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MS pain can be excruciating, frequent, inconvenient or heavy unending dullness. There are many traditional treatments that help to alleviate those pains. However, they don't always work and there is always someone who can't or just doesn't want to take too much medication. Some MSers are ready to try anything -- just to make the pain stop.
Today, I am talking about alternative treatments that may be used when addressing pain.
Approximately 50% - 75% of MSers use some form of Complementary and Alternative Medication (CAM), non-traditional interventions intended to reduce pain. There are many alternative treatments targeting MS pain, some even promising a cure. Some of them are recognized and recommended by the medical community, effective in stopping or reducing pain. Others are completely useless and a few possibly even harmful.
Alternatives often lack sufficient documentation and research, and some are not taken seriously enough to justify research costs. Therefore, efficacy of most alternative therapies is largely anecdotal. MSers must be aware of risks and benefits before jumping into these treatments. There is no cure for MS, regardless of claims, but alternative therapies may relieve pains accompanied by MS. Even though a doctor's prescription is usually not required, it is highly recommended that we inform our doctors to guard against a conflict with pharmaceutical drugs or misreading symptoms because the care is not coordinated. Doctors who practice conventional care are embracing legitimate alternative treatments more than ever before.
When considering a therapy, it is important to consult with your neurologist or your pain management doctor. Here are some alternative treatments that address or claim to address MS pain:
Acupuncture has been tried by 20% of MSers. There is a lot of anecdotal information, but it tells two stories. There are some stories that say acupuncture really helps where pain is concerned. However, there are other accounts of acupuncture actually leading to, and perhaps causing, relapses. The National MS Society recommends caution.
Applied kineseology is a method of assessing the balance of the body and finding and correcting imbalances. This non-invasive holistic technique involves massage, acupressure, and nutrition, among other techniques.
Chiropractic therapy is based on the concept that the nervous system coordinates all of the body's functions. This sounds perfect for MS. The idea of chiropractic therapy is to realign vertebra to eliminate irritation to nerves. There is anecdotal evidence that this therapy helps the lower back, but not necessarily the head and neck. A few years ago, I personally had a masseuse, trained in a chiropractic office, who came to the house on a regular basis. I was quite satisfied with her work.
Cold laser therapy - Cold laser refers to the use of low-intensity or low levels of laser light. It is intended to stimulate cells so they can actively respond to stress and pain; however, it also inhibits some cell activity. Although there has been some reported success with cold laser therapy in chronic pain, there are still questions about nerve regeneration. The FDA has approved 25 cold laser devices or methods in the US. Research and evaluation of this therapy continues.
This therapy is definitely not for pregnant women. It is also suspect for children because a laser too close to the end of a bone inhibits further growth. The National MS Society suggests you may want to postpone or proceed with caution until the research has been completed.
Exercise/Yoga/Tai Chi/Qigong increases strength, flexibility and balance, helping alleviate stiffness and posture problems. According to the National MS Society, exercise improves "better bladder and bowel function, less fatigue and depression, a more positive attitude, and increased participation in social activities." Exercise can be effective for chronic neck pain and back pain.
Julie Stachowiak, Phd, reviews yoga, telling us even wheelchair users can benefit, sometimes with a caregiver's help. Yoga helps with muscle tone, balance, and spasms. She recommends we give it try long enough for it to begin to work.
Dynamic Meditation is a holistic technique of mind development to allow focusing on the pain. This is thought to help vision problems, stress, and depression in MS. Julie Stachowiak, PhD, one of my favorite sources, also addresses the use of creative visualization for MS Hugs.
Homeopathics looks at the whole person, including personality, temperament, state of mind and lifestyle, then flushes toxins from body. There is anecdotal evidence that some painful symptoms are eased. This method is popular, but it is also controversial. There is a possibility of conflicting with a conventional treatment or interfering with diagnosis.
Hippotherapy takes advantage of a horse's rhythmic gait to improved posture and balance as well as other functions. Hippotherapy is also credited with normalizing muscle tone and reducing spasticity. This one sounds great to me, but there could be some safety issues. Horses used in this therapy are generally mature, gentle, horses specially trained for unconventional mounting. The National MS Society is convinced this one works -- they are willing to pay 50% of the cost. However, some insurance companies say there is not yet sufficient scientific data.
Massage is the most common form of bodywork used to relax muscles and reduce stress. Types of massage range from stroking and kneading to shaking. There is evidence that massage benefits pain, depression, constipation, spasticity and muscle tension.
Extra caution is recommended with edema, unless it is caused by immobility. Also, massage should be gentle when osteoporosis is present to prevent damage to the brittle bones.
Medical Marijuana is perhaps the most controversial alternative therapy. Medical marijuana in one form or another - pills, cannibis, hemp, mouth spray - has been a topic of discussion for years in many medical communities and especially with MS.
I have written about medical marijuana before, talking about the medical, legal, and personal perspectives. Doctors often remind us of the risk due to illegality. Thirteen states have legalized medical marijuana use, but it is still subject to federal law. The last time a bill was presented to the Senate for a vote (2006), the bill was narrowly defeated showing that Senate support is stronger than ever before, and reflecting a growing compassion among the population. Pertinent to MSers are personal anecdotes telling us it is useful for reducing pain, spasticity and tremors.
Research has been inhibited because this drug is illegal. However, there are occasionally small trials intended to prove or disprove the benefit of medical marijuana, including a small 10-year trial funded by the National MS Society for secondary and primary progressive MS. The Society has a statement.
Until medical marijuana is legalized this alternative therapy will remain controversial.
Nutrition works with the body-weight-pain connection, especially to correct posture problems and awkward gaits. Nutrition addresses constipation, swallowing problems, and the relationship between nutrition and energy to fight fatigue. I think the importance of nutrition to an MSer's general health is greatly underestimated and I have written about this before. In my research I found: "Medicare accepts Medical Nutrition Therapy for diabetes and renal disease. Even the retail food industry has adopted the idea of a 'heart healthy' diet." What about MS?
Valerian roots are dried roots used as a mild sedative to calm restlessness and anxiety and overcome mild insomnia. These roots generally relax the nervous system. This herbal therapy is considered helpful to calm nerves, treat spasms, and reduce blood pressure.
Brain treatment theories
These brain therapies are not current alternative treatments, but clinical trials developing treatments of the future. Our brain tells us when we have pain, whether there is a true stimulus or simply a misinterpreted signal from the nervous system. Therefore, it sees logical that the brain can be used as a pain deterrent or it can be taught to react positively. Dynamic meditation is a current alternative therapy that uses creative visualization, similar to the first of two trials I am talking about in this section.
A friend who suffers from migraines once told me she could think her way out of the pain by focusing on the headache. She said it did not work all of the time, but it did work. Is that a tactic that might reduce MS pain? "My Pain, My Brain" is a NYTimes article that says it just might. This technique is actually watching brain activity during a pain episode and consciously reprogramming it to reduce the pain.
Author Melanie Thernstrom tells of a functional MRI (fMRI) being used in a Stanford study hoping to develop a technique that teaches people to control their brain's response to pain. Pain causes the nervous system to re-wire itself, and this study aims for the patient to redirect that wiring. It sounds a bit sci-fi, but in the most positive way. Wouldn't it be great if this neuroimaging study found the answer to help us reduce severe pain? If we can learn to control our reactions to pain, then we can all focus on something besides hurting.
Another current study is sponsored by the National MS Society.The goal of this trial is to develop Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to conquer pain. It is targeting neuropathic pain and using a positive attitude and self hypnosis to actually shut it down. I have always advocated the benefits of a positive attitude, but I had not thought of coupling it with self hypnosis. That sounds like a good idea to me.
These are only some of the alternative therapies used to fight pain in MS -- I'm sure there are more. There are other therapies designed to address the entire disease, but here we are focusing on pain.
There are times, especially when we are in the midst of long-term excruciating pain, that we are willing to try almost anything to get it to stop. However, the best idea at times like that is to take a deep breath and investigate the proposed therapy a little further. Is it possible there will be unpleasant side effects or even an outcome more horrible and more long-lasting than the pain itself. It would be nice if the "snake oil days" of the old West were gone, but that is not so.
At the same time, some therapies -- even some that sound fantastical -- are actually helpful, reducing the pain without side effects. We need to do our best to ensure that any time we embark on a new therapy path there is a chance, a good chance, for a positive outcome.
Good luck with all of the therapies you use to manage your pain. There is such a thing as pain-free life, even with MS, and there is also the possibility of a joyful life with MS.
Next I will conclude this series by talking about living with pain.
Notes and Links
WebMD Alternative Therapies
Taking Control of MS
Published On: August 19, 2009 | <urn:uuid:e4a23703-d0db-41b2-81a3-326972c6957c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healthcentral.com/multiple-sclerosis/c/32873/83250/ms-pain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958143 | 2,216 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Did you know 80% of individuals affected by depression do not receive any treatment? Learn more depression statistics & facts.
As if depression weren’t bad enough, statistics show that diagnoses are growing at an alarming rate. In addition, states with higher rates of depression also show high rates of other negative health outcomes, such as obesity, heart disease, and stroke. Individuals suffering from depression are more likely to be unemployed or recently divorced than their non-depressed counterparts, and women experience greater risk of depression than men. Despite all of these statistics on depression, this infographic shows that many people suffer symptoms of depression without seeking care, and that undiagnosed depression costs the U.S. millions of dollars each year. Now a global health issue, depression awareness, diagnosis, and treatment are matters of crucial significance in building a healthier, happier world. | <urn:uuid:06cca4e0-2e6a-40be-bae0-a2a785afa830> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.healthline.com/health/depression/statistics-infographic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950244 | 172 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Goddess Chandika, also referred as Goddess Chandi, is mentioned in the Devi Mahatmya. She is one of the numerous forms of Goddess Durga and is counted among Ashta Shakti (eight powers of Durga) and also in some holy texts she is one of the Nava Durgas (nine forms of Durga). Popularly, Goddess Chandika is the form of Goddess Durga that killed demons Chanda and Munda.
Various texts describe the form of Goddess Chandika differently. In some texts she has six arms and in some she has twenty arms. In one text, she is white complexioned, in another she is dark complexioned. In some texts, she is depicted as young woman but with arms. The only constant attribute is her Vahana – that is a lion in most texts.
The form that Goddess Durga took to annihilate demons Chanda and Munda is unimaginable and it is beyond the capacity of human beings. The net result is that sculptures, idol makers and writers wanted to better what was imagined by the previous generation. Thus we have numerous forms of Goddess Chandika.
Symbolically the Goddess Chandika form is that of the Violent Mother Nature, who annihilates her sons, who have strayed from the path of Dharma.
It must be noted here that the form that Goddess Durga took to kill Chanda and Munda is also known as Goddess Chamunda. | <urn:uuid:db35e7f6-7c0b-49cc-9537-92832214ac93> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/04/goddess-chandika.html?showComment=1285047897481 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978974 | 295 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Print this pageHistorical Text Archive © 1990 - 2016
by Jennifer Gwillim
Don Antonio de Mendoza was influential in his roll as the first viceroy of New Spain.
Some consider him to have been one of it's greatest leaders. He led from 1535-1549. In
order to fully understand and appreciate what was accomplished under Mendoza one must have
some knowledge of the viceroy system and the establishment of the system.
The viceroy system was first used under Columbus. The viceroalty proved to be the most important administrative unit in the Indies. (Bethell, p. 293) The system was revived when Don Antonio de Mendoza was appointed as the first viceroy in 1535. The viceroy was defined as the king's alter ego. He held court in his viceregal palace and even carried with him some of the ceremonial aura of kingship. "He combinded in his person the attributes of governor and captain-general, and he was also, in his role as president of the audencia,regarded as the principal judicial representative of the crown." (Bethell, p.294) Many consider Mendoza to be responsible for the beginning of the viceroys and the colonial courts. "He was a man of integrity, well fitted to initiate the viceregal regime in the New World." (Crow, p. 169) Mendoza's reputation preceded him. At this point he had already received honors as a soldier and diplomat. Mendoza served first in Mexico and later in Peru.
The viceroys served the King yet they were allowed some freedom and discernment as they ruled. For example, there were many times that statues would come down from the King that the viceroy felt was unecessary or unbeneficial for the colony. It became a common practice for the viceroy to hold the statue up and say, "Se acata, pero no se cumple". Simply stated, "It shall be respected, but not enforced." This satisfied the King and the colony.(Crow, p.175)
The viceroys were always greeted with great dignity and splendor. The cities would decorate the streets and prepare for his coming. Many times the people dressed in their ceremonial regalia. Due to the great expense of these ceremonies, the King later limited the amount that could be used on these such events to eight thousand dollars.
When Mendoza arrived in Mexico, the country was in turmoil. There was already a definite problem brewing between the Indians and the encomenderos. They were on the verge of revolt. Mendoza came in and worked quickly and swiftly. He was able to defeat the Indians and later when the opportunity presented itself, Alvarado was slain. Mendoza soon appointed his men and established his position. Mendoza was wise and made excellent decisions throughout his time in Mexico. Mexico benefited in several ways from his presence and position.
He was able to spare Mexico from a civil war and able to gain the respect of many of the encomenderos. He is said to have shown great generosity and hospitality to the encomenderos thus winning many of them to his side. He was also successful with the Indians. He established one day a week as an opportunity for the Indians to come and express their greivances. Hundreds of Indians took advantage of this opportunity. Mendoza was quoted as saying, "I made a habit always to hear the Indians; and although they very often lie to me, I do not show them any displeasure for it, for I do not believe them and I do not decide anything until I have found out the truth. There are some [Spaniards] who think that I make them [the Indians] more addicted to lying because I do not punish them; but I believe that it would be more harmful to make them afraid of coming to me with their troubles than for me to bear the trouble which their childish affairs causes me. I recommend you to hear them also."(Madariaga, p. 48) Actually after Mendoza's retirement the custom continued and a General Indian Court was established. (Crow, p. 170)
Mendoza was also known for his interest in education. He supported the education of the Indians and the development of schools. Many schools were established for young Indian boys and girls. The purpose of the schools for the boys was to teach them Spanish and manual arts. The girls would be trained for motherhood. Mendoza eventually started a school for the unclaimed mesitzos. The mestizos were a group of children from mixed marriages. His school was called the San Juan de Letran and survived for more than three hundred years. (Herring, p. 209)
Another attribute of Mendoza was his desire to maintain the system of free elections. He studied and examined the new system but eventually decided to abolish the habit of appointing friars and settlers. He chose to maintain free elections and was quite out spoken on the issue. "He was particular about the freedom to be left to the electorate: Y que esta eleccion se la dejen hacer libremente." (Madariaga, p. 47)
Mendoza was successful in industry and agriculture. He is responsibe for developing silk, olive trees, wheat, cattle breeding, and many other industrial activities. He was rewarded by the Crown for his ingenuity and hard work. The prize consisted of two bars of silver of three hundred ducats a piece.
Mendoza's length of service was exceptional and after the system was estblished a viceroy could expect to serve a six-year term of office. Mendoza died shortly after taking office in Peru and would never have a direct hand in the future of Peru, but what he had accomplished in Mexico was nothing short of outstanding. Mexico had been changed for the better due to the hard work of Mendoza. Mexico went from a struggling and disorganized colony to a well-organized colony. Indian resistance was ended and the power of the conquistadores was broken. The territory had been carefully explored with the adding of the Philippine Islands. Silver had been discovered and they were already enjoying the benefits.
Much of the success of the viceroy system can be credited to Mendoza. He was truly a successful viceroy. He was the first but he also was one of the greatest.
Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol.1 Colonial Latin America:
Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Crow, John A.: The Epic of Latin America: Berkeley, University of California Press, 1946.
Herring, Hubert: A History of Latin America; New York, Alfred A Knopf, 1965.
Madariaga, Salvador de: The Rise of the Spanish American Empire: New York, The Macmillan Company, 1947. | <urn:uuid:0580fd32-8681-4d23-be39-0deee5e27842> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/print.php?action=section&artid=453 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985512 | 1,438 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Where you feel knee pain gives a fairly good idea of likely sources. As explained below, they won't all be in the knee itself.
Pain at the front of your knee mostly does come from your knee, from the patello-femoral articulation.
Our thigh hamstring muscles and calf muscles cross the back of our knee, and there are a number of bursae there. These are lubricating structures between tendons, which sometimes become swollen and sore.
An arthritic knee may have a bakers cyst at the back. This is a 2 inch soft lump in the middle.
Our main leg artery can form a popliteal aneurysm here. This is a swelling caused by disease weakening it, and will be pulsatile (beating in time with our pulse.)
Our medial meniscus and medial ligament are prone to injury, so pain on the inner side is often from these structures of our knee, but not always...
Arthritis knee pain? Your pain may well come from somewhere else, with nothing actually wrong with your knee itself!
You may find this hard to believe, but there is often something elsewhere that causes knee pain, and you can check for this on yourself.
You need to be sitting down with thigh horizontal, leg vertical, to examine your knee. The first spots to find are the slight depressions between the bones of the thigh and leg, at the front of the knee.
Trace a line down the middle of your thigh on each side. The depressions are where this line meets the front of the leg. They are about half way between the knee cap and the top of the shin bone
Press firmly with a fingertip in each of these hollows and move them horizontally around toward the back of the knee, continuing to press firmly and moving your fingertips up and down a little. You will note the hollow narrowing down as you move back. This is the space between the curved lower end of the thigh bone (the “Femur”) and the flat upper end of the lower leg bone (the “Tibia”.)
The slight gap that you are feeling along between the bones, (called the “joint line”,) may be quite tender at some point.
If you come to a tender spot on the joint line, stop at that point and note just how tender. Now move your finger a quarter inch up onto the adjacent bone and press with the same force (on the thigh bone.) Compare the tenderness here with that over the joint line.
Next move your finger to about the same distance below the joint line and again compare the tenderness.
If the joint line is the most tender of the three spots , this suggests there is arthritis or a mechanical internal derangement such as torn semilunar cartilage.
The type of arthritis here is commonly osteoarthritis.
Tenderness more above or below the joint line, points to a source of (“referred”) pain somewhere above the knee.
Inner side (medial) pain may be from your adductor muscles.
Outer side (lateral) pain may be from the gluteus medius.
If you have just recently sprained your knee, tenderness more below the joint line may be due to tearing of the coronary fibres (meniscotibial ligament) of the joint capsule.
Always remember, common things will coexist at times purely by chance. One can have pain from muscles further up the limb plus arthritis knee pain.
Primarily inflammatory arthritis from immune system reactions
Ideas on causes of inflammation in joints (inflammatory arthritis)
A little knowledge about your immune system - not dangerous
Knee pain but lots of bad experiences with drug therapy?
Is there something else you would like to read about?
This search button will bring up anywhere on this site your words are mentioned... | <urn:uuid:fe436264-07de-4643-a16a-b8077bc5aafe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.holistic-doc-pain-support.com/knee-pain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929826 | 811 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Asia, not Europe, is the center of these elegant woodland perennials BY DANIEL J. HINKLEY
THE GENUS PARIS comprises a group of woodland perennials with an elegant and understated allure that stirs the blood of serious gardeners. Although the name of the genus is identical to that of the French city, they have different origins, the plant genus having been named for its equal numbers of floral parts and leaves (from the Latin par or paris, meaning equal), whereas the city received its name from the Parisii, an ancient Celtic tribe. Closely allied to the genus Trillium and assigned to the family Trilliaceae, Paris occurs only in the Old World, and is geographically centered in China, with 23 of the 26 known species occurring within its borders, and 12 species endemic to that country. Only two species occur in Europe.
Though there are significant differences between the species, all exhibit an arrangement of foliage and flower that makes virtually any member of the genus recognizable. The single flowers are borne slightly above a whorl of four to ten leaves on stems from six inches to six feet from early to late spring. The flowers are composed of broad green (occasionally white) outer tepals and (in most species) threadlike, golden inner tepals. Yellow anthers surround a globular pistil of green, violet, or (rarely) white.
THE EUROPEAN SPECIES
Paris quadrifolia is the type species, usually more highly esteemed in homoeopathic medicine than in the garden. It is common in cool, moist woods throughout most of northern Europe, Siberia, and northern China, where it has garnered such vernacular names as true love, one berry, wolf berry, and herb paris. The four (or occasionally five) broadly ovate leaves of the species are borne atop stems to six inches, capped by diminutive flowers of green outer tepals and wispy greenish white inner tepals in May and June. Pollination is effected by flies attracted by a reportedly disagreeable smell, and is followed by striking, plump, dull blue berries.
The other European representative of the genus occurs further to the east, where I have observed it in the Pontic Alps of northeastern Turkey. There, P. incompleta grows at rather high elevations, always in association with the Oriental beech, Fagus orientalis. Whorls of five to nine narrow leaves are carried atop stems to one foot, while the flowers rising slightly above, as its specific epithet implies, lack the whorl of inner tepals. The fruit is a simple berry of glistening purple black.
How to Grow and Propagate Paris
PERHAPS BECAUSE OF THEIR SCARCENESS IN CULTIVATION, paris have garnered an undeserved reputation for being difficult and resentful of disturbance and division. In the cool, moist climate of the Pacific Northwest, the genus presents few challenges. I cultivate a large collection of Paris species in well-drained, humus-rich, slightly acidic soil under a high overstory of Douglas firs, and similar woodland conditions would seem the best bet in other parts of the country. However, I have also encountered thriving specimens sited in full sun and growing in clay soils in southeastern England.
Plants can be propagated by seed or division, though the latter is much easier. (Like trillium seeds, the seed of paris possesses a double dormancy, and may take up to three years to germinate, with an additional three to five years to first blossoming.) A plant that is dug up in early spring as vegetative growth resumes will reveal an abundance of dormant buds along the rhizome. If a piece of the rhizome with one or more of these buds is removed and replanted, it will usually break growth the same spring, although some divisions may remain dormant for an additional year. Root growth begins in late summer and early autumn, and it is best to avoid disturbing the plants during that time.–D.J.H.
PARIS IN JAPAN AND KOREA
A total of three species of Paris occur in these countries, two of which are quite similar to their European counterparts. Paris tetraphylla is common in the moist, cool mountains of northern Honshu and Hokkaido, where it can be found growing beneath dense stands of cercidiphyllums and magnolias in thickets of Aucuba japonica, Skimmia japonica, Pachysandra terminalis, and Trillium tschonoskii. As its specific epithet implies, this species normally possesses four broad leaves atop stems to 10 inches, while the broad outer tepals become strongly reflexed shortly after opening. Upon ripening, the plump, blue-black berry is sometimes accentuated by the outer tepals taking on hues of violet.
Growing at lower elevations, often in valley bottoms, throughout much of Japan, Korea and China, is P. verticillata, which bears false terminal whorls of five to eight narrowly oblong, short-petioled leaves to six inches atop eight- to 16-inch stems. Both the outer green tepals and golden inner tepals become strongly reflexed upon fertilization, which results in a small black fruit.
Like P. quadrifolia and P. tetraphylla, this species has formed sizable stoloniferous colonies in our woodland garden. To my knowledge, this species offers the only double-flowered form of any paris. With a trebling of the outer tepals, P. verticillata ‘Flore Pleno” presents a beguiling display of precious green “roses,” though it is rarely available, and then only for a princely sum.
Paris japonica is certainly the most distinctive of the genus as well as the most challenging to grow. Above false whorls of six to eight broadly ovate leaves appear striking flowers composed of linear white outer tepals and narrow bright golden inner tepals. Paris japonica is found only in the moist, subalpine meadows of the Japanese Archipelago, where it occurs in great abundance. Because of its exacting climatic and soil requirements, most of the specimens purchased worldwide probably fail to establish.
Current taxonomy suggests that six additional taxa within the subgenus Paris occur within China. I suspect that few of these, however, are in commerce under valid names. With that said, I have successfully germinated and brought to flower P. rugosa, a beautiful species from Sichuan Province that possesses four glossy green, somewhat undulated leaves on short stems to five inches. The flowers, of four green outer sepals and golden strands of inner sepals, result in a large, single, succulent red berry.
If the nomenclature of the subgenus Paris is in trouble, the taxonomy of the subgenus Daiswa is in international crisis (See, “Why Botany Matters,” opposite). Enter P. polyphylla. This widely distributed and notoriously variable species has undoubtedly been in cultivation longer than any other paris. Ornamentally speaking, it is truly sensational, though I hesitate to define what actually comprises this taxa. I have encountered vast colonies of the typical Himalayan form of this species, P. polyphylla var. polyphylla, in eastern Nepal growing at relatively low elevations in moist, shaded forests. This form produces a whorl of seven to ten dark green linear leaves held by long purple petioles atop stems to 12 inches. On short pedicels above the foliage, the typical paris flowers of broad green outer tepals and wiry golden inner tepals surround (after fertilization) a swollen, green, berrylike capsule that splits and expands to reveal a treasure trove of brilliant scarlet (occasionally yellow) seeds. It is my experience that the Himalayan populations of this species emerge much earlier in the spring than the Chinese varieties, and are in full blossom by early May in our US-DA Zone 8, maritime climate.
The first paris that I grew under the name of P. polyphylla, however, is an utterly different creature. Often not appearing aboveground until mid-June, the leaves and flowers unfurl like scepters of fine art glass as the stems rise to four feet or more. Ovate leaves ultimately expand to 10 inches in length, while the typical flowers of green and gold remain unblemished for a full four months. I credit this characteristic to the lack of a compatible partner for cross-pollination and hence fertilization, as I have never had seed produced on this clone.
OTHER ASIAN SPECIES
The tallest of all paris I have encountered is P. vietnamensis, from the mountainous region of Fan Xi Phan in northern Vietnam. Here the plants rose to an astounding six feet or more, with substantive whorls of leaves to one foot and large disks of green-tepaled flowers. As it is from relatively low elevations, it is unlikely to prove hardy in temperate climates, though it will certainly make for an enticing candidate for containerization, a method of cultivation to which the genus as a whole seems very adaptable.
Two species in subgenus Daiswa are known for their colorfully veined leaves, intricately netted in silvers and yellows. Paris luquanensis has proven to be extremely gardenworthy, with squat stems to four inches carrying four rounded ovate leaves that appear almost cyclamen-like. The demure flowers, held slightly above this handsome foliage, curiously lower themselves to ground level after fertilization, while offering a startling display of orange-red fruit in late autumn. The foliage of P. marmorata differs primarily in possessing a leaf undersurface of purple red and outer tepals veined in silver white.
Certainly the years ahead will give us a better understanding of the taxonomy and natural distribution of this remarkable genus. Fortunately, we don’t need to wait until then to appreciate its remarkable qualities in our gardens. The genus Paris awaits a wider audience that will soon enough, and for good reasons, be singing its praises. H
For sources of plants featured in this article, turn to page 92.
1. P. rugosa
2. P. polyphylla var. chinensis
3. P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis
4. P. thibetica
5. P. polyphylla var. stenophylla
6. P. polyphylla var. polyphylla
Why Botany Matters
Botanical splitters have attempted to dismember the genus into three separate genera, based on fruiting characteristics. Current thinking, however, favors retaining the original umbrella name while delineating three subgenera: Paris, Daiswa, and Kinugasa. Those taxa with fruit as a single indehiscent berry, either red, blue, or purple black, have been placed in the subgenus Paris. Taxa that possess dehiscent fruits that split in a starfish fashion to expose seed enveloped by a brilliant orange or red aril are assigned to the subgenus Daiswa, while P. japonica, with an intermediate fruit type, is referred to the monotypic subgenus Kinugasa. Though this division may seem overly academic, these characteristics are essential to identifying the species, and are hence of interest to keen gardeners who have discovered the delights of the genus.–D.J.H.
Facts & Figures
TYPE OF PLANT: herbaceous perennials FAMILY: Trilliaceae (trillium family), formerly Liliaceae ORIGINS: temperate Europe to eastern Asia HARDINESS: USDA Zones 5/6–9 (most species) HEIGHT: 6 in.–6 ft., depending on species LEAVES: borne in an apical whorl of 4–10, obovate to linear, acuminate, to 12 in. long, medium green, sometimes variegated FLOWERS: spidery, with 4–8 (usually) broad, green outer tepals and 4–8 (usually) narrow, yellow inner tepals and up to 20 stamens FRUIT: a simple berry or a fleshy capsule containing (usually) scarlet seeds BLOOM PERIOD: early-late spring SOIL: humusy, moisture retentive, well drained EXPOSURE: dappled shade WATERING: not tolerant of drought PLANTING TIME: spring; do not move plants in summer and fall FEEDING: annual mulch of leaf mold (optional) PROPAGATION: by division in spring or ripe seed sown in fall PROBLEMS: none serious | <urn:uuid:24881f99-464e-42e6-8a29-5395dca0c35d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hortmag.com/archive/paris_in_the_spring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930436 | 2,698 | 2.84375 | 3 |
With any active database, disk storage requirements are going to grow over time. While you can easily view the disk space used by an entire database by either look in the Files page of the database properties in SQL Management Studio or simply viewing the underlying files in Windows Explorer, what if you want to dig a bit deeper and see the parts that comprise the sum of the whole?
To see this information, you need to view the size of the individual tables. Thankfully, SQL Server has a built in stored procedure, sp_SpaceUsed, which displays the storage statistics of individual tables. Leveraging this stored procedure, we have created a batch script which allows you to easily produce a listing of each table in a database and view its storage statistics.
When the script is run, the following information for each table in the database is listed in a tabular format:
- Database table name
- Number of rows in the table
- Total disk space allocated to this table by SQL
- Amount of disk space used for data storage
- Amount of disk space used for internal SQL indexes
- Amount of disk space currently unused
Using the Script
The DBSize batch script is compatible with SQL 2005 and higher and must be run on a machine which has the SQLCMD tool installed (installed as part of the SQL Server installation). It is recommended you drop this script into a location set in your Windows PATH variable (i.e. C:Windows) so it can easily be called like any other application from the command line.
To view the help information, simply enter:
To run a report on “MyDB” on the default instance and direct the output to “MyDB Table Size.txt” on the desktop:
DBSize MyDB > “%UserProfile%DesktopMyDB Table Size.txt”
To run a report on “MyDB” on the named instance “Special” using the “sa” user with password “123456”:
DBSize MyDB /S:.Special /U:sa /P:123456 | <urn:uuid:c0db1f87-a0bd-4a8f-bd25-2d13e551cc81> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.howtogeek.com/52063/easily-view-the-disk-space-usage-of-individual-sql-tables-in-a-database/?showcomments=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875516 | 433 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Astronomy Classesby Mike Weinstein
Astronomy classes at Hogwarts:
To aid them in these endeavors, students are required to purchase telescopes (PS5), although Hogwarts has its own supply as well (OP32). Astronomical textbooks do not appear on Hogwarts booklists, but students nonetheless have access to various reference books (such as the ones Hermione used to fact-check the essays on Jupiter’s moons – OP14). Some of these seem to have quite up-to-date information; Ron’s drawing of Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io (OP14) can only have been inspired by a NASA image radioed back via spacecraft (such as this1 one), as no Earth-bound telescope will show Jupiter’s moons as anything more than featureless dots.
Our most detailed look at this class is given in the description of Harry’s O.W.L. Astronomy practical exam (OP31), which is administered at the top of the Astronomy Tower in the middle of the night. Students set up their telescopes on stands, and then fill in blank star charts by sketching what they observe in the sky, taking care to note the “precise positions” of stars, constellations, planets, and the moon.
One may wonder what, exactly, they are doing with the telescopes. All of the objects that they are required to locate and sketch are visible without optical aid – indeed, using a telescope to look at a constellation is inadvisable, as the magnification prevents one from seeing the entire pattern of stars at once. Furthermore, no indication is given that the students are sketching the magnified appearance of the moon or the planets as seen through their telescopes during the exam, even though they would certainly be able to see craters and mountains on the moon, cloud bands on Jupiter, and Saturn’s rings.
Instead, the telescopes seem to be used as surveying instruments, aiding the students in determining the precise positions of celestial objects so that they can enter them on their charts.
[Harry] had quite forgotten Venus’s position – jamming his eye to his telescope, he found it again and was again on the point of entering it on his chart… (OP31)From the Earth’s point of view, the heavens appear as a large globe surrounding us – the celestial sphere – with the stars “painted” on its inside surface. Astronomers delineate coordinate lines of right ascension and declination on this sphere, in much the same way that the terrestrial globe is mapped by lines of longitude and latitude. If a telescope is equipped with certain dials (setting circles), it can be used to accurately determine the celestial coordinates of the object at which it points. Perhaps this is the use to which the students are putting their telescopes here.
Of course, just as Omnioculars are able to do magical things such as display pop-up labels, present slow-motion views, and provide extreme close-ups and instant replays (GF8), it is possible that the students' telescopes, while looking like Muggle objects, might have magical properties as well. One could imagine the telescopes charmed to show volcanoes on Io, identify celestial objects with labels, display objects' coordinates, and so on. However, as Rowling makes no mention of these things, it seems simpler to me to assume that they are, in fact, Muggle optical devices. (Except for Fred and George's punching telescope, of course!)
Why is astronomy studied by young witches and wizards in training at Hogwarts? In part, the study of the planets' motions must provide a theoretical base for learning astrological divination (as Firenze explicitly states in OP27). This cannot be the whole story, however, for some of the topics studied in Sinistra's class - the physical characteristics of Jupiter's moons, how to use a telescope, locating objects in the sky - have little to do with fortune-telling, which in Trelawney's class is mostly an exercise in "consultation of timetables and calculation of angles" (GF13).
Perhaps an answer lies in the original meaning of the word “wizard” – wise one2. It seems to me that in order to be a wizard, one is expected to have mastered more than just the magical arts; one must also have knowledge of the natural world, through the study of such subjects as botany (Herbology), zoology (Care of Magical Creatures), and chemistry (Potions). Studying the cosmos in Astronomy is another example of this. Indeed, the wizards at the Department of Mysteries have an entire room seemingly devoted to understanding the solar system and its many secrets (OP35). | <urn:uuid:4448b750-6bd1-4316-a47c-03bdc2eccf0a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.hp-lexicon.org/hogwarts/classes/astronomy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954862 | 974 | 3.515625 | 4 |
PHP Tutorial: Functions, Cont.
The usefulness of functions is greatly enhanced by the ability to pass information from the main body of code to the function and in the opposite direction, or between one function and another it is calling Values that are sent to a function are called arguments.
Passing Argument to a Function
To define arguments that will be passed to a function, you provide a list of names for them between the parentheses in the function statement, like this:
function Myfunction ($arg1, $arg2)
and to pass values to the function as arguments by putting them between the parentheses following the function's name in the statement that calls it, like this:
$answer = Myfunction (3, 5)
I've used actual number here, but I could also have used variables. There is something to watch out for with those variables! Remember from the discussion about variables that variables have a scope? This becomes very important here. The function statement that defines a function is part of the function it defines; therefore variable defined in that same statement are also part of the function being defined; therefore their scope is local to the function. This means that the variable's lifetime begins when the function starts to be processed and ends when the function ends. Consequently, these variables are not available in the main body of code (or in the calling function, if this function is being called from within another function.) Simply using the same name won't make it available! In fact, using the same name in the main body of code will mean that you have two different variables with the same name. This will not create an error, but it will certainly create a confusing program to work on! It is best to use different names for the variables within your functions (another "be your own best friend" tip!)
Returning Results from a Function
A function returns a result to the calling code by using the "return: keyword, like this:
When the return statement is processed, the function terminates and the value of the variable specified is returned to the calling code. The return statement only returns one variable -- if you need to return more than one value, you'd have to define and return an array (we'll be getting into arrays a little later in this series.)
You could have more than one return statement in your function if, for example, you had conditional logic (such as "if" statements) within your function, but only one of them will ever be processed (since processing it terminates the function!)
Here's an example of a couple of variables being passed to a function as arguments with a result returned:
<title>Function Arguments Example</title>
<h1>Showing a Volume</h1>
function CalcVol ($x, $y, $z)
$vol = $x * $y * $z;
$long = 3;
$wide = 4;
$high = 5;
print "The volume of this object is " . CalcVol($long, $wide, $high) . " volumetric units.";
In this example you can see that a function called CalcVol is being defined, and that it receives three parameters, $x, $y & $z. These are being used to specify the lengths of the three axes of a solid object, which the function multiplies together to determine the volume of the object. The function then returns the volume to the calling code.
The function is being called from the middle of a print statement, which passes the three values contained in the variables $long, $wide & $high. Thus the print statement will display the result of the calculation.
In the next part of this tutorial series, we'll take a look and some functions that are built in to PHP and at some more sophisticated ways to manipulate data being passed back and forth. | <urn:uuid:86db815c-91a1-4c81-9935-2b98661486c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.htmlgoodies.com/beyond/php/article.php/3472511/PHP-Tutorial-Functions-Cont.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886351 | 794 | 3.75 | 4 |
Adolescence is difficult. Add to that the pressure to be "normal" and go with the crowd, and the teen years can be overwhelming. Last week, gay teen Kenneth Weishuhn surrendered to relentless taunts from bullies by taking his own life. It goes without saying that each time a young person commits suicide is a sad day for us all. But to know the suicide could have been prevented makes the blow especially hard.
Reading Kenneth's story and listening to the voices of teens in similar situations stirs up a mix of emotions for me. The first is frustration. Frustration at what seems like a lack of progress since I wrote about this issue on the NotEnoughGood blog more than a year ago. Though more attention has been brought to the issues of bullying and homophobia, it doesn't seem to be enough to stop tortured teens from finding solace in suicide.
I am not ignoring the success of anti-bullying campaigns at schools and efforts by LGBT focused organizations to raise awareness of the issue. I am saying that we need more and now. This issue impacts all young people and so there needs to be all hands on deck for our children. Instead of outsourcing this very hard work to specialized organizations, we have to empower ALL youth organizations, school personnel and parents to act on behalf of teens being bullied for any reason.
This is not an easy fix. But we can start by deploying what we know works in the youth development arena. Teachers, parents, coaches, ministers, mentors and peers all need to know how to address bullying and to support teens questioning their sexuality or identity. A sports coach needs to know how to stop the use of anti-gay and transgender language. A teacher needs to feel empowered to identify and seek administrative interventions for victims of bullying. Parents and mentors need to know where to get support for a child who is coming out.
There should be continued strategic efforts to remove the negative language, actions and beliefs that lead any young person to feel isolated and alone in their schools and communities. More resources should be provided to LGBT organizations, suicide prevention (like the Trevor Project) and education focused organizations like GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network) to provide capacity building, training and support to all people working with youth. It also requires time and effort on the part of all organizations working with young people and openness to address issues that might fall outside of their mission.
All places should be safe and welcoming for these teens and they should be able to seek support from any adult, at any time. The Alliance for Positive Youth Development is working everyday to remove the silos in the youth sector in order to help make these safe havens a reality. Through shared resources, best practices and learning, all individuals and organizations working with youth will have access to the same knowledge of how to address youth issues.
The teen years are topsy turvy. During this time where a bad day can turn into the end of the world in the matter of seconds, we need to focus on more than just "teen angst." For some teens, simple issues like a fight with a friend, a break-up or a failing grade are a walk in the park compared to coping with being "different." Constant bullying, harassment and isolation by their family, classmates and other adults in their life make each day unbearable.
With that in mind, we need to do everything in our collective power to save these children today. Not one day when they're no longer teenagers because "kids are mean." We all know that mean kids grow up to be mean adults. But we need to act TODAY before we have to mourn the loss of yet another teen who lacked support and options for stopping the pain. If your organization is tackling these tough issues, join and support collective work by connecting with the Alliance for Positive Youth Development. Together, we can improve the lives of young people in crisis by sharing what works, research and resources. | <urn:uuid:789fef2a-b754-4adb-aca2-1d2567693b20> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thenera-bailey/post_3283_b_1445735.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961783 | 795 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Study Finds DNA Clues to Cattle Origins
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
Archaeologists concur that modern domestic cattle descended from wild aurochs in the Middle East. But recent DNA analysis showed that many aurochs were actually included in the first domesticated herd. And like other studies of plant and animal origins, these results show that cattle history matches best with biblical history.
Ruth Bollongino and her team at Germany's University of Mainz, whose study appears in Molecular Biology and Evolution, examined mitochondrial DNA from 15 ancient cattle bones found in Iran. The researchers compared ancient DNA sequences with those of modern domestic cattle. Their results indicated that "around 80 female aurochs were initially domesticated."1
Such a low number suggests that domestication was not random, nor was it spread across a wide region. Instead, it was "a more complex and challenging process," according to the study authors.1
A separate study of Russian foxes showed that when breeding pairs were artificially selected for docile temperament, complete domestication occurred in six generations.2 But this involved capturing wild foxes, retaining them in cages, and breeding them with organized intent.
Researchers found that very few members in the founding population of domestic cattle existed, indicating that ancient humans caught wild aurochs and bred them to be domesticated, similar or identical to recent domestication of wild foxes.
And these results support biblical history, rather than evolutionary history, in at least two ways. First, domestication should have occurred soon after the Flood in the Middle East, since that is where Noah's ark landed and post-Flood populations took root. Likewise, domesticated pear and apple trees, wheat,3 small dogs,4 and—according to a University College London press release reporting Bollongino's research results—"goats, sheep and pigs" also originated in the Middle East.5
Second, in order to domesticate cattle from a few select wild aurochs, ancient people must have been just as smart and strong, if not more so, as the people of today.6 No good evidence backs evolutionary claims of brutish, ape-ish human ancestry.
This science indicates that fully capable people intentionally domesticated cattle in the Middle East thousands of years ago—right in line with the words of Genesis.
- Bollongino, R. et al. Modern Taurine Cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders. Molecular Biology and Evolution. Posted on oxfordjournals.org March 14, 2012, accessed April 3, 2012.
- Thomas, B. 2012. On the Origin of Dogs. Acts & Facts. 41 (1): 16.
- Thomas, B. Small Dogs Came from the Middle East. ICR News. Posted on icr.org March 9, 2010, accessed April 3, 2012.
- Thomas, B. Where Did Apple Trees Come From? ICR News. Posted on icr.org December 22, 2009, accessed April 3, 2012.
- DNA traces cattle back to a small herd domesticated around 10,500 years ago. UCL News. Posted on ucl.ac.uk March 27, 2012, accessed April 3, 2012.
- Thomas, B. Discoveries Show Early Mankind Was Advanced. ICR News. Posted March 17, 2010, accessed April 3, 2012.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on May 7, 2012. | <urn:uuid:35ad0ea4-8dba-4e25-95be-a1f4d260c96c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.icr.org/article/6772/310/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938152 | 721 | 4.15625 | 4 |
"Eclecticism" is a name given to a group of ancient philosophers who, from the existing philosophical beliefs, tried to select the doctrines that seemed to them most reasonable, and out of these constructed a new system (see Diogenes Laertius, 21). The name was first generally used in the first century BCE. Stoicism and Epicureanism had made the search for pure truth subordinate to the attainment of practical virtue and happiness. Skepticism had denied that pure truth was possible to discover. Eclecticism sought to reach by selection the highest possible degree of probability, in the despair of attaining to what is absolutely true. In Greek philosophy, the best known Eclectics were the Stoics Panaetius (150 BCE.) and Posidonius (75 BCE.). The New Academic, Carnaedes (155 BCE.), and Philo of Larissa (75 BCE.). Among the Romans, Cicero, whose cast of mind made him always doubtful and uncertain of his own attitude, was thoroughly eclectic, uniting the Peripatetic, Stoic, and New Academic doctrines, and seeking the probable (illud probabile). The same general line was followed by Varro, and in the next century the Stoic Seneca propounded a philosophical system largely based on eclecticism.
In the late period of Greek philosophy there appears an eclectic system consisting of a compromise between the Neo-Pythagoreans and the various Platonic sects. Still another school is that of Philo Iudaeus, who at Alexandria, in the first century CE. interpreted the Old Testament allegorically, and tried to harmonize it with selected doctrines of Greek philosophy. Neo-Platonism, the last product of Greek speculation, was also a fusion of Greek philosophy with eastern religion. Its chief representatives were Plotinus (230 CE.), Porphyrius (275 CE.), Iamblichus (300 CE.), and Proclus (450 CE.). The desire of this school was to attain right relations between God and humans, and was thus religious.
The author of this article is anonymous. The IEP is actively seeking an author who will write a replacement article. | <urn:uuid:8af03d3d-fa17-462b-b2b3-1535f7ebd72d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.iep.utm.edu/eclectic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957013 | 441 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Thread-Waisted Wasp, Ammophila spp.
This Order of insects include sawflies, horntails, wood wasps, ensign wasps, Ichneumonids, fairyflies, fig wasps, chalcids, gall wasps, cuckoo wasps, yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, leafcutter bees, carpenter bees, honey bees, bumble bees, orchid bees, velvet ants, spider wasps, paper wasps, yellow jackets, hornets, mud-dauber wasps and ants.
Thread-waisted wasps are prolific caterpillar hunters. Paralyzed caterpillars are used as food for their young while they develop in sand burrows. This mating pair are solitary wasps who have a liking for flower pollen. They were found in the Mojave Desert in California. Wasp females sting with their modified egg laying apparatus and the junction between the thorax and abdomen exhibits considerable constriction. | <urn:uuid:60254f50-65d5-449f-baca-5a9accb322b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.insects.org/entophiles/hyme_001.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923943 | 201 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In the nation's history, 112 people have served on the Supreme Court of the United States. Suppose that we were to select the all time greats. Who would make the cut? To answer that question, we need a metric. It makes sense to consider two factors: historical significance and legal ability. It would be too contentious to include only those justices with whom one agrees, so let's make this list ideology free. We'll also exclude the current justices, because it is too early to tell whether any will count among the all time greats. 1) John Marshall (1801). If the court has a Babe Ruth, it's John Marshall. Marshall can claim primary responsibility for the fundamental principles that continue to organize our law. One example is the broad regulatory power of Congress. 2) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1902). Actually, he was the second greatest, but that's not bad. Holmes' defining contribution was an insistence on a modest role for the federal judiciary. His pithy explanation: "If my fellow citizens want to go to Hell I will help them. It's my job." Holmes insisted that a constitution "is made for people of fundamentally differing views." If Marshall was the court's Babe, Holmes was its Hank Aaron the greatest home run hitter who didn't use steroids. 3) Louis Brandeis (1916). Brandeis is often grouped with Holmes as a great early proponent of judicial modesty, as well as an ardent defender of freedom of speech. But his sensibility was altogether different. His eyes were on the heavens. He believed that "the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people." He wrote: "Those who won our independence believed that the final end of the State was to make men free to develop their faculties, and that, in its government, the deliberative forces should prevail over the arbitrary. They valued liberty both as an end, and as a means. They believed liberty to be the secret of happiness, and courage to be the secret of liberty." 4) Felix Frankfurter (1939). Many liberals were, and remain, deeply disappointed with Frankfurter, who toed no party line. A powerful critic of Warren court activism, Frankfurter argued for small, incremental steps. He wanted to avoid the most fundamental questions, and he made powerful arguments for his minimalist approach. He was wise, and he was deep, and he is underrated; it's high time for a Frankfurter revival. 5) Robert Jackson (1941). No other justice wrote sentences like this: "Compulsory unification of opinion achieves only the unanimity of the graveyard." Or this: "If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion, or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein." Jackson made Supreme Court opinions sing. 6) Earl Warren (1953). Under Warren's leadership, the court reformed American society. It struck down school segregation; called for a rule of one person, one vote; required the Miranda warnings; offered broad protection to freedom of speech; expanded the reach of the Fourth Amendment; and abolished the poll tax. That's a very partial picture. Warren did not have the analytic power of others on this list, but none of them had a larger impact. 7) William Brennan (1956). Brennan may well have been the most influential member of the Warren court. If Warren was its heart, Brennan was its brain. An unfailingly kind and gracious man, Brennan served on the court far longer than Warren, and he somehow managed to cobble together rights protecting majorities long after the liberal majority left the bench. 8) William Rehnquist (1972). In his early years on the court, Rehnquist was called "the Lone Ranger" because his conservative views, defended with great power, were often set out in lonely dissents. When I was clerking at the court in the early 1980s, Rehnquist told me that the court was like a ship that had become badly tilted and he made a gesture, signaling that the court had tilted left. Named chief justice in 1986, Rehnquist was no longer alone. Reducing federal power and limiting the reach of numerous Warren court rulings, Rehnquist redirected constitutional law in countless areas. More than any other justice in recent decades, Rehnquist succeeded in restoring what he considered to be the right constitutional balance. 136027 007 Air Jordan V Black New Emerald Grape Ice Black ,314254 107 Air Jordan 4 Columbia White Legend Blue Midnight Navy Air Jordan 11 Low White Black True Red Air Jordan 11 Low IE Black Varsity Red 378037 117 Air Jordan 11 Legend Blue White Black Legend Blue 136064 406 Air Jordan 3 Powder Blue Dark Powder Blue Black Wolf Grey White 136027 007 Air Jordan V Black New Emerald Grape Ice Black Nike Air Foamposite One 653996 660 KD 7 Global Game Action Red Metallic Silver Air Jordan 3 Retro 88 White Cement Hey, guys. I'm Wendi Braswell, style and beauty expert. I'm here today to show you how to wear shoes with a long cotton dress. I love this dress, this is a actually called a maxi dress to be professional about it. This is a long cotton dress. There's many type of shoes you can wear with it. It depends how long it is, the length. You do not want it dragging the floor, and you don't want to be sweeping everyone's floor. So, first of all, we paired this cotton dress with a white wedge. Love it. The heel is appropriate, the length is correct. You don't want it to drag, but you also don't want it to come above the heel. It would be too short then, and look like something's not right. It also will make you look shorter. Another heel to wear with a long cotton dress is a metallic. Love it. Right on trend, it matches everything. So, wear that with your long cotton dress. Now, if you have a long cotton dress, and want to pair it with a boot, a shoe bootie, that's the way to go. It will be a great look. Just make sure it's long enough that it comes down at least to the middle of the heel or longer. So, those are three different shoes to wear with a long cotton dress. Have fun, get it out, experiment. And, have fun with fashion. I'm Wendi Braswell. 136027 007 Air Jordan V Black New Emerald Grape Ice Black,24 President's Day Activities for Kindergarteners6 weeks agoPresident's Day can be a lot of fun for kids of all ages. But kindergarten is one of my favorite ages. I've had two children go through that grade already, and one going to go next year.7 Beach Books for Kids6 weeks agoAre you taking your family on a vacation to the beach? Then you may want to look at these beach books for kids before you go. While we haven't been to the beach as a family yet, my children love.13 Kindle Fire HD vs Google Nexus 720 months agoFor Christmas this year, I received a Kindle Fire HD. A few weeks later, my husband got a Google Nexus 7 for work. Some people have been asking us which we like better; hence, this page! Now, I'm not going to go into a.1 Marilyn Monroe Stencils, Decals, and Posters15 months agoWho doesn't love Marilyn Monroe? She is the classic example of modern femininity, and someone many young women now seek to emulate. And what better way to honor her than with some great Marilyn Monroe stencils, decals.9 Indian Wedding Favors15 months agoAre you having an India themed wedding? Then you may want to look into Indian wedding favors. There are a lot of great options available! A good friend from college got married recently. His parents were from India, so.1 Owl Stencils and Decals15 months agoI love owls! And I love all of these owl stencils and decals. They are just so adorable! Owls are just so wise, yet so cute and fluffy. Since there are so many species of owls, there are a lot of ways you can use them.2 A Small Crystal Chandelier Lightens Bedrooms, Nurseries, Bathrooms and More!15 months agoA beautiful small crystal chandelier can add so much elegance to a room. You don't need a giant chandelier to get the look you desire. 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This week something very sad happened at Inverdoorn. We lost one of our cheetah cubs. When we went to check on the cubs on Monday we realised that one was missing and after closer observation saw that another cub was injured and had a big cut on its back. The cub urgently needed help and we decided that it would be for the best to take the other two with us, since we didn't know what had happened.
Later on we went back to look for the missing cub and unfortunately I found it dead with a similar wound on its back. We still unsure about what happened to the cubs, but since the breeding facility is in a remote area, jackals might pass through, as well as birds of prey.
We are very upset that we had to take the cubs away from their mum, especially since she was such a wonderful mother, but we couldn't risk losing another one. The mother is fine and hopefully she will have another litter soon that she will take great care of.
Into the Wild - Cheetah Cub Facts
• Cheetahs can breed at any time of the year, but they usually mate in the dry season.
• Cubs are born about three months later.
• There are usually three to five cubs in a litter.
• New-born cubs weigh about 142 to 284 grams.
• Cubs have a long, woolly coat running down their backs known as a mantle.
• The cubs are weaned when they are about three months old.
• The mother protects them from predators such as lions and hyenas by moving them around between dens.
• After about six weeks, the cubs start following their mother around and she teaches them to hunt.
• Cheetah cubs live with their mother until they are about 18 months old. Females then strike out on their own and males stay together in groups known as coalitions. | <urn:uuid:bad8910b-377b-4d47-87e7-e5ca4fe215c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.inverdoorn.com/the-inverdoorn-diaries/cheetah-cub-update | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992642 | 396 | 3 | 3 |
You are beginning to have issues with your eyes. Headaches, blurred vision, eye strain – and your insurance says it’s going to pay for an optometrist or an ophthalmologist, but what is the difference? Which eye care professional in the event you look to for help to your eyesight difficulties that are specific?
The definition of optometrist traces back optos (or eyesight) and metria (one who quantifies). A modern Optometrist does much more than measure your eyesight, although actually, that will make an Optometrist one who quantifies eyesight.
Ophthalmologist comes in the Greek words ophthalmos (actually “the seeing”) and logia (study) making an ophthalmologist one who examines seeing. Including both the optometrist’s diagnostic and treatment realms along with much more sophisticated clinical treatments and more profound studies.
In America, optometrists must finish four years in addition to four years of postgraduate work. As well as ocular disease, ocular physiology, ocular pharmacology, as well as other eye -related issues, optometrists are trained in generic areas including general pharmacology, human anatomy, and biochemistry. Upon successful conclusion of the coursework, they have been granted the permit of Doctor of Optometry (O.D.). Some optometrists could additionally complete an interval of residency (i.e. hospital-based training) after graduation.
Ophthalmologists add to the eight-year instruction of the optometrist one more year and three additional years.
Including eye examinations which screen medical conditions like glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, diabetes, etc., but although for refractive errors Optometrists are licensed to proscribe corrective lenses, drug treatments that were curative (restricted to eye treatment), and contingent upon licensing state and their training, may perform some small forms.
As noted under learning the US, many ophthalmologists might choose to work alone in those regions and may have places of specialization.
Rule of Thumb for Choosing an Eye Care Supplier
Most of the time, the two work together in a relationship that is supporting.
The Team’s next Member
A yearly checkup by a optometrists or ophthalmologists is definitely recommended, as well as in the United States, they may be the only real professionals licensed to proscribe corrective lenses, however when you’ve got prescription in hand it is possible to enlist the assistance of the third accredited person in the team, a “dispensing optician”. All these are professionals trained to design, fit, and dispense optical lenses and other vision-connected devices.
An Alternative method of Vision Correction
Vision attention is serious business, as well as the considerable training of optometrists and ophthalmologists represents that fact, but with the current raising medical costs, many have started to adopt more natural methods for maintaining wellness.
Real Life Example Of Eye Surgery For Cancer
Cancer can affect you everywhere. Take a look at this eye surgery and the process that this patient goes through. | <urn:uuid:9ce48881-b598-4196-be22-c2af5d978c17> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.isidisi.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957283 | 652 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Example: tcpdump -i eth4 -w examplefile.pcap (listen on interface eth4, and write the raw packets to examplefile.pcap rather than parsing and printing them out.)
tcpdump – dump traffic on a network
tcpdump [ -AbdDefhHIJKlLnNOpqStuUvxX# ] [ -B buffer_size ]
[ -c count ]
[ -C file_size ] [ -G rotate_seconds ] [ -F file ]
[ -i interface ] [ -j tstamp_type ] [ -m module ] [ -M secret ]
[ –number ] [ -Q in|out|inout ]
[ -r file ] [ -V file ] [ -s snaplen ] [ -T type ] [ -w file ]
[ -W filecount ]
[ -E spi@ipaddr algo:secret,… ]
[ -y datalinktype ] [ -z postrotate-command ] [ -Z user ]
[ –time-stamp-precision=tstamp_precision ]
[ –immediate-mode ] [ –version ]
[ expression ]
Tcpdump prints out a description of the contents of packets on a network interface that match the boolean expression; the description is preceded by a time stamp, printed, by default, as hours, minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second since midnight. It can also be run with the -w flag, which causes it to save the packet data to a file for later analysis, and/or with the -r flag, which causes it to read from a saved packet file rather than to read packets from a network interface. It can also be run with the -V flag, which causes it to read a list of saved packet files. In all cases, only packets that match expression will be processed by tcpdump.
Tcpdump will, if not run with the -c flag, continue capturing packets until it is interrupted by a SIGINT signal (generated, for example, by typing your interrupt character, typically control-C) or a SIGTERM signal (typically generated with the kill(1) command); if run with the -c flag, it will capture packets until it is interrupted by a SIGINT or SIGTERM signal or the specified number of packets have been processed.
When tcpdump finishes capturing packets, it will report counts of:
- packets “captured” (this is the number of packets that tcpdump has received and processed);
- packets “received by filter” (the meaning of this depends on the OS on which you’re running tcpdump, and possibly on the way the OS was configured – if a filter was specified on the command line, on some OSes it counts packets regardless of whether they were matched by the filter expression and, even if they were matched by the filter expression, regardless of whether tcpdump has read and processed them yet, on other OSes it counts only packets that were matched by the filter expression regardless of whether tcpdump has read and processed them yet, and on other OSes it counts only packets that were matched by the filter expression and were processed by tcpdump);
- packets “dropped by kernel” (this is the number of packets that were dropped, due to a lack of buffer space, by the packet capture mechanism in the OS on which tcpdump is running, if the OS reports that information to applications; if not, it will be reported as 0).
On platforms that support the SIGINFO signal, such as most BSDs (including Mac OS X) and Digital/Tru64 UNIX, it will report those counts when it receives a SIGINFO signal (generated, for example, by typing your “status” character, typically control-T, although on some platforms, such as Mac OS X, the “status” character is not set by default, so you must set it with stty(1) in order to use it) and will continue capturing packets. On platforms that do not support the SIGINFO signal, the same can be achieved by using the SIGUSR1 signal.
Reading packets from a network interface may require that you have special privileges; see the pcap (3PCAP) man page for details. Reading a saved packet file doesn’t require special privileges. | <urn:uuid:f9b6a2b2-4b92-4a10-ab66-280cb76fc4f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.itblog.org/tcpdump/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933856 | 923 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Hamilton, F. 1822. An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches. Constable and Co, Edinburgh, UK.
IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.4). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 27 October 2010).
Jayaram, K.C. 1989. Freshwater fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka - A handbook. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkota.
Ponniah, A.G and U.K. Sarkar (eds). 2000. B. 2, pp. 228. NBFGR-NATP, Fish biodiversity of Northeast India.
Roberts, T.R. 1992. Systematic revision of the old world freshwater fish family Notopteridae. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwater 2(4): 361-383.
|Citation:||Chaudhry, S. 2010. Chitala chitala. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T166510A6225101. . Downloaded on 26 June 2016.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided| | <urn:uuid:1a99f9af-90e1-474f-8f65-a3572c69c84b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/biblio/166510/0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.655119 | 292 | 2.578125 | 3 |
|Scientific Name:||Pan troglodytes|
|Species Authority:||(Blumenbach, 1799)|
|Infra-specific Taxa Assessed:|
|Taxonomic Notes:||Chimpanzee taxonomy remains an active area of research. Four subspecies are commonly recognized: the West African Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus; the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee P. t. ellioti; the Central Chimpanzee P. t. troglodytes; and the Eastern Chimpanzee P. t. schweinfurthii. Recent mitochondrial DNA work (Gonder et al. 2006) shows that schweinfurthii is embedded in troglodytes, and suggests that there are only two major clades of chimpanzees: Pan troglodytes ellioti in West Africa and P. t. troglodytes in Central and East Africa. Based on recent nuclear DNA work, as well as considerations of the overall similarity in behaviour and morphology of the proposed subspecies, Fischer et al. (2006) argue that differences between chimpanzee populations are too small to warrant subspecific designations. While the appropriate taxonomic labelling for different chimpanzee populations remains unresolved, the relative importance of different threats faced by chimpanzees varies across Africa, making a regional approach valuable for conservation purposes. We, therefore, use a four-subspecies classification system here, recognizing that future work may lead to a consensus recognizing more or fewer subspecies.|
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Endangered A4cd ver 3.1|
|Assessor(s):||Oates, J.F., Tutin, C.E.G., Humle, T., Wilson, M.L., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmforth, Z., Blom, A., Boesch, C., Cox, D., Davenport, T., Dunn, A., Dupain, J., Duvall, C., Ellis, C.M., Farmer, K.H., Gatti, S., Greengrass, E., Hart, J., Herbinger, I., Hicks, C., Hunt, K.D., Kamenya, S., Maisels, F., Mitani, J.C., Moore, J., Morgan, B.J., Morgan, D.B., Nakamura, M., Nixon, S., Plumptre, A.J., Reynolds, V., Stokes, E.J. & Walsh, P.D.|
|Reviewer(s):||Mittermeier, R.A., Butynski, T.M. & Williamson, E.A. (Primate Red List Authority)|
Although Chimpanzees are the most abundant and widespread of the apes, with many populations in protected areas, the declines that have occurred are expected to continue to occur, satisfy the criteria for ranking as Endangered (Oates 2006). Due to high levels of exploitation, loss of habitat and habitat quality due to expanding human activities, this species is estimated to have experienced a significant population reduction in the past 20 to 30 years (one generation is estimated to be 20 years; Boesch and Boesch-Achermann 2000, Emery Thompson et al. in prep., Gombe long-term records, unpubl.) and it is suspected that this reduction will continue for the next 30 to 40 years. The maximum population reduction over a three-generation (i.e., 60 year) period from the 1970s to 2030 is suspected to exceed 50%, hence qualifying this taxon for Endangered under criterion A4. The causes of the reduction, although largely understood, have certainly not ceased and are not easily reversible. The suspected future continuation of the population reduction is a precautionary approach based on the rapidly increasing human population density in the region, the spread of diseases such as Ebola, and the degree of political instability in some range states.
|Previously published Red List assessments:||
|Range Description:||Chimpanzees have a wide but discontinuous distribution in Equatorial Africa between 13 degrees North and 7 degrees South. They occur from southern Senegal across the forested belt north of the Congo River to western Uganda and western Tanzania, from sea-level to 2,800 m asl. The four subspecies recognized here are distributed as follows:
P. t. verus (Schwarz, 1934) is found in West Africa from Senegal to Nigeria.
P. t. ellioti (Gray, 1862) is found only in Nigeria and Cameroon, north of the Sanaga River.
P. t. troglodytes (Blumenbach, 1799) ranges from Cameroon, south of the Sanaga River, to the Congo River/Ubangi River (Democratic Republic of Congo).
P. t. schweinfurthii (Giglioli, 1872) ranges from the Ubangi River/Congo River in Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to western Uganda, Rwanda and western Tanzania (with small, relict populations in Burundi and southeastern Sudan).
Native:Angola (Angola); Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Congo; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Côte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Mali; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; South Sudan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Uganda
Possibly extinct:Benin; Burkina Faso; Togo
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||Little recent survey work has been carried out over much of the chimpanzee’s range, and so population estimates are crude. The most recent estimate of total population size is 172,700 to 299,700 (Butynski 2003). Approximately 6,400 to 9,600 eastern chimpanzees were estimated to occur outside the DRC, with about 5,000 in Uganda. DRC was estimated to have 70,000 to 110,000. Central African chimpanzees were estimated to number 70,000 to 116,500. In the west, P. t. verus is patchily distributed and number between 21,300 and 55,600 with the greatest number estimated to be found in Guinea (Kormos et al. 2003); P. t. ellioti is the least numerous taxon with a total population of less than 6,500 individuals remaining (B. Morgan and J. Oates pers. comm. 2006). The only relatively large and secure population of P. t. ellioti is in Gashaka-Gumti National Park in Nigeria, with an estimated population of up to 1,500 (Oates et al. 2003).|
|Current Population Trend:||Decreasing|
|Habitat and Ecology:||Chimpanzees are found predominantly in moist and dry forests, and forest galleries extending into savanna woodlands. They are omnivorous, and their diet is highly variable according to individual populations and seasons. Fruit comprises about half the diet, but leaves, bark, and stems are also important. Mammals comprise a small but significant component of the diet of many populations. Chimpanzees form social communities of 5 to 150 animals. Home ranges are larger in woodland forest mosaics than in mixed forest, and average 12.5 km² (range 5 to 400 km²).|
The four subspecies face similar threats but to varying degrees in different regions.
Major threats include:
1. Habitat destruction and degradation, with varying impacts on populations and caused mainly by:
(a) slash and burn agriculture: deforestation across West and Central Africa has severely reduced chimpanzee habitats. It is estimated that more than 80% of the region’s original forest cover has been lost (Kormos et al. 2003). Rapid growth in human populations across Africa is expected to lead to continued widespread conversion of forest and woodland to agricultural land.
(b) Logging, oil and gas mining: increased accessibility to remote areas through road building poses a risk to chimpanzee populations through habitat degradation and fragmentation and potential increased poaching in areas previously not seriously impacted by such anthropogeniic pressures. In western Central Africa deforestation rates are low but selective logging is, or will be, carried out in the majority of forests outside of national parks. Logging generally, but not always, has a negative impact on chimpanzee density due to habitat alteration (removal of important food trees) and disturbance (Plumptre and Johns 2001, White and Tutin 2001).
2. Poaching. Due to low population densities and slow reproductive rates, hunting often leads to the rapid local extirpation of chimpanzee populations. The main reasons for hunting are:
(a) for meat: Chimpanzees currently constitute 1 to 3% of bushmeat sold in urban markets in Côte d’Ivoire (Caspary et al. 2001), and commercial hunting, often facilitated by logging, has caused declines in chimpanzee populations in some areas (Wilkie and Carpenter 1999, Tutin et al. 2005).
(b) pet trade: Although the pet trade is illegal in all range countries that are signatories to CITES, it persists illegally across Africa. The capture of an infant chimpanzee usually implies the death of its mother and often other members of the community.
(c) medicinal purposes: In some localities, chimpanzees are hunted traditionally for medicinal purposes. Some range countries, such as Guinea, still officially permit the capture of chimpanzees for scientific research.
(d) snares/crop-protection: People kill chimpanzees intentionally to protect their crops (S. Kamenya pers. comm. 2007). Chimpanzees may also be maimed or killed unintentionally when caught in snares set for other animals, such as baboons or cane rats (e.g., Reynolds 2005, C. Duvall pers. comm. 2007).
3. Disease. The main cause of death in chimpanzees at Gombe, Mahale and Taï is infectious disease (e.g., Goodall 1986, Nishida et al. 2003, Hanamura et al. 2006). Because chimpanzees and humans are so similar, chimpanzees succumb to many diseases that afflict humans (Butynski 2001). The frequency of encounters between chimpanzees and humans and/or human waste is increasing as human populations expand, leading to higher risks of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees. If not properly managed, research and tourism also presents a risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees. In the past 15 years, Ebola haemorrhagic fever has killed chimpanzees in Côte d’Ivoire (Formenty 1999), and repeated epidemics have caused dramatic declines of ape populations in remote protected areas in Gabon and the Republic of Congo (Huijbregts et al. 2003, Walsh et al. 2005, P. Walsh, unpubl.). While recent surveys have not always distinguished between the nests of chimpanzees and gorillas, the pooled density of apes in several large areas has declined by 50 to 90% following Ebola epidemics (Maisels et al. 2004, Tutin et al. 2005, Bermejo et al. 2006, Lahm et al. 2006, P. Walsh, unpubl.).
Chimpanzees are listed under Appendix I of CITES and as Class A under the African Convention. Chimpanzees are protected by law in most countries and they are present in numerous national parks throughout their range, although many populations occur outside protected areas. Nonetheless, stricter enforcement of wildlife laws, and more effective management of protected areas are urgently needed. Engagement with the extractive industries are predominant in Central Africa towards curtailing the bushmeat trade is essential. Some marked success in co-management and other arrangements have been implemented and these should be duplicated and extended (Morgan and Sanz in prep.).
Conservation education and promotion of economic alternatives to hunting and land-extensive agriculture should also be supported. Major resources are required to identify appropriate conservation actions in the face of the spread of Ebola (Walsh et al. 2005). Finally, a combination of factors has led to a poor understanding of the current population status of Pan troglodytes. Much of the range has not been surveyed, survey methods have been inconsistent, and many of the surveys are now out of date. Older survey data are particularly unreliable as Ebola, commercial hunting and extractive industries are known to have caused dramatic declines in some areas (Tutin et al. 2005). New surveys using consistent methods are greatly needed throughout most of the range of Pan troglodytes (Kuehl et al. in prep.). These will enable the conservation community to better understand the true impact of Ebola, the bushmeat trade, habitat degradation and destruction, and to effectively set priorities.
Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (comps and eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Groombridge, B. (ed.). 1994. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Hilton-Taylor, C. (ed.). 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 1990. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008).
IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Lee, P. C., Thornback, J. and Bennett, E. L. 1988. Threatened Primates of Africa: The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC), Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
|Citation:||Oates, J.F., Tutin, C.E.G., Humle, T., Wilson, M.L., Baillie, J.E.M., Balmforth, Z., Blom, A., Boesch, C., Cox, D., Davenport, T., Dunn, A., Dupain, J., Duvall, C., Ellis, C.M., Farmer, K.H., Gatti, S., Greengrass, E., Hart, J., Herbinger, I., Hicks, C., Hunt, K.D., Kamenya, S., Maisels, F., Mitani, J.C., Moore, J., Morgan, B.J., Morgan, D.B., Nakamura, M., Nixon, S., Plumptre, A.J., Reynolds, V., Stokes, E.J. & Walsh, P.D. 2008. Pan troglodytes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T15933A5322627. . Downloaded on 26 June 2016.|
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How We Get From Here
Bunnies on the Go:
Getting from Place to Place
By: Melissa S. Martin
Purpose: The purpose of this
lesson is to learn the various forms of movement people rely on today and
Estimated Time: One – two
Grade Level: K – 8 (easily
adapted to any grade level)
National Geography Standards Addressed:
Standard 3: How to analyze the spatial
orgainization of people, places, and environments on Earth’s surface.
Standard 9: The characteristics,
distribution, and migration of human populations on Earth’s surface.
Standard 11: The patterns and networks
of economic interdependence on the Earth’s surface.
Indiana Social Studies Standards Addressed:
2.3.6: Identify map symbols of cultural
or human features, such as roads, highways, and cities, and give examples
from the local region.
2.3.7: Use a variety of information
resources to identify ways the the physical environment influenes human
activities in the community.
4.3.8: Create a map tracing the
routes and methods of travel used by seattlers to reach Indiana, and identify
ways in which settlers have changed the landscape in Indiana over the past
two hundred years.
WG6.4: Identify spatial patterns in the
movement of people, goods, and ideas throughtout history.
WG6.5: Understand the relationships between
changing transportation technologies and increasing urbanization.
Upon completion of this lesson/activity,
students will be able to…
o recognize the various types of movement
people rely on to get from one place to another.
be able to located the forms of movement on
be able to choose one form of movement and
research its “path”.
Book: Bunnies on the Go; Getting from Place
to Place by Rick Walton ISBN: 0-06-029185-0
Map of the United States or atlases.
Cut-outs or black line masters of each mode
Internet access (optional)
Travel brochures (optional)
Lists of various routes of different modes
Have the students brainstorm various forms
Record their responses.
Read the book, Bunnies on the Go.
Revisit the brainstorm responses.
For lower levels, have students choose a mode
of transportation cut it out and color it to create a bulletin board.
For upper levels, have studens now develop
a list of routes for each mode.
Each students should choose a route and “find
out more” to share with the class.
This sharing can be in the form of poster
board presentation, written description, power point, travel brochure,
Completion of work and class participation.
Create and interdisciplinary unit with math
teacher and determine milage of routes and times.
Create routes using all modes of transportaion
mentioned in book.
Field trip ideas: train station, airport,
port, organize a hay ride, invite someone with a hot air balloon, visit
a farm or have a tractor brought to school | <urn:uuid:5ae5d45e-0385-4b2d-b4fa-74cdb5af6153> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.iupui.edu/~geni/lsort/bunniesongo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854428 | 671 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Henry, Cardinal Duke of York (later King Henry IX and I) was Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica at the time of the building of the Sacristy in 1784. The Treasury (a small museum of ecclesiastical objects) is located in some nine rooms on the west side of the Sacristy. The third room to which one comes in the Treasury is the Cappella dei Beneficianti (Chapel of the Beneficiaries); it is just to the right of the large room with the dalmatic of Charlemagne and the replica of the so-called throne of Saint Peter. The green and marble altar in the chapel has a Latin inscription along the front side of its mensa (all on one single line):
HENRICVS EPISCOPVS TVSCVLANVS S.R.E. CARDINALIS DVX EBORANCENSIS ARCHIPRESBYTER CONSECRAVIT ALTARE HOC DIE XXVIII. OCTOBRIS AN. MDCCLXXXIV.
Henry, Bishop of Frascati, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Duke of York, Archpriest, consecrated this altar on the 28th day of October, 1784.
In a display case in Room VIII of the Treasury may be found the "York Chalice", sometimes called the "Stuart Chalice"; it is studded with 130 diamonds, said to part of the Sobieski inheritance. 1 One source says that in July 1751 the Cardinal Duke of York (later King Henry IX and I) presented the chalice to the Vatican Basilica, probably to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the reign of his father, King James III and VIII; 2 this, however, was a different chalice.
The chalice in the Treasury is a later work; it was commissioned by King Henry from Giuseppe Valadier, son of Luigi Valadier. 3 The Venerable English College preserves the records of two payments made by Henry to Valadier in 1800 and 1801, as well as another payment in 1801 to Carlo Sartori for applying the jewels. 4
The chalice is approximately 31 cms high. The base is decorated with winged cherub heads and roundels of three symbols of the Passion: the veil of Saint Veronica (a relic preserved in the Vatican Basilica), the crown of thorns, and a wine jug (?). The stem is decorated with wheat sheaves. The cup is decorated with roundels of three additional symbols of the Passion: the dice, the cross, and a third image which I have been unable to identify.
In the same display case as the "York Chalice" there are two reliquaries which belonged to King Henry. Each reliquary is about 80 cms high and made of silver.
The first reliquary contains a relic of Blessed Antonio Fatati, Bishop of Teramo in the fifteenth century. It is decorated in gilt with the arms which King Henry used when he was Duke of York (i.e. the Royal Arms differenced with the crescent, and surmounted by the cardinal's hat).
The second reliquary contains a relic of Saint Rufillo, first Bishop of Forlimpopoli in the fourth century. It is decorated in gilt with the arms which King Henry used after his accession (i.e. the Royal Arms undifferenced, and surmounted by the cardinal's hat).
The Sacristy and Treasury are entered from the basilica by the door under the monument to Pope Pius VIII. There is an entrance fee.
1 Guide to the Vatican Museums and City (Vatican City: Monumenti, Musei e Gallerie Pontificie, 1986), 187. This work wrongly states the chalice was designed by Luigi Valadier, when in fact it was designed by his son Giuseppe.
2 Alice Shield, Henry Stuart, Cardinal of York, and His Times (London: Longmans, Green, 1908), 145. Other sources suggest that this chalice was presented to commemorate Henry's appointment as Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica, but this is clearly incorrect since that did not happen until November 1751.
3 Giuseppe Valadier was born in Rome in 1762, and died in the same city in 1839. He is best known as an architect, although he did do some goldwork like his father Luigi Valadier (1726-1785).
4 Valadier, Three Generations of Roman Goldsmiths: An Exhibition of Drawings and Works of Art (London: Artemis Group, 1991), 122.
This page is maintained by Noel S. McFerran ([email protected]) and was last updated November 8, 2003.
© Noel S. McFerran 2000-2003. | <urn:uuid:bf61b618-a661-4ec1-b66d-79e096b95f91> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jacobite.ca/gazetteer/Vatican/Sacristy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95835 | 1,012 | 3.15625 | 3 |
I am in an intro Java Programming class. In the beginning Java seemed simple and easy until the class got to multiple methods and loops. I have an assignment that was due (I did not turn in because of frustration). Anyway, would anyone be able to help me? Thank you in advance!
Here are the program specifications:
Scanner Input specifications:
Customer Type - Limited to: "R" - retail, or "C" - commercial
Customer State - Limited to:" PA", "OH", and "WV"
Municipality Tax - Limited to: "Y" - yes, or "N" - no
Type of Sale - Limited to: "G" - ground, "W" - web or online
Merchandise Subtotal - Total of merchandise without Customer Type Discounts, Sales tax or Freight, and Other Charges
Invoice Number - as entered as input
Customer Name - as entered as input
Type of Sale - as entered as input.
Discount - to be conditionally calculated. Based on Customer Type
Freight Charges - as entered as input
Other Charges - as entered as input
Sales Tax Percentage - to be determined
Sales Tax - to be conditionally calculated
Total Invoice - to be unconditionally calculated as: Merchandise Subtotal - Customer Discount + Freight + Other Charges + Sales Tax
1. Declare and initialize variables and objects as class variables and objects. Class variables and object declaration must be outside a method. Most Java programmers declare class variables and objects immediately after the class header, but before the main method. Class variables and objects may be used by any method within class. This application modular design will require multiple methods.
2. Main method - Use Scanner input requirements and the Console outputs. The Total Invoice equals Merchandise Subtotal - Customer Discount + Freight + Other Charges + Sales Tax. Apply the NumberFormat class as appropriate. Execute the application, enter sample data and review the console outputs for accuracy and format.
3. Add a While Loop -Pre-loop test to enter zero or more invoices at the description of the user. Test the added pre-loop design. Execute the application and test the ability to process no invoices, multiple invoices and stop. Please add a console output message after the loop that the program has been completed, so that one can clearly determine that the program has stopped (not just hung up). | <urn:uuid:946e69af-9188-49e0-92b8-facb6fb4d55f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.javaprogrammingforums.com/whats-wrong-my-code/33689-would-someone-please-help.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921239 | 501 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Home > Health Library > Skin Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Screening - Patient Information [NCI]
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help find cancer at an early stage. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to spread.
Scientists are trying to better understand which people are more likely to get certain types of cancer. They also study the things we do and the things around us to see if they cause cancer. This information helps doctors recommend who should be screened for cancer, which screening tests should be used, and how often the tests should be done.
It is important to remember that your doctor does not necessarily think you have cancer if he or she suggests a screening test. Screening tests are given when you have no cancer symptoms.
If a screening test result is abnormal, you may need to have more tests done to find out if you have cancer. These are called diagnostic tests.
Skin cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the skin.
The skin is the body's largest organ. It protects against heat, sunlight, injury, and infection. Skin also helps control body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has several layers, but the two main layers are the epidermis (top or outer layer) and the dermis (lower or inner layer). Skin cancer begins in the epidermis, which is made up of three kinds of cells:
Anatomy of the skin, showing the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States.
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are also called nonmelanoma skin cancer and are the most common forms of skin cancer. Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers can be cured.
Melanoma is more likely to spread to nearby tissues and other parts of the body and can be harder to cure. Melanoma is easier to cure if the tumor is found before it spreads to the dermis (inner layer of skin). Melanoma is less likely to cause death when it is found and treated early.
Anatomy of the skin, showing the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Melanocytes are in the layer of basal cells at the deepest part of the epidermis.
In the United States, the number of cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer seems to have increased in recent years. The number of cases of melanoma has increased over the last 30 years. Part of the reason for these increases may be that people are more aware of skin cancer. They are more likely to have skin exams and biopsies and to be diagnosed with skin cancer.
Over the past 20 years, the number of deaths from melanoma has decreased slightly among white men and women younger than 50 years. During that time, the number of deaths from melanoma has increased slightly among white men older than 50 years and stayed about the same among white women older than 50 years.
The number of cases of childhood melanoma diagnosed in the United States is low, but increasing over time. The number of childhood deaths from melanoma has stayed about the same.
See the following PDQ summaries for more information about skin cancer:
Being exposed to ultraviolet radiation may increase the risk of skin cancer.
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor.
Being exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and having skin that is sensitive to UV radiation are risk factors for skin cancer. UV radiation is the name for the invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Sunlamps and tanning beds also give off UV radiation.
Risk factors for nonmelanoma and melanoma cancers are not the same.
Tests are used to screen for different types of cancer.
Some screening tests are used because they have been shown to be helpful both in finding cancers early and in decreasing the chance of dying from these cancers. Other tests are used because they have been shown to find cancer in some people; however, it has not been proven in clinical trials that use of these tests will decrease the risk of dying from cancer.
Scientists study screening tests to find those with the fewest risks and most benefits. Cancer screening trials also are meant to show whether early detection (finding cancer before it causes symptoms) decreases a person's chance of dying from the disease. For some types of cancer, finding and treating the disease at an early stage may result in a better chance of recovery.
Clinical trials that study cancer screening methods are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Skin exams are used to screen for skin cancer.
If you find a worrisome change, you should report it to your doctor. Regular skin checks by a doctor are important for people who have already had skin cancer.
If an area on the skin looks abnormal, a biopsy is usually done. The doctor will remove as much of the suspicious tissue as possible with a local excision. A pathologist then looks at the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. Because it is sometimes difficult to tell if a skin growth is benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer), you may want to have the biopsy sample checked by a second pathologist.
Most melanomas in the skin can be seen by the naked eye. Usually, melanoma grows for a long time under the top layer of skin (the epidermis) but does not grow into the deeper layer of skin (the dermis). This allows time for skin cancer to be found early. Melanoma is easier to cure if it is found before it spreads.
Other screening tests are being studied in clinical trials.
Screening clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Screening tests have risks.
Decisions about screening tests can be difficult. Not all screening tests are helpful and most have risks. Before having any screening test, you may want to discuss the test with your doctor. It is important to know the risks of the test and whether it has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from cancer.
The risks of skin cancer screening tests include the following:
Finding skin cancer does not always improve health or help you live longer.
Screening may not improve your health or help you live longer if you have advanced skin cancer.
Some cancers never cause symptoms or become life-threatening, but if found by a screening test, the cancer may be treated. Treatments for cancer may have serious side effects.
False-negative test results can occur.
Screening test results may appear to be normal even though cancer is present. A person who receives a false-negative test result (one that shows there is no cancer when there really is) may delay getting medical care even if there are symptoms.
False-positive test results can occur.
Screening test results may appear to be abnormal even though no cancer is present. A false-positive test result (one that shows there is cancer when there really isn't) can cause anxiety and is usually followed by more tests (such as a biopsy), which also have risks.
A biopsy may cause scarring.
When a skin biopsy is done, the doctor will try to leave the smallest scar possible, but there is a risk of scarring and infection.
Talk to your doctor about your risk for skin cancer and your need for screening tests.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Editorial changes were made to this summary.
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government's center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about skin cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials are listed in PDQ and can be found online at NCI's Web site. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Skin Cancer Screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/skin-screening-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 2,000 scientific images.
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov Web site can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's E-mail Us.
If you have questions or comments about this summary, please send them to Cancer.gov through the Web site's E-mail Us. We can respond only to email messages written in English.
For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.
The NCI's LiveHelp® online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer.
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For more information from the NCI, please write to this address:
Search the NCI Web site
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each Web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen Web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.
There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.
The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Last Revised: 2015-05-14
If you want to know more about cancer and how it is treated, or if you wish to know about clinical trials for your type of cancer, you can call the NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-422-6237, toll free. A trained information specialist can talk with you and answer your questions.
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Join Our Social Network | <urn:uuid:d43842a7-f4c5-4607-947f-9d42e75af274> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jaxhealth.com/health-library/document-viewer/?id=ncicdr0000258037 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939561 | 3,266 | 3.859375 | 4 |
The Geheime Staatspolizei (German
for Secret State Police, abbreviated “Gestapo”) was the secret police of Nazi Germany, and its main tool of oppression and destruction, which persecuted Germans, opponents of the regime, and Jews. It later played a central role in helping carry out the Nazi's "Final Solution."
The Gestapo was formally organized after the Nazis seized power in 1933. Hermann
Göring, the Prussian minister of
the interior, detached the espionage and
political units of the Prussian police and proceeded to staff them with thousands of Nazis.
On April 26, 1933, Göring became the commander of this
new force that was given power to shadow, arrest, interrogate, and intern any "enemies" of the state. At the same
time that Goring was organzing the Gestapo, Heinrich
Himmler was directing the SS (Schutzstaffel,
German for “Protective Echelon”), Hitler's elite paramilitary corps. In April 1936,
he was given command of the Gestapo as well,
integrating all of Germany's police units
Later in 1936, the Gestapo
was merged with the Kriminalpolizei (or “Kripo,” German for Criminal
Police). The newly integrated unit was the
called the Sicherheitspolizei (or “Sipo,” German
for Secret Police). In 1939, during the
reorganization of the German armies, the
Sipo was joined with an intelligence branch
of the military known as the Sicherheitsdienst (“SD,” meaning
Security Service). After this merger, the
Sipo became known as the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (“RSHA,” meaning Reich Security
Central Office), and was headed by Reinhard
Because of these frequent changes, the functions
of the Gestapo became blurred, and often
overlapped with those of the other branches
of the German forces.
War II, the Einsatzgruppen ("Task Force", mobile killing squads) was formed, and came to be an integral part of the Gestapo.
It was the Einsatzgruppen's job to round up all the Jews and other “undesirables”
living within Germany's newly conquered territories, and to either send
them to concentration camps or put them to death.
At the end of 1940, when the Jews in Eastern Europe were interned in ghettos, the Gestapo was charged with guarding and supervising the ghettos, imposing forced labor, and causing starvation and disease in an effort to decimate the ghetto inhabitants. After the invasion of Russia in 1941, the decision was made to kill all the Jews of Europe in gas chambers and the Gestapo was called upon to supervise the dispatch of the Jews to the camps specially adapted or constructed for the program of mass murder.
The Gestapo units excelled in their unabated and premeditated cruelty, in their ability to delude its intended victims as to the fate that awaited them, and in the use of barbaric threats and torture to lead the victims to their death, all as part of the "Final Solution." The units were taught many torture techniques,
and were also taught many of the practices that German doctors in Dachau tested on the inmates of concentration camps. During its
tenure, the Gestapo operated without any restrictions from the civil authority, meaning
that its members could not be tried for any of their police practices.
This unconditional authority added an elitist element to the Gestapo;
its members knew that whatever actions they took, no consequences would
After the war, very few of the important members of the Gestapo were caught and brought to trial. | <urn:uuid:39f8692a-786c-4891-9d6e-4ef23d66a7d0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Gestapo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965988 | 806 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Community Food Assessments
The goal of a community food assessment (CFA) is to improve a community’s food system via increased access to healthy food. A CFA gathers information about residents’ perceptions of the food environment and their food shopping behaviors. This information can be used to best direct the efforts of community organizations, non-profits and policymakers that want to improve healthy food access. CFAs also provide a tool for raising awareness of food system deficits and opportunities, and give evidence of the community’s needs that residents can use to advocate for effective policy and programs.
The Center for a Livable Future has created a CFA tool and conducted CFAs in neighborhoods of Baltimore to gather information on communities’ experiences of their local food environments, including financial and logistical barriers to accessing healthy foods, food behaviors, and prevalence of diet-related diseases. The results are used by local community partners in their efforts to address identified areas of concern; by the Baltimore Food Policy Director to inform policymakers in the Baltimore City government; and to build the evidence-base of assets and areas of concern in the Baltimore food environment. Other institutions have used the Center's tool to collect data in various Baltimore communities. CFAs have been conducted in Clifton Park (2010, 2013), Oliver, Southwest Baltimore, Curtis Bay/Brooklyn, Greater Govans, Reservoir Hill, Lexington Market, and Hollins Market. Upcoming neighborhoods include Reservoir Hill and Lexington Market. The Center will partner with the Baltimore City Food Policy Initiative to collect data around all the public markets. | <urn:uuid:90f9573d-5468-427e-b4e9-4f0c3b73882b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-a-livable-future/projects/CFA/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941693 | 317 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Posted by CHEMISTRY on Monday, March 2, 2009 at 7:34pm.
Ammonia,is a weak base with a Ka value of 1.8x10^-5 .What is the pH of a 0.22M ammonia solution?
What is the percent ionization of ammonia at this concentration?
I got the answer for PartA which is pH=11.3. but i cant slove PartB..HELP!!!
- CHEMISTRY - GK, Monday, March 2, 2009 at 7:53pm
Ammonia has a Kb of 1.8x10^-5 (NOT the Ka)
Kb = [NH4+][OH-] / [NH3]
Let [OH-] = [OH-] = x
1.8x10^-5 = x^2/(0.22-x)
We can get an adequate approximate solution by assuming
1.8x10^-5 = x^2/(0.22)
x = [OH-] = 0.00199
pOH = -log(0.00199) = 2.7
pH = 11.3 (your answer)
The approximate % ionization is:
[(0.00199) / (0.22)](100) = _______?
- CHEMISTRY - chem, Monday, March 2, 2009 at 8:27pm
thanx a tons =)
Answer This Question
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IN THE beginning, when silent-film directors looked to the Bible for stories, cinema was a largely formless void. To create the heavens and the Earth, directors such as D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille turned to 19th-century artists such as John Martin and Thomas Cole for guidance.
With gigantic canvases depicting Old Testament scenes such as the fall of Sodom and Gomorrah, Samson destroying the temple of Dagon, and Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, Martin in particular established a painterly blueprint for cinematic spectacle. Humans dwarfed by magnificent landscapes and classical architecture - preferably crumbling and roiling in firestorms - were Martin's forte.
''The more magnificent, the more awe-inspiring, the better,'' says Father Michael Morris, a professor of religion and the arts at the Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology in Berkeley, California. ''So these directors went to the art period that excelled in that. That's what made these epics so eye-popping.''
Indeed, DeMille's most famous scene in The Ten Commandments, Moses parting the Red Sea, owes much to Martin's 1830s print The Destruction of Pharaoh's Host. While today not everyone has seen DeMille's monumentally long 1956 film, the scene is indelibly imprinted on our cinematic psyche. What helps secure its iconic status is the image's use on advertising posters. How Hollywood told and marketed those Bible stories is the subject of a new exhibition at the Jewish Museum.
Epic! 100 Years of Film & the Bible is based on the Old Testament section of Morris' personal collection. What began more than 20 years ago as an art-history student's love of cinema has developed into arguably the world's greatest collection of religious film memorabilia. ''Reel religion,'' Morris calls it.
If biblical movies preach the word of God, the poster acts as its herald, he says.
From a secular point of view, these marketing tools - posters, brochures, film stills - reflect varying degrees of artistic merit. Unlike artists, however, the illustrators and designers of poster art remain largely anonymous.
''Like nuns making vestments, they don't sign their names, except for a few Italians and Frenchmen,'' Morris says. ''A work of art that is a 'hawker' for another work of art … was very fascinating to me.''
In a more broad cultural sense, Morris' collection also provides a means to explore theological themes, compare mythic tales and measure artistic licence dispensed in the name of good storytelling. The collection, then, acts very much as a working archive.
''We're trying to bombard students with as much stimulation as possible, so I'm showing them all these wonderful visual images and hopefully some of that will stick,'' he says, pragmatically.
Like the course, the exhibition reveals how regularly Hollywood felt Scripture could be improved upon. Downbeat endings, such as Saul's suicide, can be avoided, while Jezebel's illicit romances can be adjusted for greater dramatic convenience. Epic's succinct panels provide simple religious instruction as to where the new cinematic narratives veer from the Old Testament.
However, if they do deviate from Scripture, Morris is relatively non-judgmental. Kitsch, cinematic travesties by the likes of generally bankable directors such as Robert Aldrich (Sodom and Gomorrah, 1962), King Vidor (Solomon and Sheba, 1959) and George Stevens (The Greatest Story Ever Told, 1965) are attributable to too-great reverence, Morris suggests. ''The director - who may be a true believer - creates it as if it's written in stone, so it becomes moribund upon delivery,'' he says. ''They become horrible, ungainly things that have no real sense of storytelling.''
By contrast there was DeMille, son of an Anglican minister. ''It took a DeMille early on to say, 'No, this is storytelling. If I have to tweak it a bit and have Moses and Pharaoh childhood buddies or competitors then I'll do it. Or Nefertiti as the lover that has to choose between the two of them, I'll do it,' and it worked,'' Morris says. ''It may be kitschy, but it was entertaining. For the most part, nobody can make an epic like DeMille.''
Equally, Morris's collection of international posters reveals both artistic and kitsch tendencies. ''Americans tend to go for the more sensationalist approach,'' Morris says. ''They are not particularly interested in art. Remember, this is an art form that is supposed to bring people in off the street to see another art form. In other words, the poster is fascinating because it has to do the quick sell. The Europeans saw it as an art form.''
So, while Noah's Ark is the first great disaster film made in the US, the Swedish poster for the film suggests a restrained art deco sensibility in its typography and simple, streamlined shapes.
While keen on the rich European lithography, Australian designs are among Morris's favourites. The Story of Ruth he finds particularly beautiful in its regal understatement. It's a far cry from the treatment an American poster would receive. Solomon and Sheba, for instance, resembles a pulp-comic illustration. Others, such as Sodom and Gomorrah, recall the successful formula employed by DeMille's Ten Commandments - buildings crumbling, fires erupting, people having their way with each other. It borders on the baroque. Type becomes monumental - all the better to illustrate destruction.
''But kitsch is powerful; I wouldn't dismiss it,'' Morris says. ''It needs to be studied and there's a lot of it in the Old Testament movies from the silent and talking era.''
No less than today, audiences were drawn to the on-screen spectacles of sex, violence and disaster. Epic fleshes out the biblical stories by including themes of redemption and righteousness, magnificence and the monumental.
The beginning of the end for religious films occurred in the 1960s. Perhaps it can be attributed to the Big Bang theory: baby boomers bored with ''sword and sandal'' epics and their lashings of piety. The rot set in with a parody, The Private Lives of Adam and Eve, starring Mickey Rooney as the Devil. Religious cinema had gone from the sublime to the ridiculous.
A new realism crept into culture. The Italian poster for John Huston's The Bible (1966) reflects this because it uses photography rather than illustration to heighten the inherent drama in the Cain and Abel story. But the film also died.
The religious spectacle had worn thin. It also had competition. Cautionary tales of man's hubris in the wake of the atomic bomb and the Cold War were being unleashed as sci-fi exploitation films. They, in turn, shamelessly borrowed the graphic-design techniques of the once-successful biblical epics. The disaster movies of the '70s would continue the tradition.
Indeed, what better way to heighten the drama than to employ an established meme and place Moses in danger? Charlton Heston appeared in Planet of the Apes, Airport 1975 and Earthquake. The poster for Earthquake, in particular, borrows the religious epic's familiar crumbling titles. The message was clear: even Moses was helpless. He could part the sea, but the earth parted itself.
■Epic! 100 Years of Film & the Bible is at the Jewish Museum, 26 Alma Road, St Kilda, until February 3. | <urn:uuid:8420ac27-b47b-461d-afa3-2fceb69cc603> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.juneesoutherncross.com.au/story/291042/heavens-open-in-cinemas/?cs=36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954971 | 1,565 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Washington State HIV/AIDS Prevention Education Requirements
In 1988 the Washington State Legislature passed the AIDS Omnibus Act. This act mandates HIV/AIDS prevention education beginning in Grade 5 and continuing through Grade 12. Districts must adhere to the following criteria when developing an HIV/AIDS prevention education curriculum:
Beginning no later than Grade 5, students shall receive yearly
instruction in the life-threatening dangers of HIV/AIDS, its transmission, and
- Each school district board of directors will adopt an HIV/AIDS prevention education program, which is developed in consultation with teachers, administrators, parents, and other community members including, but not limited to, persons from medical, public health, and mental health organizations and agencies.
- The materials developed for use in the HIV/AIDS education program must be either:
- Model curricula and resources available from OSPI or
- Developed (or purchased) by the school district and approved for medical accuracy by the Department of Health Office on HIV/AIDS.
- If a district develops (or purchases) its own HIV/AIDS prevention curricula, the district
must submit to the DOH office on HIV/AIDS a copy of its curricula and an affidavit of medical accuracy stating that the material has been compared to the model curricula for medical accuracy and that in the opinion of the district, the materials are medically accurate. After submission of these materials to the DOH Office on HIV/AIDS, the district may use the materials until the approval procedure by the DOH Office on HIV/AIDS has been completed.
- At least one month before teaching HIV/AIDS prevention
education in any classroom, each district must notify parents and
guardians that instruction will take place AND must conduct at
least one presentation, during weekend or evening hours, for parents
and guardians of students concerning the curriculum and materials that will be
used for HIV/AIDS education.
- A student may be removed from HIV/AIDS prevention education if the student’s
parent or guardian, having attended one of the district
presentations, objects in writing to such participation.
NOTE: As with all school district curricula, HIV/AIDS prevention instructional materials must also be reviewed by the school district instructional materials committee for bias as provided in the
Basic Education Law (RCW 28A.150.240), the
Instructional Materials Law (RCW 28A.320.230), and the
Sex Equity Law (RCW 28A.640.010). | <urn:uuid:07f08f59-67f4-42df-8e4d-12d93667437f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.k12.wa.us/HIVSexualhealth/PreventionEdRequirements.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932255 | 508 | 2.71875 | 3 |
About American Staffordshire Terriers? Click Here
for the Kennel.com Forum!
The American Staffordshire Terrier, nicknamed
'Amstaff', is a stocky, muscular, and courageous
dog. Its powerful stance and appearance can be
intimidating, however, a properly trained dog
is loving, devoted and affectionate. They're often
trained for use in community service tasks such
as pet therapy and search and rescue.
The breed is of a square build; its chest is deep
and broad and its neck should be strong and well-arched.
The coat which is thick, short -haired, and glossy,
can be easily maintained.
The American Staffordshire origins date back to
the 19th Century when early Bulldog and Terrier
breeds were crossed in the Staffordshire region
in England. The result was a larger, more muscular
version of the Bulldog Terrier. Originally referred
to as a Bull-and-Terrier Dog, Half and Half, Pit
Dog or Pit Builterrier, England later renamed
the breed Staffordshire Bull Terrier.
British and Irish settlers brought the breed to
the United States after the Civil War and used
them primarily as fighting dogs. However, they
was also utilized as hunting, farm and guard dogs.
Once in the US, the breed was recognized as Pit
Dog, Pit Bull Terrier, American Bull Terrier,
and then later as Yankee Terrier.
After dog fighting was banned in the US in 1900,
two strains were developed thus creating two separate
breeds: a show strain and a fighting strain. The
show strain was referred to as the Staffordshire
Terrier and the fighting strain, the American
Pit Bull Terrier.
The Staffordshire Terrier was accepted for registration
in the AKC Stud Book in 1936. It was not until
1972 the name was changed to American Staffordshire
Terrier. Why? Because the US type was bred to
weigh more than the Staffordshire Bull Terrier
of England and the name change was necessary to
distinguish them as separate breeds.
The American Staffordshire Terrier's
height and weight should be in proportion. Preferable
height ranges: 18 to 19 inches (45.7 - 48.3cm)
at shoulders for dogs and 17 to 18 inches (43.2
- 45.7cm) for bitches.
The weight for the American Staffordshire Terrier
is 45–70 pounds (25–30 kg)
The American Staffordshire Terrier's coat is short-haired,
smooth, stiff to the touch, and shiny. Grooming
The color of the American Staffordshire Terrier's
coat is of any color, solid, partial, or patched,
but all white, more than 80 per cent white, black
and tan, and liver are not to be encouraged.
The American Staffordshire Terrier is courageous,
protective, confident, very loyal and affectionate.
It is very intelligent and wants nothing more
than to please its master. Good with children
and adults. The American Staffordshire Terrier
is bred to be extremely friendly towards people,
but overly protective and/or aggressive behavior,
accompanied by fearlessness, generally raises
a red flag. Proper training and socialization
beginning at a young age is very important. This
breed can be aggressive if not socialized and
trained properly. In addition, an owner must take
part in training and must be consistently firm
to show that he is the one in charge. The breed
can easily pick up on a bad or weak example and
will not respond if the owner is not firm and
consistent. A typical training regimen should
begin at 8 to 10 weeks of age. Improper training
can result in excessive barking, an overly dominant
dog and issues with house training. This breed
is a persistent fighter if provoked and a natural
The American Staffordshire Terrier is generally
a healthy breed. Some health concerns include
hip dysplasia (common disorder in canines), cataracts
- caused by genetic factors and congenital heart
disease. This breed is prone to hives caused by
stress or insect bites.
• American Staffordshire Terriers were first
recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1936.
• During WWI, an American Staffordshire
Terrier by the name of 'Stubby' became the most
decorated war dog an earned the rank as Sergeant.
ANKC: Terriers Group 2
CKC: Terriers Group 4
FCI: Group 3 Section 3 Bull type Terriers | <urn:uuid:0d984632-6d90-4f07-a3a2-12c129a57ded> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kennel.com/americanstaffordshireterrier/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922164 | 978 | 2.75 | 3 |
of Lafayette, Tennessee
Submitted by Betty C. Meadows Scott
Lafayette, the county seat of Macon County, is located on the Highland Rim.
The first settlers were John B. Johnston and his wife, Mary Gresham Johnston, who built a log house on a rise near a big spring called Town Spring.
Several citizens wanted the town to be named Johnstonville, but since there were other towns with similar names, it was decided to call the town LaFayette, so named for the Marquis de LaFayette, the famous French general of our Revolutionary War. In later years, the spelling was changed to Lafayette.
Johnston - spelled with a T - is a Swedish name, and descendants have since spelled the name Johnson.
Like many areas, land grants were given for war service, and early settlers farmed their land, and sold parts of it to other settlers. This was a rural area for many years after Macon County was established 26 May 1842 by a deed transfer of 20 acres from J.B. Johnston to the Commissioners of Macon County. This was land on which downtown Lafayette is now located. King Kerley was appointed the first sheriff for Macon County. The City of LaFayette was granted a charter by the Tennessee General Assembly on 26 March 1899.
During the War Between the States, the majority of men from the northern part of the county served in the 9th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry (Union). The southern section of the county had the most slave owners, and supported the Confederacy.
On 25 April 1865, Colonel Blackburn of the Virginia Army gave orders to send four companies of soldiers to Lafayette to assist civil authorities with protection.
There have been three courthouse fires at Lafayette, the last being in 1934, destroying many historical documents, thus making research most difficult.
The Lafayette Academy, a three-room brick structure, was built during the mid 1800's, and Lafayette College was built in 1901 and burned in 1923 according to the late County Historian, Harold G. Blankenship's book, History of Macon County, Tennessee.
It has been said that Macon County, which had no railroad system, remained mostly isolated until Highway 52 was cut through across the county making it more accessible to neighboring towns.
Today, Lafayette still has a few businesses around the square, but most of the growth of new businesses are expanding outward from downtown, i.e. the new Criminal Justice facility, North Central Telephone Company, Macon County Junior High School, Tri-County EMC.
In recent years, an addition has been built onto the Macon County Public Library which serves the Lafayette area, and a new library facility is now located in Red Boiling Springs.
The Macon County Fair is still held each year at the Lafayette fairgrounds located near the airport.
The local newspaper in Lafayette, The Macon County Times, was founded in 1919, and still continues to publish a weekly edition. There were other earlier publications, but they did not last long.
The Chamber of Commerce and Lafayette Post Office are located in Lafayette. Farming is still a big business. Burley tobacco is the main crop for the many county farmers who still prefer the good life on the farm.
In today's economy, small factories cannot compete, and Lafayette lost several of these businesses in recent years. However, many new businesses now are located here, as the population growth has increased with many citizens moving here from out-of-state.
From a population of only 126 in the 1850 census, Lafayette now has a population of 3,885 according to the last census.
It is a growing city with a hospital, library, radio station, many churches, police and fire protection, weekly newspaper, civic organizations, a Chamber of Commerce, and most of all, good, friendly people. | <urn:uuid:16869099-7d87-471a-82c9-4c086486cc0b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lafayettetn.com/history.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981036 | 781 | 3.21875 | 3 |
- Special Sections
- Public Notices
Sunday celebrates Beltane, or May Day, the third and last of the ancient Pagan fertility festivals. The first, Imbolc, is the first stirrings of the new season. The second, Ostara, celebrated at the spring equinox, recognizes spring has arrived. In many northern climates it is still too early to plant. Beltane would be the time when northern communities would be getting ready for their planting season.
Beltane is one of the two most important Sabbats, or Holy Days, of the Wiccan Wheel of the Year. It is the equal and opposite of its sister, Samhain, which is celebrated Oct. 31. Samhain is a somber occasion, where believers reflect on the end of life and honor those who have come before.
In contrast, Beltane recognizes the beginning of life. All of nature is renewing itself. The Earth is warming, turning green, fruit trees are blooming and animals are giving birth to their young.
Beltane, like Samhain, is a time when the veil between the worlds is thinnest. At Samhain, it is believed that communication with the departed is easier. At Beltane, communication with the world of Faerie is possible.
The ancients saw the world around them awakening, wildflowers popping up all over, high spirits in everyone and felt the Faerie Folk were responsible, although stories and myths of interaction between humans and the fey were filled with adventure and frequently danger.
The origins of Beltane are Gaelic, although it was celebrated in most areas populated by the Celts, marking the beginning of the pastoral summer. Beltane is one of the Cross Quarters between the solstices and equinoxes.
One of the traditions is the lighting of bonfires, also known as balefires. Cattle and other livestock would be driven between two fires for purification and luck in the coming year.
Another old Pagan tradition is dancing the Maypole. A large pole is placed into the ground, topped with flowers and long ribbons held at the ends by dancers. As they dance around the Maypole the ribbons are woven into intricate designs. Others may add fresh flowers into the weaving.
There is also a tradition of having a May Queen and King to preside over the festivities. They may be chosen as a couple, selected by popular acclaim, elected or are the winners of some sort of competition.
Whichever method is used, they represent the male and female generative powers of nature. In Arthurian legend, depending on which one is being refered to, Arthur was born of a liaison of this sort. This may have accounted for his legendary, sometimes seemingly magical accomplishments.
With farming and livestock not having the importance they once had on a personal level, the focus of the celebration has evolved. Many times the energy of Beltane is directed at personal growth, starting a new project, a new career or any of a number of new beginnings.
Our Lady of the Woods will celebrate the Sabbat of Beltane at 2 p.m. Sunday at North Mesa Park. This event is free and open to the public. There will be a potluck after the festivities. | <urn:uuid:905e0923-14d0-4925-bd68-f78d91aac570> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lamonitor.com/content/beltane-celebrate-beginning-life?quicktabs_2=0&mini=calendar-date%2F2013-08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969858 | 669 | 2.859375 | 3 |
(1688-1744) a British poet and satirist. Many people consider him the most important poet of his time, and admire his use of the heroic couplet. His best known works are The Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad. He also produced very popular translations of the poems of Homer.
Definition from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
Dictionary pictures of the day
Do you know what each of these is called?
Click on any of the pictures above to find out what it is called. | <urn:uuid:b7a669f2-8b49-482b-b7e8-fabf0643f5d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/Pope-Alexander | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962391 | 114 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Wendy Ewbank teaches seventh- and eighth-grade history at the Madrona Middle School in Edmonds, Washington. A small town with a large retirement community, Edmonds is also home to a professional population that commutes to the high-tech industries in nearby Seattle. Edmonds is predominantly Caucasian with a growing Asian population. Madrona Middle School reflects Edmonds's demographics while drawing more diversity from neighboring towns. Each year, 150 students and 25 parent volunteers participate in the school's thriving service learning program by working with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), environmental organizations, a senior center, and local museums.
Ms. Ewbank teaches a multiage class of seventh- and eighth-graders. Because seventh-grade standards cover world regions, and eighth-grade standards cover U.S. history, Ms. Ewbank integrates her curriculum by including both subjects. She began the year with a unit on the post-colonial world, examining world regions and studying the relationships between different countries (for example, how an Italian explorer named Christopher Columbus obtained funding from the king and queen of Spain). From there, students went on to study units on early America up to and including the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
By the time the class began the lesson "Landmark Supreme Court Cases," students had studied the balance of powers among the three branches of government, the impact of court rulings on the law, and the conflict that sometimes arises between preserving individual liberties and protecting the common good. They had a solid understanding of the law and had simulated other town meetings, as in a lesson on the Founding Fathers, for example. Before this simulation, Ms. Ewbank asked students to research Supreme Court cases and share their findings in posters they created. Students conducted additional research once they were assigned specific roles for the press conference and town meeting simulations.
Ms. Ewbank explained to students what she expected of them in terms of their participation in the simulation. She assessed their understanding based on how substantive their contributions were and their ability to think on their feet and stay in character when fielding questions. At the end of the lesson, students were given an essay test on the Constitution and on the Supreme Court cases they had just studied. Ms. Ewbank then connected what students had learned in this lesson to the next unit on immigration, and later to a lesson on civil rights.
Lesson Background >> | <urn:uuid:584bd32d-d43f-4b23-ae6b-cb42a81e4f2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.learner.org/libraries/socialstudies/6_8/ewbank/about.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973989 | 488 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Definition of Feel
1. Noun. An intuitive awareness. "It's easy when you get the feel of it"
2. Verb. Undergo an emotional sensation or be in a particular state of mind. "John will feel angry"; "He felt regret"
Specialized synonyms: Incline, Recapture, Congratulate, Plume, Pride, Smolder, Smoulder, Entertain, Harbor, Harbour, Hold, Nurse, Cool Off, Anger, See Red, Chafe, Suffer, Fume, Regret, Repent, Rue, Sadden, Joy, Rejoice, Sympathise, Sympathize, Pride Oneself, Take Pride, Burn, Die, Fly High, Beam, Glow, Radiate, Shine, Glow
Derivative terms: Experience, Experience, Feeling, Feelings
Also: Feel For
3. Noun. The general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people. "It had the smell of treason"
Generic synonyms: Ambiance, Ambience, Atmosphere
Specialized synonyms: Hollywood, Zeitgeist
Derivative terms: Look, Spirit, Spiritize
4. Verb. Come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds. "They feel that there was a traffic accident "; "I found the movie rather entertaining"
Generic synonyms: Conclude, Reason, Reason Out
Related verbs: Find, Rule
Derivative terms: Feeling
5. Noun. A property perceived by touch.
6. Verb. Perceive by a physical sensation, e.g., coming from the skin or muscles. "She felt the heat when she got out of the car"
Generic synonyms: Comprehend, Perceive
Derivative terms: Feeling, Sensation, Sensation, Sense, Sensible, Sensible, Sensing, Sensitive, Sensitive, Sensor
7. Noun. Manual stimulation of the genital area for sexual pleasure. "The girls hated it when he tried to sneak a feel"
8. Verb. Be conscious of a physical, mental, or emotional state. "She felt sad after her loss"
Generic synonyms: Be
9. Verb. Have a feeling or perception about oneself in reaction to someone's behavior or attitude. "I made the students feel different about themselves"
10. Verb. Undergo passive experience of:. "She felt his contempt of her"
11. Verb. Be felt or perceived in a certain way. "The cool air does feel good"; "The sheets feel soft"
12. Verb. Grope or feel in search of something. "The men feel the area for animals "; "He felt for his wallet"
Specialized synonyms: Grope For, Scrabble
Generic synonyms: Look For, Search, Seek
13. Verb. Examine by touch. "The customer fingered the sweater"
14. Verb. Examine (a body part) by palpation. "The runner felt her pulse"
Category relationships: Medicine, Practice Of Medicine
Generic synonyms: Touch
Derivative terms: Palpation, Palpatory
15. Verb. Find by testing or cautious exploration. "He felt his way around the dark room"
16. Verb. Produce a certain impression. "It feels nice to be home again"
17. Verb. Pass one's hands over the sexual organs of. "He felt the girl in the movie theater"
Definition of Feel
1. v. t. To perceive by the touch; to take cognizance of by means of the nerves of sensation distributed all over the body, especially by those of the skin; to have sensation excited by contact of (a thing) with the body or limbs.
2. v. i. To have perception by the touch, or by contact of anything with the nerves of sensation, especially those upon the surface of the body.
3. n. Feeling; perception.
Definition of Feel
1. Verb. (transitive copulative) To become aware of through the skin; to use the sense of touch. ¹
2. Verb. (transitive) To experience an emotion or other mental state about. ¹
3. Verb. (transitive) To find one's way (literally or figuratively) by touching or using cautious movements. ¹
4. Verb. (transitive) To be or become aware of. ¹
5. Verb. (transitive) To experience the consequences of. ¹
6. Verb. (transitive) To think, believe, or have an impression concerning. ¹
7. Verb. (intransitive) To receive information by touch or by any neurons other than those responsible for sight, smell, taste, or hearing. ¹
8. Verb. (intransitive) To search by sense of touch. ¹
9. Verb. (intransitive copulative) To experience an emotion or other mental state. ¹
10. Verb. (context: copulative) To seem (through touch or otherwise). ¹
11. Verb. (intransitive) To sympathise. ¹
12. Verb. (transitive US slang) To understand. ¹
13. Noun. A quality of an object experienced by touch. ¹
14. Noun. A vague mental impression. ¹
15. Noun. An act of fondling. ¹
16. Noun. A vague understanding ¹
17. Noun. An intuitive ability ¹
18. Pronoun. (alternative form of fele) ¹
19. Adjective. (alternative form of fele) ¹
20. Adverb. (alternative form of fele) ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Feel
1. to perceive through the sense of touch [v FELT, FEELING, FEELS]
Medical Definition of Feel
1. 1. To have perception by the touch, or by contact of anything with the nerves of sensation, especially those upon the surface of the body. 2. To have the sensibilities moved or affected. "[She] feels with the dignity of a Roman matron". (Burke) "And mine as man, who feel for all mankind." (Pope) 3. To be conscious of an inward impression, state of mind, persuasion, physical condition, etc.; to perceive one's self to be; followed by an adjective describing the state, etc.; as, to feel assured, grieved, persuaded. "I then did feel full sick." (Shak) 4. To know with feeling; to be conscious; hence, to know certainly or without misgiving. "Garlands . . . Which I feel I am not worthy yet to wear." (Shak) 5. To appear to the touch; to give a perception; to produce an impression by the nerves of sensation; followed by an adjective describing the kind of sensation. "Blind men say black feels rough, and white feels smooth." (Dryden) To feel after, to search for; to seek to find; to seek as a person groping in the dark. "If haply they might feel after him, and find him." - To feel of, to examine by touching. 1. To perceive by the touch; to take cognizance of by means of the nerves of sensation distributed all over the body, especially by those of the skin; to have sensation excited by contact of (a thing) with the body or limbs. "Who feel Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel." (Creecn) 2. To touch; to handle; to examine by touching; as, feel this piece of silk; hence, to make trial of; to test; often with out. "Come near, . . . That I may feel thee, my son." (Gen. Xxvii. 21) "He hath this to feel my affection to your honor." (Shak) 3. To perceive by the mind; to have a sense of; to experience; to be affected by; to be sensible of, or sensetive to; as, to feel pleasure; to feel pain. "Teach me to feel another's woe." (Pope) "Whoso keepeth the commandment shall feel no evil thing." (Eccl. Viii. 5) "He best can paint them who shall feel them most." (Pope) "Mankind have felt their strength and made it felt." (Byron) 4. To take internal cognizance of; to be conscious of; to have an inward persuasion of. "For then, and not till then, he felt himself." (Shak) 5. To perceive; to observe. To feel the helm, to obey it. Origin: AS. Flan; akin to OS. Giflian to perceive, D. Voelen to feel, OHG. Fuolen, G. Fuhlen, Icel. Falma to grope, and prob. To AS. Folm paim of the hand, L. Palma. Cf. Fumble, Palm. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998)
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Feel Images | <urn:uuid:fc5a20bc-ef70-42af-92f7-3539468a410b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/feel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904458 | 1,963 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is aerospace medicine?
Aerospace medicine specialists, also called aviation or flight medicine specialists, treat space flight crews or regular flight crews and are key contributors to flight safety and passenger health. The field is a branch of preventative and occupational medicine dealing with problems arising at high altitudes and hostile conditions.
Aviation medicine specialists examine and treat the crews to ensure suitability for the job. Specialists focus on conditions afflicting pilots, aircrews or astronauts, such as blocked ears or pressures from “g” forces (gravitational forces) stemming from acceleration, radiation and vibration. Aviation medicine specialists also treat air-traffic controllers, airplane passengers and undersea crews. In the military, aviation medicine specialists are referred to as flight surgeons. A civilian doctor is usually referred to as an aviation medical examiner.
A subset of aerospace medicine is the aeromedical certification of pilots and aircrew to treat problems that could arise on the job.
Aeromedical transportation is a subspecialty of the field that ensures the safety of patients and flight crew transported by AirEvac helicopters or planes during an emergency evacuation. What symptoms, conditions and examinations are typically involved in aerospace medicine?
Aviation medicine involves examinations to safeguard pilots’ and passengers’ health and assessing suitability to fly. Aerospace medicine specialists examine elevation risks during an emergency and predict patients’ predisposition during such an emergency toward conditions like heart attacks, epilepsy or diabetes that could present a problem at high altitude. This screening helps ensure patients’ suitability to fly in an aircraft.
Pilots are also screened for vision, such as color blindness and the ability to differentiate green and red.
A military flight surgeon is trained to screen pilots and aircrew for other conditions that could impede them from performing job duties. Aircrews are monitored for conditions and diseases that could result from irregular sleep habits, irregular meals and stress related to the job. What risks pose a concern to aerospace medicine physicians?
Aerospace medicine specialists are concerned with an array of potential dangers associated with traveling at high altitudes. They confront problems such as troubleshooting and developing life support for astronauts, and treating ear blocks in passengers ranging in age from infants to the elderly due to elevated cabin pressure.
As an aircraft ascends, temperature decreases. On a 60-degree day at sea level, the temperature at 35,000 feet as a plane cruises is negative 70 degrees. Pressure and humidity decrease as well, resulting in pressures from the “g” forces. What life support systems do aerospace medicine physicians help develop?
Aerospace medicine specialists discover and prevent dangerous physiological responses in the human body to the hostile aerospace environment facing patients.
Life support systems supply heat, oxygen and pressure to defend passengers and crew members from these hostile conditions.
An aircraft geared for higher performance, such as those used by the military, provides more high-tech life-support equipment such as “g-suits” to help passengers during acceleration, as well as breathing masks, ejection seats and other emergency equipment. | <urn:uuid:4c57eb90-15f9-455b-a1e9-bea23c3ee862> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lifescript.com/doctor-directory/aerospace-medicine/houston-texas-tx-smith-l-johnston-md.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94747 | 625 | 3.40625 | 3 |
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Men get diagnosed with breast cancer at less than one percent the rate of women, according to a new analysis of cancer rates from six cities and countries.
But when they did get breast cancer, men were caught with more advanced disease, on average, and were more likely to die from it.
"It's not surprising that men with breast cancer present with later stages," said Dr. Susan Dent, from the Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre in Canada, who was not involved in the new study.
"That's just because the awareness of the fact that breast cancer can occur in men is not as acute," she told Reuters Health. "Men aren't as likely to think of it, and health care providers aren't as likely to think of men having breast cancer."
Men are most commonly in their 60s or 70s when diagnosed with breast cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute. Radiation exposure and diseases that increase estrogen levels - such as liver cirrhosis or Klinefelter syndrome, a genetic disorder - are among factors that raise a man's risk.
Dent added that men should be particularly aware of breast cancer -- and possibly consider getting screened for the disease -- if they have a family history of it, including a predisposition to cancer caused by mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are well-known to raise women's risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
But men with no family history should not be screened, experts agreed.
Researchers combined cancer registries from Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Singapore and Geneva, Switzerland, with cases dating back to 1970. That included about 460,000 women diagnosed with breast cancer and about 2,700 men.
Men were more likely to have disease that had spread beyond the breast by the time they were diagnosed. In treatment, they also had less surgery and radiation compared to women, but similar rates of chemotherapy and hormone therapy.
Over the entire time period, men had a 72 percent chance of surviving breast cancer in the five years after a diagnosis -- compared to 78 percent in women.
But researchers led by Dr. Mikael Hartman of the National University of Singapore found that when their cancer was spotted at the same stage and they got recommended treatment, men had a better chance than women of surviving a breast cancer diagnosis.
Hartman's team also noted in the Journal of Clinical Oncology that previous studies have shown it typically takes a few months from when men start getting symptoms until they are diagnosed with breast cancer.
"Men who develop a breast lump delay seeing their doctor longer than a comparable woman would with similar symptoms," Hartman wrote in an email to Reuters Health.
"Male breast cancer is rare but men can develop the disease and should be aware that they should seek care if a breast lump develops," Hartman added.
Because of recommendations for regular mammograms in women starting in the 40s or at age 50, depending on the country, many cancers are caught in women before they have any symptoms.
The United States Preventive Services Task Force, a federally-supported panel that sets guidelines for cancer screening, does not recommend regular breast cancer screening in men without symptoms.
"In total, male breast cancer is still a rare event," said Dent. "Never would I recommend that all men routinely go out and get screened."
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/n3b9ou Journal of Clinical Oncology, online October 3, 2011. | <urn:uuid:47cc8410-6fc1-47b9-958d-0303761e3086> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/digestive/news/2011/10/18/male_breast_cancer_rare_but_can_be_aggressive.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979895 | 712 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Finger Lakes of New York are one of nature’s most spectacular creations. Formed by glaciers, there are eleven lakes, with smaller lakes situated within the geographic region. The official Finger Lake Region extends north to south from the shores of Lake Ontario to the Pennsylvania State Line and east to west from Syracuse to Rochester, NY.
Unlike many tourist destinations, the Finger Lakes Region does not boast of one singular attraction or seasonal event. It is a vast area comprised of many small picturesque towns and scenic views, with something worth seeing on each road traveled in the region. A three-ay weekend would be sufficient for first time visitors to get a “feel” for the area. It is possible to see all eleven lakes in one day, but with no horizontal road or bridges through and across the middle of the lakes, one is forced to drive the lengths of the lakes to get to the other side.
The deepest of the Finger Lakes, at 632 feet, is the thirty-six mile long Seneca Lake, where three lighthouses were once built in the community Geneva, New York.
The construction of the Erie Canal and the subsequent building of the Seneca-Cayuga Canal caused the citizens of Geneva to plan and carry out the development of the harbor at Geneva and the building of a breakwater to protect it. The first funds were approved in 1827. Over the years, several piers were built and rebuilt.
From early records, we know for a fact that the first lighthouse structure was lit in 1870. According to an article in the Geneva Gazette newspaper dated June 3, 1870, it was reported, “The revolving light was placed in position in the new lighthouse in the harbor on Tuesday and lighted for the first time that evening. It proves a perfect success. The powerful reflectors shed a brilliant light, almost as dazzling as the sun, and whose rays are mirrored on the glossy surface of our lake with beautiful effulgence.”
A different article in the same newspaper reported that the new lighthouse had “a revolving beacon that showed various colors of white, red and green. The newspaper went on to report that a powerful locomotive reflector from a firm in Rochester, New York was secured for use in the lighthouse.” The paper went on further to say, “Our ingenious mechanic, Chas. Bunge, has invented and constructed suitable clock-work gearing to give a revolving motion to the light, which will run for 14 hours.” The paper went on to report that the light “can not possibly be confused with any street lights as were often the case with the previous diminutive fixed light in the old lighthouse.” A later article reported that the light from the beacon could be seen as far away as 17 miles.
For many years the beacon was lighted with a kerosene lamp by a lamp tender named William F. Lain, a veteran of the Civil War. Mr. Lain had fought at the Battle of Little Round Top and was taken prisoner by Confederate troops. While in a prison camp, he contracted small pox and subsequently lost an eye and some of his toes from the illness.
In later years his granddaughter recalled accompanying him to the lighthouse. While she stayed in the boat, he would light the beacon. She recalled that he was the last lighthouse tender (lamp lighter) to light the light; the job was eliminated upon his death and the lighthouse was converted to electricity.
By 1907 the old wooden tower had suffered from years of wear from the elements and was demolished. It was replaced by a tower made of concrete, which served until the 1940s when it was also discontinued because of deterioration. The State of New York replaced it with an erector style skeleton lighthouse.
In later years, when the power cable to the skeleton lighthouse was discontinued, it was decided to install batteries to power the lighthouse. However, this tower’s greatest threat was not from the elements as was its predecessors, but from vandals who would remove the batteries and throw them into the lake. Eventually the pier deteriorated and the tower began to tilt. Finally, in 1984, the State of New York decided it was too expensive to keep replacing the batteries. They further stated that they no longer felt the lighthouse was serving any beneficial purpose and they claimed it was also a safety hazard and might fall and injure someone, such as the vandals. It was subsequently removed and the lighthouse history of Seneca Lake disappeared into the pages of time. Today, almost no one in the area is even aware of the lighthouses that once stood there.
This story appeared in the
Jul/Aug 2012 edition of Lighthouse Digest Magazine. The print edition contains more stories than our internet edition, and each story generally contains more photographs - often many more - in the print edition. For subscription information about the print edition, click here.
All contents copyright © 1995-2016 by Lighthouse Digest®, Inc. No story, photograph, or any other item on this website may be reprinted or reproduced without the express permission of Lighthouse Digest. For contact information, click here. | <urn:uuid:980db8ca-93d0-430e-8cd2-f7888cc514d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lighthousedigest.com/Digest/StoryPage.cfm?StoryKey=3718 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981164 | 1,045 | 3.171875 | 3 |
namei - follow a pathname until a terminal point is found
namei [-mx] pathname [ pathname ... ]
Namei uses its arguments as pathnames to any type of Unix file (sym-
links, files, directories, and so forth). Namei then follows each
pathname until a terminal point is found (a file, directory, char
device, etc). If it finds a symbolic link, we show the link, and start
following it, indenting the output to show the context.
This program is useful for finding a "too many levels of symbolic
For each line output, namei outputs a the following characters to iden-
tify the file types found:
f: = the pathname we are currently trying to resolve
d = directory
l = symbolic link (both the link and it’s contents are output)
s = socket
b = block device
c = character device
- = regular file
? = an error of some kind
Namei prints an informative message when the maximum number of symbolic
links this system can have has been exceeded.
-x Show mount point directories with a ’D’, rather than a ’d’.
-m Show the mode bits of each file type in the style of ls(1), for
Roger Southwick ([email protected])
To be discovered.
Namei will follow an infinite loop of symbolic links forever. To
escape, use SIGINT (usually ^C).
Man(1) output converted with | <urn:uuid:c0e83851-f5e3-43a9-a862-1960cb1f4270> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.linuxcommand.org/man_pages/namei1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.771464 | 333 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Space.com: New Software Helps Satellites Pinpoint Fires Earlier
Jun 28, 2002, 08:00 (0 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Erik Baard)
[ Thanks to Kendall
Sears for this link. ]
"Satellite photos and data are important in assisting teams on
the ground predict, spot, and observe fire outbreaks. That role,
however, is now even bigger thanks to a new software program that
turns around fire assessments more quickly and accurately.
"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
developed the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
(GOES) and Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES) systems
over several years. The most recent addition to the program is the
Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WFABBA) created by
NOAA at the University of Wisconsin Space Science and Engineering
Center in Madison, Wis...
"The WFABBA software was developed by the University of
Wisconsin to run on portable Linux personal computers..." | <urn:uuid:192412ee-186b-4890-a3c7-6692cd3368ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/2002062800326NWSWPB | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905552 | 224 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This is part of a Live Science series of articles on the weekly changes that a pregnant woman's body goes through as it adapts to the growing needs of the fetus inside her.
In the third week of pregnancy, it's possible that a woman won't yet know that she is pregnant. There won't be any major outward changes in her body, although some pregnancy symptoms may have started.
A pregnancy's timeline begins the first day of a woman's last menstrual period. Home pregnancy tests are designed to be used a week after a woman's missed period, so she should wait until then to avoid anxiety over a false negative test and to keep from wasting money.
At this stage in the pregnancy, the basal body temperature — your body temperature when you are completely at rest — will be high. You may notice some mild cramping, usually from one side. This pain is called mittelschmerz — German for "middle pain" — is associated with ovulation, when the ovary is releasing an egg. Some women will experience an increase in vaginal discharge or spotting, caused by the egg burrowing into the uterine lining. An absence of spotting is not a cause for concern, as the majority of women do not spot during the first few weeks of pregnancy.
Other symptoms of the pregnancy at this point include fatigue and exhaustion. Also, higher hormone levels direct more blood flow to the breasts, causing them to be tender and sore. The rapidly rising levels of estrogen may even cause a heightened sense of smell. Though morning sickness doesn't usually begin for a few weeks, some women may experience nausea or vomiting at this stage. You may start craving certain foods, while foods that you previously enjoyed will start to taste differently.
In weeks 1 and 2 of pregnancy, the fertilized egg moves into the uterus and becomes a blastocyte, or blastocyst — a very tiny group of cells, the size of the head of a pin. The part that develops into the placenta begins to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a pregnancy hormone. The hCG alerts your ovaries to stop releasing eggs and increases production of estrogen and progesterone. As a result, your uterus will stop shedding its lining, and placental growth will begin. This is the hormone that pregnancy tests look for, so you may be able to take such a test at this time and get proof that you are pregnant. Because this stage is different for each woman, however, you may need to wait a few more days before the test detects hCG.
The area that will become the amniotic sac begins to fill with amniotic fluid, which keeps the fetus cushioned and safe. The blastocyst receives all vital nutrients through blood vessels, though the placenta will eventually take over this task. Basic development continues at this point, with the brain, spinal code, heart and gastrointestinal tract beginning to form.
Diet and exercise
At this point and throughout the pregnancy, you should avoid alcohol, caffeine, recreational drugs and smoking. The fetus will take in everything that you do, and you don't want to inhibit any fetal development. You should also avoid certain medications and foods; consult with your health care provider to make sure none of your medications are harmful to the fetus.
This is when you should start developing good eating habits. To help the fetus grow, What to Expect, a pregnancy advice website, suggests eating three servings of lean protein on a daily basis. This will help with tissue development. One serving is roughly three ounces (85 grams), or the size of a deck of playing cards. This could be lean beef, chicken, legumes or tofu. Lean red meat will also help with your iron intake, which you need to support the increased blood volume. Add some foods rich in vitamin C, like oranges and berries, to help with iron absorption.
Folic acid is also very important at this stage, as is calcium. Leafy greens like spinach deliver both of these nutrients, which help with bone development and avoiding birth defects. Citrus foods are also naturally high in folate, so a calcium-enriched orange juice is a great addition to any breakfast. Talk to your health care provider about adding a prenatal vitamin to your diet.
The American Pregnancy Association recommends talking to your health care provider before beginning or continuing an exercise routine, but exercise is very important at this stage. Focus on cardiovascular health to keep your heart healthy and strength training to help lessen the potential for lower back pain throughout the pregnancy. | <urn:uuid:39c4b03b-3a62-491e-8cea-a5ac95424e3c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.livescience.com/47143-3-weeks-pregnant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950277 | 923 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Petrographic microscopy of NASA's antarctic meteorite thin section set
Type of Activity:
Brief description of the activity and its strengths:
This lab activity made use of NASA's antarctic meteorite thin section set (available on loan from NASA for educational purposes), introducing the mineralogy and petrology of meteorites to students with a background in geology and prior experience with petrographic microscopy.
Type and level of course in which you would use this activity:
This was used in an upper level (junior and senior Geoscience majors) undergraduate and graduate level course on Planetary Geology. Almost all students had prior experience with petrographic microscopy.
Skills and concepts that students should have mastered before beginning the activity:
Identification of major rock forming minerals in thin section
How the activity is situated in its course
This activity was inserted into the class as a lab module when the thin sections were available from NASA (which is not totally under the control of the instructor). This ended up being towards the end of the semester, but could fit in much earlier.
Goals of the Activity
The mineralogy of meteorites
The textures of meteorites
Higher order thinking skills goals
Translating observations (in this case of thin sections) into models or explanations of events.
Other skills goals
This is a fun (and easy) lab to introduce students with strong geologic backgrounds but no prior exposure to meteorites to the petrography of meteorites, with a focus on chondrules and chondrites. Students will make observations, sketch examples of different features, and learn about the early days of the solar system through examination of thin sections from NASA's antarctic meteorite thin section set.
Student will need to explore the thin sections and select good "spots" that show relevant properties. Their sketches need to show well-selected spots that illustrate the properties in question, and effectively communicate them.
Supporting references and/or URLs | <urn:uuid:76227e6b-3053-4446-8a6b-ca86e9690b86> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lpi.usra.edu/earthspace/index.cfm?action=view_items&itemid=153 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905348 | 411 | 3.5625 | 4 |
So much happens in our lives every day that we often forget what we have learned. In effect, the only thing faster than the speed of our thoughts is the speed of our forgetfulness.
Here are seven important reminders to jog your memory…
1. Attitude makes all the difference.
Two people can be affected by the same circumstance and respond in completely different ways; it just depends on their perspective. One might see themselves as a victim, while the other discovers and makes the most of an opportunity the circumstance provides.
When you expect life to be unkind, it will always live up to your expectations. On the other hand, when you consider yourself to be in a fortunate situation, you will find yourself in many more.
It’s important to remember that there is value in every situation and circumstance. Positive possibilities are generated by every possible turn of fate. No matter what happens or doesn’t happen, life is what you choose to make it. You just have to choose to make it great.
2. Some sadness is necessary.
You cannot completely shield yourself from sadness without also shielding yourself from happiness. Sadness is part of the journey. Life is a series of highs and lows – an adventure that requires you to take chances and actions that have the possibility of both success (happiness) and failure (sadness).
When you find your path, you must not be afraid to step forward. You need to have sufficient courage to take chances and fail sometimes. Disappointment and sadness are the tools life uses to show us the way.
In the end, we learn even more from our failures than we do from our successes. Every step is a step in the right direction. Read Learned Optimism.
3. You can’t fight fire with fire.
Don’t spew hostile words at those who spew them at you. Tone it down and replace the stink of confrontation with the fragrance of resolution. The louder the opposition wants to yell, the calmer and more confidently you need to speak. Keep your composure; don’t let them get to you.
Be an example of a pure existence having a pure understanding of reality. Communicate and express yourself from a place of peace, from a place of love, with the best intentions. Practice good judgment in what you say and how you say it, in the thoughts you carry, and in the emotions you reveal. And most of all, use your voice for good – to inspire, to encourage, to educate, to spread the notions of love and understanding.
4. Everyone struggles in some way.
When you deal with your own issues, use your head; when you help others deal with their issues, use your heart.
The questions you should be asking yourself: How much could I possibly know about the troubles in another’s heart? How much can I hope to understand this person who has suffered from a specific circumstance of pain or disappointment than I have known?
And even greater than your ability to inspire them with hope for a brighter future is your capacity to motivate them to directly confront the worst in themselves and deal with it upfront, so they can rediscover and reclaim the best in themselves over time. Read The 5 Love Languages.
5. Fear always exists.
Every new experience triggers a least some fear; and that’s okay. Fear can help you to assess risk and prepare for all kinds of important, challenging situations. But first you have to understand that the purpose of fear is not to stop you.
Fear helps you evaluate the path forward. Certainly it is important to pause and look carefully before you move into unknown territory. However, it is just as important that, after sufficient due diligence and preparation, you do indeed move forward.
Let the fear sharpen your awareness, and then let it inspire you to act. Your success cannot be built by seeking refuge in what is already familiar and comfortable. You must journey out into the unknown, prepared for the challenges and determined to do whatever is necessary. The way to get beyond your fear is to go through it. Do the thing you fear and the fear loses its control over you.
6. Small steps get you to big places.
The greatest of all mistakes is to do nothing simply because you can only do a little. In fact, it is far more productive to take many small steps in the right direction than to make a giant leap only to stumble and fall and never get up again.
Bottom line: The path to every goal requires a hundred small steps – one after the other. Figure out where you want to go, take a step, and keep on stepping. Diligence and persistence will get you there. Read The Power of Habit.
7. You can only change yourself.
Don’t wait for someone who hurt you to make it up to you; this kind of thinking only keeps your old wounds from healing. Waiting for them to change is not the answer. You have no control over them, and they may never change.
Inner peace is found by changing your thinking, not the people who hurt you. And you change your thinking for yourself, for your joy, your peace of mind, your own understanding, and your bright future that has nothing to do with this person or what they did to you.
So forgive those who have hurt you in the past, and even more importantly, forgive yourself for allowing them to hurt you. Then smile like you’ve never cried, re-open your heart and mind like you’ve never been hurt, and live the rest of your life like you’re running out of time. Read 1,000 Little Things.
Photo by: Werner Kunz | <urn:uuid:d90b89b5-63e4-456c-9b2a-b4b809d1f064> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.marcandangel.com/2013/02/27/7-critical-truths-we-forget-all-too-soon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95496 | 1,170 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Thresher Sharks, Alopias vulpinus
« Database Home Animalia Chordata Elasmobranchii Lamniformes Alopiidae Alopias vulpinus
Description & Behavior
Thresher sharks, Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788), aka Atlantic threshers, big-eye threshers, common threshers, fox sharks, grayfishes, green threshers, sea foxes, slashers, swingletails, swiveltails, thintail threshers, thrashers, tresher sharks, whip-tailed sharks, and Zorro thresher sharks, are easily recognizable because of their long caudal (tail) fins which equals about half the total length of their body. This awesome shark also has a very characteristic dorsal fin and pelvic fins. These sharks' teeth are small, curved, smooth and razor sharp. Their teeth are similarly shaped in both the upper and lower jaws. Thresher sharks' color varies from metallic brown to blue on their dorsal (upper) sides and white on their ventral (under) sides. They range from 2.5-7.6 m in length (7.6 m max length for males, 5.5 m max length for females). Their max published weight is 348 kg.
A similar species, bigeye thresher sharks, Alopias superciliosus, are named for their enormous eyes that are much larger than those of common threshers. Bigeye threshers are thought to navigate deep waters, however little data is yet available about the distribution of this species.
There is also a smaller third species of thresher shark called pelagic or fine-tooth threshers, Alopias pelagicus.
World Range & Habitat
Juvenile threshers are often found close inshore and in shallow bays.
Feeding Behavior (Ecology)
Threshers feed on squid, octopuses, crustaceans and small schooling fish such as bluefish, needlefish, lancetfish, lanternfish, menhaden, shad, mackerel, and others. They are also thought to stun prey with blows from their powerful tails.
Thresher sharks are ovoviviparous. Males reach sexual maturity at 2.7 m, females at 3 m. Litters usually consist of 4-6 pups measuring between 1.37-1.55 m in length and weighing between 5-6 kgs at birth. Pups have a fast growth rate and are born in open water.
Ovoviviparous: eggs are retained within the body of the female in a brood chamber where the embryo develops, receiving nourishment from a yolk sac. This is the method of reproduction for the "live-bearing" fishes where pups hatch from egg capsules inside the mother's uterus and are born soon afterward. Also known as aplacental viviparous.
Conservation Status & Comments
As with many shark breeds, threshers often become entangled in fishing nets (bycatch). They are considered harmless to humans. Though uncommon in US fish markets, threshers are consumed in other parts of the world (valued for their meat, liver, hide, and fins; utilized fresh, dried-salted, smoked, and frozen). They are also a sought after gamefish.
Thresher shark abundance in US Atlantic waters has apparently decreased by about 67%, whereas for US Pacific waters, some mid-size sharks are again being reported from samples of wholesale markets, probably as a positive effect of very restrictive fishing regulations.
The common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, bigeye thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus and the pelagic thresher shark, Alopias superciliosus are all listed as Vulnerable (VU A2bd, A2d+4d and A2bd+3bd+4bd, respectively) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to:
"All members of genus Alopias, the thresher sharks, are listed as Vulnerable globally because of their declining populations. These downward trends are the result of a combination of slow life history characteristics, hence low capacity to recover from moderate levels of exploitation, and high levels of largely unmanaged and unreported mortality in target and bycatch fisheries.
The Common Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus) is virtually circumglobal, with a noted tolerance for cold waters. This species is especially vulnerable to fisheries exploitation (target and by-catch) because its epipelagic habitat occurs within the range of many largely unregulated and under-reported gillnet and longline fisheries, in which it is readily caught. It is an important economic species in many areas and is valued highly for its meat and large fins. Its life-history characteristics (2–4 pups per litter; 8–14 year generation period) and high value in both target and bycatch fisheries make it vulnerable to rapid depletion. Serious declines have occurred where this species has been heavily fished, for example in the 1980s eastern central Pacific drift gillnet fishery, where reported landings collapsed to 27% of peak levels between 1982 and the late 1980s. Analyses of pelagic longline CPUE data from logbook reports covering the species’ entire range in the northwest and western central Atlantic vary according to the time period, but suggest thresher shark stocks declined by between 63–80% during 1986–2000. There is evidence that thresher sharks are being increasingly targeted by pelagic fisheries for swordfish and tuna (e.g., in the Mediterranean Sea) in attempts to sustain catches, and exploitation is increasing in these areas. The high value of the species and its exploitation by unmanaged fisheries combined with its biological vulnerability, indicate that at least some, if not most, subpopulations in other parts of the world are likely to be equally, or more seriously at risk than those for which data are available and, unlike the Californian stock, are not the subject of management, enabling stocks to rebuild.
In addition to the Vulnerable global assessment, a number of regional assessments have also been designated for this species as follows: Near Threatened in the eastern central Pacific; Vulnerable (VU A2bd) in the northwest Atlantic and western central Atlantic; Vulnerable (VU A3bd) in the Mediterranean Sea; and Data Deficient in the Indo-west Pacific.
The Bigeye Thresher Shark (Alopias superciliosus) apparently is a highly migratory, oceanic and coastal species found virtually circumglobally in tropical and temperate seas. It has low fecundity (2-4 pups/litter) and an exceptionally low (0.002) potential annual rate of population increase, compared with other thresher sharks. This species is especially vulnerable to fisheries exploitation (target and bycatch) as its epipelagic habitat occurs within the range of many largely unregulated gillnet and longline fisheries in which it is readily caught, and it has been fished throughout its range. Significant reductions in thresher CPUE have been reported in pelagic longline fisheries in the northwest Atlantic and the eastern tropical Pacific, and declines are also suspected to have occurred in other areas. Although data are lacking for many parts of its range, it is evident that this Vulnerable species, with such low productivity, faces major threats throughout most of its range, where fishing pressure is unlikely to cease or decrease anytime in the immediate future. However, this may underestimate the extent of global decline and there is an urgent need for global review of all available data throughout its range.
In addition to the Vulnerable global assessment, a number of regional assessments have also been designated for the Bigeye Thresher Shark as follows: Vulnerable (VU A2bd) in the eastern central Pacific; Endangered (EN A2bd) in the northwest Atlantic and western central Atlantic; Near Threatened in the southwest Atlantic; Data Deficient in the Mediterranean Sea; and Vulnerable (VU A2d) in the Indo-west Pacific.
The Pelagic Thresher Shark (Alopias pelagicus) is a large, wide-ranging Indo-Pacific Ocean pelagic shark, apparently highly migratory, with low fecundity (two pups/litter) and a low (2-4%) annual rate of population increase. This species is especially vulnerable to fisheries exploitation (target and by-catch) because its epipelagic habitat occurs within the range of many largely unregulated and under-reported gillnet and longline fisheries, in which it is readily caught. Although this species is reportedly relatively common in some coastal localities, current levels of exploitation in some areas are considered to be unsustainable. Overall, it is considered highly likely that serious depletion of the global population has occurred."
References & Further Research
The Thresher Shark Research & Conservation Project
Thresher Sharks - Alopias sp. - The Pelagic Shark Research Foundation - The Sharks of the Monterey Bay - Pelagic Sharks
Thresher Shark - Shark Foundation
THRESHER SHARK - Florida Museum of Natural History
Castro, Jose I. 1993. Sharks of North American Waters.
Research Alopias vulpinus » Barcode of Life ~ BioOne ~ Biodiversity Heritage Library ~ CITES ~ Cornell Macaulay Library [audio / video] ~ Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ~ ESA Online Journals ~ FishBase ~ Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department ~ GBIF ~ Google Scholar ~ ITIS ~ IUCN RedList (Threatened Status) ~ Marine Species Identification Portal ~ NCBI (PubMed, GenBank, etc.) ~ Ocean Biogeographic Information System ~ PLOS ~ SIRIS ~ Tree of Life Web Project ~ UNEP-WCMC Species Database ~ WoRMS
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With your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. We sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the MarineBio Conservation Society. | <urn:uuid:aca53a78-7a98-47e0-b07f-2dcdacc03374> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.marinebio.org/species.asp?id=284 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926861 | 2,259 | 2.953125 | 3 |
By MARCIA DUNN | AP Aerospace Writer
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – A private California company will attempt the first-ever commercial cargo run to the International Space Station in February.
NASA announced the news Friday, one year and one day after Space Exploration Technologies Corp., or SpaceX, became the first private business to launch a capsule into orbit and return it safely to Earth.
On Feb. 7, SpaceX will attempt another orbital flight from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. This time, the unmanned Dragon capsule will fly to the space station and dock with a load of supplies.
NASA stressed it is a target date.
"Pending all the final safety reviews and testing, SpaceX will send its Dragon spacecraft to rendezvous with the International Space Station in less than two months," said NASA's No. 2, deputy administrator Lori Garver. "So it is the opening of that new commercial cargo delivery era."
NASA has turned to industry to help stock the space station now that the space shuttles are retired, investing hundreds of millions of dollars in this startup effort. The station currently is supplied by Russian, European and Japanese vessels.
SpaceX's Dragon capsule will fly within two miles of the space station, for a checkout of all its systems. Then it will close in, with station astronauts grabbing the capsule with a robotic arm. The Dragon ultimately will be released for a splashdown in the Pacific. None of the other cargo carriers come back intact; they burn up on re-entry.
If the rendezvous and docking fail, SpaceX will try again. That was the original plan: to wait until the third mission to actually hook up with the station and delivery supplies. SpaceX wanted to hurry it up.
None of the supplies on board the Dragon will be one-of-a-kind or crucial, in case of failure.
SpaceX — run by PayPal co-founder Elon Musk — is one of several companies vying for space station visiting privileges. It hopes to step up to astronaut ferry trips in perhaps three more years. In the meantime, Americans will be forced to continue buying seats on Russian Soyuz spacecraft.
"Every decision that we make at SpaceX is focused on ... taking crew to space," SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said Friday at a forum in Seattle about NASA's future. She said the company is "thrilled" at the prospect of delivering cargo to the space station early next year, and noted that the company is shooting for 2014 with astronauts.
Congress has appropriated $406 million for the commercial crew effort for 2012, considerably less than NASA's requested $850 million.
"It is nevertheless a significant step," Garver said at the forum, televised by NASA. She said NASA is evaluating whether it can speed up when U.S. companies "deliver our precious astronauts to and from the space station." | <urn:uuid:89b213a4-0988-4322-a242-c65ecc9e6d08> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.masslive.com/talk/index.ssf/2011/12/nasa_oks_launch_of_private_spa.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945399 | 583 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Pandas are bear-like animals with dense white fur and black markings on their ears, limbs, shoulders and around their eyes. They live in pairs and small groups in the bamboo forests of the steep mountains in western China and in the Tibetan Himalayas. In order to stay healthy, pandas need to eat about 15% of their body weight in 12 hours. 99% of what they eat is bamboo. Though pandas appear to have thumbs, they are actual enlarged wrist bones, which have developed to help them eat the bamboo.
Utilizing the latest manufacturing techniques and the best raw materials available, Hansa Toys strives to create incredibly lifelike, beautiful plush toys. Their commitment to quality has earned them many international awards, and made Hansa Toy a favourite not only among children and collectors, but also as a supplier to zoos, wildlife parks, media events, Christmas displays, and much more. Each plush animal is designed and created from portraits of animals in their natural habitat by a team of highly qualified researchers, artists, craftspeople and technicians, giving each beautifully fabricated creature a distinct personality and look. Hansa is also dedicated to educating children and their parents about the animals of the world, so every Hansa toy is accompanied by a "Toys That Teach" tag that gives facts about each animal's lifestyle, habitat, diet, and care of young. Beautifully crafted, entertaining to play with, and very educational, Hansa Toys plush animals are like no other toy on the market.
Measures approximately 12” tall. | <urn:uuid:f6dedc96-487b-49da-98f7-613d46730b26> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mastermindtoys.com/Hansa.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964783 | 315 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Industry Basics in Deregulated Markets
There are four fundamental components of the electricity industry in the deregulated marketplace, these include: generation, alternative retail electric supply, transmission, and distribution.
Generation – Electricity is generated at power plants. Generation plants are powered through the use of coal, natural gas, nuclear fission, hydro, and a small-but-growing percentage of renewable generation sources such as wind, solar, and biomass fuels.
ARES (Alternative Retail Electric Supplier) – An ARES or Supplier is a business that sells electricity to residential and/or commercial customers in a competitive market. These entities may buy their electric generation on the open market and resell to their customers. To be an ARES in Illinois, an electric supplier must be certified by the ICC and complete the utility’s registration process. mc² is a licensed ARES in the state of Illinois.
Transmission – The movement of electricity at high voltage from the generation plants to the local distribution power grid (in northern Illinois for ComEd, it’s the “PJM COMED Zone”). This is typically regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
Distribution – The process of local delivery of electricity to homes and businesses, including the management and responsibility for reading the meters and maintaining the local utility distribution network. ComEd provides this utility function in northern Illinois. ComEd is regulated by the Illinois Commerce Commission (ICC). | <urn:uuid:076b26b6-8281-4593-af30-d9b81de088ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mc2energyservices.com/industry_basics.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929279 | 299 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Eight hours of sleep each night could be a tall task for many people, especially those for whom daily tasks eat up all but a scrap of free time at night. New research suggests biology may offer a promising way out, as fewer than six hours of sleep a night may not lead to sleep deprivation if a person’s genes aren’t so high-maintenance.
One of the great questions plaguing the 21st century, a time in which every second is accounted for, is: How much sleep do you need? Most research falls between recommending seven and eight hours, but the conventional wisdom typically leaves it up to the sleeper to determine his or her preference. If you find yourself needing nine hours to function, or only five and a half, then rework your schedule accordingly. But this ignores the role our genetics play in regulating sleep, and it’s an issue scientists would quickly like to resolve.
"This study emphasizes that our need for sleep is a biological requirement, not a personal preference," said Dr. Timothy Morgenthaler, president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, in a statement. Morgenthaler was not involved with the latest study, which focused on 100 pairs of twins — 59 monozygotic pairs and 41 dizygotic pairs — and tracked their nightly sleep duration for just over a week.
But the meat of the study came in the sleep deprivation analysis. For 38 hours, neither twin fell asleep, and every two hours each participated in a series of cognitive tests. Researchers also tracked how long the subjects slept during the first night of recovery. An important distinction emerged. Twins that carried a variant of the BHLHE41 gene on average slept only five hours per night. Meanwhile, the twin without the gene slept about six hours per night. The same twin also made 40 percent fewer mistakes on the cognitive tests over the 38-hour session and slept an hour and a half shorter during recovery — eight hours over nine and a half hours.
"This work provides an important second gene variant associated with sleep deprivation and for the first time shows the role of BHLHE41 in resistance to sleep deprivation in humans," said Dr. Renata Pellegrino, lead author of the study. Pellegrino works as a senior research associate in the Center for Applied Genomics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
According to the AASM, adults should receive at least seven hours of sleep each night. If not, people run the risk of insufficient sleep syndrome, in which patterned sleep deprivation results in chronic fatigue, irritability, and distractibility. Sleep also has protective benefits. In addition to feeling well rested and alert, prior research has found that a good night’s sleep aids memory consolidation and can prevent long term neurological decline.
The percentage of people who can perform daily functions with fewer than six hours of sleep is decidedly small. For most people, the recommendations hold true; seven hours is a good barometer for personal health. What the study does offer is a new scientific lens for studying the role of genes in determining personal health.
Much like caffeine acts as a third-party energy stimulant, according to Pellegrino the recently discovered mutation “was associated with resistance to the neurobehavioral effects of sleep deprivation.” Where depression, anxiety, and accidental injury may develop in normal cases of sleep deprivation, the presence of mutated genes could offer scientists like Pellegrino a chance to learn how the body regulates itself to stay healthy, especially when a scrap of free time is all that’s left.
Source: Pellegrino R, Kavakli I, Goel N, et al. A Novel BHLHE41 Variant is Associated with Short Sleep and Resistance to Sleep Deprivation in Humans. Sleep. 2014. | <urn:uuid:d97b121a-e779-4abd-a6b0-38349fdbf439> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicaldaily.com/how-much-sleep-do-you-need-why-sleep-deprivation-could-be-gene-problem-296358 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945157 | 775 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Lead author Yuqing Zhang, Professor of Medicine and Public Health at BU, says in a press statement:
"Our findings indicate that consuming cherries or cherry extract lowers the risk of gout attack."
Estimates suggest about 8.3 million adults in the US have gout, an inflammatory arthritis that occurs when uric acid crystals form in the joints, causing great pain and swelling.
There are several standard treatments, but with these gout attacks tend to re-occur, so researchers and patients are on the look-out for alternatives. Cherries have been mentioned as having urate-lowering and inflammation-reducing properties, but there have been no rigorous studies of whether they can reduce the risk of gout attacks.
For their case-crossover study, Zhang and colleagues recruited 633 people with gout and followed them online for a year. 88% of participants were white, had an average age of 54, and 78% of them were male. They answered questions about gout onset, symptoms, risk factors, medications, and whether they ate cherries or took cherry extract, and for how long.
Consuming cherries or cherry extract may lower your risk of developing a gout attack by 35%.
When they analyzed the participant responses, they found of those who had eaten cherries in one form or another, 35% ate fresh cherries, 2% took cherry extract, and 5% consumed both.
They also counted 1,247 gout attacks over the one-year follow-up, 92% of which were in the joint at the base of the big toe.
They compared the cherry consumption against the gout attack incidence, and found those participants who ate cherries for two days, had a 35% lower risk of gout attacks or flares compared to participants who did not have them at all.
They also found that the threat of gout flares fell by as much as 75% when cherry intake was combine with allopurinol, a drug that lowers uric acid levels, compared to not taking the drug or having the cherries.
These benefits persisted even after taking into account factors that can affect gout risk, such as gender, obesity (BMI), purine intake (in foods that can increase gout risk), plus use of alcohol, diuretics and anti-gout medications.
"The gout flare risk continued to decrease with increasing cherry consumption, up to three servings over two days."
He and his colleagues found cherry intakes above this number of servings did not give any additional benefit.
In an accompanying editorial, Allan Gelber from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, and Daniel Solomon from Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard University Medical School in Boston, say the study is significant because it looks at diet and the risk of gout flares recurring.
But while these findings are promising, they urge patients who currently suffer from gout not to "abandon standard therapies".
They agree with the study authors that further randomized clinical trials should now be done to confirm the findings.
As does Alan Silman, professor and medical director of Arthritis Research UK.
He says in a press statement from the charity that he welcomes the findings, because for some time there has been talk of fruits like cherries being of benefit to people with gout and rheumatoid arthritis, both of which occur with chronic inflammation.
The study shows good evidence that perhaps cherries, together with traditional drugs that reduce uric acid, could significantly lower the risk of painful gout attacks, and, "it has been suggested that antioxidant compounds found in cherries may be natural inhibitors of enzymes which are targeted by common anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen" says Silman.
"Eating cherries, in fact, is not dissimilar to taking ibuprofen on a daily basis. However, we'd like to see additional clinical trials to further investigate and provide confirmation of this effect," he adds. | <urn:uuid:153d7384-8a64-4f0f-89f6-979ab2e0783f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/250862.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97248 | 815 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Dry Mouth Causes
Dry mouth is more than just feeling thirsty. You get it when your mouth makes very little saliva -- or even none at all. What little saliva you have might be thick and stringy. Saliva helps you taste food and drinks and it helps you digest food. It flushes food particles away from your teeth and helps prevent tooth decay. Another name for dry mouth is xerostomia.
More than 400 types of medications can cause dry mouth, including:
- non-prescription drugs for allergies and cold symptoms, and
- many prescription drugs for high blood pressure,
- overactive bladder, and
- mental health issues.
You can also get dry mouth after some medical treatments such as cancer radiation, which can hurt the glands that make saliva. Chemotherapy sometimes causes saliva to thicken and make the mouth feel dry.
Quick GuideOral Health: Dry Mouth Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is dry mouth?
Dry mouth is a condition that results from a decreased volume of saliva in the mouth. Dry mouth is also called xerostomia. Xerostomia can make it difficult to speak, eat, and digest food and can lead to malnutrition. Extreme dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction can produce significant anxiety, permanent mouth and throat disorders, and can impair a person's quality of life.
How common is dry mouth?
Dry mouth affects about 10% of all people and tends to be more prevalent in women than men. Disorders of saliva production affect elderly people and those who are taking prescription and nonprescription medications most frequently.
What are the benefits of saliva?
Saliva is an essential part of a healthy mouth and is often taken for granted. The lubricating properties of saliva provide comfort and help protect the oral tissues against ulcers, sores, and other frictional movements that accompany normal eating and speaking. Saliva neutralizes acids and helps defend against tooth decay, and bacterial, viral, or fungal threats. Saliva helps digest food and helps teeth in remineralization. Saliva is also a very essential contributor to a person's ability to taste, as it acts as a solvent for the taste stimuli. When saliva volume is insufficient, all of these functions are impaired.
What causes dry mouth?
There are many causes of dry mouth. Dry mouth most commonly occurs as a side effect of medications that cause decreased saliva production, including high blood pressure medications, antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, narcotics, and many others. There are over 400 commonly used medications that can cause dry mouth. Other causes of dry mouth include dehydration, radiation treatments to treat cancerous tumors of the head and neck, salivary gland diseases, removal of salivary glands, diabetes, smoking, using chewing tobacco, hormonal imbalances, mouth breathing, sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, mumps, and autoimmune disorders such as Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV/AIDS, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Eating disorders, such as bulimia and anorexia, are other risk factors for developing xerostomia. Salivary production can be decreased if a major salivary duct becomes blocked, such as from a salivary stone or infection. Dry mouth will often occur during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to dehydration and hormonal changes. Other risk factors include stress, anxiety, and depression. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease often lead to dehydration, making a person constantly at risk for dry mouth. These along with stroke can cause a perception of dry mouth even if salivary function is adequate, due to the diminished ability to perceive oral sensations. Nerve damage or trauma to the head and neck can affect the nerves that provide sensation to the mouth and result in a feeling of dry mouth.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 2/11/2016 | <urn:uuid:60525f96-6dca-4eae-9254-7532a409fa04> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicinenet.com/dry_mouth/article.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936471 | 811 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Simple Definition of oppressive
: very cruel or unfair
: very unpleasant or uncomfortable
Full Definition of oppressive
1 : unreasonably burdensome or severe <oppressive legislation>
2 : tyrannical
3 : overwhelming or depressing to the spirit or senses <an oppressive climate>
Examples of oppressive in a sentence
The country is ruled by an oppressive regime.
I think these laws are oppressive.
This region suffers from oppressive heat in the summer months.
The situation was extremely tense; no one said a word, and the silence was oppressive.
First Known Use of oppressive
Synonym Discussion of oppressive
OPPRESSIVE Defined for Kids
Definition of oppressive for Students
1 : cruel or harsh without just cause <oppressive laws>
2 : very unpleasant or uncomfortable <oppressive heat>
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up oppressive? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:43b1b16b-4f3d-442b-92a8-e13b49aaafcc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oppressiveness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92608 | 197 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Simple Definition of oregano
: an herb that has green leaves with a sweet smell which are used in cooking
Full Definition of oregano
1 : a bushy perennial mint (Origanum vulgare) that is used as a seasoning and a source of aromatic oil —called also origanum, wild marjoram
2 : any of several plants (genera Lippia and Coleus) other than oregano of the vervain or mint families
Examples of oregano in a sentence
The recipe calls for a tablespoon of chopped oregano.
Origin and Etymology of oregano
American Spanish orégano, from Spanish, wild marjoram, from Latin origanum — more at origanum
First Known Use: 1771
Rhymes with oregano
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Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up oregano? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:08390b3a-d071-434a-9319-ba5c8ef35780> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oregano | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.733062 | 460 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The modern woman wears a number of hats. As a consequence, each woman is different and unique in her own way. She may be a mother, an aunty, a grandmother. She could be a student, a worker, a full-time carer. She may love to read, play sports or fix a car. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has recognised the diversity amongst its female members and created a women’s organisation, the Relief Society, to accommodate each of these wonderfully individual children of God.
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In 1842, Relief Society began with the purpose of strengthening women and their communities. In the early days of Relief Society, women would spend their time caring for the spiritual and physical needs of others. The motto, "Charity Never Faileth", was adopted and the women from Relief Society would gather round and help a new mother give birth, care for sick children and provide much needed moral support for those in need.
The early Relief Society worked to fund medical training for women, make and market homemade goods, make their own silk, store grain for relief, build hospitals, secure suffrage and establish adoption services and programs of loans and grants to women.
Since then, Relief Society has become a worldwide women’s organisation which provides much needed aid and support to those around them, spreading across countries and continents. The twenty women in one township in Nauvoo, Illinois, who first participated in sewing circles and helped birth children, could never have imagined the 6 million women in 170 countries who continue the legacy of charity which makes such a profound impact on the world today.
Today, Relief Society is composed of women 18 years and over divided into geographical groups consistent with the geography of each ward (parish) and stake (diocese) of the Church. Each group has a president and two counsellors who oversee and co-ordinate the service and fellowship effort. When a young woman from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints turns 18 years old, she automatically becomes a member of Relief Society.
The modern-day mission of Relief Society includes increasing personal faith and righteousness, strengthening homes and families, and seeking out and helping those in need, whether members of the Church, of other faiths, or no faith at all.
Relief Society members are always prepared to help others, often at the drop of a hat. A perfect example of charity is that of Joy, a member of Relief Society in Brisbane. Joy discovered that a friend became ill and bed-ridden early in her pregnancy. For the remaining months of her confinement and a few months after the baby was born, Joy’s son would pick up ironing from the new mother. Joy would complete the ironing and deliver it back to the new mother, with a box of biscuits or large square of chocolate, which the family couldn’t afford at the time. That simple act of service has been long-remembered.
Joy said about that particular experience, “It was a pleasure. That’s what my life is about, giving service. I like to do it, but I like to do it in secret, I don’t like getting recognition for it,” hence the reason this article does not reveal her full name.
The woman who received the service said, “I’ve always remembered that wonderful example of pure charity. Just the length of time (7 to 8 months) that service was given was stunning. The example taught to me by those sisters who helped me during that time is something I try really hard to incorporate into my own life. Joy is indeed an example of true charity, it really is what her life is about.”
In Queensland, Relief Society began in West End in 1898 and has grown to 15,000 members throughout the state. There are currently 75 Relief Societies in Queensland. These numbers are consistent with the numbers in other Australian states. Queensland women have completed many projects meeting local needs, as well as those that are interstate and overseas.
Hygiene kits have been sent to third-world countries and also to disaster-stricken areas within Australia. Book bags have been sewn and sent to local primary schools, and groups have conducted book and toy drives to replenish lost books and toys when areas have been devastated by various weather events.
When a natural disaster strikes, the local Relief Society often gathers bed linen, food, toys, hygiene supplies and other goods and delivers them where they are needed.
Around Australia there have been great examples of service provided by local Relief Societies where the aid has gone to other countries, often third-world countries. In Adelaide, Perth and Canberra, women put together birthing kits, in Melbourne women sewed sanitary napkins, in Sydney supplies were gathered and distributed to women recovering from domestic violence.
Closer to home, the Relief Society does not wait for big disasters to serve their neighbour. Many dinners have been cooked and served to ill families, quilts have been given to infants, babysitting services have been provided, and also a listening ear has been lent to anyone who needs a little time just to talk and be supported.
As one of the world’s largest women’s organisations, Relief Society shows what women can achieve when they work together. Combining will-power, strength in numbers and care and empathy for our neighbours, Relief Society will continue to stretch forth their hand to give charity to those in need.
This article written by Sue Owen and Tahnee Bresil. | <urn:uuid:af127879-905a-44c7-9d62-8ca3718af898> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mormonnewsroom.org.au/article/women%E2%80%99s-group-cares-for-others-internationally | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964286 | 1,237 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Desiree Bell is inspired by botanicals and natural materials. She is a vegetarian who has a certificate in herbal studies and a certificate from Australasian College of Health Sciences in Aromatherapy. When she isn't in her suburban garden, hiking or crafting, she is teaching pre-k with an emphasis on nature and gardening. For more ideas on Simple Living With Nature you can visit her blogs at www.beyondagarden.blogspot.com and www.kidsnaturespot.blogspot.com.
There is a distinct smell this time of year in the town where I live. "Yek," is what most people say. The smell is the sugar beets processed at the Amalgamated Sugar Company. When thinking about what to write this month, a thought occurred to me, "I’ll go get one of those sugar beets off the road and make my own sugar for an article about sugar scrubs." Trucks hauling beets from neighboring towns get off the freeway on their way to the sugar factory and some of the beets from the load fall to the side of the road.
Sugar beets look like very large, cream colored carrots. Sugar is produced in the leaves of the sugar beet plant and stored in the root. They are harvested late-September until mid-February or early March. To process beets into sugar they are washed and sliced into thin strips. Sugar juice is extracted from the strips with hot water. The raw juice is purified with lime and carbon dioxide, then filtered and concentrated. It is then evaporated further in a batch vacuum pan and the sugar is crystallized. Then the sugar crystals are separated in a centrifuge, washed and dried.
Sugar beets can be grown in cooler regions and on land of poor quality, which makes them an attractive alternative to cane sugar because they are cheaper to grow. Sugar cane requires a tropical environment where land is often at a premium in cost.
If store bought sugar doesn't say it's made from sugar cane on the packaging, then the sugar is most likely from beets. Even though they come from two different plants, beet and cane sugar are the same compound. But some say cane sugar is superior to beet sugar.
One cold dreary day after work I headed over to the sugar beet factory, parked my car down the road from the freeway off-ramp and picked up one big beet. When I arrived home I searched the internet on how to make sugar from beets, then proceeded to try and make it. I documented the process with my camera, which is on my blog Beyond A Garden. The sugar didn’t turn out exactly how it was supposed to, but I did use the ¾ cup of brownish, moist beet tasting "sugar" to make banana muffins. The muffins turned out good and with no beet taste.
Here is a beet sugar body scrub I created for dry skin.
• 1 tablespoon shea butter
• 1 tablespoon coconut oil
• 8 ounces beet sugar
• 1 teaspoon glycerin
• ½ ounce sunflower oil
• 1,600 IU vitamin E
• 30 to 40 drops of essential oils (depends on which oils you use)
1. Put the beet sugar in a bowl.
2. Melt shea butter and coconut oil in a small pan on low heat.
3. Remove from heat: Add glycerin, sunflower oil, vitamin E and essential oils to melted shea butter and coconut oil. Mix well.
4. Add the mixture to the beet sugar. Mix well.
5. Use to exfoliate and remove dead skin, which will create soft, smooth and glowing skin. Be aware that you tub or shower will be slippery after you use the scrub. | <urn:uuid:2c6e4972-1e6e-4eb8-9b76-0611537510de> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.motherearthliving.com/Natural-Health/diy-beet-sugar-body-scrub.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953155 | 777 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is the Ultimate Jell-O® Shot?
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the highest possible concentration of alcohol attainable in a Jell-O shot, while still maintaining the structural integrity (i.e., the gelling properties) of the gelatin. For the purposes of our study, structural integrity was defined as the ability of the gelatin to hold its shape when removed from its container. Recipes for Jell-O shots are often accompanied by the explanation that only a certain amount of liquor can be added to Jell-O shots, the reason being that a minimum amount of water is necessary to enable the gelatin to gel, and too much alcohol will prevent this. How much water is enough? Or more to the point, how much alcohol is too much? As you will see, too much is much, much more than we would have guessed.
Lots and Lots of Jell-O Shots
This study utilized 80 proof (40% alcohol) vodka and Jell-O brand gelatin dessert of various flavors, with parallel tests on both the regular and sugar-free varieties. To this end, we made over two dozen batches of Jell-O shots, and exhausted the contents of nearly five 1.75 liter bottles of vodka.
Our initial attempt to prepare gelatin using pure vodka was an out-and-out failure. This experiment, in which we added a few tablespoons of gelatin to 4 oz. of vodka, resulted in a grainy liquid with partially dissolved gelatin sediment which did not respond to chilling. This attempt failed for an obvious reason: Dry gelatin is composed of colloidal proteins. These proteins form chains that require hot water to break them down, so that they can then reform as a semisolid colloidal suspension incorporating the added water. Pure alcohol cannot be heated (without evaporation) enough to initially break down the proteins.
We then undertook the traditional method of Jell-O shot preparation, using a recipe with typical proportions as a control. (It should be noted that we used American standard ounce measurements for this experiment, rather than metric measurements, because Jell-O shot recipes are typically measured in ounces or cups.)
This formula represents a modification of the recipe on the Jell-O box, but simply substitutes an amount of vodka for a portion of the cold water originally called for. The total amount of liquid added to the solution is 16 oz. However, we observed that, when dissolved, the 3 oz. of (lime) gelatin and sugar added approximately 2 oz. to the volume of the mixture, for a total of 18 oz. of fluid. If we calculate the percentage of alcohol, given that the vodka is 40% ABV (alcohol by volume), the percentage of alcohol in 18 oz. of solution is 11%. This is comparable to that of a vodka and tonic containing 2 oz. of vodka and 4 oz. tonic water (13.3% ABV, usually less when ordered at a bar). A taste test of this batch confirmed this finding: the gelatin tasted like a slightly watered down vodka-based drink.
Each of these shots contains at least an ounce of liquor
Our next step was to increase the amount of vodka while decreasing the amount of water, maintaining a constant of 16 oz. total liquid in the mixture. We reduced the total amount of water to 8 oz., or one cup – 4 oz. of boiling water and 4 oz. of cold water. We increased the amount of vodka to 8 oz. (one cup). After adding the boiling and cold water to the (lime) gelatin, we observed some undissolved gelatin residue clinging to the glass measuring cup, and noted that there seemed to be some undissolved sugar crystals in the liquid. Nevertheless, this batch produced satisfactory results, with a less sweet and distinctly pronounced strong alcohol flavor. Comparing these to the original batch of Jell-O shots, we noted a slight difference in clarity: the control batch was crystal clear, while the higher alcohol batch seemed slightly cloudy. The original recipe shots also seemed to have a firmer texture and more defined edges when “broken.”
We continued the experiment by again increasing the amount of vodka to 10 oz., while decreasing the total water to 6 oz. (4 oz. boiling water, 2 oz. cold water, cherry Jell-O). Again, these proportions produced satisfactory results. We then did away with the cold water all together, dissolving 3 oz. of (orange) gelatin in 4 oz. boiling water (stirring for two minutes per package instructions), and then stirring in 12 oz. of vodka as if adding the cold water directed by the package. This batch produced satisfactory results. The gelatin was still firm, if a bit clouded.
There’s Always Room for…More Alcohol
Having established that plain hot water was only necessary in the Jell-O shot recipe to dissolve the gelatin initially, we made an attempt to ascertain the minimum amount of water required for this purpose. We made two separate batches of Jell-O using 3 oz. of boiling water to dissolve the powder. We observed a high amount of sediment in the dissolved solution and noted that it did not seem that the gelatin nor the sugar was completely dissolved. We added 13 oz. and 16 oz. to the grape and blue berry flavored batches respectively. Both failed to gel firmly, producing a cloudy, semi-gelled sludge.
Our next batch, which used 4 oz. boiling water and 13 oz. vodka (lemon Jell-O) proved that the failure of the previous batches was due not to the concentration of alcohol, but due to inadequate boiling water to completely dissolve the Jell-O and sugar. Indeed, we were able to achieve substantially higher concentrations of alcohol while maintaining a good “gel factor” as long as the powder was completely dissolved in 4 oz. of boiling water.
Ultimately we determined that the breaking point of a Jell-O shot – the point at which the gelatin began to lose its structural integrity (i.e., ability to gel and hold its shape) is somewhere between 19 and 20 oz. of vodka per 3 oz. package of Jell-O powder. That’s at least 14 oz. (1 2/3 cups) more than the 5 oz. of vodka in the original Jell-O shot recipe. The Jell-O shots we made with 19 oz. of vodka (lime) held their shape nicely when unmolded, whereas the shots made with 20 oz. (grape) began to slide apart, and the shots made with 21 oz. (orange) quickly disintegrated. The batch containing 19 oz. of liquor was 76% vodka by volume, and 30% pure alcohol by volume, very close to taking a straight shot of vodka.
The breaking point for Jell-O shots made with sugar-free gelatin came at 24 oz. per 4-serving package dissolved in 3 oz. boiling water. The batch made with sugar-free lime Jell-O and 24 oz. of vodka remained firm after unmolding, while the batches made with 25 oz. vodka and 26 oz. vodka (both sugar-free raspberry) exhibited noticeable softening and rapid disintegration respectively. The batch of Jell-O shots made with 24 oz. of vodka were 88.88% liquor, which translates to 35% pure alcohol by volume.
To determine if any alcohol was being lost due to evaporation or boiling off during the mixing process, we measured the temperature of the Jell-O solution after the powder was dissolved in boiling water, at the point just before the alcohol was to be added. After a few minutes of stirring, the hot water-Jell-O mixture had cooled to around 100F, or 37.7C. Since this is well below the boiling point of ethanol (78.6C), we feel confident that no alcohol was being lost due to the heat of the solution.
Some Jell-O shot recipes suggest chilling the vodka before adding it to the Jell-O mixture. Since alcohol evaporation is not an issue, we see no advantage to this practice other than possibly accelerating the rate at which the Jell-O shots gel. Although we did not time how long it took the Jell-O to gel, in most cases it seemed to take longer than four hours to reach maximum firmness.
This experiment was conducted using 80 proof (40% ABV) vodka only. Higher proofs of alcohol may yield different results.
So How Did They Taste?
The “classic” Jell-O shot recipe (with 5 oz. vodka per 3 oz. Jell-O powder) yields a crisp, clear gelatin with a firm and resilient texture and a mild alcohol flavor. Increasing the amount of vodka to 8 oz. reduced the sweetness and increased the taste of the alcohol noticeably, but not to the point that it was overwhelming. Up to around 14 oz. of vodka per batch, the texture of the gelatin remained relatively firm and the taste of the vodka strong but not unpleasant. At concentrations of alcohol higher than 14 oz., the gelatin began to seem a bit soft and slimy, and the liquor began to overwhelm the flavoring in the gelatin. Differences in taste and texture between the regular and sugar-free Jell-O shots were negligible, especially as the percentage of alcohol increased.
Subjectively, we found the lime and orange Jell-O to taste the best (i.e., most similar to a vodka-based mixed drink), followed by the lemon and cherry flavors. At the highest concentrations of alcohol, the cherry Jell-O began to taste unpleasantly like cough syrup. We do not recommend the Berry Blue or grape flavors of Jell-O for this recipe.
Although the proportion of alcohol to be added to Jell-O shots is partly a matter of taste, the typical Jell-O shot recipe greatly underestimates the amount of alcohol that can be added to Jell-O while still maintaining the gelatin’s setting properties. As long as a minimum amount of boiling water is used to completely dissolve the gelatin powder (4 oz. boiling water per 3 oz. package Jell-O), an amount of 80 proof alcohol up to 19 oz. can be added and the Jell-O will still gel. With sugar-free Jell-O, the minimum amount of boiling water necessary is 3 oz., and up to 24 oz. of 80 proof alcohol can be added and the Jell-O will still gel.
An additional finding of this experiment was that more liquid in general (i.e., more water) can be added to Jell-O than is recommended by the package instructions, and the gelatin will still gel. That is to say, you can add a total of 3 cups or 24 oz. of water (as opposed to the 16 oz. called for in the package directions) to a four-serving package of regular gelatin (27 oz. of water if the Jell-O is sugar free) and the gelatin will still gel. This means you can potentially get one third more servings from a package of Jell-O by adding extra water.
A Word of CautionAs a word of warning to those who might attempt to duplicate this experiment at home, be aware that it produces Jell-O shots that have four or more times the alcohol content of regular Jell-O shots. They are essentially the equivalent of taking a straight shot of vodka. If you choose to test the results of your own Jell-O shot experiment by ingesting them, please do so responsibly. | <urn:uuid:8bfc9d86-d0f5-46bf-a635-f906c0183603> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.myscienceproject.org/j-shot.html?result | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95088 | 2,380 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Hierarchical porous carbon/graphene (HPC/HPG) materials have been intensively investigated over the past decades. These materials are demonstrated as promising electrode materials for various systems, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, with a remarkable capacity, high efficiency, long stability, and excellent rate capability. Researchers have now proposed the employment of hierarchical porous calcium oxide (CaO) particles as effective catalytic template for the facile CVD growth of graphene.
Due to the high concentration of silica in rice husks, most of the present research focuses on the preparation of silicon-based materials, which exhibit broad applications in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, energy storage, etc. There is also a large amount of organic components in rice husks, which is typically wasted in the preparation of these silica materials. Researchers now have developed an advanced method for the comprehensive use of rice husks. They fabricated high quality graphene quantum dots from the organic components of rice husks, and simultaneously obtained mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a high surface area from the inorganic content.
A scientist has discovered a previously unknown three-dimensional nanostructure consisting of graphene sheets. Graphene is a single monolayer of carbon atoms forming a hexagonal two-dimensional crystal lattice. The discovered nanostructure is a multilayer system of parallel hollow channels with quadrangular cross-section extending along the surface. The discovered nanostructure looked so extraordinary that it took some time to understand what it actually was. The structure was dramatically different from whatever had previously been observed on graphite.
Adding to the options for wirelessly powering implants from outside the body, researchers are proposing a light-driven powering device using near infrared rays (nIR). Flashing light impulses, which are absorbed by the device, induce temperature fluctuation, thus generating voltage/current pulses which can be used for charging a battery or biological stimulations. This flexible and compact device can generate electrical pulses with controllable amplitude and width when remotely irradiated by nIR. Not only can it supply power to implantable bioelectronics, but it also provides adjustable electrical pulses for nerve stimulation.
The complexity of the microenvironment of a biological cell is influenced by many factors, including surface topography and chemistry; matrix stiffness; mechanical stress; molecular liquid composition and other physiochemical parameters. However, most artificial biointerfaces are developed based on just a single chemical or physical factor to direct cell behaviors. The functions performed by these artificial biointerfaces are far simpler than those performed in the natural cell microenvironment. In an effort to more closely mimic a cell's natural environment, researchers have fabricated an antibody modified reduced graphene oxide platform and used it to significantly improve the efficiency for capturing circulating tumor cells.
Given the huge economic incentives, corrosion prevention and protection is a major business. The advanced materials that are being developed and used in modern industries require increasingly sophisticated coatings for improved performance and durability. Take for example the case of microbially induced corrosion (MIC) - one of the lesser understood forms of corrosion where micro-organisms manifest metallic surfaces and induce substantial damage that often goes unnoticed until there is a loss in the component functionality. New research features graphene as a promising novel surface coating that can be used to minimize metallic corrosion under harsh microbial conditions.
A carbon material with high electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, tunable pore structure, mechanically robust framework, and high chemical stability is an important requirement for advanced electrochemical energy storage. However, neither porous carbon or sp2 carbon can full meet these requirements yet. How to create a conductive carbon material with especially large pore volume, and hence large surface area, has therefore been a key focus in electrode research.
Synthesis of holey two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets with defined hole morphology and hole edge structures remains a great challenge for graphene. It is also an issue for other 2D nanomaterials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and molybdenum disulfide. In new work, researchers have reported a facile, controllable, and scalable method to carve geometrically defined pit/hole shapes and edges on h-BN basal plane surfaces via oxidative etching in air using silver nanoparticles as catalysts. | <urn:uuid:4829b2f8-068f-4f1a-a2ac-11c0963ed4f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nanowerk.com/category-spotlight.php?page=2&cat=gra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930598 | 900 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Sounding Rockets Launch Status
WALLOPS ISLAND, VA – NASA is postponing the launch of two suborbital sounding rockets from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia on July 15 to no earlier than 2012. The rockets are carrying experiments to study the ionosphere.
The postponement will allow scientists to review the results from two previous rockets launched from Wallops on July 10 and make adjustments to the project to enhance the science data obtained during the flights.
Further information on the mission is available on the Internet at:
The next launch currently scheduled at the Wallops Flight Facility is a Terrier-Improved Orion suborbital sounding rocket carrying experiments from four universities. The launch is set for 7 to 10 a.m. July 21. The backup launch day is July 22.
NASA has postponed the launch attempt from the Wallops Flight Facility of two suborbital sounding rockets scheduled for Thursday, July 14. The postponement is to allow the project team time review the weather launch commit criteria. The Black Brant V and Terrier-Improved Orion will carry experiments to study the ionosphere. Today’s scheduled attempt was canceled to provide the launch team time to prepare and test the launch vehicles and payloads. The next attempt is no earlier than Friday, July 15 between 9:30 a.m. and 1 p.m EDT.
NASA has scheduled the next launch attempt from the Wallops Flight Facility of two suborbital sounding rockets for 9:30 a.m. to 1 p.m., Wednesday, July 13. The rockets, which will be launched 15 seconds apart, will be carrying experiments to study the ionosphere. Following the successful launches of two similar rockets on Sunday, launch teams today and tomorrow are preparing the next two rockets and payloads for flight.
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Two rockets (Terrier-Orion (left), Black Brant V (right)) successfully launched on Sunday at 10am EDT to study currents in Earth's ionosphere. Credit: NASA
The weather cooperated on Sunday, July 10, and the first two sounding rockets launched at 10 AM ET from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility. The launch came after five days of waiting for perfect conditions to collect good science data in Earth's lower atmosphere – namely clear skies and a strong electric current running through the ionosphere. Such conditions were needed both to measure that current and to track the way neutral winds move through the region.
The second two rockets – which will collect similar data for comparison -- will launch no earlier than July 12, with backup days from July 13 to 23.
NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility has rescheduled the launch of two NASA sounding rockets carrying experiments to study the ionosphere to no earlier than July 9 so that Wallops range assets can support the final launch of the Space Shuttle. The launches have been postponed three times since July 5 because of unacceptable weather. The launch window is 9:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. The backup launch days run through July 23. The rockets may be visible in the Wallops area. The launch will be web cast beginning at 8:30 a.m. on launch day.
The rockets have not yet launched because scientific and weather conditions have not been perfect.
For regular updates on launch timing please visit:
For more information regarding the science for this mission, visit: | <urn:uuid:71f1b7f9-4443-4dc8-8915-8b32be3822af> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/soundingRocket-status.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926566 | 708 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Deserts are among the harshest habitats on Earth. Baking sun scorches the earth during the day, and temperatures plummet at night. Water and food are scarce, so the desert animals that make their home in the desert must be hardy and adaptable.
One of only two species of venomous lizards in the world.
In the desert trees are scarce, so the Gila woodpecker makes it home inside the giant saguaro cactus.
Nesting beneath deserts, shrublands and prairies gives this hardy owl a home away from the heat.
Speed is the most famous characteristic of this desert bird.
Highly developed back legs, and a powerful ability to jump give this species its name. | <urn:uuid:706cd080-1c0e-4b92-a4db-e9de8a9ab4ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/specialfeatures/animals/desert-animals.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929032 | 151 | 3.234375 | 3 |
They say that for the ancient Greeks, the ultimate curse was insatiability. Hearing that, we tend to think of an unquenchable appetite for food and drink. In truth, physical hunger and thirst may be among the least of the gluttony issues for the Christian community. Today’s readings bring us to reflect on prestige, power and wealth as cravings that can be extremely detrimental to our individual and communal following of Jesus.
The reading from Numbers relates a chapter in the life of Moses. One of the greatest figures of the Hebrew Scriptures, Moses, like many other great ones, was a reluctant prophet and leader. When he was called, he tried to wiggle out of it; avoiding mention of the fact that he was a murderer in hiding (Exodus 2:11-15), he tried to convince God that nobody would believe him. God then bestowed on him miraculous powers (Exodus 4:1-9). But Moses, whether from self-deprecation or reluctance to return to the scene of his crime, insisted that he was too slow of speech to speak on God’s behalf. Eventually, of course, God won: Moses, with the help of Aaron, led his people out of slavery, but not without continual problems.
As we encounter Moses today, his most recent troubles have led him to complain about the people, insisting that he couldn’t continue as nursemaid to God’s unruly and grumbling children (Numbers 11:1-15). To help him, God gave others a share in Moses’ charisms for leadership. With that, a new problem originated. Because God’s gift was not restricted to those who gathered in the appointed place, jealousy reared its head; a runner arrived tattling on two prophets back in camp who had not followed the rules. Refusing to be taken in by their pettiness, Moses showed his willingness to share leadership, saying that he prayed that all the people would receive such gifts from God. Moses eye was fixed on the mission, not on his rank.
Our reading from James shows him following the lead of the Hebrew prophets. He proclaimed that the wealthy have dug their own graves, where they, like the goods and treasure they have hoarded, will soon be obliterated. We need to remember that it was not their wealth that condemned them, but the fact that they stockpiled it only for themselves. James highlights the fact that they could not possibly use it all and, in spite of enjoying such extraordinary surplus, they cheated their laborers.
What does his message have to say to us who may not have a great store of gold in the basement or moth-infested furs in the closet? Throughout his letter, James has been quite clear in calling the community to recognize that God is the source of all gifts, that the Christian has a special obligation to the poor, that faith must manifest itself in works of justice, and that jealousy and unbounded ambition destroy the community and are the seeds of war.
We are beginning autumn, the time when nature begins her slow descent toward winter sleep. This passage from James suggests that while others are harvesting, this is a perfect time for us to review our budgets and storage bins, to see what we have that others need more than we do, and to give away at least some of what is good, but not essential to our well-being.
While James focused on material wealth, Mark’s Jesus refocuses our attention on the message we heard in the first reading. Now it is John who is jealous of someone whom he saw as impinging on the exclusive privilege of the apostles. This is one of those incidents in which a hapless apostle spoke up only to leave himself wide open to Jesus’ critique. John expressed his distress at the fact that others “who don’t follow us” were using Jesus’ name to exorcise demons.
Both the vocabulary and the content of his complaint expose his error. Poor John unwittingly admitted that he thought workers for the kingdom should have been following not Jesus, but “us,” ranking himself and the disciples with Jesus and greater than all others. His grievance demonstrated all too clearly that his focus was on authority and prestige rather than the mission. Jesus warned his disciples against the scandal of clinging to rank and honor rather than making the spread of the kingdom their priority. As we hear these readings proclaimed, we need to take a good look in the mirror, asking ourselves how easily we might distort our Christian vocation by allowing our appetite for goods, prestige or power to override our hunger and thirst for the kingdom and its justice.
[Mary M. McGlone is a Sister of St. Joseph of Carondelet. She is a freelance writer and executive director of FUVIRESE USA, a charitable foundation that supports work with people with disabilities in Ecuador.] | <urn:uuid:503e612f-8f16-42af-a5ee-9108aa27ef2b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ncronline.org/print/blogs/spiritual-reflections/hunger-thirst-justice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976788 | 998 | 2.515625 | 3 |
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Sunday, June 26, 2016
Newborn and Infant Care
what is the prognosis for twins being born at 29 weeks?
Management of a twin pregnancy is different than a single pregnancy. Women who are pregnant with twins are at greater risk for a number of complications including preterm labor and delivery, hypertension, anemia, dysfunctional labor and postpartum hemorrhage. The risk for a preterm delivery (delivery prior to 38 weeks gestation) depends upon a number of factors. In addition to the twin pregnancy, some of the other risk factors include maternal age of 18-20 and over 40 years, single parent, height less than five feet, weight less than one hundred pounds, history of abortions, history of preterm birth, working outside the home, smoking more than half a pack per day of cigarettes, unusual fatigue and weight gain less than twelve pounds by 32 weeks. Based on your personal history and situation your own health care provider can discuss with you your individual risk for delivery of twins at twenty-nine weeks.
Tina Weitkamp, RNC, MSN
Associate Professor of Clinical Nursing
College of Nursing
University of Cincinnati | <urn:uuid:301a6230-410d-4931-b90b-b0afc85e2793> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.netwellness.org/question.cfm/24447.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934961 | 269 | 2.59375 | 3 |
NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Sunday, June 26, 2016
African American Health
Diet and Exercise
Has any research been done in the area of African American women and diet and exercise, specifically?
1) Do African Americans over cook their vegetables? If so, is this practice unhealthy?
2) Do African Americans women exercise to little?
3) Do African Americans want their children to exercise?
4) Do African Americans see dance as a form of exercise?
This is a very interesting question. I did a literature search using PubMed and found many references to weight loss and exercise in the female African American population as well as in children. Dance was only addressed in one article specifically.
I was unable to locate any research on vegetable preparation. I can tell you that overcooking (such as in boiling or frying) vegetables will destroy many vitamins contained in them and would, therefore, make them less nutritious. Frying vegetables will add extra calories to an otherwise low calorie food, which could contribute to weight gain.
All of your questions seem to be wonderful research project topics. I suggest that you explore the search engine “PubMed” for more specifics. I have listed a some of the references I found that may be of interest to you. I hope this is helpful to you.
- Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Dyer AR, VanHorn L, KauferChristoffel K. A community-based obesity prevention program for minority children: rationale and study design for Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Prev Med. 2002 Feb;34(2):289-97.
- Breitkopf CR, Berenson AB. Correlates of weight loss behaviors among low-income African-American, Caucasian, and Latina women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Feb;103(2):231-9.
- James DC. Gender differences in body mass index and weight loss strategies among African Americans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Oct;103(10):1360-2.
- July F, Hawthorne D, Elliot J, Robinson W. Weight management behaviors of African American female college students. ABNF J. 2003 May-Jun;14(3):71-2.
- Thompson VJ, Baranowski T, Cullen KW, Rittenberry L, Baranowski J, Taylor WC, Nicklas T. Influences on diet and physical activity among middle-class African American 8- to 10-year-old girls at risk of becoming obese. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2003 May-Jun;35(3):115-23.
- Wilcox S, Richter DL, et al. Perceptions of physical activity and personal barriers and enablers in African-American women. Ethn Dis. 2002 Summer;12(3):353-62.
- Karanja N, Stevens VJ, Hollis JF, Kumanyika SK. Steps to soulful living (steps): a weight loss program for African-American women. Ethn Dis. 2002 Summer;12(3):363-71.
- Young DR, Gittelsohn J, et al. Motivations for exercise and weight loss among African-American women: focus group results and their contribution towards program development. Ethn Health. 2001 Aug-Nov;6(3-4):227-45.
- Davis L. Exercise and dietary behaviors in African American elders: stages of change in efficacy expectancies. ABNF J. 2000 May-Jun;11(3):56-8.
- Resnicow K, Yaroch AL, Davis A, Wang DT, Carter S, Slaughter L, Coleman D, Baranowski T. GO GIRLS!: results from a nutrition and physical activity program for low-income, overweight African American adolescent females. Health Educ Behav. 2000 Oct;27(5):616-31.
- Guidry ML, Wilson AM. Health promoting behaviors of African-American registered nurses. ABNF J. 1999 Mar-Apr;10(2):37-42.
Jane Korsberg, MS, RD, LD
Senior Instructor of Nutrition
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University | <urn:uuid:f05bf2ed-7571-4564-8b58-0763edbc7a49> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.netwellness.uc.edu/question.cfm/38981.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869422 | 901 | 2.515625 | 3 |
REMEMBERING IWO JIMA
COVENTRY - When the United States entered World War II following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, David Reed of Craftsbury was being raised on a small farm and attending school. Little did Reed know that a few years later he would be drafted and end up fighting in perhaps the most brutal battle in the war.By 1945, Allied Forces in the Pacific were driving Japan's Imperial Army back from its occupation of the Philippines, Guam, Midway and the Solomon Islands, among others. Iwo Jima attracted the Pacific Command's attention as the island is located 750 miles from the Japanese homeland and had two air bases on the eight-mile square teardrop shaped reef.The driving factor in the decision to take this tiny island was that the air bases would allow for emergency landings of B-29 bombers. The bombers had the range to strike the mainland from the Marinara Islands. The B-29's were used to transport atomic bombs, but were not reliable due in part to lack of materials and the engineering complexity of the aircraft. Fear of engine failure and the length of time it would take to construct more atomic bombs drove the decision to invade. For more of David Reed's enthralling story, see pages 1 & 12 of Monday's edition of the Newport Daily Express for Feb. 25, 2013. | <urn:uuid:2ed9e849-d431-4fda-8371-c9674a05af6d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.newportvermontdailyexpress.com/content/remembering-iwo-jima?quicktabs_2=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976668 | 281 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Researchers at The University of Western Australia have shown changes in a part of the brain previously not known to be involved in tinnitus generation.
The nerve cell types and the chemistry of the neural circuitry in this part of the brain differ subtly from those other parts of the brain previously thought to be involved. This means the results published in The Journal of Neuroscience could be potentially important for the future development of drug treatments.
Tinnitus is a potentially debilitating disorder of hearing which is characterised by the perception of non-existent sounds, usually roaring, hissing or ringing in the ears.
The changes in the brain that cause tinnitus are poorly understood. It is clear however that alterations in nerve cell electrical behaviour must underlie the abnormal "phantom" perception of sound that is experienced by tinnitus sufferers.
For many years, the exact site in the brain where this abnormal nerve cell behaviour occurs has been a contentious issue.
The research, performed by student Darryl Vogler, Professor Donald Robertson and Associate Professor Wilhelmina Mulders, has developed a reliable animal model which can induce tinnitus and also measure brain cell activity.
"This is an important step toward further research in this area," Associate Professor Mulders said.
"If we can establish a direct link between this increased brain cell activity and tinnitus we may be able to move a step closer to finding a way to treat tinnitus."
The paper titled Hyperactivity in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus after Cochlear Trauma concludes that hyperactivity in this part of the brainstem therefore needs to be considered in relation to further neural research into tinnitus. | <urn:uuid:9c103b50-94c9-4cf3-a2d4-5254af70bd2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201105043509/research/new-link-tinnitus-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945709 | 342 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Researchers Identify New Anti-Tumor Gene
Source Newsroom: Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU)
Newswise — Researchers from Virginia Commonwealth University have identified a new anti-tumor gene called SARI that can interact with and suppress a key protein that is overexpressed in 90 percent of human cancers. The discovery could one day lead to an effective gene therapy for cancer.
According to Paul B. Fisher, M.Ph., Ph.D., professor and chair of the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and director of the VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine in the VCU School of Medicine, and lead investigator of the study, this novel gene highlights a previously unrecognized molecular pathway underlying the anti-tumor action of interferon, INF.
In the study, published online in the Dec. 8 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report the discovery of a new gene named SARI, which was uncovered by a powerful technique pioneered in the Fisher laboratory known as subtraction hybridization. SARI, which is induced by a potent immune system modulator called interferon, was found to suppress growth and survival of tumor cells by interfering with the action of cancer cell molecules that drive cell division and promote survival.
The investigators delivered SARI to cancer cells using a virus and the infected cancer cells subsequently stopped dividing and died. Since 90 percent of all cancer types rely on a similar mechanism to proliferate and evade destruction, Fisher noted that SARI could be an effective anti-cancer treatment for many tumors.
"Additionally, IFNs are powerful immune modulating agents that contribute to the immune response to cancer and they are effective inhibitors of new blood vessel formation, the process of angiogenesis, which is obligatory for the growth of both primary and metastatic cancers," said Fisher, who is the first incumbent of the Thelma Newmeyer Corman Endowed Chair in Cancer Research with the VCU Massey Cancer Center.
Currently, IFNs are relevant in the clinical treatment of a number of solid tumors and hematological malignancies, such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, malignant glioma, lymphomas and leukemias, either as a monotherapy or as an adjuvant to chemotherapy of radiotherapy.
"We have uncovered a new way by which interferon can induce anti-tumor activity. The identification of SARI also provides a new potential reagent for the selective killing of tumor cells," said Fisher.
"The present study indicates that interferon can suppress cancer growth by inhibiting expression of a cancer-dependent transcription factor that controls genes that regulate cancer cell growth. The SARI gene may provide novel and selective gene therapy applications for cancer. It could also prove amenable for inhibiting proliferative disorders that depend on AP-1 activity," he said. AP-1 plays a key role in regulating proliferation and transformation of cancer cells.
The team is now developing improved approaches to more effectively target the delivery of SARI. Fisher said these studies will be crucial for exploiting the cancer-selective killing activity of this gene and enhancing its therapeutic applications.
This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foundation and the National Foundation for Cancer Research.
Fisher worked with a team that included VCU School of Medicine researchers Zaozhong Su, Ph.D., associate professor in the VCU Department of Human and Molecular Genetics; Devanand Sarkar, Ph.D., assistant professor and Harrison Endowed Scholar in Cancer Research at the VCU Massey Cancer Center, the VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine and the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics; Seok-Geun Lee, Ph.D., assistant professor at the VCU Massey Cancer Center and the Department of Human and Molecular Genetics; and Kristoffer Valerie, Ph.D., professor at the VCU Massey Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology; and Pankaj Gupta, Ph.D., senior research scientist, Immunomedics Inc., in Belleville, N.J.; Luni Emdad, Ph.D., assistant professor, Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York; Irina V. Lebdeva, Ph.D, senior scientist, Enzo Biochemicals Inc., Farmington New York.
EDITOR'S NOTE: A copy of the study is available for reporters by email request from [email protected].
About VCU and the VCU Medical Center: Virginia Commonwealth University is the largest university in Virginia and ranks among the top 100 universities in the country in sponsored research. Located on two downtown campuses in Richmond, VCU enrolls 32,000 students in 205 certificate and degree programs in the arts, sciences and humanities. Sixty-five of the programs are unique in Virginia, many of them crossing the disciplines of VCU's 15 schools and one college. MCV Hospitals and the health sciences schools of Virginia Commonwealth University compose the VCU Medical Center, one of the nation's leading academic medical centers. For more, see www.vcu.edu.
About the VCU Massey Cancer Center: The VCU Massey Cancer Center is one of 64 National Cancer Institute-designated institutions that leads and shapes America's cancer research efforts. Working with all kinds of cancers, the Center conducts basic, translational and clinical cancer research, provides state-of-the-art treatments and clinical trials, and promotes cancer prevention and education. Since 1974, Massey has served as an internationally recognized center of excellence. It offers more clinical trials than any other institution in Virginia, serving patients in Richmond and in four satellite locations. Its 1,000 researchers, clinicians and staff members are dedicated to improving the quality of human life by developing and delivering effective means to prevent, control and ultimately to cure cancer. Visit Massey online at www.massey.vcu.edu or call 1-877-4-MASSEY. | <urn:uuid:be2a2186-45bf-4d47-a71e-68c3b4464d80> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/547477/?sc=rsmn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935055 | 1,221 | 2.5625 | 3 |
CHU broadcast codes
CHU is a radio station in Canada that continuously broadcasts time of day information. It is operated by the National Research Council of Canada to disseminate official time across Canada, and around the world as permitted by ionospheric conditions. CHU transmits on 3330 kHz, 7850 kHz, and 14670 kHz using AM compatible modulation (upper sideband, carrier reinserted). Between 31 and 39 seconds (inclusive) past the minute, CHU transmits a time code which can be read by a computer with a Bell 103 compatible modem. This time code includes time of day UTC, day of year (1-366), Gregorian year (four digits), leap second warning, DUT1, TAI-UTC and a Canadian daylight time indicator.
The data is in the form of an FSK data stream. The frequencies are compatible with the Bell 103 standard: 2225 Hz mark and 2025 Hz space. The carrier is active between 0.010 and 0.510 seconds past the second. Each byte of data is encoded as one start bit, 8 data bits and two stop bits. There are ten bytes in each packet, and the last stop bit ends at precisely 500 ms past the second. (1 start bit + 8 data bits + 2 stop bits) x 10 characters = 110 bits. Each bit takes 1/300 of a second (300 bps). So the whole code takes 366.66... ms, and starts at 500 - 366.66... = 133.33... ms past the second. So graphically, each second looks like this:
The data stream itself consists of ten bytes. There are two formats: format "B" for second 31 and format "A" for seconds 32 through 39. Each format has 5 bytes of data, then 5 bytes of redundancy. The "A" format redundancy bytes are exactly the same as the data bytes. The "B" format redundancy bytes are exactly inverted (one's complement, NOT, XOR 0xff, etc) from the data bytes. This is how one can tell what sort of frame was received.
Once the data is received and the redundancy bytes are checked, the next thing to do is to swap the least and most significant nibbles in each byte. After doing all of this, the frames look like this:
A frame: 6d dd hh mm ss.
ddd is the day of the year. hh:mm:ss is the time UTC. 6 is a constant. Each nibble is a BCD digit.
B frame: xz yy yy tt aa.
z is the absolute value of DUT1 in tenths of a second. yyyy is the Gregorian year, tt is the BCD difference between TAI and UTC (in seconds), aa is a byte for a code number for the daylight saving time pattern in effect at this time across all time zones of Canada. The x is coded as follows:
Historically, since 1972, a leap second has been added just before 00:00:00 UTC on January 1 or July 1, at intervals of from 6 months to 2.5 years, depending on the irregular variations of the Earth's rotation. These are "positive leap seconds", and can be inserted at the end of each quarter of the year. Seconds are labeled:
Accessible version of "Examples of leap seconds.
- 23:59:58 23:59:59 23:59:60 00:00:00 UTC positive leap second
- 23:59:58 23:59:59 00:00:00 00:00:01 UTC no leap second
- 23:59:58 00:00:00 00:00:01 UTC negative leap second
Civil time scales around the world are based on UTC, and will all have the leap second occur at the same instant. International Atomic Time, TAI, does not use leap seconds. TAI may be calculated from the UTC time and the tt CHU code byte (remember it is nibble reversed): TAI = UTC + tt.Some other technical time scales are based on TAI, to avoid leap seconds. GPS system time, TDT and TT are examples. To calculate UT1, the time used for positional astronomy, surveying and navigation,
use UT1 = UTC + (z/10)s if x is even
or UT1 = UTC - (z/10)s if x is odd.
A sample A frame as received from the modem might look like this:
36 95 21 51 53 36 95 21 51 53
Note that these numbers are in hex. This translates to the 359th day of the year (Dec 25, or Dec 24 in a leap year), 12:15:35 UTC.
A sample B frame as received from the modem might look like this:
19 91 39 72 00 E6 6E C6 8D FF
This translates to a DUT1 of -0.1 s, year 1993, TAI-UTC=27 s, serial number 00 for Canada's daylight saving pattern.
- Date modified: | <urn:uuid:6bd70a24-1e2e-42b8-a150-42afcb8506d2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/broadcast_codes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904408 | 1,056 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Remarkable New Clothing May Someday Power Your iPodŽ
The promise of piezoelectric fiber pairs
Nanotechnology researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology are developing a shirt that harvests energy from the wearer's physical motion and converts it into electricity for powering small electronic devices worn by soldiers in the field, hikers and other users.
The research, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and described in the Feb. 14 issue of Nature, details how pairs of textile fibers covered with zinc oxide nanowires generate electricity in response to applied mechanical stress. Known as "the piezoelectric effect," the resulting current flow from many fiber pairs woven into a shirt or jacket could allow the wearer's body movement to power a range of portable electronic devices. The fibers could also be woven into curtains, tents or other structures to capture energy from wind motion, sound vibration or other mechanical energy.
"The two fibers scrub together just like two bottle brushes with their bristles touching, and the piezoelectric-semiconductor process converts the mechanical motion into electrical energy," says Zhong Lin Wang, a Regents professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "Many of these devices could be put together to produce higher power output."
Wang and collaborators Xudong Wang and Yong Qin have made more than 200 of the fiber nanogenerators. Each is tested on an apparatus that uses a spring and wheel to move one fiber against the other. The fibers are rubbed together for up to 30 minutes to test their durability and power production.
The researchers have measured current of about four nanoamperes and output voltage of about four millivolts from a nanogenerator that included two fibers that were each one centimeter long. With a much improved design, Wang estimates that a square meter of fabric made from the special fibers could theoretically generate as much as 80 milliwatts of power.
So far, there is only one wrinkle in the fabric, so to speak - washing it. Zinc oxide is sensitive to moisture, so in real shirts or jackets, the nanowires would have to be protected from the effects of the washing machine.
The research was funded by NSF's Division of Materials Research. "This multi-disciplinary research grant enables materials scientists and engineers from varied backgrounds to work together towards translating basic and applied research into viable technologies," said NSF Program Manager Harsh Deep Chopra.
The research was also sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Emory-Georgia Tech Nanotechnology Center for Personalized and Predictive Oncology.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2016, its budget is $7.5 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 48,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $626 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
Useful NSF Web Sites: | <urn:uuid:2de9c675-4562-4c45-b741-c739f30fb5f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?org=NSF&cntn_id=111038&preview=false | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943143 | 655 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Gay Men in Twin Study
Published: December 17, 1991
CHICAGO, Dec. 16— A new study of twins provides the strongest evidence yet that homosexuality has a genetic basis, researchers say, though they say other factors like social conditioning may be important.
The study, published in the December issue of The Archives of General Psychiatry, adds to evidence that sexual orientation does not result from a maladjustment or moral defect, one author said.
"We found 52 percent of identical twin brothers of gay men also were gay, compared with 22 percent of fraternal twins, compared with 11 percent of genetically unrelated brothers," said J. Michael Bailey, an assistant professor of psychology at Northwestern University in Evanston, "which is exactly the kind of pattern you would want to see if something genetic were going on." By "unrelated," Dr. Bailey was referring to brothers by adoption.
"The genetically most similar brothers were also the ones most likely to be gay, by a large margin," he added.
The study examined 56 identical twins, 54 fraternal twins and 57 adoptive brothers recruited through advertisements in gay-interest publications.
Identical twins are genetic clones, having developed in the womb from a single egg that split after being fertilized by a single sperm. Fraternal twins develop simultaneously from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm cells, making them only as similar as non-twin siblings.
"This is the first real genetic study of sexual orientation in about 40 years," said Dr. Bailey, whose co-author was Dr. Richard C. Pillard, a psychiatry professor at Boston University School of Medicine.
Dr. Bailey estimated that the degree of the genetic contribution to homosexuality could range from 30 percent to more than 70 percent, depending on varying assumptions about the prevalence of homosexuality and how well the sample represents twins in the general population.
Gregory Carey, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Colorado, called the work very important. "I'm not terribly surprised at the conclusions," he said. "I think they're very well founded. Some of the earlier evidence suggested there was genetic effect, but the studies were not well done. This is something that really sort of clinches it." | <urn:uuid:017ed34c-d201-45cb-97c9-91df0c58a829> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/17/science/gay-men-in-twin-study.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976422 | 452 | 2.609375 | 3 |
When laws are arbitrary and indecipherable, public trust suffers. One hundred years ago, the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, creating the federal income tax. The law covered 400 pages, and the top tax rate was a petite 7 percent on earned income of more than $500,000.
As every income-tax-paying American is reminded this time of year, we have come a long way. The U.S. tax code today entails 73,608 pages, which, it is safe to assume, have never been read by the vast majority of people who must comply with the contents. A decade ago, one observer noted, the IRS tax enforcement army had grown larger than the U.S. Army in Iraq.
Income taxes, as the libertarian Cato Institute observes, are a bad idea that got worse. There is not even a consistent understanding in the tax code of what constitutes "income"; the law differentiates among bonds, dividends, savings, wages and capital gains.
The income tax distorts financial planning and business investment. It rewards tax avoidance and evasion. The tax's volatility results in constant changes, spawning an industry solely dedicated to tracking its ever-morphing regulations, and hundreds of discriminatory exemptions, credits and loopholes. Something is wrong when a law is measured by how well people avoid it.
The added perversion of progressively higher income tax rates compounds the income tax's punishment of wealth creation. Not only does the tax code punish hard work; the harder one works – the greater the punishment, and not just in dollars, but proportionately. During World War II, the top rate, which today is 39.6 percent, reached 94 percent on $200,000 income. Yet, attempts to gouge "the rich" result in productive people working less and retiring earlier, sapping economic vitality and destroying jobs.
"The fewer economic decisions that are made for tax reasons, the better," notes the nonprofit Tax Foundation's Center for Federal Tax Policy. But U.S. income tax laws are a study in how to waste time and money and misdirect resources.
Ideally, taxes should be collected to pay for necessary government activities. But taxes increasingly are used to micromanage the economy, bestow favors on select industries, individuals and products and as a cash cow for new political endeavors the government should not undertake in the first place.
Income tax volatility makes long-term planning difficult, resulting in shortfall crises and more unjust favoritism with tax holidays and amnesties. In short, the bloated tax code's web of deductions, credits and exclusions is a recipe for arbitrary governance and chaotic interference with economic activity. One low, broad-based tax rate could raise substantial, relatively stable revenue.
Washington is shamed by Russia, which in 2001 became the first major nation to institute a flat 13 percent tax. It spurred economic growth and boosted revenue. Russia's neighbors Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia followed suit and saw similar results.
More preferable, perhaps, would be to abolish taxes on income entirely, replacing them with a less-harmful tax on consumption, with exemptions for food and other necessities. But the temptation would be to impose a national sales tax in addition to the income tax. There probably would be less mischief in changing the income tax.
On this centennial of the U.S. income tax, we are reminded of the need for reforming our arbitrary, indecipherable tax code.
WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR Letters to the Editor: E-mail to [email protected]. Please provide your name, city and telephone number (telephone numbers will not be published). Letters of about 200 words or videos of 30-seconds each will be given preference. Letters will be edited for length, grammar and clarity. | <urn:uuid:6414ff8a-b247-49e3-910c-7873aa77e07f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ocregister.com/opinion/tax-479102-income-code.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950803 | 778 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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Many people are surprised to learn that the HCG history and Dr. Simeons HCG Protocol goes back almost sixty years. Although Dr. Simeons HCG Diet Protocol has gained widespread attention only in recent years, the basic research behind these programs dates back to the 1950s, and it originated in India.
Dr. A.T.W. Simeons was born in London, U.K. early in the 20th Century. After the First World War, he attended medical school at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, where he graduated with honors. Following this, he went on to additional training in endocrinology at Swiss and German facilities, eventually taking up a post at a hospital near Dresden.
Eventually, Dr. Simeons developed an interest in tropical diseases. Over the next few years, this interest led him to Africa and eventually to Bombay (Mumbhai), India in 1931. Here he would remain until 1949.
During his years in India, Dr. Simeons studied the effects of malnutrition in expectant mothers as well as the causes and effects of obesity in patients with disorders of the pituitary gland. It was during the course of this research that he came to a startling conclusion about the nature of obesity. In his seminal paper Pounds & Inches: A New Approach to Obesity, Simeons wrote:
"...obesity in all its many forms is due to an abnormal functioning of some part of the body and that every ounce of abnormally accumulated fat is always the result of the same disorder of certain regulatory mechanisms. Persons suffering from this particular disorder will get fat regardless of whether they eat excessively, normally or less than normal. A person who is free of the disorder will never get fat, even if he frequently overeats." (1954)
Treating obese patients, Dr. Simeons discovered that by administering low doses of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), a water-soluble hormone produced by the fetus during gestation and present in the urine of pregnant women, patients actually began utilizing fat instead of lean muscle tissue when fed a calorie-restricted diet.
What has been discovered since that time is that HCG is responsible for the regulation of the hypothalamus gland, which controls metabolism and the use of bodily resources such as fat. While all persons are born with an abundant supply of HCG, this is depleted by adulthood. Replacement of HCG corrects the imbalance and reprograms the hypothalamus to use fat stores when caloric intake is reduced.
The Official HCG Diet Plan does not offer any medical advice nor pretend to do so. Our comments and dietary recommendations are all based on the reserach of HCG pioneer Dr. A.T.W Simeons. His seminal work, titled "Pounds and Inches," is given free to each of our customers. Before beginning any diet or undertaking any nutritional regimen, please consult with a qualified health care professional familiar with your situation. Also, please note that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not evaluated HCG or any other products offered on this site, and no claims that any of our products can diagnose, cure, treat or prevent any disease are being made here. | <urn:uuid:f6f9c3b9-ad61-4663-b9de-211c4b8b13be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.officialhcgdietplan.com/pages/History.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961217 | 680 | 2.5625 | 3 |
noun (plural tunicae /-nəkē/ /-sē/)
1 Anatomy A membranous sheath enveloping or lining an organ.
- Arterial calcification most commonly involves the tunica media.
- Muscle fibers arranged in various striae form the tunica media of veins, for example, in medium-sized vessels.
- The tumor completely encased the right coronary artery with external compression of the vessel wall without invasion into the tunica media.
Late 17th century: from Latin, literally 'tunic'.
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The skillful management of state affairs; statesmanship: issues of statecraft require great deliberation
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- Membership in NATO has helped correct these defects of statecraft and government, although much work remains once a nation is included in the alliance.
- A strategy of disengagement would require bold, risk-taking statecraft of a high order, and much diplomatic competence in its execution.
- It regards international relations as a ‘society’ of states in which the principal actors are statespeople who are specialized in the practice of statecraft.
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División en sílabas: state·craft
Definición de statecraft en:
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A crescent-shaped figure formed on a sphere or plane by two arcs intersecting at two points.
- Hippocrates was able to find the areas of lunes, certain crescent-shaped figures, using his theorem that the ratio of the areas of two circles is the same as the ratio of the squares of their radii.
- He squared certain lunes, and also the sum of a lune and a circle.
- In particular Simplicius quotes the writing on Eudemus on Antiphon's attempts to square the circle and also the attempts of Hippocrates when he squared certain lunes.
Early 18th century: from French, from Latin luna 'moon'.
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Translation of calcium in Spanish:
- Example sentences
- These active regions often require the presence of a metal ion such as calcium, zinc or iron.
- Strontium is an element similar to calcium, and follows calcium into teeth and bones.
- If you tend to be susceptible to cramps, try eating more foods that are high in potassium and calcium.
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"Who's that that rings the bell? Diablo, ho!"
Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) is a thicket-forming deciduous shrub native of North America, ranging from Quebec through the American Northeast & Midwest. Its western counterpart is Physocarpus capitatus which grows along the west coast. Native peoples thought them poisonous or medicinal, the limbs being used to make purgative teas taken internally, or as poultices to treat flaking soars or venereal disease.
Whether such uses of ninebark are valid has not been adequately studied. It would not be unusual to believe, strictly on the basis of superstition, that a bush with pealing bark would be useful to treat ailments that caused flaking skin conditions. But the genus does in fact have numerous chemical triterpenes in the stem bark. Other plants with triterpenes have been used in China & India to treat dermatological problems.
Left to its own devices Ninebark spreads by underground runners & grows upright & slightly fountaining to eight or even twelve feet. A gardener always has the option of cutting it back to maintain a small extremely compact shrub, as it responds well to even a severe pruning. In the garden its cultivars are not prone to colonizing so are never invasive.
It has several cultivars & the one we have is registered as 'Monlo' though marketed under trademark name "Diabolo" or "Diablo." It is by far the most striking of the different kinds we've seen. It is not as inclined to sucker as the species but gets just as tall.
Our two Diablo ninebarks bloom late May through July, being at their height of flowerfulness in June. The white flowers, as seen in the May's end photo at top, have a faint pinkish cast & occur in two-inch corymbs, a corymb being a fat round snowball made up of tinier blooms.
Regular ninebarks follow the blooms with half-inch green to reddish seeds in summer & autumn, which birds occasionally like to eat. But on the 'Monlo' or "Diablo" cultivar, these seeds are such a bright red, it actually looks like it follows up its white blossoms with bright red blossoms, in clusters two or three inches wide.
The extremely red seeds against the purple-black leaves are awesomely beautiful, as is obvious from the July (2004) crimson-seed portrait second on this page, & the June (2005) portrait third on the page.
After a few weeks these seeds fade to mahagony & are less overt because so close to the color of the leaves, but remain attached to the branches all through autumn, eventually turning nearly black but still well-formed & attractive, still on the branches after leaf-fall.
The most striking of Diablo's many striking features is the deep, dark purple leaves which lend a most distinguished foliage to any garden. Here on Puget Sound the purpleness of the spring leaves lasts through summer & can even darken to nearly black in July. Only in climates hotter & more humid than ours might it fade to a summer green, with only a blush of the spring purple remaining.
Come autumn the leaf color changes first to an almost Halloween-pumpkiny orange as shown in the fourth photo snapped in October (2004), & cuttings are nice to display on the porch with a carved pumpkin.
As autumn progresses the leaf color deepens toward a shimmering burgandy-red, as shown in the November portrait (2003) fifth on the page. There are several more portraits of the Fall appearance of the leaves & seedpods on the Diablo Ninebark page of the Autumn Leaves Gallery.
The bark of Ninebark is peeling & cracked, quite interesting at close observation. In fact this shrub gets its name from a belief that it has nine layers of bark. Even so, on younger specimens during their first two or three years at least, the overall effect in winter can at times prove to be mediocre & too twiggy, plus it re-leafs relatively late in spring, so that the thin twigginess will not be restored to its fluffy dense foliage for quite a long season.
For this reason some people cut theirs nearly to the ground for the winter, resulting in a compact & bright bush with rapid spring growth, fully fluffed out earlier than if the previous year's limbs were left intact.
But with patience & far less rigorous pruning, it's great to let specimens grow "wild" in order to obtain an impressive height. As the shrub & older stems mature, the exfoliating limbs will eventually gain in character, to become one of the most interesting species for ornamentality in winter.
Because only the previous years' limbs exfoliate, with too regular a pruning schedule, the bark never will get interesting. So I prefer to let it go unpruned or minimally pruned, which results in no lessoning of spring flowering.
Eventually it may seem time to provide the shrub with a freshening hard prune, but I don't feel this should be done even so often as every third year. Ours two shrubs in their fourth year of minimal pruning have remained in top form, & the winter look improves greatly when there are a larger percentage of thickening, aged-looking upright twigs, as can be seen on the Diablo Ninebark page along the Winter Bark Garden Walk.
We have let ours grow as large & bushy as they can get. They get pruned only where branches reach in the way of foot traffic. In their fourth year they reached twelve feet of height in their well-watered locations, & are stunning shrubs.
Ninebark is highly adaptable. It likes best moist well-drained soil in the sun or half sun, but it will tolerate more shade, clay soil, or even drought once established. There are also hardy golden-leafed & dwarf varieties. Even the natural wild form has a good deal in its favor.
[Garden Indexes: What's New]
[Shade Perennials] [Ferns]
[Sun Perennials] [ Sun-garden Herbs]
[Hardy Geraniums & Heucheras] [Creepers & Vines]
[Monkshoods & Delphiniums]
[Bulbs & Corms] [Jack-in-the-Pulpits]
[Evergreen Trees] [Deciduous Trees]
[Rhododendrons, Azaleas, & Camellias]
[Evergreen Shrubs [Deciduous Shrubs]
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copyright © by Paghat the Ratgirl | <urn:uuid:bba7a0ea-b204-4cf0-b7c2-2fcc01441d32> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.paghat.com/ninebark.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950114 | 1,433 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Arts & Entertainment
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By JD Kurz
Special to The SUN
Are you a skier, boater, angler, rancher, forester, firefighter, gardener, or a business owner who depends upon any of these industries?
Are U-Haul winters and rafting in July a nostalgic memory? Did your back survive the winter of 1979 when Wolf Creek received over 600 inches of snow? Were you here in 2002 when the San Juan River nearly dried up?
Depending upon how long you’ve lived here, you may have developed your own perception of what a “normal” winter and water year looks like.
How does 1979, 2002 and even this year compare to a “normal” year? Is there a “new normal?” Can we accurately predict the amount and timing of the spring runoff from annual snowfall?
The Pagosa Springs High School Global Science class set out to explore the above questions.
We began our study with a tour of the Upper San Juan Snowtel site on Wolf Creek Pass. Jerry Archuleta of the NRCS taught us how to measure snow water equivalence and explained that annual snowfall and streamflow are driving forces in our local economy.
Next, we graphically displayed 77 years of snow and streamflow data from 1936 to 2012.
Then, we created a model to predict the timing and amount of spring runoff from annual snow water equivalence.
When will the San Juan River peak, and what will the peak flow be?
We invite you to support our high school students and view the results of our study in the South Conference Room at the Ross Aragon Community Center at 6 p.m. on Thursday, March 28. | <urn:uuid:70bc3533-d765-44e5-9055-f502884886c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pagosasun.com/high-school-science-class-to-present-results-of-water-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914012 | 359 | 2.671875 | 3 |
These are PowerPoint presentations prepared for educators which can be used in various venues courtesy of Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Please feel free to download and use these free presentations.
Adult Health and Nutrition
The following presentations provide information on adult health.
» View Adult Health and Nutrition Presentations
The following presentations provide a multifaceted review of topics relating to obesity. Some of the presentations provide obesity information for adults while others discuss the burden of obesity on health, as well as the financial burden of obesity. Topics also include: diet and exercise in relation to obesity, socioeconomic status and race in relation to obesity, and options to treat obesity and its related complications.
» View Adult Obesity Presentations
The following presentations provide information on children's health.
» View Children's Health Presentations
The following presentations provide a multifaceted review of topics relating to diabetes. Overviews of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and gestational diabetes (diabetes developing during pregnancy) are discussed. In addition, complications associated with both forms of diabetes are discussed along with measures to lower the risk for these complications. The importance of monitoring maternal glucose in relation to infant growth and development is also discussed.
» View Diabetes Presentations
The following presentations provide information on diets.
» View Diet Information Presentations
The following presentations present a review of the literature for either a food or dietary component shown to provide health benefits beyond that of basic nutrition. The presentations contain: background information on the food/dietary component, a review of the literature, food sources and content in commonly consumed foods (if it is a dietary component), and its beneficial effects on health.
» View Functional Foods Presentations
The following presentations provide information on heart disease.
» View Heart Disease Presentations
Physical Activity & Health
The following presentations discuss the importance of physical activity in relation to health. Each of the presentations targets a specific audience.
» View Physical Activity & Health Presentations
Summarizes the important features of the book, “The Prenatal Prescription,” by Peter Nathanielsz, M.D., Ph.D. The main theme of the book is that many chronic health effects are programmed early on in the womb. Women can influence this to a large extent by following a healthy lifestyle when pregnant (i.e. providing good nutrition to the fetus, reducing maternal stress, avoiding alcohol, medication (herbal/OTC and prescription) and caffeine)
» View Prenatal Nutrition Presentations
Weight Control Programs
The following presentations provide information on popular weight loss programs.
» View Weight Control Programs Presentations | <urn:uuid:1d7deb26-45a0-4108-9a45-4e5b01cbbc08> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbrc.edu/training-and-education/teaching-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887322 | 535 | 2.625 | 3 |
We are all vulnerable to the threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and the people who would use them. But, as the PBS television series "Avoiding Armageddon" shows, each citizen can help make the world a safer place.
Preventing terrorists from obtaining nuclear, biological or chemical weapons is a daunting task that requires many different solutions - from diplomatic negotiations, to destruction or securing of Cold War weapons stockpiles to military and public health preparedness. But individuals can also play a part - by first educating themselves about these threats.
The Global Security Simulator allows users to virtually travel around the world to confront simulated weapons threats and test their knowledge about nuclear, biological and chemical weapons issues. Unfortunately, in the real world, knowledge alone won't be enough to prevent a nuclear, biological or chemical attack. It is, however, an essential first step.
Our future depends upon making educated choices. Armed with information, we can all help avoid Armageddon
|To enter the Global Security Simulator, you must first select one of the three weapons categories: nuclear, biological or chemical.
Your goal - Lower the homeland security threat.
Each game consists of three scenarios where you must resolve a crisis involving a weapon of mass destruction. To do so, you must correctly answer from 2-4 true and false questions related to the weapon selected.
At the start of each scenario, the Homeland Security Threat will be at "elevated" or yellow. An incorrect answer will raise the threat by a level. A correct answer will lower it a level. Of course the threat level indicator can never fall below green or go above red.
At the end of each game you will see how you did and you can then choose to select another game.
Good luck! Click below to start. | <urn:uuid:927be519-f6c6-4668-b69a-f39b114d23f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbs.org/avoidingarmageddon/getInvolved/involved_01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90517 | 360 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In the decades after Jesus' death, Peter, Paul and others would reach out to peoples and cultures far from their own. They would face skeptics and enemies. But they would also draw converts. Step by step, year by year, they would bring their young Jewish splinter group to one of the most fateful crossroads in history.
Learn more about the people and events that shaped Peter and Paul and the Christian Revolution. Read about key figures in The Characters and survey the historical context in the Timeline. Then consult the Bibliography for further reading on early Christianity, or link to related sites through the Online Resources. | <urn:uuid:50b2e97b-68a3-4e00-9c8f-86f9ed75bcde> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbs.org/empires/peterandpaul/history/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967324 | 123 | 2.625 | 3 |
|No Safe Place: Violence Against Women|
Rape and Sexual Assault
Discussion Questions: Introduction
Sexual assault is defined as any unwanted sexual act including forced sexual contact and sexual touching. Women always have the right to say no to any sexual involvement. Rape is defined as sexual intercourse without the consent of both parties. Like domestic violence, rape and sexual assault are crimes that are far too common. Each year women report almost half a million rapes and sexual assaults. That's according to the most recent U.S. Justice Department survey. Keep in mind, however, that most rapes are never reported.
Rape is a devastating crime. Some women are badly physically injured. Some become pregnant. Some contract HIV. But the emotional trauma can be worse than any physical injury. The lives of women who are raped are forever changed. Victims say they will never be the same, that it feels like dying. Even if they have not been physically harmed, women who have been sexually assaulted often suffer from long-term psychological and physical health problems. Still, most rapes and sexual assaults go unreported, because of shame, fear and deep-seated cultural notions that the woman is somehow to blame.
Rape and sexual assault are never the woman's fault.
Three-fourths of rapes are committed by a man the woman knows. Studies show that a rapist can be anyone -- a date, a boyfriend, a father, a grandfather, an uncle, a neighbor, a friend, a brother, a son.
According to the Rape Recovery Center in Utah, rapists look for victims who are vulnerable, which is why children and even the elderly are at risk. Each year, the Rape Recovery Center hears stories from women of all backgrounds, races and ages. Last year, they heard more than 4,000 stories, including those of a 94-year-old woman who was raped and a two-and-a-half-week-old baby boy who was sexually abused. Half of the rape and abuse victims the staff served in emergency rooms were under 14 years of age. A 10-year government study that looked at more than a million cases of rape in the United States showed that 88 percent of rape victims are between the ages of 12-28. Prison psychologists say that while some rapists are calculating and planning, often stalking their victims, many rapists tend to be random -- often looking for unlocked doors, or open windows, for example. They seize opportunities in an impulsive act.
There is not universal agreement on how a woman should respond during an attack. Some experts suggest a woman should resist, fighting back with every imaginable resource. They cite statistics showing that if women fight back, their odds of being raped are cut in half, while their odds of being injured are raised by 10 percent. Most experts caution that there is no one correct response. The important thing is to live through the assault.
No Safe Place: Violence Against Women is made possible in part by a grant from the Albert and Elaine Borchard Foundation and the Dr. Ezekiel R. and Edna Wattis Dumke Foundation. The documentary is a production of public television station KUED in Salt Lake City, Utah. | <urn:uuid:291e3169-b96b-4252-ac74-707904e6deb0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pbs.org/kued/nosafeplace/studyg/rape.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964109 | 644 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Neutrinos may be too stubborn to go faster than light, but scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have figured out a way to get light itself to break Einstein's ultimate speed limit for the Universe.
Publishing last week in Physical Review Letters, NIST researchers Ryan Glasser, Ulrich Vogl, and Paul Lett said they've succeeded in producing "superluminal" light pulses, meaning that they've been able to get a portion of a short burst of light to arrive at its destination faster than it ought to get there if it was traveling at the speed of light.
As Phys.org explained, the team's four-wave mixing technique "reshapes" parts of those light pulses and "advances them ahead of where they would have been had they been left to travel unaltered through a vacuum."
The technique works because of the way light travels in bursts, "as a sort of (usually) symmetric curve like a bell curve in statistics," according to the science journal. Nothing can make the leading edge of the curve go any faster than the speed of light, but it's possible to "re-phase" or skew the "main hump" of the pulse backwards and forwards, meaning it can be made to arrive nanoseconds faster than it would without interference.
It's a "loophole" or trick of sorts to get around Einstein's universal speed limit, which still holds up despite the NIST team's accomplishment, Phys.org noted. But that trick may someday be used to "improve the timing of communications signals and to investigate the propagation of quantum correlations," according to the researchers.
Earlier this year, scientists debunked a claim by a team of European scientists who said they had observed sub-atomic particles traveling faster than light during a series of experiments that involved firing neutrinos from the CERN particle accelerator in Switzerland at detectors at the OPERA facility in Gran Sasso, Italy about 450 miles away.
Last September, OPERA scientists published results that stated they had measured the neutrinos arriving at their destination 60 nanoseconds faster than the "Universe's speed limit," 186,282 miles per second, should allow.
Those results understandably sent the scientific world into a tizzy. The published findings directly challenged the notion, established more than a century earlier by Albert Einstein in his special theory of relativity that the speed at which light travels is the absolute upper speed limit in the physical universe.
For more from Damon, follow him on Twitter @dpoeter. | <urn:uuid:ccecbe34-2397-4fa0-a6d2-56f3c1cd3bf8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2403963,00.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95439 | 522 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Over the past decade, advancements in the marine hobby have made raising some of the more delicate invertebrates and corals in captivity easier than ever. One of these advancements is in nutrition. As our knowledge of invertebrate and coral nutrition increases, so does the number of commercially available foods. This can leave the hobbyist overwhelmed by choices.
Invertebrates in their natural habitat
In the wild, invertebrates and corals eat plankton. There are many species of plankton, but the most important ones to supplement in your marine aquarium are phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Phytoplankton are plant-based and very tiny, and are preferred by filter-feeding invertebrates and corals that have feathery-like appendages or gills. Feather duster worms, scallops, clams, and gorgonians with small polyps are perfect examples of reef inhabitants that require this nutrition for survival and growth.
Zooplankton represent the animal portion of the plankton group. They are much larger in size than phytoplankton and their size varies dramatically within this group. Invertebrates and corals that feed on zooplankton typically have larger polyps that do not resemble feathers. Invertebrates that feed on zooplankton in the wild include: soft corals, zooanthids, mushroom corals, SPS and LPS corals, large polyp gorgonians, anemones, and many species of crustaceans including shrimp, crabs, and lobsters.
What this means for your aquarium
When designing a feeding regimen for your aquarium, research the nutritional needs of all of its inhabitants.
Available forms of phytoplankton
Phytoplankton is available in both liquid and powder forms. Products such as PhytoPlan, Phytoplex, and Chromaplex will all help you recreate the natural nutrition of your phytoplankton-eating invertebrates. Ideally, a variety of types - we suggest two or more - is necessary for a balanced diet.
Available forms of zooplankton
Zooplankton is available in both liquid and frozen form. ZooPlex Invertebrate Food is a liquid supplement that provides the necessary nutrition for zooplankton- eating invertebrates and some fish. Frozen forms include: Baby Brine Shrimp, Daphnia, Fine Mussels chopped or ground into the size needed for your inhabitants, Brine Shrimp, Mysis Shrimp and Ocean Plankton. These different foods cover a broad range of particle size. As with any diet, provide a variety to best suit your inhabitants' needs.
Feeding plankton to your aquarium inhabitants
When feeding plankton foods, turn your protein skimmer off, and remove any mechanical filtration that may trap the food from the water column. Ideally, feed these foods by mimicking the natural plankton cycle. Feed phytoplankton throughout the daylight hours and zooplankton at night. Other convenient choices for feeding are the use of prepared food in a dosing system, or a hang on continuous brine shrimp hatchery (only use a hatchery that prevents water exchange between hatchery and aquarium, like the Hatch N' Feeder). When using either, the protein skimmer can be left running, as it will ensure that you are not over-feeding.
By following these feeding recommendations, you will ensure that your corals and invertebrates are receiving the proper nutrition, resulting in overall improved health and a more rapid growth and reproduction rate.
Research the nutritional and dietary needs of your aquarium inhabitants.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton are the most important plankton supplements for a marine aquarium.
Provide a variety of plankton to best suit your inhabitants' needs.
Mimic nature and feed phytoplankton during the day and zooplankton at night.
Turn off your protein skimmer when feeding plankton. | <urn:uuid:286609dc-e91c-47c6-a90c-cb23122a0cb3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.peteducation.com/article_print.cfm?c=16+2160&aid=3344 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908582 | 846 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Patellar Luxation in Cats
Patellar luxation occurs when the cat's kneecap (patella) is dislocated from its normal anatomic position in the groove of the thigh bone (femur). When the kneecap is dislocated from the groove of the thigh bone, it can only be returned to its normal position once the quadriceps muscles in the cat's hind legs relax and lengthen. Cats feel pain as the kneecap slides out of the thigh bone ridges, but do not feel any pain or discomfort once the kneecap has come to a rest out of the normal position.
Patellar luxation is thought to be quite rare in cats.
The condition or disease described in this medical article can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects dogs please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
Symptoms and Types
The specific symptoms of a dislocated kneecap will depend on the severity and persistence of the condition, as well as the amount of degenerative arthritis that is involved. Typically, a cat with a dislocated kneecap will exhibit prolonged abnormal hindlimb movement, occasional skipping or hindlimb lameness, and sudden lameness.
A dislocated kneecap is usually caused by a genetic malformation or trauma. The clinical signs of the condition will normally start showing approximately four months after birth.
A dislocated kneecap is diagnosed through a variety of means. Top view (craniocaudal) and side view (mediolateral) X-rays of the stifle joint, hip, and hock may be used to detect bending and twisting of the thigh bone and larger bone of the lower leg. Skyline X-rays may reveal a shallow, flattened, or curved groove of the thigh bone. A fluid sample taken from the joint and an analysis of the lubricating fluid in the joint (synovial fluid) will show a small increase in mononuclear cells. It is also necessary for the veterinarian to perform an examination by touch to feel for kneecap freedom.
Medical treatment for kneecap dislocation has very little effectiveness; surgery is the preferred treatment of choice for severe cases. Surgery can correct both the affected structures and the movement of the kneecap itself. The kneecap may be fastened on the outside of the bone to prevent it from sliding towards the inside. Alternatively, the groove of the thigh bone may be deepened so that it can better hold the kneecap.
Living and Management
Follow-up treatment after successful surgery will include leash walk exercise for one month (avoid jumping) and yearly examinations to check for progress. It is important that pet owners are aware that there is a high possibility of recurrence (48 percent), although the dislocation will be considerably less severe than the original incidence. Because kneecap dislocation is genetically inherited, the breeding of affected cats is highly discouraged.
There are currently no known preventative measures for this medical condition. | <urn:uuid:d33476f0-0e5c-4a45-85df-59b5e6248221> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/musculoskeletal/c_ct_patellar_luxation?page=show | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927346 | 625 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Every good pedagogy student and music teacher knows that it’s important to teach more than repertoire. There’s lots of extra “stuff” that goes into a well-balanced piano curriculum. Stuff like theory… and sightreading… and rhythm, technique, ear training, music history, improv, composing… and the list goes on! During the month of July, I often find that my desk is buried under piles of that “stuff” that I’m tweaking and organizing for the new school year. With those piles of curriculum comes the question… “How does ALL of this fit into 30 minutes a week???”
I hear that question often from prospective parents and students, and also from other teachers who visit this site (“How DO you find time to play all of those games?”), so thought I’d share the system I’ve found useful in my studio for maximizing lesson time. Several years ago, I organized all of the supplemental materials I use into 3-ring binders for each student:
I’ve found that having everything together in one place saves us a LOT of time in lessons. I don’t have to fish through my bookshelves or a student’s bag for the level of sightreading I want that day, or an ear training worksheet, etc. – it’s all in one place. It also means that those activities go home with the student each week, and they’re able to easily find and complete assignments at home.
We keep all of their incentive program materials at the front of the binder – that’s a great motivation to make sure it gets to lessons each week. No points tracker or money bag… no points or money for the week!
The rest of the binder is organized into 5 tabs. The first one holds blank Lesson sheets:
The lines at the bottom match the tabs of the binder, so I can easily assign tasks to be completed at home. I also make notes to myself in the blank space to the left of the words at the bottom – if we work on Ear Training at a lesson, I’ll mark a quick “x” or note. That way, I can tell at a glance at the next lesson what we did the last time and rotate to different activities that week. ( can be downloaded from my studio site).
The rest of the tabs hold activity pages. Here are resources I use for these tabs, and where to find them:
Sightreading Challenge Packets: I use 8 levels of packets, each with 12 exercises. These start at the pre-reading stage, and advance to melodies with chord accompaniments.
The Friends of Free Piano Music site has some terrific short arrangements I often use for sightreading as well.
Several years ago, I created 3 levels of Ear Training books with corresponding recordings that my students could use at lessons, and also at home. Each activity is relatively short (designed to be completed in 5 minutes or less). We use them for mid-lesson breaks from the piano. Some students really get into the challenge of completing an entire book, and love that they can work on listening at home as well.
For beginners, I use a multi-sensory curriculum we’ve dubbed Hands-On Rhythms. We work on rhythm patterns using a variety of movement and sensory activities at lessons, then they have a workbook page where they draw or write the patterns at home.
After students have completed that, we move on to Rhythm Challenge Packets. Each week, we tackle a line of rhythms at lessons, or assign one for them to work on at home. We might choose to walk the rhythm, sway and clap, or even pick a line to use in an improve. Once we’ve worked through a whole packet, their challenge is to be able to correctly clap and count any line I choose.
I also use the rhythm worksheets from the ComposeCreate site in binders when students need more practice on a particular rhythm pattern.
Throughout the year, my students use blank Technique Sheets to write their own scale book. The writing process is a wonderful way for them to reinforce fingerings, accidentals, etc. and also practice written theory.
You may notice that there’s no theory tab in the binders. Rather than use a workbook, I’ve had lots of success in teaching theory almost completely through the use of manipulatives and hands-on activities. That’s where all the games come in! From time to time I do use worksheets to reinforce specific concepts, and can just tuck those into the front pocket of the binder. We also use that pocket to store improv ideas, compositions-in-progress and any other special project students work on.
During a typical lesson, we usually fit in one or two activities from the binder. We start lessons with either technique or sightreading (we rotate those on an every-other week basis), then take a break in the middle of a lesson to work on some listening, rhythm or theory (and also rotate through those through the month). If we find as we are working through a repertoire piece that a little extra specific rhythm or theory practice would be helpful, we’ve got materials right at our fingertips!
I’m sure many of you have other great ideas for organizing curriculum and materials. Please feel free to share with a comment below!! | <urn:uuid:d0b7e0f4-867f-4e92-9ee5-792dc35bbd9f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pianimation.com/2010/07/20/student-activity-binders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945617 | 1,138 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Preserving Land For Future Generations
Many utility companies use eminent domain and easements to run power lines and cable lines in certain areas even if the landowners oppose them. In Colorado, "The word easement doesn't actually mean what we think it does. Most people think of an easement as a right of passage, and in fact it is a right of passage through time for land to stay intact," Susan Lohr said. Conservation easements provide communities with scenic open space by preserving the natural environment.
Even with a Conservation Assistance Program (CAP), there is still a chance your land may be taken away. "An easement doesn't eliminate the potential for eminent domain by the government, but they would have to compensate the family. This is rare and usually it's for a strip of land to widen a highway," says Kathy Browning. Conservation easements also keep land values steady because the land cannot be developed on.
"Over 70 easements have been placed in the North Fork Valley by CAP. That amounts to 8,300 acres that will be preserved," says Kathy Browning. | <urn:uuid:7812331c-3418-4e6e-afda-f3ffa9510728> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.planetizen.com/node/51746 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969011 | 221 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Tylecodon ellaphieae is one of 46 species in the genus Tylecodon, all endemic to the winter rainfall region of South Africa and Namibia. They belong to the stonecrop family (Crassulaceae) and are closely related to Cotyledon, the pig's ear genus.
Compact, solitary, summer-deciduous, cluster-forming plant, with a swollen base (caudex) up to 50 mm in diameter, with peeling, yellowish grey, flakey bark. Two to eight short, erect stems, 20-50 mm long, are covered with spine-tipped and blunt tubercles known as phyllopodia. The stems are grey-green, about 8 mm in diameter. The phyllopodia are green, and with minute stiff hairs (strigosa). The roots are fibrous.
The leaves are soft, fleshy, ascending and oblanceolate to egg-shaped and up to 70 x 70 mm. Each leaf has a short petiole, and the blade is decurrent on the petiole with a wedge-shaped base. Glandular hairs cover the leaf surface. The plant also has rudimentary modified leaves which are spine-tipped, up to 3 mm long, persistent and curving outwards.
The inflorescence is erect, flat-topped and densely branched 60-120 mm high. The peduncle is also glandular-hairy. The tubular flowers are about 15 mm long, 4 mm wide at the base, bearing white lobes on the inside. Seeds are very fine and carried in follicles, enclosed by the dry, persistent flowers.
Although Tylecodon ellaphieae is confined to the Rosyntjiesberg in the Richtersveld National Park, it is locally abundant and well protected.
Distribution and habitat
Tylecodon ellaphieae is confined to the Rosyntiesberg in the northeastern Richtersveld. It grows on sheer quartzitic sandstone cliffs, 500 to 1 200 m high The plants occur in crevices and ledges and shady rock veins on southern aspects. Temperature is warm to high during summers (23 ºC daily, 11 ºC at night) but mild to warm during winters. Winters are cooler and frost is absent. Rainfall is mainly during winter and autumn ranging from 50-150 mm per annum (mainly frontal cyclonic winter rain, and thundershowers during autumn). Regular fog provides extra moisture. The habitat consists of Rosyntjiesberg Succulent Shrubland of the Richtersveld Bioregion which is part of the Succulent Karoo Biome (Mucina et al. 2005). T. ellaphieae shares its cliff habitat with other plants such as Aloe meyeri, Conophytum taylorianum subsp. rosynense, Othonna cremnophila and Trachyandra aridimontana.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
Tylecodon ellaphieae was named by the author in 1989. The specific epithet ellaphieae commemorates Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst (1920-1994), the well-known botanical artist and illustrator of Pelargonium, Haemanthus, Gasteria and many other plant species.
Prior to 1978, all tylecodons were regarded as cotyledons. Helmut Toelken created the genus Tylecodon to accommodate all the Cotyledon species where the leaves are spirally arranged and drop in summer when their flowers appear.
Tylecodon ellaphieae flowers during January and February, is pollinated by insects and its seeds are wind dispersed.
Uses and cultural aspects
No uses have been recorded for the plants.
Growing Tylecodon ellaphieae
Tylecodon ellaphieae is a dwarf species bearing beautiful white flowers during midsummer and, as with many of the dwarf species, is best grown as a container or specimen plant under greenhouse conditions.
Tylecodon ellaphieae is easily propagated from stem cuttings or seed. It grows relatively fast, and is a long-lived species. The stem cuttings are is best taken during the autumn and should first be allowed to dry and heal on a cool window sill. The basal part should preferably be treated with a fungicide. Plant the cuttings in an erect position in clean river sand. Rooting is rapid and young plants can be planted in small individual containers. Seed should be sown during autumn when it is cooler in a well-drained soil and protected from full sun. The seeds are very fine and should be spread on a sandy or gravelly mixture. It is best to water through capillary action and a mild, liquid fertilizer applied. Once large enough to handle they can be planted out. The soil should be sandy with ample compost.
References and further reading
- Eggli, U. (ed.). 2003. Illustrated handbook of succulent plants. Crassulaceae. Springer.
- Mucina, L, Rutherford, M.C. & Powrie, L.W. 2006. Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. National Biodiversity Institute.
- Van Jaarsveld, E.J. & Kutnik, D. 2004. Cotyledon and Tylecodon. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria.
- Van Jaarsveld, E.J. & Ward, E. 1989. Tylecodon ellaphieae. The Flowering Plants of Africa 50: t. 1983.
Ernst van Jaarsveld
Kirstenboch National Botanical Garden | <urn:uuid:efcda2aa-479c-421b-867b-fd17843890f9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.plantzafrica.com/planttuv/tylecodonellap.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90831 | 1,208 | 3.265625 | 3 |
A defence firm has managed to adapt monitoring technology used for spotting gamma ray bursts in space for use by soldiers in the field.
Qinetiq says that the technology could be used to help direct troops on the battlefield and also help track targets.
And this unique system does not use lenses to gather light but a sensor array coupled with image processing software.
The system was successful in space because it coped better with adverse condition, Dr Chris Slinger, Qinetiq's principal investigator on the system, told the BBC.
"It's hard using lenses and mirrors up there to image such short, energetic wavelengths," he said.
Slinger adds that the system will include a "super resolution" mode that can be used to deliver very detailed pictures of one location in its field of view.
Qinetiq is developing the imaging system for the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa).
The Americans also have their own version of the technology used by NASA called coded aperture imaging.
It was used in the Swift satellite to spot gamma ray sources. | <urn:uuid:d9fe119b-ec1e-457a-b09d-11ba7b56e709> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/89079-star-monitoring-system-american-army | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951341 | 216 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Robert Fuller Murray
The Burial Of William - The Conqueror - Poem by Robert Fuller Murray
Oh, who may this dead warrior be
That to his grave they bring?
`Tis William, Duke of Normandy,
The conqueror and king.
Across the sea, with fire and sword,
The English crown he won;
The lawless Scots they owned him lord,
But now his rule is done.
A king should die from length of years,
A conqueror in the field,
A king amid his people's tears,
A conqueror on his shield.
But he, who ruled by sword and flame,
Who swore to ravage France,
Like some poor serf without a name,
Has died by mere mischance.
To Caen now he comes to sleep,
The minster bells they toll,
A solemn sound it is and deep,
May God receive his soul!
With priests that chant a wailing hymn,
He slowly comes this way,
To where the painted windows dim
The lively light of day.
He enters in. The townsfolk stand
In reverent silence round,
To see the lord of all the land
Take house in narrow ground.
While, in the dwelling-place he seeks,
To lay him they prepare,
One Asselin FitzArthur speaks,
And bids the priests forbear.
`The ground whereon this abbey stands
Is mine,' he cries, `by right.
`Twas wrested from my father's hands
By lawlessness and might.
Duke William took the land away,
To build this minster high.
Bury the robber where ye may,
But here he shall not lie.'
The holy brethren bid him cease;
But he will not be stilled,
And soon the house of God's own peace
With noise and strife is filled.
And some cry shame on Asselin,
Such tumult to excite,
Some say, it was Duke William's sin,
And Asselin does right.
But he round whom their quarrels keep,
Lies still and takes no heed.
No strife can mar a dead man's sleep,
And this is rest indeed.
Now Asselin at length is won
The land's full price to take,
And let the burial rites go on,
And so a peace they make.
When Harold, king of Englishmen,
Was killed in Senlac fight,
Duke William would not yield him then
A Christian grave or rite.
Because he fought for keeping free
His kingdom and his throne,
No Christian rite nor grave had he
In land that was his own.
And just it is, this Duke unkind,
Now he has come to die,
In plundered land should hardly find
Sufficient space to lie.
Comments about The Burial Of William - The Conqueror by Robert Fuller Murray
Read this poem in other languages
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Still I Rise
The Road Not Taken
If You Forget Me
Edgar Allan Poe
Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
A Dream Within A Dream
Edgar Allan Poe | <urn:uuid:916faf20-1832-4a57-8cd4-57bc924588f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/the-burial-of-william-the-conqueror/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90107 | 685 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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Pond Books | Encyclopedia of Water Garden PlantsEncyclopedia of Water Garden Plants is the definitive photographic reference to the full range of plants available to the water gardener. This volume includes hundreds of water garden plants often overlooked in other books, such as marginal plants, floating plants, bog plants, and submerged plants. Of course, waterlilies and lotuses are described in detail as well. The encyclopedia offers complete information on hardiness, culture, propagation, and pests and diseases. With more than 700 beautiful color photos and helpful introductory chapters on pots, soils, and fertilizers, this book promises to be the bible for the selection and cultivation of every water garden plant.
Hardcover Edition 388 pp 8.5" x 11" 704 color photos
WE HAVE A LIMITED NUMBER OF EDITIONS SIGNED BY THE AUTHOR.
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Pondbiz.com respects your privacy. We will only send you seasonal informative newsletters, and will not share your email address with anybody. You may opt out at any time should you choose to do so. | <urn:uuid:17c55fb9-b913-4099-8efa-25815784ec8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pondbiz.com/home/pb4/encyclopedia-of-water-garden-plants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.879894 | 228 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Boeing's presence in the Lowcountry has delighted local economists. Now it is delighting local ecologists.
The aerospace giant has agreed to purchase 3,618 acres critical to the health of the Francis Marion National Forest. The company will turn the acreage over to be preserved by the U.S. Forest Service, the S.C. Department of Natural Resources or a conservation organization.
In doing so, Boeing will accomplish what conservationists have been trying to do for years - protect the vitally important forest.
Boeing's move was precipitated by its decision to lease 500 acres of land at Charleston International Airport. Its plans for the property involve filling in about 154 acres of wetlands, which it will have to mitigate.
Instead of looking for the easiest way to do that, Boeing asked various environmental nonprofits, including the Coastal Conservation League, and federal, state and local environmental agencies to find areas for wetlands mitigation that would have a significant environmental impact.
Environmentalists for years have been concerned about privately owned property within the Francis Marion Forest - specifically the possible development of those parcels.
The fear is that foresters would not be allowed to do controlled burning in the forest with houses adjacent. Controlled burning is critical to the health of longleaf pines, which now exists only in a handful of places, including Francis Marion.
By purchasing three large pieces of property - the Nebo tract, Keystone and part of Fairlawn - Boeing is reducing significantly the chances for such development. All will be conserved, Nebo as a park and the others as natural green space.
In addition to longleaf pines, the conservation effort will offer protection to more than 400 species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles and 1,600 species of plants, including 12 types of orchids and 12 species of carnivorous plants.
Last year, a much-anticipated deal fell through to use $12 million of Charleston County's Greenbelt funds to purchase and conserve Fairlawn's 8,000 acres along I'On Swamp near Awendaw. It was a huge disappointment. Fairlawn is the largest piece of privately held land inside the Francis Marion Forest. That acquisition would have gone a long way toward completing a ring of protected land around Charleston. Boeing's purchase enhances the likelihood that ultimately Charleston will become the only metropolitan area of its size on the East Coast to be embedded in green.
The huge corporation's huge land acquisition also indicates that its commitment to the Charleston area goes beyond the assembly line.
It turned a regulatory penalty into an opportunity to enhance and protect the natural beauty and wildlife for which the Lowcountry is known. | <urn:uuid:d9651095-2893-43e4-8bbe-026e394b0c1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20131229/PC1002/131229416/1022/boeings-environmental-boon&source=RSS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949372 | 537 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The most fundamental disagreement between atheists and theists is over the existence of a divine being. The term “atheist” describes a person who does not believe that there is such a being. Worldwide there may be as many as a billion atheists, although social stigma, political pressure, and intolerance make polling difficult.
We can use the term “God” to describe the divine entity that is a central tenet of the major monotheistic religions—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. At a minimum, this being is understood as having all power, all knowledge, and being infinitely good or morally perfect. We can also use the “gods” to describe all other lesser characterizations of divine beings.
The God concept is the focus of philosophical arguments for and against theism for several reasons. First, that being is the essential, common thread in the western monotheistic traditions, as mentioned above. More than 3 billion people now can be said to subscribe to the view that God exists, and countless more in the past have agreed. Furthermore, the existence of such a being, more so than any other lesser characterization, would have profound metaphysical, personal, moral, social, and historical implications. Without exaggeration, the existence of such a being would be the single most important fact ever acknowledged by human beings. Another motivation for focusing atheistic arguments on the notion of a divine being that embodies conceptual absolutes as the omni-God does, is that by implication many of the conclusions we can draw about that being will will apply a fortiori to other, lesser beings. And a being that is not the positive culmination of all possible power, knowledge, and goodness, it has been argued, would not be worthy of the title “God” and would not be worthy of our attention. Many atheists and monotheists have agreed on at least this much.
We can make two useful pairs of distinctions concerning the term “atheism.” It has come to be widely accepted that, at a minimum, to be an atheist is to lack a belief that a God or gods exist. We can follow Antony Flew and label this inclusive sense of the term as negative atheism. Parallels for this use of the term would be terms such as “amoral,” “atypical,” or “asymmetrical.” To identify something as atypical or asymmetrical only indicates that it is does not have something. Contrast “amoral” with “immoral.” Non-human animals like fish are amoral. (Perhaps by they are negative atheists too). But only a person who is capable of moral behavior can be immoral. So negative atheism would includes someone who has never reflected on the question of whether or not God exists and has no opinion about the matter. It would also include someone who had thought about the matter a great deal and has concluded either that she has insufficient evidence to decide the question, or that the question cannot be resolved in principle. Both people lack a belief in God, but in importantly different ways. So the position traditionally characterized as agnostic—neither believing that God does exist nor believing that God does not exist, is a negative atheistic position.
A positive atheist then, is someone who possesses the belief “God does not exist.” Beyond lacking a belief inGod, they will deny the truth of the claim, “God exists,” and affirm that there is no such thing. So positive atheists are negative atheists, but negative atheists need not be positive atheists. An analogy is useful. If a person believes that there is no such thing as unicorns, then she is a positive atheist concerning unicorns. Someone who has never heard of them would be a negative atheist with respect to unicorns. So would a person who has thought about the question, and is not sure whether they exist or not.
A person’s atheism can be narrow or wide in scope depending upon the sorts of entities at issue. The narrow atheist lacks a belief about or denies that existence of God. A wide atheist lacks a belief about or denies the existence of all gods, including but not limited to the traditional omni-God. The wide positive atheist, then, would actively deny that God exists, and also deny that Zeus, Gefjun, Thor, Sobek, Bakunawa and others exist. The narrow positive atheist merely denies that God exists, without taking a stronger view about the existence or non-existence of other supernatural beings. One could be a narrow atheist about God, but still believe in the existence of some other supernatural entities.
Separating these different senses of the term allows us to better understand the different sorts of justification that can be given for varieties of atheism with different scope. An argument may serve to justify one form of atheism and not another, for example, or an argument, while itself focusing on one account of God, may serve equally well against other conceptions. Keeping the positions and the justifications that can support them is particularly important given how many people have doubts about being able to “prove a negative.”
Approaches to the Question
Justifications for atheism have taken forms that can be usefully divided into several categories. For the most part, atheists have taken an evidentialist approach to the question of God’s existence. That is, atheists have taken the view that whether or not a person is justified in having an attitude of belief towards the proposition “God exists,” is a function of that person’s evidence. Towards that end, they, at least the positive atheists, have sought to develop arguments that would serve as evidence to justify concluding that God does not exist. An asymmetry that exists between theistic accounts of belief and atheistic accounts of non-belief is that atheists have not, for the most part, offered faith as a justification.
Atheists have offered a wide range of arguments and justifications for non-belief. One important exception appears to be Antony Flew’s presumption of atheism in God, Freedom, and Immorality: A Critical Analysis. Flew argues that the default position for any rational believer is neutral with regard to the existence of God, and to be neutral is to not have a belief regarding its existence. "The onus of proof lies on the man who affirms, not on the man who denies. . . on the proposition, not on the opposition,” Flew argues. Beyond that, coming to believe that such a thing does or does not exist will require justification, much as a jury presumes innocence concerning the accused and requires evidence in order to conclude that he is guilty. Flew’s negative atheist will presume nothing at the outset, not even the logical coherence of the notion of God, but her presumption will be defeasible, or revisable in the light of evidence. Let’s call this view atheism by default.
The Atheism by Default position contrasts to a more permissive attitude that many people take regarding religious belief. The notions of religious tolerance and freedom are sometimes taken to indicate the epistemic permissibility of believing despite a lack of evidence in favor or even evidence to the contrary. The general principle seems to be something such as, until one has evidence to the contrary, it is epistemically permissible, or in no violation of an epistemic duty, to believe a proposition. In contrast to the jury model, this view treats religious beliefs as reasonable until proven guilty. To say the least, this sort of epistemic policy about God or any other matter has been controversial. We typically do not take it to be epistemically inculpable or reasonable for a person to believe in Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, or some other supernatural being merely because they do not possess evidence to the contrary. Consider whether or not it is reasonable for a person to begin believing that they have cancer because they do not have evidence to the contrary.
There is a family of arguments, sometimes known as deductive atheology, for the conclusion that God is impossible. Another large group of important and influential arguments can be gathered under the heading inductive atheology. These arguments invoke considerations about the natural world that we have discovered that make belief in God unreasonable. Another approach, atheistic noncognitivism, denies that God talk is meaningful or has any propositional content that can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity.
Rather, religious speech acts are better viewed as a complicated sort of emoting or expression of spiritual passion. Inductive and deductive approaches are cognitivistic in that they accept that claims about God have meaningful content and can be determined to be true or false.
There is nothing to preclude an atheist’s taking some of these different approaches in conjunction, or adopting one type of argument about a set of God claims and another about the others.
There is a difference between arguing that a given proof for the existence of God suffers from some fatal flaw or flaws, and arguing more generally that there is no God or gods. The implication of the former would only be that that alleged proof does not succeed, not that no God exists. One form of negative atheist, then, would be the person for whom all of the arguments for the existence of God (that she is aware of) appear to suffer from some fatal flaw(s). Smith has read and discussed the question widely and for every argument she has encountered in favor of God’s existence it has seemed to her that there is some serious problem or other that undermines it. As a result, she lacks a belief that God exists. Whether or not positive atheism can be justified in a similar situation is a more complicated matter. It is unclear exactly what, if anything, one can infer generally from the failures of some arguments for X about the prospects of all arguments for X. There is surely some point at which it is reasonable to conclude from our failures to find evidence for Santa Claus, Bigfoot, or an existing Tyranosaurus Rex, that there exists no such thing. But that broader conclusion will arise from inadequate evidence for the existence combined with theoretical principles about standards of epistemic justification.
An argument or arguments for the conclusion that God does not exist, if successful, will provide the positive atheist with justification. And such an argument could be coupled with conclusions that the reasons given for the existence of God are faulty. Or an argument for God’s non-existence could be compelling grounds that all arguments alleged to prove the existence of God must be based upon fallacious reasoning or false premises. | <urn:uuid:d0351bf1-6c69-418a-85ff-7f39f8c75fd8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.provingthenegative.com/2008/06/some-varieties-of-atheism.html?showComment=1212737640000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956352 | 2,171 | 2.703125 | 3 |
We show how to build and use strategies in the classroom so teachers will be able to provide students with the foundational skills crucial for reading success.
North Salt Lake, UT (PRWEB) October 17, 2013
Beginning this year, teachers and literacy coaches in the Colonial School District of New Castle, Delaware, will use Reading Horizons reading instruction strategies in all K–1 classrooms to improve students’ reading skills.
The district first used Reading Horizons strategies in reading intervention classrooms to help struggling students develop a strong foundation in phonics. Pleased by improvements it saw, the district eventually purchased components of Reading Horizons direct instruction materials to broaden the use of the strategies into mainstream classes and supplement the core curriculum.
Aligned to the Common Core State Standards, the Reading Horizons program features an explicit, sequential, systematic approach to reading instruction. Students learn to decode one-syllable and multi-syllabic words by analyzing them and applying simple markings. The highly interactive, multi-sensory design of the program accommodates the different ways students learn (by using visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic modalities), so each student can succeed—no matter the dominant learning style.
Matt Crismon, Certified Trainer for Reading Horizons, has helped the district’s teachers and literacy coaches learn the new strategies. He sees a lot of enthusiasm and excitement about this new addition to the curriculum. “By supplementing the core program with Reading Horizons, the district is helping teachers get the instructional support they need.” He adds, “educators really like our professional development because it is not a passive learning experience; it engages them. We show how to build and use strategies in the classroom so teachers will be able to provide students with the foundational skills crucial for reading success.”
The district’s literacy coaches have attended a couple of two-day workshops, and three of the literacy coaches have even gone on to become certified trainers in the Reading Horizons methodology. After the training, literacy coaches can help ensure that teachers fully understand how to teach the strategies and use the materials.
Reading Horizons is also helping the district meet its goal of providing greater differentiated instruction for its students. Because of the flexible program design, Reading Horizons can be taught whole class, one-on-one, or in small groups, so teachers can target instruction in specific skills to just those students who need it. The program is suitable for all levels of student skill and is especially helpful for students with language processing disorders and English Language Learners.
About Reading Horizons:
Founded in 1984, Reading Horizons provides teacher training, teacher’s manuals, and interactive software that empower teachers to effectively teach beginning readers, struggling readers, and English Language Learners. By learning the core of the Reading Horizons framework (The 42 Sounds of the Alphabet, Five Phonetic Skills, and Two Decoding Skills), students have all of the skills they need to read the vast majority of words in the English language. The Reading Horizons program is currently offered in over 10,000 schools across the country. Follow Reading Horizons at http://www.readinghorizons.com. | <urn:uuid:7d44960e-3a01-4c07-9924-6bff04b8336b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/10/prweb11233542.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929893 | 639 | 3.40625 | 3 |
by Donald J. Wheeler
Deciding which probability model is appropriate requires judgment
that most students of statistics do not possess.
Some data consist of counts rather than measurements. With count data, it
has been tradition to use a theoretical approach for constructing control
limits rather than an empirical approach for making measurements. The charts
obtained by this theoretical approach have traditionally been known as "attribute
charts." There are certain advantages and disadvantages of these charts.
What About Charts for Count Data?
Count data differ from measurement data in two ways. First, count data possess
a certain irreducible discreteness that measurement data do not. Second,
every count must have a known "area of opportunity" to be well-defined.
With measurement data, the discreteness of the values is a matter of choice.
This is not the case with count data, which are based on the occurrence
of discrete events (the so-called attributes). Count data always consist
of integral values. This inherent discreteness is, therefore, a characteristic
of the data and can be used in establishing control charts.
The area of opportunity for any given count defines the criteria by which
the count must be interpreted. Before two counts may be compared, they must
have corresponding (i.e., equally sized) areas of opportunity. If the areas
of opportunity are not equally sized, then the counts must be converted
into rates before they can be compared effectively. The conversion from
counts to rates is accomplished by dividing each count by its own area of
These two distinctive characteristics of count data have been used to justify
different approaches for calculating the control limits of attribute charts.
Hence, four control charts are commonly associated with count data-the np-chart,
the p-chart, the c-chart and the u-chart. However, all four charts are for
The only difference between an XmR chart and an np-chart, p-chart, c-chart
or u-chart is the way they measure dispersion. For any given set of count
data, the X-chart and the four types of charts mentioned previously will
show the same running records and central lines. The only difference between
these charts will be the method used to compute the distance from the central
line to the control limits.
The np-, p-, c- and u-charts all assume that the dispersion is a function
of the location. That is, they assume that SD(X) is a function of MEAN(X).
The application of the relationship between the parameters of a theoretical
probability distribution must be justified by establishing a set of conditions.
When the conditions are satisfied, the probability model is likely to approximate
the behavior of the counts when the process displays a reasonable degree
of statistical control.
Yet, deciding which probability model is appropriate requires judgment that
most students of statistics do not possess. For example, the conditions
for using a binomial probability model may be stated as:
Binomial Condition 1: The
area of opportunity for the count Y must consist of n distinct items.
Binomial Condition 2: Each
of the n distinct items must be classified as possessing, or not
possessing, some attribute. This attribute is usually a type of nonconformance
Binomial Condition 3: Let
p denote the probability that an item has the attribute being counted.
The value of p must be the same for all n items in any one
sample. While the chart checks if p changes from sample to sample,
the value of p must be constant within each sample. Under the conditions,
which are considered to be in a state of statistical control, it must be
reasonable to assume that the value of p is the same for every sample.
Binomial Condition 4: The
likelihood that an item possessing the attribute will not be affected if
the preceding item possessed the attribute. (This implies, for example,
that nonconforming items do not naturally occur in clusters, and counts
are independent of each other.)
If these four conditions apply to your data, then you may use the binomial
model to compute an estimate of SD(X) directly from your estimate of MEAN(X).
Or, you could simply place the counts (or proportions) on an XmR chart and
estimate the dispersion from the moving range chart. You will obtain essentially
the same chart either way.
Unlike attribute charts, XmR charts assume nothing about the relationship
between the location and dispersion. It measures the location directly with
the average, and it measures the dispersion directly with the moving ranges.
Thus, while the np-, p-, c- and u-charts use theoretical limits, the XmR
chart uses empirical limits. The only advantage of theoretical limits is
that they include a larger number of degrees of freedom, which means that
they stabilize more quickly.
If the theory is correct, and you use an XmR chart, the empirical limits
will be similar to the theoretical limits. However, if the theory is wrong,
the theoretical limits will be wrong, and the empirical limits will still
You can't go far wrong using an XmR chart with count data, and it is generally
easier to work with empirical limits than to verify the conditions for a
About the author
Donald J. Wheeler is an internationally known consulting statistician
and the author of Understanding Variation: The Key to Managing Chaos and
Understanding Statistical Process Control, Second Edition.
© 1996 SPC Press Inc. Telephone (423) 584-5005. | <urn:uuid:15486b55-0a1d-46e6-8c79-bbf2b806f81e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.qualitydigest.com/jul/spctool.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892743 | 1,178 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Guest Blog: How Effective Parents Communicate with a School about Bullying
Just before the holidays, I blogged about ineffective strategies parents use when they communicate with schools about bullying. This week, I’m sharing the “best practices” of parents I’ve worked with over the last 18 years. When parents practice the principles below, it very often leads to appropriate and satisfying resolutions to the family’s problem.
1) Be Emotionful (ok, it’s not really a word), not Emotional – Effective parents are clear, direct, strident in their desire to have the issue addressed and express their emotions to the principal about their daughter and their concerns. But they do not fall back on the ineffective “weapon” of being emotional (yelling, banging the table, carrying on, making unreasonable demands, etc.). The weapon of emotion, while it may be effective in getting a lot of attention, isn’t that good in getting a lot of results because it automatically creates an adversarial relationship.
2) Show Perspective – Effective parents do realize that relational aggression occurs among adolescents and have faith that the school can appropriately address the situation. (The developmental nature of behavior is not an excuse to diminish the seriousness of the issue). These parents realize that the emotion that goes along with these issues will pass and that they can’t act immediately on their feelings (the old count to 10 rule), no matter how appealing that sounds.
3) Communicate with others – Effective parents very often will seek out the advice of parents who have gone through similar situations and have seen them successfully addressed. Stepping away from the “echo chamber” of each other, mothers and fathers will work with friends and families to gain information, perspective and strategies. Very often school administrators can act as effective go-betweens to help like minded parents find each other.
4) Partner with the school – This is A BIG ONE. When I’m in a parent meeting and the parent is echoing my suggestions and concerns to the child, they are sending the very strong message that the school will be able to effectively address the situation. This support does two things: 1) It strengthens the ability of the school to resolve the matter in the eyes of the child and 2) reinforces to the child that the home and school are working in concert to address the matter and that, by working together, the situation can be made a whole lot better.
Clearly, my suggestions assume that a parent is working with a school prepared to deal effectively with bullying. I get that not every school falls in to that category. That said, it is important to give a school a chance to do its job before making assumptions about its capacity. At the end of the day, working together will always make success more possible.
Brian Gatens is principal of Harrington Park School in Harrington Park, NJ. An 18-year veteran of both public and private schools, he has worked with grades K – 12 as both a classroom teacher and a school administrator. Most importantly, he is the husband of Kathie and the father of Jimmy, Jack and Meg, a Girls Leadership Institute Alumna. | <urn:uuid:59b35db7-4189-4e63-927b-6caad0b2c4f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rachelsimmons.com/2011/01/guest-blog-how-effective-parents-communicate-with-a-school-about-bullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96511 | 651 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Salmon Recovery in
Washingtonians rely on salmon for food, recreation, jobs, cultural identity, and social tradition. These iconic fish evoke the best Washington has to offer – pristine water, rich landscapes, a healthy environment, and a thriving natural resource economy.
As Washington’s population has grown, its salmon have dwindled. In 1991, the federal government declared the first salmon in the Pacific Northwest, Snake River sockeye, as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. In the next few years, 16 more species of salmon were listed as either threatened or endangered.
By 1999, wild salmon had disappeared from about 40 percent of their historic breeding ranges in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and California.
In Washington, the numbers had dwindled so much that salmon and bull trout were listed as threatened or endangered in nearly three-fourths of the state.
There are many things that have contributed to the decline of salmon populations but they generally can be put in two major categories:
- Loss, fragmentation, and destruction of salmon habitat
- Land uses that pollute waterways and degrade habitat
- Over fishing
- Hatcheries that produce fish that compete with wild salmon for limited resources
Changes to the natural environment
- Fluctuating marine conditions
- Climate change
- Increases in predators | <urn:uuid:ee50f5c0-5293-423d-befd-343e40adf6f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rco.wa.gov/salmon_recovery/index.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944881 | 264 | 3.90625 | 4 |
by KRIS GUNNARS
The health effects of coffee are quite controversial. Depending on who you ask, it is either a super healthy beverage or incredibly harmful. But despite what you may have heard, there are actually plenty of good things to be said about coffee. For example, it is high in antioxidants and linked to a reduced risk of many diseases. However, it also contains caffeine, a stimulant that can cause problems in some people and disrupt sleep. This article takes a detailed look at coffee and its health effects, examining both the pros and cons.
Coffee Contains Some Essential Nutrients and is Extremely High in Antioxidants
Coffee is more than just dark brown water… many of the nutrients in the coffee beans do make it into the drink.
A typical 8oz (240 ml) cup of coffee contains (1):
•Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): 11% of the RDA.
•Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): 6% of the RDA.
•Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): 2% of the RDA.
•Vitamin B3 (Niacin): 2% of the RDA.
•Folate: 1% of the RDA.
•Manganese: 3% of the RDA.
•Potassium: 3% of the RDA.
•Magnesium: 2% of the RDA.
•Phosphorus: 1% of the RDA.
This may not seem like a lot, but try multiplying with 3, 4, or however many cups you drink per day. It can add up to a significant portion of your daily nutrient intake.
But where coffee really shines is in its high content of antioxidants.
Bottom Line: Coffee contains a small amount of some vitamins and minerals, which add up if you drink many cups per day. It is also high in antioxidants.
Coffee Contains Caffeine, A Stimulant That Can Enhance Brain Function and Boost Metabolism
Soft drinks, tea and chocolate all contain caffeine, but coffee is the biggest source.
The caffeine content of a single cup can range from 30-300 mg, but the average cup is somewhere around 90-100 mg.
Caffeine is a known stimulant. In the brain, it blocks the function of an inhibitory neurotransmitter (brain hormone) called Adenosine.
By blocking adenosine, caffeine actually increases activity in the brain and the release of other neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine. This reduces tiredness and makes us feel more alert (5, 6).
However… some of these effects are likely to be short-term. If you drink coffee every day, then you will build a tolerance to it and the effects will be less powerful (13).
There are also some downsides to caffeine, which I’ll get to in a bit.
Bottom Line: The main active compound in coffee is the stimulant caffeine. It can cause a short-term boost in energy levels, brain function, metabolic rate and exercise performance.
Coffee May Help Protect Your Brain in Old Age, Leading to Reduced Risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of dementia.
Parkinson’s is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and caused by the death of dopamine-generating neurons in the brain.
Bottom Line: Several studies show that coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease in old age.
Coffee Drinkers Have a Much Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by elevated blood sugars due to resistance to the effects of insulin.
This is a very common disease… it has increased 10-fold in a few decades and now afflicts over 300 million people.
Interestingly, coffee drinkers appear to have a significantly reduced risk of developing this disease, some studies showing that coffee drinkers are up to 23-67% less likely to become diabetic (21, 22, 23, 24).
In one large review study that looked at 18 studies with 457,922 individuals, each daily cup of coffee was linked to a 7% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (25).
Bottom Line: Numerous studies have shown that coffee drinkers have a significantly lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Coffee Drinkers Have a Lower Risk of Liver Diseases
It is very sensitive to modern insults like excess alcohol and fructose intake.
The end stage of liver damage is called Cirrhosis, and involves most of the liver being replaced with scar tissue.
Bottom Line: Coffee drinkers have a significantly lower risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. The more coffee they drink, the lower the risk.
People Who Drink Coffee Are at a Much Lower Risk of Depression and Suicide
Depression is an incredibly common problem.
It is the world’s most common mental disorder and leads to a significantly reduced quality of life.
In one Harvard study from 2011, people who drank the most coffee had a 20% lower risk of becoming depressed (31).
In one review of 3 studies, people who drank 4 or more cups of coffee per day were 53% less likely to commit suicide (32).
Bottom Line: Studies have shown that people who drink coffee have a lower risk of becoming depressed and are significantly less likely to commit suicide.
Some Studies Show That Coffee Drinkers Live Longer
Given that coffee drinkers have a lower risk of many common, deadly diseases (and suicide), it makes sense that coffee could help you live longer.
There is actually some good evidence to support this.
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2012 looked at the habits of 402,260 individuals between 50 and 71 years of age (33).
The sweet spot seems to be at 4-5 cups per day, with men having a 12% reduced risk and women a 16% reduced risk.
You can read more about it in this article on how coffee can make you live longer.
Bottom Line: Some studies have shown that coffee drinkers live longer, which makes perfect sense given that they have a lower risk of many diseases. The strongest effect is seen for 4-5 cups per day.
Caffeine Can Cause Anxiety and Disrupt Sleep
It wouldn’t be right to only talk about the good stuff without mentioning the bad.
The truth is… there are some important negative aspects to coffee as well (although this depends on the individual).
Consuming too much caffeine can lead to jitteriness, anxiety, heart palpitations and may even exacerbate panic attacks (34).
If you are sensitive to caffeine and tend to become overstimulated, then perhaps you shouldn’t be drinking coffee.
Another unwanted side effect is that it can disrupt sleep (35). If coffee reduces the quality of your sleep, then try avoiding coffee late in the day, such as after 2pm.
Bottom Line: Caffeine can have various negative effects, such as causing anxiety and disrupting sleep, but this depends greatly on the individual.
Caffeine is Addictive and Missing a Few Cups Can Lead to Withdrawal
One issue with caffeine, is that it can lead to addiction in many people.
When people consume caffeine regularly, they become tolerant to it. It either stops working as it used to, or a larger dose is needed to get the same effects (39).
Tolerance and withdrawal are the hallmarks of physical addiction.
A lot of people (understandably) don’t like the idea of being literally dependant on a chemical substance in order to function properly.
Bottom Line: Caffeine is an addictive substance. It can lead to tolerance and well documented withdrawal symptoms like headache, tiredness and irritability.
The Difference Between Regular and Decaf
Some people opt for decaffeinated coffee instead of regular.
Each time this is done, some percentage of the caffeine dissolves in the solvent and this process is repeated until most of the caffeine has been removed.
However, it’s important to keep in mind that even decaffeinated coffee does contain some caffeine, just much less than regular coffee.
Unfortunately, not all of the health benefits of regular coffee apply to decaffeinated coffee. For example, some studies show no reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson’s or liver diseases for people who drink decaffeinated coffee.
Bottom Line: Decaffeinated coffee is made by extracting caffeine from the coffee beans using solvents. Decaf does not have all of the same health benefits as regular coffee.
There are some things you can do in order to maximize the beneficial health effects you get from coffee.
The most important is to NOT add anything unhealthy to it. This includes sugar and any sort of artificial, chemical-laden creamer.
Also keep in mind that some of the coffee drinks at places like Starbucks can contain hundreds of calories and a whole bunch of sugar. These drinks are NOT healthy.
There are some more tips in this article on 8 ways to make your coffee super healthy.
Bottom Line: It is important not to put sugar or a chemical-laden creamer in your coffee. Brewing with a paper filter can get rid of a cholesterol-raising compound called Cafestol.
Should You be Drinking Coffee?
There are some people who would definitely want to avoid or severely limit coffee consumption, especially pregnant women.
People with anxiety issues, high blood pressure or insomnia might also want to try limiting coffee for a while to see if it helps.
There is also some evidence that people who metabolize caffeine slowly have an increased risk of heart attacks from drinking coffee (44).
All that being said… it does seem clear that for the average person, coffee can have important beneficial effects on health.
If you don’t already drink coffee, then I don’t think these benefits are a compelling reason to start doing it. There are downsides as well.
But if you already drink coffee and you enjoy it, then the benefits appear to far outweigh the negatives.
I personally drink coffee, every day… about 4-5 cups (sometimes more). My health has never been better.
Take Home Message
It’s important to keep in mind that many of the studies in the article are observational studies, which can not prove that coffee caused the beneficial effects.
But given that the effects are strong and consistent among studies, it is a fairly strong indicator that coffee does in fact play a role.
Despite having been demonized in the past, the evidence points to coffee being very healthy… at least for the majority of people.
If anything, coffee belongs in the same category as healthy beverages like green tea.
Source: Authority Nutrition | <urn:uuid:b2b376c5-fbfc-4213-bc35-c3d4f5746249> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.realfarmacy.com/2-cups-coffee-per-day-will-liver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948104 | 2,251 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Situated 7km west of Derry, Grianian of Aileach perched on the summit of Greenan Mountain.The name Grianian of Aileach Translates to stone palce, temple or fortress of the Sun. Although heavily restored, there are no doubts as to the antiquity of the site as it is one of only five Irish locations marked on Ptolemy of Alexandria’s 2nd century map of the world.
The stone ringfort is thought to have been built in the early years AD and from the 5th to the 12th centuries it was the seat of the northern Ui Neill, the rulers of the Fifth of Ulster.
According to the Irish Annals, Grianan of Aileach was destroyed in 1101 by Murtagh O’Brien, the ruler of the Fifth of Munster, as a reprisal for the Ui Neill’s destruction of his royal seat at Kincora some thirteen years before. The account tells that O’Brien would settle for nothing less than complete destruction of the Ui Neill stronghold and ordered each of his soldiers to carry away a stone from the fort as they departed.
Restoration was carried out between 1874 and 1879 by Dr. Walter Bernard , a Derry antiquarian. .
The Fort is of dry-stone construction and the the outer surface of the 5m high walls has a graceful curved, or battered, form. There are excellent views from the fort across Lough Swilly, Lough Foyle and the Inishowen Penninsular, it is claimed that on a clear day five of the nine counties of Ulster can be seen from this viewpoint. | <urn:uuid:ee08b883-cd4a-4230-b9bf-0b6a251af08c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redbubble.com/people/mikequigley/works/4492703-grianian-of-aileach-sunset-donegal-ireland?p=framed-print&ref=shop_grid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960395 | 348 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Alik, an independent and quick-witted 10-year old boy in Irkutsk, a region of east Siberia, Russia, has had his life turned upside down by the HIV epidemic. His mother died from an HIV-related infection, and Alik is HIV+ himself.
He is one of the nearly 600 children who have received services from the American Red Cross-funded HIV Care and Support Program that began in Irkutsk ten years ago, in early February 2003.
In Russia, a country of 143 million people, between 840,000 and 1.2 million are HIV-positive, according to a 2009 estimate by UNAIDS and the World Health Organization. That means Russia has one of the world’s highest percentages of HIV-infected people outside sub-Saharan Africa.
The Russian Red Cross in Irkutsk, with the support of the American Red Cross, decided to take on this problem and created a comprehensive program called, the Care and Support Project for People Living with HIV/AIDS. After its start in February, 2003, the program expanded in 2007 to a regional HIV initiative for Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia. This program, which currently reaches more than 170,000 people, is one of the longest-running international programs supported by the American Red Cross.
“In ten years, a lot has happened,” said Ramine Bahrambegi, an American Red Cross health delegate that oversees the program from Moscow. “There have been successes, there have been disappointments. And the problem is far from solved. But we can say that now the HIV epidemic is acknowledged and openly discussed in ways never imagined in 2003. Access to treatment and information has vastly improved. The Red Cross is giving hope and support and is truly saving lives.”
The program provides psychological, legal and social assistance and support to people affected by HIV/AIDS. One of the unique aspects is the care and support services offered by visiting nurses. These nurses provide nutritional, health, developmental and psychological support for pregnant woman with HIV and children born to HIV positive mothers. For children like Alik, the Russian Red Cross provides a family center for support as well as referrals.
Once Alik became involved in the visiting nurse program, he started taking early development classes and learned to talk at age 6. His academic struggles, due to prenatal encephalopathy and birth trauma, led to his home schooling, but he regularly meets with a Russian Red Cross psychologist and speech therapist. He has access to necessary medical treatment and hopes to eventually return to ordinary schooling. With continued participation in this program, his counselors believe this is possible.
“This Initiative represents the best of the Red Cross,” said Bahrambegi. “It takes collaboration and partnership and approaching an issue as challenging as HIV in a comprehensive way. People are getting the services and support they need the most in a warm and dignified environment. Ten years is something to celebrate. I’m excited to see where our partnership with the Russian Red Cross goes next”. | <urn:uuid:13e80a35-4794-4f32-b4c9-b41c5270a4cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redcross.org/en/news/article/Ten-Years-of-Red-Cross-HIV-Care-and-Support-in-Russia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97117 | 626 | 2.78125 | 3 |
February 12, 2013
New World Record Efficiency For Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells
A 10.7 percent conversion rate has been achieved using less than 2 micrometers of raw material
The Photovoltaics-Laboratory (PV-Lab) of EPFL's Insitute of Microengineering (IMT), founded in 1984 by Prof. Arvind Shah and now headed by Prof. Christophe Ballif, is well known as a pioneer in the development of thin-film silicon solar cells, and as a precursor in the use of microcrystalline silicon as a photoactive material in thin-film silicon photovoltaic (TF-Si PV) devices. A remarkable step was achieved by the team led by Dr. Fanny Meillaud and Dr. Matthieu Despeisse with a new world record efficiency of 10.7% for a single-junction microcrystalline silicon solar cell, independently confirmed at Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE CalLab PV Cells) in Freiburg (Germany)."Deep understanding has been gained these last years in material quality, efficient light-trapping and cell design, which in combination with careful process optimization led to this remarkable world-record efficiency" says Simon Hänni, PhD student at IMT Neuchâtel. Importantly, the employed processes can be up-scaled to the module level. While standard wafer-based crystalline silicon PV technology implements absorber layers with a thickness of about 180 micrometers for module conversion efficiency of 15 to 20%, 10.7% efficiency was reached here with only 1.8 micrometers of silicon material, i.e. 100 times less material than for conventional technologies, and with cell fabrication temperature never exceeding 200°C.
Thin-film silicon technology indeed offers the advantages of saving up on raw material and offering low energy payback time, thus allowing module production prices as low as 35 /m2, reaching the price level of standard roof tiles.
The reported progress is of paramount importance for increasing further TF-Si PV devices efficiency and potential, as at least one microcrystalline silicon junction is systematically used in combination with an amorphous silicon junction to form multiple junction devices for a broader use of the solar spectrum. The reported record efficiency clearly indicates that the potential of TF-Si multi-junction devices can be extended to > 13.5% conversion efficiency with a minimum usage of abundant and non-toxic raw material at low costs (TF-Si PV modules implementing in their simplest form two glasses and few microns of zinc and of silicon for an easy recycling).
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:04263e0f-4c80-46b6-a956-1615627d3e63> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112782693/new-world-record-efficiency-for-thin-film-silicon-solar-cells/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902224 | 544 | 2.9375 | 3 |
If My People had
heard Me, if
quickly would I have humbled their enemies,
and upon their oppressors would I have laid My hand.
Psalm 80. 12-13
He shall seduce with flattery those who violate the covenant;
but the people who know their God shall stand firm.
beginning of the Second World War, the Orthodox Church, having suffered the
most terrible and sustained onslaught from the powers of evil in her history,
was a shadow of her former self. The sergianist Moscow Patriarchate, on the one
hand, and the newcalendarist Churches of Constantinople,
Could the outbreak of world war bring relief to the Orthodox Church? Or would it consolidate the power of the antichristian powers ranged against her? That was the question in the early months of 1941…
On April 6, the
week later, on Lazarus Saturday, the Germans entered the completely destroyed
and deserted city, and difficult years began for the Russian emigration in
the occupation of
Deserted by the Croats, the Serbian resistance was soon crushed. The Germans arrested Patriarch Gabriel and Bishop Nicholas Velimirovich. But although the two hierarchs were to spend the whole war in prisons and concentration camps, they refused the Nazis’ suggestion that they collaborate with them.”
The Church suffered terribly throughout the
But by far the worst atrocities were committed against the Serbs in
On December 4, the Croatians passed a law ordering all Church feasts to
be celebrated according to the new calendar. The Russian émigrés
were informed of this, and were threatened with punishment if they did not
obey. Metropolitan Anastasy, however, immediately petitioned for an exception
to be made for the Russian parishes, and with the help of the German
Evangelical Bishop Hackel, on
Joachim Wertz writes: “In many villages the massacres followed a certain pattern. The Ustashi would arrive and assemble all the Serbs. They would then order them to convert to Catholicism. Those who refused, as the majority did, were told to assemble in their local Orthodox parish church. They would then lock them in the church and set it ablaze. In this manner many Orthodox men, women and children perished in scores of Serbian settlements.”
to Archbishop Stepinac’s report to the Pope on
One of those martyred in Jasenovac was an old man called Vukashin. He was standing “in an aura of peace and joy, softly praying to Christ. The executioner was greatly angered by the old man’s peacefulness and saintly composure, and he ordered that he be dragged to the place of execution.
“St. Vukashin was given the usual charge, ‘Accept the Pope or die a most terrible death’.
“The old man signed himself with the honourable Cross and peacefully intoned, ‘Just do your job, my son’.
“The executioner trembled with anger. He brutally slashed off one of the saint’s ears, repeating his charge. The Holy Martyr again peacefully replied, ‘Just continue to do your job, my son.’ And so the irrational persecutor continued: first the other ear, then the nose, and the fingers one by one. Like a new James of Persia, St. Vukashin was ‘pruned as a sacred grapevine of God.’ With each grisly and bloody cut, the noble Vukashin, filled with peace and joy by the Holy Spirit, calmly replied, ‘Just continue to do your job, my son.’
“At length, the vicious torturer gouged out the eyes of the martyr, and the saint once more replied, ‘Just continue to do your job, my son.’ With that, the executioner flew into a rage and slew the holy martyr. Almost immediately, the executioner lost his mind and went completely mad.”
In February, 1942, Dr. Privislav Grisogno, a Croatian Catholic member of
the former Yugoslav cabinet, wrote in protest to Archbishop Stepinac: “I am
writing to you as a man to a man, as a Christian to a Christian. I have been
meaning to do this for months hoping that the dreadful news from
“For the last ten months Serbs have been killed and destroyed in
“The slaughter of Serbs began from the very first day of the
establishment of the
“Their rivers Sava, Drav, the
“Horrifying is the case of Mileva Bozinic
from Stanbandza whose child was removed from her womb. There was also the case
of the roasted heads in
“The horrors of the camps in which
thousands of Serbs were killed or were left to die from exposure, hunger and
cold weather, are too terrible to mention. The Germans have been talking about
a camp in Lika where there were thousands of Serbs; but when the Germans got there
they found the camp empty, drenched in blood and bloody clothing. In that camp
it has been said a Serbian bishop also lost his life. Thousands upon thousands
of Serbs in the camp of Jasenovac are still being tortured as they are spending
fierce winter in wooden Gypsy shacks with no straw or covering and with a
ration of two potatoes per day. In the history of
“Secondly, the Catholic Church made us of all this to convert the surviving Serbs. And while the soil was still steaming from the innocent victims’ blood, while groans shuddered from the chests of the surviving victims, the priests, friars, nuns carried in one hand the Ustashi daggers and in the other their prayer books and rosaries. The whole of Srem is inundated with leaflets written by Bishop Aksamovic and printed in his printing shop in Djakovo, calling upon Serbs to save their lives and property by converting to Catholicism. It was as if our church wanted to show that it could destroy souls just as the Ustashi authorities destroy bodies. It is an even greater blot on the Catholic church, since at the same time many Orthodox churches and all the Orthodox monasteries have been confiscated, their property plundered as well as many historical treasures. Even the Patriarchal church in Sremski Karlovci has not been spared. All this violence against conscience and the spirit has brought even greater disgrace to the Croat nation and name…
“I write this to save my soul and leave it to you (Archbishop Stepinac) to find a way to save your soul.”
Although some have claimed that Stepinac tried to restrain the
murderers, there can be no doubt about his fanatical hatred of Orthodoxy. Thus
on March 27 and 28, 1941, he wrote in his diary: “The spirit of
In 1946 Stepinac was tried by the communist government, found guilty of
treason to the State and the murder of Serbs, and imprisoned for five years. On
coming out of prison he was awarded a cardinal’s hat by the
Another creation of the Ustashi was the so-called “Croatian Orthodox
In 1940 the holy Catacomb Elder Theodosius (Kashin) of Minvody said: “There’s going to be a war, such a terrible war, like the Terrible Judgement: people will perish, they have departed from the Lord, they have forgotten God, and the wind of war will carry them away like ashes, and there will be no sign of them. But if anyone will call on God, the Lord will save him from trouble.”
The war compelled the Soviets to try and reactivate an ethnically
Russian patriotism. Thus “Vyacheslav Molotov, the Foreign Minister, gave a
radio address in which he spoke of the impending ‘patriotic war for homeland,
honour and freedom’. The next day the main Soviet army newspaper, Krasnaia zvezda,
referred to it as a ‘holy war’. Communism was conspicuously absent from Soviet
propaganda in the war. It was fought in the name of
patriotic appeals were necessary because, as Overy writes, “by 1942 it was
evident that the Communist Party alone could not raise the energies of the
people for a struggle of this depth and intensity. The war with
However, there was no genuine revival of Russian patriotism. Nor could there be, in spite of the modern peddling of the myth of “the Great Fatherland War” as a great victory for Russian patriotism over a foreign invader. For, as Anton Kuznetsov writes, “from the very beginning the Bolsheviks showed themselves to be an anti-Russian power, for which the concepts of Homeland, Fatherland, honour and duty do not exist; in whom the holy things of the Russian people elicit hatred; which replaced the word ‘Russia’ with the word ‘Internationale’, and the Russian flag with the red banner; which even in its national composition was not Russian: it was dominated by Jews (they constituted a huge percentage, and at first it seemed as if it was a question of a purely ‘Jewish power’) and foreigners.
“During the 24 years of its domination the Bolshevik (‘Soviet’) power
had had enormous successes in the annihilation of historical
“One has no right to call such a regime a national power. It must be defined as an anti-national, occupying power, the overthrow of which every honourable patriot can only welcome.
“… The antinational and antipopular essence of the Red (Soviet) army is clear to every who has come into more or less close contact with this army.
Russian who has preserved his national memory will agree that the Workers and
Peasants Red Army (RKKA) never was either the continuer of the traditions,
nor the successor by right, of the Russian Imperial Army (that is what the
White army was and remains to this day). The Red army was created by the
Bolsheviks in the place of the Russian Army that they had destroyed. Moreover,
the creators, leaders and backbone of the personal make-up of this army were
either open betrayers of the Homeland, or breakers of their oath and deserters
from the Russian Army. This army dishonoured itself in the Civil war by
pillaging and the killing of our Russian officers and generals and by
unheard-of violence against the Russian people. At its creation it was filled
with a criminal rabble, village riff-raff, red guards, sailors, and also with
Chinese, Hungarians, Latvians and other ‘internationalists’. In the make-up of
the Red army the communists constituted: in 1920 – 10.5%, in 1925 – 40.8%, in
1930 – 52%, and from the end of the 30s all the command posts were occupied by
communists and members of the komsomol. This army was stuffed with NKVD
informants and political guides, its destinies were determined by commissars,
the majority of whom were Jews; it represented, not a national Army, but the
party army of the Bolshevik Communist Party (B) – the Communist Party of the
“But of course the
most terrible blow at this myth is delivered by the Russian Liberation Army
[ROA] in the Second World War, which is called ‘the Vlasovites’ by Soviet
patriots. The very fact that at various times 1,000,000 (one million!) Soviet
citizens served in the German Wermacht must cut off all talk of a ‘great fatherland’
war, for in fact: where, when and in what Fatherland war do people in such
numbers voluntarily pass over to the side of the opponent and fight in
his ranks? Soviet patriots find nothing cleverer to say than to declare these
people innate traitors, self-seekers and cowards. This is a blatant lie, but
even if it were true, it remains complete incomprehensible why
As the Bolsheviks
retreated, “the NKVD carried out a programme of liquidation of all the
prisoners sitting in their jails. In the huge Lukyanov prison in
The Germans were in general greeted with
ecstatic joy. Thus Solzhenitsyn writes: “
“That is what the popular mood was like – the mood of peoples some of whom had lived through twenty-four years of communism and others but a single year. For them the whole point of this latest war was to cast off the scourge of communism. Naturally enough, each people was primarily bent not on resolving any European problem but on its own national task – liberation from communism…”
“In the years of the war,” writes Anatoly Krasikov, “with the agreement
of the German occupying authorities, 7547 Orthodox churches were opened (as
against 1270 opened in 1944-1947 with the permission of the Council for the
Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church).” Even in
fully Sovietized regions such as
There was also a revival in Transnistria, the formerly Soviet region
between the Dniestr and Bug rivers that had come under the control of the
Germans’ allies, the Romanians. In September, 1941 the Romanian newcalendarist
church sent a mission there under Archimandrite Julius (Skriban) which opened
many churches and monasteries. However, it also introduced the new calendar and
the Romanian language even in mainly Ukrainian areas. The Ukrainian
In the Baltic region, the Germans were quite happy to deal with the MP’s
exarch, Metropolitan Sergius (Voskresensky), who quickly showed his loyalty to
immediatedly proceeded to bless the formation of an “Orthodox mission in the
liberated regions of
Its third head was Protopriest Cyril Zaits, whose activity, according to
Vasilyeva, “suited both the exarch and the occupation authorities. The mission
supplied its own material needs, supplementing its resources from the profits
of its economic section (which included a candle factory, a shop for church
utensils and an icon studio) and from 10% of the deductions coming from the
parishes. Its monthly profits of 3-5000 marks covered the expenses of the
administration, while the remaining money of the mission went on providing for
theological courses in
“Priests were needed to restore church life in a number of parishes. And as he accompanied the missionaries [who were graduates of a theological seminary in Western Europe], … the exarch said: ‘Don’t forget that you have come to a country where in the course of more than twenty years religion has been poisoned and persecuted in the most pitiless manner, where the people are frightened, humiliated, harried and depersonalised. You will have not only to restore church life, but also to arouse the people to new life from its hibernation of many years, explaining and pointing out to them the advantages and merits of the new life which is opening up for them.’”
At the beginning the mission had only two
open churches, one in
Josephite parishes continued to exist in
whole,” writes M.V. Shkvarovsky, “the
“The well-known historian of the Catacomb Church I. Andreyev
(Andreyevsky) wrote that in spite of the insistent demands of the exarch of the
Baltic, Metropolitan Sergius (Voskresensky), the True Orthodox priests, who
began to serve in some of the opened churches, refused to commemorate the
patriarchal locum tenens. ‘Thus, for example, in the city of
“The fact that most of the communities of the True Orthodox Christians
“In a series of other regions of the country the German High Command was more favourably disposed to the Catacomb Christians: in Bryansk, Orel and Voronezh districts, and also in Belorussia, the Crimea and on the Don.”
Perhaps for this reason, on
As Bishop Irinarchus of Tula and Briansk (Russian Orthodox Autonomous
Church) witnesses: “In 1943, according to the personal order of Stalin, several
hundred Catacomb Orthodox Christians were removed from Tula and Ryazan regions
and sent to Siberia. Many of them perished, but not all, glory to God. In
“Before the war only a few Catacomb priests were surviving in
In Belorussia, the Germans tried to create an autocephalous Belorussian
Church that would be independent of both Great Russian and Polish influence
(Catholic Poles were doing a lot of missionary work in the region). To this
end, on October 3, 1941 Metropolitan Panteleimon (Rozhnevsky) and Bishop
Benedict of Brest were allowed them to create an independent Belorussian Church
(to be called “Autocephalous”) whose internal life would be free from
interference from the German authorities and in which services would be in
Church Slavonic, but whose preaching and ecclesiastical correspondence would be
in Belorussian. The two bishops accepted these conditions and on October 6
officially published “Act ¹ 1 of the proceedings of the Council of the
Belorussian Orthodox Church”. Archbishop Panteleimon was to move from the
Zhirovitsky monastery to
However, according to one source, neither the metropolitan nor the
majority of the Orthodox in Belorussia were willing to break ties with the MP,
and at a Council in Minsk in 1942 the Synod of what we may call the Belorussian
Autonomous Church insisted that the autocephaly of their Church would have to
be approved by the other Autocephalous Churches. This displeased the Germans;
they appointed Bishop Philotheus of Slutsk in the place of Metropolitan
Panteleimon, who was exiled to the monastery of Lyade.
According to another source, however, Metropolitan Panteleimon at first refused
to accept the idea of a
“In August-September 1942,” writes Michael Woerl, “under pressure from
both the Germans and their Belorussian nationalist cohorts, Archbishop
Philotheus summoned a council of the
“Archbishop Philotheus and his fellow hierarchs persistently sought the
return of Metropolitan Panteleimon, who finally was allowed by the Germans to
Throughout this period, the
Andrew Psarev writes: “The
On March 30, 1942 the Autonomous Church sent an Archpastoral Epistle to
its children, declaring that the newly formed autocephalists were to be
considered as “the Lipkovtsy sect”, and all the clergy ordained by them –
graceless. In consequence, and because the Autonomous Church did not go along
with the extreme nationalist politics of the autocephalists, it suffered
persecution in the German-occupied regions both from the autocephalists and the
Ukrainian nationalist “Benderite” partisans, who had formed an alliance. Thus
S. Raevsky writes: “The autocephalist bishop in
“The Benderites also killed another hierarch of the Autonomous Church,
Manuel (Tarnavsky), who was taken from his flat in Vladimir in Volhynia at
night and hanged in the wood [on July 9/22]. The Benderites mercilessly
liquidated the older priests who did not want to betray their oath and enter into
the Ukrainian Autocephaly, while the younger ones were beaten almost to death
and expelled from their parishes. So many older priests perished, receiving
martyric deaths for standing on guard for Orthodoxy. As an example we may speak
about the martyric death of the elder and protopriest Meletius Ryzhkovsky in
Although the period of revival of ecclesiastical life in these regions
was brief, it had important consequences for the future. First, many of the
churches reopened in this period were not again closed by the Soviets when they
returned. Secondly, some of those bishops and priests who could not, or chose
not to, escape westwards after the war went underground and helped to keep the
Catacomb Church alive in the post-war period. And thirdly, ROCOR received an
injection of new bishops and priests from those who fled westwards to
It was natural for ROCOR to welcome the resurrection of Orthodoxy in the
German-occupied territories. Thus in his paschal epistle for 1942 Metropolitan
Anastasy wrote: “The day that they (the Russian people) expected has come, and
it is now truly rising from the dead in those places where the courageous
German sword has succeeded in severing its fetters… Both ancient
In June, the ROCOR Synod made some suggestions to the German authorities
on the organization of the Church in
However, the attitude of the Germans to the Orthodox Faith was
ambiguous. Hitler was “utterly irreligious”, but
feigned religious tolerance for political reasons. Thus “the heaviest blow that
ever struck humanity,” he said, “was the coming of Christianity. Bolshevism is
Christianity's illegitimate child. Both are inventions of the Jew. The
deliberate lie in religion was introduced into the world by Christianity.
Bolshevism practises a lie of the same nature, when it claims to bring liberty
to men, only to enslave them." But at
the same time he recognized that Christianity "can't be broken so simply.
It must rot and die off like a gangrened limb." And on
The Germans wanted to prepare new priestly cadres who would conform to
their views on the Jews. On
One thing the Germans did not want was the resurrection of the
Great Russian people through the Church. On May 16, 1942 A. Rosenburg, the head
of the ministry of the East, said in Riga to a meeting of General and Security
Commissars: “The Russian Orthodox Church was a political instrument of the
power of tsarism, and now our political task consists in creating other
ecclesiastical forms where the Russian Church used to exist. In any case we
will hinder the Great Russian Orthodox Church from lording it over all the
nationalitie… We should think more about introducing the Latin script instead
of the Russian. Therefore it is also appropriate that some churches should remain as far as possible restricted
to the province of one General Commissar… It is also appropriate for
On August 12, Archbishop Seraphim (Lyade) wrote from Vienna to
Metropolitan Anastasy: “With regard to the question of sending priests to
Russia: unfortunately, according to all available data, the higher government
authorities are so far not well-disposed towards a positive solution of this
question. I made several petitions, but without success. In all probability,
the authorities suspect that the clergy from abroad are bearers of a political
ideology that is unacceptable for the German authorities at the present time. I
did not even succeed in getting permission to transfer several priests to
As the war progressed and the behaviour of
the Germans became steadily more cruel, the attitude of the Russian Orthodox to
them changed. This is reflected in the words of Metropolitan Anastasy in
October, 1945, in response to Patriarch Alexis’ charge that ROCOR sympathised
with the Nazis: “… The Patriarch is not right to declare that ‘the leaders of
the ecclesiastical life of the Russian emigration’ performed public prayers for
the victories of Hitler’. The Hierarchical Synod never prescribed such prayers
and even forbade them, demanding that Russian people prayed at that time only for
the salvation of
G.M. Soldatov writes: “It was suggested to
the metropolitan [by the Germans] that he issue an appeal to the Russian people
calling on them to cooperate with the German army, which was going on a crusade
to liberate Russia from the Bolsheviks. If he were to refuse to make the
address, Vladyka was threatened with internment. However, the metropolitan
refused, saying that German policy and the purpose of the crusade was unclear
to him. In 1945 his Holiness Patriarch Gabriel of Serbia witnessed to
Metropolitan Anastasy’s loyalty to
”Referring to documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other departments of the German government, the historian M.V. Shkarovsky pointed out that Metropolitan Anastasy and the clergy of ROCOR were trying to go to Russia to begin organizing missionary and charitable work there, but this activity did not correspond to the plans of Germany, which wanted to see Russia weak and divided in the future.”
Nevertheless, of the two alternatives –
the Germans or the Soviets – ROCOR considered the latter the more dangerous
enemy. For Soviet power had been anathematized at the Russian Local Council in
1918, and had subjected the
Thus in November, 1944 Metropolitan
Anastasy addressed the Russian Liberation Movement as follows: “In the name of
the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit! From ancient times there has
existed such a custom in the Russian land; before undertaking any good work,
especially a collective work, they used to ask the blessing of God on it. And
you have gathered here, dear brothers and fellow-countrymen, you workers and
inspirer of the Russian national movement, thereby demonstrating the historical
link of the great work of the liberation of
The Stalin-Sergius Pact
Not only all patriotic and cultural forces, but also the Church was enrolled in defence of the Soviet “motherland”. Thus on the very first day of the invasion, Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) made an appeal to the nation to support the Soviets.
Then the Germans asked the MP’s exarch in the Baltic, Metropolitan Sergius (Voskresensky), who had refused to be evacuated eastwards with the Red Army, to react to it. His response was: “Soviet power has subjected the Orthodox Church to an unheard of persecution. Now the punishment of God has fallen on this power… Above the signature of Metropolitan Sergius of Moscow and Kolomna, the patriarchal locum tenens, the Bolsheviks have distributed an absurd appeal, calling on the Russian people to resist the German liberators. We now that the blessed Sergius, a man of great learning and zealous faith, could not himself compose such an illiterate and shameless appeal. Either he did not sign it at all, or he signed it under terrible threats…”
Sergius Shumilo writes: “The hierarchs of the Moscow Patriarchate on the territories that remained under the Soviets officially declared a ‘holy war’ and unambiguously called on the people to fight on the side of the God-hating regime of Stalin. Thus Metropolitan Sergius, who had usurped for himself the title ‘patriarchal locum tenens’, already on the first day of the war, June 22, 1941, appealed to ‘the Soviet people’, not only calling on them to ‘the defence of the Soviet Homeland’, but also declaring ‘a direct betrayal of pastoral duty’ even the very thought that the clergy might have of ‘possible advantages to be gained on the other side of the front’. With the cooperation of the NKVD this appeal was sent to all the parishes in the country, where it was read after services as a matter of obligation.
“Not having succeeded in starting the war first, and fearing to lose the support of the people, Stalin’s regime in desperation decided to use a German propaganda trick – the cultivation of national-patriotic and religious feelings in the people. As E.I. Lisavtsev affirms, already in July, 1941 unofficial negotiations took place for the first time between Stalin’s government and Metropolitan Sergius. In the course of a programme of anti-Hitlerite propaganda that was worked out in October, 1941, when the German armies had come right up to Moscow, Metropolitan Sergius issued an Epistle in which he discussed the Orthodox hierarchs and clergy who had made contact on the occupied territories with the local German administration. De facto all the hierarchs and clergy on the territories occupied by the Germans, including those who remained in the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, came under Metropolitan Sergius’ excommunication.
“Having issued the Epistle, Metropolitan Sergius and all the members of
the chancellery of the MP, together with the Soviet government and the
leadership of the Soviet army and the NKVD, were evacuated from Moscow to
Ulyanovsk (formerly Simbirsk), where on November 24 Metropolitan Sergius
delivered a new appeal to the people, in which he called them to ‘a holy war
for Christian civilization, for freedom of conscience and faith’. In all during
the years of the war S. Stragorodsky delivered more than 23 similar addresses.
Metropolitan Nicholas (Yarushevich) also repeatedly called to a ‘holy war’; his
appeals to the partisans and the people in the form of leaflets were scattered
in enormous quantities by Soviet military aviation onto the territories
occupied by the German armies. However, such epistles only provoked the German
command, and elicited reprisals against the local clergy and population.
Besides this, Metropolitan Nicholas repeatedly appealed to the ‘erring’
“It was for the same propagandistic aims that in 1942, in the
printing-house of the Union of Militant Atheists, which had temporarily been
handed over for the use of the MP, there appeared in several foreign languages
a solidly produced book, The Truth about Religion in Russia, the
foreword to which was composed by
“The text of the telegram of Metropolitan Sergius of Moscow on November 7, 1942 addressed to Stalin on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Bolshevik coup sounds like an evil joke, a mockery of the memory of hundreds of thousands of martyrs for the faith who perished during the years of the Stalinist repressions: ‘In your person I ardently and prayerfully greet the God-chosen leader of our military and cultural forces, leading us to victory over the barbarian invasion…’
“However, besides propagandistic and ideological support for the Soviet regime, the clergy and parishioners of the MP also provided serious financial help to the army in the field. Thus in a telegram of Metropolitan Sergius to I. Stalin on February 25, 1943 we are formed: ‘On the day of the jubilee of our victorious Red Army I greet you as its Supreme Commander in the name of the clergy and believers of the Russian Orthodox Church, I prayerfully desire that you experience the joy of complete victory over the enemy… The believers in their desire to help the Red Army have willingly responded to my appeal: they have collected money to build a tank column in the name Demetrius Donskoy. In all about 6,000,000 roubles have been collected, and, besides, a large quantity of gold and silver things…’”
In fact, all parishes in Soviet Russia were required to make
contributions to the Soviet war effort. Sergius – the “compatriarch” or
communist patriarch, as the Germans called him - announced huge contributions
towards the outfitting of a tank unit.
From November, 1941 even the last open church of the Josephites in
Shumilo continues: “Taking into consideration this loyal position of the
leadership of the MP, and relying on the successful experiment of Nazi Germany
on the occupied territories, Stalin, after long hesitations, finally decided on
a more broadly-based use of religion in order to attain his own political ends.
The more so in that this would help the new imposition of communist tyranny on
the ‘liberated’ territories and in the countries of
“’The forcible disbanding of the officially recognized leadership of the patriarchate would inevitably call into existence a secret leadership, which would significantly increase the difficulties of police supervision… In general there has existed in Russia a very lively secret religious life (secret priests and monks; secret places for prayer; secret Divine services; christenings; confessions; communions; marriages; secret theological studies; secret possession of the Sacred Scriptures, liturgical vessels, icons, sacred books; secret relations between communities).
“’In order to destroy the catacomb patriarchate also, they would have to execute all the bishops, including the secret ones that would undoubtedly be consecrated in case of need. And if we imagine the impossible, that the whole ecclesiastical organization would be annihilated, then faith would still remain, and atheism would not make a single step forward. The Soviet government understood this, and preferred to allow the existence of a patriarchal administration.’
“But there were other more substantial reasons: already at the end of
September, 1941 William Everell, the authorized representative of President
Franklin Roosevelt of the USA in Moscow, during negotiations with Molotov and
Stalin with regard to drawing the USA onto the side of the USSR in the war with
Nazi Germany, raised the question of politics in relation to religion in the
“Cardinal changes in the internal politics of Stalin in relation to the
“Besides Hewitt Johnson, other hierarchs of the Anglican church were
actively involved into the movement for the speediest provision of help to the
“In connection with the above-mentioned political perspectives,
Metropolitan Sergius (from
“Here we must note that Karpov’s report sins
through obvious exaggerations, which create the deceptive impression that the
initiative in these ‘negotiations’ came from the hierarchs, while Stalin spoke
only in the role of a ‘kind magician’ who carried out all their demands. In
actual fact the subject of the so-called ‘negotiations’, and the decisions
taken during them, had been worked out long before the meeting. Stalin,
Malenkov and Beria had examined this question in their dacha already before the
middle of the day on September 4. Confirmation of this is given by the speedy
transport of Sergius and Alexis to
“Reviewing the question of the convening of the council, it was decided
that Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) should, for political reasons, be
proclaimed ‘patriarch of all Rus’’ and not ‘of
“At the end of the meeting Stalin declared that he was intending to
create a special organ for control of the Church – the Council for the Affairs
of the Russian Orthodox Church (SD RPTs). ‘… In reply the metropolitans thanked
the government and Stalin personally for the reception he had given them, his
enormous help to, and respect for, the Church, and assured the president of the
Sovnarkom of their patriotic position, noting that they looked very favourably
on the creation of a new state organ for the affairs of the Orthodox Church and
on the appointment of [NKVD Major-General] G. Karpov to the post of its
president… Turning to Metropolitan Sergius, Molotov asked him when it would be
better, in his opinion, to receive the delegation of the Anglican church in
The three hierarchs also raised the question of opening more churches. Stalin replied that he no obstacles to this from the side of the government. Then Metropolitan Alexis raised the question of releasing certain hierarchs who were in the camps. Stalin said: “Give me a list, and we shall look at it.”
The meeting lasted until According to Archimandrite Ioann (Razumov), Sergius was enchanted by Stalin. “How kind he is!… How kind he is!” he said in a hushed voice.
To summarise the results of this critical meeting, the Soviet church acquired a precarious, semi-legal existence – the right to open a bank account, to publish The Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate and a few booklets, to reopen some seminaries and churches, and, most important, to “elect” a new patriarch after the release from prison of some of the most malleable bishops. In return, it had to accept censorship and control of every aspect of its affairs by the newly constituted Council for Russian Orthodox Affairs, which came to be nicknamed "Narkombog" (People's Commissar for God) and "Narkomopium" (People's Commissar for Opium).
Stalin’s new ecclesiastical policy was effective. Donald Rayfield
writes: “Promoting Orthodoxy had been more effective in galvanizing the nation
than reiterating the slogans of Stalinism. Stalin may also have listened to an
American envoy, who had pointed out that Congress would not hesitate to send
At first, the Council for Religious Affairs exerted its control
downwards via the bishops in accordance with the Church’s rigidly centralized
structure. From 1961, however, its control came to be exercised also from
below, through the so-called dvadsatky, or parish councils of twenty
laypeople, who could hire and fire priests at will, regardless of the bishops.
Thus for all its increased size and external power, the MP remained as much a
puppet of Soviet power as ever. As Vasilyeva and Knyshevsky write: “There is no
doubt that Stalin’s ‘special organ’ and the government (to be more precise, the
Stalin-Molotov duet) kept the patriarch under ‘eternal check’. Sergius
understood this. And how could he not understand when, on
Shumilo continues: “The so-called ‘hierarchical council’… took place on
At the 1943 council, contrary to the rules laid down by the 1917-18 Council, only one candidate for the patriarchy was put forward. “I think that this will be made infinitely easier for us by the fact that we already have someone bearing the patriarchal privileges, and so I suppose that an election with all the details that usually accompany such events is not necessary for us,” declared Metropolitan Alexis (Simansky), who put forward the candidacy of Sergius. There was nothing for the delegates to do but submit to the will of “the father of the peoples, Joseph Stalin”, and to the question of Metropolitan Sergius: “Is nobody of another opinion?”, reply: “No, agreed”.
“At the end of the session the council accepted a resolution read out by Sergius that was unprecedented in its amorality and uncanonicity. It said that ‘every person who is guilty of betraying the common work of the Church and of passing over to the side of fascism is to be counted as excommunicated as being an enemy of the Cross of the Lord, and if he is a bishop or cleric is deprived of his rank.’ Thus practically the whole of the population and clergy of the occupied territories – except, of course, the red partisans – fell under the anathema of the Soviet church, including 7.5 million Soviet prisoners of war, who had become prisoners of the Germans. According to Stalin’s ukaz ¹ 260 of September, 1941, all of them were declared traitors to their Homeland. ‘There are no captives, there are only deserters,’ declared Molotov, commenting on this ukaz.”
Sergius was enthroned as “patriarch” on
1940 the Japanese passed a new law forbidding foreigners to lead religious
organizations. Metropolitan Sergius (Tikhomirov) was forced to retire. However,
in March, 1941 Protopriest Ioann (Ono) was consecrated by ROCOR bishops in
In May, 1943, the Japanese placed a statue of their goddess Amateras, who according to Japanese tradition was the foundress of the imperial race, directly opposite the Orthodox cathedral of St. Nicholas, and demanded that Russians going to church in the cathedral should first make a “reverential bow” towards the goddess. They also required that on certain days Japanese temples should be venerated, while a statue of the goddess was to be put in Orthodox churches.
The question of the admissibility of participating in such ritual venerations was discussed at the diocesan assemblies of the Harbin diocese on September 8 and October 2, 1943, in the presence of the hierarchs of the Harbin diocese: Metropolitan Meletius, Bishop Demetrius and Bishop Juvenal (Archbishop Nestor was not present). According to the witness of the secretary of the Episcopal conference, Fr. Leonid Upshinsky, “the session was stormy, since some objected that… Amateras was not a goddess but the Ancestress.” It was decided “to accept completely and direct to the authorities” the reports of Bishop Demetrius of Hailar and Professor K.I. Zaitsev (the future Archimandrite Constantine), which expressed the official view of the episcopate that participation in the ritual venerations was inadmissible.
On May 2, an Episcopal Convention took place (Archbishop Nestor, as usual, was not present), at which this position was confirmed. Several days later, Metropolitan Meletius presented the text of the Episcopal Convention to Mr. Kobayasi. Kobayasi demanded that he give a written promise not to raise the question of venerations until the end of the war. Metropolitan Meletius asked that the words “if there will be no compulsion to venerations” should be added to the text. Vladyka’s demand again elicited a quarrel. However, in the end Kobayasi gave in.
On August 31 the
An important influence on the Japanese in their eventual climb-down was the courageous confession of Archimandrite Philaret (Voznesensky), the future first-hierarch of the Russian Church Abroad and the son of Bishop Demetrius. The Japanese seized him and subjected him to torture. His cheek was torn and his eyes were almost torn out, but he suffered this patiently. Then they told him: “We have a red-hot electrical instrument here. Everybody who has had it applied to them has agreed to our requests. And you will also agree.” The torturer brought the instrument forward. Then Fr. Philaret prayed to St. Nicholas: “Holy Hierarch Nicholas, help me, otherwise there may be a betrayal.” The torturer commenced his work. He stripped the confessor to his waist and started to burn his spine with the burning iron. Then a miracle took place. Fr. Philaret could smell his burning flesh, but felt no pain. He felt joyful in his soul. The torturer could not understand why he was silent, and did not cry out or writhe from the unbearable pain. Then he turned and looked at his face. Amazed, he waved his hand, muttered something in Japanese and fled, conquered by the superhuman power of the confessor’s endurance. Fr. Philaret was brought, almost dead, to his relatives. There he passed out. When he came to he said: “I was in hell itself.” Gradually his wounds healed. Only his eyes were a bit distorted. And the Japanese no longer tried to compel the Orthodox to bow down to their idol.
“A week after the enthronement,” writes Shumilo, “on the orders of the
Sovnarkom, Sergius accepted the long-awaited delegation of the Anglican church
led by Archbishop Cyril Garbett in
Shortly after being elected Patriarch, in an encyclical dated
On October 31, after the Georgians congratulated Sergius on his
election, Sergius’ representative, Archbishop Anthony of
In the period from the Stalin-Sergius pact of September, 1943 to the enthronement of the new “patriarch” Alexis in January, 1945, the 19 bishops of the MP (they had been only four at the beginning of the war) were more than doubled to 41. The Catacomb Bishop “A.” (probably the great confessor Anthony Galynsky-Mikhailovsky) wrote: “Very little time passed between September, 1943 and January, 1945. Therefore it is difficult to understand where 41 bishops came from instead of 19. In this respect our curiosity is satisfied by the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate for 1944. Looking through it, we see that the 19 bishops who existed in 1943, in 1944 rapidly gave birth to the rest, who became the members of the 1945 council.
“From the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate we learn that these hasty consecrations were carried out, in the overwhelming majority of cases, on renovationist protopriests.
“From September, 1943 to January, 1945,
with a wave of a magic wand, all the renovationists suddenly repented before
Metropolitan Sergius. The penitence was simplified, without the imposition of
any demands on those who caused so much evil to the
“As the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate informs us, the ‘episcopal’ consecrations before the ‘council’ of 1945 took place thus: the protopriest who had been recommended (undoubtedly by the civil authorities), and who was almost always from the ‘reunited’ renovationists or gregorians, was immediately tonsured into monasticism with a change in name and then, two or three days later, made a ‘hierarch of the Russian Church’.”
This acceptance of the renovationists was dictated in the first place by the will of the Bolsheviks, who now saw the Sergianists as more useful to them than the renovationists.
On October 16 Karpov sent secret instructions to the regions not to hinder the transfer of renovationists to the Sergianist church.
Since Karpov wanted the renovationists to join the state church, the rules for their reception were relaxed. Thus in 1944 Metropolitan Alexis (Simansky) severely upbraided Bishop Manuel (Lemeshevsky) for forcing “venerable” renovationist protopriests to “turn somersaults”, i.e. repent, before the people, in accordance with Patriarch Tikhon’s rules.
As Roslof writes: “The relaxation of rules by the patriarchate reflected the needs of both church and state. The patriarchal synod had full backing from the government and expected to emerge as the sole central authority for the Orthodox Church. So it could afford to show mercy. At the same time, the patriarchate faced a scarcity of clergy to staff reopened parishes and to run the dioceses. Sergii’s bishops had problems finding priests for churches that had never closed. This shortage of clergy was compounded by the age and poor education of the candidates who were available. The patriarchate saw properly supervised red priests as part of the solution to the problem of filling vacant posts.”
However, the penetration of the patriarchate by these “red priests” meant that the new, post-war generation of clergy was quite different from the pre-war generation in that they had already proved their heretical, renovationist cast of mind, and now returned to the neo-renovationist MP like a dog to his vomit (II Peter 2.22), forming a heretical core that controlled the patriarchate while being in complete obedience to the atheists. The way in which the renovationist-sergianist hierarchs sharply turned course at a nod from the higher-ups was illustrated, in the coming years, by the MP’s sharp change in attitude towards ecumenism, from strictly anti-ecumenist in 1948 to pro-ecumenist only ten years later.
Sergius did more than place the MP in unconditional submission to the God-hating authorities. As Archimandrite Nectarius (Yashunsky) writes, he introduced a heretical understanding of the Church and salvation: “Metropolitan Sergius’ understanding of the Church (and therefore, of salvation) was heretical. He sincerely, it seems to us, believed that the Church was first of all an organization, an apparatus which could not function without administrative unity. Hence the striving to preserve her administrative unity at all costs, even at the cost of harming the truth contained in her.
“And this can be seen not only in the church politics he conducted, but also in the theology [he evolved] corresponding to it. In this context two of his works are especially indicative: ‘Is There a Vicar of Christ in the Church?’ (The Spiritual Heritage of Patriarch Sergius, Moscow, 1948) and ‘The Relationship of the Church to the Communities that have Separated from Her’ (Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate).
In the first, although Metropolitan Sergius gives a negative answer to
the question (first of all in relation to the Pope), this negative answer is
not so much a matter of principle as of empiricism. The Pope is not the head of
In the second cited article, Metropolitan Sergius explained the differences in the reception of heretics and schismatics, not on the basis of their objective confession of faith, but on the subjective (and therefore changeable) relationship of the Church’s first-hierarch to them. Thus “we receive the Latins into the Church through repentance, but those from the Karlovtsy schism through chrismation”. And so for Sergius, concludes Fr. Nectarius, “the truth of Holy Orthodoxy is not necessary for salvation, but it is belonging to a legal church-administrative organization that is necessary”!
This heretical transformation of the patriarchate into an “eastern
papacy” was described by Fr. Vyacheslav Polosin: “If Metropolitan Sergius was
ruled, not by personal avarice, but by a mistaken understanding of what was for
the benefit of the Church, then it was evident that the theological foundation
of such an understanding was mistaken, and even constituted a heresy concerning
the Church herself and her activity in the world. We may suppose that these
ideas were very close to the idea of the Filioque: since the Spirit
proceeds not only from the Father, but also from the Son, that means that the
vicar of the Son… can dispose of the Spirit, so that the Spirit acts through
Him ex opere operato.. It follows necessarily that he who performs the
sacraments of the Church, ‘the minister of the sacrament’, must automatically
be ‘infallible’, for it is the infallible Spirit of God Who works through him
and is inseparable from him… However, this Latin schema of the Church is
significantly inferior to the schema and structure created by Metropolitan
Sergius. In his schema there is no Council, or it is replaced by a formal
assembly for the confirmation of decisions that have already been taken – on
the model of the congresses of the Communist Party of the
“The place of the Council in his Church structure is taken by something lacking in the Latins’ scheme – Soviet power, loyalty to which becomes in the nature of a dogma… This scheme became possible because it was prepared by Russian history. But if the Orthodox tsar and the Orthodox procurator to some extent constituted a ‘small Council’, which in its general direction did not contradict… the mind-set of the majority of believers, with the change in world-view of those came to the helm of Soviet power this scheme acquired a heretical character, since the decisions of the central ecclesiastical authorities, which were associated in the minds of the people with the will of the Spirit of God, came to be determined neither by a large nor by a small Council, but by the will of those who wanted to annihilate the very idea of God (the official aim of the second ‘godless’ five-year-plan was to make the people forget even the word ‘God’). Thus at the source of the Truth, instead of the revelation of the will of the Holy Spirit, a deadly poison was substituted… The Moscow Patriarchate, in entrusting itself to the evil, God-fighting will of the Bolsheviks instead of the conciliar will of the Spirit, showed itself to be an image of the terrible deception of unbelief in the omnipotence and Divinity of Christ, Who alone can save and preserve the Church and Who gave the unlying promise that ‘the gates of hell will not overcome her’… The substitution of this faith by vain hope in one’s own human powers as being able to save the Church in that the Spirit works through them, is not in accord with the canons and Tradition of the Church, but ex opere operato proceeds from the ‘infallible’ top of the hierarchical structure.”
Sergius died on
“It was expected that Stalin would reply to such protestations of
loyalty by allowing the convening of a council and the election of a new
patriarch. However, Stalin, in spite of the fact that, eight months before, on
the eve of the Teheran conference, he had hastily convened a council, now
seemed not to be aiming for it. But such suspicions were mistaken. The talented
scenarist was acting, according to the expression of V. Alexeyev, ‘in
accordance with a previously worked out plan’, and was by no means planning to
stop using the Church for his criminal aims. As became clear later, he resorted
to convening the council at the beginning of 1945, that is, in time for the official
meeting of the heads of the governments of the
Some have seen in the behaviour of Archbishop Luke proof that the MP was not completely sovietized at this time, and that its hierarchy still contained some true bishops. Unfortunately, however, there is clear evidence that Archbishop Luke, like the other hierarchs of the Moscow Patriarchate, was infected by the Soviet bacillus to such an extent that he deviated from Orthodox teaching. Thus he wrote that Christ’s commandment to love one’s neighbour did not apply “to the German murderers… it is absolutely impossible to love them.” And again: “How shall we now preach the Gospel of love and brotherhood to those who do not know Christ, but who have seen the satanic face of the German who claims to be a Christian?” Such sentiments from one who knew from his own experience how “Christian” his own government was, were possible only for one who allowed revolutionary morality to obscure the light of Christian truth. Indeed, Archbishop Luke (who has recently been canonized by the MP) is known to have said that if he had not been a priest he would have been a communist.
In January, 1945, another council assembled in
”A significant amount of money,” writes Shumilo, “was set apart by
Stalin for its preparation. The best hotels of the capital, the “Metropole” and
“National” were placed at the disposal of the participants of the council gratis,
as well as Kremlin government food reserves, government “ZIS” automobiles, a
large government house with all modern conveniences and much else. Stalin was
also concerned about the arrival in the
“The council opened on
“In its turn the council did not miss the opportunity yet again to express its gratitude and assure the communist party, the government and Stalin personally of its sincere devotion. As the address put it: ‘The Council profoundly appreciates the trusting, and to the highest degree benevolent and attentive attitude towards all church undertakings on the part of the state authorities… and expresses to our Government our sincerely grateful feelings’.
“As was planned, the sole candidate as the new Soviet patriarch was unanimously confirmed at the council – Metropolitan Alexis (Simansky). Besides this, a new ‘Temporary Statute for the Administration of the Russian Orthodox Church’, composed by workers at the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church and the chancellor of the MP, Protopriest Nicholas Kolchitsky, was accepted at the council. This Statute radically contradicted the canonical principles of Orthodoxy. ‘This Statute turned the Moscow patriarchate into a certain likeness of a totalitarian structure, in which three people at the head with the so-called “patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’” received greater power than a local council, and the right to administer the Church in a still more dictatorial fashion than Peter’s synod. But if the emperors up to 1917 were nevertheless considered to be Orthodox Christians, now the official structures of the Church were absolutely subject to the will of the leaders of the God-fighting regime. Church history has not seen such a fall in 2000 years of Christianity!’ By accepting in 1945 the new Statute on the administration of the Russian Orthodox Church that contradicted from the first to the last letter the conciliar-canonical principles of the administration of the Church confirmed at the All-Russian Local Church Council of 1917-1918, the Moscow patriarchate once more confirmed its own Soviet path of origin and development, and also the absence of any kind of link or descent from the canonical ‘Tikhonite’ Church, which legally existed in the country until 1927.”
The MP, having meekly submitted to the rule of the totalitarian dictator
Stalin, was now in effect a totalitarian organization itself. All decisions in
the Church depended effectively on the single will of the patriarch, and
through him, of Stalin. For, as Fr. Sergius Gordun has written: “For decades
the position of the Church was such that the voice of the clergy and laity
could not be heard. In accordance with the document accepted by the Local
Council of 1945, in questions requiring the agreement of the government of the
The power over the Church that the 1945 council gave to the atheists was revealed in the secret 1974 Furov report of the Council for Religious Affairs to the Central Committee: “The Synod is under the control of the Council for Religious Affairs. The question of the selection and placing of its permanent members was and remains completely in the hands of the Council, and the candidature of the non-permanent members is also agreed beforehand with responsible members of the Council. All issues which are to be discussed at the Synod are first discussed by Patriarch Pimen and the permanent members of the Synod with the leaders of the Council and in its departments, and the final ‘Decisions of the Holy Synod’ are also agreed.”
After the enthronement of Alexis (on February 4), writes V. Alexeyev, Stalin
ordered the Council to congratulate Alexis on his election and to give him “a
commemorative present. The value of the gift was determined at 25-30,000
rubles. Stalin loved to give valuable presents. It was also decided to ‘show
gratitude’ to the foreign bishops for their participation in the Council. The
commissariat was told to hand over 42 objects from the depositories of the
As was to be expected, the Eastern Patriarchs recognised the canonicity of the election, “hastening,” as Shumilo says, “to assure themselves of the support of the head of the biggest and wealthiest patriarchate, which now, moreover, had acquired ‘the clemency [appropriate to] a great power’”.
price the Eastern Patriarchs paid for the favour of this “great power” was an
agreement to break communion with ROCOR. As Karpov reported: “The Council was a
clear proof of the absence of religion in the
After the victory of the Soviets in the
Second World War, many Russian émigrés were swept up by a feeling of
nostalgia for what they thought was their homeland, and, in the words of the
writer Vladimir Nabokov, began to “fraternize with the Soviets because they
sense in the
Tragic as the fate of the voluntary
returnees was, it was not to be compared with that of those who were forcibly
returned by the western allied governments, who felt compelled to carry out the
agreements they had signed with Stalin in
largest category of those forcibly repatriated was composed of those who had
fought in the Soviet army. Protopriest
Michael Ardov describes their fate: “I am already a rather elderly person. I
remember quite well the years right after the war, 1945, 1946, and how
Another category was composed of the
soldiers who fought on the German side in General A.A. Vlasov’s
“Russian Liberation Army”. In May, 1945, in Lienz in
A similar tragedy took place in
As a result of their attendance at the false council of 1945, the
official Orthodox Churches of
After his liberation from
The other Serbian hierarchs had already shown their submission to
However, the patriarch’s fellow prisoner in
Bishop Nicholas’ decision was shown to have been prudent in 1947, when Tito placed a Catholic at the head of the Commission for religious confessions. Many priests then began to be imprisoned…
“A report dated
Meanwhile, those who had resisted the communists during the war were
purged. Thus “it has been estimated that up to 250,000 people [of all the
Among these was the leader of the royalist Chetnik resistance to the Partisans, Draza Mikhailovič, who was executed by the communists on July 4/17, 1946, and was venerated as a new martyr by the Free Serbs of America (who have now returned to the patriarchate). For while the Chetniks and Partisans had originally been united in their opposition to the Germans, they ended the war fighting each other…
During the war, King Boris III of
Professor Ya.Ya. Etinger tells the story as follows: “Hitler demanded
from his ally
After the death of Tsar Boris, his brother, Prince Cyril, became regent
and continued the same policy. But after the Soviet troops entered
So-called associations of priests controlled by the communists were
infiltrated into the
In August, 1948, Metropolitan Dionysius, head of the
reason may have been his participation in the creation of the
In 1948 the head of the Albanian Orthodox Church, Archbishop Christopher of Tirana, was deposed and imprisoned by the communist government for “hostile activity in relation to the Albanian people”.
On March 5 the new head of the Albanian Church, Archbishop Paisius, gave a speech in front of the All-Albanian conference in defence of peace in which he said: “In agreement with the great ideals of love, brotherhood and peace throughout the world on which the Church is based, we will struggle for the holy affair of the liberation of the whole of mankind from hostile encroachments on its peaceful life. This task must be unanimously accomplished by all our clergy, as preachers of peace who are bound to direct the will of the flock to the struggle for peace… We preach peace, but we know that peace is not given gratis, therefore we bless the struggle for the final victory over those who are stirring up war…”
Archbishop Averky writes: “In September, 1944, when the Soviet armies
were already approaching
“From Vienna Vladyka Metropolitan and the whole Synod moved first to
Karlsbad [on November 10], and then – already after the end of the war – in the
summer of 1945 to the city of Munich, which for a time became a major centre of
Russian ecclesiastical and public life. In
“Wishing to restore the links between the separate parts of the Russian Church Abroad with the Hierarchical Synod after the disruption caused by the war, Vladyka Metropolitan succeeded in obtaining permission to go to Switzerland, and from Geneva he quickly established contact by writing with all the countries containing church communities subject to our Russian Church Abroad, which strengthened the organization of our Church Abroad that was about to collapse.
“In Switzerland Vladyka Metropolitan remained for about 7 months, and in
this period he, together with Bishop Jerome who arrived from
“By Pascha, 1946 he had returned to Munich, where he soon, on April 23, he convened a Council of Bishops Abroad, in which the bishops of the Autonomous Ukrainian and Belorussian Churches took part with identical rights to those of the representatives of other districts. 15 hierarchs participated personally in this Council, while the rest, from distant countries, sent their wishes and written opinions on the questions on the agenda…
“After the end of the war Vladyka Metropolitan’s attention was mainly
concentrated on helping Orthodox Russians to leave devastated
“In September, 1950 Metropolitan Anastasy undertook a journey to the
West European diocese, where he carried out two important acts: in Geneva on
September 11/24 he consecrated Archimandrite Leonty (Bartoshevich) as Bishop
for the Geneva vicariate, and in Brussels on September 18 / October 1 he
consecrated the newly constructed memorial church to the Tsar-Martyr and all
the Russian people killed during the troubles. On returning to
“From 1948 a vigorous migration of Russian to the United States of North
America had begun, and many began to ask Vladyka Metropolitan to move there
also together with the Hierarchical Synod. People in
“Vladyka Metropolitan Anastasy’s departure for
“The next day after his arrival, on November 12/25, Vladyka Metropolitan went to the Holy Trinity monastery in Jordanville, where he carried out a triumphant consecration of the just completed stone monastery church in honour of the Holy Trinity, after which a Hierarchical Council took place in which 11 hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad took part.”
At this Council holy myrrh was sanctified for the first time in ROCOR’s
history. Previously, myrrh had been received from the
The ROCOR Synod’s move to
“On October 26-27 the hierarchs of the Church Abroad in North
America Archbishop Vitaly, Bishop Jerome and Bishop Joasaph took part in the
Hierarchical Council of North America, in which the election of Metropolitan
Sergius to the Russian patriarchal throne was discussed. A resolution was
passed recognizing the election and indicating that the Patriarch Sergius of
Moscow should be commemorated at Divine services – without, however, removing
the commemoration of Metropolitans Anastasy and Metropolitan Theophilus of
North America. Following this conciliar decision, Metropolitan Theophilus
issued an ukaz on the commemoration of all three hierarchs in all the
On May 31, after the death of Sergius, a Council of the Bishops of North America under the presidency of Metropolitan Theophilus and with the participation of Archbishop Vitaly issued an ukaz on the commemoration of the patriarchal locum tenens, Metropolitan Alexis, in all the churches.
In the same month, at a clergy-laity council in
“In preparation for the council,” writes Andreyev, “it was very
interesting and characteristic that the same persons who fought for the Moscow
jurisdiction and the split from the [ROCOR] Synod and ‘helped’ Metropolitan
Eulogius in Europe, moved from Paris to America and began to ‘help’
Metropolitan Theophilus [the leader of the American Metropolia]. With unusual
knowledge of church matters, these professors of engineering and other fine
arts began to state authoritatively that ‘the Moscow Patriarchate has not
deviated from the dogmas, canons and rites of Orthodoxy in any way, and the
politics conducted by its head, even though it is condemned today by many,
cannot have a decisive influence on its canonical position.’ In this way the
Cleveland council prepared itself by only a formal cooperation with the Synod
Abroad, and then, completely backing down from its position, pronounced this
resolution: ‘We are passing the resolution to request His Holiness, the
Patriarch of Moscow, to reunite us to his bosom and be our spiritual father,
under the stipulation that we preserve our full autonomy, which exists at the
present time. Since the hierarchical authority of the patriarchate is
incompatible with the hierarchical authority of the Synod Abroad of the Russian
Orthodox Church, the
In spite of the defection of the American Metropolia, ROCOR in
In 1949 Bishop Leonty of
The 1930s and 40s were a time of great distress and physical hardship for the Greek people caused by the economic depression and the European conflict between the communists and the fascists.
George Lardas writes: “The Communist party made a small but significant
showing in Parliament for the first time in 1935. That same year the monarchy
was restored and King George II returned to
The Italian invasion of 1939 was repelled, only to be followed in April,
1941 by the German occupation.
In March, 1944 the German SS General Jorgen Strupp demanded from Grand
Rabbi Barzilayu a list of names and addresses of all representatives of the
Jewish community in
War against the German invaders immediately passed into the Greek civil
war between the royalists and the communists. On
It was at this time that the two major
struggles of the Orthodox Church in this century – against Communism in
Among the hieromartyrs of this period was Hieromonk Joseph Antoniou,
whose biography as a True Orthodox priest is very illustrative of the
sufferings of that period. Fr. Joseph joined the True Orthodox Church from the
During the German occupation, communist guerillas entered the area and occupied several of the villages. Fr. Joseph fearlessly denounced their false teaching and terrible cruelties against the people. Two or three times they warned Fr. Joseph to stop speaking against them. But he replied: “You are waging the anti-Christian communist struggle, but I am waging the opposite struggle, the Christian struggle.” Soon the decision was taken by the communists to execute the troublesome priest.
Shortly after Pascha, 1944, an unknown old
man entered the church where Fr. Joseph was serving, and told him that
throughout the service he had seen blood flowing from under this cassock. From
that time, Fr. Joseph prepared himself for martyrdom. Attacks on priests were
increasing at this time. Only three months before Fr. Joseph was killed, he
invited Bishop Germanus of the
On July 20 Fr. Joseph celebrated the Liturgy in the
He was allowed to sing his own funeral service. Then one thrust a knife into his back, but the blade broke. While another knife was being fetched, the executioners smoked and watched Fr. Joseph’s death agony. He said: “I will be the last victim of this knife, but the one who kills me will be the first to die from this knife.” After killing the martyr, as the executioners were returning, they quarrelled and the one who had killed Fr. Joseph was killed by his comrades, while the first one was later executed by the Germans…
In September, 1945, Fr. Joseph’s father and brother, with the help of his donkey, found and exhumed his body. It was fragrant. A heavenly light was often seen over the tomb of the hieromartyr during the evenings.
The divisions among the Greek Old Calendarists remained unhealed. In 1942 Metropolitans Germanus and Chrysostom invited Bishops Matthew and Germanus to talks in order to heal their division. On January 27, 1942 Bishops Matthew and Germanus replied, refusing to meet unless the metropolitans agreed beforehand: “that the Church of Greece has become schismatic through the acceptance of the papist calendar; that its sacraments cannot be valid; that its chrism does not have sanctifying grace; and that the children of the heterodox, on coming to the Orthodox church, must be chrismated again”. If the metropolitans agreed to these conditions, they said, “then our unity will follow automatically without sessions or discussions”. But the two metropolitans rejected this suggestion.
To make things worse, in 1942 Metropolitan Germanus retired from leadership of the Sacred Struggle, and then, according to one version of events, applied for a review of the newcalendarists’ decision to defrock him from their synodical court. Since no document proving Metropolitan Germanus’ application to the newcalendarists has been found, some Florinites believe that it was a newcalendarist forgery designed to create further divisions in the Old Calendarist ranks. In any case, he died in 1944 before any decision was made. So he died as an Old Calendarist bishop. Nevertheless, the new calendarists buried him with episcopal honours.
To add to the distress of the True Orthodox, a division took place between Bishops Germanus and Matthew in 1943.
However, in 1945 Bishops Christopher of Megara and Polycarp of Diauleia
again broke communion with the
“The Underground or
Towards the end of the war the NKVD GULAG administration made the following decisions: “1. To enrol qualified agents from among the prisoners who are churchmen and sectarians, ordering them to uncover the facts concerning the anti-Soviet activity of these prisoners. 2. In the process of the agents’ work on the prisoners, to uncover their illegal links with those in freedom and coordinate the work of these links with the corresponding organs of the NKVD.” As a result of these instructions, many catacomb organizations among the prisoners were liquidated. For example, “in the Ukhtoizhemsky ITL an anti-Soviet group of churchmen prisoners was liquidated. One of the leaders of this group, the priest Ushakov, composed prayers and distributed them among the prisoners. It turned out that he had illegal links with a Bishop Galynsky [a Catacomb hierarch].”
“An internal result of the Moscow council of 1945 that was positive for the Soviet regime was the fact that, thanks to the participation in it of the Eastern Patriarchs, the appearance of ‘legitimacy’ and ‘canonicity’ had been given to this Stalin-inspired undertaking, which led into error not only a part of the Orthodox clergy and hierarchy in the emigration [about which, more below], but also many of the True Orthodox Catacomb pastors in the USSR, who naively did not suspect that there might have been any anti-canonical crimes at [the council].”
Another leading catacombnik who returned to the patriarchate was
Protopriest Basil Veriuzhsky. But he continued to act as if his sympathies were
The Catacomb pastors who remained faithful to Orthodoxy were in a still
more difficult position after than before the war. Those pastors who come into
the open during the German occupation, were again deprived of their churches
and forced to go underground. “And again, as in the 30s, repressions were
renewed against the clergy who did not accept the ‘Soviet church’. Thus in
“In the struggle with alternative underground Orthodox communities in
the U.S.S.R. special commissions were created by the NKVD and the Council for
the Affairs of the ROC in the middle of the 40s. They were occupied in
observing, ferreting out and liquidating such groups. The special 5th
department created by the NKVD to administer church questions was called just
that ‘liquidatory’. A report of the president of the Council for the Affairs of
the ROC, G. Karpov, to the deputy president of the Sovnarkom of the
“Having a vivid example in Nazi Germany, which obtained loyal attitudes and a lowering of the resistance of the local population on the occupied territories, the Soviet regime, besides convening a council and electing a patriarch, decided on a temporary weakening of repressions and offered significant freedom to religious (external-ritual) activity. Striving, as has already been noted, to keep under its control the activity of believers and to weaken the activity of the alternative underground Orthodox communities that had grown in number by the middle of the 40s, in many regions of the country they began again to open churches, whose clergy were obliged to inform the local departments of the Council for the Affairs of the ROC or the NKVD, which had been transformed in March, 1946 into the MGB, about all the details of church-parish life.
“Only in this context can we explain the sharp rise across the country
in the opening of churches that had been recently closed by the Soviets.
Therefore, if in the first years of its existence (1943-1944) the Council for
the Affairs of the ROC unwillingly permitted the opening of churches – which we
can see in the one example of Gorky (Nizhni-Novgorod) province, where out of
212 petitions by 1945 only 14 had been satisfied (moreover, in January, 1945
only 22 churches were functioning in the whole of the province, while 1011 were
not functioning) – then already in 1946-1948 the picture changes sharply. As is
noted in the protocols of the Council for the Affairs of the ROC on
“As was to be expected, thanks to the massive arrests of priest and
active parishioners of the Catacomb Church and the opening of churches for the
MP, the government succeeded in obtaining a reduction in the number of
‘headless underground groups’, the passive members of which began to turn to
the legal clergy, while the ‘stubborn fanatics’ ‘isolated themselves’ from the
external world. Besides this, for the more successful ferreting out of the
illegal communities of the
Only in the central regions of
The sufferings of the Catacomb priests and believers is illustrated by
the life of a Catacomb priest from
“Among those arrested was Matushka Catherine Golovanova. She was arrested twice. The first time they came and tried to torture her to reveal where Fr. Nicetas was; two policemen dressed in civil clothes took her to the house which they had under surveillance – an elderly man and his wife were living there. On seeing matushka, they rejoiced, and the wife, thinking that matushka was accompanied by her own people, started to talk joyfully. Matushka couldn’t stop her because the police were careful that she not give her any sign. The woman gave away the secret of Fr. Nicetas’ whereabouts: ‘O Matushka, dear one, how are you? You know, we accompanied Fr. Nicetas like this: we hung a bag full of shoes on him and he went…’ Matushka finally succeeded in winking at her, the woman stopped short. ‘Well, why have you stopped?’ asked the searchers. ‘I remember nothing…’ ‘We’ll lean on you now – you’ll remember.’ They took off their outer clothing, under which, as under a sheep skin, was the inner wolf – policeman’s uniforms and guns. But it was already late, and the exhausted police wanted to go to sleep. One was dozing at the table, the other was at the threshold – he was evidently guarding the door to prevent matushka running away. Matushka waited and waited, then she opened a window and ran away. She was on the run for half a year, and then they arrested her again. ‘Well, then,” they said, “how did you run away?’ ‘How? Well, they were sleeping and I thought: why should I simply sit here, I opened the window and left.’ ‘You did well,’ they said. But now they didn’t doze. They condemned all forty at one go (according to another source – thirty at the beginning). Matushka Golovanova was the chief culprit. They really gave it to her at the interrogation: many years later Matushka S. saw scars from the interrogations on her back.
“They tortured them so much that some of them couldn’t stand it and revealed the addresses where they could find Fr. Nicetas; but it seems that the pursuers had so despaired of catching Fr. Nicetas that they didn’t believe them even when they told them the truth.
“At the trial one woman in her simplicity said: ‘If you let me go, I’ll go to Fr. Nicetas again the same day.’ Not believing her, they said: ‘We’ve been looking for him for so many years without finding him, and you’ll find where he is in one day?!’
“They gave Fr. Nicetas’ parishioners sentences of many years in length. Matushka Golovanova was given twelve years, two of them in a lock-up…
“While Fr. Nicetas’ spiritual children were going to suffer, he himself
had another thirty years of suffering and wanderings ahead of him. And he was
surrounded by the sufferings of the people; the war tormented
Many Catacomb Christians were thrown out of their homes and forced to live in dug-outs eating grass and roots. Heavy extra taxes were imposed on them and they worked on dangerous sites. In the war they had refused to join the Red Army, and after the war they sometimes refused even to use electricity and radio, considering it to be “a gift of the Antichrist”. For refusing to allow their children to be taught Marxism or join the pioneer and komsomol movements, they often had them taken away from them.
During his trip to the Middle East, Patriarch Alexis intervened
in the Greek civil war by calling on the Greek people to support the Communists
and reject the Royalists and British Imperialists (Stalin adopted a more
neutral stance). In
Three years later, the Soviets, supported by the new Israeli government, forcibly seized some ROCOR churches, injuring some monastics. On December 1, 1948, the military governor of Jerusalem presented to Hierodeacon Methodius, the representative of Archimandrite Anthony, a demand that he hand over the keys of the Mission’s properties to the representatives of the MP who had arrived from Moscow. “This note was presented to Fr. Methodius by the representatives of the MP, who were accompanied by a group of strong young men in uniform from the Soviet embassy and several observers from the Israeli government. Fr. Methodius refused outright to hand over the keys of the church that had been entrusted to him. Then the young men in uniform surrounded the clergyman and began to beat him. The Israeli observers did not take part in the beating, but did not defend him either. Might took its toll: beaten to the point of unconsciousness, Fr. Methodius was thrown into a ditch, the keys were taken from his belt, and the ‘transfer of property’ took place. It should be noted that a significant part of the property handed over by the Israeli authorities supposedly into the possession of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1948 was later sold to the Israeli government by the Soviet authorities in 1964.”
Metropolitan Nicholas “sounded out the ground for the
organization of parishes of the Moscow Patriarchate in
Nicholas then went to
September, 1945 ROCOR’s Metropolitan Seraphim (Lukyanov) of
And so Shumilo is quite justified in writing: “It was precisely thanks to the lying pro-Soviet propaganda of the hierarchy of the Moscow Patriarchate that tens of thousands of émigrés, among whom were quite a few clergy and even bishops, believing in the spectre of freedom, began to return to the U.S.S.R. at the end of the Second World War, where the Soviet concentration camps and prisons were waiting for them... These tragic pages of the history of our Fatherland have been sealed by rivers of innocent blood on all succeeding generations. And to a great degree the blame for this, for the tens of thousands of destroyed lives and crippled destinies, lies on the first Soviet patriarch Sergius Stragorodsky and his church, who by deed and word served the God-fighting Soviet totalitarian system…”
Other successes of the Soviet church included the defection of the ROCOR
Bishop John of Urmia (
This tug-of-war between the Soviet and American spheres of influence was
felt everywhere. Even in
One of the few defeats suffered by the Soviets in the ecclesiastical
arena at this time was in
American influence was also discernible in the decision of the Antiochian patriarchate, under pressure from its rich American benefactors, to change to the new calendar in 1948.
Archbishop John of
“Not having any communication with the Synod Abroad beyond the bounds of China because of the military actions, and not knowing the true situation of things in Europe, Bishop John wrote about the letter he had received from the hierarchs in Harbin to his superior, Archbishop Victor in Peking, advising him to do nothing with regard to recognizing the Patriarch before the re-establishment of links with the Synod Abroad, while for the sake of clarifying the question of the legality and canonical correctness or incorrectness of the choices of Patriarch Alexis Bishop John advised Archbishop Victor to send him a short greeting on the occasion of his consecration and wait to see what the result would be. In this way he aimed to clarify whether the new Patriarch was a successor in God of the reposed and always recognized by the Church Abroad Patriarch Tikhon and the locum tenens of the Patriarchal Throne Metropolitan Peter (of Krutitsa), or simply a continuer of the politics of the dead Soviet Patriarch Sergius.
“In expectation of a clarification of this question and for the sake of calming that part of the Russian colony in Shanghai that had become pro-Soviet and demanded the recognition of the Moscow Patriarch, Bishop John issued a resolution (Decree ¹ 630 dated September 6 / August 24, 1945) on the temporary commemoration of Patriarch Alexis during the Divine services instead of the until-then-existing commemoration of ‘the Orthodox Episcopate of the Russian Church’.”
According to Bishop John’s own account, he wrote to Archbishop Victor that he considered that “the raising of the name of the President of the Synod Abroad should be kept for the time being, since according to the 14th canon of the First-and-Second Canon of the Local Council [of Constantinople in 861] it is wrong wilfully to cease commemorating the name of one’s metropolitan. But the raising of the name of the Patriarch… should necessarily, according to your ukaz, be introduced throughout the diocese… At the given time no conditions of an ideological character have yet been imposed that would serve as a reason for any change in our ecclesiastical administration abroad. If unacceptable conditions are again imposed in the future, the preservation of the present order of ecclesiastical administration will become the task of that ecclesiastical authority which will manage to be created in dependence on external conditions.”
This form of expression indicated that Bishop John was “hedging his bets”, ready to revoke his commemoration of the Moscow Patriarch if “unacceptable conditions of an ideological character” were to be imposed. In any case, in August Archbishop Victor sent a telegram to Patriarch Alexis asking for him and Bishop John to be received into his jurisdiction. And from that time Bishop John and his priests started to commemorate the patriarch.
However, Bishop John now began to be opposed by his flock. Thus when his
priest, Fr. Peter tried to introduce the commemoration of the patriarch in the
convent ruled by Abbess Adriana (later of
One of Bishop John’s spiritual children tells how he repented of his
brief commemoration of the Soviet patriarch every time he met another bishop,
even down to the time he lived in the
“The next telegram came in the month of November from the
“This was all that Bishop John had to know, and when, at the beginning of December, 1945 there arrived a letter from Archbishop Victor informing him that he recognized Patriarch Alexis, Bishop John categorically refused to accept the new Patriarch, in spite of terrible pressure, exhortations and threats.”
“On the evening of
“Archbishop Victor in vain tried to persuade, demanded and ordered Bishop John to submit and recognize the Patriarch. Finally he came to the regular weekly meeting of the clergy, where he officially informed them of his move to the Soviet church, and demanded that the church servers follow his example, and, having left Bishop John to preside, left the session. After a word from Bishop John calling on the clergy to remain faithful to the Russian Church Abroad, the meeting passed a resolution suggested by him: to report to Metropolitan Anastasy on the faithfulness of the clergy to the Synod Abroad and ask for instructions.
“There was no reply from the Synod for a very long time, and in this period of about seven weeks terrible pressure was exerted on Bishop John from the Soviet authorities, Archbishop Victor, Metropolitan Nestor from Manchuria, from a large part of Russian society which had applied for Soviet passports, from clergy who had moved to that side, and from others. In writing and orally, in the press, in clubs and at meetings the Soviet side tried to prove that the election of the patriarch had been completely legal, in accordance with all the ecclesiastical canons, and suggested as proof the showing of a documentary film on the election of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
“Bishop John agreed to see this film, so as personally to see and check the whole procedure of the election, on condition that the film would be shown, not in the Soviet club, where all the Soviet pictures were being shown at the time, but in the hall of a certain theatre.
“Most of the
“Before the beginning of the film, and without any warning, the orchestra began to play the Soviet hymn, and Bishop John immediately left the hall. The arrangers of the showing immediately rushed after the hierarch, and, having stopped him in the foyer, began to apologise and tried to persuade him to stay. Bishop John returned to the hall after the end of the hymn, and, having seen the film, declared that in the so-called election of the Patriarch that had been shown there was absolutely no legality, that the election had been conducted in accordance with the classic Soviet model, in which only one candidate was put forward, for whom the representative of every diocese without exception voted identically, reading out a stereotyped phrase, and in which there was nothing spiritual or canonical.
“This declaration by Bishop John still more enraged the Bolshevized circles, and the persecution of Vladyka and the clergy faithful to him intensified still more.
“On March 20, on the day of the patronal feast, Vladyka John was brought a telegram during the Liturgy. Since he never paid attention to anything extraneous whatsoever during the Divine services, Bishop John hid the telegram in his pocket without reading it, and opened it only after the service. In the telegram, which was signed by Metropolitan Anastasy, was written:
“’I recognize the resolution of the clergy under your presidency as correct.’
“This moral support received from the head of the Russian Church Abroad gave fresh strength to the clergy that remained faithful in order to continue their defence of the Orthodox churches from the claims and encroachment of the Bolsheviks.
“In the struggle Vladyka John had no rest, he literally flew from church to church, visiting schools and social organizations and giving sermons in defence of the Synod Abroad, calling on Russian people to be faithful, driving out Soviet agitators from the Orthodox churches and White Russian organizations.
“In this period Vladyka John was subjected to especially strong pressure
and threats from both Archbishop Victor and from Metropolitan Nestor, who was
to be appointed Exarch of Patriarch Alexis in the
“Finally, on May 15, there arrived a telegram from Metropolitan Anastasy
“The next day,
“The new ruling archbishop told Archbishop Victor of his appointment and
suggested that he leave the Cathedral House and leave the bounds of the
“Archbishop Victor, in his turn, gave Archbishop John on June 15 a decree of the Moscow Patriarchate (¹ 15 of June 13, 1946) on the appointment of Bishop Juvenal from Manchuria at the disposal of Archbishop Victor ‘to take the place of the see of Bishop John of Shanghai, who does not recognize the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate.’
On June 16 Archbishop John declared the worshippers that he had received the ukaz removing him from administration of the Shanghai diocese, but would not be obeying it: “I will submit to this ukaz only if they prove to me from the Holy Scriptures and the law of any country that the breaking of oaths is a virtue while faithfulness to one’s oath is a serious sin.”
“Feeling that the balance was all the time shifting towards Archbishop John [four Shanghai priests join the MP, but 12 remained with Archbishop John], the Soviet side began to resort to threats, bringing in komsomol members and debauchees, and once there was a serious threat that Archbishop John and other anti-communist leaders of the White Russian colony would be kidnapped and taken away by them onto a Soviet ship. The representatives of our youth, without the knowledge of Vladyka, organized a guard which always followed in his footsteps without him knowing it and guarded him.
“When Archbishop Victor ‘removed’ Archbishop John with his decree and banned him from serving, Vladyka John, instead of leaving the cathedral, went onto the ambon and told the worshippers that he was being removed by Archbishop Victor because he remained faithful to the oath he had given to the Synod Abroad, which they had both sworn. And he went on to serve the whole Liturgy in full!…
“In August, 1946 the Soviet clergy and Soviet citizens ceased to frequent the cathedral church, and the Chinese National Government and the city authorities recognized Archbishop John as the head of the Shanghai Diocese of the Orthodox Church Abroad.”
In 1948 the MP celebrated the 450th
anniversary of its foundation. The celebrations were attended by representatives of the
Ecumenical, Antiochian, Alexandrian, Greek, Serbian, Romanian, Bulgarian,
Czechoslovak, Polish and
Immediately after the celebrations, a Church Council took place. Only
The timing of the Council was clearly aimed at upstaging the First
General Assembly of the World Council of Churches which was taking place in
Within a month a
clearly Soviet-inspired “initiative movement” for unification with the MP
headed by Protopresbyter G. Kostelnikov appeared. By the
spring of 1946 997 out of 1270 uniate priests in
In October, 1948 the
1,250,000 uniates of
Metropolitan Tikhon of Omsk writes, the merger of the uniates into the MP
harmed both the uniates and the MP. It infected the MP, which drew a large
proportion of its clergy from the
It is now known that all the decisions of the
The most theological contribution to this council came from Archbishop
Seraphim (Sobolev) of Boguchar (
Protopriest G. Razumovsky also spoke well: "The Russian Orthodox Church," he said, "had always taught and still teaches that Pentecost, or the descent of the Holy Spirit, has already taken place and that the Christians do not have to wait for a new appearance of the Holy Spirit, but the glorious Second Coming of Jesus Christ. The diminution of the significance of the single sacrifice of Jesus Christ and the prophecy of a future 'third hour', in which the expected Kingdom of the Holy Spirit will be revealed is characteristic of the teaching of the Masons and the heretics; while the newly revealed prophecy of the expected Ecumenical Pentecost can be nothing other than an old echo of the false teaching of these deceived heretics."
In July, 1951 the heads of the Churches of Antioch, Russia,
In July, 1948, in
Being the only Orthodox Church that had not participated in the council
In view of this, it is not surprising that ROCOR was not invited. She would in any case have declined because “we do not participate in the ecumenical movement”. This decision was in line with a gradual disillusion with the ecumenical movement experienced in the inter-war years, culminating in the words of the Second All-Diaspora Council in 1938: “Resolutions of ecumenical conferences often suffer from vagueness, diffusiveness, reticence and a nuance of compromise. Sometimes they develop formulas in which the same expressions may be interpreted differently.”
A.V. Soldatov has chronicled the progressive weakening in the Orthodox
position: “At the conference [of Faith and Order] in
“After the Second World War, the World Council of Churches was created.
It is necessary to point out that the movements ‘Faith and Order’ and ‘the
Christian Council of Life and Work’ were viewed by their organizers as
preparatory stages in the seeking of possible modes of integration of ‘the
Christian world’. The World Council of Churches differed from them in
principle. It set out on the path of ‘practical Ecumenism’ for the first time
in world history, declaring that it was the embryo of a new type of universal
church. The first, so to speak founding conference of the WCC in
According to the rules agreed in
Acceptance of these terms clearly entailed a heretical Protestant
ecclesiology. In fact, as time went on, the WCC became the home of almost every
heresy, earning its home city of
Staple of Sects and Mint of Schism grew;
That Bank of Conscience, where not one so strange
Opinion but finds Credit, and Exchange
In vain for Catholicks ourselves we bear;
The universal church is onely there.
During this period, while the Old
At the same time, they issued two
encyclicals – on March 11 and
At about this time some Matthewites
conceived the idea of persuading Bishop Matthew to ordain bishops on his own.
Metropolitan Calliopius of Pentapolis writes: “The ‘consecrations’ by a single
bishop were decided upon for the beginning of November, 1944. Eugene Tombros [a
married priest and the chancellor of the
“In 1947,” writes Jelena Petrovic, Metropolitan Chrysostom “published his ‘Memorandum for the Future Pan-Orthodox Council’, [in which] he wrote: ‘The triumph of Christ's Church [in the USSR] has been achieved by the almighty power of Christ, Who as his means and organ used the eminent leader Stalin and his glorious collaborators, politicians and generals. This is “a change wrought by the right hand of the Most High”.’ This was written in the middle of the Greek civil war - as Bishop Matthew put it, "at a time when the accursed and godless Communist Party of Greece (KKE) was shedding Greek blood. It is a panegyric to the arch-slaughterer of mankind. During the period of 14 years [in which,] as they claim, they have partaken in the holy struggle, they haven't written even a single tiny article or booklet, nor have they even said in the church anything about godless communism; while we, foreseeing the danger from the beginning, have been writing and confessing and preaching against traitorous and anti-patriotic communism."
This criticism was just. And yet Matthew was guilty of similar errors. Thus the Matthewite organ Kirix Gnision Orthodoxon (Herald of the True Orthodox Christians) for July, 1949 reported that he had sent his fervent prayers to the newly-created antichristian State of Israel - which, to please its patron, the Soviet Union, promptly expelled the ROCOR monastics from the Goritsky convent in Jerusalem and handed it over to the Moscow Patriarchate.
The reliance of the Matthewites on Fr. Eugene Tombros was, to say the
least, unfortunate. This married priest had joined the sacred struggle from the
new calendarists in 1936, and was defrocked by them in February, 1938. But
then, in July, 1938, after one month in prison, he repented in a letter to the
new calendarist Bishop of Corfu, Alexander, and asked for the grace of the
priesthood to be restored to him, thereby recognizing the authority and the
mysteries of the new calendarist church. On his release from prison, however,
he did not return to Bishop Alexander, but went to
In September, Bishop Matthew, after warning Metropolitan Chrysostom and Bishop Germanus of what he was about to do, consecrated the following bishops: Spyridon of Trimithun (Cyprus), and then, with Spyridon, Demetrius of Thessalonica, Callistus of Corinth and Andrew of Patras.
In December Archbishop Matthew replied as follows: “We have not proceeded to any coup d’état whatsoever, as the ordination of the new bishops has been maliciously characterised, but have only done our duty as a Hierarch of our bleeding Mother Orthodox Church. That action is what has been dictated to us by the Divine and Holy Canons and the many necessities of our Holy Struggle. We made that decision after persistent appeals of the Holy Clergy around us and the Genuine Orthodox Christian People, from Greece and abroad, who have addressed me over a long period in many appeals, petitions and personal please, and whom I have obeyed for the sole purpose of not wanting to deprive Christ’s Church of Her canonical shepherds, and in order not to be judged by God and the people as a cunning servant who has hidden his talent.”
Now the consecration of a bishop by one bishop only is contrary to the First Apostolic Canon, which decrees a minimum of two or three consecrators, as well as to other sacred Canons. However, St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite writes in his commentary on this canon: “The Apostolic Constitutions (Book 8, chapter 27), on the other hand, commands that anyone ordained by a single bishops be deposed from office along with the one who ordained him, except only in case of persecution or some other impediment by reason whereof a number of bishops cannot get together and he has to be ordained by one alone, just as Siderius was ordained bishop of Palaebisca, according to Synesius.” And the same holy father writes: “In times of heresy, according to necessity, not everything is to occur in accordance with the canons which are established in times of peace.”
Again, V.K. writes that consecration of a bishop by one bishop only “is allowed by the canons in exceptional circumstances”, “and we have numerous witnesses to this from the history of the Orthodox Church.”
The question is: were the circumstances exceptional enough in the case of Bishop Matthew? In this case it was possible to argue that a dispensation could be invoked on the grounds that: (a) Bishop Matthew had tried and failed to obtain co-consecrators from abroad, and (b) he was the only true bishop in Greece at the time, or (c) no other bishop was able, or would agree, to consecrate bishops with him.
With regard to (a), Archbishop Andrew (one of the priests consecrated by Bishop Matthew) writes that three archimandrites and Fr. Eugene Tombros asked Matthew to go ahead with the consecrations as early as November 28, 1945 (just after Metropolitan Chrysostom’s statement in Eleutheria), and that requests for assistance in the consecration of bishops were made to various bishops (presumably foreign ones), but without success.
But was Bishop Matthew really the only true bishop in
According to many, Bishop Matthew was pushed into making the consecrations by the protosynkellos of his Synod, Fr. Eugene Tombros, and Abbess Miriam of Keratea. Certainly, Fr. Eugene had a mistaken ecclesiology according to which any break in communion between groups of bishops inevitably entails the loss of the grace of sacraments in one group. Evidently he was unaware of the many times in Church history in which divisions have taken place that did not constitute full schisms.
With regard to the third condition (c), there is indisputable evidence (quoted above) that Metropolitan Chrysostom did not want to consecrate bishops for the Old Calendarists. While this can hardly be called “betrayal” – after all, there is no canon which compels a bishop to consecrate other bishops, - it was certainly not the act of a man who believed in the real autocephaly of the Old Calendar Church of Greece.
As for the other bishop who might have assisted in the consecrations,
Bishop Germanus of the Cyclades, he was in prison for ordaining priests – but
would hardly have assisted Matthew in any case, since even before his release
from prison he had come to believe that Metropolitan Chrysostom had returned to
the Orthodox confession of 1935. For, in a pastoral letter dated
“Although Bishop Matthew’s integrity, personal virtue and asceticism were admitted by all,” write the monks Holy Transfiguration Monastery, “his course of action only widened the division between the ‘Matthewites’ and ‘Florinites’.
“The ‘Florinites’ and the ‘Matthewites’ made many attempts at reconciliation, but all were unsuccessful. Stavros Karamitsos, a theologian and author of the book, The Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, describes as an eye-witness the two instances in which Metropolitan Chrysostom of Florina personally attempted to meet with Bishop Matthew. Unfortunately, on both occasions – the first, which had been planned to take place on January 19, 1950, at the Matthewite Convent in Keratea at the invitation of [the Matthewite] Bishop Spirydon of Trimythus, and the second, which actually did take place at the Athens Metochion of the Keratea Convent – the abbess and senior nuns of that convent, at the prompting of the Matthewite protopresbyter Eugene Tombros, intervened and would not allow Metropolitan Chrysostom to speak with Bishop Matthew. On the second occasion, in May of 1950, when Bishop Matthew was on his deathbed and had been unconscious for three days, Metropolitan Chrysostom arrived at Bishop Matthew’s quarters and approached his bedside. Standing at his side, Metropolitan Chrysostom bowed down and quietly asked him, ‘My holy brother, how are you feeling?’ To the astonishment of all present, Bishop Matthew regained consciousness and opened his eyes. When he saw the Metropolitan, he sought to sit up out of deference and began to whisper something faintly. At that very moment, the Abbess Mariam of the Convent of Keratea entered the room with several other sisters and demanded that all the visitors leave. Only a few days later, on May 14[/27], 1950, Bishop Matthew died.”
“Therefore no new calendarist must be received into the bosom of our
“We take this opportunity to address a last appeal to all the True Orthodox Christians, calling on them in a paternal manner to come into union with us, which would further our sacred struggle for patristic piety and would satisfy our fervent desire.
“In calling on you, we remove the scandals which have been created by us through our fault, and to that end recall and retract everything written and said by us since 1937, whether in announcements, clarifications, publications or encyclicals, which was contrary and opposed to the Principles of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Christ and the sacred struggle for Orthodoxy conducted by us, as proclaimed in the encyclical published by the Holy Synod in 1935, without any addition or subtraction, and including the scientific definition ‘Potentiality and Actuality’.”
This humble and thoroughly Orthodox
statement persuaded a large number of Matthewites to rejoin Metropolitan
Chrysostom. However, it did not satisfy the Matthewite hardliners. What
disappointed them was that while Chrysostom returned to the 1935 Confession and
admitted his guilt in the intervening years, he did not also confess that he
was a schismatic and turn to the Matthewites to be readmitted into the Church,
but rather called on them to be reunited with him. In any case, they did not
want to be subject to a hierarch who refused to act as the head of an
However, Chrysostom was not a schismatic. He had not returned to the new
calendarists, nor had he been tried or defrocked by any canonical Synod. And he
still retained the support of the majority of the bishops and clergy, 850
parishes and about a million laypeople.
Although he had wavered on the question of grace, this was neither heresy nor
schism, and certainly not automatic apostasy. For, as Metropolitan Macarius
Not every division in the Church constitutes a full-blown schism leading to the loss of sacramental grace of one of the parties. The Apostle Paul speaks of “quarrels” and “differences of opinion” within the one Church of the Corinthians (I Corinthians 1.10-14, 11.19). St. John Chrysostom says that these quarrels took place “not because of difference in faith, but from disagreement in spirit out of human vanity”. Blessed Theodoretus of Cyr agrees with this.
Again, Protopriest Michael Pomazansky writes: “The unity of the Church is not violated because of temporary divisions of a non-dogmatic nature. Differences between Churches arise frequently out of insufficient or incorrect information. Also, sometimes a temporary breaking of communion is caused by the personal errors of individual hierarchs who stand at the head of one or another local Church; or it is caused by their violation of the canons of the Church, of by the violation of the submission of one territorial ecclesiastical group to another in accordance with anciently established tradition. Moreover, life shows us the possibility of disturbances within a local Church which hinder the normal communion of other Churches with the given local Church until the outward manifestation and triumph of the defenders of authentic Orthodox truth. Finally, the bond between Churches can sometimes be violated for a long time by political conditions, as has often happened in history. In such cases, the division touches only outward relations, but does not touch or violate inward spiritual unity.”
The extreme Matthewite position leads to the following reductio ad
absurdum. Let us suppose that Chrysostom was automatically defrocked in 1937
for calling schismatics Orthodox. It follows that all the bishops in the
history of the Orthodox Church who transgressed in the same way were also
automatically defrocked. Therefore Metropolitan Dorotheus and the Synod of the
Ecumenical Patriarchate were also automatically defrocked in 1920 for embracing
the western heretics. Moreover, all those who remained in communion with
Dorotheus were also automatically defrocked. But that included the Eastern
Patriarchs, the Patriarchs of
In any case, the new calendarists made no distinction between “Florinites” and “Matthewites” in their determination to wipe out the True Orthodox. In June, 1950 Archbishop Spyridon Vlachos wrote to the Greek government that the Old Calendar movement was a form of pan-Slavism more dangerous to the nation even than communism! This was followed by a fierce persecution of the Old Calendarists, both Florinites and Matthewites.
This community in persecution for the sake of the truth is a powerful
argument in favour of the belief that both factions communed of the True Body
and Blood of Christ. Thus on being asked which faction he belonged to,
Hieromonk Jerome of
The renewal of persecution against the
“The above plan was put into immediate effect. In a short while, the
basement of the Archdiocese in
“The eighty-one-year-old Metropolitan Chrysostom was arrested in
February, 1951, and after repeated attempts to change his views, was exiled to
the Monastery of St. John in
“Passion Week of 1952 saw fearful scenes of impiety perpetrated on the
TOC, but it was rapidly becoming clear to all that the persecution was
producing merely public disorder and complaint, and was achieving nothing in
the way of ‘re-uniting’ the Faithful to the State Church; indeed, rather the
opposite. Finally, in June, 1952, through the intervention of the new Prime
Minister, Plastiras, Metropolitan Chrysostom and the other Bishops were
released. Slowly the pressure was relaxed, much aided by the constant protests
of Patriarch Christopher of Alexandria, a supporter of the Old Calendarists
from the beginning, and eventually two Churches were permitted to function in
the city of
It is perhaps no accident that the persecutions against the True
By 1949, however, the communist threat had receded and
In this period, unfortunately, Metropolitan Chrysostom again wavered in relation to the new calendarists. On December 11, 1950 he declared in the newspaper Vradini (Evening) that the Old Calendarists were “a living artery through which clean Orthodox blood flowed into the heart of the Church”, and that the Old Calendarists had condemned the State Church as schismatic only because the State Church had done the same to them (in 1926). And in the same month he declared in the official organ of the Church, I Foni Orthodoxias (The Voice of Orthodoxy): “In spite of the cruel persecution that the innovating Church has organized against us, we avoided, at the beginning out of respect for the significance of the Church, to pronounce her schismatic in an ecclesiastical encyclical, at the same time that she declared us to be schismatics in court, condemning our bishops of Megara and Diauleia, in order to justify their decision to depose them. But when we saw that the ruling Synod had decided, contrary to all the holy canons and the age-old practice of the Church, to consider the sacraments of us, the true Orthodox, to be invalid, then we, too, in defence issued this encyclical, so as to calm the troubled conscience of our flock, and not for the sake of acquiring the property of the monastery in Keratea…”
In March, 1951 the Greek Minister of Internal Affairs Bakopoulos issued
the following statement concerning the negotiations between Metropolitan
Chrysostom and the newcalendarist Archbishop Spirydon: “The negotiations… are
going well and have reached the point that the former Bishop of Florina has
completely recognized his error… The official Church has exceeded all limits in
the concessions it has made. In time it would have rehabilitated the Old
Calendar bishops, and ordained their priests… and recognized the sacraments
accomplished by them as valid, and churches would have been offered for those
who would want to celebrate according to the old calendar. Both the former
Bishop of Florina and the other bishops (Germanos of the
One of the conditions of union with the official Church was the commemoration of the newcalendarist Archbishop Spirydon, on which Metropolitan Chrysostom commented: ‘Oldcalendarism in its essence is an invincibly strengthened protest… The only power which could review this protest and bring a final decision for or against the calendar innovation is a Pan-Orthodox Council… Our movement is not being stubborn… Our opinions differ from those of the leadership of the Autocephalous Church of Greece… The second reason for the failure is the strange and imprudent hastiness of the competent people to force any kind of decision on us. Thus they suggested that within three or six days the Old Calendarists should agree to commemorate the new calendarist metropolitan in their churches. We, for brevity’s sake, will omit all the other reasons which the making of this suggestion made unacceptable, and ask the Greek people: how is it possible for an Old Calendarist to change his psychological presuppositions so quickly as to consider as his president the metropolitan whom to this day he has considered to be his real enemy and persecutor, and from whom he has suffered much? We, at any rate, have not found this magic wand…”
Metropolitan Chrysostom’s inconsistencies could not fail to undermine
the determination of his fellow bishops; and although Bishop Germanos of the
“As a result of this, Chrysostom of Florina remained alone as the head
of the larger group of the True Orthodox Church until his death. Several
candidates for the episcopacy were presented to him. Bishop Nikolaj
(Velimirovič) of the
“The death of the Metropolitan, which occurred on the Feast of the
Nativity of the Mother of God, September 7, 1955 (old style), again permits us
to glimpse his sanctity behind the veil of great modesty and privacy which he
always maintained in his contacts even with his closest assistants. The Bishop,
foreseeing his death, summoned his confessor, the Athonite Archimandrite John,
on the night before, and made an hour-long general confession. Returning home
that evening, he instructed his attendant to spread his bed with new white
sheets and coverings. In the morning he was found with his hands crossed on his
chest, reposed in the Lord, with no sign of illness. His will reveals that he
had no money or possessions to dispose of. The funeral, held in the Church of
the Transfiguration at Kypselli, Athens, was attended by tens of thousands who
came in grief to venerate the body of their leader, which according to
Byzantine tradition was seated in the center of the Church during the funeral;
afterwards, the police had to drive back the crowds to permit the body to be
taken to the place of burial, the Dormition Convent on Mount Parnes. By a
curious coincidence, the bells of all the Churches in
In spite of his inconsistencies Metropolitan Chrysostom never entered into communion with the new calendarists. And there are other proofs of his Orthodoxy. Thus Abbess Euthymia of the Dormition Convent writes: “When we buried the ever-memorable hierarch Chrysostom, since he was buried in our Monastery, the whole place was fragrant and the builders who were building the foundation of the church came down from there and asked our elder: ‘Father, what is this fragrance which we can smell where we’re working?’ And they saw the exhumation and understood. I was the one who washed the bones of his Beatitude, and my hands were fragrant the whole night. And this fragrance was perceptible in our Monastery for forty days.
“One nun who had been in the Monastery since the age of seven… said that she had not been baptized… When the Bishop of Florina fell asleep, she sat for forty days at his tomb and besought him to enlighten the elder to baptize her. Then in her sleep she saw him sitting on a throne, and he told her that she was unbaptized and that the elder should look at the holy Rudder. And indeed they found that when there are doubts people should be baptized. And there was a consumptive girl who came and took some oil from the lamp of the tomb and smeared her breast with it and was healed.”
If asked to summarise the discords between the bishops in this period, we could do no better than turn to the words of the Athonite Elder Damascene, who shared a cell with Bishop Matthew in the 1920s but joined the “Florinites” in 1982: “The three ever-memorable Hierarchs Chrysostom of Florina, Germanus of the Cyclades and Matthew of Bresthena struggled for the traditions of the Fathers. But as men wearing flesh and living in the world they fell into error while in this life. However, the three finished their lives in the good Confession and passed away in repentance. And if someone wishes to represent one or other of the three as having been quite without reproach, and that he alone held the truth without any deviation, that man is, in the words of the divine Chrysostom, an erring scoffer, a deceiver and a base flatterer. That is, when he praises everything, both the good and the bad.”
Some words are appropriate here on the Church in
The centre of resistance to the innovation was the ancient monastery of
Stavrovouni, where Hieromonk Cyprian and a few disciples continued to follow
the Orthodox Calendar even after the abbot accepted the innovation. In 1944,
these monks were expelled from Stavrovouni, scattered round the island and
founded some hermitages which later became monasteries. In 1946 Bishop Matthew
sent five monks to
Galactotrophousa monastery, near Larnaka, was the first monastery of the True Orthodox and had been built at the direct command of the Mother of God. Monk Paul of Cyprus tells the story: “When the monastery was being built – in a poor way, like all the monasteries of the True Orthodox Christians, with mud bricks and straw – one of the monk-builders, a pious and very simple man, but ‘a bird of passage’, was thinking of going elsewhere. While he was relaxing under a tree at , the All Holy [Mother of God] appeared to him in majesty, as he told the story, and said: ‘Don’t go.’ He said to her: ‘Why are you standing in the sun? Go into the shade.’ But she said to him again: ‘Stay and build a church and cells for me, and I will bring my treasures here and will live here because they are persecuting me from all sides with their new calendar.’ And then she disappeared.”
Spyridon, after only nine months on
As regards the new
In 1950 the new metropolitan became Archbishop Macarius III, who also became the head of the Cypriot government. In September, 1952 began a struggle for national liberation from the British. In 1959 independence for the island was achieved, although the British remained in possession of some military bases.
The Cult of Stalin
While chastising the West for its political sins, the Moscow
Patriarchate continued to glorify Stalin in the most shameful way, having truly
And yet Stalin never changed his basic hostility to the Church. In 1947 he wrote to Suslov: “Do not forget about atheistic propaganda among the people”. And the bloodletting in the camps continued…
Together with the cult of Stalin went the enthusiastic acceptance of communist ideology and studied refusal to contemplate the vast scale of its blasphemies and cruelties. Thus just after the war the MP expressed itself as follows concerning the elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: “On this day in all the cathedrals, churches and monasteries of our country there will be offered the bloodless Sacrifice, whose beginning was laid by Him Who brought into the world the ideas of love, justice and equality. Deeply moved church-servers will come out onto the ambons and bless their children to hurry from the churches to the voting urns. They will bless them to cast their votes for the candidates of the bloc of communists… They themselves will cast their votes… The ideal of such a person is – Stalin…”
However, the apotheosis of the Moscow Patriarchate’s cult of Stalin came
on the occasion of his birthday in 1949, when a “Greeting to the Leader of the
peoples of the
In response to the MP’s description of Stalin as “the chosen one of the Lord, who leads our fatherland to prosperity and glory”, Metropolitan Anastasy, first-hierarch of ROCOR, wrote that this was the point “where the subservience of man borders already on blasphemy. Really – can one tolerate that a person stained with blood from head to foot, covered with crimes like leprosy and poisoned deeply with the poison of godlessness, should be named ‘the chosen of the Lord’, could be destined to lead our homeland ‘to prosperity and glory’? Does this not amount to casting slander and abuse on God the Most High Himself, Who, in such a case, would be responsible for all the evil that has been going on already for many years in our land ruled by the Bolsheviks headed by Stalin? The atom bomb, and all the other destructive means invented by modern technology, are indeed less dangerous than the moral disintegration which the highest representatives of the civil and church authorities have put into the Russian soul by their example. The breaking of the atom brings with it only physical devastation and destruction, whereas the corruption of the mind, heart and will entails the spiritual death of a whole nation, after which there is no resurrection.”
Although the evidence is very meagre, and needs confirmation from other
sources, it appears that the
Patriarch Athenagoras of
In 1949 there flew into Constantinople – on President Truman’s personal
plane, “Air Force One” – the second Meletius Metaxakis, the former Archbishop
of North and South America Athenagoras, who in 1919 had been appointed
secretary of the Holy Synod of the
In his enthronement speech he went far beyond the bounds of the impious masonic encyclical of 1920 and proclaimed the dogma of ‘Pan-religion’, declaring: “We are in error and sin if we think that the Orthodox Faith came down from heaven and that the other dogmas [i.e. religions] are unworthy. Three hundred million men have chosen Mohammedanism as the way to God and further hundreds of millions are Protestants, Catholics and Buddhists. The aim of every religion is to make man better.”
This astonishing apostasy from the Orthodox Faith roused hardly a murmur of protest from the autocephalous Orthodox Churches…
On February 6, 1952 Patriarch Athenagoras wrote to all the Local Churches, mendaciously trying to convince them that membership of the WCC was not incompatible with Orthodoxy: “In accordance with its constitution, the WCC is trying only to unite the common actions of the churches, so as to develop cooperation in the study of the faith in a Christian spirit, in order to strengthen ecumenical thinking among the members of all the churches, and support a wider spreading of the Gospel, and finally to preserve, raise and regenerate spiritual values for humanity within the limits of general Christian standards… We, the members of the Orthodox Church, must take part in this common-Christian movement because it is our duty to share with our heterodox brothers the wealth of our faith, Divine services and Typicon, and our spiritual and ascetic experience…”
In accordance with this instruction, the Orthodox delegates to the Faith and Order conference in Lund in 1952 declared: “We have come here not in order to condemn the other Churches, but to help them see the truth, in a fraternal way to enlighten their thoughts and explain to them the teaching of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church, that is, the Greek Orthodox Church, which has been preserved without change since apostolic times.”
This supposed justification of the ecumenical movement – missionary work
among the heterodox – has been repeated many times to the present day. But
participation in such ecumenical organizations as the WCC not only has not
helped Orthodox missionary work: it has quenched it. A clear proof of this was
the statement of all the heads of the Local Orthodox Churches in
The Orthodox ecumenists seemed to forget that one cannot hold the fire of heresy in one’s bosom and not be burned, and that the Protestants could use the ecumenical movement for their own missionary work among the Orthodox … Thus 1955 the Faith and Order Working Committee of the WCC proposed an Orthodox consultation with the ultimate aim that, as Dr. M. Spinka put it, “at some future time of the hoped-for spiritual ‘Big Thaw’, when these communions have had a chance to think it over in a repentant or chastened mood, they might perhaps join us!” In other words, the Orthodox had to “repent” of their insistence that the Orthodox Church is the Church, in order to become worthy of entering the new pseudo-Church with the Protestants!
Nevertheless, until the late 1950s, the
participation of the Orthodox Churches in the ecumenical movement was hesitant
and strained. Athenagoras himself, contrary to his later practice, put
restrictions on Orthodox participation in his 1952 encyclical: “Orthodox clergy
must refrain from joint concelebrations with non-Orthodox, since this is
contrary to the canons, and blunts consciousness of the Orthodox confession of
Again, at the Second General Assembly at
The Orthodox Churches were restrained especially by the fear that the Western Christians would use the ecumenical movement to achieve by peaceful means what they had failed to achieve by force (for example, in Serbia in 1941). In the case of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, the fear of losing the holy places to the Catholics and Protestants played an important role. And so widespread and whole-hearted participation of the Orthodox in the ecumenical movement had to wait until, on the one hand, the KGB masters of the East European Churches decided that their vassals’ participation in the movement was in the interests of world communism, and on the other, the Catholics themselves began to recognize the Orthodox as “equal partners” in the Second Vatican Council (1959-1964).
Towards the end of the 1950s Athenagoras
began to make feelers towards
In April, 1961, Archbishop James began to develop a new theology of ecumenism, declaring: “We have tried to rend the seamless robe of the Lord – and then we cast ‘arguments’ and ‘pseudo-documents’ to prove – that ours is the Christ, and ours is the Church… Living together and praying together without any walls of partition raised, either by racial or religious prejudices, is the only way that can lead surely to unity.” What could these “pseudo-documents” and “religious prejudices” have been if not the sacred Canons which forbid the Orthodox from praying together with heretics?
In April, 1963, Archbishop James said: “It would be utterly foolish for the true believer to pretend or to insist that the whole truth has been revealed only to them, and they alone possess it. Such a claim would be both unbiblical and untheological… Christ did not specify the date nor the place that the Church would suddenly take full possession of the truth.”
This statement, which more or less denied that the Church is, as the
Apostle Paul said, “the pillar and ground of the Truth” (I Timothy.
3.15), caused uproar in
From this time on, the two Masons went steadily ahead making ever more flagrantly anti-Orthodox statements. As we shall see, there was some opposition from more conservative elements in the autocephalous Churches. But the opposition was never large or determined enough to stop them…
At a meeting of the Faith and Order movement in
At the Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in
By this time the Orthodox had ceased to issue separate statements at ecumenical meetings outlining the ways in which the Orthodox disagreed with the majority Protestant view. “As Father Georges [Florovsky] put it, American Protestants were not alone in seeking within the World Council to stress common elements and to discount the issues that divide. There were also respected Orthodox leaders under the sway of the spirit of adjustment. Certainly on the Russian side there were roots for another approach. As Alexander Schmemann has said of the development of Russian theology in the emigration, in the 1920s and 1930s there had arisen
“‘Two different approaches to the very phenomenon of the Ecumenical Movement and to the nature of Orthodox participation in it. On the one hand we find theologians who acknowledge the Ecumenical Movement as, in a way, an ontologically new phenomenon in Christian history requiring a deep rethinking and re-examination of Orthodox ecclesiology as shaped during the “non-ecumenical” era. Representative names here are those of Sergius Bulgakov, Leo Zander, Nicholas Zernov, and Pavel Evdokimov. This tendency is opposed by those who, without denying the need for ecumenical dialogue and defending the necessity of Orthodox participation in the Ecumenical Movement, reject the very possibility of any ecclesiastical revision or adjustment and who view the Ecumenical Movement mainly as a possibility for an Orthodox witness to the West. This tendency finds its most articulate expression in the writing of Florovsky.”
Vatican II opened the floodgates to Ecumenism in the western world in a
way that was to influence the Orthodox, too, and was to carry them beyond
questions of strictly inter-Christian reunification and into the realm of “super-ecumenism”.
Thus Malachi Martin writes: “Before the end of the fourth and final session of
Vatican II – presided over by Pope John’s successor, Paul VI – some bishops and
far it had been the Ecumenical Patriarchate that had made the running in
ecumenism among the Orthodox. However, in 1959 the MP sent its representative,
Metropolitan Nicholas of Krutitsa, to the Orthodox consultation proposed by the
Faith and Order Committee near
change of mind was partly the result of the fact that, as Fr. Georges Florovsky
lamented, from the time of the
We have seen that, as late as the
so on May 13 Metropolitan Nicholas asserted that “in the last ten years, thanks
to the participation of some Orthodox Churches and the non-participation of
others in the ecumenical movement, significant changes have taken place
witnessing to its evolution towards churchness [tserkovnosti]. Very
indicative in this respect have been huge movements in the sphere of German
Protestant theology revealing the mystical depths of Orthodoxy and overcoming
its traditional rationalism… On coming into contact with our ecclesiastical
life, many actors in the ecumenical movement have completely changed their idea
of Orthodoxy… Evidently approving of the declaration of the Orthodox
participants in the
In 1959, as a sign of the changing times, the MP joined the European
Conference of Churches as a founding member… Then, on
The “suggestion” was accepted, and Metropolitan Nicholas was retired on
June 21. In July, he asked Archbishop Basil (Krivoshein) of
Some believe that Metropolitan Nicholas was removed because in 1959 KGB defector Major Peter Deriabin had exposed him before a U.S. Senate Subcommittee as a KGB agent, and so he had to be replaced. There is no doubt that he was an agent, as we have seen; but it also appears likely that he sincerely wanted to protect the Church. In any case, his career is yet another illustration of the Lord’s words that one cannot serve two masters, God and Mammon…
The new foreign relations supremo turned out to be Bishop Nicodemus (Rotov), who was born in 1929, made priest at the extraordinarily young age of 20, and Bishop of Podolsk on July 10, 1960, at the age of 31.
Fr. Sergius continues: “The personality of Archimandrite Nicodemus
(Rotov), later Metropolitan of
Certainly, a new anti-ecclesiastical policy, the so-called “Khruschev persecution” was in the making (see next section), and therefore needed masking.
In November-December, 1960 Patriarchs Alexis and Athenagoras met in Constantinople, and discussed questions related to the Second Vatican Council After their meeting Bishop Nicodemus, now president of the MP’s Department of External Relations, gave a press conference at which he said: “The Russian Church has no intention to take part in the Council, since the union between Orthodoxy and Catholicism cannot take place unless the Vatican renounces from the beginning certain principles – for example, the infallibility of the Pope; and unless it accepts the dogmatic reforms accomplished in the Orthodox Church.
On March 30, 1961 the MP Synod resolved “to consider the entry of the Russian Orthodox Church into the World Council of Churches to be timely, and to ask his Holiness the Patriarch to send a letter to the General Secretary of the World Council of Churches declaring the desire of the Russian Orthodox Church to become a member of the World Council of Churches.”
From September 24 to October 1 the Orthodox Churches in the WCC met on
Also discussed was a catalogue of topics for a future Pan-Orthodox Council. The MP tried hard to ensure that no topic that might prove embarrassing to the Soviet government was included. For, as Gordienko and Novikov write, “in the course of the debate on the catalogue, the Moscow Patriarchate’s delegation [led by Nicodemus] suggested the removal of some of the subjects (The Development of Internal and External Missionary Work, The Methods of Fighting Atheism and False Doctrines Like Theosophy, Spiritism, Freemasonry, etc.) and the addition of some others (Cooperation between the Local Orthodox Churches in the Realisation of the Christian Ideas of Peace, Fraternity and Love among Peoples, Orthodoxy and Racial Discrimination, Orthodoxy and the Tasks of Christians in Regions of Rapid Social Change)… Besides working out the topics for the future Pre-Council, the First Conference passed the decision ‘On the Study of Ways for Achieving Closer Contacts and Unity of Churches in a Pan-Orthodox Perspective’, envisaging the search for contacts with Ancient Eastern (non-Chalcedonian) Churches (Monophysites), the Old Catholic, Anglican, Catholic, and Protestant Churches, as well as the World Council of Churches.”
In other words, the Orthodox were to abandon the struggle against Atheism, Freemasonry and other false religions, and were to engage in dialogue towards union with all the Christian heretics – while at the same time persecuting the True Orthodox and using ecumenical forums to further the ends of Soviet foreign policy in its struggle with the Capitalist West!
The argument used by Nicodemus for removing atheism from the agenda was
that discussion of this question might elicit persecution against the Church in
In November, 1961 Archbishop Nicodemus, accompanied by Bishop Anthony
(Bloom) of Sourozh, the future Patriarch Alexis (Ridiger) and “a Russian
government courier who is responsible for their comfort and all their expenses”, went
The KGB-enforced entry of the MP into the
WCC, which was followed by the entry of the
Orthodox delegates at
During this Congress, Nicodemus announced that the
However, in September-October, at the Second Pan-Orthodox Conference on
The arrival of Russian Orthodox observers at the Council produced
consternation in French Catholic circles, which accused the
Why did the
This at first sight unlikely hypothesis gains credibility from the
career of Fr. Michael Havryliv, a Russian priest who was secretly received into
the Catholic Church in 1973. Fr. Serge Keleher writes: “The Capuchin priest
told Havryliv that Metropolitan Nicodemus [of
“In 1977 Havryliv was reassigned to the Moscow Patriarchate’s
archdiocese of L’viv and Ternopil… In Havryliv’s final interview with Kyr
Nicodemus, the Metropolitan of Leningrad ‘blessed me and gave me instructions
to keep my Catholic convictions and do everything possible for the growth of the
Catholic cause, not only in
This proved that beneath the “eirenic” ecumenical activities of the
we have seen, one of the aims of the MP’s entry into the WCC was to mask a new
persecution against the MP inside the
Until the death of Stalin, while True Orthodoxy was persecuted as
violently as ever, “Soviet Orthodoxy” enjoyed a comparatively peaceful period.
However, in November the Central Committee began to change course again,
in 1955 the number of registered churches began to rise, and in 1956 a
print-run of 50,000 Bibles was permitted. Then
came Khruschev’s famous speech to the 20th Congress of the Communist
Party in 1956, at which the cult of the personality of Stalin was condemned.
Soon thousands of people who had been condemned for their religious or
political beliefs were returning from the camps, including 293 clergy of the MP
and unknown number from the
In November and December a massive purge of Church libraries was carried out; many books were removed, and all foreign literature was placed under censorship. On November 28, the Central Committee accepted a resolution “On Measures to stop pilgrimages to so-called ‘holy places’.” Various methods were used to stop pilgrims visiting 700 such places. In 1958 91 church communities were deprived of registration; the tolling of bells was forbidden; hierarchs were deprived of their telephones, churches were cut off from the water system, repairs were forbidden.
In January, 1959, at a closed session of the Council for the Affairs of the
Russian Orthodox Church, the president, G. Karpov was attacked by I. Sivenkov
for having been “too soft” in relation to the Church. In March Karpov, having
recovered from illness, counter-attacked. He declared: “Out of the 14
autocephalous Orthodox Churches in the world 9 completely support the
initiatives of the
Nevertheless, by November, thirteen monasteries had been closed, and another seventeen by January, 1960. In spite of a prior agreement between the patriarch and the Council for Religious Affairs, some communities were closed, not gradually, but almost immediately – sometimes within 24 hours. In this period about 200 clergy were compelled by various means to renounce their rank.
Another aspect of the Khruschev persecution (so called because he was the chief inspirer and strategist of it) was the infiltration of agents into the ranks of the Church. Anatoly Golitsyn, who defected from the KGB in 1961, writes: “As part of the programme to destroy religion from within, the KGB, in the late 1950s, started sending dedicated young Communists to ecclesiastical academies and seminaries to train them as future church leaders. These young Communists joined the Church, not at the call of their consciences to serve God, but at the call of the Communist Party in order to serve that Party and to implement its general in the struggle against religion.” As regards the ordinary priests, Fr. Alexander Borisov writes: “Almost everyone was recruited into the KGB. I myself was recruited, and I know that our other priest, Fr. Vladimir, was also recruited. I think those who say they were not recruited are deceiving us… After all, in earlier times one could not become a bishop without making some compromise, it was simply impossible…”
Schema-Monk Epiphanius (Chernov) recounts the following story about a
communist party member and his wife, who was secretly a member of the
“’So you have firmly decided to baptise the child?’
“’Yes, of course!’
“Well, that’s your affair. Only I would like to introduce into this matter a certain correction or rationalisation.’
“’Please, I’m listening.’
“’Well, here it is. Tell me, please, have you saved an extra seven rubles which you’re intending to give our ‘pope’ or ‘priest’? If they are extra, give them to me, and I will drink them away, and I’ll baptise the child for you… Tell me, what’s the difference: either he’ll drink them away, or I will. He and I are absolutely the same. And we sit next to each other at party gatherings…. Whether you give the child to him to be baptised or to me, we are both atheists. So it would be better and more humane for you to give the seven rubles to your atheist husband that to an atheist stranger. And listen: your husband is more righteous and decent that that atheist. After all, he pretends to be a believer. But he’s an atheist! Moreover, he pretends so much that he’s even become a priest! While I, honourably and in the sight of all, am an atheist! But I can baptise our child with the same effect as he… Well, tell me, have I convinced you?’”
While Patriarch Alexis and Metropolitan Nicholas protested against the persecution, they remained completely loyal to Soviet power. Thus in January, 1960, Karpov wrote to the Central Committee: “The patriarch is completely loyal with regards to the authorities, always and not only in official declarations, but also in his entourage he speaks sincerely and with exaltation about the government and Comrade Khruschev. The patriarch does not pay enough attention to work abroad, but even here he accepts all our recommendations…”
Meanwhile, the pressure on the MP was
As Victor Aksyuchits writes, this “reform” “presented them with new possibilities for destroying the organism of the Church from within. The priests were completely separated from the economic and financial administration of the parishes, and were only hired by agreement as ‘servants of the cult’ for ‘the satisfaction of religious needs’. The diocesan organs of administration of the life of the parishes were suspended… Now the atheist authorities not only carried out the ‘registration’ of the priests and ‘the executive organs’, but also took complete control of the economy and finances of the parishes, appointing the wardens and treasurers, and using all their rights, naturally, to promote the atheists’ aim of destroying the Church.”
that the July Council might oppose this “reform”, the authorities did not
invite to the Council three hierarchs who had expressed themselves against it.
Most of the hierarchs were invited, not to a Council, but to a celebration in
honour of St. Sergius, and were amazed to learn that a Council was about to be
Archbishop Hermogen of
Meanwhile, in the single year of 1961,
1500 churches were closed in the
The Passportless Movement
By the beginning of the 1960s, the pressure on the
The relaxation of pressure from the patriarchate was almost certainly a
result of the fact that the patriarchate was now the object of persecution
itself. Although the numbers of believers killed and imprisoned was only a
fraction of the numbers in earlier persecutions, the Khrushchev persecution of
1959-64 closed some thousands of patriarchal churches and forced many
patriarchal priests to serve illegally. These “pseudo-catacombs” did not merge
However, another government measure of this period served to
swell the numbers of the True Orthodox Church considerably. In 1961 new
legislation against secret Christians was passed, of which the most important
was the legislation on passports. Now passportisation had been introduced into
Catacomb hierarchs did not bless their spiritual children to take passports because in filling in the forms the social origins and record of Christians was revealed, making them liable to persecution. Some Catacomb leaders, such as Schema-Abbess Michaela of the underground Kiev Stavropegial monastery, sent her nuns out to convince people that the passport was the seal of the Antichrist. Many Catacomb Christians refused passports and lived illegally without passports of registration, not wishing to declare themselves citizens of the antichristian kingdom.
In the 1930s the peasants had not been given passports but were chained
to the land which they worked. They were herded into the collective farms and
forced to do various things against their conscience, such as vote for the
communist officials who had destroyed their way of life and their churches.
Those who refused to do this – refusals were particularly common in the
E.A. Petrova writes: “Protests against general passportisation arose
among Christians throughout the vast country. A huge number of secret
Christians who had passports began to reject, destroy and burn them and loudly,
for all to hear, renounce Soviet citizenship. Many Christians from the patriarchal
church also gave in their passports. There were cases in which as many as 200
people at one time went up to the local soviet and gave in their passports. In
one day the whole of a Christian community near
“Christians who renounced their Soviet passports began to be seized,
imprisoned and exiled. But in spite of these repressions the movement of the
passportless Christians grew and became stronger. It was precisely in these
years that the
In the 1970s the detailed questionnaires required in order to receive
passports were abandoned, but in 1974 it was made obligatory for all Soviet
citizens to have a passport, and a new, red passport differing significantly
from the old, green one was issued for everyone except prisoners and the
hospitalized. Its cover had the words: “Passport of a citizen of the
The issue of passports is of greater theological and practical
importance than might at first appear. In essence it comes down to the question
After the repose of Metropolitan Chrysostom of Florina, on
The Florinites finally succeeded in re-establishing their hierarchy
through ROCOR. The story was as follows. The first approach to the Russians was
made by Archimandrites Acacius Pappas (the nephew of Acacius the elder) and
Chrysostom Kiousis. They travelled to
Nun Vassa writes that “at the Council of 1959, following the opinion of Metropolitan
Anastasy, the Council decided to once again decline the request of the Old
Calendarists. While considering this matter, the opinion was expressed that
through the principle of oikonomia, they
could help their Greek brethren. Metropolitan Anastasy rejected this oikonomia,
finding that the ordination of a bishop in this instance would not be
constructive but destructive for the Church, first of all because of the
condemnations such an act would invoke among the other
So vital brotherly help to the persecuted Greeks was refused on the grounds that it would irritate the heretics of World Orthodoxy…
In December, 1960 Archimandrite Acacius again arrived at the ROCOR Synod with his nephew, Archimandrite Acacius (the younger), and was again refused. According to the account given to the present author by Acacius the younger, Metropolitan Anastasy refused to participate himself in the consecration of Acacius the elder for fear of upsetting the Ecumenical Patriarchate, but did not discourage the consecration in another city and at the hands of other bishops. According to other sources, however, the metropolitan had insisted that no ROCOR bishop take part in such a consecration.
In any case, on
On returning to
“Archbishop Leontius’ involvement with the Old Calendarists did not end
there. Together with the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad’s Bishop Seraphim of
“Later Archbishop Leontius ordained Acacius Douskos a priest in
For some years the ROCOR Synod did not recognize the consecrations
carried out by Archbishops Seraphim and Leontius… But during the ROCOR
Hierarchical Council on November 17/30, 1962, Archbishop Averky of
“We emphasize that we do not recognize Patriarch Alexis, while all the
patriarchs recognize him. We talk about communion with these patriarchs, and
thereby we turn out paradoxically to be in communion with
“He [Vladyka Leontius] carried out a courageous act of assistance to a
fraternal Church, which is now the closest to us in spirit. The Greek Church is
now attacked and persecuted. It was a great mistake that we in our time were
too condescending to the introduction of the new style, for its aim was to
introduce schism into the Orthodox Church. It was the work of the enemies of
At the same session Archbishop John Maximovich noted: “… The Old
Calendarists have been knocking on our doors for six years. The Hierarchical
Council cannot take the decision upon itself, since it recognizes that this is
an internal matter of the Greeks. We must accept Archbishop Leontius’
explanation [that the Greek Church is persecuted in the same way that the
Vladyka John also recalled that in the past century there had been
similar disturbances in the
The Council expressed its regret to Archbishop Leontius with regard to his participation in the consecrations of the bishops for the Greek Old Calendarists. Archbishop Leontius, in his turn, expressed his regret that he had not been able to ask Metropolitan Anastasy.
After the war, the Romanian Old Calendarists led by Hieromonk Glycerius continued to be fiercely persecuted. Nevertheless, as Metropolitan Cyprian writes, “the work of building churches was begun anew, since all of those formerly built had been demolished. In as short an interval of time, between the end of the war and 1950, almost all of the razed churches, as well as the ruins of the Monastery of Dobru, had been rebuilt. Between 1947 and 1948, the large Monastery of Slatioara (for men) was constructed, along with the monasteries of Bradatel Neamt and Bradatel Suceava (both for women).”
Metropolitan Blaise writes: “In 1947 some people from our village went to Archimandrite Glycerius and said: something like freedom has come. The point was that the communists at first tried to win over the people to their side. They told them that they could come out of the woods and build a monastery. And in 1947 they built the monastery of Slatioara – the spiritual centre of our Church.
“It is difficult to say whether our position got worse under the communists or not. But essentially things remained the same – the persecutions continued. The communists destroyed only eight of our churches – not all of them. They were comparatively moderate.
“Before the war the Church was almost completely annihilated. Before the coming of the communists in 1944 we were accused of being Bolsheviks because we had the same calendar as the ‘Russians’. Under the communists, after 1944, they called us followers of Antonescu, Iron Guardists, fascists, enemies of the people. In fact we took part in no political movements or parties. We entered into agreements neither with the civil authorities, nor with the monarchy, nor with the Iron Guardists, nor with the communists, nor with the Masons…
“1947-52 was a period of comparative freedom. The communist authorities even compelled the official church to return to us the icons, iconostases, bells and church utensils which they had removed. But in 1952, at in the night of February 1st to 2nd, two lorries loaded with security police came to the monastery and arrested almost all the young monks together with the igumen, sparing only the very aged. They were sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. Four of them died in camp.
“The next important date in the history of our Church is
Thus was fulfilled a prophetic vision that Hieromonk Glycerius had had during the war, while in a forest being pursued by enemies: “It was night. Before him, he saw a beautiful Church. Metropolitan Galacteon (Cordun)… appeared. Vladyka was holding Icons and a Cross in his hands, and he was giving each believer in the Church an Icon. When he reached the pious Father Glycherie, he gave him the Cross.”
On April 13, Metropolitan Galacteon made a public confession of his
return to the Old Calendar, whereupon he was forcibly detained in the monastery
of St. Callinus of Cernica near
“In November, 1955,” writes Metropolitan Blaise, “Metropolitan Galaction was arrested together with Hieromonk Glycerius. Fr. Glycerius was sentenced to 10 years in the camps, while Metropolitan Galaction was sent to a new calendarist monastery [Caldaruseni], where he was confined in prison. He was abducted from there. My brother – he is now the parish priest Fr. Paul Mogarzan] – came there with another of our believers [George Hincu]. They called themselves agents of the security police and took the metropolitan with them. When, two or three hours later, the patriarch phoned to find out what the metropolitan was doing, they told him that two officers of the security police had taken him. The patriarch shouted: I didn’t send any officers! But the metropolitan was already far away.
“When he had consecrated Bishop Eulogius [Ota] and then with him –
Bishop Methodius, he was again arrested and again abducted. After
this, during the night of
After being abducted from captivity, Metropolitan Galaction “returned to Slatioara, where he was so weighed down with his sufferings that he was unable to serve the Divine Liturgy, and died in 1957. The majority of the clergy who had been ordained were however arrested, and were not finally liberated until the amnesty of 1963, when Ceaucescu came to power. In 1958, the Romanian authorities ordered that all the monks under 60 and all the nuns under 55 should leave their monasteries, but, as always in these cases, the order had to be given through the local Metropolitans. Those of the new calendar complied (with one exception) and thousands of monks and nuns found themselves on the streets after a lifelong in their monasteries; the authorities, however, met with an absolute refusal from Saint Glicherie, who declared himself happy to return to prison rather than betray those under his care. Before this, the authorities bowed, though harassment of the monasteries continued, and several monasteries were closed by force…”
One of those who suffered at this time was Father (now Bishop)
Demosthenes (Ionita): “In 1957 Metropolitan Glycerius ordained him to the
priesthood. Within a month after his ordination, Fr. Demosthenes went to
“Interrogator: What activity does Glycherius have in this country? What measures does he plan against the Communists?
“Fr. Demosthenes: The Metropolitan teaches us to work, pray, and obey the laws of the state.
“Interrogator: Where are you hiding your guns?
“Fr. Demosthenes: Our guns are our church books.
“Chief Interrogator: Why doesn’t he tell us where the guns are? Hang him!
“At this point Fr. Demosthenes lost consciousness and fell to the floor. When he awoke, he found himself in his cell with a doctor. The doctor asked where he hurt and why he had fallen. Fr. Demosthenes responded, ‘I don’t remember.’ The doctor kicked him and responded, ‘This is our medicine for Old Calendarists who want to kill Communists.’
“Fr. Demosthenes spent the next seven years in concentration camps. His experience could comprise a chapter of Solzhenitsyn’s Gulag Archipelago. The prisoners were starved, tortured, and denied any form of comfort. At one point Fr. Demosthenes was so exhausted that he could not even remember the Lord’s Prayer. In 1959 the authorities promised all religious prisoners from his camp freedom if they signed a declaration of apostasy. Out of 2,000 prisoners only 90 agreed to sign. In the prison camp in Salcia, Fr. Demosthenes saw prisoners being trampled by horses as he and others worked on building canals and other projects in the freezing winter. Many years later, Fr. Demosthenes met one of the prison guards of Salcia, who informed him that it was indeed a miracle he had survived, for the guards had orders that no one was to leave that camp alive.
“In 1964 Fr. Demosthenes was freed from prison. When his mother saw him for the first time in seven years, she asked, ‘Why did they release you, did you compromise the faith?’ His mother was relieved to hear that her son had not betrayed the Church; this was her main concern. After three weeks he was again under house arrest. Fr. Demosthenes fled to the forests and lived in hiding for five more years.”
years 1959-64 were years of persecution throughout
Although information is sketchy and hard to verify, it appears that
there was another Old Calendar hierarchy in
ROCOR had already given some help to the
The new bishop immediately set about founding Romanian Orthodox parishes
and uniting the Romanian diaspora on the basis of a strong anti-communist
position. He met King Michael in
After his release, Bishop Victor-Vasile
refused to join the Romanian patriarchate, but instead set off for the
monastery of the Old Calendarists at Slatioara in
Bishop Victor-Vasile now set about
ordaining priests and hierarchs on his own. One of them was called Clement and
another - Cassian. However, his activity was confined to his flat in
ROCOR at the Crossroads
After the war, ROCOR had to face a
difficult problem of self-definition. In her founding Statute or Polozhenie
she had defined herself as that part of the
In this statement there was no official clarification of what ROCOR’s relations with other Local Orthodox Churches in the West were to be, nor precisely who or what constituted the “Mother Church” of Russia, nor who was to be admitted to this All-Russian Council or in what capacity. Nor did any of the ROCOR Councils of the next ten years clarify these matters, in spite of the fact that clarification was becoming more and more necessary in view of the ever-increasing deviation of the Local Churches from Orthodoxy.
In view of these ambiguities, it is not surprising that some Catacomb
Christians who had fled to the West felt that a different spirit was reigning in
ROCOR. Thus Professor I.M. Andreyev wrote: “Not only were we ready to die, but
many did die, confident that somewhere there, outside the reach of the
Soviet authorities, where there is freedom – there the Truth was shining
in all its purity. There people were living by it and submitting to it. There
people did not bow down to Antichrist. And what terror overwhelmed me when,
fairly recently, I managed to come abroad and found out that some people here
‘spiritually’ recognise the
Such ambiguities had not created particular problems before the war.
Only with the Ecumenical Patriarchate was there conflict, not so much over the
question of the new calendar as over the EP’s relations with the Russian renovationists
and its “annexation” of large territories formerly belonging to the
However, the triumph of the Soviets in the war dashed the hopes of an
early return to
But in any case, ROCOR showed no sign of wanting to disband its organization and merge with the Local Churches. Thus in 1947 Archbishop Tikhon, the head of the Paris Exarchate, suggested to Metropolitan Anastasy that his Synod come under the Ecumenical Patriarchate, after which he, Tikhon, would enter into submission to ROCOR. Anastasy refused…
However, this suspension of normal canonical rules could not continue forever. In fact, there was only one completely canonical way for ROCOR to re-establish her canonical status while preserving the integrity of her flock under Russian bishops: to declare herself the only truly Orthodox jurisdiction in the West in view of the falling away of the Local Churches into the heresies of ecumenism and sergianism. However, the bishops of ROCOR were not prepared to make such a bold step.
The first reason for this was that they did not appreciate how far the
new calendarist churches had departed from True Orthodoxy (they had no contact
with the Greek Old Calendarists, who could have told them), and they still
hoped for support from them and cooperation with them in matters that were of
common concern. And secondly, they feared to repel the tide of Orthodox
Christians fleeing from the communist nightmare in
This was not a dishonourable position, but it did not resolve the
canonical status of ROCOR, and it bore the not inconsiderable danger of
exposing its flock to the winds of false doctrine. Anti-communism was part of a
truly viable Orthodox ideology, but only a part. If it was allowed to assume a
more important role than the struggle against heresy, then ROCOR could well
find herself dissolving into the modernist jurisdictions around it, and even,
eventually, into the MP if the fall of communism in
This problem of self-definition was only partly eased by the transfer of
the administration of ROCOR from
It was at the Hierarchical Council of
October, 1953 that the beginning of a real debate on this subject began to
surface. Metropolitan Anastasy said: “Archbishop John [Maximovich] says that we
have not deviated from the right path pointed out to us by Metropolitan
Anthony. We are a part of the
However, Archbishop Averky, supported by Archbishop Leonty, suggested a sharper, more aggressive posture towards the MP, relating to them as to renovationists. Archbishop John replied that the Synod had recently decided to accept Archimandrite Anthony (Bartoshevich) from the MP in his existing rank. And he recalled, according to protocol ¹ 5 for October 3/16, “that the question of concelebrating with clergy of the Moscow Patriarchate had been discussed at the 1938 Council, and it had been accepted that only Metropolitan Sergius was out of communion.” When Archbishop Averky called the MP “the church of the evil-doers”, Archbishop John replied “that it was important to clarify whether this concerns all those in this Church. Among the rank-and-file hierarchs there are very good men, while a strict examination must be applied to those at the head.”
It has been the argument of this book that
in this point Archbishop Averky was right and Archbishop John, great saint
though he was, was wrong. By 1953 – in fact, by 1945 – the great majority of
the MP hierarchs were ex-renovationists, and “very good” hierarchs must have
been very few and far between. Moreover, the great majority of the confessing
hierarchs of the
As for the necessity of applying a strict examination to those coming
from the MP, this had been dramatically proved by the large number of traitors
who had infiltrated ROCOR since the war. Already during the war, the renovationist
“Bishops” Ignatius (Zhebrovsky) and Nicholas (Avtonomov) had been received, it
appears, with the minimum of formalities, and appointed to the sees of Vienna
and Munich, respectively, before being removed at the insistence of zealous
Again, the former renovationist and leading ROCOR hierarch in Western Europe
during the war, Metropolitan Seraphim (Lyade) of Berlin, secretly petitioned to
be received into the MP “in his existing rank” before his death in 1950 – but
Another senior bishop, Metropolitan Seraphim (Lukyanov) of
Stung by these betrayals, on October 14/27, 1953, the Hierarchical Council decreed that “in cases where it is revealed that those who have received their rank from the hierarchy of the MP by the Communists with the intention of preaching in holy orders the Communist principles of atheism, such an ordination is recognized as neither grace-bearing nor legal.”
Again, on November 9, 1959 the Council decreed that “from now on, if clergy of the MP want to enter into the ranks of our Church Abroad: (1) They must be carefully checked to see whether they are conscious agents of the atheist authorities, and if this is discovered, the Hierarchical Synod must be informed. It may not recognize the validity of the ordination of such a person to the sacred rank; (2) In cases where no such doubts arise, he who is petitioning to be received into the clergy of the Church Abroad is to be received through public repentance. Moreover, a penance may be imposed on him as the Diocesan Hierarch sees fit; (3) Such clergy must give a written declaration on their reception in accordance with the form established by the Hierarchical Synod; (4) When laypeople from the flock of the MP are received into the Russian Church Abroad, spiritual fathers must try their conscience with regard to the manner of their actions while they were under the atheist authorities.
The Council confirmed the following text to be signed by those clergy being received into the communion: “I, the undersigned, a former clergyman of the Moscow Patriarchate, ordained to the rank of deacon (by such-and-such a bishop in such-and-such a place at such-and-such a time) and ordained to the rank of presbyter (by such-and-such a bishop bishop in such-and-such a place at such-and-such a time) and having passed through my service (in such-and-such parishes), petition that I be received into the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad.
“I am sincerely sorry that I was among the clergy of the Moscow Patriarchate, which is in union with the God-fighting authorities.
“I sweep aside all the lawless acts of the
In general, however, the 1953 Council adopted a distinctly liberal attitude towards other Church jurisdiction. Thus in relation to the American Metropolia Metropolitan Anastasy said: “They do not have the fullness of truth, they deviate, but this does not mean that they are without grace. We must maintain objective calm with regard to them. We must strive for such unity on the same fundamental concepts of the Temporary Regulations upon which we stand today. Yet it is fair to say that all unity begins with personal contact: Let us love one another that with one mind we may confess. But we seem to regret that the keenness of jurisdictional quarreling has been dulled. But our goal is unity. Certain boundaries were needed as for disciplinary purposes. Now, when many extremes were abandoned in the American Metropolia, we still sharpen the question and speak of them as heretics with whom we can have no contact. Bishop Nicon said that we are very weak. This is not quite true. But externally, we are weaker than our opponents, who have money and the press on their side. The battlefield is not even. If we elevate the conflict, a very difficult situation will arise."
So the metropolitan was advocating retaining contacts and not “elevating the conflict” because the position of ROCOR from an external point of view was weak. This policy could be justified at the time in view of the fact that the Metropolia had not yet been absorbed into the MP. However, ROCOR later abandoned it – when the Metropolia was absorbed into the MP in 1970.
With regard to the Eulogians, Metropolitan Anastasy was also lenient.
Metropolitan Anastasy also said: “Metropolitan Anthony [Khrapovitsky] was guided by this rule of St Basil the Great when he said that he was prepared to accept through the third rite both Catholics and Anglicans. He was of the view that as soon as organic ties to heresy are torn and Orthodoxy is accepted, grace is received, as if an empty vessel were filled with grace. We hold to the principle that we can accept those through the third rite whose thread of succession had not been torn. Even the Armenians, who confess a definite heresy, are accepted in their existing rank. Concerning the Anglicans, the question arose because they themselves are not certain that they have succession. If we accept those who depart from heresy, how can we not accept our own [emphasis mine—NV]? They say that Patriarch Alexy sinned more than his predecessor. Whether he sinned more or less, we cannot deny his ordination. Much is said of their apostasy. But we must be cautious. We can hardly make an outright accusation of apostasy. In no place do they affirm atheism. In their published sermons they attempt to hold to the Orthodox line. They took and continue to take very strict measures with regard to the obnovlentsy, and did not tear their ties with Patriarch Tikhon. The false policy belongs to the church authority and the responsibility for it falls on its leaders. Only heresy adopted by the whole Church tarnishes the whole Church. In this case, the people are not responsible for the behavior of the leaders, and the Church, as such, remains unblemished. No one has the audacity to say that the whole Church is without grace, but insofar as priests had contact with the devious hierarchy, acted against their conscience, repentance is necessary. There can be no discussion of ‘chekists in cassocks.’ They are worse than Simon the Sorcerer. In this regard, in every individual case, one must make a special determination, and, if there is suspicion that a chekist is asking to come to us, we must not accept him.”
Anastasy’s extremely liberal attitude towards the reception of Catholics,
Anglicans and Armenians is perhaps excusable in that it reflects the extremely
liberal attitude of the
As regards the
Metropolitan Anastasy’s assertion that the MP took “very strict measures with
regard to the obnovlentsy”, this, unfortunately, was not true. As is
well-known, both the first “patriarchs” of the MP, Sergius and Alexis, were
former renovationists (obnovlentsy), and, far from repenting of their
renovationism, they transformed the MP into an institution that was
“renovationist in essence” (St. Cyril of
In his assertion that “the
false policy [of the MP] belongs to the church authority and the responsibility
for it falls [only] on its leaders”, Metropolitan Anastasy was unfortunately
contradicting the teaching of the Orthodox Church, which considers that lay
Christians are rational sheep who can and must separate from heretical leaders.
Similarly, his assertion that “only heresy adopted by the whole Church
tarnishes the whole Church” would not have been accepted by the hierarchs of
the Ecumenical Councils. If the hierarchy of a Church adopts a heretical or
antichristian policy, then it is the responsibility of all the lower ranks to
rebuke their leaders, and if the rebukes fail, to separate from them because
they are no longer true bishops (15th canon of the First-and-Second
The Metropolia Archbishop John (Shahovskoj) argued that the position of
ROCOR towards the MP in this period was hypocritical insofar as it simultaneously
called the MP apostate and sorrowed over the persecutions in the
In reply, the secretary of the ROCOR Synod, Fr. George Grabbe, replied that while calling the MP “apostate” and even, in some cases, using the word “gracelessness”, ROCOR never, at any of its Synodal sessions, expressed any doubt that the pastors and laymen belonging to the MP who were faithful to God were true pastors. Then, citing examples of the infiltration of agents into the hierarchy of the MP, Fr. George continued: “That is the gracelessness we are talking about! We are talking about those Judases, and not about the few suffering people who are vainly trying to save something, the unfortunate, truly believing pastors”.
Of course, this answer raised more questions than it answered. If all or most of the hierarchy were KGB agents (and this was established beyond doubt in 1992), and therefore graceless, how could the priests whom they ordained and who commemorated them be true priests? And how could the laymen be true laymen if they communicated from false bishops and priests? Is it possible in general to speak about faithful priests and laity commemorating a faithless and apostate bishop?
These questions never received satisfactory answers and continued to give ROCOR’s witness in relation to the MP an ambiguous character for decades to come. Only on one question was ROCOR clear: that it had no communion with the MP Synod. And so it left SCOBA (the Council of Orthodox Bishops of America) in 1956 when the MP became one of its members.
With regard to the other Churches of World Orthodoxy, a liberal policy
was pursued until the retirement of Metropolitan Anastasy in 1964. Thus ROCOR
hierarchs continued to concelebrate intermittently with both the Greek new
calendarists and with the Serbian and
Thus ROCOR was neither in official communion with World Orthodoxy nor
clearly separated from it: it existed in a kind of canonical limbo, a Church
that consecrated her own chrism but did not claim to be autocephalous, a Church
of almost global jurisdiction but claiming to be part of the
The answer to this question was left deliberately vague. On the one
hand, there was clearly no communion with the hierarchy of the MP, which
was seen to have compromised itself with communism. On the other hand,
communion was said never to have been broken with the suffering people of
In spite of his lack of communion with the MP, Metropolitan Anastasy
appears to have considered it to be the “
In 1957, however, in his last will and testament, Metropolitan Anastasy clearly drew the boundaries as follows: “As regards the Moscow Patriarchate and its hierarchs, then, so long as they continue in close, active and benevolent cooperation with the Soviet Government, which openly professes its complete godlessness and strives to implant atheism in the entire Russian nation, then the Church Abroad, maintaining her purity, must not have any canonical, liturgical, or even simply external communion with them whatsoever, leaving each one of them at the same time to the final judgement of the Sobor of the future free Russian Church…”
In 1961, moreover, he showed that he had not forgotten the
However, the Epistle of the Hierarchical Council of 1962, while rebuking the atheists, expressed sympathy for the simple believers and even for the simple priests, while the Great-Martyr Great Russian Church was identified with the whole of the church people, including those in the Moscow Patriarchate, but excluding “the small group of clergy having the right to a legal existence”. But how could the priests be inside the Church and the people they served outside it? This was ecclesiological nonsense!
This kind of ambiguity in relation to the Church in
Again, he wrote, fully in the spirit of the
This was an inspired definition: dogmatized apostasy. Not simply apostasy in the face of overwhelming external force, “for fear of the Jews”, but dogmatized apostasy – that is, apostasy raised to the level of a dogma. When apostasy is justified in this way, it becomes deeper, more serious and more difficult to cure. It becomes an error of the mind as well as a disease of the will. For it is one thing for a churchman out of weakness to submit himself and his church to the power of the world and of the Antichrist. That is his personal tragedy, and the tragedy of those who follow him, but it is not heresy. It is quite another thing for the same churchman to make the same submission “not for wrath, but for conscience’s sake” (Romans 13.5) – to use the words of the apostle as perverted by Sergius in his declaration. For this shows that the churchman has in fact suppressed his conscience, both his personal conscience and his Church consciousness. This is both heresy and apostasy.
However, at another time Archbishop Vitaly said that the Providence of God had placed before ROCOR the duty “of not tearing herself away from the basic massif, the body, the root of the Mother Church: in the depths of this massif, which is now only suffocated by the weight of Bolshevism, the spiritual treasures of Her millennial exploit are even now preserved. But we must not recognise Her contemporary official leaders, who have become the obedient instrument of the godless authorities.”
As V.K. justly comments: “In these words is contained a manifest incongruity. How did Archbishop Vitaly want, without recognising the official leadership of the MP, at the same time not to be torn away from its body? Is it possible ‘to preserve the spiritual treasures’ in a body whose head has become ‘the obedient instrument of the godless authorities’ (that is, the servants of satan and the antichrist), as he justly writes of the sergianist leaders?... The Holy Scriptures say: ‘If the firstfruit is holy, the lump is also holy; and if the root is holy, so are the branches’ (Romans 11.16). And on the other hand: ‘A good tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a bad tree bear good fruit’ (Matthew 7.18).”
similar ambiguity in relation to the MP can be found in the following words of Archbishop
John (Maximovich) in a letter dated
In 1963, Archbishop John became involved in a major quarrel which
threatened to tear apart the Russian Church Abroad in
Archbishop Tikhon of
Upon arriving, he took the side of his former
In his report to the Synod about the schism, Archbishop Anthony began,
according to Archbishop Averky, “by justifying himself against the accusations
that he was lacking in love and declared that there could not be love in such
people as Lev Tolstoy, Stalin and Khruschev. This comparison can in no way be
recognized as successful. Lev Tolstoy, Stalin and Khruschev, each in his own
way, were open and evidently for all fighters against God and enemies of the
In May, 1963 Vladyka John was summoned to a session of the Synod in
which his supporters among the bishops did participate. The discussions went on
for four hours behind closed doors. Finally, it was decided by a majority of
votes to remove him from San Franciscow. When Vladyka returned with this news
On August 13, the Hierarchical Council of ROCOR decided to confirm
Archbishop John in the see of
Although Vladyka John was acquitted at his trial, and he remained
archbishop of San Francisco until his death in 1966, the bitterness caused by
the affair lingered on, and in 1966 one of Archbishop John’s supporters,
Archbishop Averky of
Moreover, when Archbishop John came to be canonized in July, 1994,
Archbishop Anthony of
Whatever the truth about this particular
affair, there can be no doubt that Archbishop John is a saint, as is witnessed by his incorrupt relics and the
extraordinary abundance of miracles worked in answer to the prayers of
believers around the world. His tomb, which is located in the crypt of the
cathedral he was finally able to build, to the Mother of God “The Joy of All
Who Sorrow”, in San Francisco, has become a major place of pilgrimage for
Orthodox Christians of all nationalities. Archbishop John remains probably the
best-known and most universally loved personality in the whole history of the
Russian Church Abroad. But the quarrel in
The Theology of Peace
Parallel to the development of ecumenism, and promoted by almost the
same actors, was the so-called “movement for peace” and “theology of peace”,
whose origins can be traced to the founding of NATO to defend
Cooperating, as usual, with its political masters, the MP organized a series of ecumenical conferences “in defence of peace” with representatives not only of the Christian confessions, but also of Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, Shintoism and Sikhism. Insofar as these religious “fighters for peace” worshipped completely different gods or (in the case of Buddhism) no god at all, there was no place at these conferences for the specifically Christian understanding of peace. Thus there was no mention of the fact that peace on earth is possible only if there is peace with God, which is obtained only through faith in the redeeming work of Christ, Who “is our peace” (Ephesians 2.14), and through a constant struggle with evil in all its forms, including atheism and communism. Moreover, as Kurochkin writes, “on the pages of the ecclesiastical press and on the lips of those speaking before the believers, the similarity and closeness of the communist and Christian social and moral ideals was proclaimed more and more often.” And so the cult of Stalin was transformed into the cult of communism; for “the patriarchal church, having conquered the renovationists, was forced to assimilate the heritage of the conquered not only in the field of political re-orientation, but also in the sphere of ideological reconstruction.”
The gospel of “Communist Christianity” appeared in an encyclical of the patriarchate “in connection with the Great October Socialist Revolution”, which supposedly “turned into reality the dreams of many generations of people. It made all the natural riches of the land and means of production into the inheritance of the people. It changed the very essence of human relations, making all our citizens equal and excluding from our society any possibility of enmity between peoples of difference races and nationalities, of different persuasions, faiths and social conditions.”
Insofar as the MP confessed that the revolution “changed the very essence of human relations” for the better, it confessed another faith than the faith of Christ – specifically, the faith of the Antichrist. This aspect of the MP’s apostasy is often forgotten. And of course now, since the fall of communism, the MP no longer talks about its enthusiasm for the anti-christian creed of communism. But by any normal definition of words, the hierarchs of the MP ceased to be, not only Orthodox in any meaningful sense, but also Christian at this time…
“The so-called ‘theology of peace’,” wrote Protopresbyter George Grabbe,
“is in essence the chiliastic preaching of the
“The peace which the
“That is why, in his report ‘Peace and
Freedom’ at the local conference of the movement for peace in
“What is Metropolitan Nicodemus renouncing
in these words? He is renouncing the patristic and ascetic past, he is trying
to turn the Church from striving for heaven to the path of earthly social
“He is echoed by Protopriest V.M. Borovoj, who expressed himself still more vividly: ‘Systematic theology and the historical churches have never been on the side of the revolution for the simple reason that they were prisoners of the cosmo-centric understanding of reality, prisoners of the static understanding of an order established once and for all on earth. Only in the last decades, when profound changes, a kind of revolution, have taken place in philosophical, theological and scientific thought as the result of an anthropocentric view of the cosmos, an evolutionary conception of the universe and a new rethinking of the whole history of humanity – only after all this has there appeared the possibility of working out a theology of development and revolution’ (J.M.P., 1966, ¹ 9, p. 78)…
“By moving in this apostatic direction the
On the
day the Germans invaded the
Averky, Zhizneopisanie Blazhennejshago Mitropolita Anastasia (A Life of his Beatitude Metropolitan Anastasy), in Troitskij Pravoslavnij Russkij Kalendar’ na 1998 g. (Trinity Orthodox Russian Calendar for 1998), Jordanville: Holy Trinity Monastery, pp. x-xi ®.
Andrew Shestakov, Serbskaia Tserkov’: kratkij istoricheskij ekskurs (The Serbian Church: a short digression); Monk Benjamin, op. cit., pp. 21-25.
Stella Alexander, Church and State in Yugoslavia since 1945, Cambridge University Press, 1979, chapter 1, 3; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., p. 22.
Monk Gorazd,
"Sviashchenomuchenik Gorazd" (Hieromartyr Gorazd), Pravoslavnaia
M.V. Shkarovsky; in Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 35.
Wertz, "On the Serbian Orthodox Martyrs of the Second World War", Orthodox Life, vol. 33, ¹ 1, January-February, 1983, pp. 15-26.
The Germans knew what was going
on. Thus on
However, more recent scholarship
gives generally lower figures for those killed. The
"Holy New Martyr
Quoted from Liudmilla
Perepiolkina, Ecumenism – A Path to Perdition, St. Petersburg, 1999, pp.
230-233, and "Stepinac's Hat is Blood-Red", The Christian Century,
January 14, 1953, pp. 42-43. See also the article by the Catholic writer
Richard West, "The War in
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 43-44, 44-45; Bishop Gregory Grabbe, Zavet Sviatogo Patriarkha (The Testament of the Holy Patriarch), Moscow, 1996, p. 33 ®.
However, according to another version, he was arrested and condemned together with the Catholic Cardinal Stepinač. But while Stepinač received sixteen years in prison, being released after only two years, Metropolitan Germogen was executed (Ilya Goriachev, in Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 89-90).
Quoted in Fomin, Rossia pered
Vtorym Prishestviem (
Chernov, Tserkov' Katakombnaia na Zemle Rossijskoj (The Catacomb Church in the Russian Land), MS, Woking, 1980 ®.
Oliver Figes, Natasha’s Dance,
Overy, op. cit., pp. 161-162.
Kuznetsov, “O Sovietsko-Germanskoj Vojne” (On the Soviet-German War), http://catacomb.org.ua/modules.php?name=Pages&go=print page&pid=570, pp. 3-4, 7-8 ®. A. Soldatov writes: “The memory of the ‘Vlasovtsy’ is dear to many children of the Russian Church Abroad (ROCOR)… In the memorial cemetery of the ROCOR in Novo Diveyevo near New York there stands an obelisk which perpetuates the memory of all the officers and soldiers of the Russian Army of Liberation, who perished ‘in the name of the idea of a Russia free from communism and fascism” (“Radosti Paskhi i Skorb’ Pobedy” (The Joys of Pascha and the Sorrow of Victory), Moskovskie Novosti (Moscow News)and Vertograd, ¹520, May 14, 2005 ®.
Chernov, op. cit.
Solzhenitsyn, The Mortal
Krasikov, “’Tretij Rim’ i
Bol’sheviki” (The Third
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 31-32.
O. Vasilieva, "Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov' v 1927-1943 godakh" (The Russian Orthodox Church from 1927 to 1943), Voprosy Istorii (Questions of History), 1994, ¹ 4, p. 44 ®.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 46.
According to another source, the mission had 221 churches and 84 priests to serve in them.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 32.
Chernov, op. cit.; A. Smirnov, “Ugasshie nepominaiushchie v bege vremeni” (Extinguished Non-Commemorators in the Flow of Time), Simvol (Symbol), ¹ 40, 1998, pp. 250-267 ®.
M.V. Shkvarovsky, “Iosiflyane v
Severo-Zapade Rossii v period nemetskoj okkupatsii” (The Josephites in
Shkvarovsky, Iosiflianstvo: techenie v Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi (Josephitism: a tendency in the Russian Orthodox Church), St. Petersburg: Memorial, 1999, pp. 187-188; Archbishop Ambrose (von Sievers), "Istoki i sviazi Katakombnoj Tserkvi v Leningrade i obl. (1922-1992)" (Sources and Links of the Catacomb Church in Leningrad and district (1922-1992), report read at the conference "The Historical Path of Orthodoxy in Russia after 1917", Saint Petersburg, 1-3 June, 1993; “Episkopat Istinno-Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi 1922-1997gg.” (The Episcopate of the True Orthodox Church, 1922-1997), Russkoe Pravoslavie (Russian Orthodoxy), ¹ 4 (8), 1997, pp. 12-13 ®.
I.F. Bugayem, "Varvarskaia aktsia" (A Barbaric Action), Otechestvo (Fatherland), ¹ 3, 1992, pp. 53-73 ®; text in Shkvarovsky, Iosiflyanstvo, op. cit., pp. 262-263.
“Interviu s episkopom Irinarkhom
Tul’skim i Brianskim (RPATs)” (Interview with Bishop Irinarch of
Archbishop Athanasius (Martos); Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 33.
See Mikhail Woerl, “Dobrij Pastyr’” (A Good Pastor), Pravoslavnaia Rus’ (Orthodox Russia), ¹ 24 (1597), December 15/28, 1997, p. 7; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 43 ®.
Archbishop Ambrose (von Sievers), “Bezobrazniki: K sobytiam v RPTsZ 1945-55gg.” (Hooligans: on the events in the ROCA, 1945-55), Russkoe Pravoslavie (Russian Orthodoxy), ¹ 2 (16), 1999, p. 18 ®.
Woerl, “A Brief Biography of Archbishop Filofei (Narko)”, Orthodox Life, vol. 50, ¹ 6, November-December, 2000, pp. 25-26.
Woerl, “Dobrij Pastyr’”, op.
cit., p. 8. George later became bishop of
According to Reader Gregory Mukhortov (personal communication, 1990), the Belorussian synod consecrated another bishop, Theodosius (Bakhmetev), just before the arrival of the Soviets late in 1944. However, according to the anonymous author of Kto est’ kto v rossijskikh katakombakh (Who’s Who in the Russian Catacombs), (St. Petersburg, 1999, pp. 36-37 ®), Theodosius was consecrated in 1942 or 1943 as vicar-bishop of Pinsk, which at that time entered the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian Autonomous Church, in the Kiev Caves Lavra by Schema-Archbishop Anthony (Abashidze), Archbishop Panteleimon (Rudyk) and the Catacomb Bishops Elias and Macarius.
“Good, albeit also not
unambiguous relations were established between the True Orthodox Christians and
The whole of the
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 35.
Alexeyev & Stavrou, The Great Revival, op. cit., chapter 5; Friedrich Heyer, Die Orthodoxe Kirche in der Ukraine (The Orthodox Church in the Ukraine), Koln: Rudolf Muller, 1953 (in German); "Archbishop Leonty of Chile", The Orthodox Word, 1981, vol. 17, ¹ 4 (99), pp. 148-154; Bishop John and Igumen Elijah, Taynij Skhimitropolit (The Secret Schema-Metropolitan), Moscow: Bogorodichij Tsentr, 1991 ®; Andrei Psarev, "Zhizneopisanie Arkhiepiskopa Leontia Chilijskij (1901-1971 gg.)" (A Life of Archbishop Leontius of Chile (1901-1971)), Pravoslavnaia Zhizn' (Orthodox Life), ¹ 4 (556), April, 1996, pp. 9-14 ®.
Psarev, op. cit., p. 10.
Raevsky, Ukrainskaia
Avtokephalnaia Tserkov’ (The
Tserkovnaia Zhizn’ (Church Life), 1942, ¹ 4; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 41.
Synodal Archive of the ROCOR in
Overy, Russia’s War,
Cited in
Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin,
Cited by
I. Altman, Kholokost i
evrejskoe soprotivlenie na okkupirovannoj territorii SSSR (The Holocaust
and Jewish resistance in the occupied territories of the
Shkarovsky, Pravoslavie i
Rossia (Orthodoxy and
Archbishop Athanasius (Martos); Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 45.
Archive of the ROCOR in
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 63-64.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 64-65; M.V. Shkarovsky, RPTsZ na Balkanakh v gody Vtoroj Mirovoj Vojny [ROCOR in the Balkans in the years of the Second World War]; Bishop Gregory (Grabbe), Arkhierejskij Synod vo II Mirovuiu Vojnu [The Hierarchical Synod in World War II].
Poslanie k russkim pravoslavnym liudiam po povodu ‘Obraschenia patriarkha Aleksia k arkipastyriam i kliru tak nazyvaemoj Karlovatskoj orientatsii’ (Epistle to the Russian Orthodox people on the ‘Address of Patriarch Alexis to the archpastors and clergy of the so-called Karlovtsy orientation), in G.M. Soldatov, Arkhierejskij Sobor Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Tserkvi Zagranitsej, Miunkhen (Germania) 1946 g. (The Hierarchical Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad at Munich in 1946), Minneapolis, 2003, p. 13 ®.
Soldatov, op. cit., pp. 12, 13.
I.L. Solonevich, “Rossia v
M.V. Shkarovsky, Pravoslavie
i Rossia (Orthodoxy and
Sergius wrote: “With complete objectivity we must declare that the Constitution, which guarantees complete freedom for the carrying out of religious worship, in no way constrains the religious life of believers and the Church in general…” Concerning the trials of clergy and believers, he said: “These were purely political trials which had nothing to do with the purely ecclesiastical life of religious organizations and the purely ecclesiastical work of individual clergy. No, the Church cannot complain about the authorities.”
Shumilo, “Sovietskij Rezhim i
‘Sovietskaia Tserkov’’ v 40-e-50-e gody XX stoletia” (The Soviet Regime and the
“Iosiflianskie obschiny v
blokadnom Leningrade” (Josephite Communities in Blockaded Leningrad), Pravoslavnaia
See also Fomin, op. cit., p. 125; Wassilij Alexeev and Keith Armes, "German Intelligence: Religious Revival in Soviet Territory", Religion in Communist Lands, vol. 5, ¹ 1, Spring, 1977, pp. 27-30 (V.M.).
See D. Volkogonov, Triumf i
Tragedia (Triumph and Tragedy),
According to Karpov’s report, Metropolitan Sergius brought up the question of electing a patriarch right at the beginning of the meeting as being “the most important and most pressing question” (Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 53). This report was published in full in Russian in Monk Benjamin, op. cit., pp. 53-60, and in English in Felix Corbey (ed.), Religion in the Soviet Union: an archival reader, New York: New York University Press, 1996. (V.M.)
This was an important symbolic
change. The pre-revolutionary Russian Church was rossijskaia, that is,
the Church of the whole of the Russian empire and of all the Orthodox in it,
whether they were Russian by race or not. By changing the title to russkaia,
Stalin emphasised that it was the Church exclusively of the ethnically Russian
people – that is, of the russkikh. Over half a century later, the ROAC –
Shumilo, op. cit.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit.,
part 3, p. 56. According to Anatolius Levitin-Krasnov, Molotov at one point
“said that the Soviet government and Stalin personally would like to know the
needs of the Church. While the other metropolitans remained silent,
Metropolitan Sergius suddenly spoke up… The metropolitan pointed out the need
for the mass re-opening of churches… for the convocation of a church council
and the election of a patriarch… for the general opening of seminaries, because
there was a complete lack of clergy. Here Stalin suddenly broke his silence.
‘And why don’t you have cadres? Where have they disappeared?’ he said… looking
at the bishops point blank… Everybody knew that ‘the cadres’ had perished in
the camps. But Metropolitan Sergius… replied: ‘There are all sorts of reasons
why we have no cadres. One of the reasons is that we train a person for the
priesthood, and he becomes the Marshal of the
Razumov, in Sergius Fomin, Strazh Doma Gospodnia. Patriarkh Moskovskij i
vseia Rusi Sergij Stragorodskij, (Guardian over the House of the Lord:
Patriarch Sergius Stragorodsky of
Rayfield, op. cit., p. 405.
Rayfield, op. cit., p. 405.
Vasilieva, O., Kniashevsky, P.
"Tainaia Vecheria" (The Last Supper), Liternaturnaia Rossia
Shumilo, op. cit.
Shumilo, op. cit.
Shumilo, op. cit.
According to Monk Benjamin (op. cit., p. 60): head of the third department of the Fifth Administration.
Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 508.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 13-14, 19.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 49.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 67-69.
Shumilo, op. cit. Of course, not all of the Russian emigration – only that (large) part that believed in the good intentions of the Soviet government.
GARF, f. 6991, op. 1, d. 5, l. 1; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 66.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 61-63.
"Pis'mo 2-oe Katakombnogo Episkopa A. k F.M." (The Second Letter of Catacomb Bishop A. to F.M.), Russkij Pastyr' (Russian Pastor), ¹ 14, III-1992; Russkoe Pravoslavie (Russian Orthodoxy), 1996, ¹ 2 (2), pp. 10, 11 ®.
Karpov, in Edward E. Roslof, Red
Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905-1946,
Roslof, op. cit., p. 195.
See Metropolitan John (Snychev)
Roslof, op. cit., p. 196.
Hierodeacon Jonah (now
Archimandrite Nectarius) (Yashunsky), "Sergianstvo: Politika ili
Dogmatika?" (Sergianism: Politics or Dogmatics?), 29 April /
Polosin (Sergius Ventsel),
"Razmyshlenia o Teokratii v Rossii" (Thoughts on Theocracy in
“They say that not long before his death Sergius had a vision of Christ, after which he sobbed for a long time over the crimes he had committed” (Shumilo, op. cit.).
Shumilo, op. cit.; Fr. Sergius Gordun, "Russkaia Pravoslavnaia Tserkov' pri Svyateishikh Patriarkhakh Sergii i Aleksii" (The Russian Orthodox Church under their Holinesses Patriarchs Sergius and Alexis), Vestnik Russkogo Khristianskogo Dvizhenia (Herald of the Russian Christian Movement), vol. 158, I-1990, p. 92 ®.
Zhurnal Moskovskoj Patriarkhii (Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate), ¹ 2, 1944, pp. 26-28; ¹ 4, 1943, p. 25 ®; cited in Pospielovsky, The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 208-209. In 1941 Metropolitan Sergius said something similar: “The heart of the Christian is closed for the fascist beasts; it oozes out only an annihilating deadly hatred for the enemy…” (Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 34).
Protopriest Valerius Lapkovsky,
“Kto Vozdvigal Pamiatnik Arkhiepiskopu Luke?” (Who Raised the Monument to
Archbishop Luke?), Pravoslavnaia Rus’ (Orthodox
Shumilo, op. cit.
Gordun, op. cit., p. 94.
Jane Ellis, The Russian
Alexeyev, "Marshal Stalin doveriaet Tserkvi" (Marshal Stalin trusts the Church), Agitator, ¹ 10, 1989, pp. 27-28 ®.
Shumilo, op. cit.
RTsKhIDNI.F.17.Op.132.D.111.L.27; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 81.
Nabokov, in B. Boyd, Nabokov: The American Years,
Eulogius, Puti moej zhizni (The Ways of My Life), p. 613; in Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 81. Eulogius did not return in the end, as we shall see below.
On these “Vlasovites”, see Joachim Goffman, Vlasov protiv Stalina (Vlasov against Stalin), Moscow, 2005 ® (V.M.).
Soldatov, op. cit., p. 11, footnote 6. However, Shumilo (op. cit.) gives a still higher figure: “at the end of the war, with the cooperation of the governments of the western allied countries, more than 6 million ‘Soviet’ prisoners of war, ‘Osty’ workers, refugees and émigrés were forcibly repatriated to the U.S.S.R. up to 1948. The majority of them perished within the walls of Stalin’s NKVD.”
“Avoiding participation in the Great Victory Services”, sermon given on
Soldatov, op. cit.; Archbishop
Savva (Raevsky), “Lienz”, Orthodox Life, vol. 56, ¹ 4,
2005, pp. 2-8. Soldatov continues: “In the
Prot. A. Kiselev, Oblik gen. A.A. Vlasova (The Face of General A.A. Vlasov), appendix VI; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 90-93.
RTsKhIDNI, f. 17, op. 125, d. 407, l. 27; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 114.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 110.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 4, p. 12.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 122-123.
Archbishop Averky of Jordanville
recounts the following event in the life of Metropolitan Joseph, who died in
1957: “An antireligious manifestation was once passing along the streets of
The Diocesan Council of the Free
Serbian Orthodox Diocese of the
Norman Malcolm,
Some doubt whether Mikhailovich
was a true martyr, accusing him of practising "ethnic cleansing"
against Muslims during World War II. See Norman Cigar, Genocide in
Etinger, Spasennie v Kholokoste (The Saved in the Holocaust); Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 52-53.
Tsankov, Protopriest S.
"Pokojnij Tsar Boris, kak religiozno-nravstvennaia lichnost'" (The
Reposed Tsar Boris as a Religio-Moral Personality), Pravoslavnaia Rus'
Marchevsky, in Pravoslavnaia
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 138-139.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 4, pp. 1-2, 4.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 4, pp. 11-12.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 141.
K.E. Skurat, Istoria Pomestnykh Pravoslavnykh Tserkvej (A History of the Local Orthodox Churches), in Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 4, p. 1.
Zhurnal Moskovskoj Patriarkhii (Journal of the
These bishops were: Metropolitan Panteleimon (Rozhnovsky), who immediately left ROCOR and remained out of communion with any Church until his death in 1950; Archbishop Benedict (Bobkovsky), formerly of Grodno and Belostok, who received an appointment in Germany until his death in 1951; Archbishop Philotheus (Harko), formerly of Mogilev and Mstislav, who became Archbishop of Hamburg until his death in 1986; Bishop Athanasius (Martos), formerly of Vitebsk and Podolsk, who was appointed as Archbishop in Australia until his death in 1985; Bishop Stefan (Sevbo), formerly of Smolensk, who was appointed Bishop of Vienna until his death in 1965; Bishop Paul (Melentiev), formerly of Briansk, who fell away into Catholicism in 1948; Bishop Gregory (Boriskevich), formerly of Gomel, who became a bishop in Canada and then the USA, dying in 1957; Bishop Theodore (Rafalsky), formerly of Brest, who received an appointment in Australia until his death in 1955; Archbishop Panteleimon (Rudyk), formerly of Kiev, who was appointed to Argentina, but in 1957 was expelled from ROCOR for homosexuality and in 1959 joined the MP, dying in 1968; Bishop Leonty (Filippovich), formerly of Zhitomir and Volhynia, was appointed to Paraguay and then Chile, dying in 1971 (he had joined ROCOR on May 17, 1944); Bishop Eulogius (Markovsky), formerly of Vinnitsa, who received an appointment in North America and died in 1951; and Archbishop Demetrius (Magan), formerly of Ekaterinoslav, who in 1948 joined the American Metropolita schism and died in 1968 (Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 108-109, 75). For more details of this Council, see G.M. Soldatov, op. cit. (V.M.)
Averky, op. cit., pp. xiv-xvi.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 4, p. 5.
Protopriest Alexander Lebedev. Pora uzhe nam znat’ svoiu istoriu (It’s time we knew our history); Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 65.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 75.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 116-117.
Archbishop Vitaly (Maximenko), Motivy moej zhizni (Motifs of my Life), 1955; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 117-118.
I.M. Andreyev, History of the
Russian Church from the Revolution to our Days, Jordanville, 1952; quoted
in Is the Grace of God present in the
Maximenko, sppech at the Fifth Diocesan Congress, 3/16 March, 1952; in Motivy moej zhizni (Motives of my Life), Jordanville, 1955; reprinted in Troitskij Pravoslavnij Kalendar’ na 2006 g. (Trinity Orthodox Calendar for 2006), p. 67 ®.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 3, pp. 142-143.
Lardas, “The Old Calendar Movement in the Greek Church”, Holy Trinity Monastery, Jurdanville, 1983 (unpublished thesis).
Bishop Ambrose of Methone,
George Margaritis, The Greek Church and the Holocaust, p. 13; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 49.
Churchill, Road to Victory; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 79.
Bishop Callistus (Ware); Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 4, p. 14.
The above account is taken from
Metropolitan Calliopius of Pentapolis, Saint Joseph de Desphina (
Fr. Andrew Sidniev, Florinskij raskol in Tserkvi IPKh Gretsii (The Florinite Schism and the Church of the True Orthodox Christians of Greece); Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 35-36.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 48.
Monk Antonios, op. cit., p. 73.
The mutual accusations are summarized in Metropolitan Calliopius, Nobles et Saints Combats, op. cit., p. 150, note 8: “a) Bishop Matthew accused Bishop Germanos of celebrating the mysteries for the new calendarists, of recruiting priests who were strangers to the struggle, of changing the typicon, of behaving in an inconceivable manner towards his priests, of speaking against the Mother of God….
“b) Bishop Germanos accused Bishop Matthew of having published books on impious subjects and from apocryphal sources, like On the subject of the descent of the gifts of the Lord, and The Lord did some miracles by prayer. He reproached him for attaching a certain credence to the demons who made him publish ‘The Ecstasies of Vasiliki Kyriazis’, who was possessed by the devil. He could not accept that he proclaimed himself to be a saint, that he called himself ‘the only Orthodox and saved bishop’, that he would ascend onto the patriarchal throne of Constantinople, that he no longer used the prayer, ‘Through the prayers of our Holy Fathers…’ and that he deviated from the typicon, that he ordained ‘deaconesses’, that he permitted monks to take confession (see the letter signed by the monks of the Monastery of the Archangels, Athikia, Corinth: Gideon, Akakios, Gerasimos, Hilarion, Cosmas, Artemios, Hierotheos, Jeremiah, Callistus, Nicodemus and Joseph).”
For more on the works of dubious Orthodoxy published by Bishop Matthew, see Monk Antonios, op. cit., pp. 27-34.
I.M. Andreev (Andreevsky),
Irina Osipova, Khotelos' by
vsiekh poimenno nazvat' (I would like to call all of them by name),
Shumilo, op. cit.
Shumilo, op. cit.
TsKhSD, f. 5, op. 16, d. 650, l. 18; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 4, p. 11.
According to figures of the
Council for the Affairs of the ROC, on
Shumilo, op. cit. As
Archbishop Lazarus (Zhurbenko) said: “The catacomb believers feared the Moscow
Patriarchate priests even more than the police. Whenever a priest came for some
reason or other, he was met by a feeling of dread. The catacomb people would
say, ‘A red detective has come.’ He was sent deliberately, and he was obliged
to report everything to the authorities. Not infrequently, hierarchs and
priests told the people outright, directly from the ambon, ‘Look around,
Orthodox people. There are those who do not come to church. Find out who they
are and report to us; these are enemies of the Soviet regime who stand in the
way of the building of Socialism.’ We were very much afraid of these
sergianist-oriented priests.” ("Out from the Catacombs", Orthodox
Shkvarovsky, Iosiflianstvo, op. cit., pp. 192-197.
On Bishop Peter, see "Kratkoe opisanie biografii menia nedostojnago skhiepiskopa Petra Ladygina" (A Short Description of the Biography of Me, the Unworthy Schema-Bishop Peter Ladygin); Tserkovnaia Zhizn' (Church Life), ¹¹ 7-8, July-August, 1985. On Bishop Barnabas, see V. Moss "Holy Hieroconfessor Barnabas of Pechersk", Orthodox Life, January-February, 1995.
“I vrata adovy ne odoleiut ee…” (And the Gates of Hell will not Prevail against her), Suzdal’skie Eparkhial’nie Vedomosti (Suzdal Diocesan News), ¹ 4, June-July, 1998, pp. 32-40 ®.
Bishop Ambrose (von Sievers), "Gosudarstvo i 'katakomby'" (The State and the ‘Catacombs’), in Filatov, op. cit., pp. 105, 111 ®
Shumilo, op. cit.
N. Talberg, “Sviataia Rus’ na Sviatoj Zemle” (Holy Rus’ on the Holy Land), Pravoslavnaia Rus’ (Orthodox Russia), ¹ 16, 1958, p. 8; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 87.
Protopriest Victor Potapov;
RPZTs i sud’by russkoj Palestiny” (ROCOR and the destinies of Russian
Palestine); “How ROCOR lost
Shumilo, op. cit
Monk Benjamin, op.
cit., vol. 3, pp. 86, 97. However, the Russian community in
“Archimandrite Nicholas (Gibbs), former teacher of English to the
children of the Tsar-Martyr, who followed the Royal family to Tobolsk and
Ekaterinburg, move from ROCOR to the Moscow Patriarchate. This move was aided
by conversations with Metropolitan Nicholas (Yarushevich), who was then
Soldatov, op. cit., p. 14.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 94.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 114-115.
Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, pp. 94-95.
Shumilo, op. cit.
M.V. Shkarovsky; Monk Benjamin, op. cit., part 3, p. 95.
Monk Benjamin, < | <urn:uuid:6e0b9111-6992-492f-bd16-d29e1f5935bf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.romanitas.ru/eng/NEW%20ZION%20IN%20BABYLON%20-%20ch.%204.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96393 | 48,192 | 3.03125 | 3 |
- BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIG HORN information about survivors (yes there were survivors) and details of the battle. This battle has been my favorite data collection over the years, have every book possible. I went to grade school in Wyola, just south of the battle.
- I am going to make a link from this site to the Big Horn County site with many more details for your research.
Custer. Established July 4, 1877. Located on the bluff above the confluence of the Big Horn and Little Big Horn rivers. Intended to control the Sioux and other Indians of the area. Established by Lieutenant Colonel George P. Buell, 11th U.S. Infantry. Originally called Big Horn Post or Big Horn Barracks, it was officially designated Fort Custer on November 8, 1877. Named for Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, 7th U.S. Cavalry, killed in the Battle of the Little Big Horn.
(from friends of the Little Big Horn Battle) List of Indian and Cavalry survivors.posted soon.
Still living in the Yellowstone area, Absaloka tribal young men were hired as scouts for the U.S. army-they would not fighthe "ba-eshta-she-lay"(meaning not Indian, (yellow eyes black) A black frontierwsman Jim Beckourth, who lived with them for many years in the 1830’s In 1876, the Siouxs, Cheyennes andArapahoes, with reservation and territory troubles of their own, swarmed into Absaloka land, and some of the finest of Absalokas' young men were contacted by the cavalry and many volunteered and six became scouts for General Custer. They rodewith him and his companies but not to their death. They were released just before battle time, the only Indian to die with Custer was the part-blood Sioux interpreter, MitchBoyer. Because the Indian tactic of fighting/ allowed some enemy to survive and return to tell the battle story, Absalokas returned, telling the story.(source: “A Worthy Work in a Needy time. (The Montana Industrial School for Indians (Bonds’s Mission for Indians, 1886-1897. Margery Pease. (a Crow)Pages created September 4, 2011
This site may be freely linked, but not duplicated without consent. All rights reserved. Commercial use of material within this site is prohibited. Montana State Administrator Jo Ann Scott. (last updated | <urn:uuid:0656d449-132d-4ea4-9a8f-e5da31941b25> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mttttp/Maps_Forts/maps_forts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955932 | 523 | 3.140625 | 3 |
An early venue used for live plays and entertainments was the Norwood
. By one account, the second floor of the adjacent Fire
House was also used for entertainment, but this may be erroneous—the
Town Hall may have been the venue. Later, the Municipal Building
more commonly known as City Hall
an auditorium on the second floor, too. The stage and the balcony seats
still remain today.
's first high school at Allison Street had an auditorium
on the third floor. It was replaced with laboratories, but was returned
to an auditorium when the building was converted to a grade school. The Norwood
Middle (Junior High) School
, which was formerly the second high
school, and the third and current Norwood High School
With the opening of the Norwood Public Library
in 1907, an
auditorium was available on the second floor of that building. In 1966,
the extensive remodeling of the library, which involved the reduction of
structural support of the second floor and the removal of one of the two
stairways, stopped the use of this auditorium.
Norwood Library's 2nd floor auditorium in 2010
The commercial theaters, although mainly used to show movies (first
silent and then "talkies"), were sometimes used for live
entertainment, also. The first two movie theaters may have been the Minnette
and the Pike
, in 1909— over 100 years ago!
appeared to have opened the next
year. To give a historical perspective to that time, consider that the
first "moving picture" shown in Cincinnati was in 1905, only
four years before Norwood's first movie theaters opened. That silent
film was the 10-minute "Great Train Robbery,"
shown at the Scenic Theater
,143 West Fifth
Street, Cincinnati, for which customers were charged 5¢.
Movies were shown at outdoor venues, also. There were at least three
outdoor theaters. Two were called Air Dome
adjacent to, and just south of, The Norwood
and the other at the southwest corner of Montgomery and Mills. At the
old ballpark/circus grounds, before General Motors built their plant
there, east of Smith Road, movies were shown on summer evenings by Ed
Rohrer for 5¢ and 10¢. This outdoor theater, the Norwood
, was used from 1918 to at least 1923. Directories from
that time recorded it as being located on Smith Road, south of
Montgomery Pike. Finally, the Twin Drive-In
and the Showcase Cinemas
, which replaced the
outdoor double screens, are often erroneously said to be in Norwood
(The extreme eastern part of the drive-in may have been in Norwood.
It was the section that was not developed into a asphalt parking lot
when the cinemas were opened. Now, even those cinemas are closed and
demolished. An announcement in November, 2010, was made that a church
was to be built on the site. Tentative plans by the church also included
a grocery store and other facilities.)
DESCRIPTIONS OF NORWOOD THEATERS
(from north to south)
The Norwood Theater
- 4720 (4722 on one map) Montgomery Road at Maple. It was the
furthest north of the theaters on Montgomery Road. The Norwood,
opened around 1913. It may have "replaced" Sanker's
Garden, according to a 1913 article in the Commercial
Tribune. A 1917 Sanborn map shows a "beer garden"
to the south of the Sanker buildings, but the original area
of the beer garden is taken by a theater. The marquee was changed
over the years, as can be seen in these images.
In the March 25, 1948, edition of The
Enterprise it was announced that Maurice Chase and Herman H.
Hunt signed a lease of the Norwood Theater
for 20 years from Dr. George C. Kolb, Jr., president and treasurer
of the Norwood Theater Company. It was also mentioned that Dr. Kolb
lived in Mt. Healthy and that Chase and Hunt owned or controlled
theaters in Avondale, Walnut Hills and Winton Place.
The 900-seat Norwood permanently closed
Saturday, January 31, 1959. In February, 1959, the Norwood
Theater building was sold by Dr. and Mrs. George C. Kolb, Jr.
to The First National Bank of Cincinnati
for $100,000. The 75 feet by 180 feet property was to be used for
parking and drive-in banking services.
- The (Sanker) Airdome - On the same 1917
Sanborn map, just south of the Norwood, was an
outdoor theater, The Airdome. Unless this
was a common name for outdoor theaters at the time, there were two
theaters with that name in Norwood around that time (see the Plaza
Airdome article below).
- The Norwood Hippodrome (a.k.a. the Norwood
Ball Park Hippodrome) was located on Smith Road, south of
Montgomery Pike, according to the 1917-18, 1919-20 and 1922-23
Norwood Directories. According to the following advertisement Ed
Rohrer's outdoor theater opened June 15, 1918, (that may have been
the first opening of the 1918 season— it may have been open the
previous year, also) at the site of the then Norwood Base Ball Park,
the future General Motors plant and today's Central Parke.
In the same June 1918 newspaper containing
this ad, Manager Rohrer announced the opening of the Ball
Park Hippodrome on Saturday and Sunday.
—Thursday, June 13, 1918 The
- The Ohio Theater - 4646 (4644?)
Montgomery Road, south of the Norwood Theater,
north of the Plaza Theater and opposite
Norwood City Hall. An August, 1950, newspaper article noted that
Mrs. Winona Huff was hired as the new manager by owner Willis H.
Vance. They still may have been the operators when the theater
closed on October 9, 1950. In August, 1951, the Standard
Rug and Lineoleum Company moved into the former theater after
spending $26,000 to convert it into a modern showroom. There was a
theater in Cincinnati, at the northeast corner of 15th and Central
Avenue, with a similiar name — Ohio Theatre.
- Pike Theater - 4643? Montgomery Pike.
This early "moving picture" theater appears to have been
short-lived. It was listed in the 1909-10
Williams Norwood Directory only.
The Plaza Theater - 4630 Montgomery Road.
Although this has been assumed to be the first movie house to open
in Norwood—in 1910, the Minnette
and Pike Theaters appeared to have beat it
to that claim by at least a year. The
Plaza closed in 1965, but reopened in 1966; it closed again,
perhaps that same year. However, advertisements in The
Enterprise indicate it was still operational in late 1969 and
early 1970, perhaps for weekends, only.
The December 11, 1969, issue of the newspaper stated that "a
special series of Saturday matinee programs for children of all ages
will begin at the Plaza Theatre, 4630 Montgomery Rd., Saturday
afternoon, Dec. 20th." The first program would include
"The Further Perils of Laurel and Hardy" and a Tom and
Jerry cartoon carnival of five color cartons.
By late 1971 or early 1972, the Plaza Building, which housed the
theater and a few other businesses, was demolished as part of the
Urban Renewal project for "downtown" Norwood. The
Plaza was the last movie theater in Norwood until the
1980's, when a now defunct multi-screen theater (see the Norwood
Parke II Cinemas listing below) opened in Central Parke.
Norwood resident Bush Parker was
Secretary of the early theater and may have been one of its
Trivia question: Who was the doorman of
the Plaza Theater in 1913?
Move pointer over the question to see the answer. The answer will
pop up in a box and in the status bar of your browser (depending on
- Minnette Theater - 4608 Montgomery Pike.
This early "moving picture" theater may have been short
lived. It was listed in the 1909-10 Williams
Norwood Directory. Also, listed in that book and the 1911-12
Williams Norwood Directory was William Bakrow, as the
proprietor of the theater. He lived at the n.w.c. of Elm Avenue and
Montgomery Pike in flat (apartment) 4. Also, living here was Ray
- Norwood Central Parke II Cinemas - 4600
Smith Road. This modern discount multiplex theater was built at Central
Parke, on the site of the old General Motors
assembly facility. It was in the center part of a strip mall at the
corner of Smith Road and Park Avenue. Today, the location within the
building is occupied by a health club. The theater complex was in
operation for about 15 years, starting around the mid-1980's.
Airdome (a.k.a. the Plaza
Airdome) - 4431 Montgomery Pike (southwest corner Montgomery
Pike and Mills Avenue — at today's Speedway
store, across from Surrey Square and Victory Park) —
at least as early as 1913 or 1912 and until around 1920. The
interesting thing about this theater was that it was outdoor.
Although a 1953 newspaper article said it was called the "Bon
Ton," this was probably not correct. In the early 1900s,
there was a theater at Gilbert and Hewitt Avenues in Walnut Hills of
that name, however.
In the 1976 book Norwood, Ohio — Bicentennial
Remembrance, edited by Margaret Guentert, the
"ANECDOTES" section contained a couple of references to
the Air Dome. A Mr. Behrman recalled that
when he was a boy, he would go to outdoor silent movies at the Air
Dome for 15¢. Else Schulze said it was an open air theater
with cedar chips on the ground and music provided by a piano.
Interestingly, a 1917 Sanborn map shows another outdoor theater
called the "Air
Dome" (a.k.a. the Sanker
Airdome) in Norwood. It was adjacent to, and south of, The
Norwood Theater, and just north of the old and vacant Central
School. Its stage was on the Montgomery Road side, and the
seating area extended almost to Smith Road.
- Little Nemo Theater -
3751 (3575?) Montgomery Pike (west side, approximately halfway
between Lexington & Cleneay Avenues at the current Xavier
development). This would have been the most southern Montgomery Road
theater in Norwood. The proprietor, ca. 1912-16, was Nemo
Amusement Company. Information about this theater is scarce,
but it appears to have been a children's theater of some sort. It is
possible that movies were not shown here.
- Rookwood Cinemas
- actually, a name was never given to this planned 16-theater
complex. It was planned to open before the 2012 holiday season at
the then to-be-built Rookwood Exchange development at
Edmondson/Edward Roads. A business decision was made by the develope
to not built the Rookwood complex after it was announced that a
multiplex was to be built at the old Cincinnati Milling Machine
property in Oakley.
For a sample listing of movies shown at some of the Norwood
theaters, click here | <urn:uuid:ab462b0d-402b-41fa-af40-3501c0a8af3e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohnhs2/theaters.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967325 | 2,525 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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