose immune system are not yet fully developed, and can develop",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8119284",
"score": "0.9768315",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "The primary method of prevention for pertussis is vaccination. Evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics in those who have been exposed, but are without symptoms. Preventive antibiotics, however, are still frequently used in those who have been exposed and are at high risk of severe disease (such as infants). Pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing illness and are recommended for routine use by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The vaccine saved an estimated half a million lives in 2002. The multicomponent acellular pertussis vaccine is 71–85% effective, with greater effectiveness",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465975",
"score": "0.9756906",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "for more severe strains. Despite widespread vaccination, however, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is today \"one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in Western countries\". The 21st-century resurgences in pertussis infections are attributed to a combination of waning immunity and bacterial mutations that elude vaccines. Immunization does not confer lifelong immunity; a 2011 CDC study indicated that protection may only last three to six years. This covers childhood, which is the time of greatest exposure and greatest risk of death from pertussis. An effect of widespread immunization on society has been the shift of reported infections from children",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465976",
"score": "0.9737606",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Pearl Dunlevy",
"text": "diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine. The trials for the combined vaccine has since gained notoriety due to the lack of consent obtained for children who took part in the trials and were in state institutions at the time. Dunlevy went on, in 1971 until her retirement in 1976 to work as the deputy chief medical officer in the Eastern Health Board. Dunlevy was now an international expert in childhood epidemiology and published papers in the British Medical Journal, the Journal of the Medical Association of Éire, the Irish Journal of Medical Science, and the Journal of the Irish",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20761185",
"score": "0.9604722",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Pearl Kendrick",
"text": "testing, and the eventual inoculation of children with the pertussis vaccine. The vaccine was a success. Michigan started distributing the vaccines in 1940 and deaths from whooping cough declined. Their work contributed significantly When the pertussis vaccine was in the primary phase of development, the American-made vaccine was very effective, while the locally-made vaccine in England seemed to have no protection effect. At that time Kendrick, along with others, was invited to be a member of Whooping Cough Immunization Committee of the Medical Research Council of Great Britain to help them with vaccine development method. In 1951, Kendrick retired from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16801441",
"score": "0.95908123",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Bordetella pertussis",
"text": "cold: runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever. The patient becomes most contagious during the catarrhal stage of infection, normally two weeks after the coughing begins. It may become airborne when the person coughs, sneezes, or laughs. Pertussis vaccine is part of the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) immunization. The paroxysmal cough precedes a crowing inspiratory sound characteristic of pertussis. After a spell, the patient might make a “whooping” sound when breathing in, or may vomit. Adults have milder symptoms, such as prolonged coughing without the “whoop”. Infants less than six months also may not have the typical",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7284711",
"score": "0.9586823",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "catarrhal stage (a runny nose, sneezing, low-grade fever, symptoms of the common cold) through the third week after the onset of paroxysms (multiple, rapid coughs) or until 5 days after the start of effective antimicrobial treatment. Effective treatments of the cough associated with this condition have not been developed. While most healthy older children and adults fully recover, infection in newborns is particularly severe. Pertussis is fatal in an estimated 0.5% of US infants under one year of age. First-year infants are also more likely to develop complications, such as: apneas (31%), pneumonia (12%), seizures (0.6%) and encephalopathy (0.15%). This",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465980",
"score": "0.9495629",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Bordetella pertussis",
"text": "agar media. This explained the difficulties in reproducing results from different studies, as the preinoculating handling of the bacteria were not standardized among scientists. At least some primate species are highly sensitive to \"B. pertussis\", and develop a clinical whooping cough in high incidence when exposed to low inoculation doses. Whether the bacteria spread naturally in wild animal populations is not satisfactory confirmed by laboratory diagnosis, but whooping cough has been found among wild gorillas. Several zoos have learned to vaccinate their primates against whooping cough. A nasopharyngeal or an oropharynx swab is sent to the bacteriology laboratory for Gram",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7284713",
"score": "0.9481175",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "eight weeks, or sometimes longer. A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage, which usually lasts one to four weeks. This stage is marked by a decrease in paroxysms of coughing, although paroxysms may occur with subsequent respiratory infection for many months after the onset of pertussis. The time between exposure and the development of symptoms is on average 7–14 days (range 6–20 days), rarely as long as 42 days. Pertussis is caused by the bacterium \"Bordetella pertussis\". It is an airborne disease (through droplets) that spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. Uncertainties have",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465970",
"score": "0.94682556",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Whooping cough",
"text": "with the disease, antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms, but otherwise have little effect in most people. In pregnant women and children less than one year old, antibiotics are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset. Antibiotics used include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Evidence to support interventions for the cough, other than antibiotics, is poor. About 50% of infected children less than a year old require hospitalization and nearly 0.5% (1 in 200) die. An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015. Most cases occur in the developing world, and people",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1465967",
"score": "0.9453323",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Australian Vaccination-risks Network",
"text": "that Sweden had previously withdrawn pertussis vaccination in 1979 due to research showing it was ineffective, she failed to reveal that the vaccine then used in Sweden was different to the effective vaccine used in other countries such as Australia, nor did she reveal that Sweden reintroduced pertussis vaccination in 1996 and this had resulted in huge incidence reduction, with cases falling by 80-90% within 3 years. In the article, Dorey claims that \"Whooping Cough is not a vaccine-preventable disease\". Critics point out that evidence has shown that the acellular vaccine is 84% efficacious, and prevents 99.8% of infant hospital",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13989729",
"score": "0.94431865",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Grace Eldering",
"text": "Grace Eldering Grace Eldering (September 5, 1900 – August 31, 1988) was an American public health scientist, known for her involvement in the creation of a vaccine for whooping cough along with Loney Gordon and Pearl Kendrick. Grace Eldering was born in Rancher, Montana, in 1900. Eldering's parents had immigrated to the United States before she was born, with her mother having arrived from Scotland and her father from the Netherlands. She contracted and survived whooping cough when she was five, leading to her involvement in science in her adulthood. After high school Eldering attended the University of Montana for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18984085",
"score": "0.9441536",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Pertussis",
"long_answer": "An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015. Most cases occur in the developing world, and people of all ages may be affected. In 2015, it resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990. Nearly 0.5% of infected children less than one year of age die. Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century. The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906. The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s.",
"chunked_long_answer": "An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015. Most cases occur in the developing world, and people of all ages may be affected. In 2015, it resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990. Nearly 0.5% of infected children less than one year of age die. Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century. The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906. The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s.",
"short_answers": [
"the 1940s"
]
} |
who is the new york state senate majority leader | [
"John J. Flanagan"
]
| [
{
"title": "Majority Leader of the New York State Senate",
"text": "return to the Democratic caucus and take on the position of majority leader, while it was also announced that former majority leader Malcolm Smith had assumed the title of president pro tempore, and John Sampson would serve as Democratic conference leader with the understanding he would assume the presidency at an undetermined future date. Following the 2010 election and the Republican victory in the Senate, Senator Dean Skelos from Long Island served as both Temporary President and Majority Leader, but resigned in May 2015 in the midst of corruption charges. The current majority leader, or president, is John J. Flanagan.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Majority Leader of the New York State Senate",
"text": "Majority Leader of the New York State Senate The Majority Leader of the New York State Senate is elected by the majority of the members of the New York State Senate. The position usually coincides with the title of Temporary President of the State Senate, who presides over the session of the State Senate if the Lieutenant Governor of New York (who is ex officio President of the State Senate) is absent. The Temporary President of the State Senate becomes Acting Lieutenant Governor for the remainder of the unexpired term in case of a vacancy in the office of lieutenant",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6713809",
"score": "1.1790452",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "New York State Assembly",
"text": "over the body, the Speaker also has the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. The minority leader is elected by party caucus. The majority leader of the Assembly is selected by, and serves at the pleasure of, the Speaker. The current Speaker is Democrat Carl Heastie of the 83rd Assembly District (part of Bronx-Wakefield, Williamsbridge). The Majority Leader is Crystal Peoples-Stokes of the 141st Assembly District The Minority Leader is Republican Brian Kolb of the 131st Assembly District (all of Ontario and part of Seneca). The Assembly is dominated by the Democrats; as of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2941694",
"score": "1.1534469",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Elections in New York (state)",
"text": "in the State Senate. Malcolm Smith of Queens became the new Senate Majority Leader, and he also doubles as acting Lieutenant Governor by virtue of David Paterson ascending to the governorship. Smith replaced Paterson as leader of the Democrats in the State Senate upon Paterson's election as Lieutenant Governor. The Minority Leader is Dean Skelos of Nassau County. After a brief period in June and July 2009 in which Republicans regained control of the chamber, Democrats chose Pedro Espada Jr. of the Bronx who flipped to the Republicans as their new Majority Leader in order to regain control. John L.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8241205",
"score": "1.1454377",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Chris Jacobs (politician)",
"text": "State Senate Republicans' overall majority. As of October 2017, Sen. Jacobs served as Chair of the Senate's Administrative Regulations Review Commission (ARRC) and Co-Chair of the Senate's Heroin Task Force. Chris Jacobs (politician) Christopher L. Jacobs (born November 28, 1966) is a current New York State Senator and former Secretary of State of New York. Until December 31, 2016, he was the County Clerk of Erie County, New York. Jacobs is one of five siblings. He is a member of the prominent Jacobs family in Buffalo, which owns the Delaware North Companies and the Boston Bruins hockey team. A graduate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7542752",
"score": "1.1436464",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Michael Ranzenhofer",
"text": "Michael Ranzenhofer Michael H. Ranzenhofer (born August 15, 1954) is a Republican member of the New York State Senate, representing the 61st district. In addition to being a legislator, he is a partner with the law firm Friedman and Ranzenhofer. Ranzenhofer graduated from SUNY at Albany with a B.A. \"magna cum laude\" in 1976. He then earned his Doctorate of Jurisprudence from the SUNY at Buffalo School of Law in 1979. Ranzenhofer served in the Erie County Legislature from 1989 through 2008. While a legislator, he has served as the Legislature's Majority Leader during the budget crisis with then County",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10894994",
"score": "1.1432788",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Majority Leader of the New York State Senate",
"text": "as lieutenant governor or governor. There was a lengthy dispute over the leadership of the Senate during June and July 2009. On June 8, 2009, Democrats Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr., joined the 30 Republican members of the State Senate to attempt to issue a motion to replace current Majority Leader Malcolm Smith with Minority Leader Dean Skelos. Following the precedent of 1913, the temporary presidency and the majority leadership would have been separated again under this scenario. Since the office of Lieutenant Governor fell vacant after Lt. Gov. David Paterson succeeded to the governorship upon Gov. Eliot Spitzer's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6713811",
"score": "1.1363543",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Betty Little",
"text": "seat. The nomination went instead to Assembly Minority Leader Jim Tedisco. Prior to her election to the State Senate in November 2002, she served in the New York State Assembly for seven years where she was a member of numerous committees and task forces. Senator Little first entered public service as a member and later Chair of the Town of Queensbury Recreation Commission. In 1986 she was elected to serve as an At-Large Supervisor to the Warren County Board of Supervisors for the Town of Queensbury, where she served on numerous boards and committees and as County Budget Officer in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7642318",
"score": "1.1169689",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis",
"text": "Majority Leader, while Smith remained Temporary President of the Senate. The appointment of Ravitch as Lieutenant Governor was eventually upheld by the New York Court of Appeals. The State Senate had been controlled by Republicans since 1965, but Democrats were able to win a majority in the 2008 elections. The change was helped by upstate Republican billionaire Tom Golisano, who had donated $5 million to the Democrats' campaigns. However, dissatisfaction with the job that Majority Leader Malcolm Smith was doing was growing with his fellow Democrats, as well as with Golisano. Golisano, with the aid of his political adviser Steve",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13455878",
"score": "1.1165435",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "New York State Senate",
"text": "diminished role. On May 4, 2015, U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara announced the arrest of Senate Majority Leader Dean Skelos (along with his son, Adam Skelos) and the arrest of Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver. Within days, Skelos announced that he was stepping down as leader of the Republican Caucus and as Majority Leader. Senator John Flanagan, of Suffolk County, became the new Majority Leader, and the first Majority Leader from Suffolk County. After Skelos was convicted in December 2015, his seat was declared vacant, with a special election to be held on the presidential primary of 2016. The special election was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4432247",
"score": "1.1082633",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Thomas W. Libous",
"text": "president of the New York State Association of City Councils. Libous was first elected to the New York State Senate in 1988. Libous was re-elected 13 times. He succeeded Senator Warren M. Anderson, who had served as Senate Majority Leader. From 2008 to 2012, Libous proceeded through a series of leadership positions including Deputy Majority Leader, Deputy Minority Leader, and Chair of the Senate Republican Campaign Committee. Libous served on a variety of committees including Alcohol & Drug Abuse, Select Committee on the Disabled, Mental Health & Development Disabilities, and Transportation. In his time as chairman of these committees, Libous",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7662324",
"score": "1.1066264",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "New York State Senate",
"text": "legislative matters). The Secretary of the Senate is responsible for administering the Senate's office space, overseeing the handling of bills and the oversight of the sergeants-at-arms and the stenographer. The position is currently held by Frank Patience, who was elected to a two-year position in January 2011. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Elected in a special election As of August 2018, the State Senate committee chairs were as follows (committee chairs are Republican unless otherwise noted): New York State Senate The New York State Senate is the upper house of the New York State Legislature. There are 63 seats in the Senate, and its",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4432256",
"score": "1.1034014",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "New York State Democratic Committee",
"text": "the U.S. Senate since 1999: Democrats hold 18 of the 27 U.S. House of Representatives seats New York was apportioned following the 2010 census: Democrats control all four of the elected statewide offices: Christine Callaghan Quinn (born July 25, 1966) is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, she formerly served as the Speaker of the New York City Council. The third person to hold this office, she is the first female and first openly gay speaker. As City Council speaker, Quinn was New York City's third most powerful public servant, behind the mayor and public advocate. She",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9687299",
"score": "1.1029748",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Brian Kolb",
"text": "also the son, brother, father and uncle of veterans. Brian Kolb Brian M. Kolb (born August 14, 1952) is an American politician serving as the member of the New York State Assembly for the 131st district since 2000 and minority leader since 2009. He was unanimously chosen as the State Assembly Republican Leader following the resignation of Jim Tedisco and is currently the longest-serving legislative leader in the both the New York Senate and State Assembly. Kolb was first elected during a special election; the 131st district comprises all of Ontario County and portions of Seneca County in Upstate New",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "8794305",
"score": "1.1025752",
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},
{
"title": "Brian Kolb",
"text": "Brian Kolb Brian M. Kolb (born August 14, 1952) is an American politician serving as the member of the New York State Assembly for the 131st district since 2000 and minority leader since 2009. He was unanimously chosen as the State Assembly Republican Leader following the resignation of Jim Tedisco and is currently the longest-serving legislative leader in the both the New York Senate and State Assembly. Kolb was first elected during a special election; the 131st district comprises all of Ontario County and portions of Seneca County in Upstate New York. Kolb was born in Rochester, New York. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8794300",
"score": "1.1025424",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "George Onorato",
"text": "State Senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Anthony V. Gazzara as Chairman of the New York State Liquor Authority. Onorato was re-elected several times, and remained in the State Senate until 2010, sitting in the 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th, 196th, 197th and 198th New York State Legislatures. He was Vice Chair of the Minority Conference, Co-chair of the New York State Armed Forces Legislative Caucus, and Co-Chairman of the New York State Senate Democratic Task Force on Energy & Conservation. He generally opposes same-sex marriage legislation. He is a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9845029",
"score": "1.0951177",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Majority Leader of the New York State Senate",
"text": "that of the Speaker of the New York State Assembly. After the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer in October 1913, Lt. Gov. Martin H. Glynn became governor, and President pro tempore Robert F. Wagner became acting lieutenant governor. At the time Wagner – as acting lieutenant governor – was considered to be President of the Senate and it was deemed necessary to elect another member as President pro tempore/Majority Leader, and John F. Murtaugh was chosen. The precedent of 1913–14 caused some confusion after the death of Lt. Gov. Thomas W. Wallace in 1943. It was unclear if the Majority",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6713815",
"score": "1.0894117",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Peter Harckham",
"text": "of the Westchester County Board of Legislators. He served for four terms as a county legislator, including two terms as Democratic Majority Leader. In 2015 he leeft the legislature to work in the administration of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo as assistant director of the Office of Community Renewal. In that position he helped administer grants in the lower Hudson Valley and Dutchess, Orange, Ulster and Sullivan counties. Other Mid-Hudson Valley politicians that flipped state senate seats from Republican to Democratic in the 2018 election included James Skoufis (39th district) and Jan Metzger (42nd district). Peter Harckham Peter Harckham is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20980470",
"score": "1.089215",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Scott Murphy",
"text": "February 1, 2009, Murphy was chosen by a unanimous vote of ten Democratic county chairs to be their party's nominee for 2009 special election to fill Gillibrand's seat in the House. Murphy ran against Republican nominee Jim Tedisco from Schenectady, who, until April 2009, was the Minority Leader of the New York State Assembly. Murphy was endorsed by President Barack Obama and Senator Gillibrand. The initial count from the election had Murphy leading by approximately 60 votes out of more than 150,000 cast. However, by April 24, after re-tallies and absentee ballot counting, Murphy was ahead by 399 votes, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12986106",
"score": "1.0882564",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Michael Ranzenhofer",
"text": "Executive Joel Giambra and Minority Leader. At present, he serves on the Community Enrichment Committee and the Human Services Committee. He has reportedly considered a race for Justice of the New York State Supreme Court during his tenure in the County Legislature. In 2014, Ranzenhofer appeared on The Daily Show to talk about yogurt legislation in New York State, which the host called \"absurd\". He was first elected to the State Senate on November 4, 2008. He won a second term on November 2, 2010. In 2011, Ranzenhofer voted against the Marriage Equality Act, which the Senate passed 33-29. roll",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10894995",
"score": "1.0866194",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Anthony Nanula",
"text": "of the youngest state senators in New York State Senate history. He was reelected to the State Senate three times. During his Senate career, he flirted with a statewide bid for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1998, but decided against the Democratic primary for the post. He did indicate that he was interested in running for State Comptroller if the position became available. While serving in the Senate, he served as the Assistant Minority Leader for Policy and Administration, as Ranking Minority Member of the Senate Insurance Committee, as Ranking Minority Member of the Senate Civil Service and Pensions",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7451681",
"score": "1.0843481",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "George A. Amedore Jr.",
"text": "a Schenectady County legislator. Amedore was re-elected to the Assembly in 2008 and 2010, defeating Democrats Mark Blanchfield and Angelo Santabarbara, respectively. Rather than seeking re-election to the Assembly in 2012, Amedore chose to run for the New York State Senate in District 46. The district was a newly-drawn district stretching from Montgomery County to Ulster County. Although there were more registered Democrats than Republicans in the district, Amedore was initially favored because he had represented the entire northern portion of the district for five years. Amedore trailed Democrat Cecilia Tkaczyk on election night, but legal action by Amedore forced",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11723997",
"score": "1.0836571",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Robert Ortt",
"text": "majority leader of the State Senate, to step down and said he would support a motion to replace Skelos as majority leader. In July 2016, Ortt and New York Assemblyman Ray Walter asked New York's comptroller, Thomas DiNapoli, to objectively investigate the state contracting piece of Buffalo Billion, a large state investment into job creation around Buffalo, New York. Their request is due to the multiple investigations into Buffalo Billion and their beliefs that money invested into the project should be scrutinized. In the past, construction workers working for projects in the Buffalo Billion initiative were paid late. As part",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19210117",
"score": "1.0804563",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Ryan Karben",
"text": "youngest county lawmaker in the State of New York at that time and remains the youngest person to have served in the Rockland County Legislature. Karben was selected as majority leader of the Rockland County Legislature in 2001–2002. In November 2002, Karben was elected to the New York State Assembly in Albany to represent the 95th district, which includes the Town of Orangetown and parts of the Town of Ramapo in Rockland County. Karben served on the Energy Committee and led an investigation of Consolidated Edison in 2004. Karben had also pushed for tougher sex-offender tracking laws and environmental cleanups",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7841868",
"score": "1.0782877",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "David Paterson",
"text": "2014 appointed chairman of the New York Democratic Party by his successor as governor, Andrew Cuomo. After graduating from Hofstra Law School, Paterson worked in the district attorney's office of Queens County, New York, and on the staff of Manhattan borough president David Dinkins. In 1985, he was elected to the New York state senate to a seat that was once held by his father, former New York secretary of state Basil Paterson. In 2003, he rose to the position of Senate minority leader. Paterson was selected as running mate by then-New York attorney general and Democratic Party gubernatorial nominee",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6371575",
"score": "1.0735103",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Dale M. Volker",
"text": "J. Graber, Sr. On February 4, 1975, Volker was elected to the New York State Senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas F. McGowan. Volker was re-elected several times and remained in the State Senate until 2010, sitting in the 181st, 182nd, 183rd, 184th, 185th, 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th, 196th, 197th and 198th New York State Legislatures. Volker served on the Codes Committee and was the \"Chairman\" of the Western New York Delegation, a member of the Senate Subcommittee on Alcoholism, and a member of the Senate Public Protection Subcommittee.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8636355",
"score": "1.0734098",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "181st New York State Legislature",
"text": "Senator Mary Anne Krupsak (Dem.), a lawyer of Amsterdam, was elected Lieutenant Governor of New York, and became \"ex officio\" President of the State Senate; and five of the other six—State Senators Karen Burstein, a lawyer of Lawrence, and Carol Bellamy, a lawyer of Brooklyn; and Assemblywomen Elizabeth Connelly (Dem.), of Staten Island; Estella B. Diggs, of the Bronx; and Rosemary R. Gunning (Cons.), a lawyer of Ridgewood, Queens—were re-elected. Linda Winikow, of Spring Valley, was also elected to the State Senate. Jean Amatucci (Dem.), a registered nurse of White Lake; Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), a lawyer of Mount Kisco;",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18506983",
"score": "1.0724605",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Timothy M. Kennedy (politician)",
"text": "Timothy M. Kennedy (politician) Timothy M. \"Tim\" Kennedy (born October 20, 1976) is an American politician from New York. He is currently a Democratic member of the New York State Senate, representing the 63rd District since January 2013. He previously represented the 58th District from 2011 to 2013, which included parts of Erie County, including part of Buffalo and all of Lackawanna and Cheektowaga. Kennedy is currently the only member of the State Senate west of Albany who caucuses with the Democratic Conference in the State Senate. Kennedy grew up in South Buffalo, where he currently lives. He was an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15704935",
"score": "1.0717757",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Malcolm Smith (American politician)",
"text": "leader in January 2007, succeeding David Paterson. After the 2008 state elections, Democrats gained a majority of seats in the State Senate for the first time in 40 years, and Smith was subsequently chosen as Majority Leader and Temporary President of the body in January 2009. He was the first African American to hold this position. However, on June 8 of that year, Sens. Pedro Espada Jr. and Hiram Monserrate joined with the thirty Republicans in voting to replace Smith as Senate Majority Leader, triggering the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis. The crisis concluded the following month when",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8904346",
"score": "1.071374",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Brian P. Kavanagh",
"text": "of the New York City Bar Association and has served on the Association's Election Law Committee. Kavanagh was first elected to the State Assembly in November 2006. He is a member of the Democratic Party and has been endorsed by the Working Families Party. Kavanagh is the co-chair of the New York chapter of State Legislators Against Illegal Guns. He is also the Chair of the New York State Caucus of Environmental Legislators, a non-partisan coalition of over 30 members of the NYS legislature. Kavanagh announced on August 9, 2017 that he was running for NY State Senate District 26",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10531123",
"score": "1.0708313",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "Majority Leader of the New York State Senate",
"long_answer": "There was a lengthy dispute over the leadership of the Senate during June and July 2009. On June 8, 2009, Democrats Hiram Monserrate and Pedro Espada, Jr., joined the 30 Republican members of the State Senate to attempt to issue a motion to replace current Majority Leader Malcolm Smith with Minority Leader Dean Skelos. Following the precedent of 1913, the temporary presidency and the majority leadership would have been separated again under this scenario. Since the office of Lieutenant Governor fell vacant after Lt. Gov. David Paterson succeeded to the governorship upon Gov. Eliot Spitzer's resignation, the majority leaders (Bruno, Skelos and Smith) have acted as lieutenant governors. The motions put forward on June 8 also sought to select Pedro Espada as Temporary President of the State Senate, which would have installed him as acting lieutenant governor. The Democrats have disputed the legitimacy of the motions put forward on June 8. The New York State Senate has been providing a running update of the legal proceedings since June 11, 2009. The dispute ended July 9, 2009, when Senator Espada announced he would return to the Democratic caucus and take on the position of majority leader, while it was also announced that former majority leader Malcolm Smith had assumed the title of president pro tempore, and John Sampson would serve as Democratic conference leader with the understanding he would assume the presidency at an undetermined future date. Following the 2010 election and the Republican victory in the Senate, Senator Dean Skelos from Long Island served as both Temporary President and Majority Leader, but resigned in May 2015 in the midst of corruption charges. The current majority leader, or president, is John J. Flanagan.",
"chunked_long_answer": "return to the Democratic caucus and take on the position of majority leader, while it was also announced that former majority leader Malcolm Smith had assumed the title of president pro tempore, and John Sampson would serve as Democratic conference leader with the understanding he would assume the presidency at an undetermined future date. Following the 2010 election and the Republican victory in the Senate, Senator Dean Skelos from Long Island served as both Temporary President and Majority Leader, but resigned in May 2015 in the midst of corruption charges. The current majority leader, or president, is John J. Flanagan.",
"short_answers": [
"John J. Flanagan"
]
} |
who created the pieta and also painted the ceiling of the sistine chapel | [
"Michelangelo"
]
| [
{
"title": "Michelangelo",
"text": "A number of Michelangelo's works of painting, sculpture and architecture rank among the most famous in existence. His output in these fields was prodigious; given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches and reminiscences, he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century. He sculpted two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, before the age of thirty. Despite holding a low opinion of painting, he also created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Pietà (Perugino)",
"text": "Pietà (Perugino) Pietà is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Pietro Perugino, executed around 1483-1493, and housed in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. The work was painted for the church of the convent of San Giusto alle mura together with the \"Agony in the Garden\" and a \"Crucifixion\". Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari saw them in side altars of the church of San Giovanni Battista alla Calza, after the original location had been destroyed during the Siege of Florence in 1529. It was moved to the Uffizi in the 20th century. The dating of the work is disputed: it varies",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15609507",
"score": "1.1119106",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Sistine Madonna",
"text": "The painting was commissioned by Pope Julius II in honor of his late uncle, Pope Sixtus IV, as an altarpiece for the basilica church of the Benedictine Monastery of San Sisto in Piacenza, with which the Rovere family had a long-standing relationship. The commission required that the painting depict both Saints Sixtus and Barbara. Legend has it that when Antonio da Correggio first laid eyes on the piece, he was inspired to cry, \"And I also, I am a painter!\" In 1754, Augustus III of Poland purchased the painting for 110,000 – 120,000 francs, whereupon it was relocated to Dresden",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14679972",
"score": "1.0843754",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Luca Signorelli",
"text": "A \"Pietà\" composition in a niche in the lower wall contains explicit references to two important Orvietan martyr saints, San Pietro Parenzo and San Faustino. The contract for Signorelli's work is still on record in the archives of the Cathedral of Orvieto. He undertook the task of completing the ceiling on April 5, 1499 for 200 ducats, as well as 600 ducats for the walls, along with lodging, and a monthly payment of two measures of wine and two quarters of corn. The contract directed Signorelli to consult the Masters of the Sacred Page for theological matters. This is the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1725591",
"score": "1.0801973",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Pinturicchio",
"text": "Pietro Vanucci, and Luca Signorelli. The Sistine Chapel was also where it is believed that Pinturicchio was collaborating with Perugino to some extent. After assisting Perugino in his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, Pinturicchio was employed by various members of the Della Rovere family to decorate the Semi-Gods Ceiling of Palazzo dei Penitenzieri and also a series of chapels in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, where he appears to have worked from 1484, or earlier, to 1492. \"Would be, if it had been left with all its original decorations, one of the finest monuments to Pintoricchio’s art in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3530381",
"score": "1.0776142",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Santa Maria della Pietà, Venice",
"text": "originally projected three statues on the roof. Only a single simple cross ornaments the centre. Above the entrance is a large bas-relief representing \"Charity\" (1800) by Marsili. The interior is oval. The ceilings were frescoed by Tiepolo depicting \"Strength and Peace\" and \"Triumph of Faith\", flanked by angelic musicians, while the presbytery was painted by the same artist with the theological Virtues, (1745-1755). Tiepolo was aided by Jacopo Guarana, the pupil of Sebastiano Ricci who had originally made designs for the frescoes. A chapel by Giovanni Maria Morlaiter with a precious tabernacle decorated with gilded bronze figures and, at the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16681187",
"score": "1.0709946",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Cimabue",
"text": "for technical and stylistic reasons). Cimabue was subsequently commissioned to decorate the apse and the transept of the Upper Basilica of Assisi, in the same period of time that Roman artists were decorating the nave. The cycle he created there comprises scenes from the Gospels, the lives of the Virgin Mary, St Peter and St Paul. The paintings are now in poor condition because of oxidation of the brighter colours that were used by the artist. The \"Maestà of Santa Trinita\", dated to c. 1290–1300, which was originally painted for the church of Santa Trinita in Florence, is now in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "88007",
"score": "1.052901",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Sistine Madonna",
"text": "Sistine Madonna The Sistine Madonna, also called the Madonna di San Sisto, is an oil painting by the Italian artist Raphael Sanzio. The painting was commissioned in 1512 by Pope Julius II for the church of San Sisto, Piacenza. The canvas was one of the last Madonnas painted by Sanzio. Giorgio Vasari called it \"a truly rare and extraordinary work\". The painting was moved to Dresden from 1754, and it's currently well-known for its influence in the German and Russian art scene. After World War II, it was relocated to Moscow for a decade before being returned to Germany. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14679970",
"score": "1.0462866",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Pietro Perugino",
"text": "of commissions. His \"Pietà\" (1483–1493) in the Uffizi is an uncharacteristically stark work that avoids Perugino's sometimes too easy sentimental piety. In 1499 the guild of the \"cambio\" (money-changers or bankers) of Perugia asked him to decorate their audience-hall, the \"Sala delle Udienze del Collegio del Cambio\". The humanist Francesco Maturanzio acted as his consultant. This extensive scheme, which may have been finished by 1500, comprised the painting of the vault, showing the seven planets and the signs of the zodiac (Perugino being responsible for the designs and his pupils most probably for the execution), and the representation on the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3530439",
"score": "1.0459349",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio",
"text": "Cristoforo Roncalli (one of the painters called \"il Pomarancio\"); while below this fresco are three paintings: a \"Martyrdom of St John\", a \"Martyrdom of St Paul\", and the \"Conversion of Terenziano\" (1726) by Giovanni Domenico Piastrini, Giacomo Triga, and Pietro Andrea Barbieri respectively. The sacristy features a canvas by Antoniazzo Romano of the \"Madonna and Child with Saints John the Evangelist and John the Baptist, and Saints Jerome and Paul\". The basilica is connected with the cardinalatial \"Titulus Ss. Ioannis et Pauli\". Among previous Cardinal Priests of this title are three who became Pope: Pope Honorius III (Cencio Savelli, elevated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10310140",
"score": "1.0453763",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Last Supper (Rosselli)",
"text": "Last Supper (Rosselli) The Last Supper is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painters Cosimo Rosselli and Biagio d'Antonio, executed in 1481–1482 and located in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. On 27 October 1480 Rosselli, together with other Florentine painters, left for Rome, where he had been called as part of the reconciliation project between Lorenzo de' Medici, the \"de facto\" ruler of Florence, and Pope Sixtus IV. The Florentines started to work in the Sistine Chapel as early as the Spring of 1481, along with Pietro Perugino, who was already there. The theme of the decoration was a parallel between",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15578929",
"score": "1.0448356",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Cosimo Rosselli",
"text": "to work at the wall decoration of the Sistine Chapel, together with other masters including; Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Domenico Ghirlandaio. Rosselli and his collaborators (among them his son-in-law Piero di Cosimo) executed two or three frescoes: the \"Descent from Mount Sinai\", the \"Last Supper\" and, perhaps, the \"Sermon of the Mount\". The \"Passage of the Red Sea\" is variously attributed to him, to Ghirlandaio or to Biagio d'Antonio. Giorgio Vasari wrote in his \"Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects\" that, differently from the other painters who followed a common pattern in the size and style",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5972733",
"score": "1.0368874",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Sant'Onofrio, Rome",
"text": "by Antoniazzo Romano and an \"Eternal Father\" attributed to Baldassarre Peruzzi. The second chapel has frescoes and stuccoes (1605) by Giovanni Battista Ricci with an altarpiece of the \"Madonna di Loreto\" by pupils of Annibale Carracci. Next to the main altar is a Monument to Giovanni Sacco attributed to the school of Andrea Bregno with frescoes of \"St. Anne Teaching the Virgin to Read\" by a painter of the Umbrian school. The sacristy ceiling has frescoes by Girolamo Pesci, while the walls have a \"Peter of Pisa\" by Francesco Trevisani. The apse has frescoes of the \"Stories of Mary\" attributed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9187346",
"score": "1.0367687",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "San Giovanni di Verdara, Padua",
"text": "large cloister of the monastery was designed circa 1492 by Pier Antonio dell'Abate, who along with Benedetto Montagna frescoed a chapel on site. Most of the decorations and monuments in the church have been removed. An inventory in 1817 noted the external façade had the tomb of Andrea Briosco. The fresco over the door, depicting the \"Virgin and Child with Sts Joseph and John the Baptist\" was painted by Jacopo Ceruti. The first altar had a \"Pieta\" sculpted in marble by Antonio Bonazza. Other canvases were painted by Pietro Rotari, Pietro Richi, Pietro da Bagnara, and Stefano dall' Arzere. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19496578",
"score": "1.0366923",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Pesaro Altarpiece (Bellini)",
"text": "The pieta was separated from the main painting in 1797 and taken to Paris, recovered in 1815 by Antonio Canova and taken to Rome. There it was allocated to the Pinacoteca Vaticana, where it still hangs. This Pieta was attributed to several other artists, from Bartolomeo Montagna to Giovanni Buonconsiglio, before it was finally attributed to Andrea Mantegna. Writing in 1913, Frizzoni recognised it as the upper part of the Pesaro Altarpiece, which was then topped instead by a painting of St. Jerome. This is now the consensus view, though Ileana Chiappini argues the two works have different focal points",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20566103",
"score": "1.0348628",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Church of Theatines, Ferrara",
"text": "by Giovanni Braccioli; a \"Purification at the Temple\" by Camillo Setti; a \"Flight to Egypt\" by Alessandro Naselli, and others by Tommaso Capitanelli. The ceiling was painted by Francesco Ferrari. Church of Theatines, Ferrara The Church of the Theatines (Teatini), also known as Santa Maria della Pietà is a Roman Catholic, Baroque-style church and monastery located on Corso della Giovecca, in central Ferrara, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. In 1618, prompted by Laura Sighizzi, along with Cardinal Carlo Emanuel Pio of Savoy bought a house in the neighborhood of Giovecca to open an oratory for the Theatine Order dedicated to the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18608268",
"score": "1.0301417",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Pietro Dandini",
"text": "the \"Ascension of St Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi surrounded by Florentine Saints\" (1701). He also painted an altarpiece depicting the \"Beheading of John the Baptist\" for the church of San Giovannino dei Cavalieri; a \"St Francis\" in Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome; an altarpiece in the Church of Santa Caterina d'Alessandria in Pisa; an altarpiece of \"God the Father\" for the Santuario della Madonna del Giglio of Prato; an \"Adoration of the Magi\" for the Church of Santa Croce in Vinci, Italy; and painting in the former convent of San Francesco de' Macci. Other works in situ include frescoes in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10251623",
"score": "1.0288062",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Pietrafesa (painter)",
"text": "signed work known as La Pietà, commissioned by the church of S. Francesco di Potenza. From 1608 to 1653 he completed several works moving to different locations in the Kingdom of Naples. He died in 1656 at the age of 67 suffering from a plague in Pignola and rests, according to Costantino Gatta, in the mother church of Pignola. Pietrafesa (painter) Giovanni De Gregorio, known as il Pietrafesa (1579 or 1580 in Pietrafesa (now Satriano di Lucania) - 1656 in Pignola, active 1653) called thus after the ancient name of the place of origin, Satriano, the ancient Pietrafesa. Giovanni De",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11026905",
"score": "1.0262417",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Santa Maria in Via Lata",
"text": "\"Madonna with child and Saints Cyriac and Catherine\" by Giovanni Odazzi. The second altar on the left has a \"Saint Paul baptizes Sabine and children\" by Pier Leone Ghezzi while the first altarpiece is a \"Virgin and Saints Lawrence and Anthony\" by Pietro de Pietri. Six oval paintings on the right nave include canvases by P. de Pietri and Agostino Masucci. On the left nave are five ovals, painted by P. de Pietri, Masucci, and Giovanni Domenico Piastrini. An altar in the lower church has a marble bas relief by Cosimo Fancelli. Santa Maria in Via Lata Santa Maria in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9131870",
"score": "1.0238962",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Church of Theatines, Ferrara",
"text": "Church of Theatines, Ferrara The Church of the Theatines (Teatini), also known as Santa Maria della Pietà is a Roman Catholic, Baroque-style church and monastery located on Corso della Giovecca, in central Ferrara, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. In 1618, prompted by Laura Sighizzi, along with Cardinal Carlo Emanuel Pio of Savoy bought a house in the neighborhood of Giovecca to open an oratory for the Theatine Order dedicated to the Madonna della Pieta. The architect Luca Danese was commissioned to design the church, which was completed in 1653 and decorated in Baroque fashion. The facade remains incomplete in brick. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18608264",
"score": "1.0227162",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Nunziata d'Antonio",
"text": "Annunziata, in preparation for the consecration of the church by Leo X. A notarial document of 1507 that names him as a member of another confraternity, the Compagnia di San Girolamo, called il Ciottolino, which met ‘below the church of Santa Maria sopr’Arno’. In 1512, the deliberations of the Florentine Signoria reveal that Nunziata and his friend Ridolfo Ghirlandaio were then working—alongside the painters Francesco di Niccolò Dolzemele, Jacopo di Francesco di Domenico, Bastiano di Bartolomeo Mazzanti, and Piero di Giorgio—on the decoration of the Palazzo Vecchio. Nunziata was paid in August of that year for painting nine coats of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11232046",
"score": "1.0209701",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Giovanni dal Ponte",
"text": "to 1435, dal Ponte became involved with larger projects, including several fresco cycles at Santa Trinita. The frescoes included scenes from the life of Saint Paul in the Cappella d'Abbaco and Saint Bartholemew and Saint Peter's martyrdom in the Cappella Scali. Dal Ponte designed several Triptychs in 1434; the two most famous are his two versions of the Annunciation, created in 1430 and 1435, which are located at Santa Maria in Rosano and the Pinacoteca Vaticana in Rome, respectively. In 1434, Giovanni painted a small altarpiece for the Oratorio di S. Eugenio a Pugliano. The altarpiece depicts the Annunciation with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11091256",
"score": "1.0204211",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Lamentation (Pietà)",
"text": "introduction of the Flemish technique of painting into Italy. The artist's early manner was dry and awkward, with a tendency towards archaism, but under the beneficial influence of Antonello his work gained in suppleness, revealing a new sense of harmony and rhythm in the compositions, a monumental conception of the figures, and a certain proud dignity of facial expression. The Louvre painting has all these characteristics: the landscape is painted in broad planes, and the diagonal arrangement of the heads and the delicate arabesque on Christ's body contribute to the subtlety of the composition. The Virgin's head is a perfect",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16227602",
"score": "1.0177755",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Pietà (Titian)",
"text": "Pietà (Titian) The Pietà now in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice is one of the last paintings by the Italian master Titian, and in its final, extended, state was left incomplete at his death in 1576, to be completed by Palma Giovane. Titian had intended it to hang over his grave, and the two stages of painting were to make it fit in two different churches. The picture is among Titian's last, one of several left unfinished at his death. An inscription in the lower part of the picture records that it was finished by Palma Giovane, whose interventions seem",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9072094",
"score": "1.0166161",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Delivery of the Keys (Perugino)",
"text": "Delivery of the Keys (Perugino) The Delivery of the Keys, or Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino, executed in 1481–1482 and located in the Sistine Chapel, Rome. The commission of the work originated in 1480, when Perugino was decorating a chapel in the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope Sixtus IV was pleased by his work, and decided to commission him also the decoration of the new Chapel he had built in the Vatican Palace. Due to the size of the work, Perugino was later joined by a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15578059",
"score": "1.0152081",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Collegiata di San Michele Arcangelo, Solofra",
"text": "in town and the Palazzo Orsini. The interior is remarkable for a wooden roof with twenty one framed canvases painted by Giovanni Tommaso Guarino, and depicting events from the old testament, while the transept has a ceiling with scenes from the new testament painted by Giovanni Tommaso's brother, Francesco. Other works in the church include an \"Epiphany\" by Andrea Sabbatini and an \"Assumption of the Virgin, witnessed by the Saints\" by Giovanni de Mari. The main altarpiece is a \"Coronation of the Virgin\" (1594 by Giovanni Battista Lama. Below the main altarpiece is a gilded statue of St Michael Archangel.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18085068",
"score": "1.0150247",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Giovanni Zanardi",
"text": "of Modena. With the figure painter Coletti, he helped decorate the palazzo di delizia of Rivabella. In 1723, back in Bologna, he painted with Francesco Monti the ceiling of the sacristy of the oratory of the Casa Bianchini al Lavino. Along with Leonardo Sconzani, he painted a canvas remembering the funeral celebrations for the Senator Ranuzzi held in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Bologna, in 1725. Together they also collaborated in the chapel of the Oratorian Church in Forlì till 1726. He was made an honorary academic in the Accademia Clementina in 1767. He was very prolific in Bologna",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17865851",
"score": "1.0147898",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Santa Maria della Pietà in Telusiano, Monte San Giusto",
"text": "single nave. A small dome just before the presbytery has neoclassical frescoes depicting the four evangelists in the spandrels. The walls still retain some of the 16th-century frescoed lunettes attributed to one of Lotto's students, Durante Nobili of Caldarola, and a late 17th-century copy of the \"Madonna of Trapani\" by Nino Pisano; and under the main altar, a 15th-century Northern European \"Vesperbild\" (or Pietà). However, the most prominent feature of the church, and the most commonly visited tourist attraction in the town, is the main altarpiece: a \"Crucifixion\" (circa 1529-1530) by Lorenzo Lotto. The work was commissioned by Bishop Bonafede",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19799362",
"score": "1.0144304",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Pieve di Sant'Andrea (Cercina)",
"text": "Pieve di Sant'Andrea (Cercina) The Pieve di Sant'Andrea is an 11th-century pieve or rural church in Cercina, Tuscany, central Italy. Initiated in Romanesque style, it was later remade. It has a sturdy bell tower with single and double mullioned windows. The interior is on a nave, and houses fragments of 14th-century frescoes (\"St. Anthony\" and one \"Female Saint\"). Other painting works include a \"Virgin Enthonred with Child between Sts. Andrew and John the Baptist\" (16th century), the \"Resurrection of Christ between Sts. Anthony of Padua, Mary Magdalene, Catherine of Alexandria and Jesm\" by Francesco Curradi, and two panels with a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12796372",
"score": "1.014107",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Santa Maria della Pietà, Venice",
"text": "sides, the Archangels Gabriel and Michael. The altar-piece, representing the Visitation, was begun by Giambattista Piazzetta and, on his death, finished by his disciple, Giuseppe Angeli. In the choir above the main entrance door there is a painting depicting \"Jesus in Simon’s house\" (1544) by Alessandro Bonvicino, called the Moretto da Brescia. In the side altars there are paintings by Maggiotto, Giuseppe Angeli, and Angelo Marinetti. Santa Maria della Pietà, Venice The church of Santa Maria della Pietà or della Visitazione is a prominent church in the sestiere of Castello in Venice, Italy. It is sited on the \"Riva degli",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16681188",
"score": "1.0135412",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
}
]
| {
"title": "Michelangelo",
"long_answer": "A number of Michelangelo's works of painting, sculpture and architecture rank among the most famous in existence. His output in these fields was prodigious; given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches and reminiscences, he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century. He sculpted two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, before the age of thirty. Despite holding a low opinion of painting, he also created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its altar wall. His design of the Laurentian Library pioneered Mannerist architecture. At the age of 74, he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter's Basilica. He transformed the plan so that the western end was finished to his design, as was the dome, with some modification, after his death.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A number of Michelangelo's works of painting, sculpture and architecture rank among the most famous in existence. His output in these fields was prodigious; given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches and reminiscences, he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century. He sculpted two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, before the age of thirty. Despite holding a low opinion of painting, he also created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its",
"short_answers": [
"Michelangelo"
]
} |
who played cory's older brother on boy meets world | [
"Will Friedle"
]
| [
{
"title": "List of Boy Meets World characters",
"text": "Eric Randall Matthews (Will Friedle) is the elder brother of Cory, Morgan, and Joshua Matthews. He began the show as a suave, popular young man, who constantly went out on dates. He was originally portrayed as the stereotypical elder brother. Eric's character changed mid-series from preppy elder brother to \"crazy, moronic brother\". During the fourth season, Eric takes a year off from school when he doesn't get into a college of his choice.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Ben Savage",
"text": "in an episode of the Fox series \"Bones\". He also guest starred on the Disney Channel series \"Shake It Up\" playing Andy Burns. In November 2012, Savage announced via his Twitter account that he had signed on to the \"Boy Meets World\" spin-off series, \"Girl Meets World\". The series premiered on Disney Channel on June 27, 2014, and features Savage's character Cory and his \"Boy Meets World\" love interest Topanga (Danielle Fishel) married in their adult years with two children. The series follows Cory and Topanga's daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) as she enters middle school and tries to navigate through",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3129549",
"score": "1.3201106",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Girl Meets World",
"text": "series titled \"Girl Meets World\", which would center on Cory and Topanga's 12-year-old daughter Riley. The original idea for the series was developed by Corey Marsh, an executive director at Disney Channel, who approached Michael Jacobs, co-creator of \"Boy Meets World\", to produce a similar series for a new generation of children as executive producer and showrunner. The idea was to create a modern version of the show from a different perspective to the original. On November 26, 2012, it was confirmed by Ben Savage and Danielle Fishel that they would be reprising their roles as Cory Matthews and Topanga",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16956250",
"score": "1.3127922",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Girl Meets World",
"text": "who assists her in learning to cope with the social and personal issues of adolescence. Several \"Boy Meets World\" cast members reprise their roles in the series. It has been several years since Cory and Topanga Matthews moved to New York City. The series follows their daughter, Riley Matthews, and her best friend, Maya Hart, as they navigate the challenges of life and school. Following along with them are their classmates, Lucas Friar and Farkle Minkus, and Riley's younger brother, Auggie. In November 2012, it was reported that Disney Channel was in the early stages of development of a follow-up",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16956249",
"score": "1.3068843",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World (season 7)",
"text": "\"Girl Meets World\" where Cory and Topanga are shown to be raising their two children, Riley (Rowan Blanchard) and Auggie (August Maturo). Riley is the series' protagonist, with Cory as a co-lead, and Topanga in a reduced role. Shawn and Eric appear in recurring guest roles, as do many other characters that have appeared over the course of \"Boy Meets World\"'s run. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Boy Meets World (season 7) The seventh and final season of the television comedy series \"Boy Meets World\" aired between September 24, 1999 and May 5, 2000, on ABC in the United States. The season was produced",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17124272",
"score": "1.2777822",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Ben Savage",
"text": "role of Matthew, son of the Judd Hirsch character, on the comedy series \"Dear John\" (1988). Then he was one of a family of orphans who con Robert Mitchum into being their guardian in \"A Family For Joe\" (NBC, 1990). Ben is best known for his role as lead character Cory Matthews on the hit TV sitcom \"Boy Meets World\" from 1993 until 2000. Savage's brother Fred appeared alongside him in one episode of \"Boy Meets World\", guest starring as a lecherous college professor pursuing Cory's girlfriend. In the following season, Fred directed his brother and the cast of \"Boy",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3129545",
"score": "1.2548066",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Ben Savage",
"text": "Ben Savage Bennett Joseph Savage (born September 13, 1980) is an American actor. He played the lead role of Cory Matthews on the ABC sitcom \"Boy Meets World\" (1993–2000) and its Disney Channel sequel series \"Girl Meets World\" (2014–2017). Savage was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Joanne and Lewis Savage, who were an industrial real estate broker and a consultant. His elder brother is actor/director Fred Savage, and his elder sister is actress/musician Kala Savage. His grandparents were Jewish and from Poland, Ukraine, Germany, and Latvia, and Savage was raised in Reform Judaism. Savage made his film debut",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3129543",
"score": "1.2498776",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Retroactive continuity",
"text": "both Shawn and Topanga have siblings in the first season but later in the series are retconned to be only children. The ages of the characters of \"Boy Meets World\" are altered notably where Cory is age 11 in 6th grade during season 1 to age 13 and 8th grade in season 2. This happens again in high school skipping another grade. The age gap between Cory and Eric also narrows from 4 years apart in age to 2 years apart in age. Unpopular or embarrassing stories are sometimes later ignored by publishers, and effectively erased from a series's continuity.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "367243",
"score": "1.2253093",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World",
"text": "(Trina McGee-Davis), Rachel McGuire (Maitland Ward), Jonathan Turner (Anthony Tyler Quinn), Eli Williams (Alex Désert), and Jack Hunter (Matthew Lawrence) during its later seasons. The first season begins with Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) and his best friend Shawn Hunter (Rider Strong), two average sixth-graders. They do not care about schoolwork, despite the efforts of their longtime teacher George Feeny (William Daniels). Initially, their main interest is sports, though later Shawn and then Cory begin to express an interest in girls. This season focuses specifically on Cory's relationships with the other characters in the show. He begins to understand his parents",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "890822",
"score": "1.2130551",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Lily Nicksay",
"text": "Lily Nicksay Lily Nicksay (born January 8, 1988) is an American actress. She is known for originating the role of Morgan Matthews, Cory's little sister, in the first two seasons of \"Boy Meets World\". She reprised the role for the season 3 finale of \"Girl Meets World\". Nicksay's television credits include guest star appearances on \"The Mentalist\", \"The Guardian\", \"8 Simple Rules\", and \"Judging Amy\". She has also appeared in the feature films \"The Negotiator\", \"The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle\", and \"Up Close & Personal\", and in the 1995 television movie \"The Christmas Box\". She was seen in a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7969296",
"score": "1.1919343",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Pilot (Boy Meets World)",
"text": "to his family. When Eric comes back from the game, miserable that his nerves ruined his date with Heather, Cory convinces him to call her back. When ABC released their fall schedule for the 1993-94 season, the New York Times wrote that the network was creating \"a new Friday night line-up that is explicitly aimed at younger viewers\". Their description of \"Boy Meets World\" was a show \"about life seen through the eyes of an 11-year-old boy\". The series is considered a coming-of-age story for the 1990s in a similar vein to the 1960s-set \"The Wonder Years\", which starred Fred",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16633014",
"score": "1.183766",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Will Friedle",
"text": "July 4, 2006 issue of \"People\", Friedle mentioned he had thought about attending culinary school. After co-hosting Nickelodeon's \"Don't Just Sit There\" for three seasons (1988–1991), Friedle was cast as Cory Matthews' likeable but underachieving elder brother Eric on the long-running TV sitcom \"Boy Meets World\" from 1993 to 2000. In 2004, he co-starred with Chris Owen in the independent film \"National Lampoon's Gold Diggers\" (originally titled \"Lady Killers\"). He also appeared in a supporting role in the 2005 ABC Family movie \"Everything You Want.\" Friedle was cast as Mike in the WB sitcom \"Off Centre\", but could not accept",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3180381",
"score": "1.1823505",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World",
"text": "is tested for the first time, and Cory must often choose between doing what Shawn wants him to do and doing what is best for their friendship. During the second season, Cory, Topanga, and Shawn start high school and meet Jonathan Turner (Anthony Tyler Quinn), an unconventional English teacher. Although they initially view Mr. Turner as cool, they soon realize that he is a teacher above all else, which earns him the nickname \"Feeny with an earring\" from Cory. Throughout the second season, Cory and Shawn try a variety of ways to become popular with their classmates. In doing so,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "890824",
"score": "1.1797752",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Girl Meets World",
"text": "Girl Meets World Girl Meets World is an American comedy television series created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on Disney Channel from June 27, 2014 to January 20, 2017. The series is a spinoff of \"Boy Meets World\" and stars Rowan Blanchard, Ben Savage, Sabrina Carpenter, Peyton Meyer, August Maturo, Danielle Fishel, and Corey Fogelmanis. The series centers around the life of a young teen girl, Riley Matthews, and her friends and family, particularly their school life, in which her father Cory is their history teacher. Riley shares a strong relationship with her best friend Maya Hart,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16956248",
"score": "1.1760523",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Pilot (Boy Meets World)",
"text": "Pilot (Boy Meets World) Pilot is the pilot episode of the television series \"Boy Meets World\", written by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly and directed by John Tracy. It premiered on ABC in the United States on September 24, 1993. The pilot introduces viewers to Cory Matthews and his friends, who live in Philadelphia and attend Jefferson Elementary School, along with members of his immediate family. In the episode, Cory is given detention from his 6th Grade teacher Mr. Feeny for attempting to listen to a Philadelphia Phillies baseball game in class. The class is taught about the value of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16633010",
"score": "1.1723548",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Danielle Fishel",
"text": "film to promote Childish Gambino's second studio album, \"Because the Internet\". In 2014, Fishel reprised her role of Topanga Lawrence-Matthews in the \"Boy Meets World\" spin-off series, \"Girl Meets World\". The series premiered on Disney Channel on June 27, 2014, and features Topanga and her \"Boy Meets World\" love interest Cory Matthews (Ben Savage) married in their adult years with two children. The series follows Cory and Topanga's daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) and her friend, Maya (Sabrina Carpenter) as she enters middle school and tries to navigate through life. At age 27, Fishel began attending California State University, Fullerton (CSUF),",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1316173",
"score": "1.1667504",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Willie Tyler",
"text": "commercials, television shows and movies which include Michael Jackson's \"Moonwalker\" in 1988 and Season 6 of \"Kids Incorporated\". In 1989, Tyler co-hosted \"Wild & Crazy Kids\" on Nickelodeon. In the 1990s Tyler appeared as Herbert Little on \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" and guest starred on Sister, Sister as Elliot. He is best known for the role of Terrence Taylor on the NBC sitcom \"A Different World\". Cory attended UCLA and received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in 1996. In 2000, Tyler became a licensed Spiritual Practitioner at the Agape International Spiritual Center in Culver City Los Angeles. Cory continued to work",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8147638",
"score": "1.1618079",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Lily Nicksay",
"text": "the University of St Andrews, Scotland, with an MA degree in Latin and Ancient Greek. She married BMG songwriter Dave Gibson on August 16, 2015. Lily Nicksay Lily Nicksay (born January 8, 1988) is an American actress. She is known for originating the role of Morgan Matthews, Cory's little sister, in the first two seasons of \"Boy Meets World\". She reprised the role for the season 3 finale of \"Girl Meets World\". Nicksay's television credits include guest star appearances on \"The Mentalist\", \"The Guardian\", \"8 Simple Rules\", and \"Judging Amy\". She has also appeared in the feature films \"The Negotiator\",",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7969298",
"score": "1.160322",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Pilot (Boy Meets World)",
"text": "\"Romeo and Juliet\". Cory initially, does not like girls, which is the opposite of his best friend Shawn Hunter and older brother Eric, who is goofy and frequently idiotic. In the episode, it is later revealed the reason Cory does not like girls so much is that Eric took his girlfriend, Heather, instead of Cory, to see a Phillies game. In detention, Mr. Feeny pays no attention to Cory, who starts is wheedling to get Feeny's attention, Mr. Feeny goes into a speech about love and its many interpretations by poets, playwrights, and philosophers. Cory comes back home and apologizes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16633013",
"score": "1.151307",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World",
"text": "they nearly get into fights with school bullies and in trouble with Mr. Feeny (now their high school principal). Eventually, though Shawn becomes more popular, he maintains his close friendship with the less popular Cory. Shawn’s mother Virna deserts her son and husband Chet (Blake Clark), which upsets Shawn greatly. Chet then leaves to find Virna. After this occurs, Shawn lives briefly with Cory and his parents, but soon figures out that it's just not the right fit for him, and later moves in with Mr. Turner. Cory tries at some points to begin a relationship with Topanga, but this",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "890825",
"score": "1.1484604",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World",
"text": "tension. A new student, Angela (Trina McGee), moves to Philadelphia and begins to date Shawn. Over winter break, the students go skiing on a school trip. Cory sprains his ankle and Lauren (Linda Cardellini), a ski-lodge employee, takes care of him. The two kiss, but Cory lies to Topanga. When Topanga finds out that he lied, they break up. Cory, upset about the break-up, gets drunk and is arrested, along with Shawn. The two agree never to drink again, but Shawn breaks the promise and shows up at school drunk. With the help of Angela and Jack, Shawn realizes that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "890832",
"score": "1.1455016",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World",
"text": "is mostly because he does not want to be left out of the dating game. Sensing this, Topanga is wary of his advances, and despite the mutual attraction, the two do not date during this season. During the third season, Cory finally admits that he wants to ask out Topanga but cannot work up the courage to do it. Consequently, his best friend Shawn asks her out. Although Cory was hurt, he soon realized Shawn set the whole thing up so he could unite Cory and Topanga and make Cory confess his feelings for her. He tells her how he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "890826",
"score": "1.1414765",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Cory Michael Smith",
"text": "irritating, flimsy young lad.\" Cory Michael Smith Cory Michael Smith (born November 14, 1986) is an American actor. He currently portrays Edward Nygma in the Fox television drama series \"Gotham\". He appeared in \"Camp X-Ray\" in 2014. He appeared in 2013 in \"Breakfast at Tiffany's\" on Broadway, which starred Emilia Clarke. A native of Columbus, Ohio, Smith was raised by his parents, David and Theresa (born Fagan) Smith, with his older brother Chad, and graduated from Hilliard Darby High School in 2005. He had aspirations ranging from becoming a concert pianist to a lawyer. While at Otterbein University, Smith was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17972413",
"score": "1.1397158",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World",
"text": "feels, and they become a couple. Later in the third season, Cory and Topanga are worried that their relationship has hit a rut, and decide it would be best to break up while they are still able to keep the friendship. They get back together a few months later when Cory follows her to Disney World to win her back. Eric spends this season desperately trying to make up for his first three years of slacking off in high school. He makes progress, but it is not enough; he is not acceptable to any universities as of his high school",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "890827",
"score": "1.1282483",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Boy Meets World",
"text": "and has a small chance of survival. Shawn receives a letter from his mother, confessing she is not his biological parent. Shawn unsuccessfully searches for his biological mother. Alan offers to adopt Shawn, but he decides that it was not necessary because Shawn knows that he is already part of the family. Shawn and Cory have challenges in their relationship throughout the season, including on the day of Cory’s wedding. Shawn admits that he is no longer Cory’s best friend and gives him away to Topanga. Despite this, their friendship remains intact, but Topanga sometimes feels left out. Cory and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "890838",
"score": "1.1207232",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Pilot (Boy Meets World)",
"text": "incisive call. It's mainly based on scheduling and stars.\" He continued \"Forget quality, these are kids we're programming for on Friday nights. Here's where you have to give ABC some credit for going an extra mile and adding William Daniels...to the cast as Cory's nemesis, his sixth-grade teacher, Mr. Feeny. The confrontation between the hey-I'm-just-a-kid Cory and the arch-and-starch Feeny makes this series something an adult doesn't have to feel ashamed of watching.\" He ultimately gave it two-and-a-half stars out of four, \"but I won't argue with anyone who wants to give it 3 stars.\" Pilot (Boy Meets World) Pilot",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16633017",
"score": "1.1114855",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Cory Michael Smith",
"text": "Cory Michael Smith Cory Michael Smith (born November 14, 1986) is an American actor. He currently portrays Edward Nygma in the Fox television drama series \"Gotham\". He appeared in \"Camp X-Ray\" in 2014. He appeared in 2013 in \"Breakfast at Tiffany's\" on Broadway, which starred Emilia Clarke. A native of Columbus, Ohio, Smith was raised by his parents, David and Theresa (born Fagan) Smith, with his older brother Chad, and graduated from Hilliard Darby High School in 2005. He had aspirations ranging from becoming a concert pianist to a lawyer. While at Otterbein University, Smith was cast in such plays",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17972407",
"score": "1.1113386",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Pilot (Boy Meets World)",
"text": "Savage and ran from 1988 until the end of the 1992-93 season. Savage, now 17, was considered too old to take on another similar role, but his younger brother Ben, who had made a cameo in \"The Wonder Years\" in 1990 at the age of 10 and had recently appeared in the miniseries \"Wild Palms\", was given the role of Cory Matthews. One of the other key castings was William Daniels as George Feeny, Cory's teacher and nemesis; Daniels had previously held a high-profile role on \"St. Elsewhere\" in the 1980s. The pilot episode premiered on ABC on September 24,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16633015",
"score": "1.1094128",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Maybe This Time",
"text": "dating his father, Nick Sr. (Robert Cicchini) though their date did not progress any further unlike their children. The episode \"Acting Out\" featured Ben Savage, Rider Strong and William Daniels making cameo appearances as Cory Matthews, Shawn Hunter and George Feeny, their characters from Michael Jacobs's other ABC sitcom \"Boy Meets World\". However, the two series do not exist in the same fictional universe as they appeared in the form of television characters in a fictional episode of \"Boy Meets World\" being watched by Gracie, who later had a waking dream about them. The series initially entered the Top 20",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8359043",
"score": "1.1027068",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Kyle Massey",
"text": "the younger brother of actor Christopher Massey. Starting in 2003, Massey played Cory Baxter on the \"Disney Channel\" show \"That's So Raven\" for four seasons, and then headlined its 2007 spinoff \"Cory in the House\". Massey also starred in the 2005 \"Disney Channel Original Movie\", \"Life Is Ruff\". He also voices the character of the fish Milo on the \"Disney Channel\"'s \"Fish Hooks\". Massey also played a role in the PBS children's educational series, \"The Electric Company\". Massey appeared on the \"Disney Channel Holiday\" soundtrack and the \"Shaggy Dog\" soundtrack where he performed \"Who Let The Dog Out\" and \"Jingle",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4295473",
"score": "1.1019065",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
}
]
| {
"title": "List of Boy Meets World characters",
"long_answer": "Eric Randall Matthews (Will Friedle) is the elder brother of Cory, Morgan, and Joshua Matthews. He began the show as a suave, popular young man, who constantly went out on dates. He was originally portrayed as the stereotypical elder brother. Eric's character changed mid-series from preppy elder brother to \"crazy, moronic brother\". During the fourth season, Eric takes a year off from school when he doesn't get into a college of his choice.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Eric Randall Matthews (Will Friedle) is the elder brother of Cory, Morgan, and Joshua Matthews. He began the show as a suave, popular young man, who constantly went out on dates. He was originally portrayed as the stereotypical elder brother. Eric's character changed mid-series from preppy elder brother to \"crazy, moronic brother\". During the fourth season, Eric takes a year off from school when he doesn't get into a college of his choice.",
"short_answers": [
"Will Friedle"
]
} |
who sings i want to be a rockstar | [
"Nickelback",
"Canadian rock band Nickelback",
"Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top"
]
| [
{
"title": "Rockstar (Nickelback song)",
"text": "\"Rockstar\" is the fifth U.S. single by the Canadian rock band Nickelback from their fifth album, All the Right Reasons (2005). It was initially only released in the United States and Canada, and has since been re-released worldwide. The lyrics feature the pretentious, materialistic desires of a wannabe rockstar, who craves money, cars and women. Spoken-word vocals between each verse are provided by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "I Wanna Rock",
"text": "I Wanna Rock \"I Wanna Rock\" is a song written and composed by Dee Snider and performed by his band Twisted Sister. It was released on the 1984 album \"Stay Hungry\". Like the earlier \"We're Not Gonna Take It\", the video features actor Mark Metcalf, best known as the abusive ROTC leader Douglas C. Neidermeyer from the movie \"National Lampoon's Animal House\". Here, he plays a teacher with a similar personality to Neidermeyer, who harasses a student for drawing the Twisted Sister logo on his notebook. He chastises the student by shouting \"What kind of a man desecrates a defenseless",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6077165",
"score": "1.090749",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Rockstar (Post Malone song)",
"text": "is both Post Malone's and 21 Savage's first-ever No. 1 single, meaning this probably won't be the last time an artist attempts to boost a track by distilling its catchiest section into a standalone product. Maybe, in the future, we'll all listen to seconds-long hooks on endless extended loops.\" \"Spin\" and \"Time\" both named the song one of the worst of 2017. On December 13, 2017, a Latin remix of the song featuring Puerto Rican reggaeton artists Nicky Jam and Ozuna was released. Another remix was released on December 22, 2017, featuring new verses from rappers Jadakiss and Nino Man.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20343307",
"score": "1.0663663",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "I Wanna Rock",
"text": "the vicious teacher's repeated attempts to stop his rock-loving students not only fail but also backfire on him, he crawls into the principal's office, only to be confronted by the principal, played by Stephen Furst, who played Kent \"Flounder\" Dorfman in \"Animal House\", alongside Metcalf. Furst reprises one of his lines from the movie: \"Oh boy, is this great!\", before he sprays water from a seltzer bottle at the teacher. In 2009, \"I Wanna Rock\" was named the 17th-Greatest Hard Rock Song by VH1. I Wanna Rock \"I Wanna Rock\" is a song written and composed by Dee Snider and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6077167",
"score": "1.0627158",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Rockstar (Poison song)",
"text": "Rockstar (Poison song) \"Rockstar\" is a song by American Rock band Poison it was released as the first single from their then upcoming album \"Hollyweird\". The song was first released as a digital download single on May 27, 2001 and then as a CD single in May 2002. The lyrics were written by Bret Michaels and C.C. DeVille. \"Rockstar\" has been performed 20 times by the band in concert. Its first performance was on May 27, 2001. It was a regular in the setlist on the Glam, Slam, Metal, Jam Tour, but only played once on the Hollyweird World Tour.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18780957",
"score": "1.0553137",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Maxsta",
"text": "of the year. Koromah was also involved in the Adidas We Are London advertising campaign. On 5 August 2012, Koromah's debut single was released, titled \"I Wanna Rock\". It reached number 67 in the UK charts and received support from several radio DJs; it was featured as Radio 1 presenter Nick Grimshaw's record of the week. \"I Wanna Rock\" was also remixed and featured guest vocals from fellow London rapper Tinchy Stryder, Rizzle Kicks and the Birmingham-based MC Lady Leshurr. Koromah's second single \"Pop Off\" followed \"I Wanna Rock\". His debut album was due to be released in February 2013",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16747443",
"score": "1.0335904",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Rockstar 101",
"text": "Rockstar 101 \"Rockstar 101\" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her fourth studio album, \"Rated R\" (2009). The song features the British-American guitarist Slash of the rock group Guns N' Roses. It was released on May 18, 2010, as the fifth single from the album. Rihanna wrote the song in collaboration with the producers The-Dream and Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart; vocal production was carried out by Makeba Riddick. The album version is a grunge-crunk and hip hop song, while the remix EP's consist of dance, dubstep and electronic music adaptations, some of which were remixed by Dave Audé and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14637327",
"score": "1.0326476",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Insatiable (Elise Estrada song)",
"text": "RockSTAR Music Corporation. The label introduced her to some successful producers and songwriters including Grammy Award winner Orlando Calzada, a mixer who worked on songs for Jennifer Lopez and Destiny's Child. After signing with the label, she recorded her debut album, which was a success, and won the award for Best New Solo Artist in the Canada Radio Music Awards. She also appeared as the opening act during Canadian tours of Rihanna, Soulja Boy, Lady Gaga, the Backstreet Boys and 50 Cent. \"Insatiable\" is a pop-soul funk song with slight elements of Electropop and R&B. It features a hard drum",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10933580",
"score": "1.0221398",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Rock Star: Supernova",
"text": "Supernova. This is noted below as a \"Special Performance\". Lukas Rossi's victory makes him the second Canadian to win the Rock Star competition. There was a standing ovation for her and she made rockstar history as the only person to do a Stagedive. Jill Gioya Chose to do Brown Sugar backed by Gilby Clarke. Though she was praised by Dave for her performance, Gilby stated that he was annoyed when she started to \"GRIND\" against him. The first rocker to end in the final bottom three was Jill who has saved herself in every previous bottom three performance. She performed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7809435",
"score": "1.0204787",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Rockstar 101",
"text": "extended play (EP) in the United States through Masterbeat.com on June 2, 2010, to the iTunes Store on July 13, and in the United Kingdom through Amazon on June 29, 2010. These EP's consist of remixes by various DJs and music producers, including Dave Audé and Mark Picchiotti. \"Rockstar 101\" is a grunge-crunk and hip hop song which lasts for three minutes and fifty-eight seconds. It features an \"aggressive\" guitar solo from Slash, according to Leah Greenblatt of \"Entertainment Weekly\". Rihanna uses her lower register and \"heavy\" modulation to perform the most of the song, and she \"growls\" the lyric",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14637331",
"score": "1.019467",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Rockstar (2011 film)",
"text": "in a fit of rage and starts strumming on his guitar. A flashback reveals the story of Jordan, whose real name is Janardhan Jhakar JJ, a boy from Delhi. He is studying at Law Faculty, Delhi University and dreams of being a rockstar like Jim Morrison, for which he is often laughed at by his friends and classmates. Khatana, the canteen owner, tells JJ that one thing common among all artists is a life-altering heartbreak. JJ jokingly tells himself that since that hasn't happened yet, he won't be able to reach his idol had attained. JJ sees a beautiful girl",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960103",
"score": "1.0178725",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Rockstar 101",
"text": "first. Emily Tartanella of PopMatters defined \"Rockstar 101\" as a \"brilliant bit of bravado\" during her review of \"Rated R\", while Ailbhe Malone for \"NME\" wrote that Rihanna sings with \"swagger\" on the track, which was something that she has Hova to thank for. Jon Pareles for \"The New York Times\" simply highlighted a line from the song, \"I never play the victim\". Neil McCormick for \"The Daily Telegraph\" thought that \"Rockstar 101\" was one of the few songs on the album to retain the \"vaguest leftover hints of her warm Caribbean vocal flavouring\". Ann Powers for the \"Los Angeles",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14637333",
"score": "1.0076704",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Rock Star (TV series)",
"text": "Rock Star (TV series) Rock Star is a television series produced by Mark Burnett, David Goffin, Lisa Hennessy, and Al Berman in which aspiring singers from around the world competed to become the lead singer of a featured group. It debuted on CBS on July 11, 2005, to mediocre ratings. The show was hosted by television personality and commercial spokeswoman Brooke Burke and Jane's Addiction lead guitarist Dave Navarro. In Australian band INXS chose J.D. Fortune as their new lead singer. For , the band Rock Star Supernova chose Lukas Rossi as the lead singer of their new supergroup. Alice",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7798390",
"score": "1.0001395",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Kathleen Hanna",
"text": "single \"Rockstar\" and the song \"I Wish I Was Him\" (a song written by Ben Lee and originally recorded by his band Noise Addict about alternative rock heartthrob Evan Dando) on the KRS compilation \"Rock Stars Kill\". Hanna also appeared in the 1994 Sonic Youth video for \"Bull in the Heather\". In 1991, the band spent a summer in Washington, D.C., where Hanna began collaborating with Allison Wolfe, Molly Neuman, and Jen Smith from the band Bratmobile on the zine \"Riot grrrl\", which became a call to action for increased feminist activity and female involvement in the punk rock scene.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2182960",
"score": "0.99972713",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Coke Studio Pakistan (season 8)",
"text": "variation in vocals, jazzy tune and freedom of lyrics and was praised by Many media celebrities and personalities including Hritik Roshan, Mahira Khan, Fahad Mustafa, Imran Khan and Adnan Sami. On the success of \"Rockstar\" Ali stated that, \"I partly lead the rockstar life I've made fun of.\" He explains that, \"The lyrics of the song remind me of how I used to perceive rockstars when I was a kid. There's an aspect of vanity and arrogance 'Rockstar' which required me to get more animated.\" The folk-song \"Sammi Meri Waar\" by Umair Jaswal and QB was heavily criticized for the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18944256",
"score": "0.99518883",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Rockstar (Post Malone song)",
"text": "Rockstar (Post Malone song) \"Rockstar\" (stylized with a lowercase \"R\") is a song by American rapper Post Malone. It was released on September 15, 2017, by Republic Records as the lead single from his second studio album \"Beerbongs & Bentleys\" (2018). The track features a guest verse from fellow American rapper 21 Savage. It was written by Post Malone, 21 Savage, Louis Bell, Carl Austin Rosen, Joey Bada$$ and Olufunmibi Awoshiley, and produced by Tank God and Bell (who co-produced \"Congratulations\"). The track reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and reached the top spot in several other",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20343302",
"score": "0.9899354",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star",
"text": "covered \"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\" a number of times at live concerts. Pearl Jam's singer, Eddie Vedder, also covered it during his 2012 American solo tour. The British rock band Charlie released a song titled \"Killer Cut\" in 1979, that is essentially a sequel to \"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\" and begins with the lyrics \"So you want to be a rock and roll star, well, times have changed/That's all I'll say/You still need an electric guitar but most of all you need that radio, radio play.\" Counting Crows",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11662536",
"score": "0.989583",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Kenneth allein zu Haus",
"text": "song \"Rockstar\" features his labelmate Nyze and Benny Blanko. Bojan Assenov provided the piano to \"Verzeih mir\". Arndt Christoph performed trumpet on the song \"Ein guter Tag\", while the guitar and bass was performed by Marius Mahn. (*) The tracks 14, 17 & 18 are only featured on the \"Premium edition\" Kenneth allein zu Haus Kenneth allein zu Haus (German: \"Kenneth Home Alone\") is the debut album by German hip hop artist Kay One, released on April 30, 2010, by ersguterjunge. It also released as Premium Edition, with three added songs, while the Standard Edition features 18 songs. The album",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14870549",
"score": "0.9874203",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Popstar (film)",
"text": "missing a critical summer tour that could ruin his musical career. To get help with math, he builds a relationship with Jane. Former 1970s teen idols David Cassidy and Leif Garrett appear in supporting roles as J.D.'s manager and a philosophical janitor. Other famous actors appearing in the film are Andrew Stevens, Tracy Scoggins, Natalia Livingston, Tom Bosley and Stella Stevens. Former Backstreet Boys and NSYNC manager, Lou Pearlman appears in an uncredited cameo at the end of the film. The \"Popstar\" soundtrack was released October 18, 2005, and features Carter in \"Saturday Night\" (live), \"Enuff Of Me\", \"I Want",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6302708",
"score": "0.9870039",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Rockstar (2011 film)",
"text": "Rockstar (2011 film) Rockstar is a 2011 Indian musical romantic drama film directed by Imtiaz Ali, starring Ranbir Kapoor and Nargis Fakhri, with music composed by A. R. Rahman. The film also stars Moufid Aziz, Aditi Rao Hydari, Piyush Mishra, Shernaz Patel, Kumud Mishra in supporting roles, and also Shammi Kapoor, who makes his last silver screen appearance. The film was produced by Eros International Ltd. along with Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Ltd. It follows Janardhan Jakhar JJ or Jordan, who dreams of becoming a rockstar like his role model, Jim Morrison. Yet, eventually on attaining all that he dreamt",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15960100",
"score": "0.9823053",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Party Like a Rockstar",
"text": "Party Like a Rockstar \"Party Like a Rockstar\" is a song by American hip hop group Shop Boyz. It was released as the lead single from their debut album \"Rockstar Mentality\" (2007). It reached high success during summer 2007 and was successful in the United States, peaking in the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot Rap Tracks, and Hot 100 charts. The song was nominated for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 50th Grammy Awards. The song is based around two electric guitar riffs (taken from \"Crazy Train\" by Ozzy Osbourne). It also",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10251801",
"score": "0.9811652",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Party Like a Rockstar",
"text": "much love and respect for Shop Boyz, and I would never do anything to block their shine.\" Party Like a Rockstar \"Party Like a Rockstar\" is a song by American hip hop group Shop Boyz. It was released as the lead single from their debut album \"Rockstar Mentality\" (2007). It reached high success during summer 2007 and was successful in the United States, peaking in the top five on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Hot Rap Tracks, and Hot 100 charts. The song was nominated for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 50th Grammy Awards. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10251808",
"score": "0.9807695",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Bad Intentions (album)",
"text": "would be entitled \"Bad Intentions\". Shortly after the announcement, \"Rockstar\" was later revealed as the album's second single. Concurrently, at the time of the recording, Dappy recorded a cover of Queen's \"We Will Rock You\", entitled \"Rock You\", which appears on the deluxe edition of the album in the form of a Radio 1 Live Lounge performance. Both tracks feature instrumental performances from Brian May. In a press interview in April 2012, Dappy revealed that the album's third single was set to be called \"Dare to Dream\". The track was not released, and does not appear on the album, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16520708",
"score": "0.9801167",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Prima J",
"text": "were discovered by former talent manager Bruce Johnson, who along with his business partner Jorge Hernandez introduced the girls to Stephanie Ridel. Prima J also makes a brief appearance in \"\", auditioning for the school talent show, and three of the stars of \"Bratz\", Logan Browning, Janel Parrish, and Nathalia Ramos, appear in the \"Rock Star\" music video. Prior to \"Rockstar\", they performed the song \"Gotta Lotta\" for the Disney Channel original movie, \"Jump In!\", which was released on the film's soundtrack, and they also starred in Baby Bash's music video \"What Is It\". They recently made a cameo in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10648137",
"score": "0.97857285",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Rockstar (Dappy song)",
"text": "Rockstar (Dappy song) \"Rockstar\" is the second single from former N-Dubz lead rapper Dappy's debut studio album, \"Bad Intentions\" staying with the commercial pop template of his previous single, \"No Regrets\". It was released on 23 February 2012. The song also features Queen guitarist Brian May. A music video to accompany the release of \"Rockstar\" was first released onto YouTube on 18 January 2012 at a total length of three minutes and forty-eight seconds. It was directed by Colin Tilley. The video has received 14 million views on YouTube. Lewis Corner of \"Digital Spy\" gave the song a very positive",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16298692",
"score": "0.9783044",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Joanie Leeds",
"text": "kindie rock radio programs and podcasts, and she released two music videos to YouTube\". She also co-wrote a Jewgrass (Jewish Bluegrass) album with friend and Banjo player Matthew Check and released \"Challah, Challah\" in September 2009. In 2010, Leeds released a full length DVD, 'City Kid Live' directed by Miami-based Emmy Award Winning Editor and director, AJ Nichols. It includes 3 music videos, a live concert and bonus features. Also released in 2010 is her second album, \"I'm A Rockstar\", which features the Saturday Night Live inspired parody \"More Cowbell\" and the environmentally friendly, \"I Wanna Be Green\". \"I'm A",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14487571",
"score": "0.9775646",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Rockstar 101",
"text": "and Chris \"TEK\" O'Ryan. Additional engineering was done by Pat Thrall. Guitar was provided by Tim Stewart, while Monte Neuble performed additional keys. The song features a guitar performance by Slash, the British-American musician, songwriter and lead guitarist of the American hard rock band Guns N' Roses. \"Rockstar 101\" was the fourth single from the album \"Rated R\" to be released in the US and the fifth overall. It was sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic radio stations in the US on May 18, 2010, and to Australian radio stations on July 19, 2010. The song was released as an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14637330",
"score": "0.9749574",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Hellcats",
"text": "Squeeze's \"Tempted\" and The Go-Go's hit \"We Got the Beat\". Canadian singer Fefe Dobson recorded \"Rockstar\", an exclusive song for the series that was played during the \"A World Full of Strangers\" episode. \"Rockstar\" was ultimately released on the iTunes Deluxe Edition of Dobson's album \"Joy\". As previously promised by Murphy, a digital EP featuring five of the songs recorded for the series was released on November 30, 2010, via Warner Bros. Records. The first season of \"Hellcats\" also included live performances by guest musicians, including Hey Monday, Faber Drive, Fefe Dobson, 3OH!3 featuring Ashley Tisdale, Elise Estrada and Ciara.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14442680",
"score": "0.97279656",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Rockstar (2015 film)",
"text": "Rockstar (2015 film) Rockstar is a 2015 Malayalam romantic comedy film directed by V. K. Prakash and produced by P. K. Ratheesh. Sidharth Menon made his debut as the lead, titular role, and also co-produced the film under Build Block Productions. Lokanathan did the cinematography and Prashant Pillai scored the music. The story and script were written by Rajashree Balaram. Ananth Abraham is a well known singer in a troupe, always surrounded by female fans who will do everything for him. He stays in Bangalore along with the troupe members. He is introduced to Athira Menon, a designer, during an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19195778",
"score": "0.97168565",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "We Are Rockstars (band)",
"text": "We Are Rockstars (band) We Are Rockstars is a Hungarian indie band based in Budapest, Hungary. The band was formed by György Ligeti (singer-songwriter and guitars), Tamás Faragó (guitar) and Csaba Kovács (drums), however the final line-up was completed only when Tamás Szijártó (keyboards) joined the band in the summer in 2010. The band borrowed their name from the English band Does It Offend You, Yeah?'s We Are Rockstars song. The group plays electronic rock which is flavoured with the sound of the 60s beat pop, 80s synthpop and modern indie rock. Each band member adds his own influences to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17021370",
"score": "0.97144926",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "Rockstar (Nickelback song)",
"long_answer": "\"Rockstar\" is the fifth U.S. single by the Canadian rock band Nickelback from their fifth album, All the Right Reasons (2005). It was initially only released in the United States and Canada, and has since been re-released worldwide. The lyrics feature the pretentious, materialistic desires of a wannabe rockstar, who craves money, cars and women. Spoken-word vocals between each verse are provided by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top.",
"chunked_long_answer": "\"Rockstar\" is the fifth U.S. single by the Canadian rock band Nickelback from their fifth album, All the Right Reasons (2005). It was initially only released in the United States and Canada, and has since been re-released worldwide. The lyrics feature the pretentious, materialistic desires of a wannabe rockstar, who craves money, cars and women. Spoken-word vocals between each verse are provided by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top.",
"short_answers": [
"Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top",
"Canadian rock band Nickelback",
"Nickelback"
]
} |
who did virginia cavaliers lose to in basketball this year | [
"Virginia Tech",
"West Virginia",
"UMBC"
]
| [
{
"title": "2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "victory, and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began. The injury led the New York Daily News to change their pick from Virginia winning the national championship to not advancing out of the Sweet Sixteen. UVA entered as the No. 1 overall seed, placed in the South regional, but suffered a historic upset in the first round to UMBC and became the first No. 1 seed to lose to a No. 16 seed since the field expanded to 64 teams in 1985. The first round losses by No. 1 seed Virginia and No.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Heather Burge",
"text": "in the Associated Press Poll and second in the USA Today Coaches Poll at the end of the regular season. In 1993, Virginia lost in the East Region Championship to NCAA runner-up Ohio State. The Lady Cavs lost all four tournament games by a total of only 15 points with the biggest score differential being their 9-point loss to Stanford in 1990. While at UVA, Burge was the ACC Player of the Year and a Kodak District All-American in 1993 and was also a two-time Academic All-American (1992 & 1993), a two-time ACC All-Conference selectee (1992 & 1993), a two-time",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6357016",
"score": "1.045043",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men's basketball game",
"text": "go out there and play loose.\" In a rebuilding year under head coach Tony Bennett, Virginia had entered the season unranked but proceeded to win the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) regular season championship outright by four games over pre-season AP No. 1 Duke, finishing 17–1 in conference play including Bennett's first win at Cameron Indoor Stadium. They then capped an improbable ascendancy by defeating North Carolina in the ACC Tournament championship, finishing the regular season 31–2. Two days before NCAA tournament play, the Cavaliers lost the ACC Sixth Man of the Year, forward De'Andre Hunter, to a season-ending left wrist",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20626661",
"score": "1.0340227",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "2017 Virginia Cavaliers football team",
"text": "the Broncos and quickly went down 7–0 within the first three minutes. After this shaky start, the Cavaliers took a 21–14 lead into halftime led by success in the passing game on offense. To start the second half, the Cavaliers took just 3 plays to score, stretching the lead to 28–14. Virginia pressed its advantage to 42–14 before Boise State made it 42–23 on a late safety and touchdown. The win has been hailed as Virginia's \"most impressive win\" so far under Coach Mendenhall. 2017 Virginia Cavaliers football team The 2017 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20121869",
"score": "1.0271409",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "2006–07 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "to win a share of the ACC regular season championship with North Carolina and the second seed in the ACC Tournament. Coach Dave Leitao was chosen as the ACC Coach of the Year following the conclusion of the regular season. Virginia received the fourth seed in the NCAA Tournament's South Regional, where they beat Albany for their first NCAA tournament victory since 1995, but lost in the second round to fifth-seeded Tennessee. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| Exhibition game !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| Regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| ACC Tournament !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| NCAA Tournament 2006–07 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team The 2006–07",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10922135",
"score": "1.0239785",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Bronco Mendenhall",
"text": "Rivalry against North Carolina for the first time since 2009, and later defeat Georgia Tech to claim their 6th win of the season and qualify the team for its first bowl bid since the 2011 Peach Bowl. Virginia started strong with wins over Richmond, Ohio, and Louisville, with a loss to Indiana in week 2. The middle of the season went fairly well, losing to NC State, but following that with wins against Miami, Duke and UNC, before losing again to Pitt. But the Cavs rebounded against tough in-state rival, Liberty, and then lost again to Georgia Tech in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8261142",
"score": "1.0223808",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "2011 Virginia Cavaliers football team",
"text": "since 2007. Memorable moments from the season include: upsetting #12-ranked and undefeated Georgia Tech and defeating Florida State in Tallahassee for the first time in school history. They also became the first team in NCAA history to win road games against the Miami Hurricanes and the Florida State Seminoles in the same season. They were invited to the Chick-fil-A Bowl, where they were defeated by Auburn, 43–24. The Cavaliers went 4–8 in 2010, their third losing season in a row, and first under new head coach Mike London. Despite having an off-season recruiting class among the best in the country,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15534686",
"score": "1.0191991",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball",
"text": "a 2017 Cavalier win delaying or preventing an ACC regular season title, while an injury to star player Justin Anderson during the 2015 matchup derailed UVA's national championship aspirations. The March 2018 matchup between the two teams ended with Virginia scoring 5 points in the final 0.9 seconds and dealing what proved to be a mortal blow to Louisville's NCAA tournament hopes. Virginia leads the all-time series 11-4. The most recent matchup was a 75–58 Virginia win in the ACC Tournament on March 8, 2018. Thanks to the proximity of these two long-time ACC members, and their status as Tobacco",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9127532",
"score": "1.0115764",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "2016–17 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team",
"text": "round before losing to James Madison in the second round. The Virginia Cavaliers Sports Network will broadcast select Cavaliers games on WINA. John Freeman, Larry Johnson, and Myron Ripley will provide the call for the games. Games not broadcast on WINA can be listened to online through Cavaliers Live at virginiasports.com. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"|Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"|Conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"| ACC Women's Tournament !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"| WNIT 2016–17 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team The 2016–17 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team will represent the University of Virginia during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19541893",
"score": "1.0067173",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "2014–15 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team",
"text": "where they lost in the first round to Old Dominion. The Virginia Cavaliers Sports Network will broadcast select Cavaliers games on WINA. John Freeman, Larry Johnson, and Myron Ripley will provide the call for the games. Games not broadcast on WINA can be listened to online through Cavaliers Live at virginiasports.com. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"|Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"|Conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"| 2015 ACC Tournament !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"|WNIT 2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings 2014–15 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team The 2014–15 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team will represent the University of Virginia during the 2014–15 college",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18148217",
"score": "1.0032858",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "1982 Virginia vs. Chaminade men's basketball game",
"text": "The Cavaliers lost to eventual national champion North Carolina State, who had already defeated Virginia in the championship game of the ACC Basketball Tournament. The Silverswords won further games against Division I teams in future seasons. Chaminade followed up the win over the Cavaliers by beating Louisville in both 1983 and 1984, by scores of 83–72 and 67–65, showing that the Virginia game was not a one-game fluke for Chaminade. The second Louisville win was against a Cardinals team ranked 12th in a national poll. Chaminade's victory led to the creation of the Maui Invitational Tournament, an annual event in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17754969",
"score": "1.0029149",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Al Groh",
"text": "the Cavaliers. The loss was the first by Virginia to a I-AA team since 1986, which also came at the hands of William & Mary. The embarrassment of the loss coupled with fears of another losing season once again rekindled calls for Groh's ouster as Virginia head coach from many fans and analysts. Following the William & Mary loss, the Cavaliers fell to TCU in Charlottesville and then Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Following a bye week, Groh's Virginia team rebounded and reeled off three straight wins, including two road ACC wins (North Carolina and Maryland) and a blow-out over",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4608345",
"score": "1.0020443",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "2011–12 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "2011–12 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team The 2011–12 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Cavaliers, led by third year head coach Tony Bennett, played their home games at John Paul Jones Arena and are members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They finished the season 22–10, 9–7 in ACC play to finish in a three way tie for fourth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the ACC Basketball Tournament to North Carolina State. They received an at-large bid to the 2012 NCAA Tournament where they lost",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16146200",
"score": "1.0013404",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Heidi Burge",
"text": "per game and teamed with NCAA All-Americans Dawn Staley and Tammi Reiss to lead the Cavaliers to three consecutive Final Fours and a 1991 overtime loss to Tennessee in the championship game. In all three trips to the Final Four, the Cavaliers lost to the eventual NCAA Champion (losing to Stanford in 1990 and 1992). Virginia's 1992 campaign ended with a school-record 32 wins (32-2, 15-1 in the ACC), and the team was ranked #1 in the Associated Press Poll and second in the USA Today Coaches Poll at the end of the regular season. Prior to her senior year",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6357004",
"score": "1.0003014",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Tony Bennett (basketball, born 1969)",
"text": "game by reviewing tape of UVA suffocating No. 18 Clemson 61–36; Joel Berry II explained, \"We want to be like [Virginia] defensively.\" UVA attained its first AP No. 1 ranking since 1982. With a 66–37 victory at Pitt, Virginia won its third outright regular season title in five years. The Cavaliers won the 2018 ACC Tournament by defeating North Carolina 71–63. UVA earned the first overall seed in the NCAA Tournament, only to lose ACC Sixth Man of the Year De'Andre Hunter to a broken wrist. The injury led the \"New York Daily News\" to change their pick from Virginia",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6510965",
"score": "0.9987502",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "2004–05 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "the 2004 National Invitation Tournament, where they lost to Villanova. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| Exhibition games !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| Regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| ACC Tournament 2004–05 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team The 2004–05 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 2004–05 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by 7th-year head coach Pete Gillen, and played their home games at University Hall in Charlottesville, Virginia as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. On March 14, three days after the end of the season, Gillen stepped down; he was replaced by DePaul head",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18478223",
"score": "0.9933747",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Virginia Cavaliers football",
"text": "black head coaches at the Division I-A level. In his first season with the Cavs, the team went 4–8 overall and 1–7 in conference play. He followed that up with an 8-4 (5-3 ACC) turnaround season, following which he won the ACC Coach of the Year award, after preseason projections had Virginia finishing fifth in the ACC Coastal Division. The 2011 team registered a win at Florida State for the first time in school history and became the first team in FBS history to win games at Miami and Florida State in the same season. The team earned a bid",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9068677",
"score": "0.99290705",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "2015–16 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team",
"text": "in the first and second rounds before losing to Hofstra in the third round. The Virginia Cavaliers Sports Network will broadcast select Cavaliers games on WINA. John Freeman, Larry Johnson, and Myron Ripley will provide the call for the games. Games not broadcast on WINA can be listened to online through Cavaliers Live at virginiasports.com. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"|Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"|Conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"| ACC Women's Tournament !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214E; color:#F56D22;\"| WNIT 2015–16 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team The 2015–16 Virginia Cavaliers women's basketball team will represent the University of Virginia during the 2015–16 college basketball season.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19103570",
"score": "0.9928772",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "through the end of the regular season and became the first ACC team to win 17 conference games. The Cavaliers won the ACC Tournament by handily defeating Louisville 75–58, Clemson 64–58, and North Carolina 71–63 in the championship game. In the process the team broke the school's single-season win record, which had twice been tied by Bennett-led teams in the past five years. ACC Sixth Man of the Year De'Andre Hunter broke his wrist in the ACC Tournament victory, and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began. The injury led the \"New York",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20427803",
"score": "0.99251366",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "John Paul Jones Arena",
"text": "This win also set two school records: Virginia's first season with 16 conference wins, and 18 consecutive home conference wins (a streak which began in the previous season). The same day, the Virginia student section, the \"Hoo Crew,\" won the 2014 Naismith Student Section of the Year award. It was the final home game for future NBA players Joe Harris and Akil Mitchell, as well as former walk-on player Thomas Rogers; Rogers' three-point field goal at the end of the game, and the subsequent reaction by the crowd and team, were particularly noted by media and the Cavalier fanbase. On",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4535655",
"score": "0.9915987",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Brian O'Connor (baseball coach)",
"text": "Atlanta, Georgia., for the first time in school history. The Cavaliers also swept Clemson in three games for the first time in 32 years (since 1972). O'Connor followed up the 2004 season by going 41-20 overall and 14-14 in the ACC in 2005. As the No. 7 seed in the conference tournament, he led the Cavaliers to the championship knocking off three ranked opponents along the way including two wins over No. 12 Clemson and a win over No. 18 NC State. During the 2005 season, Virginia posted nine wins over ranked opponents including a three-game sweep of No. 4",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9608282",
"score": "0.9911001",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "2014–15 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "season in school history, set a school record for the most single-season conference wins, and earned their highest final national ranking since 1982. The Cavaliers received a #1 seed in the NCAA Tournament, where they defeated Coastal Carolina and Memphis before losing to Michigan State in the Sweet Sixteen. On November 7, 2014, head coach Tony Bennett announced, via a Virginia athletic department press release, that London Perrantes and Evan Nolte would be suspended for two scrimmages and the first game of the season due to a violation of team rules. Following the first game of the season against James",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18134992",
"score": "0.99063414",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Joe Harris (basketball)",
"text": "a career-high 10 rebounds against Boston College in a 44–63 loss. On March 1, Harris recorded an ACC career-high 19 points on 4-of-7 three-point attempts, 5 rebounds, 3 assists and 2 steals, leading the Cavaliers to a 69–58 victory against NC State. The Cavaliers lost to the Hurricanes in the first round of the 2011 ACC Tournament 62–69 in overtime. The Cavaliers finished the season with a 7–9 conference record and a 16–15 overall record. Harris averaged 29.4 minutes, 4.4 rebounds and 10.4 points per game, and averaged 32.0 minutes, 5.1 rebounds and 11.2 points in the sixteen regular season",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17676050",
"score": "0.9892341",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Dave Leitao",
"text": "of the inaugural College Basketball Invitational. In Leitao's fourth year (2008–09), Virginia was the unanimous pick for last place in the ACC. In December, UVA looked as if they were going to be the surprise of the ACC with their first ACC win coming at Georgia Tech. However, Georgia Tech was the surprise finishing last with UVA coming in 11th place at 4–12 in the league. Leitao's frustrated team was led by Sylven Landesberg who averaged 16.8 points per game and captured the ACC Rookie of the Year award. Other notables: Assane Sene missed early and late parts of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7319640",
"score": "0.98686033",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Bronco Mendenhall",
"text": "and UVA on the hire. The appointment was viewed by many as a surprise, following intense speculation involving Mark Richt, Jeff Brohm, and Sonny Dykes as candidates, and drew comparisons with the 2009 hire of Virginia's men's basketball coach Tony Bennett. Going into the 2016 season, the Cavaliers had accumulated losing seasons for four consecutive years under London, and a total of eight losing seasons in the previous ten. In the press conference at BYU following the announcement of his departure, Mendenhall made note of the similarities to the Cougars when he took over as head coach, having suffered three",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8261139",
"score": "0.9863781",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Dave Leitao",
"text": "in conjunction with the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association. Two days later, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) named Dave Leitao the 2007 District 5 Coach of the Year. In the NCAA Tournament, the #4 seeded Cavaliers defeated the University at Albany in the first round in an 84–57 rout. In the second round, Sean Singletary's last-second shot bounced off the rim and the Cavaliers were defeated by the University of Tennessee in a 77–74 loss. The team completed the 2006-2007 season with a record of 21–11 (11–5 ACC). Leitao's third season (2007–2008) was marked with close losses and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7319638",
"score": "0.9857026",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "2011–12 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "in the first round to Florida. The team was led by senior forward Mike Scott, who finished the season as a First team All-ACC Selection and runner up for the Conference Player of the Year. The Cavaliers finished the 2010–11 season 16–15 overall, 7–9 in ACC play and lost in the first round of the ACC Tournament to Miami. In December 2011, both Harrell and Johnson transferred from Virginia, to Auburn and San Diego State, respectively. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| Conference regular season !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| ACC Tournament !colspan=9 style=\"background:#00214e; color:#f56d22;\"| NCAA Tournament 2011–12 Virginia",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16146201",
"score": "0.98535204",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"text": "becoming the first ever to not advance any of its top four seeds to the Sweet Sixteen. Nevertheless, for taking an unranked team to finish four games above pre-season AP No. 1 ranked Duke and winning the ACC Tournament over North Carolina, Bennett was awarded his third Henry Iba Award for the nation's top coach of the season. The Cavaliers finished the 2016–17 season 23–11, and 11–7 in ACC play to tie Duke for fifth place. They defeated Pittsburgh in the second round of the ACC Tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Notre Dame. The Wahoos",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20427805",
"score": "0.98466134",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "2016 Virginia Cavaliers baseball team",
"text": "defeated Maryland, 5-3 and 5-4, defeating Maryland in a super regional for the second year in a row, to advance to the College World Series. In the College World Series, Virginia's first game was against Arkansas, whom the Cavaliers defeated, 5–3. In the second round, Virginia defeated #4 national seed Florida, 1–0. In the semifinals, the Cavaliers lost to Florida, 10-5, but bounced back in the second game, winning 5-4. The Cavaliers advanced to the College World Series finals to play Vanderbilt, a rematch of the 2014 world series. In the first game of the finals, the Commodores won by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19369934",
"score": "0.9837313",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Virginia Cavaliers football",
"text": "to the 2011 Chick-fil-A Bowl, where they lost to Auburn 43–24. In 2012, the team suffered a disappointing 4–8 season that resulted in the dismissal of four assistant coaches. Prior to the start of the 2013 season, both starting quarterbacks from the year before, Michael Rocco and Phillip Sims, transferred from Virginia, going to Richmond and Winston-Salem State, respectively. The Cavaliers' downward spiral continued in 2013 as the team, now led at quarterback by redshirt sophomore David Watford, finished last in the ACC with a record of 2–10, losing their last nine games of the season. The following year saw",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9068678",
"score": "0.9830314",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
}
]
| {
"title": "2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team",
"long_answer": "ACC Sixth Man of the Year De'Andre Hunter broke his wrist in the ACC Tournament victory, and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began. The injury led the New York Daily News to change their pick from Virginia winning the national championship to not advancing out of the Sweet Sixteen. UVA entered as the No. 1 overall seed, placed in the South regional, but suffered a historic upset in the first round to UMBC and became the first No. 1 seed to lose to a No. 16 seed since the field expanded to 64 teams in 1985. The first round losses by No. 1 seed Virginia and No. 4 seed Arizona, and second round losses by No. 2 seed Cincinnati and No. 3 seed Tennessee, led to the South Region becoming the first ever to not advance any of its top four seeds to the Sweet Sixteen.",
"chunked_long_answer": "victory, and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began. The injury led the New York Daily News to change their pick from Virginia winning the national championship to not advancing out of the Sweet Sixteen. UVA entered as the No. 1 overall seed, placed in the South regional, but suffered a historic upset in the first round to UMBC and became the first No. 1 seed to lose to a No. 16 seed since the field expanded to 64 teams in 1985. The first round losses by No. 1 seed Virginia and No.",
"short_answers": [
"UMBC"
]
} |
who was the king of england in 1756 | [
"George II"
]
| [
{
"title": "George II of Great Britain",
"text": "George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany",
"text": "the Duke of York as he became in later life, belonged to the House of Hanover. He was born on 16 August 1763, at St. James's Palace, London. His father was the reigning British monarch, King George III. His mother was Queen Charlotte (née Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz). He was christened on 14 September 1763 at St James's, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker — his godparents were his great-uncle the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (for whom the Earl Gower, Lord Chamberlain, stood proxy), his uncle the Duke of York (for whom the Earl of Huntingdon, Groom of the Stool, stood",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1673037",
"score": "1.0202441",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Sir Richard King, 1st Baronet",
"text": "Sir Richard King, 1st Baronet Admiral Sir Richard King, 1st Baronet (10 August 1730 – 7 November 1806) was a British naval officer and colonial governor. King was born in Gosport, the son of Curtis King and Mary Barnett. He joined the Royal Navy in 1738 and served in HMS \"Berwick\". In 1745 made a lieutenant in HMS \"Tiger\" and in 1756 he was promoted to commander of the fireship HMS \"Blaze\". He took part in the capture of Calcutta in 1756 and commanded the landing party at the capture of Hoogly in 1757. In 1763 he was given command",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7018408",
"score": "1.0163116",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Benedict Swingate Calvert",
"text": "Benedict Swingate Calvert Benedict Swingate Calvert (January 27, 1722 – January 9, 1788) was a planter, politician and a Loyalist in Maryland during the American Revolution. He was the son of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, the third Proprietor Governor of Maryland (1699–1751), and may have been the grandson of King George I of Great Britain. His mother's identity is not known, though one source suggests Melusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham. He was certainly a descendant of Charles II through Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, the daughter of Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland, one of the king's mistresses.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14212836",
"score": "1.015422",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "James King, 4th Baron Kingston",
"text": "James King, 4th Baron Kingston James King, 4th Baron Kingston (1693 — 26 December 1761) was a French-born Anglo-Irish member of the peerage. King was a prominent freemason, being the Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England for 1728—1730 and also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ireland for 1731—1732 and 1735—1736. He was also a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. Despite being born in France to Jacobite parents, he was naturalised at the age of 13 years old on 8 January 1707 as a British subject and was a Protestant. Born in France to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20376656",
"score": "1.0045468",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Edward King (antiquarian)",
"text": "Edward King (antiquarian) Edward King (1735?–1807) was an English barrister and writer. His best-known works were on castles and antiquities. Born about 1735, was the only son of Edward King of Norwich. He studied for a time at Clare Hall, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner, matriculating in 1752. On 18 September 1758 he was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in Michaelmas term 1763. A fortune bequeathed to him by his uncle, Mr. Brown, a wholesale linendraper of Exeter, gave him financial independence, but he regularly attended the Norfolk circuit for some years, and was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17773691",
"score": "0.9916929",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Sir John Dashwood-King, 3rd Baronet",
"text": "From 1753 until 1761, he served as Member of Parliament for the pocket borough of Bishop's Castle, controlled by his brother-in-law John Walcott. In 1761, he married Sarah Moore (d. 9 April 1777), by whom he had eight children, of whom four survived him: He served as High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire in 1777. On the death of his half-brother in 1781 He inherited the baronetcy and West Wycombe Park, but made no significant changes there before his death in 1793. Sir John Dashwood-King, 3rd Baronet Sir John Dashwood-King, 3rd Baronet (4 August 1716 – 6 December 1793) was an English",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8721151",
"score": "0.98853016",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Edward King, 1st Earl of Kingston",
"text": "Thomas Caulfeild and Peggy Jordan, on 5 January 1752. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest surviving son, Robert. Edward King, 1st Earl of Kingston Edward King, 1st Earl of Kingston PC (I) (29 March 1726 – 8 November 1797) was an Anglo-Irish politician and peer. He was the son of Sir Henry King, 3rd Baronet and Isabella Wingfield. He sat in the Irish House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Boyle between 1749 and 1760, before sitting for Sligo County from 1761 to 1764. On 22 May 1755 he succeeded to the family baronetcy following",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19772832",
"score": "0.98645085",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "George III of the United Kingdom",
"text": "George III of the United Kingdom George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820. He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg (\"Hanover\") in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, but unlike his two predecessors,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "523079",
"score": "0.984656",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Thomas King (actor)",
"text": "Thomas King (actor) Thomas King (1730–1805) was an English actor, known also as a theatre manager and dramatist. Born 20 August 1730, in the parish of St George's, Hanover Square, London, where his father was a tradesman, he was educated at a grammar school in Yorkshire,and then at Westminster School. Articled to a London solicitor, he was taken to a dramatic school, and in 1747, with Edward Shuter, he ran away, and joined a travelling company at Tunbridge. He then had a period acting in barns, in the course of which (June 1748) he played in a booth at Windsor,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17100847",
"score": "0.983544",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "James Habersham",
"text": "crown. He died August 28, 1775. James Habersham James Habersham (c. 1712 – 1775) was a pioneering merchant and statesman in the British North American colony of Georgia. Habersham is credited with opening the first direct trade between Savannah, Georgia and London, England. He was an influential advocate for slavery in the colonies and served as King Secretary of the Province and as President of the King's Council. In opposition to his adult sons, Habersham remained a Loyalist during the American Revolution. Habersham helped run the Bethesda Orphanage near Savannah, Georgia. It was there that he married Mary Bolton. In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15685200",
"score": "0.9820334",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Samuel Croker-King",
"text": "Samuel Croker-King Samuel Croker-King (28 June 1728 – 12 January 1817) was an Irish surgeon who was associated with Doctor Steeven's Hospital in Dublin for sixty years. He was the first president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) from 1784 to 1785. He is thought to have saved the life of the child who became the Duke of Wellington. He invented his own trepanning device. Samuel Croker-King was born in the city of Dublin on 28 June 1728. His family hailed from Devonshire in England, and had been in the area for so long that a local",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20700587",
"score": "0.9800303",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon",
"text": "at the Royal Court, as a descendent of George, Duke of Clarence, brother of King Edward IV, seemed to assure him and he was appointed Master of the Horse in 1760. He was a Bearer of the Sword of State at George III's coronation in 1761, though the Sword of State itself was mislaid and he instead had to carry the Lord Mayor of London's Pearl Sword. He became Groom of the Stole, also in 1761. In particular, the Earl of Chesterfield, oversaw each step in the social and intellectual education of young Huntingdon, whom he praised as \"the bright",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6701874",
"score": "0.9789161",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Richard Osbaldeston",
"text": "II of England, and tutor to George III of England. He became Bishop of Carlisle in 1747. He was a patron of John Jortin. Richard Osbaldeston Richard Osbaldeston (1691–1764) was a Church of England clergyman and Bishop of London from 1762 to 1764. He was born at Hunmanby in Yorkshire, a younger son of Sir Richard Osbaldeston, a prominent landowner and Member of Parliament, head of the Yorkshire branch of an old Lancashire family. His mother who died young was Elizabeth Fountayne of Melton. His grandfather William was also a Member of Parliament and his great-grandfather had been Attorney General",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11128700",
"score": "0.97827387",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Frederick, Prince of Wales",
"text": "Britain following the accession of his father, and was created Prince of Wales. He predeceased his father, however, and upon the latter's death on 25 October 1760, the throne passed to Prince Frederick's eldest son, George III. Prince Frederick Lewis was born on 1 February 1707 in Hanover, Holy Roman Empire (Germany), as Duke Friedrich Ludwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to Prince George, son of George, Elector of Hanover, who was also one of Frederick's two godfathers. The Elector was the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI and I and first cousin and heir presumptive to Queen Anne of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "611685",
"score": "0.97769606",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "George III of the United Kingdom",
"text": "Duke of Edinburgh. Now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales (the title is not automatically acquired). In the spring of 1756, as George approached his eighteenth birthday, the King offered him a grand establishment at St James's Palace, but George refused the offer, guided by his mother and her confidant, Lord Bute, who would later serve as Prime Minister. George's mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her strict moral values. In 1759, George was smitten with Lady Sarah",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "523086",
"score": "0.97751707",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel",
"text": "Charles William Ferdinand to marry a British-Hanoverian princess: Princess Augusta of Great Britain, daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales and his wife, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and sister of the reigning King George III. In 1764, shortly after the Seven Years' War had ended, he travelled to London (landing at Harwich) to marry Princess Augusta. He received a rapturous welcome from the British people, thanks to his service with allied British troops during the war. The Parliament of Great Britain showed its gratitude by voting him a lump sum of £80,000 and an annual income of £3,000 as a wedding",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3593438",
"score": "0.9766338",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Edward King, 1st Earl of Kingston",
"text": "Edward King, 1st Earl of Kingston Edward King, 1st Earl of Kingston PC (I) (29 March 1726 – 8 November 1797) was an Anglo-Irish politician and peer. He was the son of Sir Henry King, 3rd Baronet and Isabella Wingfield. He sat in the Irish House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Boyle between 1749 and 1760, before sitting for Sligo County from 1761 to 1764. On 22 May 1755 he succeeded to the family baronetcy following the premature death of his elder brother, Robert King, 1st Baron Kingsborough. On 15 July 1764 he was elevated to the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19772830",
"score": "0.9762883",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "James Brudenell, 5th Earl of Cardigan",
"text": "of Montagu, the Honourable Robert Brudenell and Thomas Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury. He was educated at Winchester College, Hampshire and matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford, from where he graduated in 1747 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Brudenell was Member of Parliament for Shaftesbury from 1754 to 1761, for Hastings from 1761 to 1768, for Great Bedwyn from March to November 1768 and for Marlborough 1768 to 1780. He served as Deputy Cofferer of the Household from 1755 to 1760, as Master of Robes to the Prince of Wales from 1758 to 1760, who acceded as King George III,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9417308",
"score": "0.97625464",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "George IV of the United Kingdom",
"text": "him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, William. George was born at St James's Palace, London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of the British king George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth; he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester a few days later. On 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (his maternal uncle, for whom",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "513860",
"score": "0.97235507",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Sir Richard King, 1st Baronet",
"text": "1794, holding the seat until 1802. In 1794 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth and in 1795 promoted to Admiral. In 1769 he married Susannah Margaretta Coker; they had four recorded children including his son Richard. Sir Richard King, 1st Baronet Admiral Sir Richard King, 1st Baronet (10 August 1730 – 7 November 1806) was a British naval officer and colonial governor. King was born in Gosport, the son of Curtis King and Mary Barnett. He joined the Royal Navy in 1738 and served in HMS \"Berwick\". In 1745 made a lieutenant in HMS \"Tiger\" and in 1756 he was promoted",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7018410",
"score": "0.97191614",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "William King (St Mary Hall)",
"text": "severed his connection with the Jacobite party in 1761. He accompanied a deputation from the university to present George III with an address of congratulation on his marriage. He was personally introduced to the king by Lord Shelburne. King died on 30 December 1763, and was buried on 5 January 1764 at Ealing, Middlesex. where he had resided for many years on an estate called Newby, near the church. He was also lessee of the rectory of Ealing. Throughout his life he was a water-drinker. His heart, having been enclosed in a silver urn, was deposited by his own directions",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17093971",
"score": "0.96987283",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda",
"text": "in Ireland which started in 1762. He became Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1763, Governor of Kinsale and Charles Fort in 1765 and a Lord Justice of Ireland in 1766. He commissioned Moore Abbey as his country home in 1767 and was appointed Custos Rotulorum of King's County in 1766 and Custos Rotulorum of Queen's County in 1769, both offices for life. Promoted to major-general on 30 April 1770, Moore became Master-General of the Irish Ordnance and colonel-in-chief of the Royal Irish Artillery in 1770. He became Member of Parliament for Horsham in 1776, and having",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3041635",
"score": "0.9671415",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Philip Duval",
"text": "Philip Duval Philip Duval (also Du Val, 1732 – 14 March 1808) was a Canon of Windsor from 1772 to 1808. He was chaplain to the Duke of Gloucester. Duval was the son of the French-born Dr. Philippe Duval, physician to the Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, the mother of George III. His mother was Marianne Aufrère of Burnside and Foulsham Old Hall, descended from Huguenot nobility. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge and was awarded LLB in 1750 and DD in 1756. He was appointed: He was appointed to the ninth stall in St",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18115087",
"score": "0.9667331",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Philip Duval",
"text": "George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1772, a position he held until 1808. He married Anna George, daughter of Dr William George, Provost of King's College, Cambridge. Philip Duval Philip Duval (also Du Val, 1732 – 14 March 1808) was a Canon of Windsor from 1772 to 1808. He was chaplain to the Duke of Gloucester. Duval was the son of the French-born Dr. Philippe Duval, physician to the Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, the mother of George III. His mother was Marianne Aufrère of Burnside and Foulsham Old Hall, descended from Huguenot nobility. He was educated at Westminster School",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18115088",
"score": "0.9667103",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "John King, 2nd Baron King",
"text": "John King, 2nd Baron King John King, 2nd Baron King, FRS (13 January 1706 – 10 February 1740) was an English politician. King was born in London in 1706, the son of Peter King, 1st Baron King, the future Lord Chancellor. He attended Clare College at Cambridge University, and was awarded his M.A. in 1723. He was Member of Parliament for Launceston from 1727 to 1734 and for Exeter from 1734 until he succeeded to the peerage in 1735. He was made Out-ranger of Windsor Forest in 1726. He married Elizabeth, the daughter of Robert Fry, Esq., of Devon: they",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10439627",
"score": "0.96576524",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz",
"text": "for London, spent that night in Witham, at the residence of Lord Abercorn, and arrived at 3:30 pm the next day at St. James's Palace in London. They were received by the King and his family at the garden gate, which marked the first meeting of the bride and groom. At 9:00 pm that same evening (8 September 1761), within six hours of her arrival, Charlotte was united in marriage with King George III. The ceremony was performed at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker. Only the royal family, the party who had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1673088",
"score": "0.9648069",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Anne King, Baroness King",
"text": "Anne King, Baroness King Anne King (c. 1688/9 – 1 July 1767) was a Welsh aristocrat and philanthropist. Anne was the daughter of Richard Seys (or Seyes) of Boverton Court, Glamorgan, Wales, whose fortune was estimated to be at least £4000 on the occasion of her marriage. She married Peter King, a lawyer and politician who would later be made 1st Baron King, in September 1704. The couple had six children, and four of their sons would accede to their father's Barony: The family home was at Ockham, Surrey, where Anne's husband would be buried after his death on 22",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20976319",
"score": "0.96418643",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "William IV of the United Kingdom",
"text": "21 August 1765 at Buckingham House, the third child and son of King George III and Queen Charlotte. He had two elder brothers, George and Frederick, and was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of St James's Palace on 20 September 1765. His godparents were his paternal uncles, the Duke of Gloucester and Prince Henry (later Duke of Cumberland), and his paternal aunt, Princess Augusta, then hereditary duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He spent most of his early life in Richmond and at Kew Palace, where he was educated by private tutors. At the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "538145",
"score": "0.96366173",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Thomas Berdmore",
"text": "Thomas Berdmore Thomas Berdmore was dentist to King George III. He was born around 1740 and died in 1785. He may have been apprenticed to Mark Skelton of Sheffield, Surgeon, in 1755 for the sum of £85. In due course he became renowned as the King's Dentist (King George III). A marble plaque in the church of St Mary the Virgin, Nottingham, records how he \"acquired a liberal and ample fortune by the profession of dentist. He died the 7th Novr 1785, aged 45 years\". His will had directed that his epitaph show his fortune had been acquired \"by tooth",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9652085",
"score": "0.96364105",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
}
]
| {
"title": "George II of Great Britain",
"long_answer": "George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death.",
"chunked_long_answer": "George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death.",
"short_answers": [
"George II"
]
} |
what was the full name of the titanic | [
"RMS Titanic"
]
| [
{
"title": "RMS Titanic",
"text": "RMS Titanic (/taɪˈtænɪk/) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912, after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. The Titanic",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "MY Titanic",
"text": "is 7338561. The ship was built in 1971 by Hayashikane Shipbuilding & Engineering Co Ltd, Nagasaki as \"Toko Maru\". In 1996, she was sold to Premier Fishing, South Africa and renamed \"Kelso\". In 2009, she was sold to Bill Schlagel of California who intended to convert her into a luxury motor yacht, and renamed her \"Titanic\". On 16 August 2009, \"Titanic\" visited St Helena where it was discovered that she was not displaying her name. The vessel's name was not on shipping registers either. It was established that the vessel was \"bona fide\". She departed the next day. \"Titanic\" is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14450968",
"score": "1.0024989",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "HMHS Britannic",
"text": "the ship was to be named \"Gigantic\". One source is a poster of the ship with the name \"Gigantic\" at the top. Other sources are November 1911 American newspapers stating the White Star order for \"Gigantic\" being placed. According to Simon Mills, owner of the \"Britannic\" wreck, a copy of the Harland and Wolff order book held by the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI Ref: D2805/SHIP/1) dated October 1911 (about six months before the \"Titanic\" disaster) already shows the name \"Britannic\". Tom McCluskie stated that in his capacity as archive manager and historian at Harland and Wolff, he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1445924",
"score": "0.9786415",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic",
"text": "was built. It was suggested that the ship was given the number 390904 which, when reflected, resembles the letters \"NOPOPE\", a sectarian slogan attacking Roman Catholics, used by extreme Protestants in Northern Ireland, where the ship was built. In the extreme sectarianism of the region at the time, the ship's sinking was alleged to be on account of anti-Catholicism by her manufacturers, the Harland and Wolff company, which had an almost exclusively Protestant workforce and an alleged record of hostility towards Catholics (Harland and Wolff did have a record of hiring few Catholics; whether that was through policy or because",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15884795",
"score": "0.9770573",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Passengers of the RMS Titanic",
"text": "April 1912 at around 11:40 pm, while the RMS \"Titanic\" was sailing about south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the ship struck an iceberg and began to sink. Shortly before midnight, Captain Edward Smith ordered the ship's lifeboats to be readied and a distress call was sent out. The closest ship to respond was Cunard Line's away, which would arrive in an estimated four hours—too late to rescue all of \"Titanic\" passengers. Forty-five minutes after the ship hit the iceberg, Captain Smith ordered the lifeboats to be loaded and lowered under the orders women and children first. The first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10475585",
"score": "0.97346216",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "RMS Titanic",
"text": "'gigantic'. Built in Belfast, Ireland, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (as it was then known), the RMS \"Titanic\" was the second of the three s—the first was the and the third was the . Britannic was originally to be called Gigantic and was to be over 1,000 feet long. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line's fleet, which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912. The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line's chairman, J. Bruce Ismay, and the American",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12455631",
"score": "0.96607745",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Robin Gardiner",
"text": "vessels in the White Star fleet. While all other White Star Line Ships had their name engraved into the hull, the \"Titanic\" alone had its name riveted over top. In recent pictures of the wreck depicting a spot where two riveted plates that had spelled \"Titanic\" fell off, the letters MP appear to be stamped into the hull. The plan, Gardiner suggests, was to dispose of the \"Olympic\", which had allegedly been damaged beyond economic repair in a way that would allow White Star to collect the full insured value of a brand new ship. He supposes that the seacocks",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20395024",
"score": "0.9643843",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Titanic prime",
"text": "Titanic prime Titanic prime is a term coined by Samuel Yates in the 1980s, denoting a prime number of at least 1000 decimal digits. Few such primes were known then, but the required size is trivial for modern computers. The first 30 titanic primes are of the form: for \"n\" one of 7, 663, 2121, 2593, 3561, 4717, 5863, 9459, 11239, 14397, 17289, 18919, 19411, 21667, 25561, 26739, 27759, 28047, 28437, 28989, 35031, 41037, 41409, 41451, 43047, 43269, 43383, 50407, 51043, 52507 . Apart from the early \"n\" = 7, these values are not far from the expectation based on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3803387",
"score": "0.9638511",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "The Titanic (song)",
"text": "The Titanic (song) \"The Titanic\" (also known as \"It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down\" and \"Titanic (Husbands and Wives)\") is a folk song and children's song. \"The Titanic\" is about the sinking of RMS \"Titanic\" which sank on April 15, 1912 after striking an iceberg. The first folk songs about the \"Titanic\" disaster appeared within weeks after the disaster. Recordings of various songs about the disaster date to as early as 1913. The canonical version of the song has the chorus: In most variants, although not the earliest, the chorus starts with a line \"it was sad,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6571374",
"score": "0.9620629",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution",
"text": "IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution identified the location of the wreck of the RMS \"Titanic\" which sank off the coast of Newfoundland 15 April 1912. On 3 April 2011, within a week of resuming of the search operation for Air France Flight 447, a team led by WHOI, operating full ocean depth autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) owned by the Waitt Institute discovered, by means of sidescan sonar, a large portion of debris field from flight AF447. In March 2017 the institution effected an open-access policy to make its research publicly accessible online. The Institution has",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "983347",
"score": "0.96194714",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "RMS Titanic",
"text": "by numerous works of popular culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits, and memorials. \"Titanic\" is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only beaten by her sister , the largest ever sunk, although she holds the record as the largest sunk while actually in service as a liner due to \"Britannic\" being used as a hospital ship at the time of her sinking. The final survivor of the sinking, Millvina Dean, aged two months at the time, died in 2009 at the age of 97. The name \"Titanic\" was derived the Titan of Greek mythology and meant",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12455630",
"score": "0.9552276",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "RMS Titanic in popular culture",
"text": "\"Olympic\" were passed off as being \"Titanic\". A common mistake made in fake photographs was that of showing the ship's fourth funnel billowing smoke; in fact, the funnel was a dummy, added for purely aesthetic purposes. Photographs of the Cunard Line vessels \"Mauretania\" and \"Lusitania\" were retouched and passed off as the \"Titanic\", or even as the \"Carpathia\", the vessel which rescued the \"Titanic\" survivors. Other postcards celebrated the bravery of the male passengers, the crew and especially the ship's musicians. A variety of other collectible items was produced, ranging from tin candy boxes to commemorative plates, whiskey jiggers, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8924565",
"score": "0.95363045",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Sinking of the RMS Titanic",
"text": "the message to Murdoch, who ordered Quartermaster Robert Hichens to change the ship's course. Murdoch is generally believed to have given the order \"Hard astarboard\" which would result in the ship's tiller being moved all the way to starboard (the right side of the ship) in an attempt to turn the ship to port (left). (This \"reversal\" of directions, when compared to modern practice, was common in British ships of the era.) He also rang \"Full Astern\" on the ship's telegraphs. According to Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall, Murdoch told Captain Smith that he was attempting to \"hard-a-port around [the iceberg]\",",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9927326",
"score": "0.9515128",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "RMS Titanic in popular culture",
"text": "the North Atlantic. I will give you more time. 9 hours is the amount of time you will be given to escape.\" It is later discovered that the \"ship\" they are on is a replica of one of \"Titanic\"s sister ships, the Gigantic. In real life, \"Gigantic\" was rumored to have been the original name of the HMHS \"Britannic\", which was one of the \"Titanic\"s sister ships. In the 2013 video game \"BattleBlock Theater\" a ship with two funnels bearing the name \"Titanic\" is briefly seen during a cutscene. Since 2012, a video game titled \"\" has been in development",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8924559",
"score": "0.9488021",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Titanic, Saskatchewan",
"text": "names to Titanic that same year. The name \"Mourey\" had been adopted just seven months prior to the disaster, so historical attachment did not run deep. Furthermore, another town by the same name, named for the same priest, existed in southern Saskatchewan, causing confusion and misdirection of mail. A new name solved the problem, while honoring the ship and its passengers. But the community has disintegrated like its namesake. The school closed in 1959, the church four years later, and the post office itself in 1967. Today, a cemetery and memorial grotto to the church that once stood can be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14852799",
"score": "0.9479581",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic",
"text": "was made. It won Tony Award for Best Musical. The \"Titanic\" has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable. However, even though countless news stories after the sinking called \"Titanic\" unsinkable, prior to the sinking the White Star Line had used the term \"designed to be unsinkable\", and other pre-sinking publications described the ship as \"virtually unsinkable\". Another well-known story is that of the ship's band, led by Wallace Hartley, who heroically played on while the great steamer was sinking. This seems to be true but there has been conflicting information about which song was the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17079664",
"score": "0.9422439",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "RMS Atlantic",
"text": "after the actual \"Titanic\" sinking and the public, especially survivors and their families, felt uncomfortable with a direct reference to \"Titanic\". The producers of the film decided to release the movie under the title \"Atlantic\", apparently unaware of the previous White Star Line disaster. P.G. Wodehouse wrote a story in 1921 called \"The Girl On The Boat\" in which six chapters of the romance take place on a White Star liner he named \"Atlantic\", crossing from New York to Southampton. As the real \"Atlantic\" disaster had occurred 48 years before the story and 8 years before he was born, it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4360149",
"score": "0.94219434",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "RMS Titanic",
"text": "died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out, and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds. Just before the launch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on him. \"Titanic\" was launched at 12:15 p.m. on 31 May 1911 in the presence of Lord Pirrie, J. Pierpoint Morgan, J. Bruce Ismay and 100,000 onlookers. 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipway to lubricate the ship's passage into the River Lagan. In keeping with the White Star Line's traditional policy, the ship was not formally named or",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12455671",
"score": "0.9414592",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Titanic (restaurant)",
"text": "to book at the Titanic prior to opening by calling his restaurant. Marco Pierre White was the managing partner of the restaurant, being backed by hotel owners Forte. It was named Titanic because it was on top of the Atlantic, and so it was decorated in the style of a liner. White directly linked the restaurant to the RMS \"Titanic\", with the phone number for the restaurant ending in 1912 – the year that the ship sank. The restaurant cost £2 million to decorate, and sat 220 diners. The location also included a members bar, and converted into a night",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17493622",
"score": "0.9409082",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "RMS Titanic",
"text": "of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. One of the ships to warn \"Titanic\" was the Atlantic Line's . Nevertheless, the ship continued to steam at full speed, which was standard practice at the time. Although the ship was not trying to set a speed record, timekeeping was a priority, and under prevailing maritime practices, ships were often operated at close to full speed, with ice warnings seen as advisories and reliance placed upon lookouts and the watch on the bridge. It was generally believed that ice posed little danger to large vessels. Close calls with ice were not uncommon, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12455704",
"score": "0.937019",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "RMS Titanic alternative theories",
"text": "had a list to port nearly all afternoon, I decided to remain up.\" Gardiner states that few parts of either ship bore the name, other than the easily removed lifeboats, bell, compass binnacle, and name plates. Everything else was standard White Star issue and was interchangeable between the two ships, and other vessels in the White Star fleet. While all other White Star Line Ships had their name engraved into the hull, the Titanic alone had its name riveted over top. The plan, Gardiner suggests, was to dispose of the \"Olympic\", which had allegedly been damaged beyond economic repair in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5440189",
"score": "0.9362545",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "SS Californian",
"text": "why the \"Titanic\"'s morse lamp was believed to be a flickering oil lamp on the mast of a much smaller ship, and why Capt. Lord thought the \"Titanic\" was a different vessel. If correct, Maltin's theory may further explain why the \"Titanic\"'s lookouts did not spot the iceberg earlier. Cyril Evans continued his service with the Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company and its successor companies (Eastern Telegraph Company and Cable & Wireless: the later part of his career was spent as manager for Cable and Wireless on the West Indian island of St Lucia) for the rest of his life. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2391137",
"score": "0.9305755",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Titanic (restaurant)",
"text": "and his guest, and Zane becoming a regular. The restaurant was involved in two legal battles. The first was when shipbuilders Harland and Wolff launched an action due to the use of the name \"Titanic\" as the ocean liner was built in their shipyard between 1908–11. The challenge was ridiculed in the British press, with Sebastian Faulks stating in \"The Evening Standard\" that \"A deep-sea diver instructed to work on an 86-year-old shipwreck many fathoms deep off the American coast could so easily be misled into going into a restaurant off Piccadilly Circus that bears the same name.\" The second",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17493624",
"score": "0.9297978",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic",
"text": "the \"Samson\" was a third ship in the area the night of the sinking, in addition to the \"Titanic\" and the \"Californian\", or that the \"Californian\" was not near at all and it was the \"Samson\" which \"Titanic\" passengers spotted in the distance while the ship was sinking. Advocates of Captain Lord's innocence have avidly adopted the latter theory, beginning with Leslie Harrison, the general secretary of the Mercantile Marine Association in the 1960's. The root of this claim comes from the testimony of one of the \"Samson\"'s officers, Hendrik Bergethon Naess, who told a Norwegian newspaper in 1912 that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15884790",
"score": "0.92966187",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Titanic (1997 film)",
"text": "rises out of the water. The ship breaks in half, lifting the stern into the air. Jack and Rose ride it into the ocean and he helps her onto a wooden panel buoyant enough for only one person. He assures her that she will die an old woman, warm in her bed. Jack dies of hypothermia but Rose is saved. With Rose hiding from Cal en route, the RMS \"Carpathia\" takes the survivors to New York City where Rose gives her name as Rose Dawson. Rose says she later read that Cal committed suicide after losing all his money in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "627728",
"score": "0.92837393",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "RMS Atlantic",
"text": "it had been sometimes spelled \"Emile Christianson\". Many names on the list were spelled phonetically resulting in the possibility of mistaken identities. RMS \"Atlantic\" was the second liner commissioned by White Star ( being first) but carried the notoriety of being the first White Star Line steamer to sink. (The company had previously lost the clipper in Dublin Bay in 1854.) Other White Star Line ships lost in the North Atlantic include in 1893, in 1909, and \"Titanic\" in 1912. Today, most of the ship lies heavily fragmented under of water. Artifacts recovered from several salvage operations are on display",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4360147",
"score": "0.92777455",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "MythBusters (2004 season)",
"text": "This myth is so widely passed around that it even made it into \"Time\" Magazine's \"numbers\" section at one point. This myth was later tested on \"Myths Redux\" It was noted during the episode that the story of Charles Joughin, the \"Titanic\"'s chief baker, contradicted the myth. He testified in a 1912 enquiry that he held onto the stern railing of the ship as it went down. As the ship went under, he stepped off; his hair did not get wet, much less himself get sucked under with the ship. However, the story does hold some credence, as many ships",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6828334",
"score": "0.92705953",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic",
"text": "seats in the lifeboat. Crew members formed a circle around the boat to ensure that only women and children could board. Two small boys were brought through the cordon by a man calling himself \"Louis Hoffman\". His real name was Michel Navratil; he was a Slovak tailor who had kidnapped his sons from his estranged wife and was taking them to the United States. He did not board the lifeboat and died when the ship sank. The identity of the children, who became known as the \"\"Titanic\" Orphans\", was a mystery for some time after the sinking and was only",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16385816",
"score": "0.925867",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Wreck of the RMS Titanic",
"text": "deep-sea vehicle called \"Argo\", equipped with sonar and cameras and towed behind a ship, with a robot called \"Jason\" tethered to it that could roam the sea floor, take close-up images and gather specimens. The images from the system would be transmitted back to a control room on the towing vessel where they could be assessed immediately. Although it was designed for scientific purposes, it also had important military applications and the United States Navy agreed to sponsor the system's development, on condition that it was to be used to carry out a number of programmes – many still classified",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15885106",
"score": "0.9254644",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic",
"text": "the company's shipyard in Belfast's bay was located in almost exclusively Protestant East Belfast—through which few Catholics would travel—or a mixture of both, is a matter of dispute). In fact, RMS \"Olympic\" and \"Titanic\" were assigned the yard numbers 400 and 401 respectively. At the time the \"Titanic\" sank, the 1 May 1912 issue of \"The Popular Magazine\", an American pulp magazine, was on the news stands. It contained the short story \"The White Ghost of Disaster,\" which described the collision of an ocean liner with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean, the sinking of the vessel, and the fate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15884796",
"score": "0.92523897",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "RMS Titanic",
"long_answer": "RMS Titanic (/taɪˈtænɪk/) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912, after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. The Titanic was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster.",
"chunked_long_answer": "RMS Titanic (/taɪˈtænɪk/) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912, after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. The Titanic",
"short_answers": [
"RMS Titanic"
]
} |
to whom do the powers not given to the federal government by the constitution go | [
"the states or the people"
]
| [
{
"title": "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution",
"text": "The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Preamble to the United States Constitution",
"text": "are granted to it (e.g., the power to \"establish Post Offices and Post Roads\" includes the power to punish those who interfere with the postal system so established). The Court has recognized the federal government's supreme power over those limited matters entrusted to it. Thus, no state may interfere with the federal government's operations as though its sovereignty is superior to the federal government's (discussed more below); for example, states may not interfere with the federal government's near absolute discretion to sell its own real property, even when that real property is located in one or another state. The federal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3221102",
"score": "1.0443258",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "State government",
"text": "10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, all governmental powers not granted to the Federal government of the United States nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. State government A state government is the government of a country subdivision in a federal form of government, which shares political power with the federal or national government. A state government may have some level of political autonomy, or be subject to the direct control of the federal government. This relationship may be defined by a constitution. The reference to \"state\" denotes country subdivisions",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3504627",
"score": "1.0406888",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Federal government of the United States",
"text": "judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution, an Act of Congress; a U.S. treaty; cases affecting ambassadors, ministers and consuls of foreign countries in the U.S.; cases and controversies to which the federal government is a party; controversies between states (or their citizens) and foreign nations (or their citizens or subjects); and bankruptcy cases (collectively \"federal-question jurisdiction\"). The Eleventh Amendment removed from federal jurisdiction cases in which citizens of one state were the plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant. It did not disturb federal jurisdiction in cases in which a state government is a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1602848",
"score": "1.0311183",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Limited government",
"text": "the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” This limits the authority of the United States government to those powers listed in the Constitution and concedes the premise that individual States retain the powers not granted to the national government but that are also not barred to the States by the Constitution. Also, it grants that the people themselves retain power under this system of government as well. These are key points of the concept of limited government established by the Constitution in the United States because they overtly state the power of the federal government",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4199682",
"score": "1.0307138",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Federal law",
"text": "Russia, the former Soviet Union and the United States. The United States Constitution provides for a federal government that is superior to state governments with regard to its enumerated powers. These powers include the authority to govern international affairs, interstate commerce, the currency and national defense. After the American Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Constitution's Bill of Rights to state governments. Legislation passed by Congress, an Executive Order of the President, or a decision of federal courts pursuant to the Constitution are federal law. Through the system of checks and balances, it is the Supreme Court makes final",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1771968",
"score": "1.0255911",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "United States constitutional law",
"text": "generally considered exclusive to the federal government) are: Although, for all practical purposes (as proved by the fact of the U.S. Civil War), the federal government does not actually govern by the \"consent of the states,\" some of the more important powers reserved by the states to themselves in the Constitution are: The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution defines the scope of when and in what circumstances a state may be taken to federal court. Taken literally, the Amendment prohibits a citizen from suing a state in federal court through the sovereign immunity doctrine. However, the Court has",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16017215",
"score": "1.0242217",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Federal government of the United States",
"text": "the U.S. Constitution is the idea of \"checks and balances\" among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. For example, while the legislative branch (Congress) has the power to create law, the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation—an act which, in turn, can be overridden by Congress. The president nominates judges to the nation's highest judiciary authority, the Supreme Court, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in turn, can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress. These and other examples are",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1602825",
"score": "1.0193102",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Law enforcement in the United States",
"text": "government is not authorized to execute general police powers by the Constitution of the United States of America. The power to have a police force is given to each of the United States' 50 federated states. The US Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For policing, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a US state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line he violates the federal law of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7656301",
"score": "1.0124506",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Federalist No. 45",
"text": "remain the more powerful of the two. The 10th Amendment, \"the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people\", has preserved the powers of the federal and state governments until present day since 1791. Federalist No. 45 Federalist No. 45, titled \"The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered\", is the 45th out of 85 essays of the Federalist Papers series. No. 45 was written by James Madison, but was published under the pseudonym Publius,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6003477",
"score": "1.0097437",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Federation",
"text": "common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution. Federal government is the government at the level of the sovereign state. Usual responsibilities of this level of government are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, a modern federal government, within the limits defined by its constitution, has the power to make laws for the whole country, unlike local governments. As originally written, the United States Constitution was created to limit the federal government from exerting power over the states by enumerating only specific powers. It was further limited",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1368594",
"score": "1.0082304",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Part XI of the Constitution of India",
"text": "Constitution and the residuary powers are left to the states. The Australian Constitution followed the American pattern of single enumeration of powers. In Canada, on the other hand, there is a double enumeration—Federal and Provincial, and the residuary powers are vested in the Centre. The Government of India (GoI) Act of 1935 provided for a three-fold enumeration, viz., federal, provincial and concurrent. The present Constitution follows the scheme of this act but with one difference, that is, under this act, the residuary powers were given neither to the federal legislature nor to the provincial legislature but to the governor-general of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11592541",
"score": "1.0043432",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Federal government of the United States",
"text": "Federal government of the United States The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and several island possessions. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1602821",
"score": "1.0040748",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Preamble to the United States Constitution",
"text": "conduct foreign relations. Although the Constitution expressly delegates to the federal government only some of the usual powers of sovereign governments (such as the powers to declare war and make treaties), all such powers inherently belong to the federal government as the country's representative in the international community. Domestically, the federal government's sovereignty means that it may perform acts such as entering into contracts or accepting bonds, which are typical of governmental entities but not expressly provided for in the Constitution or laws. Similarly, the federal government, as an attribute of sovereignty, has the power to enforce those powers that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3221101",
"score": "1.0016612",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Federalism",
"text": "the Constitution of Rio Grande do Sul State In Canada the system of federalism is described by the division of powers between the federal parliament and the country's provincial governments. Under the Constitution Act (previously known as the British North America Act) of 1867, specific powers of legislation are allotted. Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation, whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers. For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution, the federal government retains residual powers; however, conflict between the two levels of government, relating to which level has legislative jurisdiction",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "147714",
"score": "1.0016531",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Government of Canada",
"text": "the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada. The powers of the parliaments in Canada are limited by the constitution, which divides legislative abilities between the federal and provincial governments; in general, the legislatures of the provinces may only pass laws relating to topics explicitly reserved for them by the constitution, such as education, provincial officers, municipal government, charitable institutions, and \"matters of a merely local or private nature\", while any matter not under the exclusive authority of the provincial legislatures is within the scope of the federal parliament's power. Thus, the parliament at Ottawa alone can pass",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3037112",
"score": "0.9989963",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Political divisions of the United States",
"text": "This constitution incorporates the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches, as well as concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. On numerous occasions the United States Supreme Court has affirmed that the 50 individual states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions under the Constitution. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2574761",
"score": "0.9966476",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Federal government of the United States",
"text": "since the adoption of the Constitution. Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states, or other recognized entities. Since the American Civil War, the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly, although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance (e.g., the decades immediately following the Civil War) or when states' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action, executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts. One of the theoretical pillars of",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "1602824",
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{
"title": "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution",
"text": "Concurrent powers are those that are given to both state and federal governments. There are also powers that are not lined out in the Constitution that are given to the federal government. These powers are then given to the states in a system called federalism. Congress is one of the branches of government so it has a lot of powers of its own that it uses to pass laws and establish regulations. These include express, implied, and concurrent powers. It uses its express powers to regulate bankruptcies, business between states and other nations, the armed forces, and the National Guard",
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"id": "3298729",
"score": "0.99475944",
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},
{
"title": "Supreme Court of the United States",
"text": "The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants \"powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce; and by voiding state legislation",
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"id": "433343",
"score": "0.9945967",
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{
"title": "Federal government of the United States",
"text": "adjudicates \"cases and controversies\"—matters pertaining to the federal government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the United States Constitution, and, in general, can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. The United States Constitution does not specifically mention the power of judicial review (the power to declare a law unconstitutional). The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case \"Marbury v. Madison\" (1803). There have been instances in the past where such declarations have",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "1602844",
"score": "0.9924638",
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},
{
"title": "Nullification (U.S. Constitution)",
"text": "to nullify federal law. On the contrary, they say that the power to declare laws unconstitutional concerning is delegated to federal courts, not the states. Federalist No. 33 states that federal laws are supreme over the states, so long as those laws are within the federal government's delegated powers. Federalist No. 39 directly addresses the question of who is to decide whether the federal government has exceeded its delegated powers and has infringed on the states' reserved powers. It explains that under the Constitution, this issue is to be decided by the Supreme Court, not the states: \"[The federal government's]",
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"id": "11065605",
"score": "0.9902036",
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},
{
"title": "Federal government of the United States",
"text": "governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans' daily lives. The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution; as a result, states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction. Because state governments are not authorized to print currency, they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds. As a result, state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering. Each state has its own written constitution, government and code of",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "1602859",
"score": "0.98898613",
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},
{
"title": "D'Emden v Pedder",
"text": "Australia, while leaving unassigned powers to the state parliaments. Most of the powers granted to the federal parliament can also be exercised by the state parliaments, though because of section 109 of the Australian Constitution federal laws will prevail in case of inconsistency. This arrangement resulted in a constitutional dispute as to whether the federal government could be subject to state laws, and vice versa. The factual circumstances giving rise to this case began on 31 March 1903 when Henry D'Emden, who was employed by the federal government as the Deputy Postmaster-General for Tasmania, gave a receipt for his salary",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10477124",
"score": "0.9870955",
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},
{
"title": "Nondelegation doctrine",
"text": "can also be improper delegations of powers within an executive branch. Australian federalism does not permit the federal Parliament or Government to delegate its powers to state or territorial parliaments or governments, nor territorial parliaments or governments to delegate their powers to the federal Parliament or Government, but the states parliaments delegate its powers to the federal parliament by means of section 51 subsection (xxxvii) of the Constitution Act 1901. Canadian federalism does not permit Parliament or the provincial legislatures to delegate their powers to each other. In the Federal Government of the United States, the \"nondelegation doctrine\" is the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3075454",
"score": "0.98524076",
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},
{
"title": "Federalism",
"text": "including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the \"Necessary and Proper Clause\" gives the federal government the \"implied power\" to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the \"reserved powers\"—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "147732",
"score": "0.9849819",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Federalism in Australia",
"text": "Commonwealth parliament. The power to \"make laws for the government\" of the Territories, assigned to the Commonwealth Parliament by s 122 of the Constitution, is not confined by any words of limitation. It is generally assumed to be a plenary power, equivalent to the \"peace, order and good government\" powers of self-government assigned to the States by their own Constitution Acts. However, the Constitution makes almost no provisions as to the role of the territories within the federation. For example, the Senate was to be composed of equal numbers of Senators from each state. A particularly troublesome matter was whether",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5411897",
"score": "0.98418057",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Constitutional debate in Canada",
"text": "provincial jurisdictions. The provincial jurisdictions are listed under sections 92, 93 and 95 of the constitution. The BNA Act granted the federal parliament all \"residuary\" powers not already defined as provincial. It also gave the federal government a veto power over provincial legislation. The members of the Senate of Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada, judges and the judges of all of the provinces' highest courts are appointed by the federal executive. The Constitution Act, 1982, did not change the divisions of responsibilities between the provincial and the federal legislatures, except for the provincial jurisdiction over natural resources and energy,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2747342",
"score": "0.9782697",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Limited government",
"text": "dominion over every facet of the people's lives, and that the federal government is not the only entity with governmental power in the United States. The Ninth Amendment reads “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others held by the people.” This shows the federal government doesn't have the ability to infringe upon the rights of the people in any circumstance, even if the rights aren't explicitly protected by the Constitution. The Tenth Amendment states “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4199681",
"score": "0.97811013",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Government of Australia",
"text": "courts created by the Federal Parliament, including the Federal Court of Australia, the Family Court of Australia, and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. Additionally, unlike in the United States, the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts. Since the Australian Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level, only courts may exercise federal judicial power; and conversely, non-judicial functions cannot be vested in courts. State judicial power is exercised by each State's Supreme Court, and such other courts and tribunals created by the State Parliaments. The High Court is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4177612",
"score": "0.97784495",
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}
]
| {
"title": "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution",
"long_answer": "The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.",
"short_answers": [
"the states or the people"
]
} |
which president of the united states was a boy scout | [
"Gerald Ford",
"President Gerald Ford"
]
| [
{
"title": "Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "and Law, service, and leadership all before or by age 18. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements. Many famous Americans are Eagle Scouts: astronaut Neil Armstrong, film director Michael Moore, TV host Mike Rowe, Steven Spielberg, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, and President Gerald Ford are just a small sample of Eagle Scouts.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
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},
{
"title": "William D. Boyce",
"text": "of America (BSA), one of many civic and professional organizations formed during the Progressive Era to fill the void of citizens who had become distended from their rural roots. Many youth organizations such as the Woodcraft Indians and Sons of Daniel Boone formed in America in the early 1900s focusing on outdoor character-building activities. The writings and adventures of Theodore Roosevelt contributed to these movements, with their outdoor, nature, and pioneer themes. By the time of his 1922 expedition to Africa, Boyce was so well respected in Scouting that French Boy Scouts in Algeria saluted him and offered to escort",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3109160",
"score": "1.2239213",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Boy Rangers of America",
"text": "Boy Rangers of America The Boy Rangers of America was a Scouting program in the United States for boys ages 8 through 12. It was organized on January 24, 1913 in Montclair, New Jersey by Emerson Brooks. Although independent of the Boy Scouts of America, it was the precursor of the BSA's Cubbing program now known as Cub Scouting. As early as 1911, Ernest Thompson Seton, the Chief Scout of the BSA, had developed a program for the Boy Scouts of America named Cub Scouts of America that was never implemented. Chief Scout Executive James E. West felt that having",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11358966",
"score": "1.1793654",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Boy Scouts of America membership controversies",
"text": "President of the United States William Howard Taft began serving as the first Honorary President of the Boy Scouts of America in 1911; the tradition has been followed by each succeeding U.S. President. In July 2001, President George W. Bush addressed the National Scout Jamboree via videotape and, although he did not directly discuss the controversies, reiterated his support for the organization. Bush commended the Scouts for upholding \"values that build strong families, strong communities, and strong character\" and said that the Scouts' values \"are the values of America.\" In January 2009, the American Humanist Association and eighteen other nontheistic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6012438",
"score": "1.1782813",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "The Ideal Scout",
"text": "of the work was unveiled at Philadelphia's Cradle of Liberty Council on June 12, 1937. A replica in Ottawa, Illinois, adorns the grave of William D. Boyce (1858–1929), founder of the Boy Scouts of America, who modeled the organization on Great Britain's Boy Scouts Association. The Philadelphia headquarters was built by the Boy Scouts of America on city-owned land in 1929, with the council paying a nominal $1-per-year rent. In 2008, the City of Philadelphia filed an anti-discrimination lawsuit in response to the BSA's national policy of excluding openly gay scout leaders, demanding that the Cradle of Liberty Council defy",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16277878",
"score": "1.1765242",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Scouting in the United States",
"text": "E. West who became the first Chief Scout Executive and the Scouting movement began to expand in the U.S. Other Scouting organizations were also started around 1910 and continued for some time. These include the American Boy Scouts, the Polish National Alliance Scouts of Chicago, and the Rhode Island Scouts, the YMMIA Scouts of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (formed November 29, 1911 merged May 21, 1913), United Boys' Brigade of America's Scout program and California Boy Scouts. The American Boy Scouts were organized by William Randolph Hearst in May and June 1910 but by the end",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7602000",
"score": "1.1643398",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Scouting in Arizona",
"text": "Scouting in Arizona Scouting in Arizona has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live. Boy Scouting was founded by Robert Baden-Powell in England and co-founded by the American Scout Major Frederick Russell Burnham. Boy Scouting was brought to the United States by William D. Boyce. He incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910. The Boy Scouts of America was chartered by Congress on June 15, 1916. This is the same year as the first Boy Scout Council in Arizona was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "983686",
"score": "1.1592774",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "History of the Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "of Light and led by Akela. \"Webelos\" was also an acronym meaning \"Wolf, Bear, Lion, Scout\". The initial rank structure was Wolf, Bear and Lion, with ages of 9, 10 and 11. Dens of six to eight Cubs were entirely led by a Boy Scout holding the position of den chief. Boy Scouts served as crowd control at the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson in 1913, and have served at every inauguration since in some ceremonial role. The Philadelphia Area Council started a Scout honor society called the Order of the Arrow in 1915 that eventually became an important part",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8364026",
"score": "1.157321",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "American Boy Scouts",
"text": "American Boy Scouts The American Boy Scouts (ABS), officially American Boy Scout then United States Boy Scouts, officially United States Boy Scout, was an early American Scouting organization formed by William Randolph Hearst in 1910, following on from the formation of the Scouting movement by Robert Baden-Powell between 1903 and 1907. Near the end of its existence, the organizations also used the names American Cadets and U.S. Junior Military Forces. The ABS was the rival of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) similar to the situation in the United Kingdom with Baden Powell's Boy Scouts and the British Boys Scouts",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5677383",
"score": "1.156341",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "History of the Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "second-class councils with volunteer commissioners could keep five cents. The first annual meeting was held in February 1911 at the White House. It was agreed that the President of the United States— then William Howard Taft —was to be the honorary president of the BSA. Every U.S. president since has been elected by the Executive Board as the honorary president of the BSA. Former President Theodore Roosevelt was selected as the Chief Scout Citizen and honorary vice-president. Gifford Pinchot was selected as Chief Woodsman. The new edition of the handbook– \"The Official Handbook for Boys\" was published. West was elevated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8364010",
"score": "1.1520156",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Scout Spirit",
"text": "S. Baden-Powell, and learned about Scouting from the chief Scout himself. On February 8, 1910, Boyce and a group of leaders founded the Boy Scouts of America. From that day forth, Scouts have celebrated February 8 as the birthday of Scouting in the United States. In the British Scout Training Centre at Gilwell Park, England, Scouts from the United States erected a statue of an American Buffalo in honor of this unknown Scout. The statue is inscribed, \"To the Unknown Scout Whose Faithfulness in the Performance of the Daily Good turn Brought the Scout Movement to the United States of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7122575",
"score": "1.1473495",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Boy Scout Memorial",
"text": "base of the unit. The sculpture sits at the location of the 1937 National Scout Jamboree, the first jamboree. It was dedicated on November 7, 1964 and accepted by Associate Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark who celebrated his 50th anniversary of being an Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America) on that day. This sculpture was surveyed by Save Outdoor Sculpture! in 1993 and was described as \"well maintained\". Boy Scout Memorial The Boy Scout Memorial is a public artwork by American sculptor Donald De Lue, located at The Ellipse in Washington, D.C., United States. This sculpture was surveyed in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15203974",
"score": "1.1443771",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "William D. Boyce",
"text": "him along a trail when they found out he was the founder of BSA and LSA in America. According to legend, Boyce was lost on a foggy street in London in 1909 when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him back to his destination. The boy then refused Boyce's tip, explaining that he was merely doing his duty as a Boy Scout. Soon thereafter, Boyce met with Robert Baden-Powell, who was the head of the Boy Scout Association at that time. Boyce returned to America, and, four months later, founded the Boy Scouts of America on February 8,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3109161",
"score": "1.1406167",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Cub Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)",
"text": "Daniel Carter Beard who felt that the use of the British book was nearly disloyal to the United States of America. West encouraged the formation of the Boy Rangers of America, a separate organization for boys eight through twelve based on an American Indian theme. The Boy Rangers used the Scout Law and their Chief Guide, Emerson Brooks, was a Boy Scout commissioner in Montclair, New Jersey. The BSA finally began some experimental Cub units in 1928 and in 1930 the BSA began registering the first Cub Scout packs, and the Boy Rangers were absorbed. The British Cubbing program used",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3129175",
"score": "1.1390716",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "Boy Scouts of America The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one of the largest Scouting organizations and youth organizations in the United States, with more than 2.4 million youth participants and nearly one million adult volunteers. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, more than 110 million Americans have been participants in BSA programs at some time. The BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922. The mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to make",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "826670",
"score": "1.1358716",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "James E. West successfully lobbied Congress for a federal charter for the BSA which President Woodrow Wilson signed on June 15, 1916. One of the principal reasons for seeking a congressional charter was as a way to deal with competition from other Scout organizations including the United States Boy Scouts and the Lone Scouts of America, The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution among a small number of other patriotic and national organizations which are similarly chartered, such as the Girl Scouts of the USA, the Civil Air Patrol, the American Legion, the Red Cross, Little League Baseball, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "826680",
"score": "1.1318376",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)",
"text": "award include Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton, Marriott International CEO J. W. Marriott, Jr., and Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City and founder of Bloomberg L.P. Eagle Scouts who have held public office include 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford, 22nd U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, 13th and 21st U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, 69th U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Stephen Breyer and 84th U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions. In academia, Eagle Scouts are represented by Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction-winner E.O. Wilson, E. Gordon Gee, former",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1510466",
"score": "1.1308453",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Scouting in North Carolina",
"text": "Scouting during a visit to London in 1909. A young boy assisted Mr. Boyce to his destination and declined a tip offered to him saying that he was a Scout. Boyce was impressed by the young man and visited the London headquarters of the Boy Scouts. He studied the British model and felt that boys in the US could benefit from this program. On February 8, 1910 the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) was incorporated. A National Office was established in New York City and James E. West was hired to lead the new organization. Boy Scout troops were formed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "988559",
"score": "1.130083",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Scouting in the United States",
"text": "traditions of American Youth. Ernest Thompson Seton started the Woodcraft Indians in 1902 and published \"The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians\" in 1906. Daniel Carter Beard started the Sons of Daniel Boone in 1905. When Baden-Powell created the first Scouting program in 1907, he used elements of Setons' work in his \"Scouting for Boys\". Several small local Scouting programs started in the U.S. soon after, most notably the Boy Scouts of the United States (BSUS), the National Scouts of America (NSA) and the Peace Scouts of California—these later merged into the BSA soon after it was formed. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7601997",
"score": "1.1293147",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "William Harrison Fetridge",
"text": "William Harrison Fetridge William Harrison Fetridge (1906 – July 13, 1989) served as vice president of the Boy Scouts of America, president of the United State Support Fund for International Scouting, and chair of the Finance Planning Committee of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. Fetridge was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was a lieutenant commander during World War II, a maritime writer (author of \"The Navy Reader\" and \"The Second Navy Reader\"), Vice-President of \"Popular Mechanics\" magazine, and President of the Dartnell Corporation. He also served as president of the United Republican Fund of Illinois from 1968–1973, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19848520",
"score": "1.1285206",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "present. Boy Scouts of America The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one of the largest Scouting organizations and youth organizations in the United States, with more than 2.4 million youth participants and nearly one million adult volunteers. The BSA was founded in 1910, and since then, more than 110 million Americans have been participants in BSA programs at some time. The BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922. The mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "826738",
"score": "1.1281664",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "Boy Scouts Headquarters and, by some accounts, Baden-Powell. Upon his return to the US, Boyce incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910. Edgar M. Robinson and Lee F. Hanmer became interested in the nascent BSA and convinced Boyce to turn the program over to the YMCA for development in April 1910. Robinson enlisted Seton, Beard, Charles Eastman, and other prominent leaders in the early youth movements. Former president Theodore Roosevelt, who had long complained of the decline in American manhood, became an ardent supporter. In January 1911, Robinson turned the movement over to James E. West who",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "826676",
"score": "1.1270305",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of the Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "History of the Boy Scouts of America The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) was inspired by and modeled on the Boy Scout Association, established by Baden-Powell in Britain in 1908. In the early 1900s, several youth organizations were active, and many became part of the BSA (see Scouting in the United States). The BSA was founded in 1910 and grew rapidly and became the largest youth organization in the United States. Early issues involved race, the \"younger boy problem,\" and the \"older boy problem.\" Troops initially followed local community policy on race. For younger boys, the Cubbing program arose and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8364000",
"score": "1.1215757",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "William D. Boyce",
"text": "is near the White House as part of The Extra Mile – Points of Light Volunteer Pathway. In 2005, the BSA introduced the William D. Boyce New Unit Organization Award, presented to the organizer of any new Scouting unit. William D. Boyce William Dickson Boyce (June 16, 1858 – June 11, 1929) was an American newspaper man, entrepreneur, magazine publisher, and explorer. He was the founder of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and the short-lived Lone Scouts of America (LSA). Born in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, he acquired a love for the outdoors early in his life. After working as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3109175",
"score": "1.1203313",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Narragansett Council",
"text": "at Camp Greenough on Cape Cod. The Narragansett Council, Boy Scouts of America is part of a worldwide Scouting movement with over 15 million members in one hundred countries. Boy Scouting began in England in 1907 when the British military hero, Lord Robert Baden-Powell, organized the first Boy Scout camp. In 1908, he published Scouting for Boys and formed what would become the British Boy Scout Association. As a result of a \"good turn\" performed by an English Scout in London for Chicago publisher William D. Boyce, Scouting came to America. The Boy Scouts of America was incorporated in 1910",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3263999",
"score": "1.1152308",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Scouting in New Jersey",
"text": "Bear, Lion, Scout. The initial rank structure was Wolf, Bear and Lion, with ages of 9, 10 and 11. Dens of six to eight Cubs were entirely led by a Boy Scout holding the position of den chief. Mortimer L. Schiff – After a long tenure as vice-president of the BSA beginning in 1910, during which he also appeared on the cover of Time magazine on February 14, 1927, Mortimer L. Schiff was elected as president in 1931, but died after serving one month and Walter Head returned until 1946. Schiff's mother purchased and donated of land in New Jersey",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "989268",
"score": "1.1138203",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "History of the Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "are to be expected in May 2014. Leadership training programs for youth include the Introduction to Leadership Skills for Crews (ILSC), National Youth Leadership Training (NYLT), National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience (NAYLE), the new Kodiak Challenge (a combination of the old Kodiak and Kodiak-X programs), and Powder Horn (for both youth and adults) Venturing, like Exploring, continued the tradition of having national and regional youth presidents. The last elected National Explorer President Jon Fulkerson served in that capacity for a period of two weeks, until August 1, 1998 at which time he became the first national Venturing president. His first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8364075",
"score": "1.1133549",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "National Capital Area Council",
"text": "the District of Columbia, the US Virgin Islands, and BSA units throughout North and South America. The council has a 2.5 to 1 ratio of youth members to adult leaders, which is among the highest of all the councils. The youth retention rate approaches 80%. William D. Boyce incorporated the Boy Scouts of America at 11:03am on February 8, 1910 in the district on the advice of railroad executive and later first national president of the organization Colin H. Livingstone, with assistance from lawyers at the firm Ralston, Siddons and Richardson. A year later the National Capital Area Council was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10060239",
"score": "1.1131012",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "History of the Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "a series of meetings in early 1910, the Woodcraft Indians led by Ernest Thompson Seton, the Boy Scouts of the United States headed by Colonel Peter Bomus and the National Scouts of America headed by Colonel William Verbeck were absorbed into the BSA. The National Highway Patrol Association Scouts headed by Colonel E. S. Cornell and the Boy Pioneers (formerly known as the Sons of Daniel Boone) headed by Daniel Carter Beard were folded. The BSA National Office opened in the 28th Street YMCA in New York City on June 1, 1910. The first managing secretary (the precursor to the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8364006",
"score": "1.1127336",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Boy Scouts of America",
"text": "boys started independently in the US. (see Scouting in the United States). Many of these Scout programs in the US merged with the BSA. In 1909, Chicago publisher W. D. Boyce was visiting London, where he encountered a boy who came to be known as the Unknown Scout. Boyce was lost on a foggy street when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him to his destination. The boy then refused Boyce's tip, explaining that he was a Boy Scout and was merely doing his daily good turn. Interested in the Boy Scouts, Boyce met with staff at the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "826675",
"score": "1.1126287",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "Boy Scouts of America",
"long_answer": "Eagle Scout is the highest rank one can receive in BSA. A Scout who attains this rank is called an Eagle Scout. Since its introduction in 1911, the Eagle Scout rank has been earned by more than two million young men. Requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges and demonstrating Scout Spirit through the Boy Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership all before or by age 18. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements. Many famous Americans are Eagle Scouts: astronaut Neil Armstrong, film director Michael Moore, TV host Mike Rowe, Steven Spielberg, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, and President Gerald Ford are just a small sample of Eagle Scouts.",
"chunked_long_answer": "and Law, service, and leadership all before or by age 18. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements. Many famous Americans are Eagle Scouts: astronaut Neil Armstrong, film director Michael Moore, TV host Mike Rowe, Steven Spielberg, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, and President Gerald Ford are just a small sample of Eagle Scouts.",
"short_answers": [
"Gerald Ford",
"President Gerald Ford"
]
} |
where does the last name orozco originate from | [
"Spanish/Basque origin"
]
| [
{
"title": "Orozco",
"text": "Orozco is of Spanish/Basque origin. Notable people with the surname include:",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Pascual Orozco",
"text": "was Amada Orozco y Vázquez (1852–1948). The Vázquez family were second-generation Basque immigrants. Pascual Jr. married Refugio Frías and dedicated his youth to the transport of precious metals between the mining firms of the state. This allowed him to buy his own gold mine. He was also the uncle of Maximiano Márquez Orozco, who participated in the Mexican Revolution as a colonel in the Villista Army. In the first years of the 20th century he was attracted by the ideas of the Flores Magón brothers and, in 1909 he started importing weaponry from the United States in the face of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2271817",
"score": "1.1076372",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Pascual Orozco",
"text": "Pascual Orozco Pascual Orozco Vázquez (in contemporary documents, sometimes spelled \"Oroszco\") (28 January 1882 – 30 August 1915) was a Mexican revolutionary leader who rose up with Francisco I. Madero late 1910 to depose Porfirio Díaz. Sixteen months later he revolted against the Madero government and ultimately sided with the coup d'état that deposed Madero. Orozco was born to a middle-class family on Santa Inés hacienda near San Isidro, Guerrero, in the state of Chihuahua. He was a businessman in mining, commercialized minerals and became wealthy from investments in mines, particularly gold. His father was Pascual Orozco Sr. His mother",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2271816",
"score": "1.105914",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "El Oro de Hidalgo",
"text": "El Oro de Hidalgo The name El Oro de Hidalgo ( ), is not from Nahuatl, like most other municipality names in the state, but from Spanish, and simply means \"the gold.\" It has subsequently been given an alternative Nahuatl name of \"Teocuitlatl,\" meaning \"sacred excrement,\" referring to gold. Its seal, in the form of an Aztec glyph, contains elements referring to gold and to caves, of which there are many in the municipality. The municipality is located in the northwest of the State of Mexico, 96 km from the state capital of Toluca, and is bounded by the municipalities",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11517735",
"score": "1.0634882",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Pascual Orozco",
"text": "the 13th Cavalry Regiment, 8 local deputies and 13 Texas Rangers to pursue the mysterious horse thieves whom he purposefully fails to mention by name to ensure their participation. The posse in pursuit converged at Stephan's tank just west of High Lonesome in the Van Horn Mountains On 3 September 1915 Orozco's remains were placed in space 13 of the Masonic Holding Vault at Concordia Cemetery in El Paso, Texas, at the decision of his wife, dressed in a full Mexican general's uniform, with the Mexican flag draping his coffin, in front of three thousand followers and admirers. In 1923,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2271829",
"score": "1.0241315",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Pascual Orozco",
"text": "his remains were returned to his home state of Chihuahua and interred in the \"Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres\" (Rotunda of Illustrious Persons), Panteón de Dolores, in Chihuahua. Pascual Orozco Pascual Orozco Vázquez (in contemporary documents, sometimes spelled \"Oroszco\") (28 January 1882 – 30 August 1915) was a Mexican revolutionary leader who rose up with Francisco I. Madero late 1910 to depose Porfirio Díaz. Sixteen months later he revolted against the Madero government and ultimately sided with the coup d'état that deposed Madero. Orozco was born to a middle-class family on Santa Inés hacienda near San Isidro, Guerrero, in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2271830",
"score": "1.012191",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Ixtapan del Oro",
"text": "Ixtapan del Oro Ixtapan del Oro is a town and municipality in the State of Mexico, in Mexico. The name “Ixtapan” comes from Nahuatl and means 'in the place of little salt'. \"del Oro\" is Spanish, meaning 'of the gold'. This name was added in 1894 when some veins of gold were found here. It is a small town of only 913 people. This town is located at the western limits of Mexico State. It was founded in 1650 but received its name in 1870 as a municipality. A number of archeological artifacts are displayed in the town's central garden,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11500444",
"score": "1.0059457",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Emilio Orozco",
"text": "Emilio Orozco Emilio Orozco Plascencia (born April 29, 1992) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Oxnard Guerreros FC in the National Premier Soccer League. After graduating from High School, Orozco joined Mexican Primera División side Tigres de la UANL. On March 19, 2012, Orozco joined NASL side Fort Lauderdale Strikers on a season-long loan. On April 21, Orozco made his debut for the club, coming on as a 71st minute sub in a 2-2 draw on the road against San Antonio Scorpions FC. On February 27, 2013, Chivas USA announced that Orozco and Josue Soto had joined",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16461579",
"score": "0.99949956",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Sergio Orozco",
"text": "Sergio Orozco Sergio Orozco (born in Popayán, Colombia) is an award-winning designer of furniture and lighting. His works are influenced by international experience and worldwide background. He studied violin for many years, then at the age of 18 he moved to the capital, Bogotá, planning to pursue his musical studies. His goals changed, however, when he found he was developing even more serious interest in art, design and architecture. So, after two years of fine wood model making and musical instrument construction in Bogotá, he moved to Europe where he traveled extensively and studied painting, sculpture and design. In 1980,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15369067",
"score": "0.99656844",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "El Oro de Hidalgo",
"text": "surrounded by pines, cedars and a few country residences. There are rustic cabins for rent here. There is also an unexplored archeological site between Endotejiare and Tapaxco. El Oro de Hidalgo The name El Oro de Hidalgo ( ), is not from Nahuatl, like most other municipality names in the state, but from Spanish, and simply means \"the gold.\" It has subsequently been given an alternative Nahuatl name of \"Teocuitlatl,\" meaning \"sacred excrement,\" referring to gold. Its seal, in the form of an Aztec glyph, contains elements referring to gold and to caves, of which there are many in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11517756",
"score": "0.9895555",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "José-Luis Orozco",
"text": "José-Luis Orozco was born in Mexico City. He is the second of eleven children born to Fernando Orozco and Susana Ramos. His father played the violin and his mother loved to sing. He grew fond of music at a young age, learning many songs from his paternal grandmother. At age 8, José-Luis became a member of the Mexico City Boy's Choir, and traveled the world visiting 32 countries in Europe, the Caribbean, Central and South America. It was from his tour around the world that he gained the cultural knowledge he now shares with children through his books and recordings.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14850430",
"score": "0.980388",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Emilio Orozco",
"text": "the club after impressing during a pre-season trial. On March 24, 2015, Orozco signed with Real Monarchs. Orozco has represented the United States at the Under 17 and Under 20 level. Emilio Orozco Emilio Orozco Plascencia (born April 29, 1992) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Oxnard Guerreros FC in the National Premier Soccer League. After graduating from High School, Orozco joined Mexican Primera División side Tigres de la UANL. On March 19, 2012, Orozco joined NASL side Fort Lauderdale Strikers on a season-long loan. On April 21, Orozco made his debut for the club, coming on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16461580",
"score": "0.97869956",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Aurora Estrada Orozco",
"text": "Aurora Estrada Orozco Aurora Estrada Orozco (May 8, 1918 – February 9, 2011) was a Mexican American community leader and writer. Aurora Estrada Orozco was born on May 8, 1918 in Cerralvo, Nuevo León, Mexico. Her family immigrated to the United States when she was young. She attended schools in Mercedes, Texas and graduated from Mercedes High School in 1937. She attended business classes at the University of Texas at Austin before marrying Primitivo Orozco Vega in 1950. They moved to Cuero, Texas. She had six children and was active with her local Parent-Teacher Association. Orozco worked at Lieberman's Department",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18189826",
"score": "0.97283244",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Yadira Pascault Orozco",
"text": "Yadira Pascault Orozco Yadira Pascault Orozco is a French-Mexican actress and producer, who was born in Mexico City. She was the presenter of the rock n roll program \"Sónicamente\" on Canal Once (Mexico) and was the host of the cinema culture show \"El Once En El Cine\" (also on Canal Once). As an actress she has worked on several different series on the Mexican channels Azteca (TV network) and Telemundo. She has appeared in five feature films, among them \"No eres tú, soy yo\", \"Aquí Entre Nos\" and \"Juego de Héroes\". Orozco also produces both theater and film. She was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19433901",
"score": "0.96939194",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Verónica Orozco",
"text": "Verónica Orozco Verónica Orozco (born Verónica Orozco Aristizábal on June 8, 1979) is a Colombian actress and singer. Orozco is the daughter of actor Luís Fernando Orozco and Carmenza Aristizábal Hoyos. She has two sisters, actress Ana María and Juliana. In January 2007, she married Colombian comedian Martín de Francisco in Villa de Leyva but the couple separated in April 2010 and divorced later the same year. The following year Orozco met psychologist Juan Sebastian Restrepo, and their daughter Violeta was born in 2012. Orozco was a part of the Colombian TV musical show \"Okidoki\", which led her to release",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8865543",
"score": "0.9522058",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "El Oro de Hidalgo",
"text": "Alto and La Loma de la Cima. The municipality has a total area of 137.86 km2. There is no post-independence document of the founding the modern municipality of El Oro. Its organization is in accordance of the Cadiz Constitution, like the rest of the municipalities in the country have been since 1820. City councils existed at both Tapaxco and El Oro in the 1820s and the municipality has held both names. The determination to make El Oro the seat and the name of the municipality was made in the very early 1900s. It is located in the Sierra Madre Occidental,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11517752",
"score": "0.9518585",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "El Oro de Hidalgo",
"text": "of Temascalcingo to the north, Jocotitlán to the east, San Felipe del Progreso and San José del Rincón to the south, and by the state of Michoacán to the west. , the municipal seat with the formal name of El Oro de Hidalgo had a population of 5,797, and the municipality of El Oro had a population of 31,847. While it made its name as a major gold and silver mining town from the 17th to the early 20th centuries, the mines have since been tapped out and the town is turning to tourism for economic development. The Mazahua people",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11517736",
"score": "0.95173895",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Gabriel Orozco",
"text": "and their son Simón, divide their time between Paris, New York, Mexico City and Ubud. Orozco was born in 1962 in Veracruz, Mexico to Cristina Fèlix Romandía and Mario Orozco Rivera, a mural painter and art professor at the Universidad Veracruzana. When Orozco was six, the family relocated to the San Àngel neighborhood of Mexico City so that his father could work with artist David Alfaro Siquieros on various mural commissions. His father took him along to museum exhibitions and to work with him, where Orozco overheard many conversations on art and politics. Orozco attended the Escuela Nacional de Artes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7248656",
"score": "0.9493457",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "El Oro de Hidalgo",
"text": "first populated this area, migrating from the north. One of these migrations is documented in the Annals of Cuauhtitlán, which occurred in 538 AD, when five tribes headed by Ehécatl, Coahuatzin, Mazacóatl, Otzihuacoatl and Tlalpanhuitz y Huitz, with Mazacóatl leading them. The first populations settled in communities now known as Tapaxco, Endotejiare, Tultenango and Santiago Oxtempan, all of which are in the current municipality of El Oro. Initially, the Mazahuas were hunter-gatherers but dedicated themselves to agriculture and fishing as well as hunting, as the Mazahua-populated region became dominated the Toltecs, the Chichimecas and then the Aztecs. The last group",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11517737",
"score": "0.94865924",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "El Oro de Hidalgo",
"text": "Ixtlahuaca. There are conflicting stories as to how the town was founded. One version states that it was founded by the Mondragón family, guided by a child who showed them where he grazed his flock. Here someone in the family noticed something shiny among the rocks, which turned out to be quartz containing gold, indicating the vein that would be named after the family. El Oro was founded in 1787 by miners who bought the land from the Hacienda of Tultenango. El Oro initially belonged to the territory of Ixtlahuaca, but upon discovery of gold, the land became Crown property.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11517739",
"score": "0.9456058",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Michael Orozco",
"text": "Michael Orozco Michael Orozco Fiscal (born February 7, 1986) is an American soccer player who currently plays for Lobos BUAP in the Liga MX and the United States national team. Orozco's parents are originally from Mexico, and Michael went through the youth program of Mexican Primera A team San Luis. Orozco made his professional debut for San Luis during the Apertura 2006 tournament, when he entered as a second-half substitute against Tigres UANL, but was sent off after just two games Chiapas. Orozco was loaned to Puebla for the 2013 Clausura. The move was extended the following summer. Orozco scored",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11654985",
"score": "0.9451858",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "José Clemente Orozco",
"text": "and Jiquilpan, Michoacán. His drawings and paintings are exhibited by the Carrillo Gil Museum in Mexico City, and the Orozco Workshop-Museum in Guadalajara. Orozco was known for being a politically committed artist and promoted the political causes of peasants and workers. José Clemente Orozco was born in 1883 in Zapotlán el Grande (now Ciudad Guzmán), Jalisco to Rosa de Flores Orozco. He married Margarita Valladares, and had three children. At the age of 21, Orozco lost his left hand while working with gunpowder to make fireworks. The satirical illustrator José Guadalupe Posada, whose engravings about Mexican culture and politics challenged",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1605509",
"score": "0.943083",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Daniel Orozco Álvarez",
"text": "Daniel Orozco Álvarez Daniel Orozco Álvarez (born 1 February 1987) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender. Orozco was born in Fuengirola, Province of Málaga. After starting out with local UD Fuengirola Los Boliches he joined neighbouring Málaga CF in 2007, representing the reserve team in the fourth division for two seasons. In July 2009, Orozco signed for another side in Andalusia, Unión Estepona CF in the third level, but returned to his previous club in the following transfer window. On 24 March 2010 he made his first-team – and La Liga – debut, playing the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15108700",
"score": "0.94186306",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Orillia",
"text": "which can mean the shore of either a lake or river. The Spanish pronunciation sounds much like, \"oreeya,\" and since the word itself is spelled almost identically to Orillia, without the second, \"i,\" it has come to be commonly accepted as the source word for the city's name. Further backing the theory of a Spanish origin are the names of surrounding communities and landmarks, which include Oro for gold, Mariposa for butterfly, and Mono for monkey. Historical documents contain a second spelling of the name which was never officially recognised, Aurelia, which when pronounced sounds similar to the name and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1525156",
"score": "0.9414097",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Andrés Orozco-Estrada",
"text": "Andrés Orozco-Estrada Andrés Orozco-Estrada (born December 14, 1977) is a violinist and conductor, a dual-national Colombian-Austrian. Born in Medellín, Orozco-Estrada studied music at the Instituto Musical Diego Echavarría and learned to play violin there before taking conducting classes from age 15. Before his seventeenth birthday, he moved to Bogotá to study at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de la Compañía de Jesús. He emigrated to Vienna, Austria, in 1997, where he has lived ever since and where, that same year, he began advanced conducting studies at the Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst. His teachers included Uroš Lajovic, successor to Hans",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12835682",
"score": "0.93754137",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Yohandry Orozco",
"text": "Yohandry Orozco Yohandry José Orozco Cujía (born 19 March 1991 in Maracaibo) is a Venezuelan footballer who currently plays for Deportes Tolima. He plays as an Attacking Midfielder. Orozco made his professional debut in 2007 with Unión Atlético Maracaibo, aged 16, against Deportivo Anzoátegui. On 2009 he signed with Zulia FC, having a strong presence in the main squad. In the 2010–11 season he became a basic key in the lineup of the Zulians, scoring eight goals in the first half of the tournament. On 28 January 2011, it was reported that Orozco would sign a four-year contract with VfL",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15263971",
"score": "0.9370407",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Manuel Orozco y Berra",
"text": "Manuel Orozco y Berra Manuel Orozco y Berra (8 June 1816 - 27 January 1881; He was born and died in Mexico City) was a Mexican historian and a member of the Mexican Academy of Language. He was a disciple of José Fernando Ramírez and Joaquín García Icazbalceta and together with them, is considered one of the most important historians of Mexico of the 19th century, ranking \"as a major figure among 19th-century students of the Mexican Indian past.\" He produced a significant body of published work on Mesoamerican ethnohistory, In 1844 he delivered the speech alluding to Independence, publishing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16177912",
"score": "0.93387985",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Mario Orozco Rivera",
"text": "be found in many major collections. His work received recognition in various countries. Orozco Rivera was born in Mexico City to a circus family, in which he performed as a young child. He was a cousin of painter José Clemente Orozco. When asked about his famous last names, he used to state “(José Clemente) Orozco is my dad and (Diego) Rivera is my mom! At age sixteen he went to Cuba but returned after the Batista coup to begin studying at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado \"La Esmeralda\" in 1952. After he finished, he traveled in Europe",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17537598",
"score": "0.9338303",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Jonathan Orozco",
"text": "Jonathan Orozco Jonathan Emmanuel Orozco Domínguez (born May 12, 1986) is a Mexican footballer who plays for Santos Laguna of the Liga MX as a goalkeeper. He's one of the most capped with Monterrey, making his debut in 2005. Born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Orozco began his career in 2005 with Cobras de Ciudad Juárez who at the time were the filial team for Monterrey. After playing part of the Apertura 2005 tournament with C.F. Monterrey 1a A, he was called up to the first team. He made his professional debut on August 13, 2005, in a 1-0 win over",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10468483",
"score": "0.9327806",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Sergio Orozco",
"text": "Country Club and a contributing Design Editor for the \"HL&A\" Magazine and \"Contract Lighting\" magazine. Sergio Orozco Sergio Orozco (born in Popayán, Colombia) is an award-winning designer of furniture and lighting. His works are influenced by international experience and worldwide background. He studied violin for many years, then at the age of 18 he moved to the capital, Bogotá, planning to pursue his musical studies. His goals changed, however, when he found he was developing even more serious interest in art, design and architecture. So, after two years of fine wood model making and musical instrument construction in Bogotá, he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15369070",
"score": "0.9295669",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "Orozco",
"long_answer": "Orozco is of Spanish/Basque origin. Notable people with the surname include:",
"chunked_long_answer": "Orozco is of Spanish/Basque origin. Notable people with the surname include:",
"short_answers": [
"Spanish/Basque origin"
]
} |
which river separates the bronx in new york city from manhattan island | [
"Harlem River",
"the Harlem River"
]
| [
{
"title": "The Bronx",
"text": "The Bronx (/brɒŋks/) is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of Queens, across the East River. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Bronx River",
"text": "Bronx River The Bronx River, approximately long, flows through southeast New York in the United States and drains an area of . It is named after colonial settler Jonas Bronck. The Bronx River is the only fresh water river in New York City. It originally rose in what is now the Kensico Reservoir, in Westchester County north of New York City. With the construction of the Kensico Dam in 1885, however, the river was cut off from its natural headwaters and today a small tributary stream serves as its source. The Bronx River flows south past White Plains, then south-southwest",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2865986",
"score": "1.2157334",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Bronx River",
"text": "become a popular destination for urban canoeing in New York City. It also bisects Bronx Park and the Bronx Zoo. A tram built in the late 20th century takes Zoo customers over the river to an exhibit of Asian animals on the left bank, with a narration presenting the river as the Irrawaddy. Bronx River The Bronx River, approximately long, flows through southeast New York in the United States and drains an area of . It is named after colonial settler Jonas Bronck. The Bronx River is the only fresh water river in New York City. It originally rose in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2865996",
"score": "1.2095356",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Bronx River Road",
"text": "Bronx River Road Bronx River Road is a major street and neighborhood in Yonkers, New York. It runs alongside the Bronx River, Bronx River Parkway, and Metro-North railroad tracks in south-eastern Yonkers. On the other side of the Bronx River is the City of Mount Vernon, New York as well as the Bronx. Bronx River Road runs down to McLean Avenue at the city line with New York City where it becomes Webster Avenue in the Woodlawn section of the Bronx. To the north, when it reaches the Cross County Parkway, Bronx River Road merges into Midland Avenue which leads",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4358851",
"score": "1.1564965",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Bronx River",
"text": "through the northern suburbs, passing through Edgemont, Tuckahoe, Eastchester, and Bronxville. It forms the border between the large cities of Yonkers and Mount Vernon, and flows into the northern end of The Bronx, where it divides East Bronx from West Bronx, southward through Bronx Park, New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo and continues through neighborhoods of the South Bronx. It empties into the East River, a tidal strait connected to Long Island Sound, between the Soundview and Hunts Point neighborhoods. In the 17th century, the river—called by the natives \"Aquehung\"—served as a boundary between loosely associated bands under",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2865987",
"score": "1.1548053",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Bronx River Houses",
"text": "Bronx River Houses Bronx River Houses is a low-income public housing project in the Soundview section of The Bronx, New York City, New York. It consists of nine 14-story buildings with 1,260 apartments. Completed February 28, 1951, the Bronx development is bordered by East 174th Street, Harrod, and Bronx River Avenues. Bronx River Houses is home to 3,025 residents. The project is patrolled by P.S.A. 8 located at 2794 Randall Avenue in the Throgs Neck section of the Bronx. Bronx River Addition comprises two senior-only buildings, 6 and 12 stories tall with 225 apartments. Completed February 28, 1966, the Bronx",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8828032",
"score": "1.1129547",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "East River",
"text": "East River The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, which are also on Long Island. Because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the \"Sound River\". The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "125288",
"score": "1.0940964",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "East River",
"text": "the city in 1884 to be a prison farm and expanded with landfill from under to over , which is currently the site of the city's primary jail, and North and South Brother Islands, all of which lie north of Roosevelt Island. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the northern section of the strait, and the Flushing River, historically known as \"Flushing Creek\" empties into it near LaGuardia Airport via Flushing Bay. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the strait's midpoint, it narrows into",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "125297",
"score": "1.0927165",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Bronx River Parkway",
"text": "Bronx River Parkway The Bronx River Parkway (sometimes abbreviated as the Bronx Parkway) is a long parkway in downstate New York in the United States. It is named for the nearby Bronx River, which it parallels. The southern terminus of the parkway is at Story Avenue near Bruckner Expressway in the Bronx neighborhood of Soundview. The northern terminus is at the Kensico Circle in North Castle, Westchester County, where the parkway connects to the Taconic State Parkway and, via a short connector, New York State Route 22 (NY 22). Within the Bronx, the parkway is maintained by the New York",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1359948",
"score": "1.0795503",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "East River",
"text": "future spills propagating into the river. Music Television Games Informational notes Citations Bibliography East River The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, which are also on Long Island. Because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "125354",
"score": "1.0732949",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Hutchinson River",
"text": "Hutchinson River The Hutchinson River is a freshwater stream located in the Bronx, and Southern Westchester County, New York. The river forms in Scarsdale at Brookline Road and flows 10 miles (16 km) south until it empties into Eastchester Bay in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The river defines New Rochelle's jagged north-western city line, and serves as the boundary between New Rochelle and Scarsdale, New Rochelle and Eastchester, as well as Mount Vernon and Pelham. The river is named for Anne Hutchinson, who came from Rhode Island in 1642 and settled on Pelham Neck to the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4401822",
"score": "1.0731384",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Bronx River Road",
"text": "been gutted, renovated and by February 2007 rehabitated - with all its architectural detail (turrets, minarets, etc.) restored. This neighborhood is one of the most populated in eastern Yonkers. Bronx River Road Bronx River Road is a major street and neighborhood in Yonkers, New York. It runs alongside the Bronx River, Bronx River Parkway, and Metro-North railroad tracks in south-eastern Yonkers. On the other side of the Bronx River is the City of Mount Vernon, New York as well as the Bronx. Bronx River Road runs down to McLean Avenue at the city line with New York City where it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4358853",
"score": "1.072855",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Hudson River",
"text": "are large, rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river; also known as Bergen Hill at their lower end in Hudson County. Further south the east bank of the river becomes Yonkers and then the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. South of the confluence of the Hudson and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, the east bank of the river becomes Manhattan. The river is sometimes still called the North River at this point. The George Washington Bridge crosses the river between Fort Lee and the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. The Lincoln Tunnel and the Holland Tunnel",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "589396",
"score": "1.0670959",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Bronx River Road",
"text": "to the Village of Bronxville, New York. Bronx River Road is lined with many older, large apartment houses along with several residential blocks with small corner stores. The area could be described as middle class. Though the area is sometimes referred to as Sherwood Park, or Fleetwood, most area residents refer to their neighborhood simply as \"Bronx River Road\". On March 16, 2003, there was a major fire at the Wakefield Towers apartment building at 85 Bronx River Road. Though there were no serious injuries, the building suffered massive damage, leaving over 300 people homeless. Since then, Wakefield Towers has",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4358852",
"score": "1.0577493",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "West Bronx",
"text": "Bronx River. This is because the east-west divider is Fifth Avenue in Manhattan and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx, which is directly north of Fifth Avenue. Jerome Avenue was approximately the centerline of the original Annexed District, though not of the expanded modern Bronx. Prior to the 1970s, New Yorkers generally saw the Bronx as being split into its eastern and western halves. However, with the urban decay that hit the southwestern Bronx starting in the 1960s, people began to see the borough as being fundamentally divided between the southwestern area (\"The South Bronx\") and everywhere else. West Bronx neighborhoods",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9940799",
"score": "1.0548357",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Bronx River",
"text": "large sand bar was uncovered where sand had accumulated at the bend over hundreds of years and made a sandy beach. In the 21st century, environmental groups including the Bronx River Alliance proposed to return the river to its original state as a clean waterway. The river became a favorite project of U.S. Representative José Serrano, who secured US$14.6 million in federal funding to support the rehabilitation of the waterway, into which some Westchester towns continued to discharge raw sewage intermittently, as sanitary sewer overflows, as late as 2006. Under a November 28, 2006 agreement, the municipalities of Scarsdale, White",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2865990",
"score": "1.0487225",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Bronx River Houses",
"text": "Kill Bill Gang. DJ Red Alert also got his start in the Bronx River Houses. Tenants are almost entirely African American and Puerto Rican. Bronx River Houses Bronx River Houses is a low-income public housing project in the Soundview section of The Bronx, New York City, New York. It consists of nine 14-story buildings with 1,260 apartments. Completed February 28, 1951, the Bronx development is bordered by East 174th Street, Harrod, and Bronx River Avenues. Bronx River Houses is home to 3,025 residents. The project is patrolled by P.S.A. 8 located at 2794 Randall Avenue in the Throgs Neck section",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8828035",
"score": "1.0416489",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Harlem",
"text": "York City boroughs. In East Harlem, the Wards Island Bridge, also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge, connects Manhattan with Wards Island. The Triborough Bridge is a complex of three separate toll spans that offers connections between Queens, Manhattan (Harlem), and the Bronx. Several free bridges connect Harlem and the Bronx, including the Willis Avenue Bridge (for northbound traffic only), Third Avenue Bridge (for southbound traffic only), Madison Avenue Bridge, 145th Street Bridge, and Macombs Dam Bridge. Public transportation service is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. This includes the New York City Subway and MTA Regional Bus Operations, as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "656048",
"score": "1.0376995",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Bronx River",
"text": "and 20th centuries, the river became a natural sewer into which industrial waste was poured every day. An early mill on the industrialized river was the Lorillard Snuff Mill, preserved in the grounds of the New York Botanical Garden. With the decline of manufacturing in the area, the river continued to receive water pollution from the communities that lined its banks. In December 1948, flow of the Bronx River was changed to eliminate a curve in its course in Bronxville, to create land in the old riverbed on which to construct an addition to Lawrence Hospital. During the excavations a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2865989",
"score": "1.0372839",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Bronx River",
"text": "Westchester County and the northern Bronx the river is paralleled by the Bronx River Parkway and its associated bicycle path from Bronxville to the Kensico Dam plaza. A project, the Bronx River Greenway, proposes a unified management plan for the narrow ribbon of riverside green spaces in the stretch of river that passes through Westchester County and the Bronx, as part of the East Coast Greenway. It includes Concrete Plant Park on the right bank, below Westchester Avenue and Starlight Park above there. Construction on the Bronx River Greenway started in October 2016. In the southern Bronx, the river has",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2865995",
"score": "1.0321043",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Bronx–Whitestone Bridge",
"text": "Bronx–Whitestone Bridge The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge (colloquially referred to as the Whitestone Bridge or simply the Whitestone) is a suspension bridge in New York City, carrying six lanes of Interstate 678 over the East River. The bridge connects Throggs Neck and Ferry Point Park in the Bronx, on the East River's northern shore, with the Whitestone neighborhood of Queens on the southern shore. Although the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge's construction was proposed as early as 1905, it was not approved until 1936. The bridge was designed by Othmar Ammann and opened to traffic with four lanes on April 29, 1939. The bridge's design",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3533986",
"score": "1.0314244",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "North Riverdale, Bronx",
"text": "North Riverdale, Bronx North Riverdale is the northernmost part of the Riverdale neighborhood of the borough of the Bronx in New York City, particularly above 254th Street. It is a residential sub-neighborhood, and shares its northern border with Yonkers, New York in Westchester County. One of the geographic characteristics which gives all of Riverdale its suburban quality is that it lies on a high ridge which separates it from the rest of the city. The highest part of the ridge, at 284.5 feet above sea level, lies in North Riverdale, near Iselin Avenue and 250th Street. North Riverdale has been",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4960660",
"score": "1.0241998",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "The Bronx",
"text": "predominantly on the U.S. mainland. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west, and a flatter eastern section. East and west street names are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattan's Fifth Avenue. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914. About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "33866",
"score": "1.0236719",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Bronx River",
"text": "Plains, Mount Vernon and Greenburgh agreed to stop dumping sewage in the Bronx River by May 1, 2007. Urban runoff pollution continues to be a serious problem for the river. The Bronx River Watershed Coalition, a partnership of local and state agencies, citizen groups and non-profit organizations, have developed watershed management plans to reduce stormwater pollution and improve water quality. Local alewife, taken from a coastal tributary in nearby Connecticut, were released in the river in March 2006. The alewife were expected to spawn in the river's headwaters. Their offspring would spend the summer in the river, migrate out to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2865991",
"score": "1.0226777",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Hudson River",
"text": "Counties, flowing between mountains such as Storm King Mountain, Breakneck Ridge, and Bear Mountain. The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the Bear Mountain Bridge, which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties. Afterward, leaving the Hudson Highlands, the river enters Haverstraw Bay, the widest point of the river at wide. Shortly thereafter, the river forms the Tappan Zee and flows under the Tappan Zee Bridge, which carries the New York State Thruway between Tarrytown and Nyack in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively. At the state line with New Jersey the west bank of the Hudson enters Bergen County. The Palisades",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "589395",
"score": "1.0213462",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Bronx Kill",
"text": "bicycle access between the island and the Port Morris neighborhood of the Bronx and to the South Bronx Greenway. The connector opened in November 2015. A 2006 plan for a water park—the first in the nation for a large city—on the northwest corner of Randalls Island was controversial. Announced by the Giuliani administration as a $48 million, project, the proposal expanded to encompass at a projected cost of $168 million before being cancelled in 2007. Bronx Kill The Bronx Kill is a narrow strait in New York City delineating the southernmost extent of the Bronx and separating it from Randalls",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2659301",
"score": "1.0120536",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "Hell Gate",
"text": "was spanned by the Triborough Bridge (officially Robert F. Kennedy Bridge since 2008), allowing vehicular traffic to pass among Manhattan, the Bronx, and Queens. Hell Gate Hell Gate is a narrow tidal strait in the East River in New York City in the United States. It separates Astoria, Queens from Randall's and Wards Islands. The name \"Hell Gate\" is a corruption of the Dutch phrase \"Hellegat\" (it first appeared on a Dutch map as \"Helle Gadt\"), which could mean either \"bright strait\" or \"clear opening\", and it was originally applied to the entirety of the East River. Dutch explorer Adriaen",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2653082",
"score": "1.0118529",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Kingsbridge, Bronx",
"text": "Westchester County (which later became the Bronx) with Marble Hill, once part of Manhattan Island and still part of the borough of Manhattan. The bridge is said to still be in place, having been buried when the creek bed was filled in. The creek's water flow was redirected to the new and deeper shipping canal, south of Marble Hill. Until the later part of the 19th century Riverdale, Kingsbridge, and other areas now in the northwest Bronx were part of the Town of Yonkers. The areas that are inside the modern-day New York city line broke off to form the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4125597",
"score": "1.0115693",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
},
{
"title": "City Island, Bronx",
"text": "City Island, Bronx City Island is a small island and a neighborhood approximately long by wide. At one time it was incorporated within the boundaries of Pelham, Westchester County, New York, but it is now part of the New York City borough of the Bronx. As of the 2010 census the island had a population of 4,362. Its land area is 1.023 km (0.395 sq mi, or 252.835 acres). The island is part of Bronx Community District 10. City Island's ZIP Code is 10464, and it falls under telephone area codes 718, 347, and 929. City Island is located at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2469284",
"score": "1.0105243",
"original_retrieval_index": 43
},
{
"title": "Harlem River",
"text": "for the Columbia University crew, and the river is the home course for the university's crew. \"Columbia Rock\" refers to a large Columbia varsity \"C\" painted on a rock face along the tracks used by the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line. While there is much commercial use of the waterway, there have also been recreational facilities that line its shore. The steep cliffs that line much of the area were locations that became parkland. The High Bridge shore was developed as a park and “speedway,” on which the well-trained steeds of Manhattan’s elite could race without pedestrian interference. This is an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1990952",
"score": "1.010315",
"original_retrieval_index": 44
}
]
| {
"title": "The Bronx",
"long_answer": "The Bronx (/brɒŋks/) is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of Queens, across the East River. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Bronx (/brɒŋks/) is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of Queens, across the East River. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States.",
"short_answers": [
"Harlem River",
"the Harlem River"
]
} |
where does the red wolf live in the world | [
"the southeastern United States",
"southeastern United States"
]
| [
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "The red wolf (Canis rufus or Canis lupus rufus), also known as the Florida black wolf or Mississippi Valley wolf, is a canid native to the southeastern United States of unresolved taxonomic identity. Morphologically it is intermediate between the coyote and gray wolf, and is of a reddish, tawny color. The Red Wolf is a federally listed endangered species of the United States and is protected by law. It has been listed by IUCN as a critically endangered species since 1996. It is considered the rarest species of wolf and is one of the five most endangered species of wolf",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Red Wolf (comics)",
"text": "superhero Hercules adventured with a character named Red Wolf (Rojahn Smythe) in an alternate reality during the 24th century. This Red Wolf has no known connection to the Native American superheroes. The character had come about, Layton later said, when Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter declined to commission a Red Wolf miniseries by Layton, who explained \"Red Wolf was another one of those forgotten characters I spoke about — like Hercules. I really wanted to do something fun with that character.\" During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, a Wild West version of Red Wolf is a Native American of the Cheyenne tribe",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9202605",
"score": "1.0121402",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Red Wolf (comics)",
"text": "in his original outline of \"Astonishing Spider-Man & Wolverine\", the title characters would have been stranded in the 15th century where Spider-Man would have started the New World Avengers with Sasquatch, Red Wolf and an Aztec Ghost Rider. The following year, writer Chris Yost chose the Texas team the Rangers to come into conflict with Houston's new superhero Scarlet Spider in the story \"The Second Master\" in \"Scarlet Spider\" #7-9. In 2015, a Red Wolf from an alternate universe of Earth-51920 appears in the series \"1872\". In this universe, the Marvel heroes lives in a Wild West environment, where Red",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9202592",
"score": "1.0075235",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Red Wolf (comics)",
"text": "Wolf became deputy of a town called Timely. After Secret Wars, this Red Wolf was placed in the mainstream Marvel Universe and has a difficult time remembering his past life. He becomes the deputy of a Santa Rosa Police Department, but later agrees to go with Clint Barton on a cross country trip to help those in need and to find out more about himself in the \"Occupy Avengers\" book. Wildrun is the Red Wolf of the 19th century in the Wild West. In order for the Cheyenne to have a place to live, he drove the Sioux away from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9202593",
"score": "1.0033453",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Redux Riding Hood",
"text": "that he’s learned from his mistakes. But to do that, he has to build a time machine and avoid his poor wife (Mia Farrow). Can the wolf rewrite fairy-tale history or is he destined to never gobble down poor Red? At his first attempt, the Big Bad Wolf succeeded to return to the past where he finds his past self. He then advises him about what and what not to do and succeeds to knock out the Hunter, who was the reason of his failure, and capture Little Red Riding Hood with a double team. However, the two wolves never",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12522912",
"score": "0.98194474",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "was unable to successfully establish a wild population in the park. Low prey density was also a problem, forcing the wolves to leave the park boundaries in pursuit of food in lower elevations. In 1998, the FWS removed the remaining red wolves in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, relocating them to Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in eastern North Carolina. Other red wolves have been released on the coastal islands in Florida, Mississippi, and South Carolina as part of the captive breeding management plan. St. Vincent Island in Florida is currently the only active island propagation site. Given their",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353176",
"score": "0.97369546",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Red Hot Riding Hood",
"text": "Red to the club where she is performing. Red performs onstage (a rendition of the 1941 classic hit song \"Daddy\" by Bobby Troup) and the wolf goes mad with desire. He brings her to his table and tries wooing her, but she wants nothing to do with him. Red escapes the Wolf, saying she is going to her Grandma's place, but nevertheless the Wolf manages to get there first. Grandma's place is a penthouse at the top of a skyscraper. Red's grandma is an oversexed man-chaser who falls head over heels for the Wolf (upon seeing him, she whistles and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4787795",
"score": "0.97324765",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "wolf ancestry, and that the red wolf and Great Lakes region wolf are highly admixed with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. One test indicated a wolf/coyote divergence time of 51,000 years before present that matched other studies indicating that the extant wolf came into being around this time. Another test indicated that the red wolf diverged from the coyote between 55,000–117,000 years before present and the Great Lakes region wolf 32,000 years before present. Other tests and modelling showed various divergence ranges and the conclusion was a range of less than 6,000 and 117,000 years before present.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353161",
"score": "0.9728052",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "About the Little Red Riding Hood",
"text": "sets out through the forest to go visit her, meeting the wolves and other people on her journey. The little girl manages to foil all of the plans thought of by the wolves to catch her. They try dressing in clothes that will deceive Little Red Riding Hood into believing that they are kind and friendly, but in the end, she sucks them into her own game and they continually fail to catch her. Wolf cub, the deceased wolf's son, who spends his time reading stories, is clearly opposed to taking revenge on anyone for the things that have happened,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15576776",
"score": "0.9692284",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Red-Handed",
"text": "left her with a scarred arm. She claims that there is no way anyone can kill the creature. Despite this, Red and a reluctant Snow decide to search for the wolf on their own. Red, a superior tracker, finds the wolf prints, but they morph into human boot prints as the duo follow them. Worse, they lead to Red's window and the only person she remembers seeing there is Peter. That night, Red meets Peter to tell him he is a werewolf. She has to tie him up on full moon nights, but she will stay with him. Back at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16260615",
"score": "0.96905965",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Red Wolf (comics)",
"text": "Red Wolf (comics) Red Wolf is a superhero identity used by several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Those who assume the identity are Native American heroes with mystical powers and a trusted wolf companion named Lobo. Red Wolf is Marvel's first Native American superhero. The William Talltrees version of Red Wolf first appeared in the story \"The Coming of Red Wolf!\" published in \"Avengers\" #80 (cover-dated Sept. 1970), and was created by Roy Thomas and John Buscema. The character appeared also in the next issue. Shortly afterward, Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee began prominently incorporating",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9202585",
"score": "0.9667039",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "This suggests that red wolves are habitat generalists and can thrive in most settings where prey populations are adequate and persecution by humans is slight. Before the arrival of Europeans, the red wolf featured prominently in Cherokee mythology, where it is known as \"wa'ya\" (ᏩᏯ), said to be the companion of Kana'ti the hunter and father of the Aniwaya or Wolf Clan. Cherokees generally avoided killing red wolves, as such an act was believed to bring about the vengeance of the killed animals' pack-mates. In 1940 the biologist Stanley P. Young noted that the red wolf was still common in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353178",
"score": "0.96599364",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "of the continent. They existed in the arid areas and across the open plains, including the prairie regions of the midwestern states. Early explorers found some in Indiana and Wisconsin. From the mid-1800s coyotes began expanding beyond their original range. The taxonomic debate regarding North American wolves can be summarised as follows: The paleontologist Ronald M. Nowak notes that the oldest fossil remains of the red wolf are 10,000 years old and were found in Florida near Melbourne, Brevard County, Withlacoochee River, Citrus County, and Devil's Den Cave, Levy County. He notes that there are only a few, but questionable,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353141",
"score": "0.96518826",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Grimm (musical)",
"text": "to be called Dorothea. She lives in a village inhabited by various fairy-tale characters. The villagers are united in their fear of the forest and wolves. Other than Little Red Riding Hood, mother goat and her children, the three little pigs, the old farm dog, Sultan, and his son, Rex, live there. Everybody in the village professes to have had bad experiences with the wolves. The wolves live in the forest, which fascinates Little Red Riding Hood in spite of the stories. Eventually, her curiosity prevails and she goes into the woods where she meets Grimm the wolf. She finds",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18668790",
"score": "0.96103877",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Red Wolf (comics)",
"text": "residing in the Battleworld domain of the Valley of Doom which is made from the remnants of Earth-51920. He tried to destroy Roxxon Dam which was blocking a river that led into the native territories and got caught by Turk Barrett and the rest of Mayor Wilson Fisk's men. Upon being tipped off by a boy, Ben Urich informed Sheriff Steve Rogers who intervened and took Red Wolf into custody so that he would stand trial for the crimes that he was accused of. Mayor Fisk objected to this and secretly sent Turk Barrett and his men to the Sheriff",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9202606",
"score": "0.960414",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "successful experimental relocation to Bulls Island off the coast of South Carolina in 1978, the red wolf was declared extinct in the wild in 1980 to proceed with restoration efforts. In 1987, the captive animals were released into the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge on the Albemarle Peninsula in North Carolina, with a second release, since reversed, taking place two years later in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Of 63 red wolves released from 1987–1994, the population rose to as many as 100–120 individuals in 2012, but has declined to 40 individuals in 2018. The red wolf's taxonomic status",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353134",
"score": "0.95988864",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Wolf",
"text": "the wolf, a character first appearing in the 12th-century Latin poem \"Ysengrimus\", is a major character in the Reynard Cycle, where he stands for the low nobility, whilst his adversary, Reynard the fox, represents the peasant hero. Although portrayed as loyal, honest and moral, Isengrim is forever the victim of Reynard's wit and cruelty, often dying at the end of each story. The tale of Little Red Riding Hood, first written in 1697 by Charles Perrault, is largely considered to have had more influence than any other source of literature in forging the wolf's negative reputation in the western world.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "460827",
"score": "0.9595661",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "the wolf and coyote across its entire range. The study proposed that the red wolf is a south-eastern occurring subspecies of the gray wolf that has undergone hybridization due to an expanding coyote population, however being unique and threatened that it should remain protected. This conclusion led to debate for the remainder of the decade. In 2000, a study looked at red wolves and eastern Canadian wolves. The study agreed that these two wolves readily hybridize with the coyote. The study used 8 microsatellites (genetic markers taken from across the genome of a specimen). The phylogenetic tree produced from the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353154",
"score": "0.95745504",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Red Wolf (comics)",
"text": "Bengal. As an adult, Bengal resurfaced to take vengeance on those Marines, but has since turned away from his vendetta. Red Wolf suffered a crisis of faith caused by his defeat at the hands of the Bengal. Some time later, Red Wolf adopted a new wolf cub. Alongside Doctor Strange and the Black Crow, Red Wolf stopped the Cheyenne pantheon from taking vengeance for the Cheyenne people. Red Wolf later battled false eco-terrorists in the employ of Roxxon Oil Company. They tried to destroy a Roxxon pipeline crossing a Canadian and an American Blackfeet Indian Reservation, as well as to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9202600",
"score": "0.9553118",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "the wolves were relocated to North Carolina in 1998, ending the effort to reintroduce the species to the park. In 1996, the red wolf is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a critically endangered species. In 2007, the USFWS estimated that 300 red wolves remained in the world, with 207 of those in captivity. By 1999, introgression of coyote genes was recognized as the single greatest threat to wild red wolf recovery and an adaptive management plan which included coyote sterilization has been successful, with coyote genes being reduced by 2015 to < 4% of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353185",
"score": "0.9542958",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Red Wolf (comics)",
"text": "was 19th Century Johnny Wakely instead of the previously introduced Will Talltrees. Following his successful tryout in \"Marvel Spotlight\", the character became the star of the nine-issue series \"Red Wolf\" (May 1972 - Sept. 1973). The stories delved into American Indian culture and were set in the Old West. These adventures featured Johnny Wakely in issues #1-6 and Thomas Thunderhead in #7-9, both Red Wolf predecessors of William Talltrees. The Wakely version appeared in subsequent comic books about the Old West. The Thunderhead version, who lives in the 1970s, was never used again. In 1976, writer Tony Isabella made the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9202587",
"score": "0.95422095",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "world. The comparison indicated that the red wolf was about 76% coyote and 24% gray wolf with hybridization having occurred 287–430 years ago. The eastern wolf was 58% gray wolf and 42% coyote with hybridization having occurred 546–963 years ago. The study rejected the theory of a common ancestry for the red and eastern wolves. Also in 2011, a scientific literature review was undertaken to help assess the taxonomy of North American wolves. One of the findings proposed was that the eastern wolf is supported as a separate species by morphological and genetic data. Genetic data supports a close relationship",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353157",
"score": "0.95272166",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "from the Atlantic Ocean to central Texas, and in the north from the Ohio River Valley, northern Pennsylvania and southern New York south to the Gulf of Mexico. The red wolf was nearly driven to extinction by the mid-1900s due to aggressive predator-control programs, habitat destruction, and extensive hybridization with coyotes. By the late 1960s, it occurred in small numbers in the Gulf Coast of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Fourteen of these survivors were selected to be the founders of a captive-bred population, which was established in the Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium between 1974 and 1980. After a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353133",
"score": "0.95239264",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Wolf Brother",
"text": "at the UK Wolf Conservation Trust. She also studied the raven population at the Tower of London. \"Wolf Brother\" is illustrated by Geoff Taylor. In pre-agricultural Europe, the hunter-gatherers of the Forest live in clans, each represented by a particular animal or life form. Torak and his father, of \"Wolf Clan\", live together in the forest. During Torak's twelfth year, his father (\"Fa\") is killed by a bear which has been possessed by a demon. Before Torak's father dies, he tells Torak to swear an oath to head north and find the Mountain of the World Spirit, and ask the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8666473",
"score": "0.951853",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Eastern wolf",
"text": "into being around this time. Another test indicated that the red wolf diverged from the coyote between 55,000-117,000 years before present and the Great Lakes region wolf 32,000 years before present. Other tests and modelling showed various divergence ranges and the conclusion was a range of less than 6,000 and 117,000 years before present. The study found that coyote ancestry was highest in red wolves from the southeast of the United States and lowest among the Great Lakes region wolves. The theory proposed was that this pattern matched the south to north disappearance of the wolf due to European colonization",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3226180",
"score": "0.9498931",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Wolf (novel)",
"text": "her best to adjust to the new way of life, which is challenging in several ways. She cannot escape a sense of dread, a feeling that she is being stalked. Her nightmare is Red Riding Hood \"recast by her own fears\". Eventually she learns the secret she has been protected from all her life: her father is a notorious terrorist, a bomber in the Irish Republican Army. Wolf (novel) Wolf is a young-adult novel by Gillian Cross, published by Oxford in 1990. Set in London, it features communal living, terrorism, and wolves (according to Library of Congress Subject Headings) and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11035633",
"score": "0.94725055",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Little Red Riding Hood",
"text": "Riding Hood\" reveal to the heroine that she has a wild nature like the hero's. These interpretations refuse to characterize Little Red Riding Hood as a victim; these are tales of female empowerment. Little Red Riding Hood \"Little Red Riding Hood\" is a European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf. Its origins can be traced back to the 10th century by several European folk tales, including one from Italy called \"The False Grandmother\" (), later written among others by Italo Calvino in the \"Italian Folktales\" collection; the best known versions were written by Charles Perrault",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2033882",
"score": "0.94495225",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "About the Little Red Riding Hood",
"text": "clan of bandits. The story takes place one year after the well known story of Little Red Riding Hood. The wolf, who had been killed by the woodcutter, is revealed to have left behind family and friends who now wish to get revenge on Little Red. The deceased wolf's mother pays his friend, Lean Wolf to take her other son, Fat wolf and together catch Little Red Riding Hood. The wolves find a way to make Little Red Riding Hood believe that her grandmother has fallen ill again. Unaware that her grandmother is not truly ill, Little Red Riding Hood",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15576775",
"score": "0.9442317",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "red wolf may possess some genomic elements that were unique to gray wolf and coyote lineages from the American South. The proposed timing of the wolf/coyote divergence conflicts with the finding of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 million years before present, and red wolf fossil specimens dating back 10,000 years ago. The study concluded by stating that because of the extirpation of gray wolves in the American Southeast, \"the reintroduced population of red wolves in eastern North Carolina is doomed to genetic swamping by coyotes without the extensive management of hybrids as is currently practiced by the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353163",
"score": "0.94120187",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Red wolf",
"text": "coyote, but less so than the gray wolf. It mates in January–February, with an average of 6-7 pups being born in March, April, and May. It is monogamous, with both parents participating the rearing of young. Denning sites include hollow tree trunks, along stream banks and the abandoned earths of other animals. By the age of six weeks, the pups distance themselves from the den, and reach full size at the age of one year, becoming sexually mature two years later. Using long-term data on red wolf individuals of known pedigree, it was found that inbreeding among first-degree relatives was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "353171",
"score": "0.94090855",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Red wolf",
"long_answer": "The red wolf (Canis rufus or Canis lupus rufus), also known as the Florida black wolf or Mississippi Valley wolf, is a canid native to the southeastern United States of unresolved taxonomic identity. Morphologically it is intermediate between the coyote and gray wolf, and is of a reddish, tawny color. The Red Wolf is a federally listed endangered species of the United States and is protected by law. It has been listed by IUCN as a critically endangered species since 1996. It is considered the rarest species of wolf and is one of the five most endangered species of wolf in the world.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The red wolf (Canis rufus or Canis lupus rufus), also known as the Florida black wolf or Mississippi Valley wolf, is a canid native to the southeastern United States of unresolved taxonomic identity. Morphologically it is intermediate between the coyote and gray wolf, and is of a reddish, tawny color. The Red Wolf is a federally listed endangered species of the United States and is protected by law. It has been listed by IUCN as a critically endangered species since 1996. It is considered the rarest species of wolf and is one of the five most endangered species of wolf",
"short_answers": [
"southeastern United States",
"the southeastern United States"
]
} |
i like the way you move video cast | [
"Big Boi",
"Sleepy Brown",
"Fonzworth Bentley",
"actress Ki Toy Johnson",
"Ki Toy Johnson"
]
| [
{
"title": "The Way You Move",
"text": "The video features an appearance from Fonzworth Bentley and another from actress Ki Toy Johnson. \"The Way You Move\" music video was designed to be shown in tandem with the video for André 3000's \"Hey Ya!\". A long-form \"The Way You Move/Hey Ya!\" video combines both clips with a bridging sequence. The music video opens with Big Boi and Sleepy Brown pulling into a garage that specializes in automotive audio systems.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Reach cast",
"text": "land and move more like a floating insect. Reach cast The reach cast is a casting technique used in fly fishing. The reach cast involves casting the fly lure over flowing water, such as a stream, and then just before the fly lands, moving the arm and fly rod in the upstream direction to arrange the fishing line so that it produces less apparent drag in the water. The technique allows the lure to more closely resemble a free-floating insect, resulting in greater chance of it being taken by a fish. Reach casting also allows an experienced caster to pitch",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15850122",
"score": "0.89491266",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Orthopedic cast",
"text": "casts can sometimes learn to get mobile by scooting around on skateboards, or pulling themselves across the floor. Some children even learn to walk by holding themselves up against furniture. A child in a spica cast must always be supervised and safety must always be considered when they are at a mobile phase of their healing to prevent reinjury or damage to the cast. Many spica casts have a spreader bar between the legs to help strengthen the cast and support the legs in the proper positions. It is important when moving the casted patient to not lift them by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3580198",
"score": "0.8825007",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Move (EP)",
"text": "that there will be 5 tracks and 1 bonus track, in which the track #4 has a featured mystery singer that was later revealed to be JOO. An audio teaser was later on released at Cube Entertainment's official soundcloud on September 24. There was also 2 music video teasers that were released on the 23rd and the 25th. The official music video was released on September 29, 2014. The lead single \"\"You're So Fly\"\" written by Tenzo and Tasco is about a guy singing a serenade to a girl who he just fell inlove with. Powerful beats and simple melody",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18379930",
"score": "0.8497037",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "The Way You Move (Ne-Yo song)",
"text": "The Way You Move (Ne-Yo song) \"The Way You Move\" is a song by American recording artist Ne-Yo. The song features American singers Trey Songz and T-Pain. The official video for the song premiered on October 27, 2011, on Ne-Yo's official VEVO channel. The song was released to iTunes as a promotional single on November 15, it was originally recorded to be part of the track list of the album \"R.E.D. (Realizing Every Dream)\", but later the song was removed of the final track list 2011. For the week ending November 19, 2011, \"The Way You Move\" debuted at number",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16096770",
"score": "0.83611023",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "CastTV",
"text": "CastTV CastTV was a former Internet video search and aggregation company based in San Francisco, California. After the company was acquired by the Tribune Company in 2010, its popular consumer website was closed down and the core technology was used to build various enterprise data products, including Online Video Data, which powers the universal video search for Google, Roku, TiVo, and other online video providers. CastTV was founded in 2006 by Edwin Ong and Alex Vikati. Services included a video search engine and the licensing of video search technology to media companies. CastTV's search index incorporated both popular and longtail",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12048007",
"score": "0.8105134",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Orthopedic cast",
"text": "walking heel provides a small contact patch for the cast and creates a fluid rocking motion during the stride and allows the cast to pivot easily in any direction. Similarly, a cast shoe/cast boot/cast sandal may be provided to the patient to be used during ambulation of the immobilized limb during convalescence (referred to as being weight bearing). Additionally, a castshoe may be used to simply protect the patient's casted foot while helping to maintain a higher degree of hygiene by preventing the cast from directly contacting potentially dirty or wet ground surfaces. Where the patient is not to walk",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3580189",
"score": "0.80828345",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Reach cast",
"text": "Reach cast The reach cast is a casting technique used in fly fishing. The reach cast involves casting the fly lure over flowing water, such as a stream, and then just before the fly lands, moving the arm and fly rod in the upstream direction to arrange the fishing line so that it produces less apparent drag in the water. The technique allows the lure to more closely resemble a free-floating insect, resulting in greater chance of it being taken by a fish. Reach casting also allows an experienced caster to pitch curved casts in order to get the lures",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15850119",
"score": "0.8063342",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Caster",
"text": "on many rigs can also be designed into the caster to reduce the swiveling force of casters (the force required to turn a caster in the direction of travel). Many industrial casters are also designed with multiple wheels to allow for an increased load capacity to be handled by the equipment. A broad range of industrial applications require the movement of large, heavy objects. Aerospace is one such category, in which large airframes or engine parts are moved throughout manufacturing plants. Casters in these plants are high capacity, with load limits of several tons each or more. The caster wheels",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3449992",
"score": "0.8011549",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Computer-aided simple triage",
"text": "Computer-aided simple triage Computer-aided simple triage (CAST) are computerized methods or systems that assist physicians in initial interpretation and classification of medical images. CAST is a sub-class of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). CAST software systems perform a fully automatic initial triage (classification) of diagnostic medical imaging studies. CAST is primarily intended for emergency diagnostic imaging, where a prompt diagnosis of critical, life-threatening condition is required. Computer-aided simple triage (CAST) is a combination of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and simple triage and rapid treatment (START). CAST performs a fully automatic initial interpretation of a study – a \"wet read\". Studies are automatically classified",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16839164",
"score": "0.80084324",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "CastTV",
"text": "content, including TV shows, movies, celebrity, news, sports and viral videos. The company filtered out expired videos, duplicate videos, and video spam. CastTV CastTV was a former Internet video search and aggregation company based in San Francisco, California. After the company was acquired by the Tribune Company in 2010, its popular consumer website was closed down and the core technology was used to build various enterprise data products, including Online Video Data, which powers the universal video search for Google, Roku, TiVo, and other online video providers. CastTV was founded in 2006 by Edwin Ong and Alex Vikati. Services included",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12048008",
"score": "0.800406",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Fly fishing",
"text": "to the conditions. The most common cast is the forward cast, where the angler whisks the fly into the air, back over the shoulder until the line is nearly straight, then forward, using primarily the forearm. The objective of this motion is to \"load\" (bend) the rod tip with stored energy, then transmit that energy to the line, resulting in the fly line (and the attached fly) being cast for an appreciable distance. However, just bending the rod and releasing it to jerk the fly line forward (like a bowstring or a catapult) will not propel the fly line and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1713550",
"score": "0.8003344",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Cast saw",
"text": "Cast saw A cast saw is a power tool used to remove orthopedic casts. Unlike circular saws with rotating blades, cast saws use a sharp, small-toothed blade rapidly oscillating or vibrating back and forth over a very small arc to cut material. This device is often used with a cast spreader. The patients' skin frequently comes into contact with the cast saw blade without cutting although it can cause lacerations when used over bony prominences. The design enables the saw to cut rigid materials such as plaster or fiberglass while soft tissues such as skin move back and forth with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20647874",
"score": "0.7923365",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Fly fishing",
"text": "and forwards, for the backcast and the forward cast, operates the rod as a (slightly flexible) lever. Casting without landing the fly on the water is known as 'false casting', and may be used to pay out line, to dry a soaked fly, or to reposition a cast. Other casts are the roll cast, the single- or double-haul, the tuck cast, and the side- or curve-cast. Dropping the fly onto the water and its subsequent movement on or beneath the surface is one of fly fishing's most difficult aspects; the angler is attempting to cast in such a way that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1713552",
"score": "0.78680587",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Reach cast",
"text": "into difficult places. Reach casting is most commonly used in fishing freshwater streams for trout although the reach cast is also used in some saltwater fishing where one can stand in the shallows and there is a consistent current moving in one direction. A reach cast is considered a type of mend during the casting stroke, an in-air mend prior to the fly landing in the water. Without this cast adjustment, the line would grow taut immediately upon impact with the moving water's surface and would pull the fly against the current or across it, making its motion become more",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15850120",
"score": "0.7829318",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Move (EP)",
"text": "makes the music fun and attractive. The music video brings out the song's upbeat and bright vibe even more by having SOME&SAM's casts starring it. From hip-hop to electronic music, the album contains various genres of music and fans can expect to hear BTOB's member's own creation as well. \"\"Hope You're Doing Fine\"\" is a song reminiscing the days with a guy's first love. R&B sound and comforting guitar sound will surely make it a song for the fall. Moreover, in \"\"Happening\"\", the bright-up-beats puts a smile on listener's faces listening to BTOB's fun and energetic voices. Minhyuk, Peniel and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18379931",
"score": "0.7801701",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Move (CSS song)",
"text": "Move (CSS song) \"Move\" is a single by CSS, it is the third released from the album \"Donkey\". It was released on October 13, 2008. It was remixed by Cut Copy and Frankmusik. The single failed to chart everywhere, except for Italy. It is featured in the forever 21 playlist. A remix of the song was used for a jazz routine on So You Think You Can Dance season 5, which was performed by Janette Manrana and Evan Kasprzak, and later season 8 for a solo by jazz dancer Missy Morelli. There's a music video for the song directed by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12489294",
"score": "0.7789662",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "How She Move",
"text": "when it picked up a distribution deal from Paramount and MTV at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, the release date was pushed back to allow for reshooting several of the dance sequences, particularly the finale. The film was shot on Super 16mm for $5 million, and Paramount invested another $2 million in the new sequences, re-editing, and new sound mix. They created a new soundtrack with American and Canadian hip-hop artists. The film was originally set and filmed in Toronto, but the new edit removes references of the team travelling from Toronto to Detroit for the dance competition. Paramount/MTV spent",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9627376",
"score": "0.77067333",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Tricia Cast",
"text": "Tricia Cast Patricia \"Tricia\" Cast (born November 16, 1966) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Nina Webster on the CBS soap opera \"The Young and the Restless\". Cast first came to prominence on the television series \"The Bad News Bears\" in 1979 as Amanda Whirlitzer. After years of acting in television films, she starred with Jason Bateman as his sister on the television series \"It's Your Move\". This performance led to a short stint on the soap opera \"Santa Barbara\". In 1986, Cast began her most notable role, Nina Webster on the soap opera",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3212143",
"score": "0.76905197",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Move (CSS song)",
"text": "Keith Schofield, shot in Barcelona. It can be seen on YouTube and on CSS's official MySpace. Move (CSS song) \"Move\" is a single by CSS, it is the third released from the album \"Donkey\". It was released on October 13, 2008. It was remixed by Cut Copy and Frankmusik. The single failed to chart everywhere, except for Italy. It is featured in the forever 21 playlist. A remix of the song was used for a jazz routine on So You Think You Can Dance season 5, which was performed by Janette Manrana and Evan Kasprzak, and later season 8 for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12489295",
"score": "0.7688253",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "How She Move",
"text": "MySpace page, the official track listing is as follows: How She Move How She Move is a 2007 drama film directed by Ian Iqbal Rashid and starring Rutina Wesley, Clé Bennett and Romina D'Ugo. The film showcases the street culture of step dancing. The film is produced by Celluloid Dreams, Sienna Films, Paramount Vantage and MTV Films. Unable to afford the tuition needed to fund her private school education, Rayanna or Raya (Rutina Wesley) returns to her family home in the city while reluctantly re-evaluating her future. Upon learning that the top prize for an upcoming step-dancing competition is $50,000,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9627378",
"score": "0.7657721",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "I Like It (Enrique Iglesias song)",
"text": "filmed along with Pitbull directed by Wayne Isham. The music video was premiered on 19 May 2010 at The Sun's website. An alternate video featuring the MTV's \"Jersey Shore\" cast was also released, the music video for this version was released on 7 June 2010, directed by David Rousseau. As of August 2017, the video has been viewed over 251 million times on YouTube. It is Iglesias' first music video to cross 100 million views on the site. I Like IT - Descoperim lumea IT impreuna. I Like It (Enrique Iglesias song) \"I Like It\" is a song performed by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14523367",
"score": "0.76316476",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "The Way She Moves",
"text": "The Way She Moves \"The Way She Moves\" is a song written and performed by Puerto Rican singer Zion and American singer Akon. Produced by Akon, the song was released as the lead single from Zion's debut solo studio album \"The Perfect Melody\" (2007). After temporarily separating from the duo Zion & Lennox, Zion began recording material for his debut solo album. The song was released to radio stations on April 21, 2007 and released as a digital download on April 9, 2008. Zion became known in the duo Zion & Lennox. As a duo, they released one studio album,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17471281",
"score": "0.76216745",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Te Amo (Rihanna song)",
"text": "room and catches her eye. In the next scene, the couple are shown on top of a table with ultraviolet lighting and Casta rubs her head on Rihanna's legs. They are then shown outside the castle and Rihanna falls to the ground in despair while Casta looks on, letting her long hair fall loose and standing seductively. Soon, they are shown in a room full of male dancers and Rihanna begins to feel more comfortable around her admirer. The last two scenes are Rihanna and Casta in PVC bondage outfits kissing and caressing on a bed in a darkened room,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14438823",
"score": "0.7606899",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Fly fishing",
"text": "fly very far. More important is the movement of the rod through an arc acting as a lever, magnifying the hand movement of the caster (of about a foot) to an arc at the rod tip of several feet. Here the rod acts as a lever. In fact, one of the Class 3 types of lever, where The force is applied between the fulcrum and the load (like tweezers). The fulcrum in the fly cast is below the caster's hand gripping the rod; the load is at the rod tip; between the hand exerts the force. The caster's \"stroke\" backwards",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1713551",
"score": "0.75919515",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "The Way You Move (Ne-Yo song)",
"text": "one on the South Korean International Singles Chart, selling over 119,000 digital downloads. The Way You Move (Ne-Yo song) \"The Way You Move\" is a song by American recording artist Ne-Yo. The song features American singers Trey Songz and T-Pain. The official video for the song premiered on October 27, 2011, on Ne-Yo's official VEVO channel. The song was released to iTunes as a promotional single on November 15, it was originally recorded to be part of the track list of the album \"R.E.D. (Realizing Every Dream)\", but later the song was removed of the final track list 2011. For",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16096771",
"score": "0.7580638",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Fly system",
"text": "an under-hung counterweight rigging system. Under-hung systems have the advantages of maintaining a clear grid deck surface for spot rigging and facilitating crew movement across the grid. The arbor's vertical position is controlled by means of a rope known as the operating line, hand line, or purchase line. The operating line forms a loop by running from the bottom of the arbor down to and around the tension block, through the rope lock, up and over the head block and back down (alongside the lift lines), where it terminates at the top of the arbor. The head and tension blocks",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5912693",
"score": "0.7549082",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Fly fishing",
"text": "rather than lure. Non-flyfishing methods rely on a lure's weight to pull line from the reel during the forward motion of a cast. By design, a fly is too light to be cast, and thus simply follows the unfurling of a properly cast fly line, which is heavier and tapered and therefore more castable than lines used in other types of fishing. The physics of flycasting can be described by the transfer of impulse, the product of mass and speed through the rod from base to top and from the transfer of impulse through the fly line all the way",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1713548",
"score": "0.75408804",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Fly system",
"text": "in 1888, counterweight rigging systems are the most common fly systems in performing arts facilities today. In a typical counterweight fly system, an arbor (carriage) is employed to balance the weight of the batten and attached loads to be flown above the stage. The arbor, which carries a variable number of metal counterweights, moves up and down vertical tracks alongside an offstage wall. In some lower-capacity fly systems, cable guide wires are used instead of tracks to guide the arbors and limit their horizontal play during vertical travel (movement). The top of the arbor is permanently suspended by several wire",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5912691",
"score": "0.7530048",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Scenery wagon",
"text": "from less than one square foot up to the size of the playing area of the stage. Scenery wagons comprise one of the four methods used to move scenery during the course of a theatre performance, the other three being \"flying\" (suspending) scenery from a fly system, elevating or lowering scenery on a stage lift, or \"running\" (manually carrying) the scenery. Various caster types are used on scenery wagons. The choice of caster type for any particular wagon depends on a number of factors, including platform size and shape, scenery weight, production aesthetics and budget. Typically, casters are mounted so",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14429826",
"score": "0.75188553",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "The Way You Move",
"long_answer": "The video features an appearance from Fonzworth Bentley and another from actress Ki Toy Johnson. \"The Way You Move\" music video was designed to be shown in tandem with the video for André 3000's \"Hey Ya!\". A long-form \"The Way You Move/Hey Ya!\" video combines both clips with a bridging sequence. The music video opens with Big Boi and Sleepy Brown pulling into a garage that specializes in automotive audio systems.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The video features an appearance from Fonzworth Bentley and another from actress Ki Toy Johnson. \"The Way You Move\" music video was designed to be shown in tandem with the video for André 3000's \"Hey Ya!\". A long-form \"The Way You Move/Hey Ya!\" video combines both clips with a bridging sequence. The music video opens with Big Boi and Sleepy Brown pulling into a garage that specializes in automotive audio systems.",
"short_answers": [
"Big Boi",
"Fonzworth Bentley",
"Ki Toy Johnson",
"Sleepy Brown",
"actress Ki Toy Johnson"
]
} |
what is the full scientific name for the e. coli bacteria | [
"Escherichia coli"
]
| [
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "Escherichia coli (/ˌɛʃɪˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/; also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. E. coli is expelled into",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Pathogenic Escherichia coli",
"text": "the intestine. \"E. coli\" and related bacteria constitute about 0.1% of gut flora, and fecal–oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes them ideal indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination. The bacterium can also be grown easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. \"E. coli\" is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15790491",
"score": "0.9226206",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Coliform bacteria",
"text": "of 12–72 hours with the optimal growth temperature being 30–37°C. Unlike the general coliform group, \"E. coli\" are almost exclusively of fecal origin and their presence is thus an effective confirmation of fecal contamination. Most strains of \"E. coli\" are harmless, but some can cause serious illness in humans. Infection symptoms and signs include bloody diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting and occasionally, fever. The bacteria can also cause pneumonia, other respiratory illnesses and urinary tract infections. An easy way to differentiate between different types of coliform bacteria is by using an eosin methylene blue agar plate. This plate is partially inhibitory",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4589806",
"score": "0.9056841",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "outside a host. The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. \"E. coli\" is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon and energy. \"E. coli\" is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. Under favorable conditions, it takes up to 20 minutes to reproduce. \"E. coli\" is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic (that makes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499389",
"score": "0.90443146",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "\"E. coli\" strains (the pangenome) exceeds 16,000. This very large variety of component genes has been interpreted to mean that two-thirds of the \"E. coli\" pangenome originated in other species and arrived through the process of horizontal gene transfer. Genes in \"E. coli\" are usually named by 4-letter acronyms that derive from their function (when known) and italicized. For instance, \"recA\" is named after its role in homologous recombination plus the letter A. Functionally related genes are named \"recB\", \"recC\", \"recD\" etc. The proteins are named by uppercase acronyms, e.g. RecA, RecB, etc. When the genome of \"E. coli\" was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499407",
"score": "0.89487123",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "being performed attempting to program \"E. coli\" to solve complicated mathematics problems, such as the Hamiltonian path problem. In 1885, the German-Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich discovered this organism in the feces of healthy individuals. He called it \"Bacterium coli commune\" because it is found in the colon. Early classifications of prokaryotes placed these in a handful of genera based on their shape and motility (at that time Ernst Haeckel's classification of bacteria in the kingdom Monera was in place). \"Bacterium coli\" was the type species of the now invalid genus \"Bacterium\" when it was revealed that the former type species",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499429",
"score": "0.8859762",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. \"E. coli\" normally colonizes an infant's gastrointestinal tract within 40 hours of birth, arriving with food or water or from the individuals handling the child. In the bowel, \"E. coli\" adheres to the mucus of the large intestine. It is the primary facultative anaerobe of the human gastrointestinal tract. (Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen.) As long as these bacteria do not acquire genetic elements encoding for virulence factors, they remain benign commensals. Nonpathogenic \"E. coli\" strain Nissle 1917, also known as Mutaflor, and \"E. coli\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499412",
"score": "0.87590194",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "biological processes of mutation, gene duplication, and horizontal gene transfer; in particular, 18% of the genome of the laboratory strain MG1655 was horizontally acquired since the divergence from \"Salmonella\". \"E. coli\" K-12 and \"E. coli\" B strains are the most frequently used varieties for laboratory purposes. Some strains develop traits that can be harmful to a host animal. These virulent strains typically cause a bout of diarrhea that is often self-limiting in healthy adults but is frequently lethal to children in the developing world. More virulent strains, such as , cause serious illness or death in the elderly, the very",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499399",
"score": "0.8706127",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Mesophile",
"text": "up \"E. coli\", it is a coliform. It is able to use glucose and acetate as a carbon source for fermentation. \"E. coli\" is commonly found in the gut of living organisms. \"E. coli\" has many capabilities such as being a host for recombinant DNA and being a pathogen. Mesophile A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between . The term is mainly applied to microorganisms. Organisms that prefer extreme environments are known as extremophiles. Mesophiles have diverse classifications, belonging to two domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and to kingdom Fungi",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2047163",
"score": "0.8607124",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "\"E. coli\" occurs at 37 °C (98.6 °F), but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures up to 49 °C (120 °F). \"E. coli\" grows in a variety of defined laboratory media, such as lysogeny broth, or any medium that contains glucose, ammonium phosphate monobasic, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, dibasic, and water. Growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, using a large variety of redox pairs, including the oxidation of pyruvic acid, formic acid, hydrogen, and amino acids, and the reduction of substrates such as oxygen, nitrate, fumarate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and trimethylamine N-oxide. \"E. coli\" is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499392",
"score": "0.8581766",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Pathogenic Escherichia coli",
"text": "times as high as previous estimates,\" a finding which may have significance for the study and management of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant \"E. coli\" may also pass on the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance to other species of bacteria, such as \"Staphylococcus aureus\", through a process called horizontal gene transfer. \"E. coli\" bacteria often carry multiple drug resistance plasmids, and under stress, readily transfer those plasmids to other species. Mixing of species in the intestines allows \"E. coli\" to accept and transfer plasmids from and to other bacteria. Thus, \"E. coli\" and the other enterobacteria are important reservoirs of transferable",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15790514",
"score": "0.85781",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Entamoeba coli",
"text": "meat that is consumed. For example, the bacterium, , which can cause illness, and even death, if eaten. To make the naming of these organisms less confusing, \"alternate contractions\" are used to name the species for the purpose making the naming easier; for example, using \"Esch. coli\" and \"Ent. coli\" for the bacterium and amoeba, instead of using \"E. coli\" for both. The presence of \"E.coli\" is not cause in and of itself to seek treatment as it is considered harmless. However, when a person becomes infected with this benign entamoeba, other pathogenic organisms may have been introduced as well,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2518124",
"score": "0.8524039",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Coliform bacteria",
"text": "Coliform bacteria Coliform bacteria are defined as rod-shaped Gram-negative non-spore forming and motile or non-motile bacteria which can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37°C. They are a commonly used indicator of sanitary quality of foods and water. Coliforms can be found in the aquatic environment, in soil and on vegetation; they are universally present in large numbers in the feces of warm-blooded animals. While coliforms themselves are not normally causes of serious illness, they are easy to culture, and their presence is used to indicate that other pathogenic organisms of fecal origin may",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4589804",
"score": "0.8498993",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Coliform bacteria",
"text": "to Gram (+) bacteria, and will produce a color change in the Gram (-) bacterial colonies based on lactose fermentation abilities. Strong lactose fermenters will appear as dark blue/purple/black, and \"E.coli\" (which also ferments lactose) colonies will be dark colored, but will also appear to have a metallic green sheen. Other coliform bacteria will appear as thick, slimy colonies, with non-fermenters being colorless, and weak fermenters being pink. Coliform bacteria Coliform bacteria are defined as rod-shaped Gram-negative non-spore forming and motile or non-motile bacteria which can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37°C. They",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4589807",
"score": "0.84874856",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "O83:K24:H31 (known as Colinfant) are used as probiotic agents in medicine, mainly for the treatment of various gastroenterological diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Most \"E. coli\" strains do not cause disease, but virulent strains can cause gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, hemorrhagic colitis, and Crohn's disease. Common signs and symptoms include severe abdominal cramps, diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, vomiting, and sometimes fever. In rarer cases, virulent strains are also responsible for bowel necrosis (tissue death) and perforation without progressing to hemolytic-uremic syndrome, peritonitis, mastitis, septicemia, and Gram-negative pneumonia. Very young children are more susceptible to develop severe illness, such as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499413",
"score": "0.84776217",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Pathogenic Escherichia coli",
"text": "from O1 to O181, with the exception of some groups which have been historically removed, namely O31, O47, O67, O72, O93 (now K84), O94, and O122; groups 174 to 181 are provisional (O174=OX3 and O175=OX7) or are under investigation (176 to 181 are STEC/VTEC). Additionally subtypes exist for many O groups (\"e.g.\" O128ab and O128ac). It should be noted though that antibodies towards several O antigens cross-react with other O antigens and partially to K antigens not only from \"E. coli\", but also from other \"Escherichia\" species and Enterobacteriaceae species. The O antigen is encoded by the rfb gene cluster.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15790493",
"score": "0.84735715",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Pathogenic Escherichia coli",
"text": "it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. German paediatrician and bacteriologist Theodor Escherich discovered \"E. coli\" in 1885, and it is now classified as part of the Enterobacteriaceae family of gamma-proteobacteria. Pathogenic \"E. coli\" strains can be categorized based on elements that can elicit an immune response in animals, namely: For example, \"E. coli\" strain EDL933 is of the group. The outer membrane of an \"E. coli\" cell contains millions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which consists of: The O antigen is used for serotyping \"E. coli\" and these O group designations go",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15790492",
"score": "0.8468733",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "65,000 generations in the laboratory. For instance, \"E. coli\" typically do not have the ability to grow aerobically with citrate as a carbon source, which is used as a diagnostic criterion with which to differentiate \"E. coli\" from other, closely, related bacteria such as \"Salmonella\". In this experiment, one population of \"E. coli\" unexpectedly evolved the ability to aerobically metabolize citrate, a major evolutionary shift with some hallmarks of microbial speciation. \"E. coli\" is the type species of the genus (\"Escherichia\") and in turn \"Escherichia\" is the type genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae, where the family name does not stem",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499401",
"score": "0.84485",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Campylobacter coli",
"text": "Campylobacter coli Campylobacter coli is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, nonendospore-forming, S-shaped bacterial species within genus \"Campylobacter\". \"C. coli\" grows slowly with an optimum temperature of 42 °C. When exposed to air for long periods, they become spherical or coccoid shaped. At least a dozen species of \"Campylobacter\" have been implicated in human disease (campylobacteriosis), with \"C. jejuni\" and \"C. coli\" the most common. In humans, 85% to 95% of infections by the \"Campylobacter\" species involve \"C. jejuni\", while \"C. coli\" is involved in a majority of the other cases. The bacterium is often found in pigs but can also infect humans",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16862224",
"score": "0.84314835",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards. \"E. coli\" and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0.9% of gut microbiota, and fecal–oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes them potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination. A growing body of research, though, has examined environmentally persistent \"E. coli\" which can survive for extended periods",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499388",
"score": "0.8418923",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Bacteriocin",
"text": "because it killed \"E. coli.\" Bacteriocins are categorized in several ways, including producing strain, common resistance mechanisms, and mechanism of killing. There are several large categories of bacteriocin which are only phenomenologically related. These include the bacteriocins from gram-positive bacteria, the colicins, the microcins, and the bacteriocins from Archaea. The bacteriocins from \"E. coli\" are called \"colicins\" (formerly called 'colicines,' meaning 'coli killers'). They are the longest studied bacteriocins. They are a diverse group of bacteriocins and do not include all the bacteriocins produced by \"E. coli.\" In fact, one of the oldest known so-called colicins was called \"colicin V\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "735771",
"score": "0.84118086",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Escherichia vulneris",
"text": "Escherichia vulneris Escherichia vulneris is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the same genus as \"E. coli\". \"E. vulneris\" is a fermentative, oxidase-negative, motile rod, which holds characteristics of the family Enterobacteraceae. This bacterium can colonize in the respiratory tract, genital tract, stool, and urinary tract. However, \"E. vulneris\" is most often associated with wounds and has been known to colonize open wounds of both humans and animals. This association gave the bacterium its species name, \"vulneris\", which is Latin for wound. It has also been infrequently reported in cases of meningitis. It was defined as a new species in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16866474",
"score": "0.8399422",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Pathogenic Escherichia coli",
"text": "\"fliC\" gene. There are 53 identified H antigens, numbered from H1 to H56 (H13 and H22 were not \"E. coli\" antigens but from \"Citrobacter freundii\", and H50 was found to be the same as H10). In humans and in domestic animals, virulent strains of \"E. coli\" can cause various diseases. In humans : gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis. In rarer cases, virulent strains are also responsible for hemolytic-uremic syndrome, peritonitis, mastitis, septicaemia and gram-negative pneumonia. Certain strains of \"E. coli\", such as , , O121, O26, , O111, O145, and , produce potentially lethal toxins. Food poisoning caused",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15790497",
"score": "0.8392202",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"text": "medical importance, and \"E. coli\" remains one of the most diverse bacterial species: only 20% of the genes in a typical \"E. coli\" genome is shared among all strains. In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus \"Shigella\" (\"S. dysenteriae\", \"S. flexneri\", \"S. boydii\", and \"S. sonnei\") should be classified as \"E. coli\" strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise. Similarly, other strains of \"E. coli\" (e.g. the K-12 strain commonly used in recombinant DNA work) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification. A strain is a subgroup within the species that has unique characteristics",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "499396",
"score": "0.8374062",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Chi site",
"text": "letter chi; for E. coli and other bacteria the term \"Chi\" is proper. Chi site A Chi site or Chi sequence is a short stretch of DNA in the genome of a bacterium near which homologous recombination is more likely to occur than on average across the genome. Chi sites serve as stimulators of DNA double-strand break repair in bacteria, which can arise from radiation or chemical treatments, or result from replication fork breakage during DNA replication. The sequence of the Chi site is unique to each group of closely related organisms; in \"E. coli\" and other enteric bacteria, such",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13573120",
"score": "0.8366349",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Pathogenic Escherichia coli",
"text": "gram-negative rods, with no particular cell arrangement. Then, either MacConkey agar or EMB agar (or both) are inoculated with the stool. On MacConkey agar, deep red colonies are produced, as the organism is lactose-positive, and fermentation of this sugar will cause the medium's pH to drop, leading to darkening of the medium. Growth on EMB agar produces black colonies with a greenish-black metallic sheen. This is diagnostic of \"E. coli\". The organism is also lysine positive, and grows on TSI slant with a (A/A/g+/HS-) profile. Also, IMViC is {+ + – -} for \"E. coli\"; as it is indole-positive (red",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15790510",
"score": "0.8319485",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Gene nomenclature",
"text": "et al. Each bacterial gene is denoted by a mnemonic of three lower case letters which indicate the pathway or process in which the gene-product is involved, followed by a capital letter signifying the actual gene. In some cases, the gene letter may be followed by an allele number. All letters and numbers are underlined or italicised. For example, \"leuA\" is one of the genes of the leucine biosynthetic pathway, and \"leuA273\" is a particular allele of this gene. Where the actual protein coded by the gene is known then it may become part of the basis of the mnemonic,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9835075",
"score": "0.82771707",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "Bacterial taxonomy",
"text": "(Eocyta). He has also discovered evidence that Gram-negative bacteria arose from a symbiosis between 2 Gram-positive bacteria. Classification is the grouping of organisms into progressively more inclusive groups based on phylogeny and phenotype, while nomenclature is the application of formal rules for naming organisms. Despite there being no official and complete classification of prokaryotes, the names (nomenclature) given to prokaryotes are regulated by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (Bacteriological Code), a book which contains general considerations, principles, rules, and various notes, and advises in a similar fashion to the nomenclature codes of other groups. The taxa which have",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15502105",
"score": "0.8269154",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "Bacteria",
"text": "Bacteria Bacteria (; common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9564108",
"score": "0.82615983",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Fecal coliform",
"text": "Fecal coliform A fecal coliform (British: faecal coliform) is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Fecal coliforms are capable of growth in the presence of bile salts or similar surface agents, are oxidase negative, and produce acid and gas from lactose within 48 hours at 44 ± 0.5°C. The term \"thermotolerant coliform\" is more correct and is gaining acceptance over \"fecal coliform\". Coliform bacteria include genera that originate in feces (e.g. \"Escherichia\") as well as genera not of fecal origin (e.g. \"Enterobacter\", \"Klebsiella\", \"Citrobacter\"). The assay is intended to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5042819",
"score": "0.8261397",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
}
]
| {
"title": "Escherichia coli",
"long_answer": "Escherichia coli (/ˌɛʃɪˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/; also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter. The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days, but its numbers decline slowly afterwards.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Escherichia coli (/ˌɛʃɪˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/; also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. E. coli is expelled into",
"short_answers": [
"Escherichia coli"
]
} |
when was the rock and roll hall of fame built in cleveland | [
"1995",
"September 1995"
]
| [
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Since opening in September 1995, the \"Rock Hall\" – part of the city's redeveloped North Coast Harbor – has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "the best financial package. As \"The Plain Dealer\" music critic Michael Norman noted, \"It was $65 million... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money.\" Co-founder Jann Wenner later said, \"One of the small sad things is we didn't do it in New York in the first place,\" but then added, \"I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland.\" During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, the Foundation's board considered the Cuyahoga River. Ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695641",
"score": "1.3812412",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. At one point in the planning phase, when a financing gap existed, planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then-vacant May Company Building, but finally decided to commission architect I. M. Pei to design a new building. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site. Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft (61 m) high, but had to be cut down to 162 ft (49",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695642",
"score": "1.3385131",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695637",
"score": "1.3041782",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "Cleveland over Memphis, and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 \"USA Today\" poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located. On May 5, 1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland. \"The hall of fame should've been in Memphis, certainly,\" wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization's site because the city offered",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695640",
"score": "1.3012946",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "base) onto a 65,000-square-foot plaza that provides a main entry facade. The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space, as well as administrative offices, a store, and a café. \"In designing this building,\" Pei said, \"it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll. I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new, and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world.\" Since 1997, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695651",
"score": "1.3011038",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "genre—and that Cleveland was the location of Freed's Moondog Coronation Ball, the first major rock and roll concert. In addition, Cleveland cited radio station WMMS, which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s, including David Bowie, who began his first U.S. tour in the city, Bruce Springsteen, Roxy Music, and Rush among many others. Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695639",
"score": "1.2597312",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Jane Scott (rock critic)",
"text": "be late going on stage for a Cleveland concert because she was reading their palms backstage. On August 28, 2011, a memorial service was held for Jane Scott at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, which was attended by over 900 people, and included speakers from local Cleveland music industry, family and friends. On July 5, 2012, the Rock Hall unveiled a lifesize bronze memorial statue, which has been permanently installed in the Museum's lower lobby. The statue was created by Cleveland area sculptor and past president of the Cleveland Institute of Art, David Deming. The Rock",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8201158",
"score": "1.239592",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Music of Ohio",
"text": "Music of Ohio The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame are located in Cleveland, Ohio. Ohio musicians inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame include, The Isley Brothers (from Cincinnati) in '92, The Moonglows (from Cleveland) in 2000, The O'Jays (from Canton) in '05, Chrissie Hynde (from Akron) of The Pretenders in '05, and Bobby Womack (from Cleveland) (d.2014) in '09. This state is also the home of four major symphony orchestras which are located in Cleveland, Akron, Cincinnati, and Dayton as well as a \"pops\" orchestra, the Cincinnati",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2066346",
"score": "1.2244682",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Bruce Conforth",
"text": "his own days as a performer. The early years of the Rock Hall saw some tensions develop friction between the two boards of directors: one in Cleveland made of local businessmen, and one in New York City (the location of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation) populated by industry executives such as Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records and Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone Magazine. With the construction of the building almost complete, Conforth left the job. He was alleged to have written a tell-all book called \"Don't Rock the Hall\" but the work has never been published. After",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12527831",
"score": "1.2138194",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Public Auditorium",
"text": "Opera Spring Tour performances between 1924 and 1983. Its use as a concert venue declined sharply after the completion of the Wolstein Center at Cleveland State University in 1991. The annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremonies have been held in Public Auditorium several times. In April 2009, it hosted the 24th induction ceremonies, the first open to the public. On April 14, 2012, the facility hosted the Hall of Fame's 27th induction ceremonies. On April 18, 2015, the facility hosted the 30th anniversary induction ceremonies. On April 14, 2018, the facility hosted the 33th anniversary induction ceremonies.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6363443",
"score": "1.1939543",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "2014, 2016 and 2017); twice in Los Angeles (1993 and 2013); and four times in the Hall of Fame's home in Cleveland (1997, 2009, 2012 and 2015). Beginning in 2018, the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York. The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public–private partnership between the City of Cleveland, the State of Ohio, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and local foundations, corporations, civic organizations and individuals. Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events, including free",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695645",
"score": "1.1926175",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Kid Leo",
"text": "Bruce Springsteen, John Mellencamp, Pat Benatar, Roxy Music, Cyndi Lauper, The Pretenders, New York Dolls, and Southside Johnny. While at WMMS, Kid Leo became involved in the campaign to bring the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to Cleveland. For his efforts in helping secure the Rock Hall, former Cleveland mayor and then-Ohio governor George Voinovich presented him with the key to the city in 1990. His on-air work is represented as part of the permanent radio exhibit in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Kid Leo received many industry awards while in radio, and in 1980 was named",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14806955",
"score": "1.184377",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "and Museum, the ceremony was held in Cleveland. It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012. Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years. Generally, the number of inductees ranges from about a half-dozen to a dozen. Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies, and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee's music. Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies, which also include numerous musical performances, by both the inductees and the presenters. The first group of inductees,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695665",
"score": "1.176091",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "North Coast Harbor",
"text": "Hall of Fame and Museum, the Great Lakes Science Center and FirstEnergy Stadium. Architectural drawings include shops, restaurants, offices and a hotel tied together by walking and bicycle paths. The Rock & Dock at the North Coast Harbor Transient Marina in Downtown Cleveland opened behind the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in June 2014. In 2014, Cumberland Development, LLC and Trammel Crow Company were selected by City of Cleveland to develop 20+ acres surrounding Cleveland's North Coast Harbor. Phase 1; a restaurant on E9th pier was complete July 2016. Ground breaking for Phase 2; multi-use space located",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7823967",
"score": "1.1551671",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "North Coast Harbor",
"text": "in the former skate park just north of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame is scheduled for 2017. North Coast Harbor North Coast Harbor is a district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio on the shore of Lake Erie. The district serves as the home of the Great Lakes Science Center, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, FirstEnergy Stadium, the Steamship William G. Mather Maritime Museum, the USS \"Cod\", Burke Lakefront Airport, Voinovich Bicentennial Park, and the Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority. It is served by the West 3rd and North Coast stations on RTA's light rail Waterfront Line.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7823968",
"score": "1.154837",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large, temporary exhibits. Over the years, numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels, including exhibits about Elvis Presley, hip-hop, the Supremes, the Who, U2, John Lennon, the Clash, Bruce Springsteen, \"Women Who Rock\", and the Rolling Stones. Designed by I. M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates, the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie. It is a combination of geometric forms and cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162-foot tower. The tower supports a dual-triangular-shaped glass \"tent\" that extends (at its",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695650",
"score": "1.1514801",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "\"Rolling Stone\" magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and \"American Bandstand\"), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland. Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term \"rock and roll\" and heavily promoted the new",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695638",
"score": "1.1466482",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame",
"text": "technology. In a culturally diverse world, the Hall of Fame Museum will emphasize diversity throughout its programming. The location for the Hall of Fame has been at times suggested to be Highland Park, MI, Chicago, IL Philadelphia, PA or Detroit, MI, even a particular location in Cleveland. However, it did not materialize, and so Detroit and Canton, Ohio are still considered prospects, with Detroit being announced in 2014. Once built the museum will house a collection of historical artifacts and interactive presentations. It will also provide an educational wing that will contain a library and research department, a gift shop",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17522019",
"score": "1.1386992",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Cleveland",
"text": "Cleveland is home to the I. M. Pei-designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on the Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Steamship Mather Museum, and the , a World War II submarine. Cleveland has an attraction for visitors and fans of \"A Christmas Story\": A Christmas Story House and Museum to see props, costumes, rooms, photos and other materials related to the Jean Shepherd film. Cleveland is home to many festivals throughout the year. Cultural festivals such as the annual Feast of the Assumption in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "74044",
"score": "1.1382048",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, \"This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized.\" The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's Library and Archives is the world's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll. The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland's Campus District. The Library and Archives' mission is to collect, preserve and provide access to these materials. The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695671",
"score": "1.1339843",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Bruce Conforth",
"text": "May 1991 Conforth became the curator of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland. His initial duties were to create the collections for the Museum. Among the artists he worked with were The Allman Brothers, The Grateful Dead, Yoko Ono, Ringo Starr, U2, Eric Clapton, Ray Charles, B. B. King, The Everly Brothers, The Kinks, Jeff Beck, Tom Petty, The Yardbirds, Big Brother and the Holding Company, Eric Burdon, Dire Straits, Neil Young, Aretha Franklin, Johnny Cash, The Beach Boys, The Doors, James Brown, Carl Perkins, and The Eagles, some of whom he had known during",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12527830",
"score": "1.1291025",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Cleveland Arena",
"text": "and roll concert, organized by Alan Freed. The concert was shut down after the first song by fire authorities due to overcrowding. It was estimated 20,000 people were in the arena or trying to enter it, when the capacity was roughly half that. While the arena was a showpiece when it opened, by the time it closed in 1974 it had become decrepit and lacked adequate parking. It was replaced for sports and entertainment use by the Richfield Coliseum that year and demolished in 1977. The headquarters of the Cleveland Chapter of the American Red Cross now occupies the site.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3325693",
"score": "1.1285496",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Hall of Fame Bridge",
"text": "Hall of Fame Bridge The Hall of Fame Bridge is a through arch bridge over Interstate 77 (I-77) in the American city of Canton, Ohio. The bridge was dedicated on June 19, 2006, 6 years after the initial concept was imagined. The landmark bridge was built to complement the Pro Football Hall of Fame located just South of the bridge. The project was unveiled in May 2004 by Hall of Fame president, John Bankert and Stark County Engineer Mike Rehfus. Funding for the $2.2 million bridge came from the Stark County Engineers office and the Pro Football Hall of Fame.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18253675",
"score": "1.1253538",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "concerts, a gospel celebration, exhibition openings, free admission to the museum, and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall. Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction-related events. The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million, and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region. The 2012 induction week yielded similar results. There are seven levels in the building. On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall, the museum's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695646",
"score": "1.1229126",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll, regardless of induction status. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees. The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times (1986–92, 1994–96, 1998–2008, 2010–11,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695644",
"score": "1.1224246",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion. It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper, from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone. After it closed in Cleveland, \"Rock Style\" traveled to other museums in the U.S. Other temporary exhibits have included \"Lennon: His Life and Work\", which ran from October 20, 2000, to January 1, 2003. It was followed by \"In the Name of Love: Two Decades of U2\" and then \"Reflections: The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection\". A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695654",
"score": "1.1181588",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "chosen at the owner's pleasure. This seems proper to me. It is their business in any case. It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate, nor should it be compelled to conform to one.\" Various magazines and news outlets, such as \"Time\", NPR radio, \"The Christian Science Monitor\", \"Goldmine\" magazine, Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695683",
"score": "1.1128912",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"text": "of Fame and Museum's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series. Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall's inductees with a week-long series of programs that include interviews, film screenings, and, often, a special exhibit. The celebration ends with an all-star concert held at a Cleveland theater. The concerts include a diverse mix of artists, from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians. The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with \"Hard Travelin': The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger\". Since then, the programs have honored the following inductees: Jimmie Rodgers (1997), Robert Johnson",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "695660",
"score": "1.10168",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Bruce Conforth",
"text": "Bruce Conforth Bruce Michael Conforth (born in Paterson, New Jersey, United States) was the first curator of Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Conforth was born September 3, 1950, in Paterson, New Jersey, and grew up in New Jersey and New York City. He became an artist and musician at an early age. In 1966 he appeared on an album called \"It's Happening Here\" as the bass player for a band called The Nightwatch. The liner notes read as follows: Too Long - The Nightwatch He was an athlete in high school, winning several letters and medals for his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12527820",
"score": "1.1006513",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
}
]
| {
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame",
"long_answer": "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Since opening in September 1995, the \"Rock Hall\" – part of the city's redeveloped North Coast Harbor – has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion.",
"chunked_long_answer": "archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Since opening in September 1995, the \"Rock Hall\" – part of the city's redeveloped North Coast Harbor – has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion.",
"short_answers": [
"1995",
"September 1995"
]
} |
who acts as the chairman of the election commission | [
"The Chief Election Commissioner",
"Achal Kumar Jyoti",
"Chief Election Commissioner"
]
| [
{
"title": "Chief Election Commissioner of India",
"text": "The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures. Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service. It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once elected by the president, as two-thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Election Commission of Pakistan",
"text": "Election Commission of Pakistan The Election Commission of Pakistan (), is an independent, autonomous, permanent and constitutionally established federal body responsible for organizing and conducting of elections to state parliament, provincial legislatures, local governments, elections to the office of President of Pakistan, delimitation of constituencies and preparation of Electoral Rolls. As per the principles enlightened by the Constitution of Pakistan, the Commission makes such arrangements as are necessary to ensure that the election is conducted honestly, justly, fairly and in accordance with law, and that corrupt practices are guarded against The Election Commission was formed on 23 March 1956 and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11590345",
"score": "1.0977162",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission",
"text": "is headed by the Uttar Pradesh State Election Commissioner, who is in turn assisted by an additional commissioner; three joint commissioners; two officers on special duty, one of whom also acts the head of department (HoD); a secretary; and two deputy election commissioners. The Uttar Pradesh State Election Commissioner acts as the head of the state election commission. Usually a retired officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the commissioner is appointed by the governor of Uttar Pradesh on the chief minister's aid and advise and has the same immunity as a high court judge and therefore, can only be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20870247",
"score": "1.0926899",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Elections in Nepal",
"text": "years and are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. The Chief Election Commissioners and other Election Commissioners must hold a bachelor's degree, must not belong to a political party immediately before their appointment, must have attained the age of forty-five and must possess high moral character. According to Article 246 of the Constitution of Nepal, the Election Commission conducts, supervises, directs and controls the elections for the President, Vice-President, Federal Parliament, State Legislature and local bodies. It prepares a voters' list for the purpose of the election and holds referendums on subjects of national importance",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4453035",
"score": "1.0826002",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Central Election Commission of Abkhazia",
"text": "Central Election Commission of Abkhazia The Central Election Commission of Abkhazia is the body responsible for conducting national elections and overseeing local elections in Abkhazia. It was first formed on 20 July 1991. The first chairman of the Central Election Commission was Viacheslav Tsugba, who held the post until he became Prime Minister in 1999. On 11 October 2004, Sergei Smyr resigned during the height of the crisis following the Presidential election earlier that month. On 14 December, the newly formed Central Election Commission elected former Justice Minister Batal Tabagua as its chairman. In 2016, Tabagua was not re-appointed to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16661454",
"score": "1.0812616",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Election Commission of India",
"text": "Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India. The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country. The Election Commission operates under the authority of Constitution per \"Article 324\", and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act. The commission has the powers under the Constitution, to act in an appropriate manner when the enacted laws make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of an",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19036447",
"score": "1.0770571",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Election Commission of Thailand",
"text": "to vote in an election loses the suffrage but regains it once voting in the next election. The Election Commission's announcements of the acknowledgement were published in the Government Gazette as follows: Election Commission of Thailand The Election Commission (, ) is an independent government agency and the sole election management body of Thailand. It oversees government elections (parliamentary elections and local elections) as well as referendums throughout the Kingdom of Thailand. Established by the 2007 Constitution, the Election Commission (EC) has extensive powers to manage, oversee, and regulate the electoral process. The EC has reacted to irregularities in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8741584",
"score": "1.0748384",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh",
"text": "all electoral roll and for supervising the conduct of all elections (including Lok Sabha, Vidhan Sabha and Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council). The Chief Electoral Officer is also responsible for monitoring the election expenditure and also the Code of Conduct defined by the Election Commission of India. The Chief Electoral Officer works under the superintendence, direction and control of the Election Commission of India. The Chief Electoral Officer is nominated by or is designated by the Election Commission of India to perform the duties stated in the Representation of the People Act, 1950 & 1951. Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19054714",
"score": "1.0661178",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Telangana State Election Commission",
"text": "Telangana State Election Commission The Telangana State Election Commission is an autonomous, independent Constitutional and Statutory authority of Telangana. It was formed under the Constitution of India as per the provisions of the 73rd and 74th Amendments Acts of 1992 .All Local Body elections of Telangana are conducted by this agency. The Election commission is headed by a State Election Commissioner appointed by the Governor of Telangana. State Election Commissioner holds his term for five years. Usually, Commissioners are appointed in the rank of Secretary to Govt. of Telangana. The Election Commission monitors the work relating to the conduct of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18383001",
"score": "1.0633609",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Elections in Bhutan",
"text": "The Election Commission also designates a government officer in each Dzongkhag as Dzongkhag Electoral Officer, whose primary duty is to revise and update Electoral Rolls for all parliamentary and local government constituencies on behalf of the Commission. These twenty Officers are each supported by staff including one or more Electoral Registration Officers appointed by the Commission. Returning Officers and their assistants are likewise designated by the Commission for one or more constituencies, reporting directly to the Commission. Returning Officers appoint a Presiding Officer for each polling station; Presiding Officers are in turn assisted by Polling Officers. Returning Officers also appoint",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4390268",
"score": "1.0623435",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Election Commission of Thailand",
"text": "Election Commission of Thailand The Election Commission (, ) is an independent government agency and the sole election management body of Thailand. It oversees government elections (parliamentary elections and local elections) as well as referendums throughout the Kingdom of Thailand. Established by the 2007 Constitution, the Election Commission (EC) has extensive powers to manage, oversee, and regulate the electoral process. The EC has reacted to irregularities in the 2000 Senate elections, the 2006 House elections, and the 2007 House elections, forcing re-elections and disqualifying many candidates. The primary role of the commission is to ensure that elections carried out in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8741574",
"score": "1.061799",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Election Commission of Thailand",
"text": "well as being regular members of the commission, the five members are also given various responsibilities. All commissioners are appointed by the king, with the advice of the Senate of Thailand; for a term of seven years. The current commission is the fourth team of election commissioners, appointed 13 December 2013. Prior to 1992, the responsibility of overseeing elections fell on the Ministry of Interior or Mahatthai Ministry. Under the premiership of Anand Panyarachun after the Thai general election of 1992, the prime minister realised the need to create a central and independent body, whose sole purpose was to regulate",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8741577",
"score": "1.0597239",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission",
"text": "of Uttar Pradesh. District magistrates—under the general superintendence of the state election commission—are responsible for the conduct of local body elections in their respective districts. The commission is also vested with the power of general supervision of preparation of electoral rolls for local body election in Uttar Pradesh. The Election Commission of India—the constitutional body responsible for conducting presidential, vice-presidential, parliamentary and state legislative elections in India—can share its electoral rolls with the state election commission, but the latter is otherwise independent from it, whilst being vested with the same powers as the former for local body elections. The commission",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20870246",
"score": "1.0596993",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Election Commission of Pakistan",
"text": "of all government control. Without the government interference, the commission performs its functions and conduct of nationwide general elections as well as for the by-elections which is decided by the Election Commission itself. The preparation of polling schemes, the appointment of polling personnel, assignments of voters and arrangements for the maintenance of law and order are under the control, supervision and directions of the Election Commission. During its rulings and judgements in the case \"\" Election Commission v. Javed Hashmi\", the Supreme Court held that \"in the election matters the Election Tribunals which are to be appointed by the Chief",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11590348",
"score": "1.0591772",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Election Commission, Nepal",
"text": "Election Commission, Nepal The Election Commission, Nepal (; \"Nirvācana āyōg, Nēpāl\") is a constitutional body responsible for conducting and monitoring elections, as well as registering parties and candidates and reporting election outcomes, in Nepal. It was born out of the 1950 revolution in Nepal, and was established in law in 1951, although it has been changed somewhat by law over time. It has six members who serve for six-year terms, as established by the Constitution of Nepal. During the Constituent Assembly elections in 2008, it was criticized for not fully upholding its duties, but was acknowledged to have managed the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13717725",
"score": "1.0537891",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission",
"text": "political parties process, the settlement of electoral disputes, the registration of candidates for elections, voter education, the facilitation of the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections,the regulation of money spent by a candidate or party in respect of any election, the development of a code of conduct for candidates and parties, the monitoring of compliance with legislation on nomination of candidates by parties.\" The Commission is made up of seven commissioners and a CEO appointed by them and acts as the commission secretary. The commissioners are appointed by the President of Kenya and confirmed by the Kenyan Parliament. Each member",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16441577",
"score": "1.0496159",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "National Election Commission (South Korea)",
"text": "dismissal of political parties and supports their activities on the basis of the constitution and the Political Parties Act, provides national subsidies for political parties, oversees the establishment and performance of supporters associations, collects and distributes political funds and monitors how the political funds are spent to guarantee smooth fundraising and transparency according to the Political Funds Act. - Manage Elections for Public Offices The Election Commission (EC) manages the presidential election and elections for National Assembly Members, Local Council Members and heads of the local government as prescribed by the ‘Public Official Election Act'. Election management includes registering preliminary",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15402579",
"score": "1.0493802",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Central Election Commission of Abkhazia",
"text": "the Central Election Commission, and on 23 December, former State Privatisation Committee Chairman Tamaz Gogia was elected his successor during the first meeting of the CEC in its new composition. Central Election Commission of Abkhazia The Central Election Commission of Abkhazia is the body responsible for conducting national elections and overseeing local elections in Abkhazia. It was first formed on 20 July 1991. The first chairman of the Central Election Commission was Viacheslav Tsugba, who held the post until he became Prime Minister in 1999. On 11 October 2004, Sergei Smyr resigned during the height of the crisis following the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16661455",
"score": "1.0483861",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Electoral Commission of Ghana",
"text": "Electoral Commission of Ghana The Electoral Commission of Ghana is the official body in Ghana responsible for all public elections. Made up of seven members, its independence is guaranteed by the 1992 Ghana constitution. The current commission was established by the Electoral Commission Act (Act 451) of 1993. Kwadwo Afari-Gyan was the first substantive Chairman of the Commission from 1993-2015. In December 5,2018 the Electoral commission chaired by Jean Adukwei Mensah reverted to the old logo Eagles with coat of arms after the controversy over the new logo The Commission is made up of seven members. The position of Chairman",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12612083",
"score": "1.0460219",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "National Election Commission (South Korea)",
"text": "among public officials or faculties are assigned to constituencies, where they are required to manage administrative duties pertaining to voting. The current members of the NEC are: (The Vice Chairperson is the only full-time position within the Commission, who oversees the Commission Secretariat.) The National Election Commission manages elections for public office, including elections for President, National Assembly members, local council members and heads of the local government. The Commission also manages entrusted elections for heads of the Agricultural, Fisheries, Livestock and Forestry Cooperatives and for candidates of presidents of National Universities. The Commission administers the registration, change, performance and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15402578",
"score": "1.0428947",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission",
"text": "removed from office via impeachment by both houses of the Indian parliament. The commissioner has a tenure of six years or till she/he attains the age of 68, whichever is earlier. The current state election commissioner is Manoj Kumar, a retired UP cadre IAS officer of 1982 batch. Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission The State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh (SEC UP; IAST: ), commonly known as the Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission, is an independent constitutional body responsible for conducting elections for urban and rural local bodies—the constitutionally mandated third-tier of government in India—in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20870248",
"score": "1.0428749",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Bangladesh Election Commission",
"text": "and renamed in 1972 to its present form. Powers of Election Commission (Article 118(4) and 126 of the constitution, read with Article 4 of the Representation of the People Order, 1972): The Election Commission is an independent constitutional body in the exercise of its functions and subject only to the Constitution and any other law. The Commission may authorize its chairman or any of its members or any of its officers to exercise and perform all or any of its powers and functions under the law. Article 126 of the constitution and Articles 4 and 5 of the Representation of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12845966",
"score": "1.0420506",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Bangladesh Election Commission",
"text": "liaison between the Election Commission Secretariat and the subordinate field level offices and to co-ordinate the work relating to conduct of all types of elections and registration of voters and preparation of electoral rolls including day to day amendment and correction in the list of electoral rolls and other matters as and when entrusted by the Election Commission. District There are 83 District Election Offices in the 64 District Headquarters headed by District Election Officer. Functions: The District Election Officers carry out all work relating to registration of voters, printing of voters list, management of national and local level elections,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12845970",
"score": "1.0417659",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Om Prakash Rawat",
"text": "Cabinet in March 2012, he assumed office on 3 March 2012, and demitted it on and superannuation from service on 31 December 2013. Rawat assumed office as one of the twoElection Commissioners of India on 14 August 2015. During his tenure at the Election Commission of India, elections to state legislative assemblies of Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Puducherry, Assam, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh were held. Besides, presidential as well as vice-presidential elections were also be held during his stint with the Election Commission of India. As the senior-most Election Commissioner, post the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18983591",
"score": "1.0397815",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission",
"text": "Joint Director. Elections to the Rural and Urban bodies of Andhra Pradesh are held by both direct and indirect elections. The sole controlling authority rests on the Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission. The A.P. State Election Commission adopts the Assembly Electoral Rolls prepared under the supervision of the Chief Electoral Officer, General Administration (Elections) Department (who is the representative of the Election Commission of India in the State) for preparation of ward-wise electoral rolls for conduct of elections to Rural and Urban Local Bodies in the State. Polling stations are identified based on the rolls. Once the pre-election exercises such",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16138685",
"score": "1.038431",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Bangladesh Election Commission",
"text": "the People Order, 1972 provide that it shall be the duty of all executive authorities to assist the election commission in the discharge of its functions. The commission has the power to require any person or authority to perform such functions or render such assistance for the purpose of election as it may direct. It oversees government elections parliamentary elections and local elections) as well as referendums throughout Bangladesh. Established by the 1972 Constitution, the Election Commission (EC) has extensive powers to manage, oversee, and regulate the electoral process. A law regarding to this registration process was enacted in 2008",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12845967",
"score": "1.0370151",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Election Commission of India",
"text": "various Indian elections. The NCP and CPI(M) were the only two parties that registered for the event but none of them participated. Functioning of EVMs and VVPAT machines were demonstrated to the teams. Election Commission of India The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India. The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country. The Election Commission operates under the authority of Constitution per \"Article 324\", and subsequently enacted Representation of the People",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19036461",
"score": "1.0364738",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Guyana Elections Commission",
"text": "Guyana Elections Commission The Guyana Elections Commission (GECOM) is the entity responsible for the administration and conduct of elections in Guyana. GECOM is headed by a chairman and six commissioners, and is supported by core staff in its secretariat. The work of the commission is supplemented in its elections preparation and administration by thousands of temporary staff. Prior to 1991, the Elections Commission was composed of a Chairman who was appointed by the President and one member in respect of each political party, including the governmental party, which had not less than five seats in the National Assembly. The Chairman",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7916218",
"score": "1.0325931",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "Bangladesh Election Commission",
"text": "who compromise election laws through bribery, corruption, vote buying, or blackmail. Bangladesh Election Commission has its own secretariat as per Election Commission Secretariat Act 2009, which is headed by a secretary. The secretariat is located in Agargaon, Dhaka and has an Electoral Training Institute, field offices at the Regional, District and Upazila/Thana level. Functions of the Election Commission Secretariat is to execute the decisions and orders of the Commission. The present secretary of the election commission is Helaluddin Ahmed. There are Election Offices located at 7 Divisional Headquarters and 3 other districts. Functions of the Divisional Offices are to maintain",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12845969",
"score": "1.0321025",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Electoral Commission of Uganda",
"text": "2002. The current commission came into office in 2016 for a seven-year term, renewable once only. This commission headed by Justice of the High Court, Simon Mugenyi Byabakama, replaces that which was headed by Engineer Badru Kiggundu that served two terms (2002–2009 and 2009–2016). Other commissioners include Hajjat Aisha Lubega (vice chairperson) and commissioners Peter Emorut, Steven Tashobya, Justine Ahabwe Mugabi, Nathaline Etomaru and Mustapha Ssebaggala Kigozi. During their first year in office, they organised and supervised by-elections. The first nationwide election that they are expected to organise is the election of the \"Local Council\" leaders. As of April 2018,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19662699",
"score": "1.030741",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
}
]
| {
"title": "Chief Election Commissioner of India",
"long_answer": "The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures. Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service. It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once elected by the president, as two-thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India, a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures. Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service. It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once elected by the president, as two-thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions.",
"short_answers": [
"Chief Election Commissioner",
"The Chief Election Commissioner"
]
} |
who played mrs warboys in one foot in the grave | [
"Doreen Mantle"
]
| [
{
"title": "Doreen Mantle",
"text": "Doreen Mantle (born 1926) is a South African-born English actress who is probably best known for her role as Jean Warboys in One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000).",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "Mantle) – Mrs Warboys is a friend of Margaret (and a rather annoying one in Victor's eyes) who attached herself to the Meldrews, accompanying them on many of their exploits. In the early series she was married to (never seen) Chris, but eventually he left her for the private detective she had hired when she suspected him of having an affair, and they divorced. She often bears the brunt of Victor's temper due to muddled misunderstandings and in part due to her aloof nature. One such occasion saw Victor asking her to pick up a suit of his from the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "299572",
"score": "1.1160165",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "had a son who had died as a child. A number of episodes were also experimental in that they took place entirely in one setting. Such episodes include: Victor, Margaret and Mrs Warboys stuck in a traffic jam; Victor and Margaret in bed suffering insomnia; Victor left alone in the house waiting to see if he has to take part in jury service; Victor and Margaret having a long wait in their solicitor's waiting room; and Victor and Margaret trying to cope during a power cut on the hottest night of the year. Despite Margaret's frequent exasperation with her husband's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "299560",
"score": "1.0818392",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Annette Crosbie",
"text": "Annette Crosbie Annette Crosbie, (born 12 February 1934) is a Scottish actress. She is known for her role as Margaret Meldrew in the BBC sitcom \"One Foot in the Grave\" (1990–2000). She twice won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, for \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\" in 1971 and \"Edward the Seventh\" in 1976, and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the 1976 film \"The Slipper and the Rose\". Her other film appearances include \"The Pope Must Die\" (1991), \"Shooting Fish\" (1997), \"Calendar Girls\" (2003) and \"Into the Woods\" (2014).",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1636733",
"score": "1.0356834",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Annette Crosbie",
"text": "League Against Cruel Sports. Annette Crosbie Annette Crosbie, (born 12 February 1934) is a Scottish actress. She is known for her role as Margaret Meldrew in the BBC sitcom \"One Foot in the Grave\" (1990–2000). She twice won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, for \"The Six Wives of Henry VIII\" in 1971 and \"Edward the Seventh\" in 1976, and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the 1976 film \"The Slipper and the Rose\". Her other film appearances include \"The Pope Must Die\" (1991), \"Shooting Fish\" (1997), \"Calendar Girls\" (2003) and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1636739",
"score": "1.0277272",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Damaris Hayman",
"text": "praised Hayman as being \"perfectly cast in the role, her engaging performance adding much to the story\". Hayman has also appeared in such comedies as \"Steptoe and Son\", \"The Young Ones\", \"One Foot In The Grave\" and \"Sez Les\". She worked with Ronnie Barker, appearing in one episode of his final series, \"Clarence\" (1988). She appeared in \"The Liver Birds\" (1971) as Miss Rigby and in the 1986 \"Duty Free\" Christmas special. After appearing in a sketch in Tony Hancock's last British TV series in 1967, she became a close friend of the comedian in the remaining year of his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7586409",
"score": "1.027375",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "One Foot in the Grave One Foot in the Grave is a British television sitcom written by David Renwick. There were six series and seven Christmas specials over an eleven-year period, from early 1990 to late 2000. The first five series were broadcast between January 1990 and January 1995. For the next five years, the show appeared only as Christmas specials, followed by one final series in 2000. The series features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, played by Richard Wilson, and his long-suffering wife, Margaret, played by Annette Crosbie. Wilson initially turned down the part of Meldrew and David Renwick",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "299555",
"score": "1.027294",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "dry-cleaners, only for her to return with a gorilla costume. Another occasion saw her persuading Victor to take on a dog whose owner had just died. Victor spent time building a kennel in the garden and when Mrs Warboys arrives with the dog, she forgets to mention that the dog is stuffed - much to Victor and Margaret's consternation. On another occasion she won a competition where the prize was either to earn £500 or to have a life-size waxwork model made of herself, which had to be delivered to the Meldrews' house; she chose the waxwork. As it turned",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "299573",
"score": "1.0071391",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "end of 2006. A slimmer series 1-6 box set was released in 2010 in Region 2. One Foot in the Grave One Foot in the Grave is a British television sitcom written by David Renwick. There were six series and seven Christmas specials over an eleven-year period, from early 1990 to late 2000. The first five series were broadcast between January 1990 and January 1995. For the next five years, the show appeared only as Christmas specials, followed by one final series in 2000. The series features the exploits of Victor Meldrew, played by Richard Wilson, and his long-suffering wife,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "299606",
"score": "0.9955422",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Susie Blake",
"text": "great-niece of actor Sir John Mills. Actresses Hayley and Juliet Mills are Blake's first cousins once-removed. Blake has appeared in television programmes starring Victoria Wood and has extensive radio credits. She appeared in the first episode of the sitcom \"One Foot in the Grave\" in which her character was responsible for firing Victor Meldrew, and thus set the events of the show into motion. She appeared as Bev Unwin in the ITV soap opera \"Coronation Street\" until her departure in December 2006. Blake played the character of Madame Morrible in the West End production of \"Wicked\". She began her run",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5753349",
"score": "0.99155104",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Maggie Ollerenshaw",
"text": "road accident outside the Eliott's fashion house. She featured as Martha in the Andrew Davies adaptation of Trollope's classic \"He Knew He Was Right\". Her many other television credits include roles in \"Lovejoy\", \"Coronation Street\", \"Heartbeat\", \"Holby City\", \"One Foot In The Grave\", \"Seaview\", \"Teachers\", \"Victoria Wood - As Seen On TV\", \"The Hunt For The Yorkshire Ripper\", \"Midsomer Murders\" and \"Wire In The Blood\". Her film credits include \"Britannia Hospital\", \"A Private Function\", \"Pierrepoint\" and Steven Spielberg's \"War Horse\". Her one-woman show \"Yours Sincerely\", a musical play about Dame Vera Lynn has played in the UK and abroad. She",
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{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "emigrated by the penultimate episode which caused Nick Swainey to leap straight in with the offer for their old house. Series six saw the Trenches return as prominent characters, albeit living in a house some distance from the Meldrews. Despite appearing in five out of six series and three Christmas specials, neither of the Trenches ever share a scene with Mrs Warboys, and Pippa only ever shares one scene with Nick Swainey (in the episode \"Who Will Buy?\"). Nick Swainey (Owen Brenman) – The excessively cheerful and often oblivious Mr Swainey appeared in the first episode, encouraging Victor to join",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "299580",
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{
"title": "Lucy Davis",
"text": "1996 Christmas special of \"One Foot in the Grave\". After her breakthrough role as Dawn Tinsley in \"The Office\", Davis appeared in the films \"Sex Lives of the Potato Men\" and \"Shaun of the Dead\" in 2004, whilst continuing to play Hayley Jordan in \"The Archers\" on BBC Radio 4. She gave up this last role when her other acting responsibilities made it impossible to continue, and the part was recast in September 2005. Davis appeared in the third-season episode \"Elephants and Hens\" of UK TV programme \"Black Books\". In 2006, Davis appeared as the \"Fashion TV\" host on ABC's",
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{
"title": "Marji Campi",
"text": "Drama 'The Bone Orchard'. + Indie film. 2016 and 2017 in 'Cold Feet' as Barbara Blythe, mother of Jenny Gifford, played by actress and food writer Fay Ripley. 2017: 'Moving On' (Doreen). 2017: Cold Feet (Barbara) Marji Campi Marji Campi is a British actress, best known for playing Joyce Watson in \"Surgical Spirit\" between 1989 and 1995; and Jessie Hilton in \"Brookside\", from 1998 to 2002. Her stage experience includes work at Chester, Colchester, Hull and in various London venues. She reprised her role as Shirley Valentine (Hull, Colchester) at the English-Speaking Theatre in Frankfurt. Other TV roles include Dulcie",
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"id": "9055154",
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{
"title": "Moira Foot",
"text": "Death\" in \"The New Avengers\". Her film credits include roles in \"One Brief Summer\" (1970), \"On the Buses\" (1971), and \"The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It\" (1977). Moira Foot is the daughter of Alistair Foot, co-writer (with Anthony Marriott) of the long-running farce \"No Sex Please, We're British.\" Moira Foot Moira Foot (born 19 June 1953 in Northampton) is an English actress. She is perhaps best remembered for the nine episodes of \"'Allo 'Allo!\" in which she played Denise Laroque, the leader of the local communist resistance. She also played Miss Thorpe, Mr. Rumbold's",
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{
"title": "Annette Crosbie",
"text": "next major role was as Margaret Meldrew, the long-suffering wife of Victor Meldrew (Richard Wilson) in the BBC sitcom \"One Foot in the Grave\" (1990–2000) for which she is best known. She also played Janet, the housekeeper to \"Dr. Finlay\", in the 1993 revival of A. J. Cronin's popular stories. She also had a poignant role in the thriller \"The Debt Collector\" (1999). Crosbie's other roles include playing the monkey-lover Ingrid Strange in an episode of \"Jonathan Creek\" (1997), Edith Sparshott in \"An Unsuitable Job for a Woman\" (1997-2001), and Jessie in the film \"Calendar Girls\" (2003). In 2004, Crosbie",
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"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "Meldrews, as Victor is seen looking at some photographs Alfred had sent over in \"The Trial\". Cousin Wilfred (John Rutland) – Mrs. Warboys' cousin, Wilfred, appeared twice in the series, and was considered to be a fairly boring middle-aged man. In the final series the character returned, but the effects of a stroke rendered him mute, and forced him to \"speak\" with the aid of an electronic voice generator. His poor typing on the generator led to several misunderstandings, such as asking Victor for a \"bra of soup\" (as opposed to a \"bar of soap\") and describing a visit to",
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{
"title": "Julia Deakin",
"text": "cinema adaptation of High-Rise as Jean, the assistant to protagonist Dr. Laing. She is married to actor and author Michael Simkins. Julia Deakin Julia Deakin (born 1952) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in the sitcoms \"So Haunt Me\" (1992–94), \"Oh Doctor Beeching!\" (1996–97) and \"Spaced\" (1999–2001). Her film appearances include \"Shaun of the Dead\" (2004), \"Hot Fuzz\" (2007) and \"High-Rise\" (2015). Deakin was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. In theatre, she has played Mrs. Sowerberry in the West End cast of \"Oliver!\", singing the song \"That's Your Funeral\" with David Delve on a recording. On television,",
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{
"title": "Katy Carmichael",
"text": "the Bleak Midwinter\" as mad puppetwoman and played the female lead Jane Wells in the period fantasy drama \"The Infinite Worlds of H. G. Wells\". A variety of roles in comedy and drama followed; Hex, Scarlett, \"One Foot in the Grave\", Clocking Off, Cutting It. In 2002, she landed the role of florist Lucy Richards in \"Coronation Street\" and was involved in the award-winning Peter Barlow bigamy storyline for two years. She went on to play Melissa Ryan (sister of headteacher Rachel Mason) school drama \"Waterloo Road\" (2007). Carmichael played the mother in Danny Stack's short supernatural thriller \"Origin\" (2010).",
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},
{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "Daniels, Edward de Souza, Hannah Gordon, Georgina Hale, Jimmy Jewel, Rula Lenska, Stephen Lewis, Brian Murphy, Christopher Ryan, Barbara Windsor, Joan Sims and Ray Winstone. Two of Angus Deayton's former \"Radio Active\" and \"KYTV\" co-stars, Geoffrey Perkins and Michael Fenton Stevens were cast, in separate episodes, as respectively the brother and brother-in-law of Deayton's character. A few actors little-known at the time also appeared in one-off roles before going on to greater fame, including Lucy Davis, Joanna Scanlan, Eamonn Walker and Arabella Weir. The show was produced with an aspect ratio of from 1990 to 1997. Three years later, the",
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{
"title": "Janine Duvitski",
"text": "Janine Duvitski Janine Duvitski (born Christine Janine Drzewicki; 28 June 1952) is an English actress, known for her roles as Jane Edwards in \"Waiting for God\", Pippa Trench in \"One Foot in the Grave\" and Jacqueline Stewart in \"Benidorm\". Duvitski first came to national attention in the play \"Abigail's Party\", written and directed in 1977 by Mike Leigh. Duvitski was born in Lancaster, Lancashire. Her father was Polish. She trained at the East 15 Acting School in London. She has four children, Jack, Albert, Ruby, and Edith Bentall, with her actor husband Paul Bentall. Her youngest daughter Edith is the",
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},
{
"title": "One Foot in the Grave",
"text": "Grave\" were produced and directed by Susan Belbin, the exceptions being \"Love and Death\", which was partly directed by veteran sitcom director Sydney Lotterby, and \"Starbound\", for which Gareth Gwenlan (who in fact had originally commissioned the series in 1989) stepped in to direct some sequences after Belbin was taken ill. Afterward, Belbin retired owing to ill-health, and the final series was produced by Jonathan P. Llewellyn and directed by Christine Gernon. Wilson and Renwick felt that Gernon's experience of working with Belbin on earlier series of \"One Foot\" as a production secretary and assistant, as well as other shows,",
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},
{
"title": "Helen Grace",
"text": "set in a London minicab firm. She has also made numerous TV guest appearances, including the terrible Jane Wilkinson in \"Lord Edgware Dies\", Bad Girls, Cold Feet, Midsomer Murders, and Lewis. On stage, she appeared as the wife of Gregor Antonescu (played by David Suchet) in the acclaimed revival of Terence Rattigan's \"Man and Boy\" at the Duchess Theatre, London. She has also appeared in Tennessee Williams' \"The Glass Menagerie\" at the Theatre Royal York (November 1999) alongside Honor Blackman, and in Don Taylor's \"The Road To The Sea\" at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond (2003). During 2007-2008, she played",
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},
{
"title": "Rita Tushingham",
"text": "the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival in 1972 and at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival in 1990. Later roles include the film \"Being Julia\" (2004), starring Annette Bening, and on television in \"The Sittaford Mystery\" (2006), an episode of \"Marple\". She appeared in Season 2 of the BBC 3 zombie drama \"In The Flesh\" as Mrs Lamb, broadcast in May 2014. Clips from her performance in \"The Leather Boys\" appeared in the Smiths' music video for the single \"Girlfriend in a Coma,\" in 1987. She is also mentioned in the Franz Ferdinand song \"L. Wells\", the Cleaners From Venus",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4171211",
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},
{
"title": "Owen Brenman",
"text": "2016 British Soap Awards. Owen Brenman Owen Brenman (born 17 December 1956 in London) is an English actor best known for his role as next-door neighbour Nick Swainey in the multi-award-winning BBC sitcom \"One Foot in the Grave\", which ran for ten years (1990–2000) and was written by David Renwick. He subsequently played Dr. Heston Carter in the BBC drama series \"Doctors\" from 2008 to 2018. Brenman was educated at University College School, an independent day school for boys in Hampstead in north west London, followed by the University of Birmingham, where he obtained a BA Honours in Drama, and",
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},
{
"title": "Owen Brenman",
"text": "Owen Brenman Owen Brenman (born 17 December 1956 in London) is an English actor best known for his role as next-door neighbour Nick Swainey in the multi-award-winning BBC sitcom \"One Foot in the Grave\", which ran for ten years (1990–2000) and was written by David Renwick. He subsequently played Dr. Heston Carter in the BBC drama series \"Doctors\" from 2008 to 2018. Brenman was educated at University College School, an independent day school for boys in Hampstead in north west London, followed by the University of Birmingham, where he obtained a BA Honours in Drama, and the Webber Douglas School",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6362410",
"score": "0.9174269",
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},
{
"title": "Victoria Wood",
"text": "Miss Berta (played in the series by Wood). Wood played Julie Walters' character Mrs Overall for matinee performances. Wood wrote the one-off ITV serious drama \"Housewife, 49\" (2006), an adaptation of the diaries of Nella Last, and played the eponymous role of an introverted middle-aged character who discovers new confidence and friendships in Lancashire during the Second World War. \"Housewife, 49\" was critically acclaimed, and Wood won BAFTAs for both her acting and writing for this drama – a rare double. The film also starred Stephanie Cole and David Threlfall as well as, in a small role, Sue Wallace with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "737483",
"score": "0.91674733",
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},
{
"title": "Mary Morris",
"text": "1977 horror film \"Full Circle\". She also appeared on television in \"Doctor Who\" in the story \"Kinda\" (1982), playing the pivotal role of the shaman Panna opposite Peter Davison. Her other television appearances included the Countess Vronsky in the BBC's \"Anna Karenina\" (1977), the macabre, ancient relative in the Walter de la Mare story \"Seaton's Aunt\" (1983) in Granada Television's \"Shades of Darkness\" series, Mrs Browning-Browning in Stephen Wyatt's Claws (BBC 1 1987) and the formidable matriarch in \"Police at the Funeral\", an adaptation of one of Margery Allingham's Albert Campion stories for the BBC's \"Campion\" (1989). She died from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5618590",
"score": "0.91495013",
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},
{
"title": "Julia Deakin",
"text": "Julia Deakin Julia Deakin (born 1952) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in the sitcoms \"So Haunt Me\" (1992–94), \"Oh Doctor Beeching!\" (1996–97) and \"Spaced\" (1999–2001). Her film appearances include \"Shaun of the Dead\" (2004), \"Hot Fuzz\" (2007) and \"High-Rise\" (2015). Deakin was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. In theatre, she has played Mrs. Sowerberry in the West End cast of \"Oliver!\", singing the song \"That's Your Funeral\" with David Delve on a recording. On television, Deakin played Stella Tulley in \"Side by Side\" and Marsha, the ageing divorcée landlady, in the sitcom \"Spaced\" (1999). Deakin earlier",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1308889",
"score": "0.9130966",
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},
{
"title": "Helen Atkinson-Wood",
"text": "Ones\" episode \"Nasty\". She is known for her role as Mrs Miggins in \"Blackadder the Third\" (co-written by Ben Elton and Richard Curtis). She was the only regular female cast member on the radio comedy programme \"Radio Active\", where she played Anna Daptor and other roles, and participated in the televisual equivalent of \"Radio Active\", \"KYTV\". She also appeared in the final episode of \"Joking Apart\" as a morning television presenter. In 2007, she guest-starred in the \"Doctor Who\" audio play \"I.D.\". She played the role of Sybil Ramkin in a BBC radio adaptation of \"Guards! Guards!\" by Terry Pratchett.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "684116",
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}
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| {
"title": "Doreen Mantle",
"long_answer": "Doreen Mantle (born 1926) is a South African-born English actress who is probably best known for her role as Jean Warboys in One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000).",
"chunked_long_answer": "Doreen Mantle (born 1926) is a South African-born English actress who is probably best known for her role as Jean Warboys in One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000).",
"short_answers": [
"Doreen Mantle"
]
} |
where was the diary of a wimpy kid filmed | [
"Vancouver",
"Richmond, BC",
"Coquitlam, BC"
]
| [
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film)",
"text": "Principal photography began on August 8, 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7, 2011. The location for the country club pool was Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool in Coquitlam, BC. Filming at Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool took place during the end of August 2011. The municipal outdoor pool scenes at the beginning and the end of the movie were filmed at Steveston Outdoor pool in Richmond, BC. Filming occurred at the Steveston Outdoor pool during the beginning of September 2011. The Chinese Bunkhouse at the Steveston Shipyards in Richmond, BC was the location of the Wilderness Explorers cabin for Troop 133. During filming, stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron, were seen riding the Corkscrew at Playland at Vancouver's fair, the PNE. ",
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{
"title": "The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary",
"text": "The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is a movie tie-in book by Jeff Kinney about the making of the 2010 movie \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\", which stars Zachary Gordon as Greg and Robert Capron as Rowley. Unlike the other books, it is non-fiction. It starts off with how the series was created. Next, it shows how they gradually prepared the movie for filming, such as choosing the cast, writing the script, and finding the right location. When it talks about filming, other subjects are woven within, especially the actors' downtime and designing props. It also",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film)",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film) Diary of a Wimpy Kid (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Movie) is a 2010 American comedy film directed by Thor Freudenthal and based on Jeff Kinney's book of the same name. The film stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron. Devon Bostick, Rachael Harris, Steve Zahn, and Chloë Grace Moretz also have prominent roles. It is the first film in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" film series, and was followed by three sequels, \"\" (2011), \"\" (2012) and \"\" (2017). The film earned $75.7 million on a $15 million budget.",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series)",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of fiction books written by the American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney. All the main books are the journals of the main character, Greg Heffley. Befitting a teen's diary, the books are filled with hand-written notes and simple drawings of Greg's daily adventures. Since the release of the online version in May 2004, most of the books have garnered positive reviews and commercial success. , it had been purchased one million times. The first, , , and installments have been adapted into films by 20th",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series)",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of films based on the series of books, \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" by Jeff Kinney. The series consists of four films: \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" (2010), \"\" (2011), \"\" (2012) and the latest fourth film \" \"(2017) as well as a short film entitled \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Class Clown\" (2012) \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" was released March 19, 2010, as it moved up from a previously scheduled April 2 release date. Principal production began on September 21, 2009 and was",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid",
"text": "book. The film was released on March 19, 2010. It was released on DVD, iTunes, and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010. The movie stars Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley, Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley (Dad), Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley (Mom), Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, and Connor & Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's brother. Diary of a Wimpy Kid Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a satirical realistic fiction comedy novel for children and teenagers written and illustrated by Jeff Kinney. It is the first book in",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film)",
"text": "It is the only film in the series to be directed by Freudenthal, who was replaced by David Bowers for the rest of the installments. The film was theatrically released on March 19, 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox. Greg Heffley, a small 11 year old who constantly fights with his teenage brother Rodrick and younger brother Manny, is apprehensive about beginning middle school. On his first day, he quickly discovers the ups and downs, such as the missing stall doors in the boys' bathroom and the difficulties of obtaining a seat during lunch. During P.E. class,",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film)",
"text": "film stills, storyboards, preliminary concept drawings, and also behind the scenes information to humorously chronicle the making of the film. It also includes some new illustrations. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010. The Blu-ray Version features six pages from Rowley's diary, \"Diary of an Awesome, Friendly Kid\". Review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 53%, based on 106 reviews with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Unlike its bestselling source material, \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" fails to place a likable protagonist at the center",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series)",
"text": "Kid: The Musical\" is being produced by the Children's Theatre Company. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of fiction books written by the American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney. All the main books are the journals of the main character, Greg Heffley. Befitting a teen's diary, the books are filled with hand-written notes and simple drawings of Greg's daily adventures. Since the release of the online version in May 2004, most of the books have garnered positive reviews and commercial success. , it had been purchased one million times. The first,",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down is the eleventh book in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series by Jeff Kinney. The book was unveiled during the 2016 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event. The book was published on November 1, 2016. The real book trailer was released on October 17, 2016. At the beginning of the book, Greg Heffley can be seen talking about thoughts of his life being a reality TV show: his brothers (Rodrick and Manny), and all the other people in his life are just actors",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw",
"text": "\"The Three Stooges\". An advance screening for the film was held on July 31, 2012. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw is a novel written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney, the third book in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series. The book acts as a journal and follows the adventures of Greg Heffley, the narrator of the book, who is in the second half of his seventh-grade year. This book was released in the US on January 13, 2009. The book begins on January 1, with Greg",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film)",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film) Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2: Rodrick Rules) is a 2011 American comedy film based on Jeff Kinney's with a couple elements from \"\". The film stars Zachary Gordon and Devon Bostick. Robert Capron, Rachael Harris, Steve Zahn, and Peyton List also have prominent roles. The film was released on March 25, 2011 by 20th Century Fox. The film earned $72.4 million on a $21 million budget. It is the second film in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" film series preceded",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway is the twelfth book in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series by Jeff Kinney. The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book. The book was published and released on November 7, 2017. When Greg Heffley's family try to prepare for Christmas, Greg's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales after seeing an ad for it, the",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film)",
"text": "January 3, 2011. A poster was released there after on January 14, 2011. In February 2011, an exclusive online-only trailer was released on the \"Wimpy Kid Movie\" YouTube channel, officialwimpmovie. Due to the success of the first film in Singapore, the film was released there eight days before the US release on March 17, 2011. The film was released in Brazil on September 16, 2011. A TV spot of the movie was released in March 2011. \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules\" was released on a stand-alone DVD, a special edition double DVD pack, and a Blu-ray/DVD/digital copy combo",
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"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw is a novel written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney, the third book in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series. The book acts as a journal and follows the adventures of Greg Heffley, the narrator of the book, who is in the second half of his seventh-grade year. This book was released in the US on January 13, 2009. The book begins on January 1, with Greg talking about his family's New Year's resolutions. Life becomes more difficult for Greg and his",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a satirical realistic fiction comedy novel for children and teenagers written and illustrated by Jeff Kinney. It is the first book in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series. The book is about a boy named Greg Heffley and his struggles to fit in as he begins middle school. \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" first appeared on FunBrain in 2004, where it was read 20 million times. The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1, 2007. The book was named a \"New York Times\" bestseller, among other awards",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film)",
"text": "Fairy\". A poster for the film was released shortly after. Another trailer was shown with \"\". The official Facebook account for \"Wimpy Kid\" had uploaded three clips from the film, as of March 1, 2010. In the United Kingdom and Ireland the film was released in cinemas on August 25, 2010. The soundtrack was released on CD by La La Land Records with the score composed by Theodore Shapiro, containing 34 tracks. A tie-in book, written by Kinney, called \"The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary\" was published on March 16, 2010, by Amulet Books (an imprint of Abrams Books). It includes",
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{
"title": "The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary",
"text": "has some reflections about the actors leaving before it talks about post-production. The book ends with the release of the film and a \"scrapbook.\" The book is now updated with behind the scenes info of \"\", \"\", and \"\". Jeff Kinney also wrote two sequels to the book. The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is a movie tie-in book by Jeff Kinney about the making of the 2010 movie \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\", which stars Zachary Gordon as Greg and Robert Capron as Rowley. Unlike the other books, it is non-fiction. It starts off with",
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{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)",
"text": "A+ to F scale, down from the first ' \"A-\". \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul\" was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The film grossed $2.6 million in home video sales. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film) Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 4: The Long Haul) is a 2017 American road comedy film directed by David Bowers. It is the fourth",
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"id": "19739698",
"score": "1.1578761",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series)",
"text": "in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" film series. It was released on August 3, 2012 and is based on the third book \"The Last Straw\" and the fourth book \"Dog Days\". The film was directed by David Bowers and features the same familiar cast of characters, introducing a few new ones, and also focusing on lesser characters not elaborated on in previous films, including Frank Heffley (Steve Zahn), Mr. Robert Jefferson (Alf Humphreys) and Holly Hills (Peyton List). \"Dog Days\" is the first film in the series not to be released in March. \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The",
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"id": "15702164",
"score": "1.1545695",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series)",
"text": "completed on October 16, 2009. The film was directed by Thor Freudenthal and starred Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley, Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, Grayson Russell as Fregley, Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, and Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta. It is the only film in the series to be directed by Freudenthal. The musical score was composed by Theodore Shapiro. \"Rodrick Rules\" is the second film in the \"Diary of a Wimpy",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15702162",
"score": "1.1454836",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film)",
"text": "antiheroes in preteen literature and turning him into, well, an even wimpier kid.\" Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film) Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 2: Rodrick Rules) is a 2011 American comedy film based on Jeff Kinney's with a couple elements from \"\". The film stars Zachary Gordon and Devon Bostick. Robert Capron, Rachael Harris, Steve Zahn, and Peyton List also have prominent roles. The film was released on March 25, 2011 by 20th Century Fox. The film earned $72.4 million on a $21 million budget. It is",
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"id": "15207818",
"score": "1.145384",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film)",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film) Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3: Dog Days) is a 2012 American comedy film directed by David Bowers from a screenplay by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes. It stars Zachary Gordon and Steve Zahn. Robert Capron, Devon Bostick, Rachael Harris, Peyton List, Grayson Russell, and Karan Brar also have prominent roles. It is the third installment in the \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" film series, and is mashup of the and in the series, but draws mostly from the fourth book. The",
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"id": "15715493",
"score": "1.1369016",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series)",
"text": "Fox in late 2014. The film was teased with the conclusion of the 2012 animated short film \"\", which ended with a scene adapted from the \"Cabin Fever\" book. As of 2018, no updates of the project have been announced since. In August 2018, CEO of 20th Century Fox Stacey Snider announced that a television series based on \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" is currently being developed. With the upcoming acquisition by Disney, it is possible that it will appear on one of the latter's services. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series) Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a",
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"id": "15702167",
"score": "1.1355236",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film)",
"text": "It was based on the second book in the series, . Zachary Gordon reprised his role in the film. \"\" was released on August 3, 2012 and is based on \"\" and \"\", including scenes from both books. An animated short film, , was released along with the DVD of . A film based on \"\" was released in May 2017 featuring a new cast starring Jason Drucker, Alicia Silverstone, and Tom Everett Scott. Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film) Diary of a Wimpy Kid (sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Movie) is a 2010 American comedy",
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"id": "13899151",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film)",
"text": "by 2010's \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" and followed by 2012's \"\". The Heffley family attends a party at a roller rink, where Greg reunites with his best friend Rowley Jefferson, meets a new girl at school named Holly Hills who Greg instantly has a crush on, and reveals he passed on the Cheese Touch. During the party, his older brother Rodrick embarrasses Greg by suggesting that he ask Holly to skate with him and then interfering with Couples Skate by persuading a crowd of violent teenagers to enter the rink, along with replacing \"Always\" by Atlantic Starr with a",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15207802",
"score": "1.1335591",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Old School",
"text": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Old School Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Old School is a children's novel written by American author Jeff Kinney first published in 2015. It is the tenth book of \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" series, preceded by \"\" and followed by \"\". The book was released on November 3, 2015 worldwide, though an extract from the book was released online on October 27, 2015. This book debuted at No.1 on bestseller charts in India. Greg Heffley's grandfather has been living with his family due to being unable to pay for the rent at the retirement",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "18755011",
"score": "1.1318825",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film)",
"text": "film was released on August 3, 2012. It is also Bowers' second live-action film. Although the film is based on the third and fourth \"Diary of a Wimpy Kid\" books, there is a scene based on the first book, where Greg's dad, Frank, is trying to unplug Greg's video game system, but does not know how to. There is also a scene based off the , where Greg is sick on picture day, and his second grade picture gets sent in. Unlike the book, Greg was the one who was sick, where in the book, it was Rodrick. \"Diary of",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "15715494",
"score": "1.1310682",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid",
"text": "and praise. A film of the same name was released on March 19, 2010. The sequel to the film is \"\", followed by \"\" and \"\". As Greg Heffley is getting ready for his first day of middle school, he is teased by his teenage brother Rodrick, because his mom bought him his supplies for school. He has a little brother, a toddler named Manny, who is \"spoiled rotten\" because he gets everything he wants and also gets away with everything he does wrong. His father, named Frank Heffley, does not encourage Greg's way of life - playing video games",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "10241905",
"score": "1.1210592",
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},
{
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway",
"text": "that they can leave on a high note. So they sneak in. They skip the pool and then run into Rodrick's girlfriend with a man named Rodrigo (the counselor). They take a photo. They go back to the beach and steal some food by distracting others and then eating their food. They go to take one more photo but are spotted by the family who they took clothes from.The Heffleys try to escape the resort. Greg heads to the beach and windsurfs away pursued by the police. He gets stuck in the dolphin swimming area, something he is initially delighted",
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| {
"title": "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film)",
"long_answer": "Principal photography began on August 8, 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7, 2011. The location for the country club pool was Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool in Coquitlam, BC. Filming at Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool took place during the end of August 2011. The municipal outdoor pool scenes at the beginning and the end of the movie were filmed at Steveston Outdoor pool in Richmond, BC. Filming occurred at the Steveston Outdoor pool during the beginning of September 2011. The Chinese Bunkhouse at the Steveston Shipyards in Richmond, BC was the location of the Wilderness Explorers cabin for Troop 133. During filming, stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron, were seen riding the Corkscrew at Playland at Vancouver's fair, the PNE. A poster was leaked in March 2012. A teaser trailer was attached to The Three Stooges. An advance screening for the film was held on July 31, 2012.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Principal photography began on August 8, 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7, 2011. The location for the country club pool was Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool in Coquitlam, BC. Filming at Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool took place during the end of August 2011. The municipal outdoor pool scenes at the beginning and the end of the movie were filmed at Steveston Outdoor pool in Richmond, BC. Filming occurred at the Steveston Outdoor pool during the beginning of September 2011. The Chinese Bunkhouse at the Steveston Shipyards in Richmond, BC was the location of the Wilderness Explorers cabin for Troop 133. During filming, stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron, were seen riding the Corkscrew at Playland at Vancouver's fair, the PNE. ",
"short_answers": [
"Coquitlam, BC",
"Richmond, BC",
"Vancouver"
]
} |
who wrote the song always be humble and kind | [
"Lori McKenna"
]
| [
{
"title": "Humble and Kind",
"text": "\"Humble and Kind\" is a song written by Lori McKenna and first released by American singer Tim McGraw on January 20, 2016, as the second single from his 14th studio album, Damn Country Music. McKenna later recorded her rendition of the song for her eighth studio album, The Bird and the Rifle, released in July 2016. Among several other wins and nominations, the song won the award for Best Country Song at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards, \"Video of the Year\" at the 2016 CMT Music Awards, \"Song of the Year\" at 2016 CMA Awards and \"Country Song of the",
"hasanswer": true,
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},
{
"title": "Lori McKenna",
"text": "at the Country Music Association Awards. McKenna won another Grammy the next year for Best Country Song for \"Humble and Kind\" performed by Tim McGraw. McKenna wrote the song as \"lullaby, guidebook, and tribute\" to her five children. The song was named Song of the Year at the 2016 CMA Awards and won favorite country song at the American Music Awards that same year. In 2017, \"Humble and Kind\" was nominated for Song of the Year and Single Record of the Year at the ACM Awards. McKenna was named Songwriter of the Year at the ACM's that same year. McKenna",
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{
"title": "Humble and Kind",
"text": "featured scenes from around the world from Winfrey's fall 2015 documentary series. The video won the top honor, \"Video of the Year\", at the 2016 CMT Music Awards. The song and video of \"Humble and Kind\" has its own website (http://stayhumbleandkind.com) intended to gather related stories about acts of kindness that have been shared with the hashtag #stayhumbleandkind. The day after the music video was released, Winfrey tweeted her approval of the video, saying \"TIM, I love this song. Every word feels true.\" McGraw performed the song on the April 3, 2016 ACM Awards. A bound edition of \"Humble and",
"hasanswer": false,
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{
"title": "Humble and Kind",
"text": "Kind\" was released on May 17, 2016, in conjunction with graduation season by Hachette Books. In addition to the lyrics and illustrations, the book edition features an introduction by McGraw and an epilogue by McKenna. McGraw pledged his book proceeds to the Neighbor's Keeper Fund of the Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee. Chris Parton of \"Country Weekly\" described \"Humble and Kind\"'s video as \"the touching, lump-in-your-throat\" kind. Stephen L. Betts of \"Rolling Stone\" described the video as one that takes \"universal scenes of faith and life and combines them with an understated performance from McGraw, captured by a 360-degree turntable",
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{
"title": "Humble and Kind",
"text": "lighting rig\". According to Christina Vinson of Townsquare Media's blog site, The Boot, the video, which presents a song from the perspective of \"a parent sending their child into the world\", will resonate across a wide-ranging audience. McGraw, who has three daughters with his wife Faith Hill had just sent his oldest daughter off to college in the fall before the song was released. \"Humble and Kind\" first entered Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart at No. 45 for chart dated February 6, 2016. In late March, the song became McGraw's fifty-second Top 10 country hit. Tim McGraw performed the song",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "19050499",
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},
{
"title": "Humble and Kind",
"text": "a single from her album, \"The Bird and the Rifle\", released on July 29, 2016. McGraw released the video to the song on his Facebook page on January 21, 2016. At the time of the video release, the song was expected to be released as the second single from the album in early February. The video was the result of a brainstorm McGraw had while running on a treadmill and seeing a 30-second trailer for Oprah Winfrey's \"Belief\" series. After taking some initiative, McGraw got Winfrey to avail footage for the video. The video, which was directed by Wes Edwards,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19050496",
"score": "1.1163284",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "Humble (song) \"Humble\" (stylized as \"HUMBLE.\") is a song by American rapper Kendrick Lamar. It was released on March 30, 2017, by Top Dawg Entertainment, Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records. The song, written by Lamar and Mike Will Made It and produced by the latter, was serviced to rhythmic contemporary radio as the lead single from Lamar's fourth studio album, \"Damn\". \"Humble\" became Lamar's second number-one single on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 after \"Bad Blood\" and his first as a lead artist. The song received four nominations at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Best Rap",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20085258",
"score": "1.0746994",
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},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "\"Esquire\" opined about the rapper's videography: \"in recent years, Kendrick Lamar has revived the music video as a powerful form of social commentary.\" \"Humble\" was nominated for eight categories at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, winning six awards including Video of the Year. The 21st season premiere of \"South Park\", \"White People Renovating Houses\", featured a character performing the song in a country-style parody. The song is also heard in other television shows such as \"Skam\" and \"Black-ish.\" \"Humble\" is featured in the . \"Humble\" is also featured on NBA 2K18’s in-game soundtrack. The song was sampled by Eminem",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20085267",
"score": "1.0319552",
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},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "Made It-produced beat built on piano and 808 bass, a chorus you can spit along to (\"Sit down/ Be humble\"), and shoutouts to Grey Poupon and the former president.\" Writing for \"The Guardian\", Harriet Gibson opined the song \"is sparse and rigid, beginning with the crunching swipes of an electric guitar, and is led by beats and sinister stabs of piano. It is a showcase for his authoritative lyricism and preacher-like message, while the instrumentation is far from the complex jazz and funk sounds of \"To Pimp a Butterfly\"... In fact, Humble has more in common with grime's minimalism than",
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"id": "20085261",
"score": "1.02919",
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},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "for the track \"Greatest\" on \"Kamikaze\". A remix of the song is also featured in the teaser trailer for \"Shazam!\" Many remixes have been made, including by singer Ne-Yo, released on May 3, 2017, and by electronic dance music producer Skrillex, released on September 22, 2017. Lamar performed \"Humble\" live as a closer at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on April 23, 2017. Lamar has also performed \"Humble\" on the Damn tour. Feminists have debated over the second verse of the song, which states: \"I'm so fucking sick and tired of the Photoshop / Show me something natural",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "20085268",
"score": "1.0246339",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Simple Kind of Life",
"text": "is more important for her. \"Simple Kind of Life\" is a power pop and lo-fi song composed in the key of C major. It is written in common time and moves at a moderate tempo of 116 beats per minute. Stefani's vocal range in the song covers nearly an octave and a half, from G to C. The song opens with a four-measure introduction, which introduces the Dm9-Cmaj7 modal chord progression used for the song's three verses. Following each verse is the chorus, where the harmony switches to a Cmaj7-C7-F-B progression. A bridge entirely in D minor precedes the third",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8512005",
"score": "1.0233064",
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},
{
"title": "Tim McGraw",
"text": "lead single to his third studio album for Big Machine Records. On September 17, McGraw announced that the album was titled \"Damn Country Music\", with a release date scheduled for November 6. The album's second single, \"Humble and Kind\", released to country radio on February 1, 2016 and went on to reach number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country charts. McGraw was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"\"Forever Country\"\", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2805401",
"score": "1.0204904",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Better Get to Livin'",
"text": "Kent Wells, who co-wrote the song with her. According to Parton, Wells suggested that she write a song about her attitude since so many people ask what the secret to her happiness is. According to Parton, the song is about coping with the pressures of life and trying to keep a positive outlook in the midst of difficult times: \"I think life has always been a pressure cooker. People react to whatever pressures they’re under at the time according to their tolerance level and their mental attitude. Certainly with so much attention today on being skinny and beautiful, rich and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12036503",
"score": "1.0050452",
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},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "the lyric or feel objectified. On the contrary, she was more \"frustrated\" by the fact that people critiqued her looks when she just wanted to celebrate more representation of black women that are not traditionally featured in mainstream media. In particular, Kim admonishes how a lot of the criticism \"comes from African American women\" who claim that she is \"not black enough\". Credits adapted from the official \"Damn\" digital booklet. ! scope=\"row\"| Portugal (AFP) Humble (song) \"Humble\" (stylized as \"HUMBLE.\") is a song by American rapper Kendrick Lamar. It was released on March 30, 2017, by Top Dawg Entertainment, Aftermath",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20085270",
"score": "1.0036211",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Don't Be So Shy",
"text": "remixed by the Russian music production duo and DJs Filatov & Karas. This version became a hit across Europe, topping the charts in Slovenia, Russia, Poland, France, Germany and Austria and charting highly on other European singles charts. This version later appeared on Imany's album \"The Wrong Kind of War\", which was released on 26 August 2016. Imany also released a separate EP of remixes of the song. \"Don't Be So Shy\" (Filatov & Karas Remix) Don't Be So Shy \"Don't Be So Shy\" is a song by French singer Imany. The song was written by Imany and music by",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19610098",
"score": "0.9937887",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Cruel to Be Kind",
"text": "was originally written by Nick Lowe and Ian Gomm while in Brinsley Schwarz, having been recorded as a demo during this period. Lowe stated, \"I wrote that when I was with a band, Brinsley Schwarz, that I was with from the early '70s to about the mid-'70s. ... We recorded it on a demo, it never came out, and when I signed to Columbia Records the A & R man (Gregg Geller) there at the time suggested I record it again. And I didn’t think it would do anything, but he kind of bullied me into it.\" Musically, the song",
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"isgold": false,
"id": "13788002",
"score": "0.99023116",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Damn Country Music",
"text": "the song as a single in March 2017. \"Don't Make Me Feel At Home\" was previously recorded by Wesley Dennis in 1995. The first single of the album, \"Top of the World\" was released on August 4, 2015. It debuted at number 30 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The next week it debut at number 18 on the Country Digital Songs chart, selling 16,000 copies. The second single of the album, \"Humble and Kind\" was released on February 1, 2016. The third single of the album, \"How I'll Always Be\" released on July 11, 2016. The album debuted at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19037638",
"score": "0.98968816",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "Performance, Best Rap Song, and Best Music Video, winning the latter three. \"Humble\" was the first song to be recorded for the album. The beat for \"Humble\" was developed by Mike Will Made-It with the intention of recording with Gucci Mane, but later showed it to Lamar, thinking that this would be the first time Lamar had recorded with a trap-style beat that Mike Will had been known for. After recording, it was initially agreed upon that it would be released on Mike Will Made-It's debut album \"Ransom 2\", but others convinced Lamar to keep it for his own next",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20085259",
"score": "0.9882717",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "hip hop song since \"Love the Way You Lie\" by Eminem featuring Rihanna. Selling well over 111,000 copies in its first week, \"Humble\" became Kendrick Lamar's second number one on the Digital Songs chart, following \"Bad Blood\". The song spent its first 15 weeks in the top 10 of the Hot 100 before finally falling to number 11 on the week dated August 5, 2017 \"Humble\" is the only rap song in 2017 to sell over 1,000,000 digital copies and is eligible for 7× platinum certification in the United States. The song also peaked at number one in New Zealand,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20085263",
"score": "0.9873182",
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},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "album. On the day of its release \"Pitchfork\" named it Best New Track noting that \"Humble\" is a \"hard-nosed G check of his lessers, that pivots into imperfect critiques of beauty standards\". NPR's Andrew Flanagan thought, \"the song, less exploration of contrition on the part of Lamar than an instruction to his peers, picks up a thread NPR Music first examined following that album teaser: how the 'best rapper alive' might explore the theme of God, religion and personal growth.\" For Alex Young of Consequence of Sound, \"it's got all the ingredients of a proper lead single: a Mike WiLL",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20085260",
"score": "0.9799161",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "number two in Australia (where it was later voted into first place in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2017) and Canada, and reached the top 10 in Ireland and the UK. The song's accompanying music video was released on March 30, 2017 on Kendrick Lamar's Vevo account. The video was directed by Dave Meyers and The Little Homies. The video starts with Lamar dressed like the pope in a cope, the scene then shows Lamar in all black lying on a table of money, \"ignorantly\" shooting loads of bills from a cash cannon. It also features a reenactment of Leonardo",
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"id": "20085264",
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},
{
"title": "My Kind of Love (song)",
"text": "falls down on her as she sings. The video was Directed by Sanji and the Cinematographer was Eric Wycoff. My Kind of Love (song) \"My Kind of Love\" is a song recorded by Scottish recording artist Emeli Sandé for her debut studio album, \"Our Version of Events\" (2012). It was released on 8 June 2012 as the album's fourth single and would go on to become a top-twenty hit on the UK Singles Chart. A year after its first release, in August 2013, It was announced that \"My Kind of Love\" would serve as the second single for the American",
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},
{
"title": "Simple Kind of Life",
"text": "verse. After the third chorus comes a coda, which closes the song as Stefani repeats the phrase \"a simple kind of life\" \"ad libitum\" while the song fades, as the song confirms its dreamy major tonality in a series of Cmaj7 and Fmaj7 chords. \"Simple Kind of Life\" received positive reviews from music critics. \"Rolling Stone\" described the song as being \"at once grand, fragile and very, very sad\" and commented that \"it's clear this woman whom many desire but few regard as a serious artist has penned a song that can sit on the same shelf with the likes",
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{
"title": "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life",
"text": "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life \"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life\" is a comedy song written by Monty Python member Eric Idle that was first featured in the film \"Monty Python's Life of Brian\" and has gone on to become a common singalong at public events such as football matches as well as funerals. The song touches on the British trait of stoicism with the \"stiff upper lip\" spirit in the face of adversity, and became immensely popular. It reached No.3 on the UK Singles Charts in 1991, and the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "3671752",
"score": "0.96174",
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},
{
"title": "Humble (song)",
"text": "it does the vintage stylings of his recent output.\" \"Entertainment Weekly\" considered it the best song of the year. \"Rolling Stone\" considered it the third-best, and \"Billboard\" the sixth. \"Humble\" debuted at number two and later peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming Lamar's first number one and highest-charting single as a lead artist, surpassing \"Swimming Pools (Drank)\", which peaked at number 17 in 2012. It is his second number one single overall after \"Bad Blood\", a collaboration with Taylor Swift. It is also his fourth top 10 single, and marked the highest debut for a",
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{
"title": "Cruel to Be Kind",
"text": "was originally closer to a soul style. Lowe later said, “Initially... the inspiration was a song I loved by Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes called, ‘The Love I Lost,’ and the bass line was the same... we loved that Philly disco stuff from the 70’s, The O’Jays, all that stuff, we loved that... I can’t really remember much about recording it. It was just another tune that we did, you know, and I sent it over to New York to Gregg and said, ‘Uhh, will this do?’” The song was originally written and recorded for the final Brinsley Schwarz",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "13788003",
"score": "0.96080273",
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},
{
"title": "Malford Milligan",
"text": "Hustinx would be producing. \"Life Will Humble You\" was released late October 2018 on the Dutch label Royal Family Records (founded by renowned Dutch singer/songwriter JW Roy). Coinciding tours in both The Netherlands and Texas are also scheduled. Malford Milligan Malford Milligan (born March 29, 1959) is an American, Austin, Texas-based soul, blues and gospel singer. He is an eight-time award-winner as \"Best Vocalist\" at the annual Austin Music Awards (last awarded in 2015). Malford Milligan was born in Taylor, Texas, to Frank and Mary Milligan. In 1981, after a period as a sociology student at Texas Tech University, Milligan",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "12917638",
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},
{
"title": "Simple Kind of Life",
"text": "of Elliott Smith and Aimee Mann.\" \"Entertainment Weekly\" characterized the song as \"manicured power pop\" with a melody \"buttery to the point of melting\". It later included the song in a list of No Doubt's top five songs, referring to it as \"musically understated (layered guitar strumming and a melancholy melody), but lyrically devastating.\" \"Slant Magazine\" found the song's melodic structure odd, but was pleased by how it \"unabashedly delivers double-takes\". \"Simple Kind of Life\" was listed at number twenty-eight on the 2000 Pazz & Jop list, a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau. In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8512007",
"score": "0.9594615",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "(Always Be My) Sunshine",
"text": "(Always Be My) Sunshine \"(Always Be My) Sunshine\" is a hip hop song by American rapper Jay-Z with guest vocals from fellow femcee Foxy Brown and R&B singer-songwriter Babyface who performs the song's chorus. It serves as the first single from his second album \"In My Lifetime, Vol. 1\" (1997). The track features production by Daven \"Prestige\" Vanderpool. Vanderpool samples MC Lyte's \"Cha Cha Cha\", Alexander O'Neal's \"Sunshine\", Kraftwerk's \"Man Machine\" and The Fearless Four's \"Rockin' It\" for the track's beat. In addition, George Fonenette plays keyboards on this song. The song's lyrics helped indicate Jay-Z's change from his Mafioso",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10522404",
"score": "0.95920265",
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},
{
"title": "She's Always Right",
"text": "a good sense of humor.\" A music video was created for the song. It was directed by Michael Merriman. The video debuted on CMT's \"Delivery Room\" on March 24th 1999 She's Always Right \"She's Always Right\" is a song written by Richie McDonald, Phil Barnhart and Ed Hill, and recorded by American country music singer Clay Walker. It was released in January 1999 as the first single from his album \"Live, Laugh, Love\". It peaked at #16 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, becoming his 17th top 20 hit on the chart. Walker told \"Country Weekly\", \"I",
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"score": "0.9577903",
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}
]
| {
"title": "Humble and Kind",
"long_answer": "\"Humble and Kind\" is a song written by Lori McKenna and first released by American singer Tim McGraw on January 20, 2016, as the second single from his 14th studio album, Damn Country Music. McKenna later recorded her rendition of the song for her eighth studio album, The Bird and the Rifle, released in July 2016. Among several other wins and nominations, the song won the award for Best Country Song at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards, \"Video of the Year\" at the 2016 CMT Music Awards, \"Song of the Year\" at 2016 CMA Awards and \"Country Song of the Year\" at 2016 American Music Awards. It has been certified platinum and reached the number one position on the country music charts in both Canada and the United States.",
"chunked_long_answer": "\"Humble and Kind\" is a song written by Lori McKenna and first released by American singer Tim McGraw on January 20, 2016, as the second single from his 14th studio album, Damn Country Music. McKenna later recorded her rendition of the song for her eighth studio album, The Bird and the Rifle, released in July 2016. Among several other wins and nominations, the song won the award for Best Country Song at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards, \"Video of the Year\" at the 2016 CMT Music Awards, \"Song of the Year\" at 2016 CMA Awards and \"Country Song of the",
"short_answers": [
"Lori McKenna"
]
} |
what is the time setting of game of thrones | [
"medieval"
]
| [
{
"title": "Game of Thrones",
"text": "The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism. George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles, political intrigue, and the characters, believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre. Martin has stated that \"the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords, but from ourselves.\"",
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"title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)",
"text": "in February 2017. In an interview with the showrunners, it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming. The showrunners stated \"We're starting a bit later because, you know, at the end of this season, winter is here, and that means that sunny weather doesn't really serve our purposes any more. We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim, gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot.\" Girona, Spain did not return as one of the",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 4)",
"text": "is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the fourth season on April 2, 2013, which began filming in July 2013. The season was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Croatia. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season like the previous seasons mainly centres around the war of the five kings; after the death of Robb Stark at The Red Wedding, all three remaining kings in Westeros believe to",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)",
"text": "reshot with some roles being recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark, who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend, Robert Baratheon. Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King, Jon Arryn,",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 3)",
"text": "Game of Thrones (season 3) The third season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on March 31, 2013, and concluded on June 9, 2013. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is based roughly on the first half of \"A Storm of Swords\" (the third of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" novels by George R. R. Martin, of which the series is an adaptation). The series is adapted for television by David",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 4)",
"text": "Game of Thrones (season 4) The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is adapted primarily from the second half of \"A Storm of Swords\", along with elements of \"A Feast for Crows\" and \"A Dance with Dragons\", all novels from the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George R. R. Martin. The series",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 5)",
"text": "Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from \"A Feast for Crows\" and \"A Dance with Dragons\", the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, \"A Storm of Swords\", as well as the upcoming",
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"id": "18135433",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones",
"text": "Game of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is \"A Game of Thrones\". It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Scotland, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 3)",
"text": "Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO renewed the series for a third season on April 10, 2012, nine days after the second season's premiere. Production began in July 2012. The show was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season follows the climactic battle at Kings Landing. Season three like the previous season mainly centers around the war of the five kings; after the death of",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 2)",
"text": "19, 2011, which began filming in July 2011, primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Iceland. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season follows the dramatic death of Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, with all of the Starks being separated across Westeros. Season two mainly centres around the War of the Five Kings, fought between the leaders of Westerosi factions who are either staking a claim on the Iron Throne, or seeking independence from it. \"Game",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones",
"text": "content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth. Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order. Eight seasons were ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons. The first two seasons adapted one novel each. For the later seasons, its creators see \"Game of Thrones\" as an adaptation of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" as a whole rather than",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)",
"text": "Game of Thrones (season 1) The first season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011 in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on \"A Game of Thrones\", the first novel in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 6)",
"text": "season, which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million. The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne. The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle, and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North. Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe. At King's Landing, the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras, but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow, who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen.",
"hasanswer": false,
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 6)",
"text": "Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones",
"text": "Sydow have also received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances. \"Game of Thrones\" is roughly based on the storylines of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\", set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos. The series chronicles the violent dynastic struggles among the realm's noble families for the Iron Throne, while other families fight for independence from it. It opens with additional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east. Showrunner David Benioff jokingly suggested \"\"The Sopranos\" in Middle-earth\" as \"Game of Thrones\" tagline, referring to its intrigue-filled plot and dark tone",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 6)",
"text": "\"Game of Thrones\" was the most-pirated TV series in 2016. Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered",
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},
{
"title": "Kit Harington",
"text": "filmed in Iceland and Northern Ireland. The series was renewed for a seventh season, which premiered on 16 July 2017, and will conclude with its eighth season in April 2019. \"Game of Thrones\" takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. Jon Snow is introduced as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark, the honorable lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Harington has received praise for his performance. In",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 8)",
"text": "of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason. Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, \"From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to.\" The season is scheduled",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones",
"text": "spinoffs in the traditional sense. He ruled out Robert's Rebellion (the overthrow of Daenerys's father by Robert Baratheon) as a possible idea, and revealed that some may be set outside Westeros. On June 8, 2018, HBO commissioned a pilot to a \"Game of Thrones\" prequel series from Goldman as showrunner and Martin as co-creator. Regarding the other four projects, HBO president of programming Casey Bloys said that some of them have been abandoned completely, while some remain as possibilities for the future. The accepted prequel will take place in the Age of Heroes, a period that begins roughly 10,000 years",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 2)",
"text": "the mythology of Westeros and Essos. The second season of \"Game of Thrones\" was the most-pirated TV series in 2012. Game of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of \"A Clash of Kings\", the second novel of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "16263738",
"score": "0.9200404",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 2)",
"text": "Game of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of \"A Clash of Kings\", the second novel of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "16263712",
"score": "0.9189548",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 8)",
"text": "Game of Thrones (season 8) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, \"The Winds of Winter\" and \"A",
"hasanswer": false,
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"id": "20048998",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 8)",
"text": "in the series, \"The Winds of Winter\" and \"A Dream of Spring\". Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season. The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017. Miguel Sapochnik, who previously directed \"The Gift\" and \"Hardhome\" on season 5, as well as \"Battle of the Bastards\" and \"The Winds of Winter\" on season 6 will return as director. He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter, who had directed two episodes on seasons two, three and five, including \"The Rains",
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},
{
"title": "Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)",
"text": "and \"The Sopranos\". Taylor also spoke about the amount of time that was intended to pass between the approach of the White Walker army, and Daenerys's arrival, saying that they were being intentionally vague, \"We did a few things, like getting deliberately hazy about how much time is passing, because it's so dark in the frozen lake and you don't know how many days or nights you may have witnessed. We tried to make it a little ambiguous and give it some wiggle room on that end. We were aware that we were asking for people's suspended disbelief — plausible",
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 8)",
"text": "episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\" Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14-month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\" HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 2)",
"text": "this season as Pyromancer Hallyne, an elderly alchemist at King's Landing. For the second season, the city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, was used instead of Malta for scenes in King's Landing and Daenerys' scenes in Qarth. For example, the Minčeta Tower in Dubrovnik was used as the House of the Undying. Scenes set north of the Wall were filmed in Iceland in November 2011. The main locations are the Vatnajökull glacier, the Svínafellsjökull glacier near Skaftafell, and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik used as the location for the Fist of the First Men with Höfðabrekka as the Frostfang Mountains. New shooting",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 8)",
"text": "Dream of Spring\". The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. The season is scheduled to premiere in April 2019. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series; it will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels",
"hasanswer": false,
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},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)",
"text": "On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the \"Game of Thrones\" Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King.",
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{
"title": "Game of Thrones",
"text": "in the pilot, playing a character described as \"a charismatic socialite hiding a dark secret.\" Game of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is \"A Game of Thrones\". It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Scotland, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12801030",
"score": "0.9041642",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 5)",
"text": "television adaptation's faster pace as part of the rationale behind this decision. Filming for the fifth season began in July 2014 in Belfast and ended in December 2014. Locations in Northern Ireland included Titanic Studios, Belfast and the cliff edge of Binevenagh Mountain. The Winterfell sets were in the village of Moneyglass. Some of the scenes that take place in the principality of Dorne were filmed in Spain, beginning in October 2014. Locations explored for the production included the Alcázar of Seville and the University of Osuna. On October 14, some scenes were filmed on the Roman bridge of Córdoba.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18135440",
"score": "0.9024917",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
}
]
| {
"title": "Game of Thrones",
"long_answer": "The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism. George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles, political intrigue, and the characters, believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre. Martin has stated that \"the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords, but from ourselves.\"",
"chunked_long_answer": "The series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism. George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy, with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles, political intrigue, and the characters, believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre. Martin has stated that \"the true horrors of human history derive not from orcs and Dark Lords, but from ourselves.\"",
"short_answers": [
"medieval"
]
} |
where does arsenic and old lace take place | [
"Brooklyn, New York"
]
| [
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "The play is a farcical black comedy revolving around the Brewster family, descended from the Mayflower, but now composed of insane homicidal maniacs. The hero, Mortimer Brewster, is a drama critic who must deal with his crazy, homicidal family and local police in Brooklyn, New York, as he debates whether to go through with his recent promise to marry the woman he loves.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (film)",
"text": "Arsenic and Old Lace (film) Arsenic and Old Lace is a 1944 American dark comedy film directed by Frank Capra, starring Cary Grant, and based on Joseph Kesselring's play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". The script adaptation was by Julius J. Epstein and Philip G. Epstein. Capra actually filmed the movie in 1941 because of star Cary Grant's availability, but it was not released until 1944, after the original stage version had finished its run on Broadway. The lead role of Mortimer Brewster was originally intended for Bob Hope, but he could not be released from his contract with Paramount Pictures.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3389232",
"score": "1.2118307",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play) Arsenic and Old Lace is a play by American playwright Joseph Kesselring, written in 1939. It has become best known through the subsequent film adaptation starring Cary Grant and directed by Frank Capra. The play was directed by Bretaigne Windust, and opened on Broadway at the Fulton Theatre on January 10, 1941. On September 25, 1943, the play moved to the Hudson Theatre. It closed there on June 17, 1944, having played 1,444 performances. Of the twelve plays written by Kesselring, \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" was the most successful, and, according to the opening night",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565926",
"score": "1.1921992",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "two spinster aunts who have taken to murdering lonely old men by poisoning them with a glass of home-made elderberry wine laced with arsenic, strychnine, and \"just a pinch\" of cyanide; a brother who believes he is Theodore Roosevelt and digs locks for the Panama Canal in the cellar of the Brewster home (which then serve as graves for the aunts' victims; he thinks that they died of yellow fever); and a murderous brother who has received plastic surgery performed by an alcoholic accomplice, Dr. Einstein (a character based on real-life gangland surgeon Joseph Moran) to conceal his identity, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565928",
"score": "1.1879444",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (film)",
"text": "that the deep theme of the play and film is the conflict in American history between the liberty to do anything (which the Brewsters demand), and America's bloody hidden past. The contemporary critical reviews were uniformly positive. \"The New York Times\" critic summed up the majority view, \"As a whole, \"Arsenic and Old Lace\", the Warner picture which came to the Strand yesterday, is good macabre fun.\" \"Variety\" declared, \"Capra's production, not elaborate, captures the color and spirit of the play, while the able writing team of Julius J. and Philip G. Epstein has turned in a very workable, tightly-compressed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3389240",
"score": "1.1102743",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (film)",
"text": "to Warner Bros records the film earned $2,836,000 domestically and $1,948,000 foreign. \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" was adapted as a radio play for the November 25, 1946, broadcast of \"The Screen Guild Theater\" with Boris Karloff and Eddie Albert, and the January 25, 1948, broadcast of the \"Ford Theatre\". Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Arsenic and Old Lace (film) Arsenic and Old Lace is a 1944 American dark comedy film directed by Frank Capra, starring Cary Grant, and based on Joseph Kesselring's play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". The script adaptation was by Julius J. Epstein and Philip G. Epstein. Capra actually",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3389242",
"score": "1.1064901",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "Carole Cook, and Michael Stever. A recent revival was mounted in February 2011 at the Dallas Theater Center starring Betty Buckley and Tovah Feldshuh. A Hebrew version was staged at the Habima Theatre in Tel Aviv with the opening night on October 29, 2012, with Lea Koenig and Dvora Kaydar in the main roles. On November 19, 2016, Independent Theatre Pakistan opened their new season with a rendition of the performance at Ali Auditorium in Lahore, Pakistan. Arsenic and Old Lace (play) Arsenic and Old Lace is a play by American playwright Joseph Kesselring, written in 1939. It has become",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565935",
"score": "1.0854753",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Arsenic & Old Lace",
"text": "a 1955 adaptation for the CBS anthology series \"The Best of Broadway\". Arsenic & Old Lace Arsenic & Old Lace is a 1962 television film directed by George Schaefer and starring Tony Randall. It first aired during season 11 of the NBC anthology series \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\". It is an adaptation of Joseph Kesselring's 1939 play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Boris Karloff reprised his role as Jonathan Brewster (who is described by the other characters as resembling the \"Frankenstein\" star), which he had originated on Broadway. He had been unable to appear in Frank Capra's 1944 film due to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20071044",
"score": "1.079681",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Arsenic & Old Lace",
"text": "Arsenic & Old Lace Arsenic & Old Lace is a 1962 television film directed by George Schaefer and starring Tony Randall. It first aired during season 11 of the NBC anthology series \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\". It is an adaptation of Joseph Kesselring's 1939 play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Boris Karloff reprised his role as Jonathan Brewster (who is described by the other characters as resembling the \"Frankenstein\" star), which he had originated on Broadway. He had been unable to appear in Frank Capra's 1944 film due to a scheduling conflict, but had played Jonathan on television once before, in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20071043",
"score": "1.0784563",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "story of the police officers and reporters from the \"Hartford Courant\" who solved the case. Kesselring originally conceived the play as a heavy drama, but it is widely believed that producers Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse (who were also well known as play doctors) convinced Kesselring that it would be much more effective as a comedy. On January 5, 1955, a 60-minute version of the play aired on the CBS Television series \"The Best of Broadway\". It starred Boris Karloff recreating his stage role as homicidal maniac Jonathan Brewster. Helen Hayes and Billie Burke played his not-so-innocent aunts, Abby and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565931",
"score": "1.0653659",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Joseph Kesselring",
"text": "hit. \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" appeared at a time of strong isolationist sentiment regarding European affairs, of the sort that was very strong at where Kesselring sent to college. The play suggested that the elite running America had a murderous heritage. Kesselring lived in a college house that would later be the basis of the set of \"Arsenic and Old Lace\", and locals have tried to identify who were some of the character models he used. Kesselring was an Episcopalian who did not fit in well with the straight-laced college. He dropped out of college in 1924. Kesselring died on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565608",
"score": "1.0393268",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (film)",
"text": "notes for his next book, Mortimer finds a corpse hidden in the window seat. He assumes in horror that Teddy's delusions have led him to murder. Abby and Martha cheerfully explain that they are responsible, that they minister to lonely old bachelors by ending their \"suffering\". They post a \"Room for Rent\" sign to attract a victim, then serve a cup of elderberry wine spiked with arsenic, strychnine and \"just a pinch of cyanide\" while getting acquainted. The bodies are buried in the basement by Teddy, who believes they are yellow fever victims who perished in the building of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3389236",
"score": "1.0391345",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "the role of Jonathan Brewster with box office returns reflecting better sales than when Boris Karloff traveled through the same cities. In 1965, Sybil Thorndike, Athene Seyler and Richard Briers appeared in the play in London. The play is still widely performed and has been translated into many languages, including a Russian film. A Broadway revival of the play ran from June 26, 1986, to January 3, 1987, at the 46th Street Theatre in New York, starring Polly Holliday, Jean Stapleton, Tony Roberts and Abe Vigoda. It was revived again in 1998 with an Oklahoma based production starring Betty Garrett,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565934",
"score": "1.0202034",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Independent Theatre Pakistan",
"text": "Azeem Hamid, creative director of the company. \"The Nation\" reported that the company will be presenting Joseph Kesselring's famous black comedy \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" on 19 November in Lahore, Pakistan. On 25 November, Sana Gilani from the \"Daily Pakistan\" published, a review of the performance \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" staged on 19 November, saying \"Independent Theatre put forth an amazingly hilarious play\" while adding that \"Azeem Hamid of Independent Theatre Pakistan put his best foot forward and directed the play’s adaptation.\" A week later, Faiz Rasool directed a re-enactment of a comedy by Ray Cooney, which received applause and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18579289",
"score": "1.0115107",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Old Lace (comics)",
"text": "a girl that they had witnessed their parents sacrificing. Old Lace has a telepathic bond with Gert. This lets her feel each other's thoughts and pain, and allows Old Lace to act on Gert's emotions. Old Lace got her name from Gert Yorkes, who had temporarily been using \"Arsenic\" as her codename (essentially making the pair Arsenic and Old Lace, after the play and film of the same name). Though Gertrude later dropped the codename after deciding that some things from her parents (such as her real name) were worth keeping, Old Lace's name stuck. During their final encounter with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12211730",
"score": "0.985844",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Old Lace (comics)",
"text": "Old Lace (comics) Old Lace (often nicknamed as OL) is a superheroine fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Old Lace appears in the Hulu television series \"Runaways\" which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Old Lace was created by Brian K. Vaughan and artist Adrian Alphona and debuted attacking the other characters in \"Runaways\" vol. 1 #2. Old Lace was given her name by Gertrude Yorkes after she had taken the code name Arsenic, making the pair Arsenic and Old Lace, which is a reference to a movie of the same name. Old Lace",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12211727",
"score": "0.98484063",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Black Widows of Liverpool",
"text": "Higgins, and Margaret Jennings all showed evidence of minimal deterioration – a quality associated with arsenic poisoning – and traces of arsenic were found in the remains of all three. Investigators initially assumed that the arsenic used to poison the victims had come from rat poison, but when common adulterants used in rat poison failed to show up in autopsies, they were forced to come up with a new theory. It was unlikely that the illiterate sisters would have been able to acquire arsenic through the usual method of visiting a chemist, a route more open to doctors than spinsters.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12739439",
"score": "0.9773443",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Windsor, Connecticut",
"text": "accident, a three-track-wide plate girder bridge was installed to carry tracks over Palisado Avenue n Windsor Center. The Joseph Kesselring stage play and Frank Capra movie \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" was inspired by actual events that took place in a three-story brick house on Prospect Street, just off the north end of the Windsor green. Sixty men died between 1907 and 1917 while in the care of Amy Archer-Gilligan. Most were proven to be victims of arsenic poisoning. On historic Palisado Avenue, one can find the First Church in Windsor, Congregational, and adjacent graveyard. Across the street on the Palisado",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1029946",
"score": "0.9720799",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (film)",
"text": "old fashioned superstition\", falls in love with Elaine Harper (Priscilla Lane), the minister's daughter who grew up next door to him. On Halloween day, Mortimer and Elaine marry. Elaine goes to her father's house to pack for the honeymoon and Mortimer returns to Abby (Josephine Hull) and Martha (Jean Adair), the aunts who raised him in the old family home. Mortimer's brother, Teddy (John Alexander), who believes he is Theodore Roosevelt, resides with them. Each time Teddy goes upstairs, he yells \"Charge!\" and takes the stairs at a run, imitating Roosevelt's famous charge up San Juan Hill. Searching for the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3389235",
"score": "0.9701116",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Old Lace (comics)",
"text": "on Friday, April 10. Old Lace (comics) Old Lace (often nicknamed as OL) is a superheroine fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Old Lace appears in the Hulu television series \"Runaways\" which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Old Lace was created by Brian K. Vaughan and artist Adrian Alphona and debuted attacking the other characters in \"Runaways\" vol. 1 #2. Old Lace was given her name by Gertrude Yorkes after she had taken the code name Arsenic, making the pair Arsenic and Old Lace, which is a reference to a movie of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12211742",
"score": "0.9609821",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "now looks like horror-film actor Boris Karloff (a self-referential joke, as the part was originally played on Broadway by Karloff). The film adaptation follows the same basic plot, with a few minor changes. August Strindberg is referenced by the character Mortimer Brewster when he compares the stories of his eccentric, and frequently murderous and disturbed, family as being as if \"...Strindberg wrote \"Hellzapoppin'\".\" The opening night cast consisted of: When Kesselring taught at Bethel College in North Newton, Kansas, he lived in a boarding house called the Goerz House, and many of the features of its living room are reflected",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565929",
"score": "0.957829",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "in the Brewster sisters' living room, where the action of the play is set. The Goerz House is now the home of the college president. Bethel College was a school of the pacifist Mennonite church. The play appeared at a time of strong isolationist sentiment regarding European affairs. The \"murderous old lady\" plot line may also have been inspired by actual events that occurred in a house on Prospect St in Windsor, Connecticut, where a woman, Amy Archer-Gilligan, took in boarders, promising \"lifetime care\", and poisoned them for their pensions. M. William Phelps book \"The Devil's Rooming House\" tells the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565930",
"score": "0.95219445",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"text": "Our Cellar\" to Stickney when she was starring opposite her husband Howard Lindsay on Broadway in \"Life With Father\" with a view to her playing Abby Brewster. It would be 23 years before she would finally play the part. Tony Randall played Mortimer in the Hallmark production and Tom Bosley played Teddy. In 1969, Robert Scheerer directed a TV version for \"ABC Movie of the Week\", with Helen Hayes and Lillian Gish as the elderly aunts, Bob Crane as Mortimer, Fred Gwynne as Jonathan and David Wayne as Teddy. Later revivals in the 1940s and 1950s had Bela Lugosi playing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4565933",
"score": "0.9496481",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Kitty Kornered",
"text": "the audience if they have a vacancy for a house. \"Milkman, Keep Those Bottles Quiet\" was a World War II hit song by Ella Mae Morse, and was sung by Nancy Walker in the movie Broadway Rhythm. The wine that the grey drunken cat was drinking says \"Arsenic and Old Grapes\" is a parody to \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". On Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, the \"Men from Mars\" characters made an appearance in \"Spaced Out\". The cats charging at Porky assume the appearances of Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders cavalry (in reference to the then-popular film \"Arsenic and Old",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4331237",
"score": "0.94611716",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (film)",
"text": "script. Capra's own intelligent direction rounds out.\" \"Harrison's Reports\" wrote: \"An hilarious entertainment, it should turn out to be one of the year's top box-office attractions.\" John Lardner of \"The New Yorker\" called the film \"practically as funny in picture form as it did on the stage, and that is very funny indeed.\" Twenty-four years after the film was released, Charles Higham and Joel Greenberg wrote \"Hollywood in the Forties\" where they stated that \"Frank Capra provided a rather overstated and strained version of \"Arsenic and Old Lace\"\". The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: According",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3389241",
"score": "0.9438269",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Paul Davies",
"text": "he supported the finding of Felisa Wolfe-Simon that arsenic can replace phosphorus because \"I had the advantage of being unencumbered by knowledge. I dropped chemistry at the age of 16, and all I knew about arsenic came from Agatha Christie novels.\" He also made the statement, \"Well, I would be astonished if this was the only arsenic-based organism on Earth and Felisa just happened to scrape it up from the bottom of Mono Lake on the first try, It's quite clear that it is the tip of an iceberg. I think it's a window into a whole new world of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2855414",
"score": "0.94129866",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Old Lace (comics)",
"text": "engineered in the 87th century, the project being commissioned by Dale and Stacey Yorkes, the parents of Gertrude. At the parents request, the designer also put in several character traits which included a tele-empathic bond with Gertrude as well as being incapable of harming any of her immediate family, as discovered when Gertrude orders Old Lace to attack her parents and Old Lace refuses. Old Lace was originally intended to be part of Gert's inheritance for when her parents died but Gertrude and the rest of the Runaways stumble upon her while searching the Yorkes' basement for the body of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12211729",
"score": "0.93440115",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Marie Lafarge",
"text": "present causing the production of arsine gas and hydrogen. The gas is then led through a tube where it is heated strongly, decomposing into hydrogen and arsenic vapor. When the arsenic vapor impinges on a cold surface, a mirror-like deposit of arsenic forms. Despite this discovery, word on the Marsh test had not reached Brive. The doctors doing the autopsy on Lafarge only took the stomach before burial, and this they subjected using the old methods, which, unknown to them, proved to be unreliable; but they finally asserted that arsenic was found in quantity in the body of Charles Lafarge.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5788333",
"score": "0.9303074",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Gertrude Yorkes",
"text": "every command. Clueing a holographic message featuring Gert's parents and the fact her basement is full of rare antiques, the Runaways conclude Gert's parents are actually time travellers. After running off, Gert takes the name Arsenic and dubs her dinosaur Old Lace, a reference to the film of the same name. While the other members take codenames to be more like superheroes, Gert takes her name to cut all ties to her parents and former life. Later she and the other Runaways decide to use their real names again, but Old Lace continues with her codename, since she did not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5394722",
"score": "0.92828166",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Lilian Braithwaite",
"text": "drawing-room dramas and light comedies. \"'Arsenic and Old Lace\" began in December 1942 and went on for three years. Braithwaite responded to the assertion of critic James Agate that she was \"the second most beautiful woman in London\", by replying, \"I shall long cherish that, coming from our second-best theatre critic.\" During the Second World War she served as chairman and chief organiser of the hospital division of ENSA. She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), for services to the stage, on 1 January 1943. Braithwaite married actor-manager Gerald Lawrence. She and Lawrence",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7352474",
"score": "0.9281524",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Arsenic and Old Lace (play)",
"long_answer": "The play is a farcical black comedy revolving around the Brewster family, descended from the Mayflower, but now composed of insane homicidal maniacs. The hero, Mortimer Brewster, is a drama critic who must deal with his crazy, homicidal family and local police in Brooklyn, New York, as he debates whether to go through with his recent promise to marry the woman he loves.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The play is a farcical black comedy revolving around the Brewster family, descended from the Mayflower, but now composed of insane homicidal maniacs. The hero, Mortimer Brewster, is a drama critic who must deal with his crazy, homicidal family and local police in Brooklyn, New York, as he debates whether to go through with his recent promise to marry the woman he loves.",
"short_answers": [
"Brooklyn, New York"
]
} |
bowler to take hattrick in both inning in test match | [
"leg spinner Jimmy Matthews",
"Jimmy Matthews"
]
| [
{
"title": "List of Test cricket hat-tricks",
"text": "A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward. Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart,",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Rangana Herath",
"text": "in Pallekele. During the second Test at Galle, Herath took a hat-trick by dismissing Adam Voges, Peter Nevill, and Mitchell Starc in the Australian first innings. He became the second Sri Lankan after Nuwan Zoysa, and first Sri Lankan spinner to take a Test hat-trick. He is also the second left-arm orthodox bowler ever to take a Test hatrick after Johnny Briggs in 1892. In the process he became the oldest cricketer to take a hat-trick in Test matches. In the third Test at SSC, Herath took his 25th and 26th five-wicket haul in Test cricket. This is his fourth",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3957642",
"score": "1.2242663",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Akila Dananjaya",
"text": "the second Test at Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium. He took his first test wicket of Mahmudullah in the Bangladesh's first innings and claimed two more wickets to restrict Bangladesh to 110 by finishing with decent figures of 3/20. In the second innings, Dananjaya took his maiden Test five-wicket haul by taking 5 for 24 runs, becoming only the 3rd Sri Lankan to take a test fifer on his test debut and the first instance for Sri Lanka since 1999. With 8 wickets for 44 runs in the match, Dananjaya's bowling figures recorded as the best bowling figures by a Sri Lankan",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16741394",
"score": "1.1954193",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Sohag Gazi",
"text": "thirteenth cricketer of all time to score a century and take a hattrick in a first-class match. He was soon picked up for the Bangladesh team for the first Test against West Indies in November 2012. Having been called up to play against the West Indies in November 2012, he bowled the first ball of the first test in Mirpur. The ball was hit for six by Chris Gayle, the first time this had been achieved in the history of the game, although he finished the innings having bowled 47 overs with figures of three for 145. In the first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16421040",
"score": "1.1906992",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Dushmantha Chameera",
"text": "the match. He made his Test debut against Pakistan in June 2015. He is the 129th Test cap for Sri Lanka. He took his first Test wicket when he bowled Zulfiqar Babar for 5 runs. In the second innings of the same match he guided Sri Lanka to the win by taking three wickets finishing with figures of 4/76 in 28.5 overs in both innings. He suffered a side-strain in the match and was ruled out of the third Test of the series. He made his Twenty20 International debut for Sri Lanka against the West Indies on 9 November 2015.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18558811",
"score": "1.169405",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Mohammed Shami",
"text": "the 10th wicket with Cheteshwar Pujara during India A's unofficial Test match against the West Indies A in June 2012. During Ranji Trophy 2012–13, in a match against Hyderabad on a green at Eden Gardens, he took 4/36 and 6/71, and scored 15* from 6 balls in the second innings to help his side win the match by 4 wickets, along with Wriddhiman Saha. He also took 7/79 and 4/72 against Madhya Pradesh at the Holkar Cricket Stadium in Indore, but in spite of that his side lost the match by 138 runs. It included a hat-trick in the first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4520684",
"score": "1.1680413",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Rangana Herath",
"text": "first test, he took 4 four wickets in first innings and match-winning five-wicket haul in the second innings. Sri Lanka eventually won the match by 106 runs, which is only the second win against Australia in 27 test matches by Sri Lanka. Herath has took 7 fifers in the fourth innings of Tests by 29 innings, which is the most fifers in second innings in least innings, previously held by legendary Muttiah Muralitharan, who took 35 innings to reach the milestone. Bowling figures of 5 for 58 in the match is also the best bowling figures in a Test innings",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3957641",
"score": "1.1564062",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Irfan Pathan",
"text": "in the final, conceding 40 runs in five wicketless overs as India lost their second successive final. He was subsequently the leading wicket-taker as India took a 2–0 clean sweep of an away Test series against Zimbabwe. In the First Test in Bulawayo, Pathan took 5/58 and 4/53 as well as scoring 52 in a man of the match performance to help India to an innings victory. He followed this with a 7/59 haul, his Test career best innings haul, and 5/67 in the final Test in Harare, his second ten-wicket match haul to set up a ten wicket victory,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2870680",
"score": "1.1513892",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Dilruwan Perera",
"text": "by 68 runs and Sri Lanka sweep the series 2-0. With 5/98, Perera became the first Sri Lankan to take a five-wicket haul in day-night Tests. During the third test against India, he took his 100th test wicket by dismissing Indian opener Shikhar Dhawan. With 25 matches to reach the milestone, Perera became the fastest bowler for Sri Lanka, in terms of matches played, to take 100 wickets in Tests. In May 2018, he was one of 33 cricketers to be awarded a national contract by Sri Lanka Cricket ahead of the 2018–19 season. In the first Test match against",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10013248",
"score": "1.1376069",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Jimmy Matthews",
"text": "was his third victim in both hat-tricks, being the only known instance of a king pair on debut in Test cricket. Matthews took no other wickets in the match, giving him match figures of 6 wickets for 54 runs, but he did take a further 9 wickets in the series, including 4/29 in the fifth match of the series, again against South Africa. Prior to becoming an international cricketer Matthews played Australian rules football for the Williamstown in the Victorian Football Association in 1905–1906 and 1908–1910; and for St Kilda in the Victorian Football League in 1907. He was primarily",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5955617",
"score": "1.135889",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Rangana Herath",
"text": "for 127 runs, the best figures for a left-arm bowler in Test cricket. He was man of the match in both Test matches and also man of the series. During the Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14, Herath became the first Sri Lankan and 16th overall to be dismissed for a king pair in test history. In the second innings of the first Test against India in 2015, Herath took seven wickets for 48 runs, where Sri Lanka only had 175 runs behind India's total of 375. Herath was only able to take a single",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3957635",
"score": "1.1329385",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Joe Denly",
"text": "balls at the end of Warwickshire's second innings to win the match for Kent. In June of the same season he took a hat-trick in Kent's opening T20 match of the season, having scored his fourth T20 century during Kent's innings. This was the first time in professional T20 cricket that a player had scored a century and taken a hat-trick in the same match. In October 2018 he took four wickets in a T20 match for the first time with figures of 4/19 on his return to the England side against Sri Lanka – at the time the second",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6790058",
"score": "1.1323804",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Rangana Herath",
"text": "for Sri Lanka. During the first match, Herath ended the year 2016 as the second highest wicket-taker in Test cricket with 57 scalps, only behind Indian Ravichandran Ashwin (72 scalps). He took 5 fifers and 2 tenfers in the year with economy of 2.61. Despite his achievements, Sri Lanka lost all three Tests. Herath took 1/159 in the first innings of the first Test against India in Galle. He went wicketless in the second. In the second Test at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo he took 4/154 as India won the match by an innings and 53 runs. He",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3957649",
"score": "1.1319652",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Bangladeshi cricket team in Pakistan in 2003",
"text": "the test series for claiming a dropped catch. Yasir Hameed became the second batsmen in Test cricket (after Lawrence Rowe) to score two centuries on debut, and the fourth Pakistani to score two centuries in one Test match. On the third day of the match Alok Kapali became the first Bangladeshi cricketer and the 31st cricketer overall to take a test hat-trick in the first innings of the match. He took the wickets of Shabbir Ahmed, Danish Kaneria, and Umar Gul. This was Bangladesh's first first-innings lead in 22 Test matches. Man of the match, Shoaib Akhtar, took his first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9580934",
"score": "1.1299257",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Hat-trick",
"text": "same county game against India in 1996. The Cricinfo report on the game claimed that this was unique in cricket. Nuwan Zoysa of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to achieve a hat-trick off his first three balls in a Test, dismissing Murray Goodwin, Neil Johnson and Trevor Gripper of Zimbabwe. In 2006 Irfan Pathan of India achieved a hat-trick in the first over of the test match, off the last three balls, when dismissing Salman Butt, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan. Chaminda Vaas is the only one to achieve a hat-trick of the very first deliveries in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2454031",
"score": "1.1287584",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Dilruwan Perera",
"text": "and whitewash of Australia for the first time. During the first test against India, Perera scored unbeaten 92 runs, which was praised by commentators as a fighting inning. However, with falling wickets at the other end, he was stranded eight short of a maiden Test century. In the second innings, Perera also scored brisk unbeaten 21 runs as well. However, Sri Lanka lost the match by 304 runs. Perera took his fifth five-wicket haul on 10 October 2017 against Pakistan at Dubai. His bowling figures of 5 for 98 in the second innings provided Sri Lanka to win the match",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10013247",
"score": "1.127235",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Surendranath (cricketer)",
"text": "Test he took 5 for 115 off 47.1 overs in the first innings, and in the Fifth he took 5 for 75 off 51.3 overs in England's only innings, as well as making his highest Test score of 27, adding 58 for the eighth wicket with Naren Tamhane after India had been 74 for 7 in their first innings. \"For one not too well endowed physically he stood up well to many long spells of bowling,\" noted \"Wisden\", but he \"spent hours bowling down the leg side\" to a packed leg-side field; \"this happy cricketer would help the game if",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7077938",
"score": "1.1267269",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Chris Martin (cricketer)",
"text": "1st Test against Pakistan at Seddon Park. He took his 500th wicket in first-class cricket, with the dismissal of Tanvir Ahmed on the third day of the first Test against Pakistan in January 2011. He also holds the dubious distinction of scoring fewer runs (123) off his bat than wickets (233) taken in Test cricket; the only other cricketer with this distinction over a significant Test career is B. S. Chandrasekhar of India. Martin also holds the record of being the only cricketer to be dismissed for a diamond duck (run out on 0 without facing a ball) twice in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6376244",
"score": "1.1263971",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Ian Botham",
"text": "a personal triumph for Botham who became the first player in Test history to score a century and take ten wickets in the same match. England's wicketkeeper Bob Taylor held ten catches in the match, eight of them off Botham's bowling. India won the toss and decided to bat first but, with Botham taking six for 58, they were all out on day one for 242. England replied with 296, the highlight being Botham's 114 from just 144 balls; he began his innings with England in trouble at 57 for four. This quickly became 58 for five and Botham was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "207429",
"score": "1.1256946",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Rangana Herath",
"text": "consecutive Test against Australia in where he has taken four or more wickets in the opponent's first innings. His 25th fifer mark is the highest by a bowler to take fifers since 2009. In this period, no other bowler has taken even 20 such hauls. His ten wicket haul in the match gave the series whitewash against Number 1 ranked Australia for the first time in history. He took 13 wickets in the last test match and 28 wickets in the series. Both these wicket figures are record for a Sri Lankan against Australia. After usual captain Angelo Mathews injured",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3957643",
"score": "1.1255765",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Raghuram Bhat",
"text": "performances in the season bought him into national limelight and he was selected for the upcoming series against Pakistan. Raghuram Bhat played his first test against Pakistan at Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur. His first test wicket was Javed Miandad. He later picked up Mudassar Nazar's wicket as well. India drew the game and the series was shared between the 2 arch rivals. Raghuram Bhat's next test was against the West Indies at the Green Park Stadium in Kanpur. Bhat picked up the wickets of Clive Lloyd and Gus Logie. India lost the test by an innings and 83 runs.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5573101",
"score": "1.1234084",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Jim Burke (cricketer)",
"text": "the deciding Test in Calcutta, falling both times to the spin of Ghulam Ahmed for 10 and 2 on a pitch affected by flooding. He had been dismissed all four times against India by spinners. On the rain-affected pitch in the second innings, Burke took his first wickets in Test cricket, helping Australia to defend their target of 231. He trapped opener Pankaj Roy leg before wicket for 24, and then bowled Gulabrai Ramchand, had Prakash Bhandari caught, and then bowled Ahmed for a duck. He ended with 4/37 as India were dismissed 95 runs short of the victory target.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6615303",
"score": "1.1231786",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Wayne Clark (cricketer)",
"text": "2–83 (Gavaskar in both innings) with useful scores with the bat of 15 and 5 not out – the latter was important as he and Jeff Thomson chased down the 12 runs to win with two wickets in hand. He kept his place for the next two tests. In the third test Clark took 4–73 and 4–96, but Australia's batting was not as strong an India won by 222 runs (Clark's second innings score of 33 was Australia's second highest). He took 2–66 in the fourth test, but India won by an innings and 2 runs. He suffered a bad",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8177806",
"score": "1.1217487",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Ian Botham",
"text": "Hadlee extended the record to 431 in 86 matches. See List of Test cricket records#Career. As described above, Botham in 1980 became the second player to achieve the \"match double\" of 100 runs and ten wickets in Test cricket, following Alan Davidson in 1960–61. Botham was, however, the first to score a century and take ten wickets in a Test match (Davidson scored 44 and 80). The century and ten double has since been achieved by Imran Khan who scored 117 and took six for 98 and five for 82 against India at the Iqbal Stadium in Faisalabad in January",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "207473",
"score": "1.1216601",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Taijul Islam",
"text": "record (7/36 against New Zealand in 2008). Only two left-arm bowlers have recorded better figures in a Test innings – Sri Lanka's Rangana Herath (9/127) and England's Johnny Briggs (8/11). Later in the match, Taijul featured in an unbroken 19-run partnership for the eighth wicket, hitting the winning runs as Bangladesh won by three wickets. He was subsequently named man of the match. Making his One Day International debut for Bangladesh against Zimbabwe on 1 December 2014, Taijul finished with figures of 4/11 from seven overs, including a hat-trick. He became the fourth Bangladeshi to take an ODI hat-trick, after",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16433422",
"score": "1.1214485",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Lakshan Sandakan",
"text": "a Test innings. His figures did not held Sri Lanka to win the match due to poor batting performances in both innings. India won the match by an innings and 171 runs, and whitewashed Sri Lanka for the first time in tests as well. Sandakan played third Test against India at Delhi. Though he took four wickets in the first innings, he conceded more than 100 runs to the opposition. With few interruptions in the test due to air pollution, match was ended quiet early in first two days. While batting, Sandakan helped skipper Dinesh Chandimal to reach his century",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19299663",
"score": "1.1203877",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Sinhalese Sports Club Ground",
"text": "target of only 181 runs. This is one of Sri Lanka's narrowest defeats in Test cricket. Shane Warne took three wickets in thirteen balls; this was his first notable performance in Test cricket. In the 2001-02 Asian Test Championship, Mohammed Ashraful of Bangladesh become the youngest cricketer to score a Test hundred, one day before his 17th birthday. However Bangladesh went on to lose the match by an innings and 137 runs. Chaminda Vaas took 8 wickets for 19 runs in 2001/02 against Zimbabwe, the best bowling performance in a One Day International match. The Zimbabwean total of 38 was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5818340",
"score": "1.1177287",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Ashley Mallett",
"text": "and a duck as the tourists lost by 24 runs. Mallett took his maiden wickets in the next match against India, taking 2/55 in an innings win. His first victims were Ramakant Desai and Bhagwat Chandrasekhar, both caught by his spinning partner Jenner. In the following match, he took 2/65 and 6/81, removing former Test batsman Peter Burge twice to set up a six-wicket win over Queensland, and two matches later, faced his former state for the first time. He took 2/26 in the first innings, finishing off the tail, before taking 6/75 in the second innings to complete a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5918013",
"score": "1.1172976",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)",
"text": "putting on 109 for the tenth wicket with Hemu Adhikari. In the Third Test against Australia in Calcutta in 1956-57 he took 7 for 49 and 3 for 81, his best Test innings and match figures. His best match and innings first-class figures came in the match against Madras in the Ranji Trophy in 1947-48, when he took 5 for 28 and 9 for 53. When Holkar made 757 against Hyderabad in 1950-51 he had bowling figures of 92.3-21-245-4. He managed the Indian team that toured Australia and New Zealand in 1967-68. He was the uncle of the former Pakistan",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5468823",
"score": "1.1170803",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Richie Benaud",
"text": "He claimed his Test innings best of 7/72 in the first innings of the First Test in Madras, allowing Australia to build a large lead and win by an innings. It was his first five-wicket haul in a Test innings. After taking four wickets in the drawn Second Test in Bombay, Benaud bowled Australia to victory in the Third Test in Calcutta, sealing the series 2–0. He took 6/52 and 5/53, his best-ever match analysis, ending the series with 113 runs at 18.83 and 24 wickets at 17.66. It was the first of his successes against India, against whom he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "368330",
"score": "1.1159306",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "List of Test cricket hat-tricks",
"long_answer": "A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward. Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994. Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career. During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match. Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday, and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward. Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart,",
"short_answers": [
"Jimmy Matthews",
"leg spinner Jimmy Matthews"
]
} |
what is the width of a cricket bat | [
"no more than 4.25 inches"
]
| [
{
"title": "Cricket bat",
"text": "A cricket bat is a specialised piece of equipment used by batsmen in the sport of cricket to hit the ball, typically consisting of a cane handle attached to a flat-fronted willow-wood blade. The length of the bat may be no more than 38 inches (965 mm) and the width no more than 4.25 inches (108 mm). Its use is first mentioned in 1624. Since 1979, a rule change stipulated that bats can only be made from wood.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Cricket",
"text": "the total length of the bat not more than 38 inches (965 mm). There is no standard for the weight which is usually between 2 lb 7 oz and 3 lb (1.1 and 1.4 kg). The ball is a hard leather-seamed spheroid, with a circumference of . The ball has a \"seam\": six rows of stitches attaching the leather shell of the ball to the string and cork interior. The seam on a new ball is prominent, and helps the bowler propel it in a less predictable manner. During matches, the quality of the ball deteriorates to a point where",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14154150",
"score": "1.1497469",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Cricket bat",
"text": "risk of the bat snapping. The bat may also need raw linseed oil, which fills in the gaps between the fibres. Law 5 of the Laws of Cricket, as the rules of the game are known, state that the length of the bat may be no more than 38 in (965 mm), the width no more than 4.25 in (108 mm), the overall depth no more than 2.64 in (67 mm) and edge no more than 1.56 in (40 mm). Bats typically weigh from 2 lb 7 oz to 3 lb (1.2 to 1.4 kg) though there is no standard.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2634962",
"score": "1.0884893",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Cricket bat",
"text": "Appendix B of the Laws of Cricket set out more precise specifications. This rule was introduced following the Monster Bat Incident of 1771. Bats are available in a range of sizes, with some manufacturers offering unique variations. Commonly found are children's sizes 0 to 6, youth size Harrow and adult sizes. SH (Short Handle) is the most common adult size, whilst long handle and long blade options are also available. Children's sizes increase in length and width as the size increase. Although most adult bats will be the maximum width permitted (4.25 inches), no generally available cricket bat is the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2634963",
"score": "1.0727249",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "World's biggest cricket bat",
"text": "has been titled as \"Ambassadors of peace and love.\" The bat is 50 feet (15.2 m) in length, including the handle, which measures 15 feet (4.57 m) in length. The width of the bat measures 6 feet (1.82 m). The wooden bat is solid, and looks exactly like a normal one. Pakistan's ace batting star Javed Miandad was the first person to put his signature on the bat, followed by then-Sindh Chief Minister Abdullah Shah and the president of Pasban-e-Pakistan, Altaf Shakoor. After the unveiling ceremony, the bat was placed at the National Stadium in Karachi for public display. Later",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7206601",
"score": "1.0412192",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Laws of Cricket",
"text": "bat\". The bat is no more than in length, no more than wide, no more than deep at its middle and no deeper than at the edge. The hand or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat. Ever since the ComBat incident, a highly publicised marketing attempt by Dennis Lillee, who brought out an aluminium bat during an international game, the Laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made of wood. \"Law 6: The pitch\". The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground long and wide. The Ground Authority selects and prepares",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2631206",
"score": "1.0103532",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Cricket bat",
"text": "maximum length of 38 inches, indeed very few exceed 35 inches. Various companies have over the years tried new shapes that come within the laws of the game to make a name for themselves and to improve sales. In the 1960s the first shoulderless bats appeared from Slazenger. This allowed more of the weight to be redistributed to the \"sweet spot\" of the blade providing more power to each stroke, whilst still having good balance and light \"pick up.\" This style of bat was made famous by Lance Cairns's six sixes in a match played in 1983. The 1970s saw",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2634964",
"score": "0.9938084",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Thomas White (cricketer, born c. 1740)",
"text": "version of the Laws of Cricket wherein the maximum width of the bat was set at four and one quarter inches. White may have done this with the intention of seeking an unfair advantage or merely as a prank, or possibly even to force the issue in order to get the Laws changed. Straight bats had replaced the old hockey stick shape a few years earlier (in response to bowlers pitching instead of rolling the ball as formerly) and the width issue may have been rankling. His motive remains a mystery but the Hambledon objection has been preserved by Marylebone",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6453229",
"score": "0.9783363",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "World's biggest cricket bat",
"text": "Ltd) in Bangladesh. They created \"LEMU WORLD's BIGGEST BAT\", a 70 feet (21.336 m) long and 8 feet (2.438 m) wide and 9300(9.3 K.G) bat, to wish the Bangladesh cricket team good luck in World Cup cricket. This bat collected about two million wishes and signature of cricket fans from different places of Bangladesh. LG Electronics presented a 16 m long, 2 m wide, 1 m deep bat to the South African national cricket team at their final warmup game prior to the 2003 Cricket World Cup, on February 10, 2003. According to LG's press release, this bat is the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7206599",
"score": "0.96762705",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Cricket pitch",
"text": "fails to enter the \"strike zone\" and is not swung at by the \"batter\".) Cricket pitch In the game of cricket, the cricket pitch consists of the central strip of the cricket field between the wickets. It is 22 yards (20.12 m) long and 10 feet (3.05 m) wide. The surface is flat and normally covered with extremely short grass though this grass is soon removed by wear at the ends of the pitch. In amateur matches in some parts of the world, artificial pitches are sometimes used. These can be a slab of concrete overlaid with a coir mat",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2629107",
"score": "0.9674707",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "The Cricketers of My Time",
"text": "5½ oz, or more than 5¾ oz. The Laws of cricket still stipulate the limit on the width of the bat that was agreed by the Hambledon Club as a result of the \"Monster Bat Incident\". While Nyren, a boy at the time of the incident in 1771, may have thought that White was cheating, it is now believed that he forced an issue as the modern straight bats were a recent innovation, replacing the original hockey-stick shape, and no standard dimensions had as yet been agreed. One of Nyren's most vivid biographical sketches is his chapter on Lamborn, who",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15219306",
"score": "0.96413434",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Wide (cricket)",
"text": "Wide (cricket) In the sport of cricket, a wide is one of two things: Wides are covered by Law 22 of the Laws of Cricket. A wide does not count as one of the six balls in an over, nor as a ball faced by the batsman. When a wide is bowled, one run is added to the runs scored off that ball, and is scored as extras and are added to the team's total, but are not added to a batsman's total. A batsman cannot, by definition, be out bowled, leg before wicket, caught, or hit the ball twice",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3159960",
"score": "0.9631",
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},
{
"title": "Laws of Cricket",
"text": "players. As a result, it was decided by the game's lawmakers that the maximum width of the bat must be four and one quarter inches; this was included in the next revision of the Laws and it remains the maximum width. On Friday, 25 February 1774, the Laws were revised by a committee meeting at the \"Star and Garter\". Chaired by Sir William Draper, the members included prominent cricket patrons the 3rd Duke of Dorset, the 4th Earl of Tankerville, Charles Powlett, Philip Dehany and Sir Horatio Mann. The clubs and counties represented were Kent, Hampshire, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2631196",
"score": "0.9630379",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Baseball bat",
"text": "for the pitcher to get out of the way in time. Some amateur baseball organizations enforce bat manufacturing and testing standards which attempt to limit maximum ball speed for wood and non-wood bats. In high school baseball in the United States: In some 12-year-old-and-under youth leagues (such as Little League baseball), the bat may not be more than in diameter. However, in many other leagues (like PONY League Baseball, and Cal Ripken League Baseball), the bat may not be more than in diameter. There are limitations to how much and where a baseball player may apply pine tar to a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3465752",
"score": "0.9520837",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Comparison of baseball and cricket",
"text": "his bat. While there is no sharply defined \"strike zone\" in cricket as there is in baseball (but there are lines known as the return creases perpendicular to the other crease lines which the umpires can use as a guide, and in limited overs cricket specific wide lines are painted on the pitch 17 inches (43.2 cm) inside the return creases), in both cases the umpire must judge whether the ball was delivered fairly. Both the \"wide\" and the \"ball\" result in a \"penalty\". In cricket, like a no-ball, a single run is awarded to the battling team and it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3732839",
"score": "0.9494103",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Cricket nets",
"text": "ft being optimum. The height should be no less than 9 ft if the length of net is longer than 24 ft, this is increased to 10 ft up to a length of 36 ft and nets with roof lengths beyond 36 ft should have a net height of 12 ft – this is to prevent balls ending up on the roof of the cricket net after being bowled. The length of the net is flexible, however the longer the net the more ball containment and the safer the surround training area is. There is a further type of outdoor",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5798346",
"score": "0.9488791",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Line and length",
"text": "to deviate horizontally in its flight, also making it easier for the batsman to hit. A good length ball is a compromise between these two, bouncing far enough from the batsman for lateral deviation to be significant, but not so far that he can react easily to hit it. For quick bowlers the \"good length ball\" is usually six to eight metres in front of the batsman, and for slower bowlers (spin) it is usually at about three to four metres before the batsman, though the optimal length will vary according to the state of the pitch, prevailing climatic conditions",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6398538",
"score": "0.94751287",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Forms of cricket",
"text": "shots are expressly forbidden, and instead the winning batsman is the one who can survive the longest number of deliveries. Typically this will be played with a tennis ball or other soft bouncy ball, and modified rules, such as \"one hand one bounce\" are often employed. The length of the wicket will typically be roughly 15 metres, and the non-bowling fielders will be encircled close round the bat looking for a catching chance. It is a game in which the ball is bowled at the legs of the batsman, with the batsman's legs forming the wicket. It is often played",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3594001",
"score": "0.94370854",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Comparison of baseball and cricket",
"text": "Day International cricket is played on a field with a minimum width of and length , giving a minimum area of , assuming an elliptical shape. However the shape of a cricket ground is not fixed. Test grounds around the world are typically , an area of about , ranging up to or at a venue such as the MCG. In cricket, the \"pitch\" is a prepared rectangular area between two wickets. Its length is the distance between the wickets, . While its width is 12 feet or 3.66 metres in length, the width of the playing area on that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3732791",
"score": "0.94276774",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Wide (cricket)",
"text": "the boundary for a four off a no-ball. If a wide ball crosses the boundary without touching the ground, only five wides (not seven) are scored - according to Law 19.7, a boundary six can only be scored if the ball has touched the bat. If a ball qualifies as a no-ball as well as a wide, the umpire will call it a no-ball, and all the rules for a no-ball apply. Wides are considered to be the fault of the bowler, and are recorded as a negative statistic in a bowler's record. However, this has only been the case",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3159962",
"score": "0.93932426",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Bowling (cricket)",
"text": "gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. The ball must be between 5 & 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart\". There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat. It appears that 40 notches was viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling quickly at shins unprotected by pads. The world's first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "628906",
"score": "0.93492234",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Cricket",
"text": "centrally on the bowling crease, which is eight feet eight inches long. The popping crease is drawn four feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to it; although it is drawn as a twelve-foot line (six feet either side of the wicket), it is in fact unlimited in length. The return creases are drawn at right angles to the popping crease so that they intersect the ends of the bowling crease; each return crease is drawn as an eight-foot line, so that it extends four feet behind the bowling crease, but is also in fact unlimited in length.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14154142",
"score": "0.9329866",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Cricket field",
"text": "Cricket field A cricket field is a large grassy ground on which the game of cricket is played. Although generally oval in shape, there is a wide variety within this: some are almost perfect circles, some elongated ovals and some entirely irregular shapes with little or no symmetry – but they will have entirely curved boundaries, almost without exception. There are no fixed dimensions for the field but its diameter usually varies between 450 feet (137 m) and 500 feet (150 m). Cricket is unusual among major sports (along with Golf, Australian rules football and baseball) in that there is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8005061",
"score": "0.92977214",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Wicket",
"text": "sometimes called \"the wicket\". The size and shape of the wicket has changed several times during the last 300 years and its dimensions and placing is now determined by Law 8 in the \"Laws of Cricket\", thus: There are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket. The umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit (e.g., if it is windy they might fall off by themselves). Further details on the specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix D to the laws.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2629199",
"score": "0.92831194",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Short of a length",
"text": "Short of a length Short of a length (sometimes referred to as \"back of a length\" or \"short of a good length\") is a term used in the sport of cricket. It describes a delivery from the bowler that pitches short of the optimum length. Length in cricket defines where the ball pitches on the wicket. A good length ball is one that pitches at a distance that makes it difficult for the batsman to ascertain whether to play the ball on the front foot or back foot. A bouncer is a ball that passes the batsman above chest height.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6951093",
"score": "0.9277273",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Crease (cricket)",
"text": "through the centres of the three stumps at each end. It is 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) long, with the stumps in the centre. Four return creases are drawn, one on each side of each set of stumps. The return creases lie perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each return crease line starts at the popping crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3122873",
"score": "0.9247203",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Line and length",
"text": "Line and length Line and length in cricket refers to the direction and point of bouncing on the pitch of a delivery. The two concepts are frequently discussed together. The line of a delivery is the direction of its trajectory measured in the horizontal plane. More simply, it is a measure of how far to the left or right the ball is travelling, compared to a line drawn straight down the pitch. It is usually referred to in terms of the directions off (away in front of the batsman) and leg (in towards or behind the batsman), rather than left",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6398532",
"score": "0.9230628",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Line and length",
"text": "and right, however. Different lines that the ball may be said to be travelling on may be towards off stump, middle stump or leg stump, outside leg stump, or outside off stump. Balls on a line outside off stump may be said to be in the \"corridor of uncertainty\" if they are within 12 inches of the line of off stump. Wider deliveries may be said to be giving a batsman \"width\". Balls delivered on a line outside leg stump are often referred to as \"going down the leg side\", or alternatively \"on the pads\", referring to the batsman's leg",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6398533",
"score": "0.92191064",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Little League Baseball",
"text": "mm) and a maximum barrel diameter of . Bats for the Big and Senior League levels may have a maximum length of thirty-six (36) inches (914 mm) and a maximum barrel diameter of . Non-wood Big and Senior League bats must meet the Batted Ball Coefficient of Restitution (BBCOR) testing standards that are currently used in the NCAA and NFHS (high school). Intermediate Little League bats must meet Junior League specifications. When the pitcher is ready to pitch, a baserunner may not leave the bag until the pitch reaches the batter in Minor League and standard Little League. In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2531376",
"score": "0.9210751",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Laws of Cricket",
"text": "Points that differ from the modern Laws (use of \"italics\" is to highlight the differences only): (a) the wickets shall be pitched at \"twenty three yards\" distance from each other; (b) that \"twelve\" Gamesters shall play on each side; (c) the Batt Men for every one they count are to \"touch the Umpire's Stick\"; (d) no Player shall be deemed out by any Wicket put down, \"unless with the Ball in Hand\". In modern cricket: (a) the pitch is 22 yards long; (b) the teams are eleven-a-side; (c) runs were only completed if the batsman touched the umpire's stick (which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2631192",
"score": "0.9205038",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "Cricket bat",
"long_answer": "A cricket bat is a specialised piece of equipment used by batsmen in the sport of cricket to hit the ball, typically consisting of a cane handle attached to a flat-fronted willow-wood blade. The length of the bat may be no more than 38 inches (965 mm) and the width no more than 4.25 inches (108 mm). Its use is first mentioned in 1624. Since 1979, a rule change stipulated that bats can only be made from wood.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A cricket bat is a specialised piece of equipment used by batsmen in the sport of cricket to hit the ball, typically consisting of a cane handle attached to a flat-fronted willow-wood blade. The length of the bat may be no more than 38 inches (965 mm) and the width no more than 4.25 inches (108 mm). Its use is first mentioned in 1624. Since 1979, a rule change stipulated that bats can only be made from wood.",
"short_answers": [
"no more than 4.25 inches"
]
} |
who played alex cross in along came a spider | [
"Morgan Freeman"
]
| [
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "Along Came a Spider is a 2001 American neo noir psychological thriller film directed by Lee Tamahori. It is a sequel to the 1997 film Kiss the Girls, with Morgan Freeman reprising his role as detective Alex Cross. The screenplay by Marc Moss was adapted from the 1993 novel of the same title by James Patterson, but many of the key plot elements of the book were controversially eliminated. The movie received negative to mixed critical reviews, although it became a box office success.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "implausible by them, as in \"Along Came a Spider\", I get distracted. I'm wondering, since Dr. Alex Cross is so brilliant, how come he doesn't notice yawning logical holes in the very fabric of the story he's occupying? ... The film contains two kinds of loopholes: (1) Those that emerge when you think back on the plot, and (2) Those that seem like loopholes at the time, and then are explained by later developments that may contain loopholes of their own ... There are places in this movie you just can't get to from other places in this movie.\" Nonetheless,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892238",
"score": "1.1707774",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "Ebert thought that Freeman's performance made Cross an intriguing character, even when the plot was verging on the nonsensical. Robert Koehler of \"Variety\" felt \"the very characteristics that have made Cross so appealing, particularly his mind-tickling abilities to assess and outmaneuver his criminal opponents, are reduced here to the most fundamental and predictable level ... As reliable as any actor in Hollywood, Freeman delivers the requisite gravitas, but the bland script curtails any personal touches he might have inserted were his sleuth character unraveling a truly vexing mystery.\" However, critic Harvey O'Brian weighed in with the sentiment that \"Unlike, for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892239",
"score": "1.1602775",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (novel)",
"text": "his life any further, Cross returns home to spend time with his family. Alex Cross: An African-American forensic psychologist as well as a detective, described as good-looking and well-built. He is often referred to as \"Doctor Detective.\" Despite being very dedicated to his job, he manages to be a devoted father to his two children. His wife, Maria, was killed in a shooting before the novel begins and he is romantically involved with Jezzie Flannagan before he finds out her role in Maggie Rose's disappearance. Jezzie Flannagan: Before the kidnapping of Maggie Rose and Michael Goldberg, she held an esteemed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4583300",
"score": "1.1269794",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross (novel series)",
"text": "Soneji dies, which would therefore erase him from any future adaptation of \"Cat and Mouse\", nor does Soneji escape from prison, nor is the trial in court seen or mentioned in the film. A proposed third film based on \"Pop Goes the Weasel!\", but after \"Along Came a Spider\" was panned at the box office, the plans were canceled. Many years after \"Along Came a Spider\"'s release, a reboot was revealed to be in the works, set for a 2011 release date. Idris Elba was attached to the film as the role of Alex Cross in the film. It was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16853318",
"score": "1.1240717",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross",
"text": "Dunne and Michael Goldberg, children kidnapped by serial killer Gary Soneji in \"Along Came A Spider\". They first meet at the school from where the kids were taken and later in Miami, where they share a drink or two. After discovering Michael's body, they become closer and after capturing Soneji they begin to fall in love. Many people in Alex's life, including Nana Mama and John Sampson, disapprove of the relationship because Alex and Jezzie are of different races. Alex ignores their warnings. It is later revealed that Jezzie had teamed up with Secret Service agent Mike Devine, her other",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6530606",
"score": "1.116221",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "fruition. After searching Flannigan's personal computer, he finds enough evidence to prove Flannigan and her fellow Secret Service agent Ben Devine (Billy Burke) used Soneji as a pawn in their own plot. He tracks them down to a secluded farmhouse where Flannigan has murdered Devine and is now intent on eliminating Megan Rose. Cross saves Megan and shoots Flannigan in the heart, killing her. Afterwards, Cross takes Megan back to her parents. One of the primary elements of the book screenwriter Marc Moss eliminated from his script was the fact that Soneji is actually a mild-mannered suburban husband and father",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892234",
"score": "1.102043",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross",
"text": "Ian Flaherty is compromised and arrested. Gary Soneji first appears in \"Along Came a Spider.\" He kidnaps two children. At the end of that book Soneji is in prison, but in \"Kiss the Girls,\" he escapes. In \"Jack and Jill,\" Cross gets a call from Gary saying that he'll be seeing him soon. In \"Cat and Mouse,\" Soneji returns, opening fire in subway stations and killing his wife Missy. He locks his daughter Roni in a cellar as had happened to him as a kid. Eventually Cross finds out that while in prison Gary was raped and now has a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6530631",
"score": "1.0944502",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross",
"text": "Alex has bad luck with women. His wife Maria was murdered before the series began. His lover in \"Along Came a Spider\", Jezzie Flanigan, is involved in the kidnapping of two children, for which she is executed by lethal injection. In \"Kiss The Girls\", Cross develops a deep friendship with Dr. Kateyla \"Kate\" McTiernan. There were hints of a possible romantic relationship, but they preferred to remain friends. In \"Jack & Jill\", Alex meets Christine Johnson for the first time and falls in love with her by \"Cat & Mouse\", in which they start dating. In \"Pop Goes the Weasel\",",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6530586",
"score": "1.089683",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "kidnapper demands Cross deliver a ransom of $10 million in diamonds by following an intricate maze of calls made to public phone booths scattered throughout the city. Cross ultimately tosses the gems out the window of a rapidly moving Metro train to a figure standing by the tracks. Soneji later arrives at Flannigan's home and confronts Cross after disabling Flannigan with a taser, the detective realizes the kidnapper is unaware of the ransom demand and delivery. Soneji tries to leave with Flannigan, but Cross kills him. Cross becomes suspicious and realizes someone discovered Soneji long before his plot came to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892233",
"score": "1.0763606",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "suffering from dissociative identity disorder resulting from having been abused as a child. After a lengthy trial for kidnapping and several murders not included in the film, he is found guilty but remanded to a mental institution to serve his sentence. Also missing from the film is a romantic relationship shared by Cross and Jezzie, her trial and eventual execution by lethal injection, and the discovery of Megan (Maggie as she is known in the book), hidden away with a native Bolivian family near the Andes Mountains, two years after her kidnapping. A few other minor differences from the original",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892235",
"score": "1.075854",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (novel)",
"text": "Mike Devine and Charley Chakely, the Secret Service agents in charge of protecting Maggie Rose and Michael when they were kidnapped. He meets with Soneji, who confirms he may have been followed. He did not make the connection until he recognized the man at his trial: Mike Devine. Cross meets with the FBI, who have believed for some time that Devine and Chakely took the ransom money, hiring and later murdering the pilot from Florida. Cross also learns that no other than Jezzie Flannagan masterminded the kidnapping using her lover, Devine, as a pawn. Around the same time, Soneji escapes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4583297",
"score": "1.0724897",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "to the audience. It draws you in to a (relatively) realistic depiction of a tense situation in which people behave less like action heroes and more like human beings.\" Compuserve's Harvey Karten argued, \"Some critics will tell you that despite Lee Tamahori's overplotting of Marc Moss's adaptation of James Patterson's novel, \"Along Came a Spider\" is one of those thrillers that allow you to check your brains at the door. Not true. Did the journalists all go for popcorn when Detective Alex Cross and Special Agent Jezzie Flannigan (nice spelling) engaged first in a discussion of psychology and then of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892241",
"score": "1.0723317",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross (novel series)",
"text": "favorable reviews, especially \"Double Cross;\" \"Cross Fire;\" \"I, Alex Cross;\" and \"Alex Cross, Run\". The series is published worldwide, with Little, Brown currently holding publication rights in the United States, in paperback, hardcover, and audiobook editions. The first book in the series, \"Along Came a Spider\", was released in 1993 to positive reviews, spawning a series of over twenty subsequent novels. The series has led to three films, \"Kiss the Girls\" (1997), \"Along Came a Spider\" (2001), and \"Alex Cross\" (2012). Alex Cross is a widower-detective-father who often fights against threatening villains—and criminals—who wish to kill Cross and others. It",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16853303",
"score": "1.0594031",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "example, the overblown kidnap movie \"Ransom\", \"Along Came a Spider\" plays down its sensational elements. It favours the procedural aspects of Cross' investigation which, though infected with the usual 'Eureka' factor of brilliant discoveries by the leading man at regular intervals just when it looked like he was stumped, are largely delivered with sincerity. Freeman has such a strong grip on this kind of determined, middle aged, everyman character by now that he can easily take the audience along for the ride. The film itself is otherwise sincere in general, with no real attempt at smarmy black humour or winks",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892240",
"score": "1.0518614",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Cat and Mouse (novel)",
"text": "where Soneji had been kept during \"Along Came a Spider\". Cross was there to meet with a prisoner named Jamal Autry who told Cross that Soneji was raped in prison and contracted AIDS. Cross now understands that Soneji is planning one final rampage before he dies. In New York City, Soneji quietly breaks into Manning Goldman's house at night, and hits him over the head with a lead pipe. Kyle Craig lends Alex use of the FBI helicopter to make his way to NYC. Cross meets with Goldman's partner. They make their way to Goldman's home in Riverdale. In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8646385",
"score": "1.0465577",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Kyle Craig",
"text": "shows up at Cross's honeymoon and attempts to take Cross' family hostage. With the help of Stone, Cross eventually subdues and arrests Craig, who is surprised that Cross refuses to kill him. As he is being taken into custody, Craig steals an officer's gun and shoots an air tank, which explodes and seemingly kills him. This marks the final appearance of Kyle Craig, officially making him the most recurring villain in the series. Kyle Craig has been in two films of the \"Alex Cross series\". He appeared in \"Kiss the Girls\" and \"Along Came a Spider\", being played by Jay",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12510704",
"score": "1.0430019",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "I, Alex Cross",
"text": "book styles and released on audio book. Excerpts can be read at the official James Patterson website. Critical reception has been mixed to positive, and has been cited as \"the best [and scariest] book since \"Along Came a Spider\"\". Due to the novel's positive success, it was reported to have been given 5 sequels, \"Cross Fire\", \"Kill Alex Cross\", \"Merry Christmas, Alex Cross\", \"Alex Cross, Run\", and \"Save Alex Cross\". It was reported that there would be a new Alex Cross movie, which was planned for a release of 2012. It was reported to be a reboot of the original",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13424724",
"score": "1.0258245",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (album)",
"text": "Allmusic stated that, even though Cooper had produced better concept albums before, in \"Along Came a Spider\" the artist \"fills his lyrics with clever and gruesome wordplay\". A review from Blabbermouth.net praised the release as \"yet another example of an album made by an elder rock icon that manages to sound fresh and relevant\". Unlike \"Dragontown\", \"The Eyes of Alice Cooper\", and \"Dirty Diamonds\", a music video was created to promote \"Along Came a Spider\". Released on October 2, 2008, and directed by Rob Zombie bassist, Piggy D and Gabrielle Geiselman, the 10-minute-long music video stars Alice Cooper, Slash, Hazmat,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11789695",
"score": "1.0214145",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"text": "fact one of Megan's sneakers is in the detective's mailbox, proving Soneji is the kidnapper. Cross deduces the man is obsessed with the 1932 Charles A. Lindbergh Jr. kidnapping and hopes to become as infamous as Bruno Hauptmann by committing a new \"Crime of the Century\" which might be discussed by Cross in one of his true crime books. Megan's kidnapping proves to be only part of Soneji's real plan: to kidnap Dimitri Starodubov (Anton Yelchin), the son of the Russian president, guaranteeing himself greater infamy. After Cross and Flannigan foil his second kidnapping plot, a supposed call from the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9892232",
"score": "1.0186923",
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},
{
"title": "Alex Cross",
"text": "invites Cross over for dinner. However, before Alex departs, he discovers that Casanova is really Nick Ruskin and guesses that he is going to kill Kate. He arrives in time to stop him from killing her, but is unable to use his gun due to the gas leak that Nick has caused. Trying to buy time, Alex talks with Nick, growing enraged when Nick talks about holding Naomi hostage. Nick taunts Alex, claiming they are the same, Alex shoots through a milk carton (to extinguish any spark) and kills Nick. In \"Along Came a Spider\", Alex is struggling to forgive",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6530639",
"score": "1.0156415",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross (novel series)",
"text": "nearly the entire story's plot, except for the fact that Alex's niece is kidnapped and its primary antagonist is Casanova. A significant, and well-noted, change upon the books in the movies is that John Sampson is not white but African-American, like Alex himself. Kyle Craig is briefly seen in \"Kiss the Girls\". \"Along Came a Spider\"'s adaptation was also changed with the film taking out major plot elements or changing them. For instance, Jezzie Flannagan and Alex Cross are dating in the book, but are described as only friends in the film. Also, the most important changed elements is Gary",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16853317",
"score": "1.0147877",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "John Sampson (character)",
"text": "the FBI. Eventually, he and Cross join the police force, work for/with the FBI, and Metropolitan Police Department in the newest books. He is the partner of Cross as well; they are cops and detectives. Sampson first appears in the book \"Along Came a Spider\" in which he and Cross go on the case to solve a kidnapping of famous actress' daughter. He appears in 19 of the 20 books in the series. He briefly appears in \"Kiss the Girls\" (2nd book). He also helps Cross in \"Jack & Jill\" when murders are committed near Cross' son Damon's elementary school,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16982818",
"score": "1.0107899",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Chris Cross (magician)",
"text": "Newcastle Castle Keep as a tribute to one of his heroes Harry Houdini, which made the front page of The Journal Newspaper. In 2013 Cross appeared on Bafta Award-winning Children's TV Show \"The Slammer\", Hosted by Ted Robbins, on CBBC with an escapology stunt he created himself, involving chains, padlocks and a trapdoor on a platform which opened onto sharp spikes. It was originally performed on Greece's Got Talent TV Show in Greece and Cross was asked to duplicate the stunt for the British TV Show. In the same year, Cross was hired by BBC Worldwide as the magic and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15312556",
"score": "1.0006227",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross (novel series)",
"text": "said \"\"I, Alex Cross\" is without a doubt the best, revealing new surprises and scares at every turn. It is even scarier than \"Along Came a Spider\" — and by far, better! This is Patterson at his best.\" Double Cross was on the \"New York Times Bestseller\" list (at number 1) for numerous weeks before being eventually surpassed. The film series, however, did not fare well, with all three films being given negative reception, especially the recent film \"Alex Cross\" due to poor reviews and an underwhelming performance at the box-office. \"Kiss the Girls\" was the best received film in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16853323",
"score": "1.0004369",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Big Ass Spider!",
"text": "dead body which just arrived at the hospital. Learning of this, Alex offers to take care of the spider in exchange for clearing his hospital bill. José Ramos (Lombardo Boyar), a hospital security guard, offers to help Alex. Going to the morgue, Alex deduces the spider escaped into an air vent. He enters the vent and communicates with José via walkie-talkie. Meanwhile, a military task force led by Major Braxton Tanner (Ray Wise) and Lieutenant Karly Brant (Clare Kramer) show up at the hospital to examine the dead body the spider burst out of. Meanwhile, the spider, growing exponentially, kills",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17692916",
"score": "0.99398494",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Big Ass Spider!",
"text": "a paralyzed hospital patient. Back inside the vent, Alex stumbles upon a spiderweb and learns that it is highly flammable. Alex ventures into the hospital basement, where he has a confrontation with the spider. The spider is driven off by Karly and escapes into a grate down into the sewer, where it kills a homeless man. Alex, enamored with Karly, offers his assistance to Braxton, who declines, especially when Alex presses her for answers on where the spider came from. José convinces Alex to continue their pursuit as it could be the most important thing of their lives. The duo",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17692917",
"score": "0.9931942",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Along Came a Spider (novel)",
"text": "Goldberg's corpse is discovered, and the Dunnes receive a telegram demanding $10 million. Cross, Sampson and the FBI investigate, and Cross begins an affair with Jezzie Flannagan. He is ordered to deliver the money to Walt Disney World in Orlando, wondering how Soneji knows about his involvement. A man takes him on a plane, flying to a small island and taking the money, but never delivering Maggie Rose. At the old farmhouse, police officers find the empty graves where the children were held. Soneji returns to his home in Wilmington, Delaware, where it is revealed he has a wife and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4583294",
"score": "0.99038196",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Roger Cross",
"text": "for his role as CTU Agent Curtis Manning on the Fox television drama \"24\". He also appears as DJ and drag queen Sunset Boulevard/Sonny Benson in the Showtime series \"The L Word\". Cross appeared as prison inmate Anton Burrows in the Season 3 episode of \"Flashpoint\", \"Just a Man\". He also appeared as a werewolf and football coach on ABC's short-lived supernatural crime drama \"The Gates\". Cross' other notable roles include Staff Sergeant Boyd Bloom in \"Motive\", Detective Lucas Hilton in \"Arrow\", Reggie Fitzwilliam in \"The Strain\", Travis Verta in \"Continuum\" and Six in \"Dark Matter\". Cross did voice-over work",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4936575",
"score": "0.9865507",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "Alex Cross",
"text": "it was of her. She cried in \"Merry Christmas, Alex Cross\" when Alex was called away on Christmas Eve, worrying that he might not return. Despite occasional arguments, they consistently show support for each other. Alex has three children, two by Maria, and the other by Christine. Janelle and Damon were part of the story from \"Along Came A Spider\" to \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", when \"Ali\" appears. Both Damon and Janelle were too little to remember Maria. Alex makes time with them whenever he can. He takes them to the movies or for ice cream. He also trains them",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6530595",
"score": "0.98397577",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
}
]
| {
"title": "Along Came a Spider (film)",
"long_answer": "Along Came a Spider is a 2001 American neo noir psychological thriller film directed by Lee Tamahori. It is a sequel to the 1997 film Kiss the Girls, with Morgan Freeman reprising his role as detective Alex Cross. The screenplay by Marc Moss was adapted from the 1993 novel of the same title by James Patterson, but many of the key plot elements of the book were controversially eliminated. The movie received negative to mixed critical reviews, although it became a box office success.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Along Came a Spider is a 2001 American neo noir psychological thriller film directed by Lee Tamahori. It is a sequel to the 1997 film Kiss the Girls, with Morgan Freeman reprising his role as detective Alex Cross. The screenplay by Marc Moss was adapted from the 1993 novel of the same title by James Patterson, but many of the key plot elements of the book were controversially eliminated. The movie received negative to mixed critical reviews, although it became a box office success.",
"short_answers": [
"Morgan Freeman"
]
} |
who was the first signatory of the israeli declaration of independence | [
"David Ben-Gurion"
]
| [
{
"title": "Israeli Declaration of Independence",
"text": "As leader of the Yishuv, David Ben-Gurion was the first person to sign. The declaration was due to be signed by all 37 members of Moetzet HaAm. However, twelve members could not attend, eleven of them trapped in besieged Jerusalem and one abroad. The remaining 25 signatories present were called up in alphabetical order to sign, leaving spaces for those absent. Although a space was left for him between the signatures of Eliyahu Dobkin and Meir Vilner, Zerach Warhaftig signed at the top of the next column, leading to speculation that Vilner's name had been left alone to isolate him,",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit",
"text": "Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit (, 1895 – 28 January 1967) was an Israeli politician, minister and the only signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence to have been born in the country. He served as Minister of Police from independence until his death in 1967, making him the longest-serving cabinet member in the same portfolio to date. Born in Tiberias in the time of the Ottoman Empire to a Moroccan Jewish family who immigrated in the 19th century, Sheetrit was educated at a heder, Alliance school and a yeshiva. After school he attended the Hebrew University of Jerusalem where he",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11126424",
"score": "1.1908934",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Israeli Declaration of Independence",
"text": "almost 50% compared to the 1947 UN Partition Plan. Following the declaration, Moetzet HaAm became the Provisional State Council, which acted as the legislative body for the new state until the first elections in January 1949. Many of the signatories would play a prominent role in Israeli politics following independence; Moshe Sharett and Golda Meir both served as Prime Minister, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi became the country's second president in 1952, and several others served as ministers. David Remez was the first signatory to pass away, dying in May 1951, while Meir Vilner, the youngest signatory at just 29, was the longest",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "192899",
"score": "1.1906754",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Berl Repetur",
"text": "declaration of independence. He was elected to the first Knesset in 1949 on Mapam's list, but lost his seat in the 1951 elections. Repetur died in 1989. His wife, Sonia, was a founder of kibbutz Yagur and an aunt of politician Yossi Sarid. Berl Repetur Berl Repetur (, 1902 – 23 March 1989) was a Zionist activist, Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Born in Ruzhyn in the Russian Empire (today in Ukraine), Repetur was educated in a heder, and was a member of the Dror and HeHalutz youth movements. During the pogroms",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11114518",
"score": "1.1859355",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Avraham Katznelson",
"text": "of Israel's declaration of independence, and was immediately co-opted into the Provisional State Council. He was also involved in the foundation of the radio station Kol Yisrael, which began broadcasting on the day independence was declared. After independence he was appointed as an envoy to Scandinavia and later took a Hebrew surname, Nissan. His sister Rachel Katznelson-Shazar was the wife of President Zalman Shazar, whilst he was the uncle of Shmuel Tamir. Avraham Katznelson Dr Avraham Katznelson (, also known as Avraham Nissan, born 1888, died 18 May 1956) was a Zionist political figure in Mandate Palestine and a signatory",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11207964",
"score": "1.1750628",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Aharon Zisling",
"text": "Aharon Zisling Aharon Zisling (, 26 February 1901 – 16 January 1964) was an Israeli politician and minister and a signatory of Israel's declaration of independence. Born in Minsk in the Russian Empire (now in Belarus), Zisling emigrated to Palestine in 1904. He was among the founders of Youth Aliyah and as a member of the Haganah command, and participated in the founding of the Palmach; he was a founder of the Ahdut HaAvoda party, a Jewish Agency delegate to the UN and a member of the Zionist Executive Committee. Following Israel's declaration of independence in 1948, he was appointed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9644672",
"score": "1.1729879",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Eliyahu Berligne",
"text": "A founder of the Progressive Party, Berligne later joined the General Zionists and was a member of the Jewish National Council. He served as treasurer of the council between 1920 and 1948, as well as manager of Bank Hapoalim. In 1948 he was amongst the 37 people to sign Israel's declaration of independence, although he was unable to attend the declaration ceremony due to illness. Eliyahu Berligne Eliyahu Berligne (, born 1866 died 25 February 1959) was a founder of Tel Aviv, an important member of the Yishuv in Mandate Palestine and a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11177801",
"score": "1.1719742",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Eliezer Kaplan",
"text": "Eliezer Kaplan Eliezer Kaplan (; ; 27 January 1891–13 July 1952) was a Zionist activist, Israeli politician, one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence and the country's first Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister. Born in Minsk in the Russian Empire (today in Belarus), Kaplan attended a Heder and high school in Łowicz. He joined the Socialist Zionist Party in 1905, and was one of the founders of the \"Youth of Zion – Renewal\" movement in 1908, elected secretary of its Minsk Region branch in 1912. He also helped found the \"Youth of Zion\" movement in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10959695",
"score": "1.1690534",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Avraham Katznelson",
"text": "Avraham Katznelson Dr Avraham Katznelson (, also known as Avraham Nissan, born 1888, died 18 May 1956) was a Zionist political figure in Mandate Palestine and a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence. Katznelson was born in 1888 in Babruysk in the Russian Empire, now in Belarus. A doctor and resident of Jerusalem, Katznelson was a member of the central committees of both Mapai and Hashomer Hatzair, representing the former in the Vaad Leumi and Moetzet HaAm, and also serving as director of the health department of the Zionist Executive. As such, in 1948 he was amongst the signatories",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11207963",
"score": "1.1684028",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Israeli Declaration of Independence",
"text": "of his name would have fitted alphabetically, but he insisted on signing under his actual name so as to honour his father's memory and so moved down two spaces. He and Vilner would be the last surviving signatories, and remained close for the rest of their lives. Of the signatories, two were women (Golda Meir (Meyerson/Myerson) and Rachel Cohen-Kagan). When Herzl Rosenblum, a journalist, was called up to sign, Ben-Gurion instructed him to sign under the name Herzl Vardi, his pen name, as he wanted more Hebrew names on the document. Although Rosenblum acquiesced to Ben-Gurion's request and legally changed",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "192895",
"score": "1.1630361",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Eliezer Kaplan",
"text": "(government complex) were all named in his honour. Eliezer Kaplan Eliezer Kaplan (; ; 27 January 1891–13 July 1952) was a Zionist activist, Israeli politician, one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence and the country's first Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister. Born in Minsk in the Russian Empire (today in Belarus), Kaplan attended a Heder and high school in Łowicz. He joined the Socialist Zionist Party in 1905, and was one of the founders of the \"Youth of Zion – Renewal\" movement in 1908, elected secretary of its Minsk Region branch in 1912. He also",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10959699",
"score": "1.1603006",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Mordechai Bentov",
"text": "Mordechai Bentov Mordechai Bentov (, born Mordechai Gutgeld on 28 March 1900, died 18 January 1985) was an Israeli journalist and politician, and was one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Born in Grodzisk Mazowiecki in the Russian Empire (now in Poland), Bentov studied law for two years at the University of Warsaw and was one of the founding members and leaders of Hashomer Hatzair in Poland. He immigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1920, and continued studying law in Jerusalem. He had one younger sister, Shulamit Bat-Dori, who followed him to Palestine in 1923 and went on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10915786",
"score": "1.1593373",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Peretz Bernstein",
"text": "Peretz Bernstein Peretz Bernstein (, born Shlomo Fritz Bernstein; 12 June 1890 – 21 March 1971) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Bernstein was born in Meiningen in the German Empire. He moved to the Netherlands before World War I, where he worked in the grain trade. In 1917 he joined the Zionist Organisation, serving as secretary and board member. In 1925 he became editor-in-chief of a Zionist weekly, a role he held until 1935, and between 1930 and 1934 served as the Zionist Organisation's president. He emigrated",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10955768",
"score": "1.1567715",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "David-Zvi Pinkas",
"text": "David-Zvi Pinkas David-Zvi Pinkas (, 5 December 1895 – 14 August 1952) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician. A signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence, he was the country's third Minister of Transport. Born in Sopron in Austria-Hungary (today in Hungary), Pinkas attended high school in Vienna, before studying at a yeshiva in Freiburg and law at the University of Vienna. He was involved in Zionist youth groups, and was one of the leaders of Young Mizrachi in Vienna and one of the founders of the Yeshuran movement. In 1923 he was a delegate to the 13th Zionist",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11055533",
"score": "1.1557932",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Eliyahu Berligne",
"text": "Eliyahu Berligne Eliyahu Berligne (, born 1866 died 25 February 1959) was a founder of Tel Aviv, an important member of the Yishuv in Mandate Palestine and a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence. Born in what is today Belarus in 1866, Berligne was an activist in Hovevei Zion and attended the First Zionist Congress. An opponent of the British Uganda Program, he visited Ottoman Palestine in 1905, and immigrated two years later, settling in Jaffa. After arriving, he founded an olive oil and soap factory in the Haifa and Gush Dan area, with the principle of Hebrew Labour.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11177800",
"score": "1.152348",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Yitzhak-Meir Levin",
"text": "Yitzhak-Meir Levin Yitzhak-Meir Levin, (, ; 30 January 1893 – 7 August 1971) was a Haredi politician in Poland and Israel. One of 37 people to sign the Israeli declaration of independence, he served in several Israeli cabinets, and was a longtime leader and Knesset minister for Agudat Yisrael and related parties. Yitzhak Meir Levin was born in Góra Kalwaria (known as \"Ger\" in Yiddish) in the Congress Poland part of the Russian Empire. He studied at yeshiva and was certified as a rabbi. He married the daughter of Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, head of the influential Ger hasidic dynasty.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11102689",
"score": "1.1411796",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Israeli Declaration of Independence",
"text": "his name to Vardi, he later admitted to regretting not signing as Rosenblum. Several other signatories later Hebraised their names, including Meir Argov (Grabovsky), Peretz Bernstein (then Fritz Bernstein), Avraham Granot (Granovsky), Avraham Nissan (Katznelson), Moshe Kol (Kolodny), Yehuda Leib Maimon (Fishman), Golda Meir (Meyerson/Myerson), Pinchas Rosen (Felix Rosenblueth) and Moshe Sharett (Shertok). Other signatories added their own touches, including Saadia Kobashi who added the phrase \"HaLevy\", referring to the tribe of Levi. After Sharett, the last of the signatories, had put his name to paper, the audience again stood and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra played \"Hatikvah\". Ben-Gurion concluded the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "192896",
"score": "1.1403489",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Golda Meir",
"text": "the mass exodus of Arabs before the War of Independence in 1948 \"dreadful\", and she likened it to what had befallen the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe. Meir was one of 24 signatories (including two women) of the Israeli Declaration of Independence on May 14, 1948. She later recalled, \"After I signed, I cried. When I studied American history as a schoolgirl and I read about those who signed the U.S. Declaration of Independence, I couldn't imagine these were real people doing something real. And there I was sitting down and signing a declaration of establishment.\" Israel was attacked the next",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "764459",
"score": "1.1380903",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Zvi Lurie",
"text": "Zvi Lurie Zvi Lurie (, 1 June, 1906 – 21 May 1968) was a Jewish political figure in Mandate Palestine. A member of the Jewish National Council, he was amongst the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Lurie was born in Łódź in the Russian Empire (today in Poland) and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1924. Lurie was a founder of kibbutz Ein Shemer and was a member of its affiliation organisation, Hashomer Hatzair, serving as its general secretary between 1935 and 1937. He was a member of the Jewish National Council on behalf of Hashomer Hatzair, and was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11140072",
"score": "1.1338431",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Saadia Kobashi",
"text": "religious-Zionist school in Rosh HaAyin in 1949, where today a street is named after him. Saadia Kobashi Saadia Kobashi (; , 1904–1990) was a leader of the Yemenite Jewish community in Israel, and one of the signatories of the country's declaration of independence. Born in Yemen, he immigrated to Ottoman Palestine in 1909, settling in Jerusalem. A member of the Jewish National Council and Moetzet HaAm on behalf of the Yemenite Association, he signed the declaration of independence in 1948 as \"S. Kobashi\", adding \"HaLevi\" at the end (referring to the tribe of Levi). After independence, he moved to Tel",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11159551",
"score": "1.1307255",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Peretz Bernstein",
"text": "he ran again for president, but lost by 67–33 to Zalman Shazar. Bernstein lost his seat in the 1965 elections and died in 1971. Peretz Bernstein Peretz Bernstein (, born Shlomo Fritz Bernstein; 12 June 1890 – 21 March 1971) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Bernstein was born in Meiningen in the German Empire. He moved to the Netherlands before World War I, where he worked in the grain trade. In 1917 he joined the Zionist Organisation, serving as secretary and board member. In 1925 he became",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10955771",
"score": "1.1195793",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Joseph Tabenkin",
"text": "is one of 57 signatories to the \"Greater Land of Israel\" declaration, signed on 22 September 1967. In his native Ein Harod (Meuhad) he operated a steel factory, dealt in exports, and later operated a plywood factory in Petach Tikvah. Joseph Tabenkin Joseph \"Yosefle\" Tabenkin (; March 18, 1921 – September 24, 1987) was a commander of the Fourth Battalion of the Palmach's Harel Brigade in the years leading up to and during 1948 Palestine war, also known as Israel's \"War of Independence.\" Joseph Tabenkin was born in Tel-Aviv to Russian Jewish parents, the son of politician Yitzhak Tabenkin, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20820010",
"score": "1.1121857",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Meir David Loewenstein",
"text": "Meir David Loewenstein Meir David Loewenstein (, also spelt Levenstein or Levinstein; 1904 – 15 August 1995) was an Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Born in Copenhagen in Denmark in 1904, Loewenstein studied at a business school in Switzerland and a rabbinical seminary in Amsterdam, Netherlands. During his youth he became involved in the European Agudat Yisrael youth movement, of which he later became chair. After immigrating to Mandatory Palestine in 1934, he remained active in Agudat Yisrael. As a prominent member of the organisation, Loewenstein became a member of Moetzet HaAm",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11108118",
"score": "1.1069824",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Meir Vilner",
"text": "Meir Vilner Meir Vilner (, born Ber Kovner; 23 October 1918 – 5 June 2003) was an Israeli communist politician and Jewish leader of the Communist Party of Israel (Maki), at one time a powerful force in the country. He was the youngest and longest surviving signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. Born in Vilnius, German-occupied Lithuania, Vilner's political life began as the leader of the Marxist-oriented socialist-Zionist group HaShomer HaTzair (\"Young Guard\"). However, he soon grew disenchanted by what he viewed as a tendency in Zionist groups to dream of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, rather",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17309849",
"score": "1.10232",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Peretz Bernstein",
"text": "to Mandate Palestine in 1936, and became editor of the HaBoker newspaper. He joined the Jewish Agency, and became a board member, serving as director of its economics department between 1946 and 1948. Bernstein was one of the people to sign Israel's declaration of independence on 14 May 1948, and was appointed Minister of Trade and Industry in the provisional government. He was elected to the first Knesset in 1949 as a member of the General Zionists, but lost his place in the cabinet. Re-elected in 1951, he returned to the cabinet as Minister of Trade and Industry in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10955769",
"score": "1.0971313",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Mordechai Shatner",
"text": "Mordechai Shatner Mordechai Shatner (, 1904 – 1964) was a Zionist activist and a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence. A member of kibbutz Ein Harod, Shatner worked in Europe between the First and Second World Wars rescuing Jews, a period during which he met Adolf Eichmann. After the outbreak of World War II he worked for aliyah from England. After returning to Mandate Palestine, he joined the Vaad Leumi, working on national infrastructure. He campaigned against the treatment of Jewish prisoners held by the British, and was arrested during the Operation Agatha and imprisoned in the Atlit detainee",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10971446",
"score": "1.0932841",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Moshe Kol",
"text": "Moshe Kol Moshe Kol (, born Moshe Kolodny on 28 May 1911, died 7 July 1989) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Moshe Kolodny (later Kol) was born in Pinsk in the Russian Empire (today in Belarus). He studied at a heder and Hebrew high school in his home town, and was one of the founders of HaOved HaTzioni youth movement in Poland. He immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1932 and joined Kibbutz Hamefales in Kfar Saba, which was associated with HaOved HaTzioni. He joined the Histadrut trade",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10973220",
"score": "1.0922749",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Israeli Declaration of Independence",
"text": "Jerusalem and one abroad. The remaining 25 signatories present were called up in alphabetical order to sign, leaving spaces for those absent. Although a space was left for him between the signatures of Eliyahu Dobkin and Meir Vilner, Zerach Warhaftig signed at the top of the next column, leading to speculation that Vilner's name had been left alone to isolate him, or to stress that even a communist agreed with the declaration. However, Warhaftig later denied this, stating that a space had been left for him (as he was one of the signatories trapped in Jerusalem) where a Hebraicised form",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "192894",
"score": "1.0913222",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Berl Repetur",
"text": "Berl Repetur Berl Repetur (, 1902 – 23 March 1989) was a Zionist activist, Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence. Born in Ruzhyn in the Russian Empire (today in Ukraine), Repetur was educated in a heder, and was a member of the Dror and HeHalutz youth movements. During the pogroms he helped to organize Jewish defense groups. In 1920, Repetur immigrated to Mandatory Palestine and joined Ahdut HaAvoda and the Haganah in Haifa. In 1922 he became a member of the Haifa Workers Council secretariat. In 1927, he was appointed secretary of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11114516",
"score": "1.0784545",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "David-Zvi Pinkas",
"text": "congress, and two years later immigrated to Mandate Palestine. He became director of Bank Mizrahi in 1932, the same year in which he was elected to Tel Aviv city council. Three years later he was appointed head of the city's education department. In 1944 he became a member of the Assembly of Representatives, and between 1947 and 1948 served as a member of the Jewish National Council's directorate. In 1948 he was one of the people to sign the Israeli declaration of independence. During the subsequent Arab-Israeli War, he was one of the leaders of the security committee. Following independence,",
"hasanswer": false,
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}
]
| {
"title": "Israeli Declaration of Independence",
"long_answer": "As leader of the Yishuv, David Ben-Gurion was the first person to sign. The declaration was due to be signed by all 37 members of Moetzet HaAm. However, twelve members could not attend, eleven of them trapped in besieged Jerusalem and one abroad. The remaining 25 signatories present were called up in alphabetical order to sign, leaving spaces for those absent. Although a space was left for him between the signatures of Eliyahu Dobkin and Meir Vilner, Zerach Warhaftig signed at the top of the next column, leading to speculation that Vilner's name had been left alone to isolate him, or to stress that even a communist agreed with the declaration. However, Warhaftig later denied this, stating that a space had been left for him (as he was one of the signatories trapped in Jerusalem) where a Hebraicised form of his name would have fitted alphabetically, but he insisted on signing under his actual name so as to honour his father's memory and so moved down two spaces. He and Vilner would be the last surviving signatories, and remained close for the rest of their lives. Of the signatories, two were women (Golda Meir (Meyerson/Myerson) and Rachel Cohen-Kagan).",
"chunked_long_answer": "As leader of the Yishuv, David Ben-Gurion was the first person to sign. The declaration was due to be signed by all 37 members of Moetzet HaAm. However, twelve members could not attend, eleven of them trapped in besieged Jerusalem and one abroad. The remaining 25 signatories present were called up in alphabetical order to sign, leaving spaces for those absent. Although a space was left for him between the signatures of Eliyahu Dobkin and Meir Vilner, Zerach Warhaftig signed at the top of the next column, leading to speculation that Vilner's name had been left alone to isolate him,",
"short_answers": [
"David Ben-Gurion"
]
} |
who came up with the first working periodic table | [
"Dmitri Mendeleev"
]
| [
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev, who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development.",
"hasanswer": true,
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},
{
"title": "Periodic table",
"text": "German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870, respectively. Mendeleev's table was his first published version; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his (Meyer's) table of 1864. They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat. The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev's table came from two decisions he made. The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "311786",
"score": "1.1728357",
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},
{
"title": "Dmitri Mendeleev",
"text": "Chemists until 1887. Another person to propose a periodic table was Lothar Meyer, who published a paper in 1864 describing 28 elements classified by their valence, but with no prediction of new elements. After becoming a teacher in 1867, Mendeleev wrote the definitive textbook of his time: \"Principles of Chemistry\" (two volumes, 1868–1870). It was written as he was preparing a textbook for his course. This is when he made his most important discovery. As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to postulate his periodic table; he claimed to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "712404",
"score": "1.149368",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "published his periodic table of the known elements, predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements, Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table. Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table, but Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit. In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev. Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3039873",
"score": "1.1489055",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "were \"earth\", \"water\", \"air\" and \"fire\". Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. In 1669 (or later), his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance, which he called \"cold",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3039863",
"score": "1.1483955",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "History of chemistry",
"text": "properties within groups of elements. Mendeleev's law allowed him to build up a systematic periodic table of all the 66 elements then known based on atomic mass, which he published in \"Principles of Chemistry\" in 1869. His first Periodic Table was compiled on the basis of arranging the elements in ascending order of atomic weight and grouping them by similarity of properties. Mendeleev had such faith in the validity of the periodic law that he proposed changes to the generally accepted values for the atomic weight of a few elements and, in his version of the periodic table of 1871,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4465556",
"score": "1.1387993",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Henry D. Hubbard",
"text": "Henry D. Hubbard Henry D. Hubbard was a member of the U.S. Bureau of Standards in the 1920s. He modernized Mendeleev's periodic table and in 1924 he produced a Periodic Table of Elements (called the Periodic Chart of the Atoms) which was distributed to schools and universities. This version of the periodic table placed the main groups in columns with some later groups taking up two rows per period and the Group VIIIB transition metals displayed out to the right of the noble gases. The noble gases themselves were shown first in Column 1 (Valence 0) and repeated in Column",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19121565",
"score": "1.130769",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois",
"text": "of many chemistry experts. It was not until 1869 that Dmitri Mendeleyev's periodic table attracted attention and gained widespread scientific acceptance. He always managed to put the names of his four children into his work by writing their names on a corner of his work. Landon, Lynelle, Steve and Berdine were on all his work. Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois (20 January 1820 – 14 November 1886) was a French geologist and mineralogist who was the first to arrange the chemical elements in order of atomic weights, doing so in 1862. De Chancourtois only published his paper,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9677223",
"score": "1.1267844",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Periodic table",
"text": "form (as shown at various other points in this article), is attributable to Horace Groves Deming. In 1923, Deming, an American chemist, published short (Mendeleev style) and medium (18-column) form periodic tables. Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming's 18-column medium table, in 1928, which was widely circulated in American schools. By the 1930s Deming's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry. It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company. With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms, it became apparent that each period (row) in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "311791",
"score": "1.1239114",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, \"Zeitschrift für Chemie\". In it, Mendeleev stated that: Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table Unknown to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, was also working on a periodic table. Although his work was published in 1864, and was done independently of Mendeleev, few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table. Meyer's table only included twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. A few months after Mendeleev",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3039872",
"score": "1.1225703",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Periodic table",
"text": "not yet been discovered. Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so, but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements, such as gallium and germanium. The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements, such as tellurium and iodine, to better classify them into chemical families. Mendeleev published in 1869, using atomic weight to organize the elements, information determinable to fair precision in his time. Atomic weight worked well enough to allow Mendeleev to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "311787",
"score": "1.1204474",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Julius Lothar Meyer",
"text": "Julius Lothar Meyer Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) was a German chemist. He was one of the pioneers in developing the first periodic table of chemical elements. Both Mendeleev and Meyer worked with Robert Bunsen. He never used his first given name, and was known throughout his life simply as Lothar Meyer. Lothar Meyer was born in Varel, Germany (then part of the Duchy of Oldenburg). He was the son of Friedrich August Meyer, a physician, and Anna Biermann. After attending the Altes Gymnasium in Oldenburg, he studied medicine at the University of Zurich in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3055912",
"score": "1.1201637",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the \"Elementary Treatise\" was written well enough to convince the younger generation. However, Lavoisier's descriptions of his elements lack completeness, as he only classified them as metals and non-metals. In 1815, the English physician and chemist William Prout noticed that atomic weights seemed to be multiples of that of hydrogen. In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a chemist, began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3039866",
"score": "1.1157272",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "John Newlands (chemist)",
"text": "1868 he became chief chemist of James Duncan's London sugar refinery, where he introduced a number of improvements in processing. Later he quit the refinery and again became an analyst with his brother, Benjamin. Newlands was the first person to devise a periodic table of chemical elements arranged in order of their relative atomic masses. Continuing Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner's work with triads and Jean-Baptiste Dumas' families of similar elements, he published in 1865 his 'Law of Octaves', which stated that 'any given element will exhibit analogous behaviour to the eighth element following it in the table.' Newlands arranged all of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1749839",
"score": "1.1100979",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "William Odling",
"text": "the Institute of Chemistry. In 1859 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of London and in 1875 he was granted an honorary PhD by Leiden University, the Netherlands. William Odling William Odling, FRS (5 September 1829 in Southwark, London – 17 February 1921 in Oxford) was an English chemist who contributed to the development of the periodic table. In the 1860s Odling, like many chemists, was working towards classifying the elements, an effort that would eventually lead to the periodic table of elements. He was intrigued by atomic weights and the periodic occurrence of chemical properties. William",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4944212",
"score": "1.1094589",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Henry D. Hubbard",
"text": "9 (Group VIII). The table is also notable for including the solo Neutron as an entry on its own, \"above\" Hydrogen, and given the symbol lower-case 'n'. Henry D. Hubbard Henry D. Hubbard was a member of the U.S. Bureau of Standards in the 1920s. He modernized Mendeleev's periodic table and in 1924 he produced a Periodic Table of Elements (called the Periodic Chart of the Atoms) which was distributed to schools and universities. This version of the periodic table placed the main groups in columns with some later groups taking up two rows per period and the Group VIIIB",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19121566",
"score": "1.1089114",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of chemistry",
"text": "many of his predictions within his lifetime brought fame to Mendeleev as the founder of the periodic law. This organization surpassed earlier attempts at classification by Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois, who published the telluric helix, an early, three-dimensional version of the periodic table of the elements in 1862, John Newlands, who proposed the law of octaves (a precursor to the periodic law) in 1864, and Lothar Meyer, who developed an early version of the periodic table with 28 elements organized by valence in 1864. Mendeleev's table did not include any of the noble gases, however, which had not yet been",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4465558",
"score": "1.0999253",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Periodic table",
"text": "table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons. Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells, so later tables have required progressively longer periods. In 1945, Glenn Seaborg, an American scientist, made the suggestion that the actinide elements, like the lanthanides, were filling an f sub-level. Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d-block row. Seaborg's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career. As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute, he published anyway. Seaborg's suggestion was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "311792",
"score": "1.0977964",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Periodic table",
"text": "rather than in rows, and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element's oxidation state. He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing, but should exist. These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements. It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium (referred to by Mendeleev as \"eka-caesium\") in 1939. Plutonium, produced synthetically in 1940, was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971. The popular periodic table layout, also known as the common or standard",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "311790",
"score": "1.0887394",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Aufbau principle",
"text": "to the nucleus and feel on average a less strongly screened nuclear charge. A periodic table in which each row corresponds to one value of \"n + ℓ\" was suggested by Charles Janet in 1927. In 1936, the German physicist Erwin Madelung proposed his empirical rules for the order of filling atomic subshells, based on knowledge of atomic ground states determined by the analysis of atomic spectra, and most English-language sources therefore refer to the Madelung rule. Madelung may have been aware of this pattern as early as 1926. In 1962 the Russian agricultural chemist V.M. Klechkowski proposed the first",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4670436",
"score": "1.0811924",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Periodic table",
"text": "also observed that, when arranged by atomic weight, the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third; this became known as the Law of Triads. German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system, and by 1843 he had identified ten triads, three groups of four, and one group of five. Jean-Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals. Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements, they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all. In 1857, German chemist August Kekulé",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "311781",
"score": "1.0756035",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Dmitri Mendeleev",
"text": "have envisioned the complete arrangement of the elements in a dream: Unaware of the earlier work on periodic tables going on in the 1860s, he made the following table: By adding additional elements following this pattern, Mendeleev developed his extended version of the periodic table. On 6 March 1869, he made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, titled \"The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements\", which described elements according to both atomic weight and valence. This presentation stated that Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements and predicted several new elements",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "712405",
"score": "1.0745976",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "The Periodic Table (short story collection)",
"text": "as an anti-Fascist partisan, his arrest and imprisonment, interrogation, and internment in the Fossoli di Carpi and Auschwitz camps, and postwar life as an industrial chemist. Every story, 21 in total, has the name of a chemical element and is connected to it in some way. The book was dramatised for radio by BBC Radio 4 in 2016. The dramatisation was broadcast in 12 episodes, with Henry Goodman and Akbar Kurtha as Primo Levi. The Periodic Table (short story collection) The Periodic Table () is a collection of short stories by Primo Levi, published in 1975, named after the periodic",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9159116",
"score": "1.0741714",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Charles Janet",
"text": "confused idea of his thinking. Janet started from the fact that the series of chemical elements is a continuous sequence, which he represented as a helix traced on the surfaces of four nested cylinders. By various geometrical transformations he derived several striking designs, one of which is his \"left-step Periodic Table\", in which hydrogen and helium are placed above lithium and beryllium. It was only later that he realized that his arrangement agreed perfectly with quantum theory and the electronic structure of the atom. He placed the actinides under the lanthanides twenty years before Glenn Seaborg, and he continued the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13940446",
"score": "1.0703601",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "known as isotopes, from the Greek \"\" (\"same place\"). In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number. He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge, rather than by atomic weight. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements. Using information about their X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with an atomic number Z=18) before potassium",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3039875",
"score": "1.0692818",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "about chemistry. Lavoisier defined an element as a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction. This simple definition served for a century and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles. Lavoisier's book contained a list of \"simple substances\" that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which formed the basis for the modern list of elements. Lavoisier's list also included 'light' and 'caloric', which at the time were believed to be material substances. He classified these substances into metals and non metals.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3039865",
"score": "1.0691576",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Edward G. Mazurs",
"text": "Edward G. Mazurs Edward G. Mazurs (1894–1983) was a chemist who wrote a history of the periodic system of the chemical elements which is still considered a \"classic book on the history of the periodic table\". Originally self-published as \"Types of graphic representation of the periodic system of chemical elements\" (1957), it was reviewed by the ACS in 1958 as \"the most complete survey of the range of human imagination in representing graphically the Mendeleev periodic law.\" A revised \"centenary\" edition covering a full 100 years of periodic tables was republished under the title \"Graphic Representations of the Periodic System",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18214686",
"score": "1.06844",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs",
"text": "faculty members. He became professor at the St. Louis University in 1889 and stayed there until his retirement in 1907. Hinrichs is one of the discoverers of the periodic laws which are the basis for the periodic table of elements. Although his contribution is not widely considered as important as that of Mendeleev or Lothar Meyer, he stated his ideas as early as 1855 and published his book \"Programme der Atommechanik\" in 1867. His periodic table had the form of a spiral and the elements were placed into the structure according to their atomic mass. Hinrichs also postulated theory on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13956865",
"score": "1.0682269",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Periodic table",
"text": "to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with \"their usually received groupings\". Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it. He subsequently proposed (in 1870) a valence-based classification of the elements. English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight, similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music. This so termed Law of Octaves was ridiculed by Newlands' contemporaries,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "311784",
"score": "1.0661054",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
},
{
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"text": "their decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics might be controversial. The importance of Newlands' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's work. It was not until the following century, with Gilbert N. Lewis's valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's octet theory of chemical bonding (1919), that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted. The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands' contribution to science in 2008, when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born, which described him as the \"discoverer of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3039870",
"score": "1.0655303",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
}
]
| {
"title": "History of the periodic table",
"long_answer": "The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev, who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev, who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development.",
"short_answers": [
"Dmitri Mendeleev"
]
} |
when did cybermen first appear in doctor who | [
"in 1966",
"1966"
]
| [
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs who are among the most persistent enemies of the Doctor in the British science fiction television programme, Doctor Who. Within the context of the series, the Cybermen are a species of emotionless space-faring cyborgs who look to co-opt human beings or other similar species to join and populate their ranks. First appearing in 1966, the Cybermen were created by Dr. Kit Pedler (the unofficial scientific advisor to the show) and story editor Gerry Davis.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "end, with some evidence suggesting that the Silverati were adapted from remnants of the Cybermen of the present. The Cybermen have appeared in several Big Finish audio plays battling the Doctor, the first of which was \"Sword of Orion\" (released on CD in 2001 and broadcast on BBC 7 in 2005), where the Eighth Doctor deals with humans and androids engaged in a war who seek Cyber-technology to improve their sides. The 2002 play \"Spare Parts\" explored aspects of the Cybermen's origin, revealing that the design was ironically only perfected after their creator, Doctorman Allan, studied the biology of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758235",
"score": "1.0978274",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "Time Lady the Rani (Kate O'Mara) to hunt the Doctor. \"Doctor Who\" was revived after a long hiatus by new showrunner Russell T Davies in 2005. By then, development of CGI let script-writers include large numbers of Cybermen or Daleks in stories. In the first series of the revived programme, the Cybermen do not appear except for the inactive head of one, which is seen in a private museum of alien artefacts on Earth in the episode \"Dalek\". For series 2 in 2006, Cybermen were reintroduced with a new origin story set in a parallel universe. In the \"Rise of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758221",
"score": "1.0948493",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "The Time of the Doctor",
"text": "the Doctor's signature hairstyle. In August 2013, it was revealed that the Cybermen would feature in the Christmas episode, when one of the show's regular stunt artists, Darrelle \"Daz\" Parker, tweeted that she would be playing a Cyberman. On 23 November 2013, the teaser trailer released on BBC One after \"The Day of the Doctor\" revealed that the Daleks, Weeping Angels, and the Silence would also be appearing in the episode. Although the Daleks and the Cybermen had previously met in \"Doomsday\" and \"The Pandorica Opens\", this marks the first time that the four kinds of aliens have appeared in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17339331",
"score": "1.0741472",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "using period technology, but are again foiled by the Doctor. After Steven Moffat took over the role of executive producer in 2010, Cyberman of essentially the design introduced by Davies continued to appear. No explicit reference is made to their origin, but generally the stylised 'c' (for Cybus Corporation) on their breastplate had been replaced by a plain circle, implying that they were not from the parallel universe. They appear in \"The Pandorica Opens\" (2010) alongside many of the Doctor's recurring enemies as part of an alliance dedicated to stopping him, arriving in cyber ships in 102 CE. They appear",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758224",
"score": "1.0713755",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "destroying it and those Cybermen on Earth. The adventure takes its physical toll on the Doctor, forcing him to regenerate for the first time, becoming the Second Doctor (Patrick Troughton). Redesigned Cybermen next appear in \"The Moonbase\" (1967), set in 2070, opposite the Second Doctor, who discovers a crypt containing Cybermen during a visit to the Moon. They attempt to remotely destroy the Earth by affecting its weather patterns with a device called the Gravitron. However, the Gravitron is used against them, hurling them into space. Later that year, \"The Tomb of the Cybermen\" sees a 25th Century human expedition",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758214",
"score": "1.0543767",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the \"Doctor Who\" TV spin-off \"Torchwood\", appearing in the fourth episode, \"Cyberwoman\" (2006). The name \"Cyberman\" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book \"Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine\" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758209",
"score": "1.0430214",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "show's 2017 episode \"The Doctor Falls\", it is stated that the Cybermen are the universe's great example of parallel evolution, due to the inevitability of humans and human-like species attempting to upgrade themselves through technology, thereby resolving continuity tensions in the history of the Cybermen. A mainstay of \"Doctor Who\" since the 1960s, the Cybermen have also made appearances in related programs and spin-off media, including novels, audiobooks, comic books, and video games. Cybermen stories continued to be produced in officially licensed \"Doctor Who\" productions between 1989 and 2005, when the TV show was off the air, with many writers",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758208",
"score": "1.0407759",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Nightmare in Silver",
"text": "but are not the primary threats. Gaiman was motivated to provide a \"rationalisation\" for the Cybermen in current \"Doctor Who\" continuity. The classic series had depicted the Cybermen as alien cyborgs, while the revived series depicted them as human cyborgs from a parallel Earth; Gaiman opined that his Cybermen stemmed from an encounter and amalgamation of these two types of Cybermen following \"The Next Doctor\". Warwick Davis stated that it was a \"thrill\" to be in \"Doctor Who\", especially in an episode with the Cybermen written by Gaiman. Some location filming took place in early November 2012 at Castell Coch.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17098645",
"score": "1.0369415",
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},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "in the UNIT Black Archive in \"The Day of the Doctor\", and in \"The Time of the Doctor\" they are among the many species which besiege the planet Trenzalore for centuries. In the latter episode, the Doctor also uses a disembodied Cyberman head, devoid of any remaining organic parts; named \"Handles\", he serves as the Doctor's personal assistant and confidant for several centuries until his eventual 'death' brings the Doctor to tears. In the finale of the 2014 series, \"Dark Water\"/\"Death in Heaven\", the Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi) learns too late that the Cybermen have formed an alliance with Missy",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758227",
"score": "1.0334861",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Doctor Who",
"text": "\"The Daleks\" (1963–64), made both the Daleks and \"Doctor Who\" very popular. A Dalek appeared on a postage stamp celebrating British popular culture in 1999, photographed by Lord Snowdon. In \"Victory of the Daleks\" a new set of Daleks were introduced that come in a range of colours; the colour denoting its role within the species. Cybermen were originally a wholly organic species of humanoids originating on Earth's twin planet Mondas that began to implant more and more artificial parts into their bodies. This led to the race becoming coldly logical and calculating cyborgs, with emotions usually only shown when",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "101153",
"score": "1.0316906",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "in the Arctic in 2010; their ship is said to have been damaged by a time-storm and crashed 10,000 years earlier. The player plays as the Eleventh Doctor and his companion Amy, who work to defeat the Cybermen. They also appear on Telos in both the android games \"\" and Doctor Who And The Dalek. The Cybermen appear as enemies in \"Lego Dimensions\", and one was added as a playable character in Wave 3. While the Doctor's archenemy, the Daleks, were on the whole unchanged during the original series's 26-season run, the Cybermen were seen to change with almost every",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758246",
"score": "1.030561",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "\"The Invasion\" that same year, the Doctor and his companions visit late 20th century England where he discovers an army of Cybermen are hidden on Earth, working with magnate Tobias Vaughn (Kevin Stoney) for their fleet to invade Earth. Their invasion is defeated by the Doctor and the military support of the newly formed United Nations Intelligence Taskforce. The Cybermen were not shown to face the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) during his original run, but one is shown as part of an exhibit in \"Carnival of Monsters\" (1973). The Fourth Doctor (Tom Baker) is next to encounter a small group",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758216",
"score": "1.028525",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "Fifth Doctor and duplicated a third lobe to the Doctor's brain that controlled his body functions. They were the villains in the company's BBCi webcast \"Real Time\" in 2002 and appeared in a linked trilogy of plays entitled \"The Harvest\" (2004), \"The Reaping\" (2006) and \"The Gathering\" (2006), where small groups of Cybermen attempt to manipulate humans into setting up conversion factories on Earth. They appear in \"Human Resources\", which Big Finish produced for radio BBC 7 and subsequently released on CD, and sees the Eighth Doctor averting a plan to take control of a new weapons system. In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758236",
"score": "1.0255976",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "mostly human bodies, but have Cyberman heads and arms. The Cybermen see the cyberslaves as inferior, and delete them once they have served their purpose. An upgraded form of cybermats appeared in \"Nightmare in Silver\". They were incredibly small mechanical insects that were more versatile and were able to partially convert other lifeforms into Cybermen. They were referred to as cybermites. <br> Cyberman The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs who are among the most persistent enemies of the Doctor in the British science fiction television programme, \"Doctor Who\". Within the context of the series, the Cybermen are a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758297",
"score": "1.0240908",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Silver Nemesis",
"text": "last appearance of the Cybermen in the original run of \"Doctor Who\". The Seventh Doctor and Ace visit England in 1988, where three rival factions—the Cybermen, a group of neo-Nazis and a 17th-century sorceress named Lady Peinforte—are attempting to gain control of a statue made of a living metal, validium, that was created by Omega and Rassilon as the ultimate defence for Gallifrey. The statue has three components - a bow, an arrow and the figure itself - that must be brought together in order for it to be activated. They have been separated since 1638 when, in order to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4393540",
"score": "1.0226715",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "ongoing Cyber-Wars. After the Doctor foils this plan, they decide to crash their freighter into the planet to much the same effect. The Doctor's companion, boy genius Adric (Matthew Waterhouse), is trapped on board and attempts to escape from the freighter, but inadvertently causes it to hurtle back in time. The freighter crashes into prehistoric Earth, killing Adric and triggering the K-T extinction event. The Cybermen appear once more in the Fifth Doctor's era, alongside the four previous Doctors, in \"The Five Doctors\" (1983), when they are all transported alongside other nemeses of the Doctor to his home planet of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758218",
"score": "1.0192649",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Doctor Who",
"text": "naked aggression was called for. With the demise of Mondas, they acquired Telos as their new home planet. They continue to be a recurring 'monster' within the \"Doctor Who\" franchise. The 2006 series introduced a totally new variation of Cybermen. These Cybus Cybermen were created in a parallel universe by the mad inventor John Lumic; he was attempting to preserve the humans by transplanting their brains into powerful metal bodies, sending them orders using a mobile phone network and inhibiting their emotions with an electronic chip. The Master is the Doctor's archenemy, a renegade Time Lord who desires to rule",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "101154",
"score": "1.0171707",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Doctor Who",
"text": "in the 2009–10 Specials. Davies' successor, Steven Moffat, has continued the trend by reviving the Silurians in series 5, Cybermats in series 6, the Great Intelligence and the Ice Warriors in Series 7, and Zygons in the 50th Anniversary Special. Since its 2005 return, the series has also introduced new recurring aliens: Slitheen (Raxacoricofallapatorians), Ood, Judoon, Weeping Angels and the Silence. Besides infrequent appearances by enemies such as the Ice Warriors, Ogrons, the Rani, and Black Guardian, three adversaries have become particularly iconic: the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master. The Dalek race, which first appeared in the show's second",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "101150",
"score": "1.0163461",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "Millennium War, though because that war was supposed to have taken place a very long time before the modern era, it is unclear how this bit of Cyberhistory fits in or whether or not they have achieved advanced time travel capabilities. While not explicitly mentioned, Hinton may have adopted this idea from the aborted script for the Five Doctors by Robert Holmes (scriptwriter), which would have had the Cybermen adopting Time Lord DNA to achieve their higher state of being. The Past Doctor Adventures novel \"Illegal Alien\" featured Cybermen and Cybermats in London during the Blitz. Cyber-technology left over from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758233",
"score": "1.0157741",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "the 2006 finale \"Army of Ghosts\"/\"Doomsday\", exploiting a breach between universes to invade the Doctor's Earth. This breach is caused by a transport device belonging to the Daleks, who reveal themselves and trigger all-out war between the two species. The Doctor ultimately re-opens the breach, causing the Cybermen and all but a few Daleks to become trapped inside before it is re-sealed. Cybermen next appear in the 2008 \"Doctor Who\" Christmas special \"The Next Doctor\", emerging in 1851 London after the Daleks damaged the walls of reality in the previous episode. They attempt to raise a new army on Earth",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758223",
"score": "1.0123976",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "(the current, female, incarnation of the Master) (Michelle Gomez), who is converting the stolen bodies of the dead into an army. A cyberconversion process begins on all of Earth's dead. Missy offers the Doctor control of the Cybermen army so they can rule the universe together, but her plan is foiled when Danny (Samuel Anderson), the cyber-converted boyfriend of the Doctor's companion Clara Oswald (Jenna Coleman), resists his programming and destroys himself along with all the other Cybermen. Cybermen are next seen in \"Face the Raven\" (2015), among the various alien refugees hiding in London, and in series finale \"Hell",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758228",
"score": "1.0116632",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "discover sarcophagi containing hibernating Cybermen on the planet Telos, where the creatures arise and attack. This episode introduces the cybermats, small mechanical scouts used by the Cybermen, as well as their leader, the Cyber Controller. In \"The Wheel in Space\" (1968), the Doctor and his crew face off against the Cybermen on a marooned Earth space station in the 21st Century. This episode introduces the Cyber-Planner, an immobile unit which directs the Cybermen. The Cybermen plan to take over the space station, after which their fleet will invade Earth. The Doctor uses an x-ray laser to destroy the Cybermen. In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758215",
"score": "1.0091653",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Attack of the Cybermen",
"text": "released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in Issue 82 on 22 February 2012. Attack of the Cybermen Attack of the Cybermen is the first serial of the 22nd season of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\", which was first broadcast in two weekly parts on 5 and 12 January 1985. It was written by pseudonymous author \"Paula Moore\", who has conflicting accounts to whom this credit belongs, and directed by Matthew Robinson. Beginning with this serial and continuing for the remainder of Season 22, episodes were 45 minutes in length (as opposed to previous episodes",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4859084",
"score": "1.0073981",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "The Tomb of the Cybermen",
"text": "and original Doctor Who production staff who shared their memories and perspectives of Patrick Troughton. It also appeared on Australian Broadcasting Corporation's iView exclusively, part of their celebration for Doctor Who's 50th anniversary. Following the transmission of the first episode, the BBC's Head of Drama Sydney Newman personally congratulated Peter Bryant on what he had seen, which Bryant later recalled: \"Coming from the man who created \"Doctor Who\" that was the ultimate compliment, even more so seeing as it was my first job as producer.\" However, the serial also attracted controversy. On 26 September 1967, Kit Pedler appeared on the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3505598",
"score": "1.0054712",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "of Cybermen in \"Revenge of the Cybermen\" (1975), for which they were once again redesigned. These Cybermen are depicted as the wandering remnants of a fallen empire, ravaged by the so-called Cyber-Wars against victorious humanity, which had crucially exploited the Cybermen's weakness to gold. These Cybermen attempt to restore the glory of their race by destroying the humans' gold-rich asteroid Voga. Another long hiatus preceded \"Earthshock\" (1982), in which the Fifth Doctor (Peter Davison) encounters Cybermen in Earth in the year 2526, who seek to destroy the planet with a large bomb while alien dignitaries visit Earth to discuss the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758217",
"score": "1.0047414",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Doctor Who (series 7)",
"text": "filmed in early November 2012, showing a new design for the Cybermen. Production blocks were arranged as follows: Smith, Gillan, Darvill, Moffat, and Skinner all promoted the series at the official \"Doctor Who\" convention in Cardiff in March 2012. At the convention the first trailer for the series premiered. Three promotional images of Smith and Coleman were released on 8 June, 11 June, and 13 June. New footage was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International on 15 July, consisting of clips from the second and third episodes. The second trailer for the series aired on the BBC on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15681785",
"score": "1.0047238",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "a transparent brain casing. Because the Doctor is a time traveller, he meets the Cybermen at various points in their history out of sequence from the order the serials were made. This can be confusing since Cybermen from serials set in \"earlier\" periods of history can sometimes look more sophisticated than those from \"later\" periods. Lawrence Miles suggests in his reference work \"About Time 5\" that the anachronistically designed Cybermen of \"Earthshock\" and \"Silver Nemesis\" are time travellers, like those in \"Attack of the Cybermen\". The Doctor Who Role Playing Game \"Cyber Files\" worked around the contradiction by stating that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758277",
"score": "1.0041528",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "that adventure was subsequently misused in \"Loving the Alien\", written by the same authors. The Fifth Doctor story \"Warmonger\" by Terrance Dicks has the Cybermen join the Doctor's alliance against Morbius. The First Doctor story \"The Time Travellers\" by Simon Guerrier, set in an alternate reality, has the Cybermen (who are never named) living at the South Pole and trading advanced technology to South Africa. The Eighth Doctor Adventures novel \"Hope\" by Mark Clapham features the Silverati, a group of cybernetically enhanced humans heavily reminiscent of the Cybermen, in existence in the very far future as the universe approaches its",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758234",
"score": "1.0038607",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Cyberman",
"text": "(1988), in which a fleet of Cybermen warships assemble to convert Earth into a new Mondas. A Cybermen scouting party is sent to Earth in search of the legendary Nemesis statue, a Time Lord artefact of immense power, made of the \"living metal\" validium. The intervention of the Seventh Doctor (Sylvester McCoy) and his companion Ace (Sophie Aldred), however, ensures that the Nemesis destroys the entire cyber-fleet instead. Between the series' cancellation and its subsequent revival, they make one other brief appearance in the 1993 Children in Need special \"Dimensions in Time\", as one of several enemies used by evil",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1758220",
"score": "1.0035081",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
}
]
| {
"title": "Cyberman",
"long_answer": "The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs who are among the most persistent enemies of the Doctor in the British science fiction television programme, Doctor Who. Within the context of the series, the Cybermen are a species of emotionless space-faring cyborgs who look to co-opt human beings or other similar species to join and populate their ranks. First appearing in 1966, the Cybermen were created by Dr. Kit Pedler (the unofficial scientific advisor to the show) and story editor Gerry Davis.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs who are among the most persistent enemies of the Doctor in the British science fiction television programme, Doctor Who. Within the context of the series, the Cybermen are a species of emotionless space-faring cyborgs who look to co-opt human beings or other similar species to join and populate their ranks. First appearing in 1966, the Cybermen were created by Dr. Kit Pedler (the unofficial scientific advisor to the show) and story editor Gerry Davis.",
"short_answers": [
"1966",
"in 1966"
]
} |
oklahoma's 10 geographic regions are defined by surface features called | [
"ecological regions"
]
| [
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains. Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions, more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin. It is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. Usually considered part of the South Central United States, Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "and with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the highest number of reservoirs in the nation. Oklahoma covers an area of , with of land and of water, making it the 20th-largest state in the United States. Generally, it is divided into seven geographical regions: Green Country, or Northeast Oklahoma, Southeastern Oklahoma, Central Oklahoma, South Central Oklahoma, Southwest Oklahoma, Northwest Oklahoma, and the Oklahoma Panhandle. Situated between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, Oklahoma tends to slope gradually downward from its western to eastern boundaries. Its highest and lowest points follow this",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531698",
"score": "1.3708348",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma",
"text": "200 lakes created by dams, it holds the nation's highest number of artificial reservoirs. Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers, though the Lee and Little rivers also contain significant drainage basins. Due to Oklahoma's location at the confluence of many geographic regions, the state's climatic regions have a high rate of biodiversity. Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses. Where rainfall is sparse",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "300964",
"score": "1.2822999",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma, and transitional prairie and woodlands cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction. Oklahoma had few natural lakes. Those that did exist were either oxbow or playa lakes. Oklahoma has sixty-two oxbow lakes above in size. The largest, near the Red River in McCurtain County is . The prolonged drought that started in 1930 and created",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531700",
"score": "1.2812245",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma",
"text": "foot. The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannas cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction. More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma's waterways, and with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "300963",
"score": "1.2735076",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,368 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near the far northwest corner of the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level. Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers, though the Lee and Little rivers also contain significant drainage basins. In the state’s northwestern corner, semi-arid high plains harbor few natural forests and rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531699",
"score": "1.2700645",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "and near-west by Texas. The state has four primary mountain ranges: the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, the Ozark Mountains and the Ouachita Mountains. Part of the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozarks and Ouachitas form the only major highland region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and in the state's southeastern corner, Cavanal Hill is officially regarded as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails the definition of a mountain by one foot. More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma's waterways,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531697",
"score": "1.2681025",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma",
"text": "is and . Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of , with of land and of water. It lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas. Much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "300958",
"score": "1.2495142",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Green Country",
"text": "in Green Country are generally above 40 inches per year, thus making it considerably wetter and greener than most of the state. The area is also one of the most populous regions of Oklahoma, and is home to some of its largest cities. Northeastern Oklahoma has the most diversified agricultural economy in the state, as well as the state's second largest city, Tulsa. In addition to the area's abundance of foliage and rolling hills, it has more lakes than any other geographical area of Oklahoma, as well as more than half of the state's registered state parks. Oklahoma is one",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4936704",
"score": "1.2479886",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "the condition called the \"Dust Bowl\", led to the construction of a great many reservoirs throughout the state. Now, Oklahoma has the largest number of lakes created by dams of any state in the United States, with more than 200. Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma, and prairie grasslands, composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions. Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, junipers, and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531701",
"score": "1.2360041",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of over 40 and as high as , while areas of the panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under . All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C), or below 0 °F (−18 °C) (though subzero temperatures are rare in southeastern Oklahoma), and snowfall ranges from an average of less than in the far south to just over on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The state is home to the National Storm Prediction Center of the National Weather Service located",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531709",
"score": "1.2199955",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "mild winters, but with sometimes-dramatic cold spells, sometimes accompanied by snow, sleet or freezing rain. This transitions progressively to a semi-arid zone (Köppen \"BSk\") in the high plains of the Panhandle, where a drier climate prevails, with somewhat-colder winters and similarly-hot summers but much lower humidity. Other central to western areas of the state, including Lawton and Enid in the transition zone, are also less affected by moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. They also tend to be drier than Oklahoma's eastern counties. Precipitation and temperatures fall from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531708",
"score": "1.2182655",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma City",
"text": "region in the center of the state, making it an ideal location for state government. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Oklahoma City lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma, known for hills of 250 to and two species of oak: blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Q. stellata). The northeastern part of the city and its eastern suburbs fall into an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city is roughly bisected by the North Canadian River (recently renamed the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "683265",
"score": "1.2117908",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Green Country",
"text": "of only four states with more than 10 ecoregions, but six of its 11 ecoregions are located in northeastern Oklahoma. The heavily-wooded Ozark Mountains and their foothills dominate most of northeast Oklahoma from the immediate Tulsa vicinity south and eastward towards the Arkansas state line, containing both evergreen pine and deciduous forests. In its western counties, the far eastern extent of the Great Plains transition to woodlands through the Cross Timbers region. This area includes most of Oklahoma's portion of the Flint Hills, some of which is the protected by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve near Pawhuska, one of the last",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4936705",
"score": "1.2053094",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Green Country",
"text": "remnants of tallgrass prairie in the United States. Prairie terrain is most apparent in a strip of Green Country's northern section, which borders Kansas, running roughly from Bartlesville to Miami, where the landscape can most accurately be described as a mix of true prairie and forest. A small portion of the Ouachita Mountains extend into the southern areas of northeast Oklahoma, though the Ozark highlands are the primary range in the area. Northeast Oklahoma has a land area of , comprising eighteen entire counties. The Region comprises about 19.3 percent of Oklahoma's land area, and is larger than the state",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4936706",
"score": "1.2016771",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Southwestern Oklahoma",
"text": "Custer County, and Roger Mills County and Washita County. Consisting of grassland and gently rolling hills, Southwest Oklahoma is atypical to the rest of the Great Plains region of the United States, as it is less dry than adjacent West Texas and contains many geographic features which further differentiates the unique climate. The area has a humid subtropical climate, receiving anywhere from about 20 inches of precipitation annually in the far west, to 35 inches annually in the eastern section. Monsoon-like rains are common in the spring months, while periods of drought can occur throughout other parts of the year.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9949617",
"score": "1.1991532",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "and humidity. Much of the state is often subjected to extremes in temperature, wind, drought, and rainfall. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold and warm air masses, producing severe weather, with the highest-risk months from April to June. An average of 62 tornadoes strike the state per year, making that one of the highest rates in the world. Due to its position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely between relatively short distances. Precipitation occurs year-round, but average monthly",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531706",
"score": "1.1882558",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma",
"text": "Oklahoma Oklahoma () is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, Texas on the south, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the fifty United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words and , meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, \"The Sooner State\", in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "300954",
"score": "1.186287",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Green Country",
"text": "and Stroud, the southwestern most town in the region. Green Country Green Country, sometimes referred to as Northeast Oklahoma, is the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, which lies west of the northern half of Arkansas, the southwestern corner of Missouri, and south of Kansas. The region is noted for its mild rainy climate and beautiful scenery. Its name was devised in the 1960s by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation as one of six travel destination regions within the state, but is the most historically significant of all of them, as the name's usage can be",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4936710",
"score": "1.1801171",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Green Country",
"text": "Green Country Green Country, sometimes referred to as Northeast Oklahoma, is the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, which lies west of the northern half of Arkansas, the southwestern corner of Missouri, and south of Kansas. The region is noted for its mild rainy climate and beautiful scenery. Its name was devised in the 1960s by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation as one of six travel destination regions within the state, but is the most historically significant of all of them, as the name's usage can be traced to the early part of the 20th century.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4936702",
"score": "1.180009",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Tulsa, Oklahoma",
"text": "the wetter forests of the east. With a wetter climate than points westward, Tulsa serves as a gateway to \"Green Country\", a popular and official designation for northeast Oklahoma that stems from the region's green vegetation and relatively large number of hills and lakes compared to central and western areas of Oklahoma, which lie largely in the drier Great Plains region of the Central United States. Located near the western edge of the U.S. Interior Highlands, northeastern Oklahoma is the most topographically diverse part of the state, containing seven of Oklahoma's 11 eco-regions and more than half of its state",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1334247",
"score": "1.1784863",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "the far western reaches of the panhandle. Marshlands, cypress forests and mixtures of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, sabal minor, and deciduous forests dominate the state's southeastern quarter, while mixtures of largely post oak, elm, cedar and pine forests cover the Ozark Mountains in northeastern Oklahoma. Many rare, relic species such as sugar maple, bigtooth maple, southern live oak, and nolina inhabit Southwestern Oklahoma and the Wichita Mountains. The state holds large populations of white-tailed deer, coyotes, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, american bison, greater prairie-chickens, badgers, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531702",
"score": "1.1784648",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest, the largest and oldest national forest in the southern United States. With , the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing . Of Oklahoma's federally",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531704",
"score": "1.1775585",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma County, Oklahoma",
"text": "has a total area of , of which is land and (1.3%) is water. As of the Census of 2010, there were 718,633 people, 277,615 households, and 172,572 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,013 people per square mile (391/km²). There were 319,828 housing units at an average density of 416 per square mile (161/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 64.6% White, 15.4% Black or African American, 3.5% Native American, 3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 8.1% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. 15.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "917376",
"score": "1.1755695",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, grey fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with a total of 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Oklahoma has 41 state parks, two national protected forests or grasslands, and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas. Six percent of the state's 10 million acres (40,000 km) of forest is public land, including",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531703",
"score": "1.1749763",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"text": "protected park or recreational sites, the Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest, with . Other federal protected sites include the Santa Fe and Trail of Tears national historic trails, the Fort Smith and Washita Battlefield national historic sites, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial. Oklahoma sits at a frequent crossroads between three different air masses: warm, humid air from the Gulf of Mexico; warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S.; and cold, dry air from Canada. Especially from fall to spring, Oklahoma sees frequent air mass changes, which can produce drastic swings in both temperature",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11531705",
"score": "1.1718299",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma Panhandle",
"text": "Kansas and Colorado at 37°N on the north, New Mexico at 103°W on the west, Texas at 36.5°N on the south, and the remainder of Oklahoma at 100°W on the east. The largest town in the region is Guymon, which is the county seat of Texas County. Black Mesa, the highest point in Oklahoma at , is located in Cimarron County. The Panhandle occupies nearly all of the true High Plains within the state of Oklahoma, being the only part of the state lying west of the 100th meridian, which generally marks the westernmost extent of moist air from the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3808217",
"score": "1.1716707",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "South Central Oklahoma",
"text": "by the irregular topography of the underlying Arbuckle range. Larger manmade lakes include Lake Texoma, with over , and Lake Murray, a lake impounded about south of Ardmore. Fishing, boating and swimming are popular throughout the region, especially on Lake Texoma, the second most popular lake in terms of annual visitors in the United States, as determined by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. Other draws in the region include Oklahoma's tallest waterfall, Turner Falls, as well as the restored historic downtowns of Ardmore, Durant and Ada. The region's proximity to the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex makes it a popular weekend destination",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10491340",
"score": "1.1605105",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Oklahoma",
"text": "north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "300969",
"score": "1.1583087",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Northwestern Oklahoma",
"text": "Oklahoma Territory. \"No Man's Land\" became Seventh County under the newly organized Oklahoma Territory, land was soon renamed Beaver County. Northwestern Oklahoma took its current form when Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory joined the Union in 1907 as the single U.S. state of Oklahoma. Northwest Oklahoma ranges from dry and flat to an area with mountain ranges and mesas, a testament to the Southwest Tablelands ecoregion that dominates the area. Canyons and grasslands, such as the Rita Blanca National Grassland, help to give Northwest Oklahoma a distinctive Southwest-like landscape, differing from other parts of the state. Black Mesa, the state's",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9950967",
"score": "1.1552156",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
}
]
| {
"title": "Geography of Oklahoma",
"long_answer": "The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains. Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions, more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin. It is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. Usually considered part of the South Central United States, Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains. Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions, more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin. It is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. Usually considered part of the South Central United States, Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by",
"short_answers": [
"ecological regions"
]
} |
communities of similar organisms found in a particular environment are called | [
"species",
"habitat"
]
| [
{
"title": "Habitat",
"text": "In ecology, a habitat is the kind of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives. It is characterized by both physical and biological features. A species' habitat is those places where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Fouling community",
"text": "Fouling community Fouling communities are communities of organisms found on artificial surfaces like the sides of docks, marinas, harbors, and boats. Settlement panels made from a variety of substances have been used to monitor settlement patterns and to examine several community processes (e.g., succession, recruitment, predation, competition, and invasion resistance). These communities are characterized by the presence of a variety of sessile organisms including ascidians, bryozoans, mussels, tube building polychaetes, sea anemones, sponges, barnacles, and more. Common predators on and around fouling communities include small crabs, starfish, fish, limpets, chitons, other gastropods, and a variety of worms. Fouling communities follow",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9544674",
"score": "1.0901886",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Fouling community",
"text": "called into question by Connell and Sousa. Fouling community Fouling communities are communities of organisms found on artificial surfaces like the sides of docks, marinas, harbors, and boats. Settlement panels made from a variety of substances have been used to monitor settlement patterns and to examine several community processes (e.g., succession, recruitment, predation, competition, and invasion resistance). These communities are characterized by the presence of a variety of sessile organisms including ascidians, bryozoans, mussels, tube building polychaetes, sea anemones, sponges, barnacles, and more. Common predators on and around fouling communities include small crabs, starfish, fish, limpets, chitons, other gastropods, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9544676",
"score": "1.0713134",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Colony (biology)",
"text": "while others must live in a colony to survive (obligate). For example, some carpenter bees will form colonies when a dominant hierarchy is formed between two or more nest foundresses (facultative colony), while corals are animals that are physically connected by living tissue (the coenosarc) that contains a shared gastrovascular cavity. Unicellular and multicellular unitary organisms may aggregate to form colonies. For example, Modular organisms are those in which a genet (or genetic individual formed from a sexually-produced zygote) asexually reproduces to form genetically identical clones called ramets. A clonal colony is when the ramets of a genet live in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1402749",
"score": "1.0073278",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Insect ecology",
"text": "man and infect one in six humans with a pathogen. Community ecology is the process by which a group of organisms which live in the same location interact. There is direct interaction, which takes the form of symbiosis, competition and predation, which are the most easily notable. There is also indirect interaction, such as reproduction, foraging patterns and decaying. Every organism is at its most basic state could be a consumer in some situations, and a producer in others. The culmination of all these interactions is what defines a community and what differentiates one from another. Insects often play several",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11469526",
"score": "0.99657303",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Benthos",
"text": "Benthos Benthos is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as the benthic zone. This community lives in or near marine sedimentary environments, from tidal pools along the foreshore, out to the continental shelf, and then down to the abyssal depths. Many organisms adapted to deep-water pressure cannot survive in the upper parts of the water column. The pressure difference can be very significant (approximately one atmosphere for each 10 metres of water depth). Because light is absorbed before it can reach deep ocean-water, the energy source for deep benthic ecosystems is often",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "706822",
"score": "0.9928927",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Sediment-dwelling organism",
"text": "Sediment-dwelling organism A sediment-dwelling organism is a creature or micro-organism which lives mainly inside sediment – the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water. These are collectively known as infauna, as opposed to epifauna – the benthic organisms which live on the surface of the sediment. Such creatures are found in the fossil record and include lingulata, trilobites and worms. They made burrows in the sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment. Today, a variety of organisms",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20067891",
"score": "0.99198043",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Sea ice microbial communities",
"text": "microbes are found in the lower layer of the ice, although some are found in the middle and upper layers. Despite this extreme variability in environmental conditions, the taxonomical community composition tends to remain consistent throughout the year, until the ice melts. Much of the knowledge concerning the community diversity of the sea ice is known through genetic analyses and next-generation sequencing. In both the Arctic and Antarctic, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriia are the common bacterial classes found. Most sea ice Archaea belong to the phylum Thaumarchaeota while most of the protists belong to one of 3 supergroups: Alveolata, Stramenopile",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20648656",
"score": "0.9873611",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Microorganism",
"text": "colonies; these organisms are known as extremophiles. Extremophiles have been isolated from rocks as much as 7 kilometres below the Earth's surface, and it has been suggested that the amount of organisms living below the Earth's surface is comparable with the amount of life on or above the surface. Extremophiles have been known to survive for a prolonged time in a vacuum, and can be highly resistant to radiation, which may even allow them to survive in space. Many types of microorganisms have intimate symbiotic relationships with other larger organisms; some of which are mutually beneficial (mutualism), while others can",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "278261",
"score": "0.9865764",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Deep sea community",
"text": "up by organisms in the food webs. Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution conducted an experiment three decades ago in deep Sargasso Sea looking at the rate of sinking. They found what became known as marine snow in which the POM are repackaged into much larger particles which sink at much greater speed, 'falling like snow'. Because of the sparsity of food, the organisms living on and in the bottom are generally opportunistic. They have special adaptations for this extreme environment: rapid growth, effect larval dispersal mechanism and the ability to use a ‘transient’ food resource. One typical example is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12935764",
"score": "0.9832789",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Symbiodinium",
"text": "(between the cells). Cnidarians that are associated with \"Symbiodinium\" occur mostly in warm oligotrophic (nutrient-poor), marine environments where they are often the dominant constituents of benthic communities. These dinoflagellates are therefore among the most abundant eukaryotic microbes found in coral reef ecosystems. \"Symbiodinium\" are colloquially called \"zooxanthellae\", and animals symbiotic with algae in this genus are said to be \"zooxanthellate\". The term was loosely used to refer to any golden-brown endosymbionts, including diatoms and other dinoflagellates. Continued use of the term in the scientific literature is discouraged because of the confusion caused by overly generalizing taxonomically diverse symbiotic relationships. Recently,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10277671",
"score": "0.97914237",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Fauna",
"text": "concealed microhabitats. \"Infauna\" are benthic organisms that live within the bottom substratum of a water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, rather than on its surface. Bacteria and microalgae may also live in the interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial seawater. Epifauna, also called \"epibenthos\", are aquatic animals that live on the bottom substratum as opposed to within it, that is, the benthic fauna that live on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3264535",
"score": "0.9728436",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Microorganism",
"text": "but have since been found in all types of habitats. Only now are scientists beginning to realize how common archaea are in the environment, with Crenarchaeota being the most common form of life in the ocean, dominating ecosystems below 150 m in depth. These organisms are also common in soil and play a vital role in ammonia oxidation. The combined domains of archaea and bacteria make up the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth and inhabit practically all environments where the temperature is below +140 °C. They are found in water, soil, air, as the microbiome of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "278252",
"score": "0.97140473",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Microbial genetics",
"text": "that live in extreme and harsh environments with low pH levels such as salt lakes, oceans, and in the gut of ruminants and humans are also known as extremophiles. In contrast, bacteria are found in various areas such as plants, animals, soil, and rocks. Fungi can be both multicellular and unicellular organisms, and are distinguished from other microbes by the way they obtain nutrients. Fungi secrete enzymes into their surroundings, to break down organic matter. Fungal genetics uses yeast, and filamentous fungi as model organisms for eukaryotic genetic research, including cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure and gene regulation. Studies of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8159956",
"score": "0.96709514",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Fauna",
"text": "top of the sediment surface at the seafloor... \"Macrofauna\" are benthic or soil organisms which are retained on a 0.5 mm sieve. Studies in the deep sea define macrofauna as animals retained on a 0.3 mm sieve to account for the small size of many of the taxa. \"Megafauna\" are large animals of any particular region or time. For example, Australian megafauna. \"Meiofauna\" are small benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and fresh water environments. The term \"Meiofauna\" loosely defines a group of organisms by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, rather than a taxonomic grouping.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3264536",
"score": "0.9644752",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Habitat",
"text": "in oxygen, and are dependent on chemical reactions other than photosynthesis. Boreholes drilled into the rocky seabed have found microbial communities apparently based on the products of reactions between water and the constituents of rocks. These communities have been little studied, but may be an important part of the global carbon cycle. Rock in mines two miles deep also harbour microbes; these live on minute traces of hydrogen produced in slow oxidizing reactions inside the rock. These metabolic reactions allow life to exist in places with no oxygen or light, an environment that had previously been thought to be devoid",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4721357",
"score": "0.9630958",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "Natural environment",
"text": "the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death. A diverse variety of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information. Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means. An ecosystem (also called as environment) is a natural unit consisting of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2886348",
"score": "0.9615663",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Geographical feature",
"text": "including \"inter alia\", terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems. Living organisms are continually engaged in a set of relationships with every other element constituting the environment in which they exist, and ecosystem describes any situation where there is relationship between organisms and their environment. Biomes represent large areas of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms. Biomes are defined based on factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and climate. Unlike ecozones, biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic, or historical similarities.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11941940",
"score": "0.9605211",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Colony (biology)",
"text": "close proximity or are physically connected. Ramets may have all of the functions needed to survive on their own or be interdependent on other ramets. For example, some sea anemones go through the process of pedal laceration in which a genetically identical individual is asexually produced from tissue broken off from the anemone's pedal disc. In plants, clonal colonies are created through the propagation of genetically identical trees by stolons or rhizomes. Colonial organisms are clonal colonies composed of many physically connected, interdependent individuals. Colonial organisms can be unicellular, as in the alga \"Volvox\" (a coenobium), or multicellular, as in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1402750",
"score": "0.9580126",
"original_retrieval_index": 39
},
{
"title": "Microbial mat",
"text": "on their phylogeny (i.e. the most closely related groups have the most similar metabolisms), the different layers of a mat are divided both by their different metabolic contributions to the community and by their phylogenetic relationships. In a wet environment where sunlight is the main source of energy, the uppermost layers are generally dominated by aerobic photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria whose color is caused by their having chlorophyll), while the lowest layers are generally dominated by anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria. Sometimes there are intermediate (oxygenated only in the daytime) layers inhabited by facultative anaerobic bacteria. For example, in hypersaline ponds near",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12155559",
"score": "0.9575997",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "Particle (ecology)",
"text": "long animals live close to shore and hover above the sea floor, constantly collecting particles. Mysids are an important food source for herring, cod, flounder, striped bass. In polluted areas they have high toxin levels in their tissue but they are very robust and take a lot of poison before they die. Such filter-feeding organisms are the reason that much of the materials we throw in the oceans comes back to us in our food. Particle (ecology) In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object. Particles can remain in suspension in the ocean or freshwater. However, they",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3979220",
"score": "0.9574902",
"original_retrieval_index": 41
},
{
"title": "Ocean Networks Canada",
"text": "organisms. Depending mostly on marine snow—the continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from surface waters—little is known about the complicated food web connecting the organisms of the deep. Because of the harsh environment, there is a low density of organisms observed. Despite the low density, there is a fairly diverse community living on the abyssal plain. Installation and maintenance work has enabled a number of these organisms to be observed. The main groups of organisms observed include fish (skates and rattails), echinoderms (sea cucumbers, sea stars, brittle stars, and crinoids), molluscs (octopus and squid), sea pens, crabs, and squat",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17955106",
"score": "0.95585024",
"original_retrieval_index": 43
},
{
"title": "Cold seep",
"text": "and mud flows result. Somewhere between these two end members exists the conditions that support densely populated and diverse communities of chemosynthetic organisms (microbial mats, siboglinid tube worms, bathymodioline mussels, lucinid and vesycomyid clams, and associated organisms). These areas are frequently associated with surface or near-surface gas hydrate deposits. They also have localized areas of lithified seafloor, generally authigenic carbonates but sometimes more exotic minerals such as barite are present. The widespread nature of Gulf of Mexico chemosynthetic communities was first documented during contracted investigations by the Geological and Environmental Research Group (GERG) of Texas A&M University for the Offshore",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2404535",
"score": "0.9551097",
"original_retrieval_index": 44
},
{
"title": "Sea ice microbial communities",
"text": "in nitrate-rich Antarctic waters may provide the necessary reductants for nitrogen fixation, increasing primary productivity of light-limited phytoplankton. Phytoflagellates and diatoms found in the Antarctic pelagic environment are directly digestible by metozoan herbivores. Sea ice microbial communities Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO) refer to groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice at the poles. The ice matrix they inhabit has strong vertical gradients of salinity, light, temperature and nutrients. Sea ice chemistry is most influenced by the salinity of the brine which affects the pH and the concentration of dissolved nutrients and gases. The brine",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20648677",
"score": "0.95507944",
"original_retrieval_index": 45
},
{
"title": "Sea ice microbial communities",
"text": "Sea ice microbial communities Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO) refer to groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice at the poles. The ice matrix they inhabit has strong vertical gradients of salinity, light, temperature and nutrients. Sea ice chemistry is most influenced by the salinity of the brine which affects the pH and the concentration of dissolved nutrients and gases. The brine formed during the melting sea ice creates pores and channels in the sea ice in which these microbes can live. As a result of these gradients and dynamic conditions, a higher abundance of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20648655",
"score": "0.953768",
"original_retrieval_index": 47
},
{
"title": "Cyanobacteria",
"text": "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Formerly, some bacteria, like \"Beggiatoa\", were thought to be colorless Cyanobacteria. Stromatolites are layered biochemical accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilms (microbial mats) of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. During the Precambrian, stromatolite communities of microorganisms grew in most marine and non-marine environments in the photic zone. After the Cambrian explosion of marine animals, grazing on the stromatolite mats by herbivores greatly reduced the occurrence of the stromatolites in marine environments. Since then, they are found mostly in hypersaline conditions where grazing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1187016",
"score": "0.95329136",
"original_retrieval_index": 48
},
{
"title": "Paleolimnology",
"text": "some are quite large such as freshwater crayfish. They are very sensitive to different physical and chemical conditions and respond to it accordingly due to their limited mobility. For example, their community will change when a pollutant enters into the water or due to the change of water quality. Therefore, the water body which is rich with a macro-invertebrate community can be used to provide an estimate of water body health. Macro invertebrates termed \"benthos\" inhabit surfaces of vegetation, rocks and other aquatic sediments. They are widely distributed in the aquatic environment and present at a range of trophic levels.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7517599",
"score": "0.95087814",
"original_retrieval_index": 53
},
{
"title": "Symbiosis",
"text": "live on their own. The algal or cyanobacterial symbionts in lichens, such as \"Trentepohlia\", can generally live independently, and their symbiosis is, therefore, facultative (optional). Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete, nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as \"Frankia\", which live in alder root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects. Ectosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "509159",
"score": "0.9497262",
"original_retrieval_index": 54
},
{
"title": "Microbiota",
"text": "Microbiota A microbiota is an \"ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms\" found in and on all multicellular organisms studied to date from plants to animals. A microbiota includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. Microbiota have been found to be crucial for immunologic, hormonal and metabolic homeostasis of their host. The synonymous term microbiome describes either the collective genomes of the microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves. The microbiome and host emerged during evolution as a synergistic unit from epigenetics and genetic characteristics, sometimes collectively referred to as a holobiont. All plants and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12500850",
"score": "0.9429492",
"original_retrieval_index": 59
},
{
"title": "Habitat",
"text": "unsuitable for most higher life forms. There are bacteria, for example, living in Lake Whillans, half a mile below the ice of Antarctica; in the absence of sunlight, they must rely on organic material from elsewhere, perhaps decaying matter from glacier melt water or minerals from the underlying rock. Other bacteria can be found in abundance in the Mariana Trench, the deepest place in the ocean and on Earth; marine snow drifts down from the surface layers of the sea and accumulates in this undersea valley, providing nourishment for an extensive community of bacteria. Other microbes live in habitats lacking",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4721356",
"score": "0.94177985",
"original_retrieval_index": 62
}
]
| {
"title": "Habitat",
"long_answer": "In ecology, a habitat is the kind of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives. It is characterized by both physical and biological features. A species' habitat is those places where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In ecology, a habitat is the kind of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives. It is characterized by both physical and biological features. A species' habitat is those places where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction.",
"short_answers": [
"habitat",
"species"
]
} |
who wrote i'm in the mood for dancing | [
"Ben Findon",
"Mike Myers",
"Bob Puzey"
]
| [
{
"title": "I'm In the Mood for Dancing",
"text": "The song was originally recorded as part of the Nolan Sisters' first mainstream pop album, simply titled Nolan Sisters in 1979. It was written by Ben Findon, Mike Myers and Bob Puzey, and featured lead vocals by group member Bernie Nolan.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "I'm In the Mood for Dancing",
"text": "I'm In the Mood for Dancing \"I'm in the Mood for Dancing\" is a single by the Irish pop group, The Nolan Sisters. Originally released in November 1979, the song became a top three hit in the UK in February 1980. A blend of pop and disco, it has since become synonymous with the group and remains their biggest hit. It was also a hit in many countries around the world such as New Zealand and Japan, where it was a number one hit. The song was originally recorded as part of the Nolan Sisters' first mainstream pop album, simply",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14320301",
"score": "1.3434048",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "I'm In the Mood for Dancing",
"text": "copies. Eventually, the group recorded a version of the song in Japanese. The group have re-recorded \"I'm in the Mood for Dancing\" a number of times, with two further single releases of the song in the UK. Firstly in 1989 and again in 1995 - both times reaching the lower regions of the charts. In 2009, The Nolans reunited and embarked on a UK and Ireland tour in honour of the 30th anniversary of \"I'm in the Mood for Dancing\", with the tour and accompanying album titled \"I'm in the Mood Again\". 1979 single 1989 single 1995 single I'm In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14320304",
"score": "1.2668476",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "I'm In the Mood for Dancing",
"text": "40 hit, \"Spirit, Body and Soul\" some weeks earlier. After a slow start in the charts, the single became their first top 10 hit in January 1980, eventually peaking at number 3 during a 15-week chart run. The single was certified Gold by the BPI. \"I'm in the Mood for Dancing\" charted well elsewhere, particularly so in Japan, where it reached number 1 - a rarity for English-language songs at the time, and began a run of success for the group there. Released as 「ダンシング・シスター」 (literal romanisation: \"Dancing Sister(s)\"), it remained at no. 1 for two weeks and sold 670,000",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14320303",
"score": "1.1719106",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "The Nolans",
"text": "that country. Dash indicates did not chart in that country. <small>Notes: The Nolans The Nolans are an Irish/British girl group who formed in 1974 as The Nolan Sisters, before changing their name in 1980. They are best known for their hit single \"I'm In the Mood for Dancing\". Released in December 1979, the song reached number three in the UK in February 1980 and topped the Japanese charts in November 1980. Five of the sisters, Anne, Denise, Maureen, Linda, and Bernie, became regular guest performers on numerous television shows in the UK in the 1970s and supported Frank Sinatra on",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4197568",
"score": "1.1571662",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "The Nolans",
"text": "The Nolans The Nolans are an Irish/British girl group who formed in 1974 as The Nolan Sisters, before changing their name in 1980. They are best known for their hit single \"I'm In the Mood for Dancing\". Released in December 1979, the song reached number three in the UK in February 1980 and topped the Japanese charts in November 1980. Five of the sisters, Anne, Denise, Maureen, Linda, and Bernie, became regular guest performers on numerous television shows in the UK in the 1970s and supported Frank Sinatra on his 1975 European tour. Denise left for a solo career in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4197540",
"score": "1.1263717",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "In the Mood (Ricki-Lee Coulter song)",
"text": "makeshift studio in the house\" and wrote four songs, including \"In the Mood\". Coulter spoke about the writing sessions on her website, saying: \"We drank, we danced, we wrote, we had fun and we were surrounded by friends and good vibes.\" On 19 September 2014, \"In the Mood\" was made available to download alongside the iTunes pre-order of Coulter's fourth studio album \"Dance in the Rain\". Fans who pre-ordered the album on iTunes would instantly receive the song for free. Cameron Adams of the \"Herald Sun\" described \"In the Mood\" as \"anthemic and athletic\". For the issue dated 29 September",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18285461",
"score": "1.1126317",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "I'm in the Mood for Love",
"text": "I'm in the Mood for Love \"I'm in the Mood for Love\" is a popular song published in 1935. The music was written by Jimmy McHugh, the lyrics by Dorothy Fields. The song was introduced by Frances Langford in the movie \"Every Night at Eight\" released that year. It became Langford's signature song. Bob Hope, who frequently worked with Langford entertaining troops in World War II, later wrote that her performance of the song was often a show-stopper. Popular recordings in 1935 were by Frances Langford; Little Jack Little; Louis Armstrong; and Leo Reisman & His Orchestra (vocal by Frank",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9114096",
"score": "1.0655472",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "In the Mood (Ricki-Lee Coulter song)",
"text": "In the Mood (Ricki-Lee Coulter song) \"In the Mood\" is a song recorded by Australian singer and songwriter Ricki-Lee Coulter for her fourth studio album \"Dance in the Rain\". It was written by Coulter, Stuart Crichton and Brian Lee. Following the album's iTunes pre-order release, \"In the Mood\" debuted at number 97 on the ARIA Singles Chart. \"In the Mood\" was written by Ricki-Lee Coulter, Stuart Crichton and Brian Lee. During the summer of 2013, Coulter rented a house in Whale Beach, New South Wales and invited Crichton and Lee over to write songs with her. Together they \"setup a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18285460",
"score": "1.0501597",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "I'm in the Mood",
"text": "a better reception of the single. A special extended remix of \"Keep On Walkin'\", one of the Peniston's previous singles, appeared on the B-side. I'm in the Mood \"I'm in the Mood\" is a 1993 song by the musician CeCe Peniston, released as the first commercial single taken from \"Thought 'Ya Knew\", the singer's second studio album. The composition scored singer her fourth number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, and also entered the Top 10 of the US R&B chart, peaking at number 7. On the Hot 100 the song peaked at number 32 and made",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14855472",
"score": "1.0374494",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "I'm in the Mood",
"text": "I'm in the Mood \"I'm in the Mood\" is a 1993 song by the musician CeCe Peniston, released as the first commercial single taken from \"Thought 'Ya Knew\", the singer's second studio album. The composition scored singer her fourth number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, and also entered the Top 10 of the US R&B chart, peaking at number 7. On the Hot 100 the song peaked at number 32 and made number 16 on the UK Top 75. In a 2011 interview for \"Boy Culture\", TypePad's bloging service, Peniston disclosed that she had actually expected",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14855471",
"score": "1.0349456",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song)",
"text": "chorus to the one of Whitney Houston's 1987 single \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\". He also wrote that the song has a \"wubby bass groove\" that could feature American actress Courtney Cox dancing to it in its potential music video, a reference to her appearance in the video for Bruce Springsteen's 1984 single with the same name. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Home\". Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song) \"Dancing in the Dark\" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for the soundtrack to the 2015 film \"Home\". It was written by Ester Dean,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18661726",
"score": "1.0264649",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Dance (Ratt song)",
"text": "and actor Dick Shawn) during a brief interlude at a rock music show at the famed Whisky a Go Go. Ratt is initially reluctant, but the band relents and performs. 1. \"Dance\" - 4:17<br> 2. \"Take a Chance\" - 4:00 Dance (Ratt song) \"Dance\" is a song by American heavy metal band Ratt. It is the first track off their 1986 album \"Dancing Undercover\" and the tenth track of their compilation album \"Ratt & Roll 81-91\". It reached #59 on the Billboard Top 100. The song was written by Stephen Pearcy, guitarists Robbin Crosby and Warren DeMartini, and album producer",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7959756",
"score": "1.0238652",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Linda Nolan",
"text": "and Cozy Powell. She left the Nolans in 1983 and quickly gained the label \"Naughty Nolan\" due to her posing in risqué publicity photos. The Nolans reunited as a five-piece (Bernie, Anne, Coleen, Maureen and Linda) for one-off performances of \"I'm in the Mood for Dancing\" first for BBC One's \"All Time Greatest Party Songs\", hosted by Tess Daly, which aired on 17 December 2005 and again on 9 August 2007 on \"Loose Women\". Four of the sisters (Linda, Bernie, Coleen & Maureen) reunited in 2009 for a successful tour of the UK and Ireland. They also released an album",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14365884",
"score": "1.0217857",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Jimmy Radcliffe",
"text": "\"I'm In The Mood\" (S. Barnes, J.J. Jackson) / \"The Groove\" (Holt, Holt, Ealey, Paris) Single#327, Produced by Ellie Greenwich and Mike Rashkow for Pineywood Productions Inc., Horns arranged by Meco Monardo. Side 'A'= Lead Vocal: Frankie Paris, Counter Lead Vocal: Jimmy Radcliffe. 1968 Philips Records \"Variations On A Theme Called Hanky Panky\" (Ellie Greenwich, Jeff Barry) / \"Picture Postcard World\" (Paul Levinson) Single#40529, Produced by Mike Rashkow and Ellie Greenwich for Pineywood Productions Inc. Side 'A' arranged by Sammy Lowe, Side 'B' arranged By Paul Lewshen. Lead & Backing Vocals: Johnny Cymbal, Michael Rashkow Ellie Greenwich, Ron Dante, Toni",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14081570",
"score": "1.0217077",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Attitude Dancing",
"text": "vocals by various luminaries and Jim Gordon's impeccable, essential drumming. Simon's vocal is genuinely sassy; she even lets herself growl a bit.\" Attitude Dancing \"Attitude Dancing\" is a song written by Carly Simon and Jacob Brackman, performed by Simon and produced by Richard Perry. The song served as lead single from Simon's fifth studio album, \"Playing Possum\". The single became a Top 40 hit, peaking at #21 on the \"Billboard\" Pop singles chart and #18 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. The single also charted in Australia, peaking at #70 on the ARIA Charts, and was a Top 40 hit",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17994570",
"score": "1.0209464",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)",
"text": "underpinning and giddy zest of Cyndi Lauper's 'Girls Just Want to Have Fun.'\" In its review of \"Whitney\", Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" gave a negative comment, writing that listening to \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody\" and \"You're Still My Man,\" another track on the album was like \"watching television while someone fiddles with color controls.\" In 2006, \"Slant Magazine\" ranked the song at #88 in their 100 Greatest Dance Songs, commenting that \"with its parenthetical title, gummy bassline, schmaltzy horns, tinkling keyboards, and half-step key changes, [the song] is definitive '80s dance-pop.\" \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5410283",
"score": "1.0155482",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Dancing (Kylie Minogue song)",
"text": "of them; he called it her most \"surprising\" material yet, and praised the songwriting for being more \"in-depth\". Daniel Kreps from \"Rolling Stone\" described it as \"euphoric\", whereas Idolator writer Mike Wass called it a \"cute country-pop hybrid with an instantly hummable chorus.\" Hannah J. Davis from \"The Guardian\" listed it as their \"Track of the Week\", declaring it as \"Raw yet danceable,\". She compared it to \"Dancing on My Own\" by Swedish singer Robyn, believing it to be \"one of those songs that's a total bop but which, after a couple of merlots, might push you into the foetal",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20535329",
"score": "1.0123212",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Dance (Ratt song)",
"text": "Dance (Ratt song) \"Dance\" is a song by American heavy metal band Ratt. It is the first track off their 1986 album \"Dancing Undercover\" and the tenth track of their compilation album \"Ratt & Roll 81-91\". It reached #59 on the Billboard Top 100. The song was written by Stephen Pearcy, guitarists Robbin Crosby and Warren DeMartini, and album producer Beau Hill. The single was featured in the \"Miami Vice\" Season 3 episode \"Down for the Count\" in 1987. In the music video for the song, the band is invited to perform by the master of ceremonies (played by comedian",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7959755",
"score": "1.0089871",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "I'm in the Mood for Love",
"text": "Luther). The song was in the 1936 \"Our Gang\" (\"Little Rascals\") short, \"The Pinch Singer\", when it was performed by Darla Hood and Carl \"Alfalfa\" Switzer (on separate occasions). Switzer also performed the song in the 1936 film \"Palm Springs\". I'm in the Mood for Love \"I'm in the Mood for Love\" is a popular song published in 1935. The music was written by Jimmy McHugh, the lyrics by Dorothy Fields. The song was introduced by Frances Langford in the movie \"Every Night at Eight\" released that year. It became Langford's signature song. Bob Hope, who frequently worked with Langford",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9114097",
"score": "1.004697",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Dancing in the Street",
"text": "Ivy Jo Hunter, and Marvin Gaye. The song highlighted the concept of having a good time in whatever city the listener lived. The idea for dancing came to Stevenson from watching people on the streets of Detroit cool off in the summer in water from opened fire hydrants. They appeared to be dancing in the water. The song was conceived by Stevenson who was showing a rough draft of the lyrics to Gaye disguised as a ballad. When Gaye read the original lyrics, however, he said the song sounded more danceable. With Gaye and Stevenson collaborating, the duo composed the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4842666",
"score": "1.0021863",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Attitude Dancing",
"text": "Attitude Dancing \"Attitude Dancing\" is a song written by Carly Simon and Jacob Brackman, performed by Simon and produced by Richard Perry. The song served as lead single from Simon's fifth studio album, \"Playing Possum\". The single became a Top 40 hit, peaking at #21 on the \"Billboard\" Pop singles chart and #18 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. The single also charted in Australia, peaking at #70 on the ARIA Charts, and was a Top 40 hit in Canada, peaking at #21. The song was the first real disco hit of both herself and of her record label at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17994568",
"score": "0.9998976",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Dancing On My Own",
"text": "of pop music.\" \"Rolling Stone\" named it the twenty-sixth best song of 2010, writing: \"The Swedish diva spots her beloved with another girl — then turns her sadness into sparkling pop, perfect for solo freakouts.\" The song landed at number six on MTV's Best Songs of 2010, with James Montgomery writing: \"as soon as \"Dancing\" gets to that hair-raising build — a breathless rush of drums and adrenaline — you're no longer thinking about what Robyn's saying, really.\" In January 2011, the American music magazine \"The Village Voice\"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked \"Dancing on My Own\" at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14580362",
"score": "0.9978053",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "I Just Came Here to Dance",
"text": "Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. I Just Came Here to Dance \"I Just Came to Dance\" is a song written by Ken Bell, Terry Skinner and J. L. Wallace, and recorded by American country music artists David Frizzell and Shelly West. It was released in July 1982 as the second single from the album \"The David Frizzell & Shelly West Album\". The song reached #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. In 1983, the song was covered by Roberta Flack and Peabo Bryson for their duets album, \"Born to Love\". Released in 1984 as the album's third single,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16851292",
"score": "0.9964935",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Dancing (Kylie Minogue song)",
"text": "Dancing (Kylie Minogue song) \"Dancing\" is a song by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was released on 19 January 2018 by BMG and Liberator Music, as the lead single from her fourteenth studio album \"Golden\" (2018). Written by Minogue, Steve McEwan and Nathan Chapman, and produced by Sky Adams, \"Dancing\" was the singer's first material with BMG and Liberator, after finishing her contract with British label Parlophone two years prior. Musically, \"Dancing\" is a departure from her usual electronic dance sound, and adapts to country pop with elements of electronica and dance-pop. Lyrically, it talks about having fun and enjoying",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20535320",
"score": "0.9956492",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "CeCe Peniston",
"text": "single, \"I'm in the Mood\" (originally produced by Soulshock and Karlin) was picked to be the final leader—though as support for \"Searchin'\", which would be separately delivered on vinyl only to DJs. \"I'm in the Mood\" did well by itself, and with a video accompanied by a hip-hop remix from M-Doc & Jere M.C. (better known as In Da Soul) the title was on singles reproduced by David Morales for the dance floor. The song spawned Peniston's fourth No. 1 (dethroning from the top of the US Dance chart Aretha Franklin's \"A Deeper Love\") and peaked at No. 16 in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4222935",
"score": "0.99554837",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Dancing On My Own",
"text": "always about fun. There's a destructive side to it. But I'm more into the empowerment of going out, because it's always been the place where I could be myself and get inspired. Even if I'm sad, dancing is a way to let stuff out.\" The song is performed in the key of G major with a tempo of 117 beats per minute in common time. The song follows a chord progression of G–D–C, and Robyn's vocals span from D to E. \"Dancing on My Own\" received widespread acclaim from music critics and publications. Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14580358",
"score": "0.99519515",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song)",
"text": "Dancing in the Dark (Rihanna song) \"Dancing in the Dark\" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for the soundtrack to the 2015 film \"Home\". It was written by Ester Dean, Maureen Anne McDonald and Rihanna together with its producers Stargate. In June 2012, it was revealed that Rihanna would star as the lead role in the film \"Happy Smekday!\", alongside American actor Jim Parsons. In September 2012, 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation announced that the movie will be released for November 26, 2014. In June 2013, the film was retitled from \"Happy Smekday!\" to \"Home\". In 2014,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18661723",
"score": "0.9950196",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You",
"text": "released a cover on their 2008 album, \"B-Sides The Beatles\". Tori Kelly sang the song as the character Millie Pede in Beat Bugs. I'm Happy Just to Dance with You \"I'm Happy Just to Dance with You\" is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and recorded by The Beatles for the film soundtrack to \"A Hard Day's Night\". Lead vocals are by George Harrison, whose performance in the film marked the first mass media depiction of Harrison singing lead. It was written specifically for George Harrison to sing at a time when he lacked the confidence to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5580464",
"score": "0.99107915",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Dancing in the Moonlight",
"text": "for sales of over 600,000 copies. Worldwide, the song reached the top 20 in Australia, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain. In 2007, the song was placed at number 17 on BBC Three's list of \"The 100 Most Annoying Pop Songs...We Hate to Love\". UK CD single reissue Dancing in the Moonlight \"Dancing in the Moonlight\" is a song by the French-American rock group King Harvest that was released as a single in 1972 and reached number 13 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. None of the band's other singles matched its success. The track used a Wurlitzer electric piano",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5029102",
"score": "0.9906399",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
}
]
| {
"title": "I'm In the Mood for Dancing",
"long_answer": "The song was originally recorded as part of the Nolan Sisters' first mainstream pop album, simply titled Nolan Sisters in 1979. It was written by Ben Findon, Mike Myers and Bob Puzey, and featured lead vocals by group member Bernie Nolan.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The song was originally recorded as part of the Nolan Sisters' first mainstream pop album, simply titled Nolan Sisters in 1979. It was written by Ben Findon, Mike Myers and Bob Puzey, and featured lead vocals by group member Bernie Nolan.",
"short_answers": [
"Ben Findon",
"Bob Puzey",
"Mike Myers"
]
} |
how many world series wins does the dodgers have | [
"6",
"six"
]
| [
{
"title": "Los Angeles Dodgers",
"text": "The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of 13 MVP Awards, Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "cruised to an 11–1 win and a trip to their first World Series since 1988. Chris Taylor and Justin Turner were voted co-MVPs of the series. The Dodgers bullpen set a record with 23 consecutive scoreless innings in the post-season from game two of the NLDS through the completion of the NLCS. The Dodgers faced the Houston Astros in the World Series, their first appearance in the series since they won in 1988. Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers, while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros. The temperature at the start of the game was , which made",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19766133",
"score": "1.0219977",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "2013 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "of 38-8 over their past 46 games was the franchise's best mark since the 1899 Brooklyn Superbas. Ryu pitched another good game the following day, beating Mets ace Matt Harvey to pick up his 12th win in the Dodgers 4-2 victory. On August 14, the Dodgers fell behind early 4-0 after 3 innings but again fought their way back and tied it up on a two-run pinch hit homer by Andre Ethier in the bottom of the ninth. Back-to-back doubles by Yasiel Puig and Gonzalez in the 12th gave them a 5-4 walk-off win. This was the 12th straight victory",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16820105",
"score": "1.0177857",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Los Angeles Dodgers",
"text": "two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning of game 1, in his only appearance of the series. The Dodgers won the pennant in 2017 and 2018, but lost the World Series to the Houston Astros and Boston Red Sox respectively. The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants, the oldest rivalry in baseball, dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City. Both teams moved west for the 1958 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 20 times, while the New York Giants and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "242080",
"score": "1.0118542",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Dodgers–Giants rivalry",
"text": "the Chicago Cubs (10,261 wins). What is notable about the rivalry is not only the balance between the teams but also how both have often played meaningful games late in the year. Since 1951, the Giants and Dodgers have finished 1–2 11 times, and in 3 other years were within several games of both first place and each other. Just as important is the role one team has played as spoiler to the other in the years when they were not directly competing in a pennant race. The New York Giants won the 68-year series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, 722–671.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5502419",
"score": "1.0108743",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Dodgers–Giants rivalry",
"text": "through ), the Giants have won 1,190 games and the Dodgers have won 1,166. The St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Cardinals rival Chicago Cubs (in games versus each other) are very close behind in head-to-head tallies from 1901 onwards. In total (1890–2011), they have played 2,346 games against each other. 's results continued to reflect the closeness in the rivalry as the Giants won the season series 10 games to 8. If ranked by the number of all-time MLB wins by franchise, the Giants (10,463 wins) and Dodgers (10,157 wins) are number 1 and 3, respectively, number 2 being",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5502418",
"score": "1.0106118",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "2017 World Series",
"text": "regular season. The Dodgers held a 91–36 record through August 25 and ended the season with a 104–58 record. They won their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs as the overall #1 seed. In the postseason, the Dodgers swept the 4th-seeded Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and then defeated the number 3 seed and defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games. This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988, the tenth",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19533455",
"score": "1.0079758",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "2007 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "beat two in a row after dropping the first game of the series. The Dodgers then took two of the three games they played with the Cubs at Dodger Stadium. In Washington, they took two out of three games, shutting out the Nationals in the first two games. The Dodgers beat the Pirates in the first game of a four-game series in Pittsburgh, the Pirates held the Dodgers to just one run in a 3-1 victory. The next day the Dodgers came from a 4-0 deficit to win 5-4. The Dodgers then went to San Diego to play the Padres",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9608789",
"score": "1.0042626",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "1966 World Series",
"text": "to the A.L. pennant by nine games over the Minnesota Twins. The Dodgers were in a tight pennant race for the fourth time in five years. Going into a season ending double header in Philadelphia, the Dodgers led the San Francisco Giants by two games. The Giants were in Pittsburgh for a single game, and if they won that game and the Dodgers lost twice, the Giants would have headed to Cincinnati to play a make up game of an earlier rain-out; a win there would force a tie for first place. In the first game of the double header,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4341567",
"score": "1.0037502",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "2014 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "pick up his 13th win and this was the first time the Dodgers had four starters with 13 or more wins since 1985 when Orel Hershiser, Fernando Valenzuela, Jerry Reuss and Bob Welch reached that mark. The Dodgers, holding a two-game lead in the division, traveled up the coast to begin a key three game series against the team trailing them in the standings, the San Francisco Giants, at AT&T Park. Hyun-jin Ryu was tagged for four runs in the first before leaving the game with shoulder irritation in a contest the Dodgers lost 9–0. Hanley Ramírez did hit a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17602978",
"score": "1.0024168",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "1965 World Series",
"text": "The Dodgers, prevailing in seven games, captured their second title in three years, and their third since moving to Los Angeles in 1958. Both teams improved from sixth-place finishes in 1964; the Twins won the A.L. pennant with relative ease while the Dodgers were locked in a season-long five-way battle in the N.L. among themselves, the Giants, Pirates, Reds, and Braves. After the Giants won their 14th-consecutive game to take a -game lead on September 16, the Dodgers went on a 13-game winning streak over the final two weeks of the season to clinch the pennant on the next to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4341681",
"score": "0.99967486",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "2018 World Series",
"text": "entered the playoffs as a second seed and went on to beat the Atlanta Braves in four games in the 2018 National League Division Series and the Milwaukee Brewers in seven games in the 2018 National League Championship Series, becoming the first team in either league to win Game 7 of a League Championship Series on the road since the 2006 Cardinals. The 2018 Dodgers were the first team to make the World Series by winning their tie-breaker game since the 2007 Colorado Rockies, who also faced Boston in that World Series. This was the Dodgers' fifth back-to-back World Series",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20830066",
"score": "0.99948704",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "2007 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "the Rockies saw the Dodgers go 3-1 on the road-trip. Back in Los Angeles, the Dodgers won the first two games of a three-game series with the Pirates, improving their record to a league-leading 13-5 in the process before a four-game losing streak, including being swept by the Giants, dropped their record to 13-9. They ended their April with a 15-11 record, leading the NL West. May began with the Dodgers concluding their three-game series with the Diamondbacks with a pair of 2-1 victories. After splitting the first two games of a three-game series with the Braves, the Dodgers blew",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9608787",
"score": "0.9970771",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of the Los Angeles Dodgers",
"text": "in a season by a Dodger team. With a 92–71 record, the team entered the playoffs as a second seed and went on to beat the Atlanta Braves in four games in the NLDS and the Milwaukee Brewers in a hard-fought seven games in the NLCS, becoming the first team in either league to win Game 7 of an LCS on the road since the 2006 Cardinals. The Dodgers again came up short in the World Series, this time losing to the Boston Red Sox in five games. Major League Baseball awarded the 2020 All-Star Game to the Dodgers, which",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13979642",
"score": "0.9955189",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "History of the Los Angeles Dodgers",
"text": "New York Mets, against whom they were 1–10 during the regular season, the Dodgers prevailed in a back-and-forth series that went the entire seven games and saw Hershiser come on for the save in game 4 (preceded by a dramatic 9th-inning home run by Mike Scioscia off Dwight Gooden). The World Series matched them with an even more powerful opponent, the Oakland Athletics, who owned baseball's best regular-season record with 104 wins against only 58 defeats. Featuring the \"Bash Brothers\" duo of Mark McGwire and José Canseco, the A's took an early lead in Game 1 on a grand slam",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13979601",
"score": "0.9939425",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "2017 World Series",
"text": "since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958, and the 19th overall. Entering the 2017 World Series, the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings, a postseason record for a bullpen. Additionally, by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48–19 margin, the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third-best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995. All-Star shortstop Corey Seager, who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury, was included on the Dodgers' World Series roster. Manager Dave",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19533456",
"score": "0.9939207",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "San Francisco Giants",
"text": "League pennants and World Series titles in their franchise histories, the Dodgers have won the National League West 5 more times than the Giants since the start of division play in 1969. Both teams have made the postseason as a National League wild card twice. The Giants won their first world championship in California in 2010, while the Dodgers won their last world title in 1988. As of the end of the 2014 baseball season, the Los Angeles Dodgers lead the San Francisco Giants in California World Series triumphs, 5-3, whereas in 20th century New York, the Giants led the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "386353",
"score": "0.9906062",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "2006 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "win 17 out of their next 18 games, the first time the Dodgers did so since 1899. At the end of this winning stretch, Los Angeles was in first place with a record of 64–56. During this stretch, the Dodgers acquired Wilson Betemit from the Atlanta Braves, Julio Lugo from the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and pitcher Greg Maddux from the Chicago Cubs. Maddux proved to be the biggest transition for the Dodgers, as he provided the Dodgers' starting rotation with a veteran arm and pitching depth. The highlight of the 2006 season for Los Angeles was on September 18,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "9997728",
"score": "0.99022734",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "1981 World Series",
"text": "one World Series title during the 1980s. However, since their 1988 World Series win, the Dodgers would not appear in another World Series until 2017 (which they lost to the Houston Astros), despite reaching the NLCS in 2008, 2009, 2013, and 2016. The Yankees, on the other hand, appeared in seven World Series (1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2009) in that span, winning all but 2001 and 2003. 1981 World Series (4–2): Los Angeles Dodgers (N.L.) over New York Yankees (A.L.) SERIES STATS | REGULAR SEASON SERIES STATS | REGULAR SEASON SERIES STATS | REGULAR SEASON SERIES STATS",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4169809",
"score": "0.9893983",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "1959 World Series",
"text": "pennant. The Dodgers won their first pennant since moving from Brooklyn in 1958 by defeating the Milwaukee Braves, two games to none, in a best-of-three-games pennant playoff. It was the Dodgers' second World Series victory in five years, their first in Los Angeles, and marked the first championship for a West Coast team. It was the first World Series in which no pitcher for either side pitched a complete game. As Vin Scully remarked in his narration for the official World Series film, \"What a change of scenery!\" This was the only Fall Classic played during the period from 1949",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4341853",
"score": "0.9887042",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "1966 World Series",
"text": "Jim Gilliam announced his retirement. The Dodgers still had decent pitching, but their offense was among the worst in the majors. They finished in eighth place in 1967 and in seventh in 1968, before a new group of young players led the team back into contention in 1969. For the twenty-year period from 1969 to 1988, the Dodgers won 2 World Series (1981 and 1988), 5 National League pennants (1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988), and 7 National League Western Division titles (1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1988). Meanwhile, the Baltimore Orioles became the dominant team in the American League",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4341584",
"score": "0.988214",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "History of the Los Angeles Dodgers",
"text": "record of 54–41, which was then the best record in the National League. After a hitting slump, the Dodgers fell to 60–59, and seven games out of first place in the N.L. West. The Dodgers were able to rebound, however, and had a 79–69 record with three weeks left in the season. At this point, the Dodgers trailed the San Diego Padres by 1½ games in the wild card slot, and the Arizona Diamondbacks by 3½ games. However, the Dodgers lost 10 of their next 11 games, which eliminated the Dodgers from post season play, and would finish the season",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13979616",
"score": "0.98820525",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Los Angeles Dodgers",
"text": "San Francisco Giants have also collectively appeared 20 times. The Giants have won two more World Series (8); the Dodgers and Giants share the record of 23 National League Pennants. Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success, the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases, a team's championships have predated to the other's first one in that particular location. When the two teams were based in New York, the Giants won five World Series championships, and the Dodgers one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles, the Giants have won",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "242081",
"score": "0.9875462",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "2018 World Series",
"text": "an 11 game stretch in mid-August, the Dodgers made the playoffs for the sixth straight year by winning the division in a Game 163 over the Rockies. At the July trade deadline, the team traded for All-Star shortstop Manny Machado from the Orioles to replace injured shortstop Corey Seager and a former All-Star second baseman Brian Dozier from the Twins. In August, the Dodgers acquired former World Series MVP David Freese from the Pirates. For the second year in a row, the Dodgers broke their franchise record for most team home runs in a season. With a record, the team",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20830065",
"score": "0.9869414",
"original_retrieval_index": 35
},
{
"title": "1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season",
"text": "1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season In 1955, the Brooklyn Dodgers finally fulfilled the promise of many previous Dodger teams. Although the club had won several pennants in the past, and had won as many as 105 games in 1953, it had never won a World Series. This team finished 13.5 games ahead in the National League pennant race, leading the league in both runs scored and fewest runs allowed. In the 1955 World Series, they finally beat their crosstown rivals, the New York Yankees. It was the Dodgers first and only World Series championship won while located in Brooklyn. This season",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10080966",
"score": "0.9856852",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "2015 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "time the Dodgers had won 90 or more games in three straight seasons since 1976–1978. Greinke picked up his 19th win of the season in the Dodgers 2–1 win the next day. He picked up his 200th strikeout of the season in the game and also won the National League E.R.A. title. The Dodgers also locked up home field advantage in the division series with the win. In the final game of the regular season, Clayton Kershaw struck out seven in 3 innings to pass 300 strikeouts on the season and Corey Seager had three hits in three at-bats, including",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18290819",
"score": "0.9827163",
"original_retrieval_index": 40
},
{
"title": "1959 World Series",
"text": "the next year with 12 against the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1960 World Series.) The Dodgers became the second National League team to win a World Series after relocating (the 1957 Milwaukee Braves being the first). The Dodgers became the first team to go from 7th place in one season to World Champion the next. The 1959 World Series was the last one for Comiskey Park, and the only one for Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The White Sox would move into U.S. Cellular Field, originally \"New Comiskey\", in 1991; the Dodgers would move into Dodger Stadium in 1962. This was",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4341872",
"score": "0.9824248",
"original_retrieval_index": 42
},
{
"title": "John Roseboro",
"text": "a two-run single to win Game 3 of the series as, the Dodgers went on to win the world championship in seven games. The Dodgers' pitching staff continued to lead the league in earned run average in 1966 as they battled with the San Francisco Giants and the Pittsburgh Pirates in a tight pennant race. The Dodgers eventually prevailed to win the National League Pennant for a second consecutive year. Roseboro led the league with a career-high 903 putouts and finished second to Joe Torre in fielding percentage to win his second Gold Glove Award. The Dodgers would eventually lose",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4166092",
"score": "0.9821464",
"original_retrieval_index": 43
},
{
"title": "2013 Los Angeles Dodgers season",
"text": "bottom of the 13th inning to give the Cardinals a 3-2 victory. This was the longest game in Dodgers post-season history since the 1916 World Series. In the second game, Clayton Kershaw and two relievers combined to allow only 2 hits and 1 run but that was enough as the Dodgers offense failed to score at all and they lost 1-0. Kershaw was the first starting pitcher in post-season history to lose a game while allowing no earned runs and two or fewer hits. Hanley Ramírez sat out game two after getting hit by a pitch in the first game",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "16820127",
"score": "0.9816989",
"original_retrieval_index": 44
},
{
"title": "1977 World Series",
"text": "home runs in one season, as Steve Garvey hit 33, Reggie Smith hit 32, Ron Cey hit 30, and Dusty Baker hit 30. The pitching staff, which led the National League in ERA, 3.22, were led by twenty-game winner, Tommy John and closer Charlie Hough with 22 saves. The Dodgers won 22 of their first 26 games, winning the Western Division by ten games over the Cincinnati Reds, then eliminated the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1977 National League Championship Series (NLCS) in four games. The matchup of the Yankees and the Dodgers hearkened back to the World Series matchups between",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4171728",
"score": "0.9812038",
"original_retrieval_index": 45
}
]
| {
"title": "Los Angeles Dodgers",
"long_answer": "The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of 13 MVP Awards, Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of 13 MVP Awards, Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996.",
"short_answers": [
"six"
]
} |
what is one element a topographic map shows | [
"relief"
]
| [
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a line connecting places of equal elevation.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Map symbolization",
"text": "intervals of 10 feet or less. Areas that contain mountain or other high slope can use an interval of 100 feet. Apart from showing just contour lines, topographic maps also use a lot of map symbols to represent its features. Features are represented by using point, line, and area symbols. Individual features, such as houses, are shown as point symbols like a small dot or square. However, a cluster of houses or neighborhood can be shown as a shaded area or polygon. Areas of importance or landmarks may receive special symbols that represent what they are. For instance, a church",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15580739",
"score": "0.960112",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "are also commonly called \"contour maps\" or \"topo maps\". In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called \"topo quads\" or quadrangles. Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines. Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude (isohypse). In other words, every point on the marked line of 100 m elevation is 100 m above mean sea level. These maps usually show not only the contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest cover, built-up",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "794944",
"score": "0.952935",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Map symbolization",
"text": "shape of Earth’s surface by using contour lines, the lines on the map that join points of equal elevation. They are among the most well-known symbols on modern maps as they are self-explanatory and accurately represent their phenomena. They make it possible to the depict height, depth, and even slope. Contour lines will be closer together or spaced apart to show the steepness of the area. If the line is spaced closer together, it means that there is a steeper slope. If they are farther apart, the area has a low slope. An area of low slope generally uses contour",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15580738",
"score": "0.9469828",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Map symbolization",
"text": "may be symbolized as a picture of a little church or cross or the town hall may have a special color or symbol. Many of the symbol feature on maps of the earth will be shown by straight, curved, dashed, or solid lines. They may also be colored to represent different classes of information. The typical color standard for topographic maps depicts contours in brown, bodies of water in blue, boundaries in black, and grids and roads in red. Topographic maps may use different colors to represent area features. Most topographic maps will use green for vegetation or national parks",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15580740",
"score": "0.93300146",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Geographical feature",
"text": "Biomes are often identified with particular patterns of ecological succession and climax vegetation. A landform comprises a geomorphological unit and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such is typically an element of topography. Landforms are categorized by features such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. They include berms, mounds, hills, cliffs, valleys, rivers, and numerous other elements. Oceans and continents are the highest-order landforms. A body of water is any significant accumulation of water, usually covering the Earth. The term \"body of water\"",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11941941",
"score": "0.91270304",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "1:1,584,000 to 1:12,000,000. Recent USGS digital \"National Map\" omits several important geographic details that were featured in the original USGS topographic map series (1945-1992). Examples of omitted details and features include power transmission lines, telephone lines, railroads, recreational trails, pipelines, survey marks, and buildings. For many of these feature classes, the USGS is working with other agencies to develop data or adapt existing data on missing details that will be included in The National Map. In other areas USGS digital map revisions may omit geographic features such as ruins, mine locations, springs, wells, and even trails in an effort to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "794967",
"score": "0.90971386",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Landform",
"text": "Landform A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body. Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. Typical landforms include hills, mountains, plateaus, canyons, and valleys, as well as shoreline features such as bays, peninsulas, and seas, including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins. Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Gross physical features or landforms include intuitive elements such as berms, mounds, hills, ridges,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1854656",
"score": "0.89916855",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Topography",
"text": "position of any feature or more generally any point in terms of both a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude, and altitude. Identifying (naming) features, and recognizing typical landform patterns are also part of the field. A topographic study may be made for a variety of reasons: military planning and geological exploration have been primary motivators to start survey programs, but detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning and construction of any major civil engineering, public works, or reclamation projects. There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Which method(s) to use depend",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "845054",
"score": "0.89905775",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Multilayered Mapping of the Cap-Vert",
"text": "Multilayered Mapping of the Cap-Vert Traditional mapping can represent only one surface and therefore implies a choice from the authors about the most pertinent information to highlight. For example, traditional geological maps, printed on paper, choose generally to show the substratum of rocks underneath unrepresented soil cover. Multilayered mapping holds different layers of information in a Geographical Information System (GIS) and allows to represent each layer or a combination of them at request. While the geological substratum may be of interest for scientists and explorationists looking for mineral resources, the superficial formations are important for the urbanists and builders in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13442001",
"score": "0.89858854",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "World map",
"text": "coastlines, let alone its interior regions, were known to any culture. New knowledge of the Earth's surface has been accumulating ever since and continues to this day. Maps of the world generally focus either on political features or on physical features. Political maps emphasize territorial boundaries and human settlement. Physical maps show geographic features such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures. Choropleth maps use color hue and intensity to contrast differences between regions, such as demographic or economic statistics. A map",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3370920",
"score": "0.8972465",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest. Today, topographic maps are prepared using photogrammetric interpretation of aerial photography, lidar and other Remote sensing techniques. Older topographic maps were prepared using traditional surveying instruments. The cartographic style (content and appearance) of topographic maps is highly variable between national mapping organizations and aesthetic traditions and conventions persist, particularly amongst European countries at medium map scales. Although virtually the entire terrestrial surface of Earth has been mapped at scale 1:1,000,000, medium and large-scale mapping has been accomplished intensively in some countries and much less in others.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "794945",
"score": "0.8972459",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Cartography",
"text": "which take up space on the map and might displace some other item of information. The cartographer is thus constantly making judgements about what to include, what to leave out and what to show in a \"slightly\" incorrect place. This issue assumes more importance as the scale of the map gets smaller (i.e. the map shows a larger area) because the information shown on the map takes up more space \"on the ground\". A good example from the late 1980s was the Ordnance Survey's first digital maps, where the \"absolute\" positions of major roads were sometimes a scale distance of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "91656",
"score": "0.89062715",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Soil map",
"text": "Soil map Soil map is a map i.e. a geographical representation showing diversity of soil types and/or soil properties (soil pH, textures, organic matter, depths of horizons etc.) in the area of interest. It is typically the end result of a soil survey inventory, i.e. soil survey. Soil maps are most commonly used for land evaluation, spatial planning, agricultural extension, environmental protection and similar projects. Traditional soil maps typically show only general distribution of soils, accompanied by the soil survey report. Many new soil maps are derived using digital soil mapping techniques. Such maps are typically richer in context and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6252055",
"score": "0.88677406",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "moderately skilled end users to view or print maps with arbitrary contents, coverage and scale. For example, the Federal government of the United States' \"TIGER\" initiative compiled interlinked databases of federal, state and local political borders and census enumeration areas, and of roadways, railroads, and water features with support for locating street addresses within street segments. TIGER was developed in the 1980s and used in the 1990 and subsequent decennial censuses. Digital elevation models (\"DEM\") were also compiled, initially from topographic maps and stereographic interpretation of aerial photographs and then from satellite photography and radar data. Since all these were",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "794941",
"score": "0.8847844",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Geographic information system",
"text": "television stations, and schools. A GIS, however, can be used to depict two- and three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface, and atmosphere from information points. For example, a GIS can quickly generate a map with isopleth or contour lines that indicate differing amounts of rainfall. Such a map can be thought of as a rainfall contour map. Many sophisticated methods can estimate the characteristics of surfaces from a limited number of point measurements. A two-dimensional contour map created from the surface modeling of rainfall point measurements may be overlaid and analyzed with any other map in a GIS covering",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "160655",
"score": "0.8841399",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "United States Geological Survey",
"text": "boundaries, pipelines, telephone lines, power transmission lines, and even railroads. Additionally, the digital map's use of existing software may not properly integrate different feature classes or prioritize and organize text in areas of crowded features, obscuring important geographic details. As a result, some have noted that the U.S. Topo maps currently fall short of traditional topographic map presentation standards achieved in maps drawn from 1945 to 1992. The Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) has four sections within its organizational structure; the Field Services Section which includes the warehouse, repair shop, and Engineering Unit; the Testing Section which includes the Hydraulic Laboratory,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13636491",
"score": "0.8830197",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Topography",
"text": "national surveys of other nations share many of the same features, and so they are often called \"topographic maps.\" Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic coverage, form the basis for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps. Topographic mapping should not be confused with geologic mapping. The latter is concerned",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "845064",
"score": "0.8828677",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "one hundred miles distant. Topographic surveys were prepared by the military to assist in planning for battle and for defensive emplacements (thus the name and history of the United Kingdom's Ordnance Survey). As such, elevation information was of vital importance. As they evolved, topographic map series became a national resource in modern nations in planning infrastructure and resource exploitation. In the United States, the national map-making function which had been shared by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of the Interior migrated to the newly created United States Geological Survey in 1879, where it has remained since.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "794939",
"score": "0.8815261",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Ordnance Survey",
"text": "MasterMap\", a database that records, in one continuous digital map, every fixed feature of Great Britain larger than a few metres. Every feature is given a unique TOID (TOpographical IDentifier), a simple identifier that includes no semantic information. Typically, each TOID is associated with a polygon that represents the area on the ground that the feature covers, in National Grid coordinates. OS MasterMap is offered in themed layers, each linked to a number of TOIDs. As of September 2010, the layers are: Pricing of licenses to \"OS MasterMap\" data depends on the total area requested, the layers licensed, the number",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12473084",
"score": "0.88055134",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Cadastre",
"text": "or multiples of chains. Land descriptions in Western North America are principally based on these land surveys. Cadastral survey information is often a base element in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Land Information Systems (LIS) used to assess and manage land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where land tenure is a significant part of the scenario. A \"cadastral map\" is a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels. Some cadastral maps show additional details, such",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5712298",
"score": "0.8796518",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Topography",
"text": "(Raster image) mathematical models. In the most applications in environmental sciences, land surface is represented and modelled using gridded models. In civil engineering and entertainment businesses, the most representations of land surface employ some variant of TIN models. In geostatistics, land surface is commonly modelled as a combination of the two signals – the smooth (spatially correlated) and the rough (noise) signal. In practice, surveyors first sample heights in an area, then use these to produce a Digital Land Surface Model in the form of a TIN. The DLSM can then be used to visualize terrain, drape remote sensing images,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "845060",
"score": "0.87843525",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Geographic information system",
"text": "aspect and watershed or catchment area. Terrain analysis is fundamental to hydrology, since water always flows down a slope. As basic terrain analysis of a digital elevation model (DEM) involves calculation of slope and aspect, DEMs are very useful for hydrological analysis. Slope and aspect can then be used to determine direction of surface runoff, and hence flow accumulation for the formation of streams, rivers and lakes. Areas of divergent flow can also give a clear indication of the boundaries of a catchment. Once a flow direction and accumulation matrix has been created, queries can be performed that show contributing",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "160659",
"score": "0.87386656",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "of 2011, the future of standardized, centrally printed topographical maps is left somewhat in doubt. Topographic maps have multiple uses in the present day: any type of geographic planning or large-scale architecture; earth sciences and many other geographic disciplines; mining and other earth-based endeavours; civil engineering and recreational uses such as hiking and orienteering. The various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. These signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet. Topographic maps",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "794943",
"score": "0.8725592",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
},
{
"title": "Topography",
"text": "determined by the measurements made in two photographic images (or more) taken starting from different positions, usually from different passes of an aerial photography flight. In this technique, the common points are identified on each image. A line of sight (or ray) can be built from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of its rays (triangulation) which determines the relative three-dimensional position of the point. Known control points can be used to give these relative positions absolute values. More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information on the scene known a priori (for example,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "845058",
"score": "0.87251866",
"original_retrieval_index": 32
},
{
"title": "Topographic profile",
"text": "A series of parallel profiles, taken at regular intervals on a map, can be combined to provide a more complete three-dimensional view of the area that appears on the topographic map. It is evident that, thanks to computer science, more sophisticated three-dimensional models of the landscape can be made from digital terrain data. The line of the plane defined by the points that limit the profile is called the guideline and the horizontal line of comparison on which the profile is constructed is called base. One of the most important applications of the topographic profiles is in the construction of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5284094",
"score": "0.87251323",
"original_retrieval_index": 33
},
{
"title": "Topography",
"text": "for geodata collection at a distance from the subject area. Besides their role in photogrammetry, aerial and satellite imagery can be used to identify and delineate terrain features and more general land-cover features. Certainly they have become more and more a part of geovisualization, whether maps or GIS systems. False-color and non-visible spectra imaging can also help determine the lie of the land by delineating vegetation and other land-use information more clearly. Images can be in visible colours and in other spectrum. Photogrammetry is a measurement technique for which the co-ordinates of the points in 3D of an object are",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "845057",
"score": "0.869308",
"original_retrieval_index": 34
},
{
"title": "Topographic map",
"text": "which is a Transverse Mercatorial Projection mapping Greece in one zone. A few areas are also available at 1:25,000. Some private firms sell topographic maps of national parks based on HMGS topography. The Department of Lands is the government agency responsible for surveying and publishing topographic maps of Hong Kong. Commonly used maps such as the HM20C series (1:20,000) are reviewed and updated every year or two. Very large scale (1:600 in Urban area and the 1:1,000 HM1C series for all of HK) topographic maps are also available to public for various uses. The Survey of India is responsible for",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "794951",
"score": "0.8668127",
"original_retrieval_index": 36
},
{
"title": "Hesperian",
"text": "map. Mappers use a stratigraphic approach pioneered in the early 1960s for photogeologic studies of the Moon. Although based on surface characteristics, a surface unit is not the surface itself or group of landforms. It is an \"inferred\" geologic unit (e.g., formation) representing a sheetlike, wedgelike, or tabular body of rock that underlies the surface. A surface unit may be a crater ejecta deposit, lava flow, or any surface that can be represented in three dimensions as a discrete stratum bound above or below by adjacent units (illustrated right). Using principles such as superpositioning (illustrated left), cross-cutting relationships, and the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15735371",
"score": "0.86340165",
"original_retrieval_index": 37
},
{
"title": "Cartographic generalization",
"text": "much less complicated and a less visually jarring way. An example of smoothing would be for a jagged roadway, cut through a mountain, to be smoothed out so that the angular turns and transitions appear much more fluid and natural. Enhancement is also a method that can be employed by the cartographer to illuminate specific elements that aid in map reading. As many of the aforementioned generalizing methods focus on the reduction and omission of detail, the enhancement method concentrates on the addition of detail. Enhancement can be used to show the true character of the feature being represented and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12420881",
"score": "0.86328304",
"original_retrieval_index": 38
}
]
| {
"title": "Topographic map",
"long_answer": "In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a line connecting places of equal elevation.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a line connecting places of equal elevation.",
"short_answers": [
"relief"
]
} |
who played bat masterson in the movie tombstone | [
"Mason Alan Dinehart"
]
| [
{
"title": "Mason Alan Dinehart",
"text": "Mason Alan Dinehart (born April 30, 1936), also known as Mason Alan Dinehart III, Alan Dinehart III, or Mase Dinehart, is an American businessman and former actor best known for his role as a youthful Bat Masterson in thirty-four episodes between 1955 and 1959 of the ABC/Desilu television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian in the title role of the frontier marshal Wyatt Earp.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Mason Alan Dinehart",
"text": "to run for sheriff again. Earp as an appointed town marshal works with an elected sheriff, and their differences in jurisdiction do not cause any problems. Bat's brother, Ed Masterson, played by Brad Johnson, formerly the deputy sheriff on the \"Annie Oakley\" television series, is shot in an ambush by drunken cowboys, and Masterson settles the score. When Earp finally comes to Tombstone, Arizona Territory, he lacks the working relationship with Sheriff Johnny Behan that he had in Kansas with Bat Masterson. Dinehart's performance of Masterson was so highly regarded that ABC offered him a spinoff series, but he declined,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17428795",
"score": "1.2250009",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson",
"text": "for sheriff by a vote of 404 to 268. The 1880 Dodge City census shows that, at that time, Masterson was living with Annie Ladue, age 19 (described as his \"concubine\"). City Marshal James Masterson, Bat's younger brother, was listed on the same census as living with Minnie Roberts, age 16. Not long after this census was taken, Bat Masterson received a telegram from Ben Thompson asking Bat to save Ben's troublesome brother, Billy Thompson, from almost certain lynching in Ogallala, Nebraska. Billy Thompson had shot the thumb off a man named Tucker, who, despite missing a digit, managed to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3115935",
"score": "1.164761",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Ed Masterson",
"text": "MGM film, \"The Gunfight at Dodge City\", Harry Lauter portrayed Ed Masterson, historically portraying him as killed, shot in the back by a man avenging his own brother's death. In the 1994 Warner Bros. film, \"Wyatt Earp\", Bill Pullman portrayed Ed Masterson, whom Wyatt Earp (played by Kevin Costner) claimed lacked the temperament to be a lawman. Ed Masterson Ed Masterson (September 22, 1852 – April 9, 1878) was a lawman and the oldest brother of the American West gunfighters Bat Masterson and James Masterson. Of Irish descent, Edward John Masterson was born in Henryville in Canada East. In the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8544958",
"score": "1.1528711",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson",
"text": "actress named Dora Hand, known professionally as \"Fannie Keenan,\" was shot and killed by James Kenedy, son of the wealthy Texas cattleman, Miflin Kenedy. Masterson's posse, which included Wyatt Earp and Bill Tilghman, captured Kenedy the following day after Masterson shot him in the left arm, and other posse members killed his horse. Santa Fe Railroad officials had wired Sheriff Bat Masterson asking him to recruit men to battle the forces of the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, which were contesting the right-of-way through the Royal Gorge near Pueblo, Colorado. As a sheriff in Kansas, Masterson had no authority",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3115933",
"score": "1.1411536",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson",
"text": "Trinidad, Colorado, on April 17, 1882. He had hardly settled into his $75-a-month marshal's job when Wyatt Earp requested his help to prevent the extradition of Doc Holliday from Colorado to Arizona. Masterson took his case directly to Colorado Governor Frederick W. Pitkin, who listened to Masterson's appeal and finally refused to grant Holliday's extradition. However, Masterson's rescue of Doc Holliday, as well as his nightly \"moonlighting\" as a faro dealer, spelled doom for his career as city marshal of Trinidad. On March 28, 1883, a local paper noted: \"There are now two 'bankers' running for city offices – Mr.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3115941",
"score": "1.1291656",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson (TV series)",
"text": "Bowie\", and \"Dead Man's Claim\"). Ron Foster (1960) appeared twice as Toby Dawson in \"Six Feet of Gold\" and as Sheriff Buck Simpson in \"Jeopardy at Jackson Hole\" (1961). James Coburn also appeared in \"Six Feet of Gold\". Tom Greenway guest starred twice, as Charlie in \"Buffalo Kill\" (1959) and as Ben Pick in \"Dagger Dance\" (1961). Brett King appeared four times, beginning with the role of Hub Elliott in \"License to Cheat\" (1959); Douglas Kennedy was cast as Sheriff Jeb Crater in that same episode. William Tannen was cast in four episodes of \"Bat Masterson\". Diane Brewster, also known",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2927675",
"score": "1.1254388",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp",
"text": "Barry as Bat Masterson and again in 1991 in \"\", also with Barry as Masterson. An independent movie, \",\" was released in 1994 featuring new footage of O'Brian as Earp mixed with flashbacks consisting of colorized scenes from the original series. The new sequences co-starred Bruce Boxleitner (who had himself played Earp in the telefilm \"I Married Wyatt Earp\"), Paul Brinegar (who later joined the \"Rawhide\" cast), Harry Carey, Jr. (who had, a year earlier, played Marshal Fred White in \"Tombstone\"), and Bo Hopkins. With the emergence of television in the 1950s, producers spun out a large number of Western-oriented",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5262651",
"score": "1.1240072",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Frontier Doctor",
"text": "Jr., as Sam, one of the ill cowboys. In \"The Twisted Road\" (1959), two young women are strangled to death shortly after a brother and sister, Stan and Hester Gray, played by Robert Vaughn and Virginia Christine, arrive in Rising Springs. Stan is soon suspected in the slayings, but there is a surprise ending. Chubby Johnson was cast as Sheriff Ed Wilson, with Malcolm Atterbury as the father of one of the victims, Mary Ross. Alan Dinehart, III, who played Bat Masterson in thirty-four episodes of ABC's \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\", was cast in this episode as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10924221",
"score": "1.1149864",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson (TV series)",
"text": "detective series set in modern-day Los Angeles, as well as \"The Name of the Game\". The series consisted of three seasons and 107 episodes: Barry recreated the role of Bat Masterson in an episode of the television series \"Guns of Paradise\" (1990), alongside Hugh O'Brian as Wyatt Earp. In \"\" (1991) Barry played Masterson, also with O'Brian as Earp, as well as Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick and Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie. TGG Direct released seasons the first and second seasons on DVD in Region 1 on January 29, 2013. The third and final season was released on November",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2927678",
"score": "1.1082578",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson",
"text": "Bat Masterson Bartholemew William Barclay \"Bat\" Masterson (November 26, 1853 – October 25, 1921) was a U.S. Army scout, lawman, professional gambler, and journalist known for his exploits in the 19th-century American Old West. Born to a working-class Irish family in Quebec, Masterson moved to the Western frontier as a young man and quickly distinguished himself as a buffalo hunter, civilian scout, and Indian fighter on the Great Plains. He later earned fame as a gunfighter and sheriff in Dodge City, Kansas, during which time he was involved in several notable shootouts. By the mid-1880s, Masterson moved to Denver, Colorado",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3115921",
"score": "1.0859694",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Mason Alan Dinehart",
"text": "former Miranda Gazal have four children. One of his children, Scott Dinehart, died in 2010 of an emergency hip operation. Dinehart played the youthful Bat Masterson who is the understudy of Wyatt Earp in learning the proper techniques of frontier law enforcement. Earp rarely calls him \"Bat\" but \"Mr. Masterson\" to teach the young man maturity. In a 1956 episode \"Bat Masterson Again,\" Earp shows young Masterson on the proper use of a pistol. During this time Masterson was elected sheriff of Ford County, Kansas, which includes the county seat of Dodge City. Bill Tilghman had been denied the right",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17428794",
"score": "1.0854545",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson (TV series)",
"text": "man who traveled the West looking for women and adventure. The black derby, fancy decorative vest, black jacket, and elegant pearl-tipped cane were his trademarks. Miniaturized versions were marketed to children as tie-in products during the run of the show. \"Bat Masterson\" guest stars included the character actor Robert F. Simon, who appeared as Harrison Whitney in the episode \"Death by Decree\", and Richard Eastham, who appeared in the 1961 episode \"A Lesson in Violence\". Stephanie Powers appeared in 1961 episode named \"Dead Man's Claim\" (using the name Taffy Paul) as Ann, the daughter of the boarding house owner. George",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2927673",
"score": "1.0794659",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson (TV series)",
"text": "Bat Masterson (TV series) Bat Masterson is an American Western television series which showed a fictionalized account of the life of real-life marshal/gambler/dandy Bat Masterson. The title character was played by Gene Barry and the half-hour black-and-white shows ran on NBC from 1958 to 1961. The series was produced by Ziv Television Productions. \"Bat\" is a nickname for Masterson's first name, Bartholemew. The show took a tongue-in-cheek outlook, with Barry's Masterson often dressed in expensive Eastern clothing and preferring to use his cane rather than a gun to get himself out of trouble. Masterson was also portrayed as a ladies'",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2927672",
"score": "1.0772814",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson",
"text": "effort came to an abrupt end, however, when 25-year-old City Marshal Ed Masterson was shot and killed in the line of duty on April 9, 1878. Ed Masterson was mortally wounded by a cowboy named Jack Wagner, who was unaware that Bat Masterson was in the vicinity. As Ed stumbled away from the scene, Bat Masterson responded from across the street, firing on both Wagner and Wagner's boss, Alf Walker — who was holding a gun. Wagner died the next day, but Walker was taken back to Texas and recovered. More violence followed on October 4, 1878, when a variety",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3115932",
"score": "1.0727237",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Gene Barry",
"text": "the new romantic interest of series star Eve Arden. While the show was canceled in 1956, Barry's character—a ladies' man with expensive tastes—served as the model for three shows in which he starred. \"Bat Masterson\", a fictionalized recounting of the life of the real-life U.S. Marshal, gambler, and gunman was broadcast by NBC-TV from 1958 to 1961. (In 1990, Barry recreated the role of Bat Masterson for two episodes of \"Guns of Paradise\" along with Hugh O'Brian as Wyatt Earp and the following year in \"\", also with O'Brian as Wyatt Earp.) In his next TV series, \"Burke's Law\", Barry",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4695553",
"score": "1.0670007",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson (TV series)",
"text": "jobs. Bat Masterson (TV series) Bat Masterson is an American Western television series which showed a fictionalized account of the life of real-life marshal/gambler/dandy Bat Masterson. The title character was played by Gene Barry and the half-hour black-and-white shows ran on NBC from 1958 to 1961. The series was produced by Ziv Television Productions. \"Bat\" is a nickname for Masterson's first name, Bartholemew. The show took a tongue-in-cheek outlook, with Barry's Masterson often dressed in expensive Eastern clothing and preferring to use his cane rather than a gun to get himself out of trouble. Masterson was also portrayed as a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2927680",
"score": "1.0659597",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Ed Masterson",
"text": "Ed Masterson Ed Masterson (September 22, 1852 – April 9, 1878) was a lawman and the oldest brother of the American West gunfighters Bat Masterson and James Masterson. Of Irish descent, Edward John Masterson was born in Henryville in Canada East. In the early 1850s, his family moved to the area about Wichita, Kansas. Prior to beginning his lawman career, he and his two brothers worked as buffalo hunters. During his service as deputy marshal and then marshal of Dodge City, Kansas, Ed Masterson was shot twice. The first incident occurred in November 1877, when he was shot in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8544950",
"score": "1.0628097",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Luke Short",
"text": "On February25, 1958, Grant Richards played Short in the episode \"Wyatt Fights\" of the ABC/Desilu western series \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\". In the story line, deputy Wyatt Earp (Hugh O'Brian) is caught in the middle when two saloon owners want to take over a third establishment, the Long Branch Saloon. Paul Brinegar played the role of James H. \"Dog \" Kelley, the mayor of Dodge City. On January7, 1960, an episode called \"The Pied Piper of Dodge City\" (Season2, episode13) was broadcast on the \"Bat Masterson\" TV series which starred Gene Barry as Masterson. In that episode",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6016536",
"score": "1.0624752",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson",
"text": "column, \"Masterson's Views on Timely Topics,\" concerned sports in general and boxing in particular. The column appeared thrice weekly from 1903 until his death in 1921. In 1905, Alfred Henry Lewis published \"The Sunset Trail\", a fictionalized biography of Masterson. Lewis encouraged Masterson to write a series of sketches about his adventures, which were published by Lewis in \"Human Life\" magazine. In 1907, Masterson provided five biographical studies of Ben Thompson, Wyatt Earp, Luke Short, Doc Holliday and Bill Tilghman. Masterson explained to his audience what he felt were the best properties of a gunfighter. Other articles were supposed to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3115956",
"score": "1.0603338",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson (TV series)",
"text": "Macready appeared as Clyde Richards in the 1961 episode \"Tempest at Tioga Pass\". Quintin Sondergaard appeared in various roles on the series five times between 1958 and 1961. Dan Sheridan was cast as Joe Rankin in the 1959 episode \"Election Day\". Yvonne Lime Fedderson was cast as Lola White in the 1960 episode \"The Snare\". Ron Hayes appeared four times in the role of Wyatt Earp. Gary Vinson appeared as Billy Thompson in the 1958 episode \"A Noose Fits Anybody\". Tyler McVey appeared from 1958 to 1961 in different roles in three episodes (\"Dynamite Blows Two Ways\", \"Incident at Fort",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2927674",
"score": "1.0561975",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "James Masterson",
"text": "James Masterson James Masterson (September 18, 1855 – March 31, 1895), also known as Jim Masterson, was a lawman of the American West and the youngest brother of gunfighters and lawmen Bat Masterson and Ed Masterson. After working on the western frontier as a buffalo hunter with his brothers, he returned to Kansas. He and Ben Springer were the co-owners of the successful \"Lady Gay Dance Hall and Saloon\" in Dodge City, which employed the popular singer Dora Hand. Masterson became the assistant marshal in Dodge City in June 1878. At that time Charlie Bassett was the Marshal, having replaced",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8545063",
"score": "1.0518687",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Cochise County in the Old West",
"text": "faro at the Oriental Saloon, and Wells Fargo agent Marshall Williams. Pima County Sheriff Behan and Deputy Sheriff Billy Breakinridge joined in. They arrived at Drew's Station around dawn. Behan tried to talk them out of following the murders. The Earps were skilled trackers and Masterson could read sign like an Indian. Virgil insisted they pursue the killers and told Behan he could ride along or ride back to Tombstone. Behan indifferently agreed to stay, and they tracked three pairs of boots to a nearby hiding spot where the outlaws mounted their horses, accompanied by a fourth rider. Bob Paul",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15551383",
"score": "1.0493181",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "James Masterson",
"text": "in city government, and the belief that the long-standing hard-lined stance of the Marshal's Office was past its prime and no longer useful. He fell out with his business partner, A.J. Peacock, over the hiring of the latter's brother-in-law, Al Updegraph, as bartender, and someone wired Bat Masterson in Tombstone that his brother's life was in danger. Bat arrived in Dodge on 16 April and saw Peacock and Updegraph near the station. Firing broke out, with Jim and others also taking part. Updegraph was the only casualty, taking a bullet through the lungs. Bat was fined for discharging a gun",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "8545066",
"score": "1.0453472",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Mason Alan Dinehart",
"text": "soon left acting, and entered the business field. Dinehart's last appearance on the series is the episode \"Dodge Is Civilized\" (April 28, 1959), in which he serves notice that he is headed to Tombstone, where he hopes Earp will join him in time. There is never a reunion show, and the Masterson character, now a gambler, is written out of \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\". The historical Earp did visit Tombstone to see his friend Masterson, who in time became a figure of western folklore, finishing his long career as a sportswriter in New York City. Masterson's hat",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17428796",
"score": "1.0447863",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Pat Conway",
"text": "Ralph Taeger (born 1936) had also appeared twice with Conway on \"Tombstone Territory\". (9) CBS's \"Gunsmoke\" as Quade in \"Obie Tater\" (1955), as Billy Gunter in \"Kitty Caught\" (1958), as Toque Morlan in \"How to Kill a Friend\" (also 1958), and as Varnum in \"Shadler\" (1973). He appeared in two western films: (1) as Captain William Maynard in \"Geronimo\" (1962), starring Chuck Connors in the title role, and (2) as the villain Jake Irons in \"Brighty of the Grand Canyon\" (1967), with co-stars Joseph Cotten and Karl Swenson, a story of a canyon mule filmed in Grand Canyon National Park,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12981029",
"score": "1.0401824",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp",
"text": "times), Virginia Christine, Andy Clyde (as Billy Buckett), Tris Coffin, Elisha Cook, Jr. (as gunsmith \"Guns\" McCallum in \"The Equalizer\"), Carolyn Craig (as Edna Granger in \"County Seat War\"), Francis De Sales (three times), Richard Devon (twice), Tiger Fafara, Ron Foster (as Johnny in \"Arizona Lottery\"), Robert Fuller, Connie Gilchrist (in \"Pinkytown\", the story of an outlying saloon community which resists annexation into Dodge City), Ron Hagerthy, Robert Harland, and Brad Johnson (twice, as Bat Masterson's brother Ed Masterson in the 1957 episode \"The Nice Ones Always Die First\" and as the artist Hurley Abbott in the 1958 segment \"The",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5262615",
"score": "1.0375468",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Bat Masterson",
"text": "from a visit to Ogallala, this week. He says Nebraska is dry and many people are leaving the state. He came by wagon, and was accompanied by 'Texas Billy' Thompson. The latter has recovered from his wounds.\" Masterson spent the remainder of 1880 in Kansas City and Dodge. On February 8, 1881, he left Dodge City and joined Wyatt Earp in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, where he met Luke Short for the first time. Earp, Short, and Masterson worked as faro dealers, or \"look outs\", at Tombstone's Oriental Saloon. Masterson had only been in Tombstone for two months when he received",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3115937",
"score": "1.0356381",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Brad Johnson (actor, born 1924)",
"text": "Ohio. In the story line, Annie, played by Gail Davis, and her younger brother, Tagg Oakley (portrayed by Jimmy Hawkins), live in fictitious Diablo, Arizona. Their uncle, Luke MacTavish, is officially the sheriff, but he is usually away, with Johnson's Lofty Craig, riding his horse Forest, hence minding the office and jail. Johnson played the role of Ed Masterson (brother of Bat Masterson) in the 1957 episode \"The Nice Ones Always Die First\" of the ABC half-hour western series, \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\", with Hugh O'Brian in the starring role. In 1958, he appeared in another \"Wyatt",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14180576",
"score": "1.0349016",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "James O'Brien (filmmaker)",
"text": "parks just weeks before their scheduled shoot at Paramount Ranch. To remedy the situation, O’Brien and his producing partner Louie Sabatasso of 3rd Partner Productions enlisted the aid of Peter Sherayko, known for providing the historical detail in the film \"Tombstone\". Together they built their own wild west tent city from scratch in the mountains of Agua Dulce, California. Sherayko, who played Texas Jack Vermillion in \"Tombstone\", is also featured in the film as Southern Bill. Sabatasso plays a lead as the eccentric and deadly dandy Salt Peter. Western historian Henry Parke made a visit to the set and did",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18582288",
"score": "1.0334752",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "Mason Alan Dinehart",
"long_answer": "Mason Alan Dinehart (born April 30, 1936), also known as Mason Alan Dinehart III, Alan Dinehart III, or Mase Dinehart, is an American businessman and former actor best known for his role as a youthful Bat Masterson in thirty-four episodes between 1955 and 1959 of the ABC/Desilu television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian in the title role of the frontier marshal Wyatt Earp.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Mason Alan Dinehart (born April 30, 1936), also known as Mason Alan Dinehart III, Alan Dinehart III, or Mase Dinehart, is an American businessman and former actor best known for his role as a youthful Bat Masterson in thirty-four episodes between 1955 and 1959 of the ABC/Desilu television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian in the title role of the frontier marshal Wyatt Earp.",
"short_answers": [
"Mason Alan Dinehart"
]
} |
who started the tradition of coloring easter eggs | [
"early Christians of Mesopotamia"
]
| [
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "of Jesus, from which Jesus resurrected. In addition, one ancient tradition was the staining of Easter eggs with the colour red \"in memory of the blood of Christ, shed as at that time of his crucifixion.\" This custom of the Easter egg can be traced to early Christians of Mesopotamia, and from there it spread into Russia and Siberia through the Orthodox Churches, and later into Europe through the Catholic and Protestant Churches. This Christian use of eggs may have been influenced by practices in \"pre-dynastic period in Egypt, as well as amid the early cultures of Mesopotamia and Crete\".",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Easter Bunny",
"text": "the celebrations. Later, German Protestants retained the custom of eating colored eggs for Easter, though they did not continue the tradition of fasting. Eggs boiled with some flowers change their color, bringing the spring into the homes, and some over time added the custom of decorating the eggs. Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red, the color of blood, in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ (and, of the renewal of life in springtime). Some also use the color green, in honor of the new foliage emerging after the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "576052",
"score": "1.26209",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Easter",
"text": "early Christian community of Mesopotamia, who stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ, shed at his crucifixion. As such, for Christians, the Easter egg is a symbol of the empty tomb. The oldest tradition is to use dyed chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute decorated chocolate, or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jellybeans. The Easter Bunny is a popular legendary anthropomorphic Easter gift-giving character analogous to Santa Claus in American culture. Many Americans follow the tradition of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy. On Easter Monday, the President of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119751",
"score": "1.2436637",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Ukraine",
"text": "introduced and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted. The tradition of the Easter egg, known as pysanky, has long roots in Ukraine. These eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old, and precedes the arrival of Christianity to Ukraine. In the city of Kolomyia near",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "433935",
"score": "1.2034198",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Egg decorating",
"text": "it is a tradition to decorate boiled eggs during Sham el-Nessim, a spring-ushering national holiday celebrated by Egyptians regardless of religion, which falls every year after the Eastern Christian Easter. Although some Orthodox Christian societies sometimes richly decorate their eggs at Easter, like the Ukrainian ones as shown, it is more normal to dye eggs red all over, using onion skins. Many modern egg artists decorate their \"art eggs\" by etching or carving, while others paint or cover their eggs with different materials, from paper and fabric to polymer clay and are often painted in bright, spring colours. Using eggs",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "977045",
"score": "1.154597",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Paas",
"text": "Paas Paas (trademarked as PAAS) is a brand of Easter egg dye. It is owned by Signature Brands, LLC. The original Paas Easter egg dye was invented by American William Townley, the owner of a drug store in Newark, New Jersey, where he concocted recipes for home products. In 1893, he figured out how to concentrate dye in tablet form and launched the modern Easter egg dyeing kit. The original price of each tablet was five cents, and customers would make the dye by combining the tablets with water and vinegar. Townley eventually renamed his business the Paas Dye Company.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11415189",
"score": "1.1533737",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Here Comes Peter Cottontail",
"text": "who supplies April Valley with the colors to paint the eggs from his Garden of Surprises, from red, white, and blue cabbages and purple corn to striped tomatoes and orange stringbeans. Sassafras then lets Peter use his Yestermorrowbile, a time machine, piloted by a French caterpillar named Antoine to take Peter back to Easter, deliver his eggs, win the contest, and defeat Irontail. Unfortunately, Irontail finds out about Peter's plan and sends his spider to sabotage the Yestermorrowbile's controls, allowing Peter and Antoine to go to any holiday but Easter. Since the contest's rules don't specifically say the eggs must",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7527548",
"score": "1.1397223",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Easter Bunny",
"text": "long-dead time of winter. The Ukrainian art of decorating eggs for Easter, known as \"pysanky\", dates to ancient, pre-Christian times. Similar variants of this form of artwork are seen amongst other eastern and central European cultures. The idea of an egg-giving hare went to the U.S. in the 18th century. Protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area told their children about the \"Osterhase\" (sometimes spelled \"Oschter Haws\"). \"Hase\" means \"hare\", not rabbit, and in Northwest European folklore the \"Easter Bunny\" indeed is a hare. According to the legend, only good children received gifts of colored eggs in the nests",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "576053",
"score": "1.1348163",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Paas",
"text": "\"Paas\" comes from \"Pasen\", Dutch for Easter. In 1901, according to a State of New Jersey inspection report, seven men and twenty women were employed in Townley's production facility at 60 Shipman Street in Newark. Paas eventually became the largest manufacturer of Easter egg dyes and Philip B. Townley succeeded his father as head of the company. Paas Easter Egg Coloring Kits offered in 2009 include: Paas Paas (trademarked as PAAS) is a brand of Easter egg dye. It is owned by Signature Brands, LLC. The original Paas Easter egg dye was invented by American William Townley, the owner of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11415190",
"score": "1.1094775",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Egg",
"text": "rebirth in many cultures around the world. Christians view Easter eggs as symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. A popular Easter tradition in some parts of the world is the decoration of hard-boiled eggs (usually by dyeing, but often by spray-painting). Adults often hide the eggs for children to find, an activity known as an Easter egg hunt. A similar tradition of egg painting exists in areas of the world influenced by the culture of Persia. Before the spring equinox in the Persian New Year tradition (called Norouz), each family member decorates a hard-boiled egg and sets them together",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2691206",
"score": "1.1036799",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town",
"text": "his eggs to all the townspeople, including King Bruce, who crowns him the Easter Bunny, Royal Knight of the Rainbow Eggs and he and Sunny initiate a traditional ritual of eating the eggs. However, Lily, disappointed in her nephew, chases Sunny out, outlaws eggs, and sends him to bed without supper. After Bruce tells Sunny that he knew his supper would be more beans, anyway, Sunny promises to bring him very special beans next Easter. The following year, Sunny, Hallelujah, and Herbert the Baker (Michael McGovern) make the first Easter jelly beans. However, upon their way to Town to deliver",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12794194",
"score": "1.0853715",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Kinder Surprise",
"text": "credited as co-creators of the candy. In 1968, Michele Ferrero raised the idea with his employees of a product that could be given to children so they could have a little \"surprise\" every day, based on the Italian tradition of large chocolate eggs given to children by their parents at Easter. Ferrero said that at first his attempt to follow through this idea was unsuccessful after employees questioned the order he placed for a machine to make the chocolate eggs. They thought it would not be profitable, since eggs are only for Easter. Ferrero also said that he wanted the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "576917",
"score": "1.085032",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "or using artificial colourings. A greater variety of colour was often provided by tying on the onion skin with different coloured woollen yarn. In the North of England these are called pace-eggs or paste-eggs, from a dialectal form of Middle English \"pasche\". They were usually eaten after an egg-jarping (egg tapping) competition. In the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, Easter eggs are dyed red to represent the blood of Christ, with further symbolism being found in the hard shell of the egg symbolizing the sealed Tomb of Christ — the cracking of which symbolized his resurrection from the dead. When",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119671",
"score": "1.0822642",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "to the early Christian church in Mesopotamia. In Greece, superstitions of the past included the custom of placing the first-dyed red egg at the home's iconostasis (place where icons are displayed) to ward off evil. The heads and backs of small lambs were also marked with the red dye to protect them. The egg is widely used as a symbol of the start of new life, just as new life emerges from an egg when the chick hatches out. Painted eggs are used at the Iranian spring holidays, the Nowruz that marks the first day of spring or Equinox, and",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119684",
"score": "1.0818237",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Pysanka",
"text": "be sealed, and remain white. Then the egg was dyed yellow, and more wax applied, and then orange, red, purple, black. (The dye sequence was always light to dark). Bits of shell covered with wax remained that color. After the final color, usually red, brown or black, the wax was removed by heating the egg in the stove and gently wiping off the melted wax, or by briefly dipping the egg into boiling water. Boiled eggs were not used, as pysanky were generally written on raw or, less commonly, baked eggs (pecharky). Boiled eggs were dyed red for Easter, using",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2345697",
"score": "1.0745605",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Easter in Latvia",
"text": "Orthodox Churches, which used the Julian calendar, Lieldienas falls on a date between 4 April and 8 May in Gregorian calendar. Before the arrival of Christianity, Lieldienas was a spring solstice event, celebrating the victory of light over darkness. Although dainas have no conclusive indication of egg painting tradition in ancient times, the majority of them mention golden, silver and white eggs. Therefore, it can be concluded that egg painting is more of a modern tradition. In order for eggs to be diverse, they were boiled with colorful cloth. In one area, grits are poured in, while in other, people",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "902320",
"score": "1.0725781",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Easter traditions",
"text": "Saturday is traditionally spent decorating Easter eggs and hunting for them with children on Sunday morning, by which time they have been mysteriously hidden all over the house and garden. Other traditions involve parents telling their children that eggs and other treats, such as chocolate eggs or rabbits, and marshmallow chicks (Peeps), have been delivered by the Easter Bunny in an Easter basket, which children find waiting for them when they wake up. Many families observe the religious aspects of Easter by attending Sunday Mass or services in the morning and then participating in a feast or party in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13223972",
"score": "1.0608798",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "existed for at least 2,500 years. The sculptures on the walls of Persepolis show people carrying eggs for Nowruz to the king. The Neo-Pagan holiday of Ostara occurs at roughly the same time as Easter. While it is often claimed that the use of painted eggs is an ancient, pre-Christian component of the celebration of Ostara there are no historical accounts that the celebration of Ostara included this practice, apart from the Old High German lullaby which is believed by most to be a modern fabrication. Rather, the use of painted eggs has been adopted under the assumption that it",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119686",
"score": "1.0586529",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "on Thursday (also the day of Communion). These ceremonial eggs are known as kokkina avga. They also bake tsoureki for the Easter Sunday feast. Red Easter eggs are sometimes served along the centerline of tsoureki (braided loaf of bread). In Egypt, it's a tradition to decorate boiled eggs during Sham el-Nessim holiday, which falls every year after the Eastern Christian Easter. The dying of Easter eggs in different colours is commonplace, with colour being achieved through boiling the egg in natural substances (such as, onion peel (brown colour), oak or alder bark or walnut nutshell (black), beet juice (pink) etc.),",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119670",
"score": "1.0585299",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "Easter egg Easter eggs, also called Paschal eggs, are decorated eggs that are usually used as gifts on the occasion of Easter. As such, Easter eggs are common during the season of Eastertide (Easter season). The oldest tradition is to use dyed and painted chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute chocolate eggs wrapped in colored foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate. However, real eggs continue to be used in Central and Eastern European tradition. Although eggs, in general, were a traditional symbol of fertility and rebirth, in Christianity, for the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119659",
"score": "1.0564797",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Easter",
"text": "United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children. Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia, the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative. Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries' folk traditions. A batik-like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate, brilliantly-colored eggs. The celebrated House of Fabergé workshops created exquisite jewelled Easter eggs for the Russian Imperial family from 1885 to 1916. Easter Easter, also called Pascha (Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119752",
"score": "1.0531529",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "are not painted on, but written with beeswax. Decorating eggs for Easter using wax resistant batik is a popular method in some other eastern European countries. In some Mediterranean countries, especially in Lebanon, chicken eggs are boiled and decorated by dye and/or painting and used as decoration around the house. Then, on Easter Day, young kids would duel with them saying 'Christ is resurrected, Indeed, He is', breaking and eating them. This also happens in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine. In Easter Sunday friends and family hit each other's egg with their own. The one whose",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119673",
"score": "1.0529934",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "has no more risen than that egg is red.\" After making this statement it is said the egg immediately turned blood red. Red Easter eggs', known as \"kokkina avga\" (κόκκινα αυγά) in Greece and krashanki in Ukraine, are an Easter tradition and a distinct type of Easter egg prepared by various Orthodox Christian peoples. The red eggs are part of Easter custom in many areas and often accompany other traditional Easter foods. Passover haminados are prepared with similar methods. Dark red eggs are a tradition in Greece and represent the blood of Christ shed on the cross. The practice dates",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119683",
"score": "1.05287",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Pysanka",
"text": "other hand, the number of pysanky has increased, the chains are tightened and good triumphs over evil for yet another year. Newer legends blended folklore and Christian beliefs and firmly attached the egg to the Easter celebration. One legend concerns the Virgin Mary. It tells of the time Mary gave eggs to the soldiers at the cross. She entreated them to be less cruel to her son and she wept. The tears of Mary fell upon the eggs, spotting them with dots of brilliant color. Another legend tells of when Mary Magdalene went to the sepulchre to anoint the body",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2345688",
"score": "1.0520865",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Easter traditions",
"text": "plant ryegrass in a pot as a symbol of spring and new life. After the grass has grown, many people put chick decorations on it. Children busy themselves painting eggs and making paper bunnies. Denmark has the gækkebrev tradition of sending relatives and friends artful paper cuttings, often with a snowdrop, and a rhyme with the letters of the sender's name replaced by dots. If the recipient guesses who sent it, the sender owes them a chocolate egg; and vice versa if they can't. The decorated letter custom was originally a means of proposal or courtship, but is now considered",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13223968",
"score": "1.0463883",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Śmigus-dyngus",
"text": "deliver presents of Easter eggs or rolls, receiving in return gifts of food from the Easter table. In Hungary, the custom is most commonly known as \"\"locsolkodás\"\" (sprinkling). Traditionally, young men splashed young women with water, though today, young women and girls are more likely to be sprayed with cheap perfume. In return, women are expected to provide men with either painted eggs or a drink of palinka. Dyngus Day is observed in many Polish American communities, most notably in Buffalo, New York, which hosts the largest continuing event commemorating the day. The Buffalo dyngus celebrations only started in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17036732",
"score": "1.0461922",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "Catholic Church in Poland, the so-called święconka, i.e. blessing of decorative baskets with a sampling of Easter eggs and other symbolic foods, is one of the most enduring and beloved Polish traditions on Holy Saturday. During Paschaltide, in some traditions the Pascal greeting with the Easter egg is even extended to the deceased. On either the second Monday or Tuesday of Pascha, after a memorial service people bring blessed eggs to the cemetery and bring the joyous paschal greeting, \"Christ has risen\", to their beloved departed (see Radonitza). In Greece, women traditionally dye the eggs with onion skins and vinegar",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119669",
"score": "1.0439401",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
},
{
"title": "Egg tapping",
"text": "best health that year. Additionally, when dyeing the eggs, the first egg must be red. It is typically preserved until the next year as a token of luck and good health. Central European Catholics of various nationalities call the tradition epper, likely from the German word \"Opfer\", also used to name the practice, which means 'sacrifice' or, literally, offering. Ruthenians have a tradition of rolling the eggs in a game called \"čokatisja\". Children roll eggs on the meadows like marbles or tap them by hand. If an egg is cracked, then it belongs to the child whose egg cracked it.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "11703164",
"score": "1.0406702",
"original_retrieval_index": 29
},
{
"title": "Easter egg",
"text": "substitute chocolate eggs, or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jelly beans. These eggs can be hidden for children to find on Easter morning, which may be left by the Easter Bunny. They may also be put in a basket filled with real or artificial straw to resemble a bird's nest. The Easter egg tradition may also have merged into the celebration of the end of the privations of Lent in the West. Historically, it was traditional to use up all of the household's eggs before Lent began. Eggs were originally forbidden during Lent as well as on other",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "119665",
"score": "1.0396787",
"original_retrieval_index": 30
},
{
"title": "Easter food",
"text": "Easter food The holiday of Easter is associated with various Easter customs and foodways (food traditions that vary regionally). Preparing, coloring, and decorating Easter eggs is one such popular tradition. In Greece, the traditional Easter meal is mageiritsa, a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg-and-lemon sauce. Traditionally, Easter eggs, hard-boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life, are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ. In Neapolitan cuisine, the main Easter dishes are the casatiello or tortano, a salty pie",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17970838",
"score": "1.0358882",
"original_retrieval_index": 31
}
]
| {
"title": "Easter egg",
"long_answer": "Easter eggs, also called Paschal eggs, are decorated eggs that are usually used as gifts on the occasion of Easter. As such, Easter eggs are common during the season of Eastertide (Easter season). The oldest tradition is to use dyed and painted chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute chocolate eggs wrapped in colourful foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate. However, real eggs continue to be used in Eastern European tradition. Although eggs, in general, were a traditional symbol of fertility and rebirth, in Christianity, for the celebration of Eastertide, Easter eggs symbolize the empty tomb of Jesus, from which Jesus resurrected. In addition, one ancient tradition was the staining of Easter eggs with the colour red \"in memory of the blood of Christ, shed as at that time of his crucifixion.\" This custom of the Easter egg can be traced to early Christians of Mesopotamia, and from there it spread into Russia and Siberia through the Orthodox Churches, and later into Europe through the Catholic and Protestant Churches. This Christian use of eggs may have been influenced by practices in \"pre-dynastic period in Egypt, as well as amid the early cultures of Mesopotamia and Crete\".",
"chunked_long_answer": "of Jesus, from which Jesus resurrected. In addition, one ancient tradition was the staining of Easter eggs with the colour red \"in memory of the blood of Christ, shed as at that time of his crucifixion.\" This custom of the Easter egg can be traced to early Christians of Mesopotamia, and from there it spread into Russia and Siberia through the Orthodox Churches, and later into Europe through the Catholic and Protestant Churches. This Christian use of eggs may have been influenced by practices in \"pre-dynastic period in Egypt, as well as amid the early cultures of Mesopotamia and Crete\".",
"short_answers": [
"early Christians of Mesopotamia"
]
} |
why was hong kong important to the british empire | [
"a centre for international trade"
]
| [
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "The stability, security, and predictability of British law and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade. In the colony's first decade, the revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds. The importance of opium reduced over time, but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941. Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British, American, and other expatriates, Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new port city.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)",
"text": "areas like Victoria Peak. Politically, the majority Chinese population also had little to no official governmental influence throughout much of the early years. There were, however, a small number of Chinese elites that the British governors relied on, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung. They accepted their place in the Hong Kong hierarchy, and served as main communicators and mediators between the government and the Chinese population. Sir Kai Ho was an unofficial member of the Legislative Council. Robert Hotung wanted Chinese citizens to recognise Hong Kong as the new home after the fall of China's last dynasty in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3948148",
"score": "1.1637508",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "beginning of the emergence of a Hong Kong identity, changed the attitude of the local Chinese. They overwhelmingly rallied around the colonial British regime. British Hong Kong British Hong Kong denotes the period during which Hong Kong was governed as a colony and British Dependent Territory of the United Kingdom. Excluding the Japanese occupation during the Second World War, Hong Kong was under British rule from 1841 to 1997. The colonial period began with the occupation of Hong Kong Island in 1841 during the First Opium War. The island was ceded by Qing China in the aftermath of the war",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14578754",
"score": "1.1618204",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)",
"text": "In 1938, Guangzhou fell to the hands of the Japanese, Hong Kong was considered a strategic military outpost for all trades in the far east. Though Winston Churchill assured that Hong Kong was an \"impregnable fortress\", it was taken as a reality check response since the British Army actually stretched too thin to battle on two fronts. History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s) Hong Kong (1800s–1930s) was a period largely dominated by the British Empire. After invading the territory in 19th century during the Opium War, the British gained land in a series of unequal treaties. Hong Kong became one of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3948163",
"score": "1.1487294",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong",
"text": "By the early 19th century, the British Empire trade was heavily dependent upon the importation of tea from China. While the British exported to China luxury items like clocks and watches, there remained an overwhelming imbalance in trade. China developed a strong demand for silver, which was a difficult commodity for the British to come by in large quantities. The counterbalance of trade came with exports of opium to China, opium being legal in Britain and grown in significant quantities in the UK and later in far greater quantities in India. A Chinese commissioner Lin Zexu voiced to Queen Victoria",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4049559",
"score": "1.1434128",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)",
"text": "History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s) Hong Kong (1800s–1930s) was a period largely dominated by the British Empire. After invading the territory in 19th century during the Opium War, the British gained land in a series of unequal treaties. Hong Kong became one of the first parts of East Asia to undergo industrialisation. China was the main supplier of its native tea to the British, whose annual domestic consumption reached in 1830, an average of per head of population. From the British economic standpoint, Chinese tea was a crucial item since it provided massive wealth for the taipansforeign (especially British) businessmen",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3948138",
"score": "1.1391963",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Young Plan (Hong Kong)",
"text": "1980s during the Sino-British negotiations on Hong Kong's sovereignty. The demand and attempts for constitutional reform in Hong Kong had occurred from time to time, but it had been an intractable problem for the Colonial Government due to the overwhelmingly majority of the Chinese population. Until during the Second World War when Hong Kong was under Japanese occupation, the collapse of the British imperial power in East Asia in the face of Japanese onslaught and also the emergence of a demand form the Chinese Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-shek for the retrocession of Hong Kong during the war, forced the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18163853",
"score": "1.131726",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "British Hong Kong British Hong Kong denotes the period during which Hong Kong was governed as a colony and British Dependent Territory of the United Kingdom. Excluding the Japanese occupation during the Second World War, Hong Kong was under British rule from 1841 to 1997. The colonial period began with the occupation of Hong Kong Island in 1841 during the First Opium War. The island was ceded by Qing China in the aftermath of the war in 1842 and established as a Crown colony in 1843. The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14578726",
"score": "1.131702",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Hong Kong",
"text": "territory's first higher-education institute. Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike. At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port. The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940. The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "174385",
"score": "1.1281307",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong",
"text": "the British had grown increasingly worried about the security of their free port at Hong Kong. It was an isolated island, surrounded by areas still under Chinese control. The British decided the answer would be to lease a buffer zone around Hong Kong that would make the island less vulnerable to invasion. In 1860, at the end of the Second Opium War, the UK gained a perpetual lease over the Kowloon Peninsula, which is the mainland Chinese area just across the strait from Hong Kong Island. This agreement was part of the Convention of Beijing that ended that conflict. In",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4049565",
"score": "1.1273471",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Percy Cradock",
"text": "demand of the people of Hong Kong. Although Governor Patten's political reform was generally supported in Hong Kong, Cradock insisted that if Britain stood against China, Britain would find it very difficult to bargain for Hong Kong any more. In an interview in 1996 with \"The Common Sense\", a documentary produced by the Radio Television Hong Kong, Cradock claimed that the United Kingdom nearly lost all her influence over China because the two countries had been in political dispute. When asked if his attitude was equal to \"kow-tow\" to China, he admittedly replied that no matter whether the Hong Kong",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5465472",
"score": "1.1267158",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Hong Kong independence",
"text": "Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek initially intended to take back the territory, Britain resumed control of Hong Kong in 1945 after the Second World War, in which Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for three years and eight months. There were few advocates for decolonisation of Hong Kong from the British rule during the post-war period, notably Ma Man-fai and the Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong in the 1960s but the fruitless movement ceased to exist without substantial support. In the last years of the 1970s into the early 1980s, the question of Hong Kong sovereignty emerged on Hong",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "15318230",
"score": "1.123233",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Percy Cradock",
"text": "defended his actions on the grounds that he acted from a realist point of view and he thought that the United Kingdom actually had \"no card\" on hand and had little bargaining power at all. The main reasons were firstly, that Hong Kong itself must continue to rely on the provision of fresh water and food from mainland China, and secondly, that the British Armed Forces stationed in Hong Kong were too weak to defend Hong Kong from the Chinese military, and thirdly, to sustain Hong Kong's prosperity and economic development in future, Britain must co-operate with China. From the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5465465",
"score": "1.1215619",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)",
"text": "was first used by the British as a staging post during the war, and while the East India Company intended to establish a permanent base on the island of Zhoushan, Elliot took it upon himself to claim the island on a permanent basis. The ostensible authority for the occupation was negotiated between Captain Eliot and the Viceroy of Liangguang, the Manchu official Qishan. The Convention of Chuenpi was concluded but had not been recognised by the Qing Dynasty court at Beijing. Subsequently, Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking, when the territory became",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3948143",
"score": "1.1209742",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "1950s in Hong Kong",
"text": "ordered to stop advancing at the Sham-chun-Hong Kong border and Hong Kong remained a British colony. Hong Kong was a valuable trade centre at the mouth of China and hoped that by retaining this connection doing business with the new government in Peking would be easier. To give up Hong Kong to the Communists without a fight would be seen as a national weakness in the face of the growing communist threat in Europe and Asia, especially the Emergency in Malaya. Debates did take place during the 1950s at the British Parliament in Westminster in which it was discussed that",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5605294",
"score": "1.1133895",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)",
"text": "Western-style finance, science, history, technology into the culture. The father of modern China, Sun Yat-sen was also educated in Hong Kong's Central School. In 1843 the legislative council was established. The governor of Hong Kong generally served as the British plenipotentiary in the far east in the early years. The Colonial Secretary would also assist in legal matters. A colonial police force was established in the 1840s to handle the high crime rate in Hong Kong. By China's standards, colonial Hong Kong's code of punishment was considered laughably loose and lenient. The lack of intimidation may have been the leading",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3948152",
"score": "1.113364",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "Japanese colony, with Japanese businesses replacing the British. However, the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic. The overlords became more brutal and corrupt, and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted. With the surrender of Japan, the transition back to British rule was smooth, for on the mainland the Nationalist and Communist forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong. In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14578739",
"score": "1.1125742",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "New Territories",
"text": "ceded to Britain in 1842 and Kowloon south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island in 1860. The colony of Hong Kong attracted a large number of Chinese and Westerners to seek their fortune in the city. Its population increased rapidly and the city became overcrowded. The outbreak of bubonic plague in 1894 became a concern to the Hong Kong Government. There was a need to expand the colony to accommodate its growing population. The Qing Dynasty's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War had shown that it was incapable of defending itself. Victoria City and Victoria Harbour were vulnerable to any",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1767049",
"score": "1.1106379",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Young Plan (Hong Kong)",
"text": "British Government to seriously examine the possibility of constitutional reform in post-war Hong Kong. By the Young Plan, the Colonial Government meant to create a sense of belonging and loyalty to Hong Kong among all its inhabitants regardless of race in the shadow of increasing Chinese influence over the local population and also China's demand for the return of Hong Kong. Soon after the Nazi Germany was defeated in Europe, the Labour Party was elected to the government in London. The Labour Government pledged to introduce self-government throughout the British Empire including Hong Kong. Sir Mark Young was the Governor",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "18163854",
"score": "1.1074924",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "1899. In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek that if Japan attacked Hong Kong, the Chinese National Army would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison. On 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack. Two days later, the Japanese breached the Gin Drinkers Line in the New Territories. The British commander, Major-General Christopher Maltby, concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14578736",
"score": "1.1037418",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "and power of the British. On 14 August 1945, when Japan announced its unconditional surrender, the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong. On 1 September, Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head. He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in Government House. Young, upon his return as governor in May 1946, pursued political reform known as the \"Young Plan\", believing that, to counter the Chinese government's determination to recover Hong Kong, it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14578740",
"score": "1.1024227",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Japanese occupation of Hong Kong",
"text": "control of Hong Kong. As soon as he heard word of the Japanese surrender, Franklin Gimson, Hong Kong's colonial secretary, left his prison camp and declared himself the territory's acting governor. A government office was set up at the Former French Mission Building in Victoria on 1 September 1945. British Rear Admiral Sir Cecil Halliday Jepson Harcourt sailed into Hong Kong on board the cruiser to re-establish the British government's control over the colony. On 16 September 1945, he formally accepted the Japanese surrender from Maj.-Gen. Umekichi Okada and Vice Admiral Ruitaro Fujita at Government House. Hong Kong's post-war recovery",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5333042",
"score": "1.0983825",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong",
"text": "Second World War, the trend of decolonization swept across the world. Still, Britain chose to keep Hong Kong for strategic reasons. In order to consolidate its rule, constitutional changes, the Young Plan, were proposed in response to the trend of decolonization so as to meet the needs of the people. The political and institutional system made only minimal changes due to the political instability in Mainland China at that time (aforementioned) which caused an influx of mainland residents to Hong Kong. Skills and capital brought by refugees of Mainland China, especially from Shanghai, along with a vast pool of cheap",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4049572",
"score": "1.0961287",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Battle of Hong Kong",
"text": "that Hong Kong would be extremely hard to defend in the event of a Japanese attack, but in the mid-1930s work began on improvements to defences including along the Gin Drinkers' Line. By 1940, the British determined to reduce the Hong Kong Garrison to only a symbolic size. Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, the Commander-in-Chief of the British Far East Command argued that limited reinforcements could allow the garrison to delay a Japanese attack, gaining time elsewhere. Winston Churchill and the general staff named Hong Kong as an \"outpost\" and decided against sending more troops. In September 1941, they",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4070590",
"score": "1.095593",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "the Convention of Chuenpi during the First Opium War. On 20 January, Elliot announced \"the conclusion of preliminary arrangements\", which included the cession of Hong Kong Island and its harbour to the British Crown. Elliot chose Hong Kong instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement further east would cause an \"indefinite protraction of hostilities\", whereas Hong Kong's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton. British rule began with the occupation of the island on 26 January. Commodore Gordon Bremer, commander-in-chief of British forces in China, took formal possession of the island at Possession Point,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14578731",
"score": "1.0938864",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Battle of Hong Kong",
"text": "reversed their decision and argued that additional reinforcements would provide a military deterrent against the Japanese and reassure Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek that Britain was serious about defending the colony. Source:London Gazette No.38183 (Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham despatch) Contemporary research and literature about the Battle of Hong Kong is overbearingly focused on the British and Canadian military, leaving the Chinese and Indian war narratives almost entirely untold. According to the history manual of the United States Military Academy: \"Japanese control of Canton, Hainan Island, French Indo-China, and Formosa virtually sealed the fate of Hong Kong well before the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4070591",
"score": "1.0932184",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "History of Hong Kong",
"text": "the Qing state's opposition to the opium trade. The First Opium War which ensued lasted from 1839 to 1842. Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on 25 January 1841 and used it as a military staging point. China was defeated and was forced to cede Hong Kong to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking signed on 29 August 1842. Hong Kong became a Crown Colony of the British Empire. Christian missionaries founded many schools and churches in Hong Kong. St Stephen's Anglican Church located in West Point was founded by the Church Mission Society in 1865. Ying Wa Girls'",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4049560",
"score": "1.0922823",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Franklin Gimson",
"text": "officer in 1938. Gimson was promoted to the post of Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong in 1941 and arrived at the colony on 7 December, just the day before the Japanese Army initiated its unexpected and sudden large-scale invasion to Hong Kong. The defence forces of Hong Kong soon lost in the Battle of Hong Kong and the then governor, Sir Mark Young, was forced to surrender on 25 December, which is now known as the \"Black Christmas\". After the Japanese victory, all British officials were arrested and were under Japanese rule. Since the Governor was interned elsewhere, Gimson became",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5430511",
"score": "1.0918645",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"text": "and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. Although Hong Kong Island and Kowloon were ceded in perpetuity, the leased area, which comprised 92 per cent of the territory, had such a vital role in the economy that Britain agreed to transfer the entire colony to China upon the expiration of that lease in 1997. The transfer has been considered by many as marking the end of the British Empire. In 1836, the Manchu Qing government undertook a major policy review of the opium trade. Lin Zexu volunteered to take on the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14578727",
"score": "1.091713",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Hong Kong Island",
"text": "the first year of the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty (1573), it was the territory of Xin'an County until it was ceded to the United Kingdom. ( source of information: https://www.amo.gov.hk/en/archaeology_work.php) Hong Kong island became a colony of the British Empire when their forces defeated the Chinese in the First Opium War (1839-1842). The island was populated by only a few thousand people when British empire colonized it, and was thus described as being almost uninhabited. The Second World War was a dark period for Hong Kong. In the 1930s, the British anticipated a Japanese attack on Hong Kong.",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1526241",
"score": "1.0913187",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "British Hong Kong",
"long_answer": "The stability, security, and predictability of British law and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade. In the colony's first decade, the revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds. The importance of opium reduced over time, but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941. Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British, American, and other expatriates, Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new port city.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The stability, security, and predictability of British law and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade. In the colony's first decade, the revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds. The importance of opium reduced over time, but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941. Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British, American, and other expatriates, Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new port city.",
"short_answers": [
"a centre for international trade"
]
} |
who were the first non native settlers in the us | [
"European colonization",
"West Norse sailors"
]
| [
{
"title": "European colonization of the Americas",
"text": "The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers. Starting in either the 10th or 11th century, West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present-day Canada, according to Icelandic Sagas, but violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements.",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "History of Native Americans in the United States",
"text": "century forbidding non-Native American settlement on Native American lands, with the intention to prevent sympathetic white missionaries from aiding the scattered Native American resistance. In 1817, the Cherokee became the first Native Americans recognized as U.S. citizens. Under Article 8 of the 1817 Cherokee treaty, \"Upwards of 300 Cherokees (Heads of Families) in the honest simplicity of their souls, made an election to become American citizens.\" The next earliest recorded date of Native Americans' becoming U.S. citizens was in 1831, when some Mississippi Choctaw became citizens after the United States Congress ratified the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Article 22",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17228289",
"score": "1.025532",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Chicago",
"text": "mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples. The first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the \"Founder of Chicago\". In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the United States for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "83633",
"score": "1.004623",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Juan (Jan) Rodriguez",
"text": "Juan (Jan) Rodriguez Juan Rodriguez (Dutch: , Portuguese: ) was the first documented non-Native American to live on Manhattan Island. As such, he is considered the first non-native resident of what would eventually become New York City, predating the Dutch settlers. As he was born in Santo Domingo (now in the Dominican Republic) to a Portuguese sailor and an African woman, he is also considered the first immigrant, the first person of African heritage, the first person of European heritage, the first merchant, the first Latino, and the first Dominican to settle in Manhattan. He was born in the Captaincy",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6122819",
"score": "0.9864689",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Whitley County, Indiana",
"text": "and (or 0.69%) is water. The first non-Native American settlers arrived in what is now Whitley County in 1835. They arrived as a result of the end of the Black Hawk War as well as the completion of the Erie Canal. They consisted entirely of settlers from New England. These were \"Yankee\" settlers, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the colonial era. They were primarily members of the Congregational Church though due to the Second Great Awakening many of them had converted to Methodism and some had become Baptists before",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "946599",
"score": "0.9830383",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Native Americans in the United States",
"text": "In 1928 he ran as the vice-presidential candidate with Herbert Hoover for president, and served from 1929 to 1933. He was the first person with significant Native American ancestry and the first person with acknowledged non-European ancestry to be elected to either of the highest offices in the land. American Indians today in the United States have all the rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution, can vote in elections, and run for political office. Controversies remain over how much the federal government has jurisdiction over tribal affairs, sovereignty, and cultural practices. Mid-century, the Indian termination policy and the Indian Relocation",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "285007",
"score": "0.98200357",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Las Vegas Tribe of Paiute Indians of the Las Vegas Indian Colony",
"text": "ancestors of most of the tribes of Southern Paiutes whose traditional territory is the lower Colorado River valley as well as the mountains and arroyos of the Mojave Desert in Nevada, California and Utah. Beginning in the early 19th century non-native settlers moved into the area, resulting in the displacement of the local tribe from both its water-rich lowland winter and tree-rich mountainous summer campgrounds. Significant permanent settlement began after 1855 when the area was annexed to the United States. That same year a mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) built a fort at",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14092563",
"score": "0.98113775",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Lynnwood, Washington",
"text": "American settlers arrived in the 1880s. Scottish-born stonemason Duncan Hunter became the area's first non-Indian resident in 1889, filing an land claim on modern-day 36th Avenue Southwest after moving west from Wisconsin. The claim was inherited by Hunter's son Basil, who lived on the property until his death in 1982; it was later turned into the city's Pioneer Park in the late 1980s. Hunter was joined to the east by a claim from William Morrice, a fellow stonemason from Aberdeen, Scotland. Settlers from Pennsylvania homesteaded along Cedar Valley, to the south of Hunter and Morrice, and near Scriber Lake (named",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1246673",
"score": "0.9737381",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Redwood Heights, Oakland, California",
"text": "Canyon behind Merritt College acknowledges them and their descendents. These California Native Americans saw themselves inextricably bound to the living world, and were free of such concepts as \"land ownership\" and \"natural resources.\" What's more, they would have seen a person isolated from community as having as much meaning as a \"finger severed from a hand.\" The first non-native culture to touch this world were the Spanish-Californios whose vast land grant, Peralta, is the name of the creek that meanders under and through the streets on the west side of Redwood Road. When the US took California from the Mexicans",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7427116",
"score": "0.9697905",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Native American recognition in the United States",
"text": "US citizen. Federally Non-Recognized tribes refers to a subgroup of non-acknowledged tribes which had some sort of recognition by the British prior to the formation of the United States or by the United States but which were determined by the government to no longer exist as an Indian tribe or no longer meet the criteria for a nation to nation status. The United States recognizes the right of these tribes to self-government and supports their tribal sovereignty and self-determination. These tribes possess the right to establish the legal requirements for membership. They may form their own government, enforce laws (both",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10575637",
"score": "0.96830827",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "San Mateo Creek (Southern California)",
"text": "a population of 300 or so before the first Spanish explorers came to the area, and is still a sacred site for the Native Americans. Another Native American group, the Luiseño lived in the upper tributaries. The first non-native people to see the creek were the Spanish explorers of the Gaspar de Portolá expedition of 1769 to Monterey Bay, who camped near the creek on July 22. Padre Juan Crespi related in his diary that, in a native village nearby, it was found that two young girls were dying. The Franciscan missionaries were given permission to baptize the two girls,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13816887",
"score": "0.9668264",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "History of Native Americans in the United States",
"text": "believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America, later than the first Paleo-Indians. They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada, south along the Pacific Coast, into the interior of Canada, and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest. They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan- speaking peoples, including the present-day and historical Navajo and Apache. They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used seasonally. People did not live there year-round, but for the summer to hunt and fish, and to gather food supplies for the winter. The Archaic period lasted until about",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "17228242",
"score": "0.96482646",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Taunton, Massachusetts",
"text": "Nemasket Indians in 1637 as part of the Tetiquet Purchase and the remaining native families were relocated to the praying town of Ponkapoag in current day Canton, MA. A central figure among the founders was Elizabeth Poole who is believed to have been the first woman to found a settlement in the Americas and, contrary to local folklore, did not take part in the town purchase but was among its greatest beneficiaries and played a significant role in the founding of its church. Described as \"the foundress of Taunton\" and its matriarch, Poole \"was accorded equality of rights, whether in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1091703",
"score": "0.9641657",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "New Netherlander",
"text": "and African population and do not include the Native Americans. Among the many settlers who sailed from the United Provinces of the Netherlands were Dutch, Flemish, Walloon, Huguenot, German, and Scandinavian people, who are sometimes called \"New Netherland Dutch\". The first non-Native American to settle in Manhattan was Juan Rodriguez (Jan Rodrigues in Dutch), a Dominican man of African and Portuguese descent born in Santo Domingo. Early ships to the new colony carried mostly Walloon passengers and Africans brought as slaves, many of whom later became free. The black population is dated to the importation of eleven black slaves in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12864496",
"score": "0.96373594",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Native Americans in the United States",
"text": "Since the 1960s, Native American self-determination movements have resulted in changes to the lives of Native Americans, though there are still many contemporary issues faced by Native Americans. Today, there are over five million Native Americans in the United States, 78% of whom live outside reservations. When the United States was created, established Native American tribes were generally considered semi-independent nations, as they generally lived in communities separate from British settlers. The federal government signed treaties at a government-to-government level until the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ended recognition of independent native nations, and started treating them as \"domestic dependent",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "284949",
"score": "0.959447",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Reno-Sparks Indian Colony",
"text": "or traders being in Washo territory, but The People's oral history suggest there were encounters. Non-Indians first recorded being in Washo lands in 1826. The Shoshone and Northern Paiute also encountered non-Indians about this time. The explorers and settlers did not understand how The People survived well in this area, using seasonal bounty and living lightly on the land. Settlers struggled to establish farms or ranches according to their known models. The 1848 discovery of gold in California led to dramatic changes, as it attracted thousands of miners and merchants. From 1778-1871 or during the Treaty Period, the U.S. government",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6150074",
"score": "0.95839334",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "New Baltimore, Michigan",
"text": "Pointe, New France (now Michigan) was the first recorded non-Native American in the New Baltimore area. Pierre Yax was a son of Johan Michael Jacks, the first German in what would eventually become the state of Michigan. Pierre Yax arrived in New Baltimore in 1796 and subsequently obtained a land grant signed by President John Quincy Adams on July 23, 1826. The land grant tracked back to a land patent Yax had in 1812, when Michigan was still part of the Michigan Territory. Later, other French settlers came to this area and took residence along the waterfront and rivers. They",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1099084",
"score": "0.958177",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Hispanic and Latino Americans",
"text": "Portolà, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Tristán de Luna y Arellano and Juan de Oñate, and non-Spanish explorers working for the Spanish Crown, such as Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization effort in 1585 at Roanoke Island off the East Coast. In 1565, the Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida. Santa Fe, New Mexico was founded before Jamestown, Virginia (founded in 1607) and the New England Plymouth Colony (1620, of \"Mayflower\" and Pilgrims fame).",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "3791249",
"score": "0.9573318",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "History of the United States",
"text": "migration into North America, later than the first Paleo-Indians. They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada, south along the Pacific Coast, into the interior of Canada, and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest. They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan- speaking peoples, including the present-day and historical Navajo and Apache. They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used seasonally. People did not live there year-round, but for the summer to hunt and fish, and to gather food supplies for the winter. The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE. They",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "739727",
"score": "0.955527",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Native Americans in the United States",
"text": "Those who could pass for white had the advantage of white privilege Today, after generations of racial whitening through hypergamy, many Native Americans are visually indistinguishable from White Americans, unlike mestizos in the United States, who may in fact have little or no non-indigenous ancestry. Native Americans are more likely than any other racial group to practice racial exogamy, resulting in an ever-declining proportion of indigenous blood among those who claim a Native American identity. Some tribes will even resort to disenrollment of tribal members unable to provide scientific \"proof\" of Native ancestry, usually through a Certificate of Degree of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "285112",
"score": "0.94428176",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Eske Willerslev",
"text": "2016 Willerslev and co-authors showed that this ice-free corridor could not sustain humans until much later thereby making it most likely that the early Americans migrated along the Pacific coast. In 2018, the Willerslev team found a new group of peoples in the Americas that they termed “Ancient Beringinas” – the earliest group of Native Americans to have diversified. This was done through sequencing the genome of an 11.5-thousand-year-old skeleton from Upward Sun River (USR) in Alaska. From this genome they could infer that: Their findings finally suggest that the far-northern North American presence of northern Native Americans is from",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12412242",
"score": "0.9432529",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Raleigh (Native American)",
"text": "Raleigh (Native American) Raleigh (died 2 April 1589) was an Native American who was among the first to be brought to England from America in the late 16th-century. Living in the home of Sir Richard Grenville in Bideford in Devon, he was the first Native American to have a Christian conversion and an English burial place. Sir Richard Grenville captured the Roanoke Island Native American Raleigh (named for Grenville's cousin Sir Walter Raleigh) following a skirmish in 1586 and brought him to Bideford. He may have been one of three Native Americans who were captured, remaining in captivity after the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "20851790",
"score": "0.9429562",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Plymouth, Indiana",
"text": "Potawatomi Indians from Indiana to Indian Territory, at the site of present-day Osawatomie, Kansas, a distance of . The first settlers arrived in what is now Marshall County in 1835. They arrived as a result of the end of the Black Hawk War as well as the completion of the Erie Canal. They consisted primarily of settlers from New England, \"Yankees\" descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the colonial era. They were mainly members of the Congregational Church, although due to the Second Great Awakening many of them had converted to Methodism and some had become",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1063493",
"score": "0.94273365",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Tillamook people",
"text": "tribes to sue the United States government for compensation for land it had taken from them. They were paid a settlement in 1907. Their descendants are now considered part of the Siletz, as generations of people have intermarried. According to anthropological and archaeological research, the first ancestors of the Tillamook settled in their historic territory in the 15th century, living in an area ranging from Cape Lookout to Cape Meares. The Native American Historical Data Base (NAHDB) calculates that the population was about 2200 in at the beginning of the 18th century, based on written historic accounts. The first documented",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12082149",
"score": "0.9411328",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Non-Hispanic whites",
"text": "the Irish, and English (additionally Americans). In the United States, this population was first derived from English (and, to a lesser degree, French) settlement of the Americas, as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century (see History of the United States). Continued growth since the early 19th century is attributed to sustained very high birth rates alongside relatively low death rates among settlers and natives alike as well as periodically massive immigration from European countries, especially Germany, Ireland, England, Italy, Greece, Sweden and Norway, as well as Poland, Russia,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "13934261",
"score": "0.93886393",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States",
"text": "de Oñate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt (Roanoke Island, 1585). The Spanish didn't just explore, they settled, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (of Pocahontas fame, founded in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (of \"Mayflower\", Pilgrims and Thanksgiving fame). In 1566 Pedro Menendez established Fort San Felipe on Santa Elena- which is present day Parris Island near Beaufort South Carolina. The fort was part of the Spanish King’s ongoing effort to",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10816821",
"score": "0.93880457",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Black Indians in the United States",
"text": "those who survived and joined with the natives became the first circle of Black Indians. In the lands which later became part of the United States of America, the first recorded example of an African slave escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Native Americans dates to 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in present-day South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Guadalupe; its inhabitants included 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526 the first enslaved African fled the colony and took",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6161226",
"score": "0.9383838",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "John Kinzie Clark",
"text": "a forest preserve in Deerfield, Illinois just north of Deerfield High School is named for Clark using his Native American name. John Kinzie Clark John Kinzie Clark (1792–1865) was a trader, trapper and a prominent early settler in the Chicago area. He was raised by Native Americans, who called him \"Nonimoa\" or Prairie Wolf. Clark first arrived at Fort Dearborn in 1818. In 1830, Clark settled in the vicinity of today's Jefferson Park area where he built a log cabin on the prairie. Hired to carry mail by horseback between Chicago and Milwaukee, he would make stops in Deerfield with",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12459808",
"score": "0.937927",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Native Americans in the United States",
"text": "Native Americans in the United States Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States, except Hawaii. There are over 500 federally recognized tribes within the US, about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. The term \"American Indian\" excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaska Natives, while Native Americans (as defined by the US Census) are American Indians, plus Alaska Natives of all ethnicities. Native Hawaiians are not counted as Native Americans by the US Census, instead being included in the Census grouping of \"Native Hawaiian and other",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "284947",
"score": "0.93730915",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Stony Creek (Sacramento River tributary)",
"text": "Creek. Although the Native Americans practiced no agriculture, they frequently set brush fires which promoted the growth of certain plants they gathered for food. The beginning of European settlement was immediately prior to the California Gold Rush. During this time, Stony Creek was also known as the Capay River. The first known non-natives to visit the area were a party traveling from Oregon to Sutter's Fort in 1843. Near a village on Capay River, one of the group members killed a Native American, provoking native warriors to attack them some time later. John Sutter sent a force of fifty men",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14882432",
"score": "0.9365262",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "European colonization of the Americas",
"long_answer": "The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers. Starting in either the 10th or 11th century, West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present-day Canada, according to Icelandic Sagas, but violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers. Starting in either the 10th or 11th century, West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present-day Canada, according to Icelandic Sagas, but violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements.",
"short_answers": [
"European colonization",
"West Norse sailors"
]
} |
what is the term for circular movement around a central point | [
"angular rotation",
"Coriolis effect"
]
| [
{
"title": "Coriolis force",
"text": "that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the force acts to the left of the motion of the object. In one with anticlockwise rotation, the force acts to the right. Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is called the Coriolis effect. Though recognized previously by others, the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis, in connection with the theory of water wheels. Early in the 20th century, the term Coriolis force began to",
"hasanswer": true,
"isgold": true,
"id": null,
"score": null,
"original_retrieval_index": null
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "Circular motion In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three-dimensional body involves circular motion of its parts. The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body. Examples of circular motion include: an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth at a constant height, a ceiling fan's blades rotating around a hub, a",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922065",
"score": "1.0172293",
"original_retrieval_index": 0
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "a fixed axis of a rigid body that is not negligibly small compared to the radius of the path, each particle of the body describes a uniform circular motion with the same angular velocity, but with velocity and acceleration varying with the position with respect to the axis. For motion in a circle of radius \"r\", the circumference of the circle is \"C\" = 2 \"r\". If the period for one rotation is \"T\", the angular rate of rotation, also known as angular velocity, ω is: The speed of the object travelling the circle is: The angle θ swept out",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922068",
"score": "0.9890344",
"original_retrieval_index": 1
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "stone which is tied to a rope and is being swung in circles, a car turning through a curve in a race track, an electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, and a gear turning inside a mechanism. Since the object's velocity vector is constantly changing direction, the moving object is undergoing acceleration by a centripetal force in the direction of the center of rotation. Without this acceleration, the object would move in a straight line, according to Newton's laws of motion. In physics, uniform circular motion describes the motion of a body traversing a circular path at constant",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922066",
"score": "0.97868955",
"original_retrieval_index": 2
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "in polar coordinate system as a fixed distance \"R\" from the center of the orbit taken as origin, oriented at an angle θ(\"t\") from some reference direction. See Figure 4. The displacement \"vector\" formula_9 is the radial vector from the origin to the particle location: where formula_11 is the unit vector parallel to the radius vector at time \"t\" and pointing away from the origin. It is convenient to introduce the unit vector orthogonal to formula_11 as well, namely formula_13. It is customary to orient formula_13 to point in the direction of travel along the orbit. The velocity is the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922071",
"score": "0.93746567",
"original_retrieval_index": 3
},
{
"title": "Classical central-force problem",
"text": "r, i.e., that the angular momentum vector L = r × \"m\" v is not zero. Every central force can produce uniform circular motion, provided that the initial radius \"r\" and speed \"v\" satisfy the equation for the centripetal force If this equation is satisfied at the initial moments, it will be satisfied at all later times; the particle will continue to move in a circle of radius \"r\" at speed \"v\" forever. The central-force problem concerns an ideal situation (a \"one-body problem\") in which a single particle is attracted or repelled from an immovable point O, the center of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14755217",
"score": "0.9333003",
"original_retrieval_index": 4
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "sum of the tangential acceleration and the radial acceleration. Radial acceleration is still equal to formula_62. Tangential acceleration is simply the derivative of the velocity at any given point: formula_63. This root sum of squares of separate radial and tangential accelerations is only correct for circular motion; for general motion within a plane with polar coordinates formula_64, the Coriolis term formula_65 should be added to formula_66, whereas radial acceleration then becomes formula_67. Circular motion In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path. It can be uniform,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922087",
"score": "0.9303594",
"original_retrieval_index": 5
},
{
"title": "Circle",
"text": "Circle A circle is a simple closed shape. It is the set of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre; equivalently it is the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a given point is constant. The distance between any of the points and the centre is called the radius. This article is about circles in Euclidean geometry, and, in particular, the Euclidean plane, except where otherwise noted. A circle is a simple closed curve that divides the plane into two regions: an interior",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "77262",
"score": "0.9227276",
"original_retrieval_index": 6
},
{
"title": "Instant centre of rotation",
"text": "plane around which all other points are rotating at a specific instant of time. The continuous movement of a plane has an instant center for every value of the time parameter. This generates a curve called the moving centrode. The points in the fixed plane corresponding to these instant centers form the fixed centrode. The generalization of this concept to 3-dimensional space is that of a twist around a screw. The screw has an axis which is a line in 3D space (not necessarily through the origin, and the screw also has a finite pitch (a fixed translation along its",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12365045",
"score": "0.9113755",
"original_retrieval_index": 7
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "non-uniform circular motion an object is moving in a circular path with a varying speed. Since the speed is changing, there is tangential acceleration in addition to normal acceleration. In non-uniform circular motion the net acceleration (a) is along direction of Δv which is directed inside circle but does not pass through its center (see figure). The net acceleration may be resolved into two components: tangential acceleration and normal acceleration also known as the centripetal or radial acceleration. Unlike tangential acceleration, centripetal acceleration is present in both uniform and non-uniform circular motion. In non-uniform circular motion, normal force does not",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922079",
"score": "0.9100293",
"original_retrieval_index": 8
},
{
"title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits",
"text": "particle) is a central force. Newton showed that a force is central if and only if the particle sweeps out equal areas in equal times as measured from the center. Newton's derivation begins with a particle moving under an arbitrary central force \"F\"(\"r\"); the motion of this particle under this force is described by its radius \"r\"(\"t\") from the center as a function of time, and also its angle θ(\"t\"). In an infinitesimal time \"dt\", the particle sweeps out an approximate right triangle whose area is Since the force acting on the particle is assumed to be a central force,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10552511",
"score": "0.90725857",
"original_retrieval_index": 9
},
{
"title": "Rotation",
"text": "Rotation A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of rotation. A three-dimensional object can always be rotated around an infinite number of imaginary lines called \"rotation axes\" ( ). If the axis passes through the body's center of mass, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or spin. A rotation about an external point, e.g. the Earth about the Sun, is called a revolution or orbital revolution, typically when it is produced by gravity. The axis is called a pole. Mathematically, a rotation is a rigid body movement which, unlike a translation,",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "501027",
"score": "0.906344",
"original_retrieval_index": 10
},
{
"title": "Elementary mathematics",
"text": "the points and the center is called the radius. It can also be defined as the locus of a point equidistant from a fixed point. A perimeter is a path that surrounds a two-dimensional shape. The term may be used either for the path or its length - it can be thought of as the length of the outline of a shape. The perimeter of a circle or ellipse is called its circumference. Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape. There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "4965527",
"score": "0.9055817",
"original_retrieval_index": 11
},
{
"title": "Circular segment",
"text": "Circular segment In geometry, a circular segment (symbol: ⌓) is a region of a circle which is \"cut off\" from the rest of the circle by a secant or a chord. More formally, a circular segment is a region of two-dimensional space that is bounded by an arc (of less than 180°) of a circle and by the chord connecting the endpoints of the arc. Let \"R\" be the radius of the circle, \"θ\" the central angle in radians, α is the central angle in degrees, \"c\" the chord length, \"s\" the arc length, \"h\" the sagitta (height) of the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2422938",
"score": "0.9002624",
"original_retrieval_index": 12
},
{
"title": "Classical central-force problem",
"text": "out by the particle relative to the center. Thus, the areal velocity is constant for a particle acted upon by any type of central force; this is Kepler's second law. Conversely, if the motion under a conservative force F is planar and has constant areal velocity for all initial conditions of the radius r and velocity v, then the azimuthal acceleration \"a\" is always zero. Hence, by Newton's second law, F = \"m\"a, the force is a central force. The constancy of areal velocity may be illustrated by uniform circular and linear motion. In uniform circular motion, the particle moves",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "14755226",
"score": "0.9001929",
"original_retrieval_index": 13
},
{
"title": "Rotation around a fixed axis",
"text": "point, such as the center of mass, fixed to the rigid body. Purely \"rotational motion\" occurs if every particle in the body moves in a circle about a single line. This line is called the axis of rotation. Then the radius vectors from the axis to all particles undergo the same angular displacement at the same time. The axis of rotation need not go through the body. In general, any rotation can be specified completely by the three angular displacements with respect to the rectangular-coordinate axes \"x\", \"y\", and \"z\". Any change in the position of the rigid body is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "6405081",
"score": "0.90008855",
"original_retrieval_index": 14
},
{
"title": "Generalized helicoid",
"text": "surfaces. In the technical area generalized helicoids are used for staircases, slides, screws, and pipes. Moving a point on a screwtype curve means, the point is rotated and displaced along a line (axis) such that the displacement is proportional to the rotation-angle. The result is a circular helix. If the axis is the \"z\"-axis, the motion of a point formula_1 can be described parametrically by formula_3 is called \"slant\", the angle formula_4, measured in radian, is called the \"screw angle\" and formula_5 the \"pitch\" (green). The trace of the point is a \"circular helix\" (red). It is contained in the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "19027390",
"score": "0.896423",
"original_retrieval_index": 15
},
{
"title": "Bertrand's theorem",
"text": "velocity for a given circular radius. Non-central forces (i.e., those that depend on the angular variables as well as the radius) are ignored here, since they do not produce circular orbits in general. The equation of motion for the radius \"r\" of a particle of mass \"m\" moving in a central potential \"V(r)\" is given by Lagrange's equations where formula_4 and the angular momentum \"L\" = \"mr\"ω is conserved. For illustration, the first term on the left-hand side is zero for circular orbits, and the applied inwards force formula_5 equals the centripetal force requirement \"mr\"ω, as expected. The definition of",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "7888307",
"score": "0.8959633",
"original_retrieval_index": 16
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "a vector cross product as which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and r(\"t\"), tangential to the orbit, and of magnitude ω \"r\". Likewise, the acceleration is given by which is a vector perpendicular to both ω and v(\"t\") of magnitude ω |v| = ω \"r\" and directed exactly opposite to r(\"t\"). In the simplest case the speed, mass and radius are constant. Consider a body of one kilogram, moving in a circle of radius one metre, with an angular velocity of one radian per second. During circular motion the body moves on a curve that can be described",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922070",
"score": "0.89290106",
"original_retrieval_index": 17
},
{
"title": "Centripetal force",
"text": "to finding the center of curvature and the radius of curvature uses a limiting process leading to the osculating circle. See image above. Using these coordinates, the motion along the path is viewed as a succession of circular paths of ever-changing center, and at each position \"s\" constitutes non-uniform circular motion at that position with radius \"ρ\". The local value of the angular rate of rotation then is given by: with the local speed \"v\" given by: As for the other examples above, because unit vectors cannot change magnitude, their rate of change is always perpendicular to their direction (see",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "92707",
"score": "0.8922086",
"original_retrieval_index": 18
},
{
"title": "Central angle",
"text": "Central angle Central angles are subtended by an arc between those two points, and the arc length is the central angle of a circle of radius one (measured in radians). The central angle is also known as the arc's angular distance. The size of a central angle is or (radians). When defining or drawing a central angle, in addition to specifying the points and , one must specify whether the angle being defined is the convex angle (<180°) or the reflex angle (>180°). Equivalently, one must specify whether the movement from point to point is clockwise or counterclockwise. If the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2626216",
"score": "0.89082706",
"original_retrieval_index": 19
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "the object will have to equal to the centripetal force. Radial acceleration is used when calculating the total force. Tangential acceleration is not used in calculating total force because it is not responsible for keeping the object in a circular path. The only acceleration responsible for keeping an object moving in a circle is the radial acceleration. Since the sum of all forces is the centripetal force, drawing centripetal force into a free body diagram is not necessary and usually not recommended. Using formula_58, we can draw free body diagrams to list all the forces acting on an object then",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922085",
"score": "0.8888365",
"original_retrieval_index": 20
},
{
"title": "Instant centre of rotation",
"text": "road does not slip, which means the point P has zero velocity with respect to the road. Thus, at the instant the point P on the wheel comes in contact with the road it becomes an instant center. The set of points of the moving wheel that become instant centers is the circle itself, which defines the moving centrode. The points in the fixed plane that correspond to these instant centers is the line of the road, which defines the fixed centrode. The velocity vector of a point A in the wheel is perpendicular to the segment AP and is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12365051",
"score": "0.8884139",
"original_retrieval_index": 21
},
{
"title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits",
"text": "significantly. If an elliptical orbit is stationary, the particle rotates about the center of force by 180° as it moves from one end of the long axis to the other (the two apses). Thus, the corresponding apsidal angle \"α\" for a general central force equals \"k\"×180°, using the general law . Newton illustrates his formula with three examples. In the first two, the central force is a power law, and, hence,\"C\"(\"r\") is proportional to \"r\". The formula above indicates that the angular motion is multiplied by a factor , so that the apsidal angle \"α\" equals 180°/. This angular scaling",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "10552500",
"score": "0.8850359",
"original_retrieval_index": 22
},
{
"title": "Instant centre of rotation",
"text": "equal to the radius of the wheel 'r' from point P move at the same speed as the point M but in different directions. This is shown for a point on the wheel that has the same speed as M but moves in the direction tangent to the circle around P. If two planar rigid bodies are in contact, and each body has its own distinct center of rotation, then the relative center of rotation between the bodies has to lie somewhere on the line connecting the two centers. As a result, since pure rolling can only exist when the",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12365053",
"score": "0.8844725",
"original_retrieval_index": 23
},
{
"title": "Helix",
"text": "Point amusement park. A circular helix, (i.e. one with constant radius) has constant band curvature and constant torsion. A curve is called a general helix or cylindrical helix if its tangent makes a constant angle with a fixed line in space. A curve is a general helix if and only if the ratio of curvature to torsion is constant. A curve is called a slant helix if its principal normal makes a constant angle with a fixed line in space. It can be constructed by applying a transformation to the moving frame of a general helix. Some curves found in",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "1521900",
"score": "0.8821422",
"original_retrieval_index": 24
},
{
"title": "Instant centre of rotation",
"text": "Therefore, the instant center of rotation P of body BAC is the point where the lines through P-A and P-B cross. Since this instant center of rotation P is the center for all points on the body BAC for any random point, say point C, the speed and direction of movement may be determined: connect P to C. The direction of movement of point C is perpendicular to this connection. The speed is proportional to the distance to point P. Continuing this approach with the two links P-A and P-B rotating around their own instant centers of rotation the centrode",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12365058",
"score": "0.88165057",
"original_retrieval_index": 25
},
{
"title": "Circular motion",
"text": "the motion is perpendicular to the direction of force applied. Here weight force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the object at the top of the circle) and centripetal force points down, thus normal force will point down as well. From a logical standpoint, a person who is travelling in the plane will be upside down at the top of the circle. At that moment, the person’s seat is actually pushing down on the person, which is the normal force. The reason why the object does not fall down when subjected to only downward forces is a simple",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "2922082",
"score": "0.8791718",
"original_retrieval_index": 26
},
{
"title": "Instant centre of rotation",
"text": "four-bar linkage where a number of instant centers of rotation are illustrated. The rigid body noted by the letters BAC is connected with links P-A and P-B to a base or frame. The three moving parts of this mechanism (the base is not moving) are: link P-A, link P-B, and body BAC. For each of these three parts an instant center of rotation may be determined. Considering first link P-A: all points on this link, including point A, rotate around point P. Since P is the only point not moving in the given plane it may be called the instant",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "12365055",
"score": "0.87753105",
"original_retrieval_index": 27
},
{
"title": "Osculating circle",
"text": "The center and radius of the osculating circle at a given point are called center of curvature and radius of curvature of the curve at that point. A geometric construction was described by Isaac Newton in his \"Principia\": Imagine a car moving along a curved road on a vast flat plane. Suddenly, at one point along the road, the steering wheel locks in its present position. Thereafter, the car moves in a circle that \"kisses\" the road at the point of locking. The curvature of the circle is equal to that of the road at that point. That circle is",
"hasanswer": false,
"isgold": false,
"id": "5134140",
"score": "0.8768813",
"original_retrieval_index": 28
}
]
| {
"title": "Coriolis force",
"long_answer": "In physics, the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the force acts to the left of the motion of the object. In one with anticlockwise rotation, the force acts to the right. Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is called the Coriolis effect. Though recognized previously by others, the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis, in connection with the theory of water wheels. Early in the 20th century, the term Coriolis force began to be used in connection with meteorology.",
"chunked_long_answer": "that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the force acts to the left of the motion of the object. In one with anticlockwise rotation, the force acts to the right. Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is called the Coriolis effect. Though recognized previously by others, the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis, in connection with the theory of water wheels. Early in the 20th century, the term Coriolis force began to",
"short_answers": [
"Coriolis effect"
]
} |
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