text
stringlengths 199
3.46k
| metadata
dict | cleaned_at
float64 1.75B
1.75B
|
|---|---|---|
B Economic ties between the third world countries and their colonial masters had made it difficult for the member states to pursue an independent line. C Border disputes between neighboring member countries has weakened the course of the movement. E.g. between morocco and Algeria, North Korea and South Korea, Vietnam and Cambodia, Ethiopia and Somalia, Uganda and Tanzania etc. D Economic backwardness of some of the member states has made it difficult for them to meet their obligation in the movement as national needs come first in view of the meager resources of some of the nations. E Ideological differences between member states have undermined their cooperation. Its large size of 116 members by 2004 has frustrated its ideological coherence and organizational solidarity. Whereas some countries are inclined towards the west, others are inclined to the east. F Membership to other organizations like AU, commonwealth and the French community, has made it difficult for some states to participate actively in the affairs of the movement. G Breakup of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War has destabilized the movement. As power bloc rivalry subsided, NAM appeared to become irrelevant. H Conflicting national interests. Individual national interests have failed to agree with the objectives of the movement. I Personality differences between leaders of member states have undermined the movement. For example, several leaders rejected the radical views of Fidel Catron of Cuba. J Differences unrelated to the principles of NAM have developed among members. For example at the Colombo Summit of 1978, several Arab states were keen to see Egypt expelled from the movement on grounds that she had signed a separate peace treaty with Israel. This was not an agreement with a superpower and therefore had nothing to do with NAM. K NAM lacks a permanent Army or a permanent institutional framework or machinery that can enable it carry out its activities effectively. For example, it failed to persuade irag and Iran to end the 8 year long war from 1980. THE COLD WAR. The Cold War refers to the strained relations that existed between the western world led principally by the United States and the communist East led by the USSR, after the Second World War. It was so called because it was fought not with weapons, but with words, propaganda, military and financial aid to enemies of the opposing sides. Although there was no actual physical confrontation, Cold War was characterized by a conflict of the most serious and deadly kind. Causes of the Cold War.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9156016166260552,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2581,
"token_count": 500
}
| 1,750,279,327.894514 |
It was so called because it was fought not with weapons, but with words, propaganda, military and financial aid to enemies of the opposing sides. Although there was no actual physical confrontation, Cold War was characterized by a conflict of the most serious and deadly kind. Causes of the Cold War. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 32 a Ideological differences. There was deep-seated fear and mutual suspicion between USA and USSR over the spread of their ideologies capitalism and communism. E.g The establishment of the Soviet Union through acquisition of satellite states was a measure to contain capitalism. B Disagreement over the issue of disarmament. The use of atomic bomb on Japan by USA towards the end of World War II alarmed USSR. The two sides failed to agree on an arms reduction plan and continued to stockpile atomic bombs. C Economic rivalry. In 1947, the USA President Harry S. Truman introduced the Marshal Plan, a scheme to assist western European countries that had been devastated by war. The USSR in turn formed Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMECON , an economic cooperative plan for Eastern Europe. This further heightened the hostility between the west and the east. D Formation of military alliances. In April 1949, the USA, western European countries and Canada formed a military alliance through the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. NATO . The formation of NATO ended USA s isolationist policy. Russians responded by signing the Warsaw Pact, in May 1955, a military alliance of communist countries. These alliances fostered hostility between countries. E The use of Russian veto powers in the UN. Russia used her veto powers to defeat UN proposals, which she accused of being pro-USA. The struggle by the two powers to dominate the UN increased tension between them. F Disagreement over the future of Germany as a whole. Western allies wanted a strong Germany to assist in the economic prosperity of other nations. Russia was keen on a politically and economically weak Germany to safeguard against another invasion. NB- in 1961, the USSR built the Berlin Wall, thus dividing East Berlin from West Berlin. G USA s military advancement. By 1945, the USA was the only country that possessed atomic weapons. This created fear. COURSE OF THE COLD WAR.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9046248427500958,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2350,
"token_count": 481
}
| 1,750,279,327.906035 |
By 1945, the USA was the only country that possessed atomic weapons. This created fear. COURSE OF THE COLD WAR. The cold war was fought in Europe Asia, Latin America and Africa, The course of the Cold War in Europe The cold war in Europe involved a conflict between the West and the East. The highlights of this conflict included Russia s overwhelming encroachment and dominance of Eastern Europe. Russia used her military might to impose communist governments on many states like Poland and Romania. They also fanned civil wars. E.g the Greek civil war of 1946. There were widespread outbreaks of violence and demands of freedoms in Poland and Romania, based on western ideologies, in politics and economy. In Czechoslovakia, communist Russia orchestrated protests against reforms based on western ideologies, by the Dubcek Government, which was supported by the west. Dubcek was arrested and flown to Moscow. Dr. Husak, a Russian ally was installed. The following are the major developments that characterized cold war in Europe. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 33 a In March 1947, the US president Harry Truman, through The Truman Doctrine declared that the USA would support free people resisting subjugation by armed minorities. In 1947, USA took over Britain s commitment in Greece and turkey to support the anti-communist regimes. B In 1947, the US Secretary of state, George Marshall came up with a proposal which was to become the Marshall Plan. This was a plan through which the US would make a major contribution to the economic recovery of Europe. The plan was rejected by USSR terming it an American interference in the internal affairs of other nations. C Stalin set up the Communist Information Bureau COMINFORM to coordinate the work of communist parties in Europe and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMECON to counter the US Marshal Plan. D The NATO and Warsaw Pact. By the treaty of Brussels in March 1948, Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg formed a defensive alliance against any form of aggression It became the North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO, in April 1949 when other European Nations joined it. In response to NATO, the Soviet Union signed the Warsaw Pact in Poland on 14th May 1955 with East Germany and six Eastern European countries. The existence of NATO and Warsaw Pact only intensified the hostilities. E The Berlin Blockade.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8999249210853097,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2438,
"token_count": 507
}
| 1,750,279,327.922315 |
In response to NATO, the Soviet Union signed the Warsaw Pact in Poland on 14th May 1955 with East Germany and six Eastern European countries. The existence of NATO and Warsaw Pact only intensified the hostilities. E The Berlin Blockade. Germany was divided into two zones, East and West. Russia treated East Germany as a satellite state thus curtailing trade between east and west. This move almost led to starvation in the west as East Germany was the main producer. In May 1948, all roads and rail routes into West Berlin were sealed off by Russian troops. For over two years, food, coal medical supplies and other necessities to the 2 million people in West Berlin were airlifted since there was no land linkage. The blockade ended in may 1949 with diverstating consequences. F Partition of Germany. The west was prepared to give freedom to the Germans as a whole to decide their own fate. Russia was determined to ensure that East Germany remained dominated by communism under Russian control. On 23rd may 1949, the western occupation zone in Germany became the Federal Republic of Germany with Konrad Adenauer as the chancellor in September elections. On 7th October 1949, the soviet zone formed the Germany Democratic Republic. In August 1961, the East Germans built the Berlin Wall, curtailing communication and flow of refugees from the west. The cold war was fought in Asia. In Asia, China was the first front of Cold War. She embraced communism, following the successful takeover of the country by the forces of Mao Tse-tung in October 1949, assisted by the Russians. The Sino-Soviet Treaty of friendship was signed in 1950. Korea, formerly controlled by Japan, was another front for cold war in Asia. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Korea was occupied from the south by American forces, from theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 34 north by Russians, placing the country under joint control. The occupying powers failed to unite the two Korea sections when she became independent. In 1948, the USA announced the formation of the Independent Democratic Republic of Korea in the South. The Russians formed the Peoples Republic of Korea in the north. On 25th June 1950, North Korea Forces invaded South Korea in an attempt to unite.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8886553446553447,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2275,
"token_count": 491
}
| 1,750,279,327.937776 |
In 1948, the USA announced the formation of the Independent Democratic Republic of Korea in the South. The Russians formed the Peoples Republic of Korea in the north. On 25th June 1950, North Korea Forces invaded South Korea in an attempt to unite. UN condemned this and An American General, Douglas MacArthur led the UN forced that repulsed the invaders. The cold war spread to Vietnam, with USSR and USA clashing over Vietnam, formerly a colony of France that had been seized by Japan. The two super powers supported different nationalist leaders in the struggle for independence from France. The Russians supported Ho Chi-Minh who led a revolt by the Vietnamese, against the French. USA supported Ngo Dinh Diem. The Vietnam War erupted as a result The Vietnam War was the heaviest cost of containing communism by Americans in a distant country. Americans were humiliatingly defeated in 1975 with a causality of 53,000, despite employing over 400,000 troops. The communist guerillas, the Viet Cong, established a communist government in South Vietnam. The war strengthened American hostility towards Russia There was an armed conflict between the super powers in Afghanistan from 1978. The height of the conflict in Afghanistan was the Boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games in 1980 as a protest against USSR s involvement in Afghanistan. The conflict took the form of a civil war which was only eased in 1989 when the USSR began to withdraw its troops. The cold war in Latin America the Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba became the theatre of cold war when USA unsuccessfully supported the Cuban dictator, General Fulgencio Batista against Fidel Castro who was fighting to end Batista s regime. Fidel Castro overthrew the Batista regime in 1958. The new government immediately gained recognition from many world nations including USA and USSR In 1960, Fidel began a communist nationalization programme of American oil refineries and sugar plantations. This strained relations between him and the US who attempted unsuccessfully to invade Cuba in 1961 at Bay of Pigs. In January 1962, Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States. In May 1962, USSR leader Nikita Khrushchev secretly built missile installations in Cuba as a means of countering any future American invasion, in exchange for sugar. The discovery, by American president J. F. Kennedy in October 1962, of the Russian missile installations in Cuba was the beginning of the most serious cold war crisis.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.897696847790809,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2471,
"token_count": 510
}
| 1,750,279,327.965163 |
The discovery, by American president J. F. Kennedy in October 1962, of the Russian missile installations in Cuba was the beginning of the most serious cold war crisis. He declared that any nuclear missile attack from Cuba would be taken to be an attack by the USSR and USA would respond accordingly. USA declared a Naval Quarantine on Cuba to blockade any Russian Vessels This most serious cold war crisis was only ended when the Russian leader Khrushchev removed the missiles from Cuba and dismantled Russia s bases in Cuba. The Cold War in Africa. The cold war in Africa was majorly witnessed in Ethiopia and Angola. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 35 In Ethiopia, Mengistu Haile Mariam, overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, with the assistance of USSR. Haile Mariam introduced socialist programmes, However, they were short-lived up to the end of his rule in May 1991, when Russians withdrew their assistance. In Angola, on 11th November 1975, Angola attained her independence from Portugal, with the assistance of the Soviet Union and Cuba. Soon after, a bruising civil war broke out. USA supported the rebels, led by Jonas Savimbi and his UNITA movement based in Ovimbudu. Cuba and Russia supported the MPLA government based in Luanda. Democratic elections were held in Angola in 1989, when USSR eased their aid to MPLA. FACTORS that led to the Cold War d tente by world powers. A The death of Stalin and the flexibility of Stalin s successor, Nikita Khrushchev. The successor of Joseph Stalin, after his death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev, was more flexible and willing to relax both cold war abroad and Authoritarianism at home. He announced the policy of peaceful coexistence in 1956. B The willingness of David Dwight Eisenhower, Truman s successor, to reach compromise with the Soviet Union over a number of issues. For example he convened the Camp David Summit in 1959, with Khrushchev in which a cooperative spirit emerged between the east and the west. However this happened against the backdrop of the Cuban missile crisis. C The signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty The SALT Treaty in 1972. The treaty, signed between USA and Russia limited strategic arms to certain quantities.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8963366841110281,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2246,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,328.035041 |
However this happened against the backdrop of the Cuban missile crisis. C The signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty The SALT Treaty in 1972. The treaty, signed between USA and Russia limited strategic arms to certain quantities. This was followed by the Improvement of the Chinese American relations in 1972 and American relations with Russia. In 1972. President Nixon visited Beijing and Moscow d The introduction of reforms in Russia by Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1985, Gorbachev introduced the Glasnost openness policy and the perestroika reforms economic restructuring that appealed favourably to the west which won him the Nobel peace Prize in 1990. E The adoption of President Reagan s Strategic Defence Initiative SDI in 1983. This initiative led to setting up of space stations that would destroy every missile in the sky. This was Star Wars. F The collapse of the Communist rule in Europe. Russia s president recognized the independence of other republics of USSR in 1989 thus weakening Russia s position. Western democracy was introduced in Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. G The successful re-unification of Germany under Helmut Kohl in 1990. The nations united to form the republic of Germany. This was a clear indicator of the joint commitment of the superpowers in maintaining their spheres of influence had been weakened. H The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. With the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the Warsaw pact started to fall apart. In November 1990, the Paris Charter was signed, effectively dissolving the Warsaw Pact. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 36 i The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990. Several of its states seceded. Russia officially became an aid receiver instead of an aid donor. J The signing of the START Treaty in 1991 by Gorbachev and George Bush, after the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks. The treaty officially ended the cold war. Destruction of weapons of mass destruction commenced. Effects of the cold war a. It brought immense divisions and conflict to people of the same continent, region and countries based on pro-west or pro-east ideologies. E.g. in Angola b. Oppressive regimes found their way to power, supported by either the west or the east. C. There was untold suffering to the people. Disease, poverty and refugee camps became common sights.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8947202722546854,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2372,
"token_count": 509
}
| 1,750,279,327.991927 |
C. There was untold suffering to the people. Disease, poverty and refugee camps became common sights. D. There was destruction of the economy as infrastructure was destroyed by war. As communist systems failed to produce wealth, unemployment and poverty set in. E. It created mistrust and suspicion amongst nations. F. It led to arms race. It led to militarization of regions and countries. G. It led to political crises and actual war e.g. civil wars in Korea and Vietnam, the Suez Canal crisis of 1956 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. H. It threatened international peace and security. Insecurity in the world increased. I. Led to formation of Non-Aligned Movement by third world countries. J. Led to formation of economic alliances and military alliances like NATO 1949 and the Warsaw pact 1955 . COMECON 1949 and the European Economic Union 1957. K. The cold war led to development in science and technology. The war Stimulated space science space race. Effects of the end of Cold War on Africa. A Some African countries that were formerly socialist are in problems following collapse of USSR in 1990. E.g. Somalia, Ethiopia, Angola and Mozambique. B The end of the cold war has led to the removal of financial aid and military support for some African countries. Military or food aid is no longer rushed to countries experiencing problems because there is no more superpower competition. E.g failure to prevent the Rwanda genocide and failure to assist in the Somali crisis and the current Al-shabaab crisis. C There was emergence of new world political and economic order. The end of war has led to emergence of USA as a world policeman over developing nations. The countries must act according to USA wishes or suffer lack of aid and receive harassment from superpowers. D It has led to marginalization of Africa in international affairs. E There are conditionalties for getting aid from the western powers. Besides, Africa no longer has a choice of donors who comprise mainly of western world countries. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 37 COOPERATION IN AFRICA Cooperation in Africa refers to the way African countries relate to each other. It is stimulated by the economic exploitation and political domination by Western Europe.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8995537598884056,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2288,
"token_count": 480
}
| 1,750,279,328.019064 |
Besides, Africa no longer has a choice of donors who comprise mainly of western world countries. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 37 COOPERATION IN AFRICA Cooperation in Africa refers to the way African countries relate to each other. It is stimulated by the economic exploitation and political domination by Western Europe. The cooperation has been in form of; a Pan-African Movement b Organization of African Unity African Union c The East African Community d Economic Community of Western African States. E Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa. PAN-AFRICANISM. Meaning of Pan-Africanism. Pan means all and Africa refers to the continent. Africanism refers to those of African Origin. Pan-Africanism is a belief in the uniqueness and spiritual Unity of Black people acknowledging their right to self determination. It is a movement aimed at unifying all the people of African descent in the world. It stands for economic, political and social advancement for all peoples of African descent throughout the world. Origin and Development of pan-Africanism. The movement has roots in the trans-Atlantic slave trade that took place between 15th and 19th c. the trade was responsible for the dispersal of black people all over the world. The suffering the slaves underwent made them become conscious of their colour and origin. The Africans viewed themselves as having a common destiny. Even those who remained in Africa were later subjected to the colonial experience including forced labour, land alienation, taxation, poor wages, discrimination corporal punishment rape and murder. The movement first started as the Pan Black Movement for the American and Caribbean black only. Several African Americans wanted to uplift the lives of fellow Africans in USA and in Africa. They included Martin Delaney, Alexander Cromwell, Bishop James Johnson, Wilmot Blyden and Bishop Turner. The leading pan-Africanists in America were Booker T Washington, Marcus Moziah Garvey, Dr. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois and George Padmore. The pioneer African pan-Africanists included Kwegyir Aggrey from Gold Coast, Wilmot Blyden from Liberia, Kwame Nkrumah from Ghana and Leopold Sedar Senghor. The Pan Black Movements enlisted all blacks worldwide. It sometimes was called Pan Negro Movement and was pitted against the evils of racism.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9145899575146526,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2374,
"token_count": 499
}
| 1,750,279,328.069633 |
He developed the Pan-African philosophy in USA through which he sought to make Africans take pride in their blackness and cultural heritage. He founded the Negro Empire in New York in 1920. He organized a black convention in 1924 in New York during which he launched the Universal Negro Improvement Association UNIA whose HQs were to be at Harlem, New York. UNIA had the following objectives; To create universal fraternity among the Black Race. To assist uplift the civilization of African communities. To establish a central nation for the black race. To establish academies for African children. To promote African cultures. Garvey founded a Journal The Negro World and the African Orthodox Church under a black Patriarch or chief Bishop and a Black Madonna as the symbol of his church. He advocated for the return to Africa by the Africans. To Garvey, freedom was to be gained through economic empowerment of Africans. To this end, he mobilized African Americans to contribute funds to establish black businesses like the Black Starline Shopping Company. The project however collapsed due to mismanagement. He was arrested, tried and convicted of fraud collecting funds unlawfully and imprisoned for five years. He was deported to his home country Jamaica after two years in Jail where he died in 1940 He is credited for succeeding in mobilizing Africans to take pride in their cultures and complexion. 2. Booker T. Washington. 1856-1915 He was born in 1856 in USA to a poor slave family. He acquired a university degree in Agriculture at Hampton Institute. He is credited for promoting African Education. He started a model institute for training blacks in agricultural and industrial skills the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama . Unfortunately, Washington adopted a policy of cooperation with the government as a means of winning acceptance by the European community. To him, Africans ought to gain wealth in order to attain equal status with Europeans and end racial discrimination. He began the National Negro Business League with the help of a European Andrew Carnegie. He died in 1915. 3. Dr. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois. He was born in great Barrington, Massachusetts, USA on 23rd February 1868. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 40 He was the first black to receive a PHD Degree and become a professor of History, Economics and Sociology. He was also a renowned journalist. He greatly disagreed with Booker T.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8981236436961559,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2471,
"token_count": 510
}
| 1,750,279,328.09003 |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 40 He was the first black to receive a PHD Degree and become a professor of History, Economics and Sociology. He was also a renowned journalist. He greatly disagreed with Booker T. Washington s policy of accommodation and cooperation. In 1905, he established the Niagara Movement to protest against racial discrimination. In 1900, he was one of the founder members of the National Association for the advancement of Coloured Peoples NAACP an association that championed for the struggle for Negroes civil rights in America. He prepared the pan-African conferences that were held between 1900 and 1945 to fight against slavery, colonial exploitation and repression of African peoples. He was the chairman of the Manchester Conference of 1945.. In 1961, he relocated to Ghana where he became a citizen, on invitation of Nkrumah. He died in 1963 in Ghana. THE PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESSES 1900-1945 a The 1st pan-African conference, London, 1900. It was held at the Westminster Townhall from 23rd to 25th July with 32 participants from Africa, USA, Canada and West Indies. The conference was sponsored by a Trinidad lawyer Henry Sylvester Williams who coined the term Pan-Africanism. The conference marked the entry of Du Bois into Pan Africanism where he made his famous statement The problem of the 20th c is the problem of colourline . Objectives of the conference. To unite people of African origin in all parts of the world. To appeal for the end of European colonization and exploitation of Africa. To look for ways of establishing better relations between the Caucasian and African races. To initiate a movement for securing the full rights for all Africans in and outside Africa and promote the economic rights. To appeal to missionaries and philanthropists in Britain to protect Africans against aggression by colonizers. Conference Agenda Human Rights Violation against blacks in South Africa. Living conditions of blacks in different parts of the world. Racial discrimination against Africans all over the world. The conference sent a Memorandum to the Queen of England demanding respect for the rights of Black People especially in the British Empire. B The 2nd Pan-African Conference, Paris, 1919. The conference coincided with the Paris Peace conference.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8870318831645649,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2347,
"token_count": 502
}
| 1,750,279,328.141091 |
The conference sent a Memorandum to the Queen of England demanding respect for the rights of Black People especially in the British Empire. B The 2nd Pan-African Conference, Paris, 1919. The conference coincided with the Paris Peace conference. The conference was convened by William Du bois who had been sent to Paris by NAACP to investigate the allegations that African American troops stationed in France during world war I experienced racial discrimination and to represent the interest of the black peoples at the Paris peace conference. The conference made the following recommendations; The need for international laws to protect Black people. African land to be held in trust for Africans. The prevention of exploitation of African nations by foreign companies. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 41 The rights of Africans to be educated. That slavery and capital punishment were to be abolished. The right of Africans to participate in their government as fast as their development permitted. C The 3rd Pan-African Conference 1921. The conference was held in three sessions in London, Brussels and Paris. The London session was attended by 41 Africans, 35 American coloureds, 7 West Indies and 24 Africans living in Europe at that time. It was patronaged by Du Bois. The conference demanded for the establishment of political organizations among the suppressed blacks. It emphasized international and interracial harmony and democracy. D The 4th Pan-African congress London and Lisbon 1923. It reiterated earlier resolutions and also demanded that black people be treated like human beings. E The 5th Pan-African Conference, New York 1927. It was mainly attended by African Americans and was partly sponsored by European Philanthropists. It discussed the attitude of the communists towards pan-Africanism. F The 6th Pan African conference, Manchester 1945.it coincided with the end of the World War II. It was convened by the Pan African Federation which had been formed in 1944 by 13 organizations representing students welfare and political groupings. Leaders of the federation were George Padmore, Ras Makonnen Ethiopia . C.L.R Wallace Johnson and Jomo Kenyatta.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8909655704008224,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2224,
"token_count": 459
}
| 1,750,279,328.113437 |
It was convened by the Pan African Federation which had been formed in 1944 by 13 organizations representing students welfare and political groupings. Leaders of the federation were George Padmore, Ras Makonnen Ethiopia . C.L.R Wallace Johnson and Jomo Kenyatta. The conference was greatly inspired by the liberation of Ethiopia in 1941 and Clause three of the Atlantic Charter 1941 that USA and British governments would respect the right of all people to choose the form of government under which to live which Winston Churchill claimed was not applicable to the Africans. The conference was convened on 15th oct. 1945 and was attended by 90 delegates who included Du Bois West Indies , Nkrumah Ghana , Kenyatta kenya , Padmore Trinidad , peter Abrahams south Africa , Ras Makonnen Ethiopia , Magnus Williams representing Azikiwa Nnamdi Nigeria , Obafemi Owolowo Nigeria and Kamuzu Banda Malawi and 11 observer nations Du bois chaired the conference while Nkrumah and Padmore were joint secretaries. Uniqueness of the conference. A The conference was mainly organized by Africans from the continent unlike earlier ones which were organized by the Africans in Diaspora. The only exceptions were W.E.B Du Bois and Padmore. B Representatives of white philanthropists were absent. Neither did they finance the conference. C Many African trade unions were represented. These included the trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. Most of West Indies was also represented. Key Resolution of the Manchester Conference a. Africans should concentrate on winning political power through non-violent means e.g strikes and boycotts. B. African intellectuals should play an important role in mobilizing the masses to fight for political liberation. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 42 Pursuant to the conference resolutions, Kwame Nkrumah established the West African National Secretariat WANS on 15th December 1945 in England to act as a regional body for Pan African Federation, promote unity in West Africa. WANS published a newsletter, The New African, whose main aim was to inspire the youth in Africa to resist imperialism. Why the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress was a landmark in the history of Africa.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.896470779099225,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2270,
"token_count": 500
}
| 1,750,279,328.154827 |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 42 Pursuant to the conference resolutions, Kwame Nkrumah established the West African National Secretariat WANS on 15th December 1945 in England to act as a regional body for Pan African Federation, promote unity in West Africa. WANS published a newsletter, The New African, whose main aim was to inspire the youth in Africa to resist imperialism. Why the 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress was a landmark in the history of Africa. A For the first time leading African representatives in the continent attended e.g. Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Kamuzu Banda, Haile Sellasie etc. On coming back , they all adopted radical nationalistic demands for independence of their states. B It was the first congress that strongly condemned European colonization of Africa and demanded the autonomy and liberty of African states. C The congress was instrumental in granting of independence to Ghana in 1957 and to Egypt soon after. D It set the pace for organization of similar conferences in the African continent like; the 1958 All African Congress and the 1960 Tunis-Pan African People s Conference. E During the conference, the solidarity and unity among Africans began to develop and paved way to the formation of Organization of African Unity. F It marked the establishment of the movement s activities in Africa. Why pan-African movement was not active in Africa before 1945 a There was lack of adequate African representation in the movement before 1945. Africans in the movement were few and were staying outside Africa as political exiles or students. B Colonial authorities could not allow Africans to organize a movement that was against their policies. Such movements were outlawed. C The divide and rule policy used by the Europeans made it impossible for Africans to communicate and cooperate. D Africans in each colony were mainly concerned with issues that affected them directly e.g. Land alienation, forced labour and taxation. E The only Countries that were independent Liberia and Ethiopia could not champion pan-Africanism since they had their own internal problems and paid little attention to international matters e.g. Ethiopia and Liberia. F Lack of venue to hold meetings on the African soil since the colonial government would not have allowed such meetings.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9026946655074791,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2361,
"token_count": 488
}
| 1,750,279,328.169871 |
E The only Countries that were independent Liberia and Ethiopia could not champion pan-Africanism since they had their own internal problems and paid little attention to international matters e.g. Ethiopia and Liberia. F Lack of venue to hold meetings on the African soil since the colonial government would not have allowed such meetings. G Poor state of transport and communication at the time did not permit fast spread of Pan-Africanism. H Few people were educated and only a minority in Africa had higher education hence there was widespread illiteracy and ignorance. I Africans were too poor to contribute to pan-African efforts. The role of Kwame Nkrumah in Pan-Africanism. A He participated in the 1945 Manchester Conference as the secretary during which he proposed that delegates go back to their countries and spearhead the nationalist struggle for political independence. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 43 b He established the West African National Secretariat WANS in England to coordinated pan African federation activities in West Africa and promote panAfricanism. C He founded the Convention People s Party CPP in 1949which led Ghana to Independence in 1957. D As president of Ghana, Nkrumah inspired many African countries to struggle for political independence, and the black civil rights movement in the USA to fight for their rights. E In 1958, he hosted the first pan-African conference of independent states in Accra which pledged to assist fellow Africans to fight for political independence. F He funded nationalists in other countries e.g. Ghana and Algeria. G He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. For example he assisted the Guinean leader, Sekou Toure , with Loans following the withdrawal of French support to the country after independence h He championed trade unionism in Africa as a means of promoting pan-Africanism. During the Manchester conference as a joint secretary with George Padmore, he allowed participation of trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. I He participated in convening various pan-African conferences that led to the formation of O.A.U, an association of independent African states. NB- it is most probably because of his fight against western domination that Nkrumah was eventually overthrown in 1966 in a military coup that forced him into exile.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9093773899174362,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2437,
"token_count": 501
}
| 1,750,279,328.19804 |
During the Manchester conference as a joint secretary with George Padmore, he allowed participation of trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. I He participated in convening various pan-African conferences that led to the formation of O.A.U, an association of independent African states. NB- it is most probably because of his fight against western domination that Nkrumah was eventually overthrown in 1966 in a military coup that forced him into exile. He died on 27th April 1972 in Bucharest, Romania, where he had gone to seek treatment for cancer. Reasons why the pan-African movement became active in Africa after 1945. A World War II strengthened nationalism in the continent. The Africans quest for political independence received a boost with support from UNO, USA and USSR. B The 1945 Pan-African Conference in Manchester, brought many African elites together. They later inspired their colleagues back home to join the movement. C The attainment of political independence in India in 1947 and Burma now Myanmar in 1948 encouraged many nationalists in Africa. D The slowing down of the pan0africanism activities in America during the cold war period activated the same in Africa. USA tried to control activities of people like Padmore who had links with USSR. E The attainment of independence by Ghana in 1957 inspired other African nations to focus on the liberation of their respective countries rather than fight for the betterment of fellow Africans outside the continent. Performance of the Pan-African Movement.. Achievements of Pan-Africanism. A The movement created political awareness among people of African origin and a sense of deep concern for suffering of blacks all over the world. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 44 b It put in place Steps towards the restoration of status and dignity to the African people, which had been eroded by slave trade, colonialism and racism. C The movement provided an important forum where the people of African origin could discuss their problems. It promoted brotherhood among Africans. D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent. E It laid the basis for the Formation of OAU, which later became the African Union AU . F The movement enabled African leaders to be more committed to African issues.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.902067568672592,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2421,
"token_count": 496
}
| 1,750,279,328.241576 |
D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent. E It laid the basis for the Formation of OAU, which later became the African Union AU . F The movement enabled African leaders to be more committed to African issues. For example the black caucus in the USA played an important role in pressurizing the US congress to take drastic measures against the Apartheid regime in South Africa. G The movement laid the foundation for the interest in research on African culture, history, literature, music, religion, medicine, art, etc. This empowered Africans by enabling them to understand the status quo. H The movement played an important role in the advancement of African nationalism by encouraging peoples of African origin to take pride in their ancestry and demand their rights. I The movement condemned Mussolini s attempt to colonize Ethiopia in 1935 by organizing protests in major towns like New York, London, Brussels and Paris. Challenges encountered by the pan African movement. A Many European groups fought the activities of the pan Africanists. The fact that Marcus Garvey was arrested, tried and convicted of fraud collecting funds unlawfully and imprisoned for five years is a clear manifestation of this. B It was difficult for the Africans to participate in African affairs since majority of Africans were still under colonialism. C Due to lack of economic empowerment and lack of education, many of the pan African projects did not succeed. The Marcus Garvey project for instance collapsed due to mismanagement. D Illiteracy and ignorance amongst some people of African origin hindered them from offering constructive support. E The movement was restricted to the African continent after independence in 1960s. The absence of African-Americans in the continents affairs dealt a big to its progress. F Division among Africans after independence e.g. Radical and the conservative leaders and between the francophone and the Anglophone countries. G The European powers domination of the international media was used to water down the importance of pan-Africans by spreading negative propaganda. H Some of the pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of uplifting the welfare of the African origin peoples. I The deep economic connection between colonies and the mother countries hindered any meaningful cooperation. J Lack of venues to hold conferences in Africa especially before 1957 meant that the movement could not take root in Africa quickly. The far-away venues were inconveniencing.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9187953059605548,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2630,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,328.216878 |
I The deep economic connection between colonies and the mother countries hindered any meaningful cooperation. J Lack of venues to hold conferences in Africa especially before 1957 meant that the movement could not take root in Africa quickly. The far-away venues were inconveniencing. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 45 The Pan-African movement activities after 1950. Despite the challenges mentioned, the movement was still active in Africa after 1950 as manifested in the political developments that took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The following conferences were convened during that period. 1 The 1st Conference of Independent African States, Accra, Ghana April 1958. In attendance were the eight independent African states of Ghana, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, Liberia, Tunisia Sudan and Libya. The delegates pledged to assist fellow African countries who were fighting for political independence.. 2 The All-African Peoples conference, Accra De. 1958 the conference was attended by freedom fighters and trade unionists from all over Africa. It was chaired by Tom Mboya of Kenya The conference s main resolution was to use all means to acquire political independence and to encourage unity between the African leaders. 3 The All-African Peoples Conference, Tunis, January 1960. It strengthened the desire for unity among African states. 4 The 2nd Conference of Independent African States, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, June 1960. The conference was the forerunner to the formation of a continental Body, OAU. The conference exposed sharp division among African states over the situation in Congo, where Patrice Lumumba was facing problems with his former colonial masters. 5 The Brazzaville Conference December 1960 Attended exclusively by the 12 francophone conservative African states, the conference emphasized the need to respect international Frontiers and noninterference in the internal affairs of any African state. They promised political support for Mauritania in her boundary disputes with morocco. 6 The Casablanca conference, January 1961. It was a reaction to the resolutions of the Brazzaville conference by the radicals who supported Morocco in her dispute with Mauritania. They advocated for the removal of foreign troops in Congo. 7 The Monrovia conference, May 1961. It attracted both moderates and conservatives and aimed at uniting the antagonistic groups. The conference emphasized the absolute equality of all states.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8874002418379686,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2481,
"token_count": 518
}
| 1,750,279,328.273679 |
7 The Monrovia conference, May 1961. It attracted both moderates and conservatives and aimed at uniting the antagonistic groups. The conference emphasized the absolute equality of all states. The conference succeeded in uniting the hostile groups through the undertaking of two crucial events; The Algerian Referendum of 1961, which passed that the Algerians wanted political independence from France. The situation in Congo stabilized after 1961. ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY OAU What was the OAU? It was an association of independent African states that existed between 1963 and 2002, when it was renamed the African Union AU Origin and development of OAU. It was formed as a climax of a series of pan- Africanism congresses up to 1963. In January 1961, several African independent states, i.e. Egypt, Ghana, morocco, Libya and Algeria, met in Casablanca and pledged to help Patrice Lumumba of Congo againstKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 46 the secessionist Tsombe. In May 1961, another group of African states, i.e. Liberia, Tunisia and Togo met in Monrovia and agreed to work in unity to solve the Congo crisis. In august 1961, a bigger group made up of former French colonies met in Brazzaville to find a solution to the Congo crisis. In 1963, the regional groupings compromised and joined with others to form one organization. In May 1963, foreign ministers of 32 independent African states met in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to prepare the agenda for the heads of state meeting. The heads of states met under chair of Emperor Haile Selassie and gave birth to OAU, with Selassie as its first chairperson. Its membership grew from 32 at the time of its inception to 54 NB; when the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic was admitted to the OAU in 1984, Morocco withdrew since she claimed that SADR was part of her territory. The Charter of OAU. Objectives of the OAU. A To provide African countries it a permanent organization through which they could discuss issues affecting them and lay strategies for solving them. B To provide identity for the newly independent countries of Africa in a world dominated and controlled by the white race.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8854216568508795,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2182,
"token_count": 502
}
| 1,750,279,328.262286 |
Objectives of the OAU. A To provide African countries it a permanent organization through which they could discuss issues affecting them and lay strategies for solving them. B To provide identity for the newly independent countries of Africa in a world dominated and controlled by the white race. C To co-ordinate and assist in the speedy decolonization of the rest of Africa. D To improve the living standards and conditions of African people as a group and as individual states. E To help in the Defence of the independence of African states and maintenance of the sovereignty of these countries. F To promote cooperation among the African states in economic, social and political fields so as to improve living standards. G To promote and enhance African solidarity and unity. H To support world, peace organizations like the UN and the Non-Aligned Movement. I To promote peaceful settlement of disputes. J To promote non-interference in the internal matters of member states. The fundamental principles of OAU as outlined in the charter. A Recognition of the sovereign equality of member states. B Non-interference in the internal affairs of member countries. C Respect for the sovereign and territorial integrity of each country and its inalienable right to independent existence. D Peaceful settlement of disputes. E Condemnation of political assassination or any form of subversion by one country in another member country. F Dedication to the emancipation of territories under colonial rule. G Adherence to the principle of non-alignment. The structure of the former OAU. The OAU charter borrowed heavily from that of the United Nations Organization. The only difference is that no member of OAU enjoys veto powers. All members have equal privileges and vote. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 47 The charter outlined the structure of OAU as follows; The Assembly of Heads of State and Government. This was the supreme organ of OAU meeting once a year to discuss specific urgent matters and electing a chairperson every year. A two-third majority vote was used to decide critical issues. The Council of Ministers. It was made up of all foreign ministers of OAU member states and met twice a year to prepare agenda for the meeting of heads of state and government. It implemented decisions passed by heads and prepared the OAU budget. The General Secretariat. Headed by the secretary general elected by the Assembly of Heads of state, it offered the administrative services to the organization on daily basis.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.917002396744886,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2563,
"token_count": 511
}
| 1,750,279,328.285821 |
It implemented decisions passed by heads and prepared the OAU budget. The General Secretariat. Headed by the secretary general elected by the Assembly of Heads of state, it offered the administrative services to the organization on daily basis. The past secretaries were Kifle Wodajo of Ethiopia 1963-1964 , Diallo Telli Boubaker of Guinea 1964-1972 , Nzo Ekangaki of Cameroon 1972-1974 , Eteki Mboumoua of Cameroon 1974-1978 , Edem Kodjo of Togo 1978-1983 , Peter Onu of Nigeria 19831985 , Ide Oumarou of Niger 1985-1989 . The last was Salim Ahmed Salim from Tanzania. The Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration. It was charged with the task of settling disputes involving members. It had membership of 21 states and served for a term of five years. Specialized Agencies. The OAU also comprised specialized agencies and committees that handled the technical business of the organization. E.g. the OAU Liberation Committee-to co-ordinate activities of liberation movements. The Economic and Social Commission, the Commission on Education, Science and Culture, the Defence Commission, the Supreme Council of Sports Etc. Achievements of OAU. A It offered solution to border disputes between member states like Kenya vs. Somalia, Ethiopia vs. Somalia, Libya vs. Chad, morocco vs. Algeria, Chad vs. Nigeria and the Rwanda Burundi conflict. B The OAU achieved total liberation of African countries, with South Africa being the last one. It offered military support to the nationalistic struggles in Mozambique, Angola, Rhodesia, Namibia and South Africa. C It condemned human rights violation in countries like Namibia and South Africa. It encouraged economic sanctions against the apartheid regime of South Africa. D Through the OAU, African governments were able to speak with one voice on matters affecting Africa and they even attempted to formulate a common foreign policy. E It provided a forum for discussing Africa s common problems like desertification, foreign interference, and dependency and at the same time sought for solutions to the problems. F The organization embarked on common economic ventures for Africa. For example creation of the African Development Bank ADB which represented the collective contribution by all Africans towards emancipation of Africans from economic backwardness.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8937920616793857,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2331,
"token_count": 493
}
| 1,750,279,328.325346 |
E It provided a forum for discussing Africa s common problems like desertification, foreign interference, and dependency and at the same time sought for solutions to the problems. F The organization embarked on common economic ventures for Africa. For example creation of the African Development Bank ADB which represented the collective contribution by all Africans towards emancipation of Africans from economic backwardness. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 48 g It encouraged construction of roads and railways to link different regions. E.g. Tanzam, the Great North Road and the Trans-African Highway. This improved economic co-operation between member states. H It created a cultural identity for African countries sports and the All-African Games, which provided Africans with the opportunity to meet and socialize. I Through its refugee agency, it addressed itself to the refugee problem in the continent. E.g. refugees from countries like Rwanda, Burundi, Chad, Gambia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia have been assisted. J It was instrumental in the formation of regional organizations like ECOWAS, SADDC and COMESA. Problems that faced OAU during its operation. A Differences in economic development levels and in history of member states militated against co-operation. B Ideological differences among member states, especially during the Cold war period, hampered the operations of the OAU. C It lacked sufficient funds to carry out its work efficiently. The members were poor given that all of them were third world countries. D The problem of sovereignty. Many countries disregarded the OAU resolutions in favour of their sovereignty and national interests. E It lacked an effective machinery to effect its decisions. It also lacked a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions hence the term Toothless Bulldog coined by Gadaffi to refer to it. F Loyalty to other organizations. OAU members also belonged to other organizations like ECOWAS, COMESA, The Arab League etc; the interests of these organizations were not always in accord with those of the OAU. G The colonial legacy. Many problems arising from past colonial policies have rocked the organization. E.g. The land issue in Zimbabwe. There is also the problem of NeoColonialism in trade. H Interference by the big powers. This has caused dismay to the organization.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.915504894142665,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2394,
"token_count": 483
}
| 1,750,279,328.357775 |
There is also the problem of NeoColonialism in trade. H Interference by the big powers. This has caused dismay to the organization. I Emergence of dictators like Amin Dada of Uganda, Bakassa Jean Bedel of Central African Republic, And Mobutu of Congo. J Civil strife in various countries remained unresolved for a long time. E.g in Sudan, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Nigeria. This made cooperation difficult. THE AFRICAN UNION Origin of the African Union. On 9th September 1999, the Heads of State and Government met in Libya and made the Sirte Declaration calling for the establishment of an African Union and a pan-African parliament. On 29th may 2000, the document for the formation of African Union and Pan-African Parliament was adopted by the joint sitting of legal experts and parliamentarians. On 2nd June 2000, heads of state and government meeting in Lome, Togo adopted the Constitutive Act of the African Union drafted by the council of ministers. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 49 The AU was born in 2002, at a Summit held in Durban, South Africa, where the first Assembly of Heads of State of African Union was convened. Differences between the former Organization of African Unity and the present African Union. A Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U challenges the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. It allows for intervention whenever a member state experiences conflict or widespread human rights violation. B O.A.U was like an Association of African Heads of State, but A.U is like a Union of African Peoples. Increased participation of all African people is manifested in the proposed Pan-African Parliament and an economic, social and cultural council. C Unlike the O.A.U the African Union has an accountability mechanism. An African Peer Review Mechanism APRM has been developed as a means through which countries can be held accountable on matters of security, development, stability and cooperation. D Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U has a broader development plan for Africa e.g. through the New Partnership for Africa s Development-NEPAD whose main objectives include to promote accelerated growth and sustainable development, to eradicate the widespread poverty in the continent and to halt the marginalization of Africa in the globalization process.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9031786941580756,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2328,
"token_count": 490
}
| 1,750,279,328.36728 |
An African Peer Review Mechanism APRM has been developed as a means through which countries can be held accountable on matters of security, development, stability and cooperation. D Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U has a broader development plan for Africa e.g. through the New Partnership for Africa s Development-NEPAD whose main objectives include to promote accelerated growth and sustainable development, to eradicate the widespread poverty in the continent and to halt the marginalization of Africa in the globalization process. E Unlike OAU, AU presupposes the establishment of a security council and the African Court of Justice with law enforcement powers A standing military The AU Charter. Objectives of AU. A To accelerate the political, social and economic integration of the continent. B To promote and defend the African common positions on issues of interest. C To defend the independence and territorial integrity of African states and maintain the sovereignty of these countries. D To promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance. E To establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations. F To promote cooperation among the African states in economic, social and political fields so as to improve living standards. G To achieve and enhance greater African solidarity and unity. H To promote peace, security and stability in the continent through peaceful settlement of disputes. I To advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, particularly in science and technology. J To encourage international cooperation, taking into account the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. K To work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and promotion o good health on the continent. The structure of African UnionKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 50 The AU charter outlined the structure of AU as follows; 1. The Assembly. This is the supreme organ of AU meeting once a year to elect a chairperson and determine the common policies of the union, consider requests for admission, monitor implementation of policies and decisions, appoint and terminate the judges of the court of Justice among other functions. Students to make additions Decisions are either by consensus or by two-thirds majority vote. 2. The Executive Council. It is made up of Foreign Ministers or the authorities designated by the member states.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9169538674365452,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2608,
"token_count": 487
}
| 1,750,279,328.383471 |
2. The Executive Council. It is made up of Foreign Ministers or the authorities designated by the member states. Its core function is to co-ordinate union policies ion areas of common interest like foreign trade, energy, industry, water resources and environmental protection. Such functions can be delegated to specialized technical committees. 3. The Commission Secretariat. Comprises a chairperson, deputy chairperson and eight commissioners and staff members. It deals with the administrative issues and implements decisions of the Union. 4. The Permanent Representatives Committee. It comprises the Ambassadors to the AU. Its main responsibility to prepare for the executive council and run the association daily. It seats permanently in Addis Ababa. 5. Specialized committees and Agencies. The AU also comprised specialized agencies and committees that handled the technical business of the organization. E.g the Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Education, Human Resource and Culture, the Committee on Health, Labour, and Social Affairs. 6. The economic and social council. It performs advisory functions 7. Specialized technical committees. E.g the Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural matters, the Committee on Trade , Customs and Immigration Matters, The Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, the Committee on Transport, Communication and Tourism, the Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs, the Committee on Education, Culture and Human Resources. They perform the following roles; a Prepare projects and programmes of the Union and submit them to the executive council. B Ensure supervision, follow-up and evaluation of the implementation of decisions taken by the organs of the Union. C Ensure co-ordination and harmonization of projects and programmes of the Union. D Submit to the Executive council, their reports and recommendations on implementation of the African Union s Act. 8. Other proposed structures though not yet in place are; The peace and Security Council to comprise 15 members to monitor and intervene in conflicts. The Pan-African Parliament responsible for ensuring civil society participation in AU matters. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 51 The Court of Justice to deal with human rights abuses in Africa. Financial Institutions like The African Central Bank, the African Monetary Fund and the African Investment Bank. THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Founded on 6th June 1967, it comprises Kenya Uganda and Tanzania.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9065515763563038,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2703,
"token_count": 513
}
| 1,750,279,328.403162 |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 51 The Court of Justice to deal with human rights abuses in Africa. Financial Institutions like The African Central Bank, the African Monetary Fund and the African Investment Bank. THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Founded on 6th June 1967, it comprises Kenya Uganda and Tanzania. Origin of the East African Community. Its origin can be traced back to 1902- the efforts of the British and German colonial governments to establish a unified administration over the East African territories. For example, the East African Court of Appeal was established in 1902, The East African Postal Union in 1911, East African Customs Union in 1917, East African Currency Board in 1920 And East African High Commission in 1948. On 9th December 1961, the East African High Commission was replaced with the East African Common Services Organization with the headquarters in Nairobi. The treaty to establish the East African Community was signed on 6th June 1967. The organization came into force on 1st December 1967. Objectives of the East African Community. A To maintain a common markets for the member states and promote balanced economic cooperation. B To provide common services to the three member states especially in the areas of transport and communication. C To promote political co-operation between the three countries and hence peace and security. D To facilitate the movement of the people within the region to foster greater cooperation and understanding among them. E To expand the market in a region where population and incomes are low. Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977. A Suspicion over perceived dominance among members. Tanzania and Uganda accused Kenya of acquiring the lion s share of benefits from the community. Kenyan industries for example were protected more by the common external tariffs. B Personality differences. This was between individual leaders of the three countries, making it more difficult for them to hold meetings. C Ideological differences. Each of the three countries pursued different economies. Kenya followed capitalism and Tanzania socialism. Uganda had a mixed economy. D Political instability in Uganda. The coup d tat, which overthrew Milton Obote, undermined the unity that was desired for the organization. Nyerere for example refused to recognize Amin as the president of Uganda. E National pride and interests. National interests were given more priority than the regional interests were.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8961383966143865,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2529,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,328.450813 |
Nyerere for example refused to recognize Amin as the president of Uganda. E National pride and interests. National interests were given more priority than the regional interests were. E.g Tanzania favoured railway transport while Kenya favoured road transport. F Boundary closures .Tanzania closed its common border with Kenya in 1977, thereby halting the community activities. There was also boundary closure between Tanzania and Uganda during the war between the two in 1978. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 52 g Financial constraints resulting from failure by member states to remit funds to meet the organization s needs. H The use of different currencies by the three nations made transaction difficult. The Rebirth of the East African Community-2001 Reasons that led to the rebirth of the East African Community in 1996. A There was need to maintain a common market for the member states in order to promote balanced economic cooperation. B There was increasing need to provide common services to the three Member states especially in the areas of transport and communication as well as research. C There was a strong desire to promote political cooperation between the three countries in a world that was becoming a global village. D There was need to facilitate free movement of people in the region. E A greater lesson had been learnt following the great losses and costs incurred by the East African countries following the collapse of the Community in 1977. Milestones in the Formation of the East African Community-2001. A The full East African cooperation was started on March 14, 1996, when the Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission was launched at the headquarters of EAC in Arusha, Tanzania. Ambassador Francis Muthaura was appointed the first secretary general. B On 19th November 1996, the agreement for the establishment of the East African Business Council was signed in Nairobi. F On 29th April 1997, the second summit of heads of state was held in Arusha. It launched the first East African Cooperation development strategy 1997-2000 . G On 30th April 1998, the ninth meeting of the Permanent Tripartite Commission in Arusha launched the treaty for the establishment of the East African Community. H On 24th November 1998, the first East African Ministerial meeting on the Lake Victoria hyacinth was held in Arusha.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.888988813336258,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2397,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,328.441229 |
It launched the first East African Cooperation development strategy 1997-2000 . G On 30th April 1998, the ninth meeting of the Permanent Tripartite Commission in Arusha launched the treaty for the establishment of the East African Community. H On 24th November 1998, the first East African Ministerial meeting on the Lake Victoria hyacinth was held in Arusha. A regional strategy was developed for control of the lake hyacinth. I On 22nd January 1999, the third summit met in Arusha and directed the Permanent Tripartite Commission to complete the treaty making process by 30th July 1999. J The treaty establishing the East African Community-2001 was signed on 30th November 1999 in Arusha by the three heads of state. The structure of the New East African Community. In the november30, 1999 treaty, the following organs were established to coordinate the activities and the direction of the community. 1. The Summit of Heads of State. It had the responsibility of giving direction towards realization of the goals and objectives of the community. It was the community s supreme organ, consisting of the three heads of state with the chair being rotational. 2. The Council of Ministers. The main decision making organ of the heads of governments of the member states. It comprised the designated ministers from member states. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 53 3. The Coordinating Committee. Made up of permanent secretaries. It reports to the council of ministers. It coordinates the activities of the sectoral committees. 4. The Sectoral Committees. These are committees created by the council on recommendation of the respective coordinating committee. 5. The East African Legislative Assembly. It provides a democratic forum for debate. It is also a watchdog of the activities of the community. It is a 30 -member assembly whose members are drawn from the member state. 6. The Secretariat. Based in Arusha, it carried out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 7. The Court of justice of East Africa. This was the highest appellate court in the region. Other autonomous institutions established by the Council include; The East African Development Bank EADB . Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization LVFO Inter-University Council for East Africa IUCEA Challenges that have faced the EAC-2001.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8779319581863935,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2359,
"token_count": 515
}
| 1,750,279,328.462766 |
This was the highest appellate court in the region. Other autonomous institutions established by the Council include; The East African Development Bank EADB . Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization LVFO Inter-University Council for East Africa IUCEA Challenges that have faced the EAC-2001. A Suspicion still exists over perceived dominance of Kenya in the community affairs. B Despite signing the treaty in 1999, Tanzania customs are still taxing Kenyan products. C Increased cross-border smuggling. The freedom of movement within the region sometimes results in smuggling of illegal arms and spread of crime and insecurity. E.g. the smuggling of a vehicle belonging to Kenya s Chief of Staff, General Joseph Kibwana to Tanzania in 2004. D Cattle rustling across the borders. This is common on the Kenya Uganda border with the Pokot and Karamojong attacking each other e Arrest of Kenyan fishermen on Lake Victoria by either Tanzania or Ugandan policemen navy accusing them of fishing in their waters. F Membership to other regional bodies e.g. COMESA, SADDC. This complicates the work of the EAC. G The recent wrangles between Kenya and Uganda over ownership of Migingo Island. Although this problem was resolved by Uganda conceding Kenya s ownership of the Island, it raised tension between the two countries. H The use of different currencies by the three nations has made transaction difficult. I Political squabbles in the individual countries slow down the progress of the community j Individual national interests have slowed down the implementation of the activities of the community the deep-seated differences between the member states over the proposed taxes on imports from countries outside the region. Achievements of the East African Community-2001. A It has boosted movement of citizens within the three member states of East Africa. An East African passport has been introduced. B It has provided a forum for the East African Leaders to discuss issues harmoniously. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 54 c It has facilitated the improvement and expansion of transport and communication networks between the three East African countries. D Tariffs for industrial goods produced in East Africa have been reduced. E Investment procedures have been eased to enable all citizens to invest more easily within the community. F It has enhanced cooperation of the civil society leading to formation of the Law Society of East Africa and the Business Council of East Africa.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9106215766592903,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2536,
"token_count": 508
}
| 1,750,279,328.47728 |
D Tariffs for industrial goods produced in East Africa have been reduced. E Investment procedures have been eased to enable all citizens to invest more easily within the community. F It has enhanced cooperation of the civil society leading to formation of the Law Society of East Africa and the Business Council of East Africa. G The community has promoted trade among member states by encouraging citizens to conduct trade in all the countries. THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES. Formation of ECOWAS. This is a regional group comprising of 15 West African countries. The treaty establishing ECOWAS was signed in Lagos, Nigeria on 28th may 1975 by Gambia, Mali, Cape Verde, Burkina Faso, Niger, Benin, Togo, Cote d Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Nigeria and Guinea. Objectives of ECOWAS. A To provide economic co-operation among West African states in specialized fields such as transport, communication, agriculture, trade industry etc. B To liberalize trade between member states. C To improve relations between the member states. D To improve living standards of people in the member states. E To create a customs union in the region. F To promote industrial development among member states. G To promote cultural interaction among the member states. Organization of ECOWAS. The following are organs that were established to coordinate the activities and the direction of ECOWAS. 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. The authority meets once a year, with the chair being rotational. 2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets twice a year. It manages the affairs of the community. 3. The Tribunal. Acting as the industrial court, it was established for settling disputes arising from the community. 4. The Executive Secretariat. Based in Lagos, Nigeria, it carries out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 5. Specialized commissions and Agencies. E.g the Committee on industry, natural resources and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Culture and Social Affairs. Achievements of ECOWAS. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 55 a The defence Act adopted by ECOWAS in 1981 provided military support to any Member state attacked by outsiders.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9005410724147302,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2408,
"token_count": 514
}
| 1,750,279,328.514206 |
E.g the Committee on industry, natural resources and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Culture and Social Affairs. Achievements of ECOWAS. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 55 a The defence Act adopted by ECOWAS in 1981 provided military support to any Member state attacked by outsiders. Their defence force known as ECOMOG was instrumental in quelling civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone. B Economically, Member states benefit from ECOWAS. For example, Nigeria provides her oil to member states at a reduced price. C The community has enabled regular meeting of the Heads of State to tackle problems facing the region. D Socio-cultural exchanges within the West African region have promoted good relations among the people. E Improvement has been realized in transport, trade, agriculture and communication. F The organization has resolved political problems facing member states. G ECOWAS has enabled citizens of member states to move freely from one country to another through waiver of visa requirements. H There has been progress in education through the establishment of a Joint examination Syllabus for West African States. Challenges that ECOWAS has faced in its operation. A Political instability in member states. Countries like Nigeria and Ghana have witnessed Military coups. Civil wars have been fought in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast. These have been a hindrance to cooperation. B Nationalistic issues. Most member states give priority to their own domestic issues at the expense of the organization. C Language barrier. Countries in West Africa inherited the languages of their former colonial masters. The problem in communication has hindered the efficient operation of the organization. D Infrastructural problems. The state of roads, railway and communication linkages are poor. This has hampered economic progress of member states. E Ideological differences. The leaders of the member states view each other with suspicion and mistrust due to differences in ideologies. F Lack of uniform currency. Each country has its own currency. This creates a problem of rates of exchange thus hindering trade. G Foreign interference. The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D Ivoire was viewed suspiciously by guinea. H Border closures. For example between Ghana and Togo and between Burkina Faso and Mali.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9167150968603875,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2495,
"token_count": 495
}
| 1,750,279,328.557307 |
The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D Ivoire was viewed suspiciously by guinea. H Border closures. For example between Ghana and Togo and between Burkina Faso and Mali. THE COMMON MARKETS FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA It is an economic organization comprising 19 states and which was established on 8th December 1994 to replace the Preferential Trade Area. Aims and objectives of COMESA. A To attain sustainable growth and development of the member states by promoting a more balanced and harmonious development of its production and marketing. B To promote cooperation in all fields of economic activity and joint adoption of macro-economic policies and programmes. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 56 c To cooperate in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member states in order to enhance economic development in the region. D To cooperate in the creation of an enabling environment for foreign, cross-border and domestic investment. E To cooperate in strengthening the relations between the common market and the rest of the world. F To contribute towards the establishment, progress and realization of the objectives of the African Economic Community. Principles that govern the operation of COMESA. A Equality and interdependence of member states. B Solidarity and collective self-reliance among member states. C Inter-state cooperation, harmonization of policies and integration of programmes. D Non-aggression. E Recognition , promotion and protection of human and peoples rights in accordance with the provisions of the African Charter on human and peoples rights. F Accountability, economic justice and popular participation in development. G The recognition and observance of the rule of law. H The promotion and sustenance of a democratic system of governance in each member state. I The maintenance of regional peace and stability through the promotion and strengthening of good neighbourliness. J The peaceful settlement of disputes among member states and active cooperation between neighbouring countries Organization of COMESA. COMESA is made up of the following organs; 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. It is the supreme-policy making organ of COMESA. The authority meets once a year, but may hold an extra-ordinary meeting on request of any member of the authority. 2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets once a year. It manages the affairs of the community.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9115564158939553,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2536,
"token_count": 504
}
| 1,750,279,328.53623 |
It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets once a year. It manages the affairs of the community. It monitors and ensures the proper functioning and development of COMESA. 3. The Court of Justice. It ensures proper interpretation and application of the provisions of the treaty. It was established for settling disputes arising from the community. E.g between Kenya and Egypt over export of cement in 2004 4. The committee of Governors of Central Banks. Governors of banks of member states form a committee to manage COMESA clearing house and ensure implementation of the monetary and financial co-operation programmes. 5. The Inter-Governmental Committee. A committee of permanent secretaries from member states which develops and manages programmes and action plans in all areas of cooperation except in the financial sector. 6. The Secretariat. Based in Lusaka, Zambia, it provides technical support and advisory services to the member states and coordinates the activities of COMESA. The current secretary general is Erastus Mwencha since 1997Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 57 7. The Technical Committees. E.g the Committee on natural resources and Environment, the Committee on Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Labour, Culture and Social Affairs. 8. The consultative committee. This comprises the business community and other stakeholders. It provides a link between the business community and other COMESA stakeholders, monitors implementation of the necessary provisions of the treaty, consults and receives reports from other interested groups and Participates in the technical committees and makes recommendation. 9. Specialized independent institutions. The Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank PTA Bank based in Nairobi, Kenya, the PTA reinsurance company, Nairobi, Kenya, The COMESA clearing house, Harare, Zimbabwe, COMESA association of Commercial Banks, Harare, Zimbabwe, COMESA leather institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Achievements of COMESA. A It provides its members a wide, harmonized and more competitive market for internal and external trading. B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare. C COMESA has established harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies in the region. D It has improved the administration of transport and communication to ease movement of goods, services and people.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9085687328219223,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2566,
"token_count": 499
}
| 1,750,279,328.566472 |
B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare. C COMESA has established harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies in the region. D It has improved the administration of transport and communication to ease movement of goods, services and people. E It has ensured cooperation in the promotion of peace, security and stability among member states in order to enhance economic development in the region. F COMESA has strengthened relations between the Common Market and the rest of the world while ensuring that the members adopt a common position in international fora. G Through the Authority of Heads of State and Government, COMESA directs and controls the affairs of the common market. H Customs cooperation has been achieved through a unified computerized customs network that operates across the region. The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region has been achieved. I It has provided room for greater industrial productivity and competitiveness due to its large market. J It has encouraged member states to practice good governance, accountability and respect for human rights. Burundi and Rwanda were subjected to these demands before they were admitted to COMESA. K It has contributed to employment of many people in the region. L COMESA has promoted increased agricultural production and exploitation of natural resources. M The organization has ensured a more efficient and reliable transport and communication infrastructure. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 58 Challenges that face COMESA in its operations. A Membership to other bodies. Members of COMESA are also members of EAC and SADC. This leads to divided loyalty. B Personality differences. For example, presidents Museveni of Uganda and El Bashir of Sudan were involved in disagreements in 2004 over rebel activities. C Boundary conflicts. This has been witnessed between Ethiopia and Eritrea. D Civil wars. Wars have been witnessed in DRC, Uganda, Sudan, Rwanda and Burundi. Such inevitable wars undermine the operations of the common markets. E Constant quarrels among member states over trading rights. For example Kenya and Egypt quarreled over duty-free cement dumped in Kenya by Egypt, on which Kenya wanted to charge duty. F Poor transport between member states. This hampers movement of goods in the region. G Pulling out of Tanzania and Namibia. The two founder members have opted for the South African Development Cooperation SADC . This has undermined COMESA. H Some members undermine their neighbours.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9168496872267565,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2631,
"token_count": 510
}
| 1,750,279,328.595748 |
The two founder members have opted for the South African Development Cooperation SADC . This has undermined COMESA. H Some members undermine their neighbours. For example Uganda and Rwanda have been accused of participating in the civil wars in the DRC. Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integration. A The problem of poor transport and communication has impeded flow of trade. This has affected all previous and existing economic groupings. B There is uneven distribution of resources in Africa. Some countries are endowed with strategic natural resources like oil and fertile soils while others are impoverished with no resources. This hinders integration. C All member states of economic co-operations suffer from budgetary deficit and balance of payment problems. They therefore lack adequate foreign exchange required for international trade. D There is constant political interference by unenlightened leaders e There has been rivalry among member states of trading co-operations. F Africa has had a poor share from world trade as prices on world market are dictated by industrialized countries. G The advent of multi-partism after the end of the cold war and the subsequent introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes has crippled the performance of economic integration in Africa. H Inability of member states to interfere in the internal affairs of other states even where there is need. I Failure by member states to contribute fully to the organizations. J The colonial legacy. Many member states still depend heavily on the West for manufactured goods, machinery, technology, donations and ideas. NATIONAL PHILOSPHIES KENYA AFRICAN SOCIALISM Meaning and origin of African Socialism. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 59 The Sessional paper No.10 of 1965 defines African socialism as an African political, economic system that is positively African, and capable of incorporating useful and compatible techniques from whatever source. African socialism was born out of the desire by our leaders to create a new society, different from the colonial society and which embraced equity devoid of racism, oppression and other social injustices. Main features that characterized African socialism in Kenya. A Political Democracy where all people are politically free and equal b Various forms of ownership of wealth. E.g. free enterprise allowing private ownership of property, nationalization policy for key industries, partnership with private sector c Mutual social responsibility. That the spirit of service and not greed for personal gain motivate Kenyans.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9187479176196205,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2643,
"token_count": 498
}
| 1,750,279,328.614678 |
E.g. free enterprise allowing private ownership of property, nationalization policy for key industries, partnership with private sector c Mutual social responsibility. That the spirit of service and not greed for personal gain motivate Kenyans. D A range of control to ensure that property is used in mutual interests of society and its members. E Progressive taxation to ensure an equitable distribution of wealth and income. F Diffusion of ownership to avoid concentration of economic power on a few people in the society. Achievements of African socialism as a National Philosophy. A It has led to promotion of democratic process in governance. Multi-partism has been established in Kenya due to African socialism policies. Kenya has also witnessed the growth of the civil society. B Since the philosophy is built on African traditions, it has promoted African cultures Kenya pursued African values consistent with her traditions. C The philosophy has promoted national unity and coexistence among Kenyan communities. D There has been a greater effort to achieve fairness and justice through progressive taxation and a range of other controls. The government has tried to achieve fair distribution of resources through the activities of the District Focus for Rural Development. E The philosophy led to establishment of cooperative societies in Kenya. This has promoted social and economic development in Kenya. F African socialism has promoted agricultural development through the land tenure system that was undertaken to ensure settlement of the landless in settlement schemes like Bura. G Social development in education and health has been achieved. Discrimination in schools, hospitals and residential areas stopped. Uniform systems were adopted. H The philosophy gave Africans the right to participate in their economy. This was through the policy of Africanization in which industrial enterprises hitherto owned by Asians and Europeans, changed ownership. I African socialism has encouraged rapid development in Kenya. The policy of mutual social responsibility through self-help promotes a sense of patriotism and service to the nation as Kenyans work together to build the nation. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 60 Problems that faced African socialism. A Progressive taxation has put an additional burden of taxation on the poor thus discouraging development. B Political interference in public projects and wrangles among leaders retards development. C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds. D Corruption leads to negative attitude from people towards contributing to national development. HARAMBEE PHILOSOPHY Meaning and origin of Harambee philosophy.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9236040067467557,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2780,
"token_count": 507
}
| 1,750,279,328.644919 |
C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds. D Corruption leads to negative attitude from people towards contributing to national development. HARAMBEE PHILOSOPHY Meaning and origin of Harambee philosophy. Harambee is a Kiswahili slogan, which means pulling together or working together. It was a development strategy in which, people supplemented government efforts through voluntary contribution. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta made it a national Motto in 1963 when he aptly advanced it as unity in all causes of national integrity and human progress. The Harambee spirit embodies ideals of assistance, joint effort, mutual social responsibility and community self-reliance. Harambee projects are categorized as; 1. Social Projects. Educational institutions and facilities, medical centres, recreational facilities and religious institutions. 2. Economic projects. Construction of rural access roads, bridges and culverts, agricultural and livestock activities. Principles that guide the Harambee spirit. A It is a development strategy that is aimed at mobilizing the people at local level to participate in their development b Participation is guided by the principles of collective good as opposed to individual gain. Harambee efforts should be directed towards community projects rather than individual projects. C The choice of project is supposed to be guided by the felt needs of the majority. Participants should be involved in decision making. D In the implementation of projects, there should be maximum utilization of the local resources such as labour, materials and money. Contribution of Harambee movement to the development of Kenya. A Harambee movement has led to development of education in Kenya through Harambee fundraising to construct schools and colleges. B Funds have been collected through Harambee to improve infrastructural facilities such as roads, rural electrification and provision of water. C Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups has promoted national unity. D It has helped inculcate hard work in the people of Kenya. This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 61 e Harambee projects especially in rural areas have attracted foreign donors especially the NGO S f Has led to re-distribution of resources as people with more funds have participated in the development projects in the less developed areas. G Funds have been raised through Harambee to help the less fortunate members of the society.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9191039067480193,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2641,
"token_count": 498
}
| 1,750,279,328.635146 |
This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 61 e Harambee projects especially in rural areas have attracted foreign donors especially the NGO S f Has led to re-distribution of resources as people with more funds have participated in the development projects in the less developed areas. G Funds have been raised through Harambee to help the less fortunate members of the society. For example, President Moi 8th April 1989 held a Mammoth Rally where KSH 70Million was raised to help the disabled. H Harambee movement has promoted agricultural development e.g., through construction of cattle dips and purchase of farms through Harambee. I Funds raised through Harambee have been used to purchase buses and Matatus to provide transport. Ways in which the Harambee philosophy has promoted the development of education in Kenya. A Many education institutions have been constructed using funds raised through Harambee effort. Thus enabling many children to attend school. B Many students have been assisted to pay school fees thus it enables the needy to go on learning. C Physical facilities have been constructed improved through Harambee. This enables learning in a conducive environment. D Teaching learning materials have been purchased donated to schools to improve the quality of education. E Additional staff workers in schools have been paid through Harambee contributions by the parents to offset inadequacy. F Through Harambee spirit, well-wishers, thus helping the learners to exploit their talents, have supported co-curricular activities. G Scholl furniture has been bought through Harambee effort thus making learning teaching comfortable. H Parents have contributed funds to supplement the government s school feeding programmes thus improving enrolment. Problems that face Harambee movement in Kenya. A Misuse of Harambee funds diverting its use and lack of commitment by leaders. B It puts an additional burden of taxation on the poor. C Embezzlement of public funds. D Political interference and wrangles among leaders. E The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help may be killed by misappropriation of funds. F Poor co-ordination and supervision of Harambee projects. G Use of force or extortion of Harambee funds from the people dictatorial tendencies. H Corruption and negative attitude from people. I Use of Harambee for political gains. NYAYOISM.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9135265481436292,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2501,
"token_count": 509
}
| 1,750,279,328.684532 |
H Corruption and negative attitude from people. I Use of Harambee for political gains. NYAYOISM. Meaning and origin of Nyayoism. Nyayoism originally meant footsteps i.e. following the footsteps of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 62 This was a phrase coined by the former president of Kenya Daniel Arap Moi, in reference to his Endeavour to follow the foot steps of his predecessor. Today, Nyayoism means peace, love and unity that form the pillars of the development philosophy. It stresses the concept of being mindful of other people s welfare. It is closely related to the principal of mutual social responsibility as embodied in African socialism. Sources of Nyayoism. 1 Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 that articulated African socialism, which is based on collective responsibility and on being mindful of other people s welfare. 2 The Biblical teaching of the Ten Commandments, summarized as Love for God, fellow man and oneself. 3 Moi s long political career inspired him to develop the philosophy when he realized that national building required love. Pillars of Nyayoism 1 Peace: - the state of being free from war and disorder. Peace is the beginning of sustainable and cumulative progress. Peace promotes development. According to Nyayoism, peace discourages political stability. 2 Love: - Love brings about trust and readiness to cooperate by working together to foster national development. Lack of love disturbs peace, creates disorder and destroys progress. Love encourages the African culture of sharing through the extended family communalism . 3 Unity: - the state of being one, being in harmony or in agreement in objectives and feelings. The diversity of Kenya s culture, religion, races and language requires that there must be unity for nation-building. Role played by Nyayoism in national development. A The philosophy formed the basis for solving national development problems. The philosophy perpetuated the Harambee spirit. B The philosophy helped in unifying different communities. The philosophy enhanced cooperation and unity of all. C Nyayoism was used as the rallying spirit for the collective contribution and approach to national development. D Nyayoism discouraged societal evils since it preached love, unity and peace. Corruption was discouraged through the philosophy. E It discouraged all forms of discrimination based on religion, tribe, race, and social status.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9051788224871444,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2466,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,328.669771 |
D Nyayoism discouraged societal evils since it preached love, unity and peace. Corruption was discouraged through the philosophy. E It discouraged all forms of discrimination based on religion, tribe, race, and social status. F The philosophy created respect for public property and functions. G It enabled the creation of a welfare state since everyone became mindful of others welfare. H It created a sense of nationalism and patriotism necessary for national development. Impact of National Philosophies Social Impact of National Philosophies. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 63 a Education has been promoted through philosophies like the Harambee that have assisted in construction of schools, laboratories and libraries. B Medical services have been improved c Cooperation, understanding and unity have been encouraged since the philosophies emphasized togetherness for nation-building. D The philosophies have promoted the spiritual and social welfare of people by raising their living standards. African socialism encourages people to assist others are share with others. E Through the Harambee spirit, the plight of persons with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups has been looked into. F The philosophies have promoted African cultures, since they are drawn from African traditions. Economic impacts. A Self-reliance and The Africanization process through which the people of Kenya were able to take over from foreigners was made possible by the philosophies. B Due to the policy of pooling together resources and the spirit of cooperation derived from African socialism, cooperative societies have been formed in agriculture and other sectors, thus contributing to the country s development. C Transport and communication has been improved through African socialism and Harambee spirit. Rural access roads have been constructed; Nyayo buses were bought though the scheme failed due to mismanagement. D The agricultural sector has been boosted by the philosophies. Kenyans are encouraged to work hard to increase food production. E The pillars of Nyayoism have created a conducive atmosphere for growth of tourism and foreign investment in the country. Political impacts. A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality. C It has promoted international cooperation and understanding SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES It must be noted that Kenya inherited a number of political problems from the colonial government.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9240060504736884,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2703,
"token_count": 503
}
| 1,750,279,328.707333 |
A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality. C It has promoted international cooperation and understanding SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES It must be noted that Kenya inherited a number of political problems from the colonial government. For example; a Lack of African technocrats who could give political direction to the country. B Suspicion and jealousy between different communities due to the divide-andrule tactic employed by the colonial administration for many years. C An illiterate population, ignorant of its political obligationsKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 64 Political developments in Kenya between 1963 and 1991 On 12th December 1963, Kenya became independent under KANU led by Jomo Kenyatta. In 1964, there was voluntary disbanding of KADU and APP making Kenya a de facto one party state. There was abolition of Federal Constitution in favour of a Unitary or Republican Constitution. The post of an executive president was created to replace the post of Prime Minister. In 1966, the Limuru conference presided over replacement of the Vice-President of KANU With seven Provincial Vice Presidents and one for Nairobi Area. On 14th April 1966, Oginga Odinga resigned from KANU and Government and formed Kenya People s Union KPU where Bildad Kaggia, Achieng Oneko and Tom Odongo joined him. In 1966, the bicameral legislature the senate and the House of Representatives was disbanded. A single chamber parliament was established. In 1966, Joseph Murumbi was appointed the country s vice-president to replace Oginga. He resigned in 1967to pave way for Moi s appointment. 1969 witnessed the political assassination of the flamboyant Tom Mboya in the hands of one, Nahashon Njenga on 5th July on Nairobi s Moi Avenue. 1n 1969, KPU was banned following riots in Kisumu. In 1975, Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. MP for Kinangop was found brutally murdered in Ngong Forest.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8897980054822693,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2143,
"token_count": 498
}
| 1,750,279,328.729906 |
1n 1969, KPU was banned following riots in Kisumu. In 1975, Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. MP for Kinangop was found brutally murdered in Ngong Forest. In October 1975 martin Shikuku and the deputy speaker, Jean Marie Seroney, were arrested and detained for making claims in the house that KANU and parliament were dead. In 1976, Chelagat Mutai, MP for Eldoret North was arrested and jailed for 2 years for inciting his constituents to violence. In 1977, George Anyona, MP for Kitutu was also arrested after he accused the government of corruption. In 1976, the change the constitution campaign was began by Kihika Kimani, Dr. Njoroge Mungai, Jackson Angaine, Paul Ngei and Njenga Karume with the objective of making sure that the then vice president, Daniel Arap Moi would not succeeded the president. On 22nd august 1978, Jomo Kenyatta died and Moi assumed presidency for 90 days and was finally elected as second president of Kenya. In July 1980, Moi banned all tribal organizations, the Kenya Civil Servants Union and the Nairobi University Staff Union. In June 1982, after an attempt by Anyona to form a political party, section 2A was introduced in the Kenyan constitution making it a de jure one party state. On 2nd august 982, Kenya experienced a coup d etat by some air force servicemen. Charles Njonjo, the Constitutional Affairs Minister was accused of masterminding the coup. In 1988, KANU introduced the infamous Queue voting method mlolongo that was open to abuse. In February 1990, Dr, Robert Ouko, minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation was murdered. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 65 The better part of 1991 witnessed a series of tribal clashes involving Kalenjin and Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Luhyia and Luos. Kenya s political developments from 1991 up to 2011. In December 1991, a parliamentary act repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8721976058320287,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 1970,
"token_count": 488
}
| 1,750,279,328.74854 |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 65 The better part of 1991 witnessed a series of tribal clashes involving Kalenjin and Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Luhyia and Luos. Kenya s political developments from 1991 up to 2011. In December 1991, a parliamentary act repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system. The first political party to be formed under the repealed act was Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD In august 1992, one of the leaders of FORD Masinde Muliro died mysteriously. The first multiparty elections were held in 1992 in December. KANU won against a disjointed opposition. In 1994, the official leader of the opposition and MP of Bondo, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga died. After 1997 elections, the Inter-Parliamentary Parties Group IPPG passed the reforms that marked the genesis of the constitutional review process. In 2002, several opposition parties formed a coalition that overwhelmingly defeated KANU in the general elections. In January 2003, the National Rainbow Coalition formed the new government with Mwai Kibaki as the president. In august 2003, Wamalwa Kijana, the vice president of the coalition government died after a short illness. Mood Awori was appointed the next Vice president. In 2005, a new political movement, the Orange Democratic Movement ODM was formed as a campaign tool against the proposed new constitution. Raila Odinga was its leader. The general Elections of 2007 resulted in a political crisis that provoked an unprecedented wave of political violence and killing across Kenya. On 28th February 2008 the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan succeeded in brokering a power sharing deal between the incumbent President, Mwai Kibaki, and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga thus bringing to end the political violence. On April 17, 2008, Raila Odinga, from Orange Democratic Movement, was sworn as Prime Minister of Kenya, after more than forty years of the abolition of office. On 28th august 2010 Kenya promulgated a new constitution thus making it the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8834851767219635,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2174,
"token_count": 494
}
| 1,750,279,328.766478 |
On 28th February 2008 the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan succeeded in brokering a power sharing deal between the incumbent President, Mwai Kibaki, and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga thus bringing to end the political violence. On April 17, 2008, Raila Odinga, from Orange Democratic Movement, was sworn as Prime Minister of Kenya, after more than forty years of the abolition of office. On 28th august 2010 Kenya promulgated a new constitution thus making it the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution. In 2011, the International Criminal Court seating at the Hague, begun criminal proceedings against Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, former police Commissioner Hussein Ali, Henry Kosgei, the head of public service Francis Muthaura and a journalist Joshua Arap Sang over their involvement in the 2008 post-Election Violence. In June 2011, Dr. Willy Mutunga became the first Kenya s Chief Justice and Nancy Makokha Barasa, his deputy under the new constitution. The Electoral Commission of Kenya ECK was also replaced with the Independent Elections and Boundaries Commission IEBC The constitutional changes in Kenya in the period between 1963 and 1991. The first meeting in Lancaster in 1960 resulted in an interim constitution that failed to grant any substantial autonomy to Kenya. The second Lancaster conference in 1962 negotiated a framework for self government. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 66 The third and final conference in 1963 resulted in the drafting and adoption of Kenya's first independent Constitution by the British Parliament The 1963 constitution marked the end of colonial rule and transformed the colony into a dominion. It established a parliamentary system with executive powers vested in a cabinet headed by a Prime Minister. The Constitution was changed in 1964 and Kenya became a republic and the executive became presidential. The senate and regions were also abolished. In 1966, the voting majority to change the Constitution was lowered to two-thirds of the MPs. The term region was replaced with province. In 1966, a constitutional amendment abolished the Bicameral Legislature and replaced it with a Unicameral Legislature, chosen directly by the electorate.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8885695055911973,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2281,
"token_count": 482
}
| 1,750,279,328.779274 |
The senate and regions were also abolished. In 1966, the voting majority to change the Constitution was lowered to two-thirds of the MPs. The term region was replaced with province. In 1966, a constitutional amendment abolished the Bicameral Legislature and replaced it with a Unicameral Legislature, chosen directly by the electorate. On 28th April 1966, an amendment was passed to compel MPs who defected from sponsoring party, to resign from parliament and seek re-election. In May 1966, the Public Security Act was passed empowering the president to detain a citizen without trial on grounds of being a threat to state security. In 1968, the president was empowered to alter provincial and district boundaries. In 1968, the procedure for presidential elections and succession in the event of his death was laid down. The age qualification for presidential candidates was also lowered to 35 from 40 years. In 1974, an amendment of the constitution empowered the president to pardon any election offender at his own discretion. This was done to favour Paul Ngei. In 1975, Kiswahili was declared the national language of the national assembly. In 1977, the Kenya court of appeal was established after the breakup of the East African Community. Voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 In 1979, both Kiswahili and English were declared languages of the national assembly. In 1982, Kenya became a de jure one party state. KANU became the only lawful party in Kenya. In 1987, the security of tenure of the Attorney General, Chief Secretary, The Comptroller and Auditor General was removed. Office of chief secretary was abolished. In 1988, the security of tenure of Puisine Judges and Chairman of Public Service Commission was removed. A parliamentary act in December 1991 repealed the one-party system provisions of the constitution and effectively established a multiparty system. Multiparty elections were held the following year in December. Steps towards realization of a new constitution in Kenya since 1997 In 1997, Parliament passed the Constitution of Kenya Review Act that set the pace for comprehensive constitutional reforms. The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC was established to provide civic education, seek public input and prepare a draft constitution . In 2005, after many years of struggle, the draft constitution was ultimately rejected by Kenyans at the constitutional referendum because of disagreements amongst various stakeholders.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8883228238748206,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2472,
"token_count": 509
}
| 1,750,279,328.807073 |
Steps towards realization of a new constitution in Kenya since 1997 In 1997, Parliament passed the Constitution of Kenya Review Act that set the pace for comprehensive constitutional reforms. The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC was established to provide civic education, seek public input and prepare a draft constitution . In 2005, after many years of struggle, the draft constitution was ultimately rejected by Kenyans at the constitutional referendum because of disagreements amongst various stakeholders. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 67 28 February 2008The National Accord and Reconciliation Act NARA signed by President Kibaki and Prime Minister Raila Odinga put in place arrangement for a new process to finalize the long awaited constitution of Kenya In 2008 the Constitution of Kenya Review Act 2008 was passed and a Committee of Experts CoE was established as the main technical constitutional review organ to drive the process. The CoE was chaired by Nzamba Kitonga, the deputy chair was Ms Atsango Chesoni, other members were Ms Njoki Ndung'u, Mr Otiende Amolo,Mr Abdirashid Hussein Mr Bobby Mkangi Professor Christina Murray South Africa Dr Chaloka Beyani Zambia and Dr Frederick Ssempebwav Uganda. 23 February 2009 Members of the CoE were appointed by the President were later on sworn in On 17 November 2009 CoE released the draft to the public and invited views and comments on the draft constitution, By 23rd February 2010. CoE had submitted the final draft of constitution to the Parliamentary Select Committee. On 4th august 2010 Kenya held a Constitutional Referendum where the new constitution was overwhelmingly endorsed. On 28th august 2010, the new constitution was promulgated and became operational making Kenya the first independent African state to depart from the independence constitution. MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACY IN KENYA SINCE 1991. Factors that led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya after 1991 a International pressure from multilateral and bilateral donors. The western donors took advantage of the collapse of the Soviet Union to set the stringiest conditionalties for aid on the government, for democratic reforms. B Disunity in KANU.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8858335615951953,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2266,
"token_count": 504
}
| 1,750,279,328.816395 |
Factors that led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya after 1991 a International pressure from multilateral and bilateral donors. The western donors took advantage of the collapse of the Soviet Union to set the stringiest conditionalties for aid on the government, for democratic reforms. B Disunity in KANU. There was pressure from individuals who had been expelled from KANU without political alternatives. C Existence of people who were ready to push democratic agenda ahead. This included the civil society, the lawyers and intellectuals. E.g the Law Society of Kenya led by Paul Muite and Gitobu Imanyara put pressure on the government for reforms. D Success of multi-party in other African countries. In Zambia for example, Chiluba s Movement for Multiparty Democracy defeated Kaunda s United National Independence Party. E Pressure from the church. Several church leaders, among them Alexander Muge, Bishop Henry Okullu and Rev. Timothy Njoya called upon the government to create an en environment in which Kenyans could participate in governance. F Massive rigging of the elections. The most notorious of all was the 1988 general elections, which were marred with widespread rigging. G The developments in Eastern Europe. Due to Gorbachev s liberal reforms, one party dictatorship in Eastern Europe was replaced by regimes that were more liberal. H Rampant corruption in particular, embezzlement and misappropriation of public funds and grabbing of public assets. Those who criticized were punished throughKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 68 detention, arbitrary arrests and other forms of intimidation. I Repeal of section 2A of the constitution in December 1991 Role played by political parties in government and national building in Kenya. A The party that gunners majority of seats and votes forms the government either alone or in coalition with other parties. B Political parties influence government affairs and development through participation in legislation process. C Political parties through the elected members of parliament decide on national development policies and development projects. D Political parties provide exemplary leadership founded on freedom , justice, fair play and African socialism. E Opposition parties provide a system of scrutinizing government expenditure through public accounts committee and public investment committee. F Opposition parties make the government more accountable to the people through constant criticism. G Opposition parties provide checks and balances to abuse and misuse of powers and privileges by those in the government.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9164187786723781,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2654,
"token_count": 511
}
| 1,750,279,328.843705 |
E Opposition parties provide a system of scrutinizing government expenditure through public accounts committee and public investment committee. F Opposition parties make the government more accountable to the people through constant criticism. G Opposition parties provide checks and balances to abuse and misuse of powers and privileges by those in the government. Challenges of multi-party democracy in Kenya. A Since many politicians and senior government officials were not ready for Multipartism, they often incited their supporters to kick out opposition supporters from certain regions. This has been common in the Rift Valley region. B The executive arm and the ruling party have many a times misused the members of the civil service to frustrate the opposition. In case of flawed elections, the provincial administration has always been used in rigging. C Many of the parties formed failed to attain a national outlook. They mainly were tribal based. D The multi party democracy has been hampered with defection of greedy politicians who become preys to bribes. This has weakened some parties. E The former KANU for a long time retained control of the government machinery,, the police force, the radio and television. These were utilized for the advantage of KANU for al long time. F There has been a problem of lack of funding from the government. Most of the political parties have been unable to sustain competition for political power due to inadequate funds. G Interference by the international community in the running of the country. Some members of the diplomatic community openly side with certain political parties. H Many political parties have been embroiled in wrangles. For example the Orange Democratic Movement has been bedevilled with a number of desertions due to wrangles between Ruto and his supporters and Raila Odinga. Ford Kenya has split into New Ford Kenya and Ford Kenya due to wrangles between Eugene Wamalwa and Moses Wetangula. Identify the disadvantages of multiparty system. A Multipartism tends to divide the people on tribal, regional and sectarian line. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 69 b It tends to sharpen the struggle for personality and group dominance rather than policy implementation. C Multipartism is a foreign system, which does not conform to the aspirations of independent Africa. D It encourages the politics of destabilization. E Political statements deadlocks on debates and tensions become too common. F Decisions take too long to be made and implemented.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9196153727522286,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2568,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,328.862283 |
D It encourages the politics of destabilization. E Political statements deadlocks on debates and tensions become too common. F Decisions take too long to be made and implemented. G Encourages use of violence in a state since opposition party members will be regarded as traitors by the government. The government will be regarded as oppressors by the opposition. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES Economic challenges that have faced Kenya since independence. A Stagnation of investment in the first years of independence due to massive transfer of capita from the country by the white settlers. The government faced the challenge of cultivating investor confidence. B The problem of landlessness among many Africans whose arable land had been alienated. There was an urgent need for redistribution. C Serious economic disparity in the country with the former white highlands having adequate provision of water, electricity and roads while the rest lacked enough of the same. D Overpopulation in urban areas as result of rural-urban migration, putting facilities under pressure and creating unemployment. E Problem of control of economy by the Europeans prior to independence and after independence. E.g. farm ownership and key industries. F Lack of qualified manpower to run the technical sectors of the economy. These were issues that were addressed by session paper number 10 of 1965. Types of landholding in Kenya. Land tenure refers to the terms and conditions under which land is acquired, used or transferred At independence the type of landholding in Kenya was mainly communal, where land belonged to the whole community. Access to land was open every member of a social group. Community elders, clan heads or kings were empowered to control and give advice on land use. Land alienation during the colonial period transformed land into a commodity that could be disinherited from an individual. Such colonial land policies leading to alienation of African land resulted in the following; a Widespread landlessness as Africans lost ancestral lands. B Reduction in land available to Africans leading to land pressure as population increased. C Deterioration of the quality of land due to fragmentation. D Overstocking because of limited land, leading to soil erosion. E Displacement of pastoral and agricultural communities, leading to problems such as famine and livestock diseases. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 70 f Disintegration of social and cultural institutions in the reserves due to ethnic boundaries being fixed, thus separating African communities.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9180563808014789,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2618,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,328.90623 |
Land set aside for public utility use or land that is occupied by the State organ as lessee. Land transferred to the State by way of sale, reversion or surrender; Land to which no individual or community ownership is traceable. Land which no heir can be identified. All minerals and mineral ores. Government forests, game reserves, water catchment areas, national parks, government animal sanctuaries, and specially protected areas; All roads and thoroughfares. All rivers, lakes and other water bodies. The territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the sea bed. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 71 The continental shelf. All land between the high and low water marks. Any other land declared to be public land by an Act of Parliament. Community land Community land is land which is implied as owned by a group of people on the basis of customary norms, not through formal registration. It consists of: Land registered in the name of group representatives. Land transferred to a specific community through a legal process. Any other land declared to be community land by an Act of Parliament. Land that is held, managed or used by specific communities as community forests, grazing areas or shrines; Ancestral lands and lands traditionally occupied by hunter gatherer communities; Land held as trust land by the county governments, but not including any public land held in trust by the county government. Private land Private land is land and houses and buildings held under registered entitlement freehold or leasehold . It consists of: Registered land held by any person under freehold tenure. Land held by any person under leasehold tenure. Any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament. Note: Landholding by non-citizens is allowed only through lease for a period not exceeding ninety-nine years. A corporate body, for the purpose of land ownership can only be recognized as a citizen if it is wholly owned by one or more citizens. Property held in trust will only be recognized as being held by a citizen if all the beneficial interest of the trust is held by the persons who are citizens. Land policies since independence. Two type of programme that characterized land reforms exercise that commenced in 1963 in Kenya were; 1 Transfer of land from European large scale farmers to Africans.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9045923888634624,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2404,
"token_count": 493
}
| 1,750,279,328.884788 |
Property held in trust will only be recognized as being held by a citizen if all the beneficial interest of the trust is held by the persons who are citizens. Land policies since independence. Two type of programme that characterized land reforms exercise that commenced in 1963 in Kenya were; 1 Transfer of land from European large scale farmers to Africans. 2 Land consolidation and registration in which the government purchased several farms from the Europeans and sub-divided them among African holders. In the former European farms, the government established settlement schemes as follows; 1 The Million Acre Scheme which was began in 1963 and involved settling African families on 13.5 hectares each. 2 The Harambee Scheme started in 1969, involved settling families on 16.25 hectares each. 3 The Haraka Scheme where squatters were settled in small plots of land in Central,Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 72 Coast, Eastern and Rift Valley Provinces. 4 Shirika Scheme started in 1971 to settle the landless and unemployed on the former European lands. Under this scheme, the individual farmers would own a small plot each while the rest of the farm would be managed by a cooperative. This scheme did not succeed since people wished to have their own pieces of land. However, these schemes failed to adequately solve the problems of landlessness in the country. A few politically-connected people acquired large tracts of land, most of which remained underutilized. Some of the schemes are located in areas of harsh climatic conditions and are unviable without irrigation. Several commissions have addressed land issues in Kenya. For example, in 2001, President Moi appointed the Njonjo Commission to investigate the main problems of land ownership and distribution in Kenya. In 2003, the NARC government set up the Ndung u Commission on land. Its Recommendations are yet to be implemented. By 1983, 29 districts in Kenya had benefitted from Land adjudication and registration, a process which began in the 1950s in Central Kenya then spread to other parts of the country after 1963. Benefits of the land reforms in Kenya. A Farmers could use their land title deeds to get loans from banks in order to expand farming on their land. B Land titles enabled people to purchase land with confidence. No one would alienate them from their land. C The reforms enabled thousands of landless people to own land.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.888820844216958,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2453,
"token_count": 516
}
| 1,750,279,328.927814 |
B Land titles enabled people to purchase land with confidence. No one would alienate them from their land. C The reforms enabled thousands of landless people to own land. D Dairy and cash crop production increased. Land ownership by non-citizens. A non-citizen can only own land in the country on the basis of leasehold tenure not exceeding 99 years. Principles that govern utilization of land in Kenya. A Equitable access to land. All members of the society must have equal access to land since it is an important resource. B Transparent and cost effective administration of land. State institutions should be given powers and responsibilities of ensuring transparent and accountable administration of land. C Elimination of gender discrimination. In line with protection of human rights, for all, discrimination against women on issues of land ownership and access to land need be eliminated. D Sustainable and productive management of land resources. Since land is an economic resource, it should be managed well to ensure maximum productivity. E Sound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas. Conservation measures like prohibiting settlement and agricultural activities in water catchment areas and zoning of forest lands to protect them from further degradation. F Encouragement of communities to settle land disputes. This should happen as long as they are consistent with the constitution. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 73 Ways in which the Kenya government has solved land related problems since independence. A The problems related to Communal Land ownership have been solved through land demarcation and adjudication by the government. This saw the conversion from traditional system of land ownership to modern freeload tenure. B Landlessness was solved through creation of resettlement schemes. Large-scale farms and former European farms were divided into smaller ones and given to the landless. E.g Mwea Tebere, Bura, Shirika etc. C The government has put marginal lands to more productive use through establishment of irrigation schemes and drainage schemes. D The government removed restriction of movements from the reserves that were created by the colonial government. This decongested the reserves and gave chance to arable farming. E At independence, the t government embarked on land consolidation policy through which scattered plots were put into one holding. F The government also embarked on land reclamation measure to bring previously unused land to productive use. G The Government has established the National Land Commission which manages public land The National Land Commission.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9206314908786672,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2682,
"token_count": 503
}
| 1,750,279,328.939085 |
E At independence, the t government embarked on land consolidation policy through which scattered plots were put into one holding. F The government also embarked on land reclamation measure to bring previously unused land to productive use. G The Government has established the National Land Commission which manages public land The National Land Commission. Functions of the National Land Commission. A It manages public land on behalf of the national and county governments. B It advises the national government on a comprehensive programme for land registration throughout the country. C It investigates present and past historical injustices, as a result of a complaint or on its on initiative, and recommends appropriate action. D It has a duty to encourage the use of traditional methods of dispute resolution in land conflicts. E It recommends the national land policy to the national government. F It assesses tax on land and premiums on immovable property in any area designated by law. G It monitors land use planning throughout the country. Development in agriculture since independence. After independence, the government encouraged small scale farming of coffee and tea as opposed to large scale farming that existed during the colonial period. The Agricultural development corporation ADC was set up to manage large scale farms that were established by the government in western, Rift Valley and Coast provinces. Such farms specialize in production of seeds to be used by farmers for planting. They also specialize in production of high quality dairy and beef cattle in Kenya. The government also established the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KARI in Muguga near Kikuyu to assist in identifying good crop breeds for different types of soils. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 74 Irrigation Schemes were expanded in the marginal areas. For example. Mea central , Bura coast , Ahero Nyanza and Perkerra central . The government created development authorities to effectively manage water catchment areas. For example, TARDA, KVDA and LBDA. Challenges facing Kenya s agricultural sector. A The 1984 drought and famine in various parts of the country occasioning supply of relief food to the affected regions. B Rapid increase in population which is not at pace with the rate of increase in agricultural production. C From the late 1970s, the world market prices of agricultural commodities fell drastically yet the inputs remained expensive. D Corruption and mismanagement of the cooperatives leading to meager earnings for key cash crops in Kenya.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9155960795400999,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2620,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,328.979543 |
B Rapid increase in population which is not at pace with the rate of increase in agricultural production. C From the late 1970s, the world market prices of agricultural commodities fell drastically yet the inputs remained expensive. D Corruption and mismanagement of the cooperatives leading to meager earnings for key cash crops in Kenya. E Grabbing of research land by corrupt government officials has affected the operations of the research institutes. F The problem of poor infrastructure in the country sometimes discourages farmers especially during the rainy season. G Ethnic clashes in Molo in 1991-1992, Likoni in 1997 and Mahi Mahiu in 2005 plus the post election violence in 2008 discouraged farmers from intense farming due to insecurity. H Poor technology hassled to low yields. People in Kenya still rely on natural rains for agriculture instead of using irrigation. Others use primitive traditional tools in cultivation. I The problem of pests that destroy the farm yields before reaching the factory. J Competition from COMESA member states and from the more industrialized powers such as the European Union and USA often frustrate Kenyan farmers. Industrial developments in Kenya since independence. Kenya s industrial sector was shaped by the long period of colonization. At independence, industry was characterized by dominance of foreign capital and dominance of the agricultural sector. Factors that facilitated industrial development in Kenya since the colonial era. A The existence of raw materials, such as trona soda ash at lake Magadi, fluorspar at Kerio Valley and lime in several parts of the country. B Existence of fish resource from numerous water bodies has promoted the fishprocessing industry. C Existence of expansive forests which provide timber needed in the furniture industry. D The rich scenary, e.g Mt. Kenya, Mt. Elgon, the Aberdares and rich wildlife have promoted the tourism industry. E Kenya s rivers have enough water for production of HEP. F Increase in population since the colonial period ensured supply of labour and the market required for industries to flourish. G The transport and communication infrastructure have provided the necessary linkKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 75 between the material producing zones , industries and markets.. h Existence of rich agricultural lands producing raw materials such as coffee, tea, sugarcane, sisal and fruits Measures taken by the Kenyan government to promote industrial development since independence.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9096802743666335,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2553,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,328.968595 |
F Increase in population since the colonial period ensured supply of labour and the market required for industries to flourish. G The transport and communication infrastructure have provided the necessary linkKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 75 between the material producing zones , industries and markets.. h Existence of rich agricultural lands producing raw materials such as coffee, tea, sugarcane, sisal and fruits Measures taken by the Kenyan government to promote industrial development since independence. A The government engaged on decentralization programmes to spur development in new areas. Industries were established in rural areas. B The government has embarked on the programmes of funding new markets for industrial products. C Infrastructure was improved through establishment of more roads, railways and improvement of water transport, to-transport raw materials labour and goods. D Power concerns were addressed through construction of the Seven Forks Dam to supplement power from neighboring Uganda. E Favourable government policies have been put in place to attract investors. F The government has put in place measures to reduce imports in order to protect local infant industries. E.g discriminative tariffs were introduced. G The government encouraged and assisted in giving capital for industrial development through development of the co-operative movement, funding through Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation ICDC , the Development Finance Company of Kenya. DFCK and the Industrial Development Bank. H The government has ensured political stability in the country, which is an important factor in industrial development. Factors that have hindered industrial development in Kenya. A The problem of multi nationals whose interests do not favour Kenya s progress. Multi-national co-operation repatriate capital to their own home countries b There is shortage of strategic raw materials e.g. petroleum, diamond. Cotton for textile industries. Many industrial companies use imported raw materials. C Foreigners, who pass policies not friendly to the country, hold managerial positions in industries. D Mismanagement of major industries and lack of transparency I parastatals. E Over concentration of industries in few areas leading to negligence of other areas. It also has led to related problems of industrial concentration like the social ills. F Competition from the industrialized nations who dominate the market and produce high quality goods. G Poverty limits industrialization. A poor population means a small domestic market thus hindering industrial development. H Products are produced with low technology hence small quantities.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9223416754463867,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2733,
"token_count": 494
}
| 1,750,279,329.018922 |
G Poverty limits industrialization. A poor population means a small domestic market thus hindering industrial development. H Products are produced with low technology hence small quantities. Further reading on industrial development should be done with reference to evolving world book 4 pages 162164 Social Development and challenges since independence. Education. To solve the problems inherited at independence in the education sector poor qualityKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 76 education and poor facilities available the Kenya children , the government undertook the following measures; a Constitutional amendments were made in 1975 to give Kiswahili a respectable position in the country. B Several educational Commissions were set up to streamline education. C The Harambee strategy was employed to expand educational facilities. Education Commissions. A The Kenya Education Commission 1964 The Ominde commission that recommended overhaul of curriculum to make it relevant. B The National Committee on Education Objectives and policies- Gachathi commission 1976 that looked into he possibility of setting up a second university. C Presidential Working Party on the Second University- The Mackey commission 1982 that established the 8-4-4 system and proposed emphasis of vocational subjects such as art and craft, music, agriculture and Home science. D The Kamunge commission 1988 which recommended cost-sharing in education e The Koech commission 1999 which recommended reintroduction of A-level system in form of Totally Integrated Quality Education and Training. Main developments in education in Kenya since independence. In 1975, Kiswahili was made the official languages of parliament and learning in schools. The ministry of education established structures right from the district level to national level to help in fulfilling the national objectives of education. Several education commissions were set up to streamline education. The harambee strategy was employed to expand education facilities. Many schools were built. In 1980, the government took over the responsibility of providing pre-primary education. In the 1990s, the government in collaboration with UNICEF launched a programme to promote early childhood education. Byb1998, the total number of students in the various universities was over 40,000. In 1969, the ministry of education took over the administration of primary education from local government, this witnessed increased enrolment.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8933797457687547,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2529,
"token_count": 489
}
| 1,750,279,329.002784 |
In the 1990s, the government in collaboration with UNICEF launched a programme to promote early childhood education. Byb1998, the total number of students in the various universities was over 40,000. In 1969, the ministry of education took over the administration of primary education from local government, this witnessed increased enrolment. In 1978, the government introduced the school milk programme to encourage children especially in drought prone areas to go to school. The programme stalled in 1990 but had achieved higher enrolment in schools. The Ministry of education launched school feeding programme, targeting dry areas. In 2002, the NARC government introduced the Free Primary Education policy. Further reading be done from evolving world on Elementary education and Tertiary education in Kenya. Health. Measures taken to improve the health sector in postcolonial Kenya. A The ministry of health was created to oversee health matters. B Expansion of health facilities through harambee and donor funds e.g. Nyanza Provincial hospital Russian Hospital c Many health training institutions were started e.g. Medical training collegesKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 77 d Improvement in hygiene through provision of piped water. E Establishment of several research institutions on human diseases e.g. KEMRI f Provision of more basic education in order to uplift hygiene standards in the society. G Provision of free anti-retroviral and anti-malaria drugs. Major challenges facing the Health sector in Kenya. A Increase in population has posed major challenges to the government in the provision of healthcare services to its citizens. There has been a challenge of inadequate doctors and medical facilities. B The cost- sharing policy introduced in the 1980s to help buy medicine and other equipment has prevented the poor from going to the hospitals. C The spread of HIV and AIDS and other diseases such as Diabetes and Heart diseases has worsened the situation. D Cultural practices like Female mutilation have made provision of medical services more challenging. E Pollution of the environment has increased allergy-related ailments, many of which have no cure. F Poverty and malnutrition render many people vulnerable to diseases. G Illegal abortion and early pregnancies endanger the lives of mothers. H High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads. Ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture since independence. A Creation of the ministry of culture and social services.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9050863473255228,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2594,
"token_count": 508
}
| 1,750,279,329.077998 |
H High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads. Ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture since independence. A Creation of the ministry of culture and social services. The ministry promotes cultural and social values. B The syllabus has been tailored to include cultural studies. C Inclusion of music as a subject in the national curriculum. D The government has encouraged music drama festivals on an annual basis as way of promoting cultural exchange. E The government has encouraged intermarriage between different ethnic groups. F The government has developed cultural heritage centre at the Bomas of Kenya, National Archives and Museums. G Schools have been encouraged to admit people from different communities. H Allowing the media houses to play traditional music dance.. Students Read on sports, literature, theatre, music and dance from evolving world page 174. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE. THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. Political developments in Democratic Republic of Congo since independence The Belgians relinquished their political dominion of Congo by granting them autonomy on 30th June 1960. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 78 Patrice Lumumba Prime Minister of Congolese National Movement Party and Joseph Kasavubu of Abako Party Head of State formed a fragile coalition government. The two leaders differed ideologically. The period between 1960 and 196 witnessed power struggle between Kasavubu and Lumumba on one side and Secessionist Moise Tsombe of Katanga and Albert Kalonji of Kasai on the other side In 1961, Patrice Lumumba was assassinated. This led to withdrawal of his supporters from government. In 1961, the UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskj ld perished in a plane crash in the Congo while attempting to bring a peaceful political solution to the Congo crisis. In 1964, a new constitution was formulated as a way of solving the political problems that plagued Zaire soon after independence. Zaire became a federal state with a federal president and separate assemblies for each state. On 23rd November 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu organized a bloodless military coup, which removed the civilian government of president Kasavubu and Prime Minister Sylvester Kimba.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.904338785727311,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2359,
"token_count": 499
}
| 1,750,279,329.05125 |
In 1964, a new constitution was formulated as a way of solving the political problems that plagued Zaire soon after independence. Zaire became a federal state with a federal president and separate assemblies for each state. On 23rd November 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu organized a bloodless military coup, which removed the civilian government of president Kasavubu and Prime Minister Sylvester Kimba. In November 1965, Mobutu took over power after a bloodless coup. In the same year, , Mobutu banned all political parties. He suspended the constitution and parliament. He abolished the federal system and local assemblies and reduced the number of provinces to eight. In 1967, He formed the Peoples Revolution Movement MPR , which became the only legal party in Congo. He in effect-replaced democracy with one-party dictatorship leaned to the west during the cold war. 1n 1970, Mobutu declared himself the life president of Congo, after winning the presidential election. In 1971, he outlawed the use of European names for people, places and physical features as a way of removing colonial legacy. The country was renamed Zaire. His own name changed to Mobutu Sese Seko. Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa. In 1973, Mobutu announced the nationalization of all foreign enterprises. In 1977-1978, the Shaba Rebellion broke out mainly after an attack by the Congolese National Liberation Front from their base in Angola. The Belgian troops were called to silence the rebels. In 1990 and 1991, multiparty activists stepped up pressure for change. In September 1991, dissatisfied soldiers and civilians held demonstrations, which led to death of 117 people. In 1997, Laurent Kabila successfully ousted Mobutu, assisted by Rwanda and Uganda. Mobutu fled to exile in Morocco where he died. In January 2001, Laurent Kabila was assassinated in mysterious circumstances. His son took over power. In April 2002, through a power sharing agreement presided over by Thabo Mbeki and a UN envoy, Mustapha Niasse, a government of national unity was formed. Economic developments in DRC since independence. The political chaos inn DRC up to 1965 did not favour any economic progress.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.886919052016005,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2166,
"token_count": 485
}
| 1,750,279,329.111705 |
In April 2002, through a power sharing agreement presided over by Thabo Mbeki and a UN envoy, Mustapha Niasse, a government of national unity was formed. Economic developments in DRC since independence. The political chaos inn DRC up to 1965 did not favour any economic progress. During theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 79 reign of the Belgians in Congo, no viable economic development was initiated. Little development was done in infrastructure in order to facilitate transportation of raw materials to the ports of Matadi etc. At independence, the country was faced with the problems of shortage of manpower, skills and entrepreneurship. When Mobutu took over, there was some slight economic progress. Transport and communication improved as more roads and railway were constructed to link major towns of Matadi, Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Kisangani. Navigation on the river Congo was improved, which led go expansion of mining and agricultural sectors. Mining of diamonds resumed after the turbulent years and resulted in reduced inflation. Mobutu encouraged foreign investment in the mining sector. However, the fall of world copper prices in 1970s again began to derail the economic growth in DRC. In the 70s, the government nationalized foreign firms employed inexperienced people to control them. In 197, Mobutu enacted a law that placed state finances and expenditure under him, thus reducing the flow of capital to the provinces. In 1976, he encouraged mutual cooperation between private firms and the government in the extraction of minerals such as copper, oil, diamond, cobalt and manganese in a bid to create employment opportunities. He also emphasized on diversification of the economy which greatly boosted food production. The entertainment industry has also grown to become an invisible export through repatriation of profits back home by the foreign based musicians. Energy supply has been increased through the construction of the Luga hydro-electric power station. Social developments and challenges in DRC since independence. Between 1961 and 1965, there was little improvement in the field of health and education in DRC due to constant power struggles and civil strife. When Mobutu took over in 1965, he strived to expand schools and universities. For example, by 1970, he had established three universities. He also improved on the provision of health facilities.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9044562772288505,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2422,
"token_count": 490
}
| 1,750,279,329.066267 |
When Mobutu took over in 1965, he strived to expand schools and universities. For example, by 1970, he had established three universities. He also improved on the provision of health facilities. He banned religious education in schools In 1971, attempted to revive indigenous culture through the Authenticity programme that involved renaming places that had foreign names. In the 1970 s, in an effort to improve the welfare of citizens, a national insurance programme was established. Mobutu also gave prominence to music as part of the Congolese curriculum. The independent government supported sporting activities through construction of stadium and other sporting facilities. However, living standards in Zaire continued to fall as health services, water and sanitation continued to be inadequate. The steady rise in population was without a commensurate growth of social services. In summary, the common challenges socially were illiteracy, extreme poverty, famineKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 80 and diseases caused by civil strife, massive unemployment, refugee problem and religious persecutions by Mobutu. Political challenges that the democratic republic of Congo has faced since independence. A There was general lack of preparedness of the people for independence. Foreigners controlled even the army and the police. B The assassination of Patrice Lumumba in 1961, which plunged the country into the Congo crisis. C Political instability military coup d tat. In November 1965, Mobutu organized a military coup. In 1997, Kabila ousted Mobutu d Ethnic differences tribal clashes civil wars, which split the country into two parts at independence. One controlled by Lumumba and another controlled by Kasavubu. E The problem of Secession. Secessionist movement of the Katanga region Shaba led by Tsombe and Kasai under Kilonji seceded. F Foreign interference intrigues. Belgium constantly interfered and intervened in Zaire s internal matters. France and Britain also began to interfere from 1977 during the cold war period. G Mutinies in the army were common. Economic challenges that Democratic Republic Of Congo D.R.C faced in 1970 s. a Corruption and mismanagement of the economy. Mobutu was the richest president in the world while Zairians became the poorest people in the world. B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.902413354107206,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2391,
"token_count": 509
}
| 1,750,279,329.161279 |
A Corruption and mismanagement of the economy. Mobutu was the richest president in the world while Zairians became the poorest people in the world. B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. By 1980, the country s currency was not worthy the paper on which it was printed. C There was also a problem of heavy foreign debt. The country was unable to service her debts. By 1980, Zaire had become the world s third biggest debtor nation. D There was a standstill in the economic activities and disruption of railway transport due to civil wars in the country and neighbouring Angola. E The period also witnessed fall in world copper prices and increase in oil prices f Lack of a sound economic policy TANZANIA. Political developments in Tanzania since independence. At the time of independence, Tanzania comprised of two countries. I.e. Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Tanzania became independent in 1961 under Julius Nyerere while Zanzibar became independent in 1963 under the Sultan Seyyid Abdullah. In 1962, Tanzania became a one-party state with a republican constitution and an executive president. Tanganyika African National Union TANU became the sole political party. On 22nd April 1964, Julius Nyerere and Sheikh Abeid Karume signed a union document. Nyerere became the executive head of state and government while Karume as the first vice-president. In 1967, president Nyerere adopted the ideology of African Socialism through the Arusha DeclarationKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 81 In 1972, the first Vice-president, Sheikh Abeid Karume, was assassinated. Aboud Jumbe succeeded him as Zanzibar s president and the vice-president of Tanzania. In 1973, the capital of Tanzania was transferred from Dar-es-Salam to Dodoma. In 1967, the ruling party in the Mainland Tanganyika-TANU and Afro-Shirazi Party in Zanzibar merged to form Chama cha Mapinduzi CCM . Nyerere became the party chairman. In 1978-1979, president Idi Amin invaded Tanzania to annex the Kagera Province, which he claimed, was a Ugandan territory. Nyerere swiftly repulsed Ugandan soldiers.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8896245068981705,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2105,
"token_count": 501
}
| 1,750,279,329.143262 |
Nyerere became the party chairman. In 1978-1979, president Idi Amin invaded Tanzania to annex the Kagera Province, which he claimed, was a Ugandan territory. Nyerere swiftly repulsed Ugandan soldiers. In 1985, Nyerere retired as president and was replaced by Ali Hassan Mwinyi who had succeeded Jumbe as head of Zanzibar and Tanzania s first vice president. In May 1992, Tanzania adopted multi-partism after the 8th constitutional Amendment Act. In 1995, Tanzania conducted the first multi-party election, where Benjamin Mkapa was elected president. Social developments in Tanzania since independence. The major highlight in the social development of an independent Tanzania was an attempt to create a classless society with e reduced gap, between the rich and the poor. Through the Ujamaa policy, president Nyerere tried to turn Tanzania into a country that had political and economic policies based on African traditions and aspirations. Under the policy, communal farms were created. Primary education was made free in 1977 and became compulsory in 1978. At present, Tanzania boasts of the highest number of literate persons in eastern Africa. Upto late 1980s, government provided free health services, until the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programmes by the Donor community. Kiswahili was adopted as a national language and a major medium of instruction in schools. Economic developments in Tanzania since independence. The main landmark in Tanzania s economic the launch of Ujamaa as a development policy in 1967 during the Arusha declaration.. Ujamaa was meant to transform production in rural areas and to increase labour productivity and even allow specialization introduction. The government nationalized all the major means of production and essential services in order to empower people economically. The Tanzam railway was constructed with the help of china and was completed in 1975. In 1976, cooperative societies were abolished and replaced with centralized corporations owned by the government. The period between 1979 and 1985 witnessed economic stagnation in Tanzania as investors pulled out of the country. The collapse of the East African Community also affected the economy of the country. After 1985, Nyerere s economic policies began to be challenged openly by scholars and economists When president Mwinyi took over, he undertook to reform the economy of Tanzania. Political challenges that Tanzania has faced since independence.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9036595054722335,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2467,
"token_count": 500
}
| 1,750,279,329.153516 |
The collapse of the East African Community also affected the economy of the country. After 1985, Nyerere s economic policies began to be challenged openly by scholars and economists When president Mwinyi took over, he undertook to reform the economy of Tanzania. Political challenges that Tanzania has faced since independence. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 82 a There was an Army mutiny in Tanzania 1964, which threatened her political stability. B The socialism policy The Arusha Declaration received stiff opposition from many both internally and externally. People favoured capitalism. C The assassination of Abeid Karume in 1972 and the resignation of Aboud Jumbe in 1984 appeared to threaten the unity of the two members of the Union Declaration. D The invasion of Tanzania by Uganda in 1978.and the consequent war with Uganda was costly to the country. It also threatened her cooperation with neighbours. E There was an escalation of corruption among leading members of Tanzania s political elite, including claims that President Hassan Mwinyi and his family capitalized on liberalization to amass a lot of wealth. F the re-introduction of multiparty democracy tended to awaken tribalism and regionalism although this problem was contained. Social problems, which Tanzania faced since independence. A Famine and shortage of health services as the government adopted the Structural Adjustment Policies of IMF. B Poverty and a general drop in living standards as production dropped due to socialism. C Lack of social amenities, like clean water in rural areas. D High illiteracy level. E Unemployment. In Tanzania, industries closed after the Arusha declaration. F Population explosion which outstripped the country s resources g Terrorism. Tanzania was under terrorist attacks in 1997 targeting the American embassy. H Environmental pollution. I Over-crowding in urban areas. Economic challenges. A In the early years of independence, the proliferation of African enterprises led to the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. B Under the ujamaa policy, the forced villagization programme did not satisfy communities in areas with favourable climate. They therefore strongly resisted it. C There was rampant rural-urban migration affecting mainly able-bodied men who felt exploited by the new system of production. D The abolition of cooperatives was met with stiff resistance with many farmers cutting down heir production.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9085179403929404,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2496,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,329.191034 |
They therefore strongly resisted it. C There was rampant rural-urban migration affecting mainly able-bodied men who felt exploited by the new system of production. D The abolition of cooperatives was met with stiff resistance with many farmers cutting down heir production. Other producers reverted to the black market. E The Tanzanian shilling became unstable due to price fluctuations of some commodities. F There was shortage of donor funds caused by the nationalization programme that was opposed by many donor countries. G The collapse of the East African Community in 1977 denied Tanzania a large common market for her goods SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES IN AFRICA IN GENERAL. Political challenges that have faced African countries since independenceKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 83 a The political systems that were inherited from the colonial governments seemed to be unworkable in many independent African states. B Sharp ideological difference arose among the pioneer leaders of African states. Such differences internally exploded into civil strife in countries like Mozambique, Angola and DRC. C The cold war had diverstating effects on Africa. It left many African nations divided and locked in border conflicts that continue up to date. D Political instability was quite common in African states. Coups d tat and military takeover was witnessed in Somalia, Zaire, Nigeria, Chad etc Human rights were violated with the rise of dictatorship. E There were strained relations between African leaders caused by personal and ideological differences. Some ended in border closure, which greatly undermined international cooperation. F Many national interests in Africa countries have been in conflict with global and continental interests. Nigeria and Zimbabwe, for example had to be expelled from the Commonwealth of Nations for alleged disregard of human rights and personal property. G Neo-colonialism. Most countries retain the colonial structures of parliament although they have difficulties in sustaining them. Multinational peacekeeping forces are still common in Africa, many African leaders inherited the divide and rule colonial strategy that precipitates anarchy. H The existence of different ethnic groups has contributed to ethnic wars as witnessed in Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Nigeria and Kenya. I Most African government seemed ill prepared and in experienced in administration. This resulted in rise of rebel movements, as was the case of Mozambique and Angola. Economic challenges facing independent African states today. A Unemployment and socio-economic inequalities both among individuals and between regions are common in may African nations.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.92175627294694,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2731,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,329.223178 |
This resulted in rise of rebel movements, as was the case of Mozambique and Angola. Economic challenges facing independent African states today. A Unemployment and socio-economic inequalities both among individuals and between regions are common in may African nations. B Overdependence on primary exports. The African economy is an extractive one rather than a manufacturing economy. Many countries depend on agriculture and foreign nations for manufactured goods. C World trade terms are not fair for African nations. Africa countries find themselves trading with former colonial powers that give low prices fort raw material from Africa and charge high process for the manufactured goods. D There has been the problem of unfavourable climatic conditions. This has curtailed food production, particularly among agricultural communities. E Population pressure has led to overstretching of social services. There is a high dependency ratio since the population is largely youthful and unemployed. F Poor economic planning. Some economic policies have destabilized the economies. For the Ujamaa policy in Tanzania, the expelling of foreign investors in Uganda and the massive printing of money in Zaire. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 84 g The tough conditions given by donor agencies have sometimes led to deterioration of social welfare. Retrenchment for example was a key prescription of the Structural Adjustment Programme. H Corruption and embezzlement of public funds is common in African countries. There is also general lack of transparency among many leaders. Social challenges that have faced African states since independence. A Inaccessibility to clean water by majority of the people. Most African peoples rely on water fetched from sometimes contaminated streams across long distances. B The challenge of HIV AIDS pandemic. This has had a toll on productive members of the society. C Poor housing facilities.. in urban areas, majority of the population live in slums without sanitation facilities. D The challenge of high population growth rate. This affects the quality of the services provided by governments. E Language problem. Language development and use has been a challenge in Africa. In many countries, conflict tends to arise over the language to adopt- local or the inherited one. F Religious differences. This challenge has been the main cause of the splitting of the once largest country in Africa-Sudan in 2011. The predominantly Christian southern Sudan has become the youngest African state thanks to religious differences. G Absence of practical systems of education. Many countries rely on theoretical education with little emphasis in technical skills.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9201469787312297,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2732,
"token_count": 510
}
| 1,750,279,329.252507 |
The predominantly Christian southern Sudan has become the youngest African state thanks to religious differences. G Absence of practical systems of education. Many countries rely on theoretical education with little emphasis in technical skills. DEVOLVED GOVERN MENT. Devolution This refers to the granting of power from the central government to a lower level such as a region or a local level. A Devolved Government is a system of government where there is a transfer or allocation of authority from a central government to a regional government. In a devolved government, power and resources are decentralized with part of the political and economic decision making transferred to the people through the locally established assemblies. Origin of devolution in Kenya. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 85 The Lancaster House Conference of 1962 forms the basis of devolution in Kenya. When the independent constitution was drawn during the conference, a federal system of government as proposed by the KADU delegates was adopted in Kenya. It made provisions for six regions. The legislature was to comprise two chambers the Senate or upper House and the Lower House However after independence in 1963, the Kenyatta Government began plans to scuttle the system of government. By December 1964, KANU and KADU merged to form a unitary government of the republic of Kenya. The enactment of the new constitution on 27th August 2010 reintroduced the concept of devolution in Kenya. Kenya is divided into 47 Counties each governed by A County Governor with the assistance of the County Executive Assembly. The National Government seats in Nairobi. To change County Boundaries, the Following must be considered; a Population density and demographic trends. B Physical and Human infrastructure. C Historical and Cultural Ties. D The cost of administration. E The Views of the communities affected. F The objectives of devolution of government. G Geographical features. Reasons why devolved governments were established in Kenya. A They were established as a means of promoting democratic and accountable exercise of power. B To Foster national unity by recognizing diversity. C To give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them. D To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development. E To protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalized communities.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9113959592957914,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2586,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,329.233328 |
C To give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them. D To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development. E To protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalized communities. F To promote social and economic development and the provision of services throughout Kenya. G To ensure equitable sharing of national and local resources throughout Kenya. H To facilitate the decentralization of State organs, their functions and services, from the capital of Kenya; i To enhance checks, balances and the separation of powers. Principles of devolution of government in Kenya. A County governments shall be based on the democratic principles and separation of power. B County governments shall have reliable sources of revenue to enable them to govern and deliver services effectively. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 86 c No more than two-thirds of the members of representative bodies in each county government shall be of the same gender. Structure and Functions of a county government in Kenya. The county government is composed of County assemblies, county executive committees and county public service. County Assembly in Kenya. A county assembly consists of Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election. Members of special seats no more than two-thirds of the membership of the assembly is of the same gender. Members of marginalized groups, including persons with disabilities and the youth. The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. Nb-The members for special seats and marginalized communities are nominated by political parties in proportion to the seats received in the election in a particular county. Conditions for seeking election to a County Assembly. A The person must be a registered as a voter in his her county. B The person must have been a Kenyan citizen for atleast ten years before the elections. C The person must be able to read and write in English and Kiswahili. D He or she must be of sound mind. E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party h If he she is an independent candidate, must be supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must not have been declared bankrupt.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9143033194195985,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2574,
"token_count": 507
}
| 1,750,279,329.277913 |
E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party h If he she is an independent candidate, must be supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must not have been declared bankrupt. J The person must not have served a sentence of imprisonment of more than six months. K Must not have been a member of IBEC within five years before the date of election. L The person must not have misused or abused a State or public office. Functions of a county assembly. A County assemblies make laws for the effective performance of the county government. B It acts as a watch dog over the county executive committee. C It receives and approves plans and policies for managing and exploiting the county s resources, d It approves policies for developing and managing the infrastructure and institutions in the county. E It enhances legislation that may set out the structure and framework for the better administration and management of county governments. F It approves oversight budgets and development projects within the county. G It approves investment decisions and loans. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 87 h It supervises other units within the county through political authority, guidance and direction. I Monitors the execution of projects under approved development plans, and assesses and evaluates their impact on development in the county. The process of law making in a county government. It is the duty of the County Executive committee, comprising of the governor, the deputy governor and ten other members to draft the details of the proposed legislation with no bias. The public servants in the county governor s office participate in preparation of the proposed law. The county executive committee then presents the proposed legislation to the county Assembly. The members of the county assembly are then free to make their contributions to the bill during the discussion and debate that follows. Amendments and improvements may be proposed to the bill at this stage. The recommendations are incorporated If the members are in favour of the bill, and if it is in conformity with the National Government legislation, then it is approved to become a by-law of the county government The structure of The County Executive Committee. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9174147061068634,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2614,
"token_count": 497
}
| 1,750,279,329.292517 |
The recommendations are incorporated If the members are in favour of the bill, and if it is in conformity with the National Government legislation, then it is approved to become a by-law of the county government The structure of The County Executive Committee. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor. Not more than ten other Members appointed by the County Governor, with the approval of the assembly, who are not members of the assembly. If the assembly has less than thirty members, the members should be One-third of the number of members of the county assembly. The county governor and the deputy county governor are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county respectively. Members of a county executive committee are accountable to the county governor for the performance of their functions and exercise of their powers. The members of the county executive committee cease to hold office once the office of the county governor falls vacant. Functions of a County Executive Committee. A It implements county legislation. B It implements, within the county, national legislation. C It manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. D It prepares proposed legislation for consideration by the county assembly. E It provides the county assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the county. Powers and functions of a governor in a county government. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 88 a The Governor is the chief executive officer of the county. The Executive Branch of government, headed by the Governor, includes executive departments and advisory boards. B The Governor is the Chairman of county executive committee. C he she is in charge of implementing , within the county, national legislation to the extent that the legislation so requires; d He ensures, through the county executive committee, the implementation of county legislation. E He manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. F He provides the county assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the county. G He appoints with the approval of the assembly members, members to the county executive committee. H He ensures that Members of a county executive committee perform their functions and exercise of their powers fully. I He handles on behalf of the county, all external affairs with other counties in consultation with the central government. Excluding any which have been delegated to cabinet secretaries. .
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9184085732909683,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2691,
"token_count": 496
}
| 1,750,279,329.308615 |
H He ensures that Members of a county executive committee perform their functions and exercise of their powers fully. I He handles on behalf of the county, all external affairs with other counties in consultation with the central government. Excluding any which have been delegated to cabinet secretaries. . J The Governor prepares and submits a budget of the county for the following fiscal year. K He sets the terms and conditions of service of persons holding or acting in public offices in the county. L By virtue of his office, the Governor serves on certain boards and special commissions in the county. The Governor chairs the Board of Public Works. Election of a county governor. The county governor is directly elected by the voters registered in the county at a general election for a term of 5 years. To be eligible for election as county governor, a person must be eligible for election as a member of the county assembly. Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. If re-elected, can serve for another final term of 5 years. Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. A County Governor can be removed from office under the following circumstances. A Gross violation of the Constitution or any other law. B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law. C When the governor abuses office or is accused of gross misconduct. D When he she suffers from Physical or mental incapacity that hinders performance of the functions of office. Functions of a deputy governor. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 89 a As the deputy chief executive of the county, he or she assists the governor in the management and coordination of the functions of the county administration. B He or she acts as the governor of the county when the governor is absent. C The deputy assists the governor in the supervision of work of the county executive committee. D Since he she is a member of the county executive committee, he participates in legislation by also preparing proposals for county legislation. E He assumes governorship of the county incase the governor is incapacitated or is removed from authority for various reasons. Functions and powers of a county government.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.912556080860437,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2386,
"token_count": 469
}
| 1,750,279,329.341127 |
D Since he she is a member of the county executive committee, he participates in legislation by also preparing proposals for county legislation. E He assumes governorship of the county incase the governor is incapacitated or is removed from authority for various reasons. Functions and powers of a county government. A County governments have the duty to assist in promotion of agriculture by initiating development in specific areas like crop and animal husbandry, livestock sale yards, slaughterhouses control of plant and animal diseases and development of fisheries. B It provides and supervises county health services, both public health and personal health of county members. C It assists in control of environmental pollution by putting in place legislation to regulate and control air pollution, noise pollution and outdoor advertising. D It promotes cultural activities, public entertainment and public amenities ion the county by putting in place structures such as libraries, museums, sporting facilities, casinos, beaches and county parks. E It has a duty to promote and regulate education at the pre-primary, polytechnic, craft and childcare levels. F It has a duty to develop transport facilities in the county through road construction, street lighting, developing ferries and harbours and parking areas. G The county government regulates county planning and development through land survey and mapping, boundaries, housing, electricity, gas and energy regulation. H It implements specific national government policies on natural resources and environmental conservation. I It also puts in place measures to control drug abuse and access to pornography. Relationship between national and county government. A Governments at either level must exercise their powers and functions in a manner that respects the functional and institutional integrity of government at the other level. B Each of the two governments must assist, support, consult and implement the legislation of the other level of government. C Either of the two governments must liaise with government at the other level for the purpose of exchanging information, coordinating policies and administration and enhancing capacity. D Governments at each level or different level should co-operate in the performance of functions and exercise of powers. E In any dispute between governments, reasonable efforts to settle dispute should be made. F County governments rely on Procedures provided under national legislation inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 90 settling intergovernmental disputes between them. G Parliament at national level has the role of ensuring that county governments have adequate support to enable them to perform their functions.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9224885576657117,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2777,
"token_count": 498
}
| 1,750,279,329.39214 |
E In any dispute between governments, reasonable efforts to settle dispute should be made. F County governments rely on Procedures provided under national legislation inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 90 settling intergovernmental disputes between them. G Parliament at national level has the role of ensuring that county governments have adequate support to enable them to perform their functions. H County governments must operate financial management systems that comply with any requirements prescribed by national legislation. I National government is permitted to take any measure on county government provided that Notice must be given to county government. J Where a county government is unable to perform its functions, or does not operate a financial management system that complies with national legislation requirements, the national government may intervene. Challenges facing county governments in Kenya. A County governments have inadequate funds. Some are located in areas of limited resources. This impedes provision of essential services. Some are too small to operate efficiently. B Corruption and misappropriation of funds is common in most counties. This is because those vested with the management powers do not have experience since the appointment of governors is through popular vote. C Rural urban migration is likely to generate population pressure in urban based counties like Nairobi city and Mombasa. Urban problems like mushrooming of slums, poor garbage disposal and insufficient sanitary facilities arise. D There is likely to be national government interference in the affairs and management of county legislation. This hinders free decision-making. E Election of ward members to manage ward affairs may hamper operations of the counties especially in legislation. Possible solutions to the challenges that may face county governments in Kenya. A The National governments through the Equalization Fund should be able to provide adequate financial support to County governments located in areas of limited resources. This will assist in provision of essential services. B Those counties that are too small to operate efficiently should be merged with others in terms of social service delivery. C There should be stricter vetting of candidates to vie for positions of county Governors and deputy county Governors in order the possible challenge of financial management and corruption. D Urban-based counties should be given more funding by the National Government to enable them solve urban related problems. E The National government should come up with means on how to curb Rural urban migration. This may be done through creation of employment generating opportunities in rural counties.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9248010371027675,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2774,
"token_count": 488
}
| 1,750,279,329.412714 |
D Urban-based counties should be given more funding by the National Government to enable them solve urban related problems. E The National government should come up with means on how to curb Rural urban migration. This may be done through creation of employment generating opportunities in rural counties. F The county governments, especially those that are in economically viable areas should be given financial autonomy and a free-hand in decision making, by the national government. PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA. SOURCES OF PUBLIC REVENUE. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 91 Public finance refers to revenue and expenditure of the national and county government. Principles that govern the use of public finance in Kenya. A The principle of openness and accountability. There shall be public participation in financial matters. B The public finance system should promote an equitable society, and in particular the burden of taxation should be shared fairly. C Revenue raised nationally should be shared equitably among national and county governments. D Expenditure of public finance should promote the equitable development of the country, including making special provision for marginalized groups and areas. E The burdens and benefits of the use of resources and public borrowing should be shared equitably between present and future generations. F Public money should be used in a prudent and responsible way. G There should be responsible financial management accompanied by clear fiscal reporting to ensure effective use of public funds. NATIONAL BUDGET. The national budget is a comprehensive statement that gives an estimate of public revenue, expenditure and financial plans for a given financial year for a government. Components of the national and county governments budgets in Kenya. A Estimates of revenue and expenditure, differentiating between recurrent and development expenditure. B Proposals for financing any anticipated deficit for the period to which they apply. C Proposals regarding borrowing and other forms of public liability that will increase public debt during the following year. The process of Budget preparation and implementation in Kenya. Three months before the end of each financial year, the head of each department or State organ submits estimates of revenues and expenditures for the following year to the secretary for finance. Two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet Secretary for finance submits to the National Assembly estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the national government for the following financial year.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9231429105174669,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2650,
"token_count": 480
}
| 1,750,279,329.37368 |
The process of Budget preparation and implementation in Kenya. Three months before the end of each financial year, the head of each department or State organ submits estimates of revenues and expenditures for the following year to the secretary for finance. Two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet Secretary for finance submits to the National Assembly estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the national government for the following financial year. He also submits a detailed national fiscal, monetary and development plan for a period of three years prepared by him in collaboration with the Secretary responsible for planning and national development. The estimates include estimates for expenditure from the Equalization Fund. The National Assembly then considers the estimates submitted together with the estimates submitted by the Parliamentary Service Commission and the Chief Registrar of the Judiciary. Before the National Assembly considers the estimates of revenue and expenditure, a committee of the Assembly will discuss and review the estimates and make recommendations to the Assembly. Committee makes its recommendations to the National Assembly. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 92 When the estimates have been approved by the National Assembly, there will be an Appropriation Bill, introduced into the National Assembly to authorize the withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of the money needed for the expenditure. The Appropriation Bill will not include expenditures that are charged on the Consolidated Fund. The process of Budget preparation and implementation in a county government. Further reading about this is encouraged. Sources of public revenue for national government in Kenya. Domestic Revenue Sources. These are the taxes levied on citizens, private and public organizations, foreign investors and business people. There are two main groups of taxes; 1. Direct taxes. 2. Indirect taxes. 1. Direct taxes. Income tax These are taxes derived from people s salaries in form of income tax. 2. Indirect taxes. These are taxes levied on goods and services but with parliamentary approval. They include; a Value-added tax; an indirect sales tax paid on specific goods such as sugar, bread, petroleum products, clothes, electronic equipment and motor vehicles. B Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc. C Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country. D Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee, tea, soda ash and pyrethrum which are exported.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9154466079259993,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2717,
"token_count": 504
}
| 1,750,279,329.4475 |
B Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc. C Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country. D Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee, tea, soda ash and pyrethrum which are exported. E Trading Licenses; f Sales Stamp Duty; on entertainment services, betting, casino and premium bonds. G Traffic Revenue tax; levied on various categories of traffic services. E.g., the Road Maintenance Levy, the driver s licence, Airport tax by air passengers. H Investment Revenue; earned from parastatal and other profit making bodies that remit profits through the treasury. I Loan interest receipts. Collection of taxes from parastatals like AFC, KTDA, KPC, NCPB and KCB. J Land Rates. K House rates. L Fees; paid in terms of timber levies, CO2 levies and mining fees. M Court Fines n Borrowing under laid down law or procedure . O Tourism fess External Revenue Sources There are two main sources of external assistance; 1. Bilateral Aid; where two friendly nations assist each other. E.g. Kenya and JapanKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 93 2. Multilateral Aid; many countries form trading blocs or global institutions like World Bank, IMF, European Union and commonwealth for this purpose. Sources of finance for county governments. A The main source of funding for many counties is their equitable share from 15 of the national budget. B Conditional and unconditional grants. Unconditional Grants are funds allocated by the national government without conditions regarding their use. Conditional grants are the funds allocated by the national government for funding of specific projects and programmes. They include; The Equalization Fund for provision of basic services like water, health services, electricity and roads in marginalized areas. The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose. D Borrowing, where the national government guarantees the loan or with the approval of the county assembly.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9038155136268344,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2385,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,329.434272 |
The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose. D Borrowing, where the national government guarantees the loan or with the approval of the county assembly. E Grants and donations Factors that determine equitable sharing of public finance. A The national interest. B Any provision that must be made in respect of the public debt and other national obligations. C The needs of the national government, determined by objective criteria. D The need to ensure that county governments are able to perform the functions allocated to them. E The fiscal capacity and efficiency of county governments. F Developmental and other needs of counties. G Economic disparities within and among counties and the need to remedy them. H The need for affirmative action in respect of disadvantaged areas and groups. I The need for economic optimization of each county and to provide incentives for each county to optimize its capacity to raise revenue. J The desirability of stable and predictable allocations of revenue. K The need for flexibility in responding to emergencies and other temporary needs. Regulations that govern imposition of taxes and charges in Kenya. A Only the national government may impose Income tax, Value-added tax, Customs duties and other duties on import and export goods; and excise tax. B An Act of Parliament may authorize the national government to impose any other tax or duty. C A county may impose property rates, entertainment taxes, and any other tax that it is authorized to impose by an Act of Parliament. D The national and county governments may impose charges for services. E The taxation and other revenue-raising powers of a county should not be exercised in a way that prejudices national economic policies, economic activities across countyKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 94 boundaries or the national mobility of goods, services, capital or labour. F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation. G If permitted, a public record of each waiver shall be maintained together with the reason for the waiver; and each waiver, and the reason for it, should be reported to the Auditor-General. H No law may exclude or authorize the exclusion of a State officer from payment of tax.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.914206169799432,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2559,
"token_count": 503
}
| 1,750,279,329.483636 |
F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation. G If permitted, a public record of each waiver shall be maintained together with the reason for the waiver; and each waiver, and the reason for it, should be reported to the Auditor-General. H No law may exclude or authorize the exclusion of a State officer from payment of tax. The revenue collected by the government is deposited into the following funds; 1. Equalization Fund; This is a Fund specially established by the National government, to provide basic services including water, roads, health facilities and electricity to marginalized areas to the extent necessary to bring the quality of those services in those areas to the level generally enjoyed by the rest of the nation. 2. Consolidated Fund; this is the fund into which all the money raised or received by the national government is paid. Money set aside by parliament for specific purpose and money set aside by state organs to take care of their expenses is however not deposited in this fund. 3. Contingencies Fund; this is a fund from which advances will be made if the secretary for finance is convinced that there is an urgent matter that needs funding and for which there is no other provisions. 4. Revenue Funds; this is a fund for each county into which all the money raised or received by the county government is paid. Expenditure of Public Revenue. There are two ways in which the national government spends its revenue. 1. Capital expenditure. The money set aside in the national budget for development projects. 2. Recurrent expenditure. The money used by the government to sustain and maintain the existing facilities. How the national government spends its money under recurrent expenditure. A The government remunerates its employees through regular payment of salaries and wages. B The expenditure is also used to maintain public property throughout the country by allocating necessary funds to roads, airports, colleges, school text book provision and bridge maintenance. C The money is also used to service debts from international donor agencies and local financial institutions. D The money is also used to contribute to regional and international organizations like COMESA, AU, UN and Commonwealth. E It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges. F The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 95 County government expenditure.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9090069803254489,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2554,
"token_count": 509
}
| 1,750,279,329.525999 |
E It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges. F The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 95 County government expenditure. County governments spend their monies in the following ways; a Provision of basic social services like water, health facilities, electricity and cemeteries. B The money from its recurrent expenditure is used to pay wages and salaries to its employees. C The counties spend their money to some extend to control air and noise pollution, and also on refuse removal and solid waste disposal. D Money is used to finance development of roads, parking facilities, ferries and street lighting, develop entertainment, sporting, trading and cultural facilities. E In repair maintenance and improvement of public facilities like roads, health facilities, markets, libraries, housing etc. F Some money is set aside as emergency utility for fire fighting services and disaster management. G The counties use their money to service the borrowed funds plus the interest accrued. H They also use money to provide early childhood education through development of nursery schools. They also develop village polytechnics and home craft training centres. Ways through which proper management of public finances by national government is ensured in Kenya. A Any national governments expenditure by state departments or state organs must be approved by parliament which acts as the public watchdog. B The controller of budget oversees the implementation of the national budget by authorizing legal withdrawals from public funds such as the equalization fund, consolidated fund and contingencies fund c The controller of budget submits to each house of parliament report on the implantation of the budget of the national government. D Where a state organ or any other public body fails to adhere to the laid down procedures of expenditure, the cabinet secretary for finance, with the approval of parliament, may stop the transfer of funds to the body. E There is constant auditing of accounts and financial records of all government and other public bodies. F Every public body has a n accounting officer who is accountable to the national assembly for the financial management of the public body. G The auditor general audits all accounts of all government and state organs. H The government has put up policies related to procurement which is supposed to be fair, transparent, competitive and cost effective. To regulate public procurement, various bodies have been set up.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9186913891676411,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2630,
"token_count": 501
}
| 1,750,279,329.51309 |
G The auditor general audits all accounts of all government and state organs. H The government has put up policies related to procurement which is supposed to be fair, transparent, competitive and cost effective. To regulate public procurement, various bodies have been set up. E.g the public procurement oversight authority PPOA , the public procurement administrative review board PPARB i The government has also imposed sanctions against contractors who fail to fulfil their contractual agreements either by failing to complete jobs or by doing shoddy work. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 96 j Sanctions are to be imposed against those persons who fail to pay their taxes, or engage in corrupt practices. K All government contracts are publicly advertised for awarding of tenders and awards. L The government established the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission KACC in 2004 which has the function of investigating corrupt cases in a non-partisan manner. Management and expenditure of public finances in county governments. A In every county, there is established a revenue fund where all funds, including the county s own revenues, transfers from national revenues, grants and borrowed funds are consolidated. B Money from this fund is only withdrawn following specific procedures authorized by parliament or by county laws. C County governments must operate financial management systems that comply with all requirements of national legislation. D The county assembly must vote on the budget and approve expenditure by various departments of the county. E The county treasury must seek quarterly approvals from the controller of budget for withdrawal from the revenue fund based on the needs of the county. F The accounting officer of a county organ or public body is accountable to the county assembly for the financial management of the public body. G Each county has a county accountant general who maintains financial records of all the funds withdrawn from the revenue fund, and expenditure incurred. H Apart from the internal audits in every county, the auditor general audits the accounts of the county governments and submits reports to the relevant county assembly. The controller of Budget. Role of the controller of budget. A He or she oversees the implementation of the budgets of the national and county governments. B He or she authorizes withdrawals from the public funds such as the Equalization, Consolidated and Revenue Funds. C he or she submits to each house of parliament, every four months, a report on the implementation of the budgets of both national and county governmentAuditor General.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9170440890695477,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2671,
"token_count": 507
}
| 1,750,279,329.50368 |
By elections in the event of resignation, death or resignation of a member of parliament. There are also local elections in which representatives of local authorities councillors are voted for are held every 4 years. The local authorities include the District Councils, London Boroughs, Metropolitan districts and Regional and island councils. In Britain, there are also euro-elections, first introduced in 1979, in which representatives to the European Union parliament are chosen.81 MPs were elected in 1979. Voter Registration. It is the local authorities that hold the responsibility of registering voters. Since 1948, a postal vote is possible for citizens who are away from their constituencies during the voting period, either on business or other reasons. The following categories of people qualify to vote in Britain; a British Citizens over the age of 18 years. B Citizens from commonwealth countries who have resided in Britain for periods stipulated by law. C Citizens of the republic of Ireland who have been residents for periods stipulated by law. The following are ineligible to vote in Britain. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 99 a Persons of unsound mind. B Convicts detained in a prison. C Persons convicted of corrupt or illegal practices in connection with elections cannot vote for five years from the date of conviction. D Adults whose names do not appear on the register of voters. E Peers or members of the House of Lords A candidate who wishes to contest for a parliamentary seat in Britain must fulfil the following conditions; a He she must be a British citizen or a common subject or a citizen of the republic of Ireland. B He she must be of a minimum age of 21 years. C He she must be nominated by a political party or be an independent candidate. The following are disqualified from vying for a parliamentary seat in Britain. A English Scottish peers who have the right to sit in the House of Lords. B Clergy of the Church of England, or the Church of Ireland, Ministers of the church of Scotland, and Roman Catholic priests. C Aliens. D Certified Lunatics. E Undisputed bankrupts. F Convicted persons. G Persons who have committed illegal practices during elections like corruption. H Members of the armed forces. Candidates vie for 650 parliamentary seats.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8996192820873542,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2345,
"token_count": 495
}
| 1,750,279,329.565527 |
G Persons who have committed illegal practices during elections like corruption. H Members of the armed forces. Candidates vie for 650 parliamentary seats. The candidates are either nominated by respective parties or stand as independent candidates and need not reside in the constituencies as long as they register as voters in that constituency. Once nomination of candidates has taken place, campaigns are allowed for two weeks before voting Each candidate appoints an election agent to manage the finances and protect the interests of the candidate during he campaign. The agent also explains the candidate s party policies and identifies party supporters within the constituency. He she familiarizes the candidate s name to prospective voters. Election officials work hand in hand with party agents during Election Day. Each candidate must deposit 500 sterling pounds with the registrar, which is returned in the event that the candidate garners over 5 of the total vote in the constituency. Elections in Britain are by plurality. Candidates who get the highest of votes win the elections. The party that secures most parliamentary seats is declared winner and is asked to form the next government. Emphasis is on number of seats not votes cast. The House of Lords members are drawn from people with high offices. E.g. bishops, distinguished scientists and artists, great sportsmen, retired judges etc Functions of Government in Britain. The British government operates around four basic institutions; a The Monarchy. B The Legislature. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 100 c The Executive. D The Judiciary. The Monarchy. In Britain, the Monarchy is represented by the queen. The Monarch assent to all legislations. The Monarch appoints the PM and approves the cabinet Other Functions of the Monarchy. A The monarch as head of state advises government b The monarch summons, prorogues and dissolve parliament in consultation with the Prime Minister. C The Monarch gives royal assent to bills passed by parliament to become law. D Management of the country s foreign policy including enactment of treaties. E It confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished services. For example, the peerages to become Lords or knights and will be referred to as LADY OR Sir f The Monarch approves appointment s to important state offices such as judges, senior members of the armed forces and civil service. G The monarch pardons and gives reprieve to people who have been accused of committing various offences.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9138533892632255,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2562,
"token_count": 504
}
| 1,750,279,329.575083 |
E It confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished services. For example, the peerages to become Lords or knights and will be referred to as LADY OR Sir f The Monarch approves appointment s to important state offices such as judges, senior members of the armed forces and civil service. G The monarch pardons and gives reprieve to people who have been accused of committing various offences. H The Monarch appoints Bishops and Archbishops of the Anglican Church. NB; At the beginning of each new session of parliament, the monarch addresses both Houses together in the House of Lords to mark the formal opening of parliament. In the address, the monarch outlines government proposed legislations for the coming session. Importance of the monarchy to the British people. A The presence of the monarchy helps to give some continuity to executive policy. B It inspires the head of government with a sense of responsibility and dignity. C It acts as a useful counsellor to the head of government. D It is the symbol of commonwealth unity. E It sets standards for social life. The presence of members of the royalty at the inauguration of scientific, artistic and charitable works ensures nationwide support. F The royal family pays state visits to foreign government and undertakes tours in other countries of the commonwealth, hence contributing to better understanding between Britain and other nations. The Legislature parliament. It is made up of the monarchy, House of Lords and House of commons. The following are ways through which one can gain membership to parliament in Britain; a Elections. B Nominations c Inheritance. D By Virtue of office. E.g. members of the House of Lords maintain their parliamentary seat whenever a new parliament is constituted. Parliament is a supreme institution in Britain. It passes changes or repeals laws without being vetoed by the courts of law. How parliamentary supremacy is demonstrated in Britain. A Parliament makes amends and abolishes laws. No other institution can do that. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 101 b Branches of government operate under the laws passed by parliament. Parliament is the supreme institution in Britain and all other institutions derive their power from it. C Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the executive. Has powers to remove any unpopular government from office. D It approves government revenue and expenditure.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9148727401026838,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2472,
"token_count": 502
}
| 1,750,279,329.607826 |
C Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the executive. Has powers to remove any unpopular government from office. D It approves government revenue and expenditure. It is the only institution empowered to approve government budget. E Decisions of parliament are binding to all. They cannot be overruled or nullified by a court of law. The House of Lords. Membership to The House of Lords is based on nomination by the monarch or by hereditary principle. Some membership is through holding senior positions within the Church of England Consists of 1200 members 800 of whom are heredity peers, 26 are Bishops and 21 are Lords of Appeal One can become a member of the House of Lords in the following ways; 1. Through nomination by the monarch. 2. When one holds hereditary parentage position. Normally the eldest male member of the family inherits the position. 3. Through holding some senior position in the society e.g. within the Church of England - Archbishop of Canterbury. Members of the House of Lords only receive sitting allowances. Only the Lords of Appeal receive annual salaries. Role played by the House of Lords in the British parliamentary system. A The house of lords checks the powers of the House of Commons and therefore prevents nasty legislation. Bills from the House of Commons have to go to the House of Lords for debate and approval. B It addresses non-controversial bills that the lower house has no time to address. C The house of lords holds bills from the lower hose long enough to seek public approval d The House of Lords questions ministers about the activities of government and stages debates on general issues of national policy. E It seats as a court of appeal for criminal cases. On such occasions , the court is presided over by the lord chancellor speaker of the house f It provides a forum for utilization of the talents of people who could not win a general election. These people are created peers by the queen and become members of the House of Lords. G It enhances unity in the country as newcomers are created lords by the queen and then become members of the House of Lords. H It provides continuity in operation of parliament. Old experienced peers retain their seats in the House of Lords until they die, so provide guidance to new and young politicians. House of Commons. It is the major legislative arm of the government. It comprises 650 elected members representing constituencies. The leader of the House is the P.M.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9074002302917965,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2490,
"token_count": 506
}
| 1,750,279,329.630781 |
It is the major legislative arm of the government. It comprises 650 elected members representing constituencies. The leader of the House is the P.M. The chief officer is the speaker who is elected at the start of a new parliamentary session. Functions of the House of Commons. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 102 a Discusses makes and amends laws. However, the monarchy and the house of Lords have powers to veto such laws. B Approves government revenue and expenditure. It controls finances. No taxes can be imposed without the consent of the House of Commons. C It has powers to pass a vote of No confidence in the executive Check the powers of the executive to ensure that the rule of law is maintained. D Debates on matters of national interest. E It directs government policy and keeps development programmes on track. F It is a training ground for future leaders. Factors which influence the activities of Parliament in Britain. A Members of the House of Commons must consider the moral values of the British society before making any decision. B Parliamentarians are always sensitive to public opinion because any unpopular government or party risks not being re-elected. C Local authorities are empowered to make by-laws even without consulting parliament. D Interests of the institutions under the spotlight are always taken into account before legislation is done in parliament. E.g. the Church, Universities, Farmers, trade Unions etc. E Legislation passed by one parliament can be changed by another future one. F International law is also taken into account when laws are made. NB; these are the factors that limit the parliamentary supremacy in Britain. The executive. The executive is made up of the Prime Minister, the cabinet and the civil service. The Prime Minister. Appointed by the monarch, being the leader of the political party that controls an absolute majority, He she is the Chief executive of the country. He performs the following functions; a Appoints and dismisses Cabinet ministers with the consent of the monarch. B He she recommends to the sovereign the appointment of senior civil servants such as the chief Justice, High Commissioners. C He she represents Britain in international fora. D He she controls the cabinet secretariat and oversees the execution of cabinet decisions by various departments. E He she is the leader of the party that nominates him her. F He she settles disputes between various departments. G He she is the leader of the House of Commons.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9110744129451854,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2551,
"token_count": 512
}
| 1,750,279,329.665364 |
E He she is the leader of the party that nominates him her. F He she settles disputes between various departments. G He she is the leader of the House of Commons. H He she initiates both domestic and foreign policies. The Cabinet. The cabinet is made of the ministers appointed by the P.M with the approval of the monarch and nominated from the party with the majority of seats. The cabinet performs the following functions; a The cabinet ministers institute policies that guide the operations in the various departments of the ministry. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 103 b Cabinet determines the policy to present to parliament for consideration. C Cabinet is responsible for the coordination of government activity. E.g. all ministers must implement cabinet decisions with regard to their department. The following conventions provide guidance on the operation of the cabinet; a Once a government is defeated, on a major issue or on a vote of no confidence, it is expected to resign. A government whose party is defeated in General elections is expected to resign. B The cabinet is drawn from the House of Commons and the House of Lords. C The entire cabinet comes from the same political party of majority seats except during a crisis like war. Since 1945, Britain has never embraced a coalition. D The advice offered by the cabinet must be accepted by the monarch, failure to which a crisis can occur. E All members of the cabinet take the Oath of the Privy councillors and are bound to Secrecy by this oath and the official secrets Act. F Members of the cabinet are collectively responsible for all decisions and actions as well as individually responsible of the departments they head. The Civil Service The British law stipulates the civil servants are servants of the crown. A civil servant is expected to non-partisan and to serve the government of the day without favour. Civil service staff does not change with change of government. Recruitment In the civil service is based on merit. Functions of the civil Service in Britain. A It implements ministerial policies as agreed by parliament. B It assists in formulation of policies and generation of policy proposals. C It manages government administrative machinery. D It carries out normal duties that public administration demands. Principles that characterize the British civil service. A The tradition of anonymity. Civil servants are taken to be carrying out the instructions of minister.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9130026545403742,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2506,
"token_count": 492
}
| 1,750,279,329.652004 |
Principles that characterize the British civil service. A The tradition of anonymity. Civil servants are taken to be carrying out the instructions of minister. Ministers get all the credit for all good, as well as censure for all that is criticized. B The principal of civil service impartiality. Those civil services are expected to serve whichever minister is in office without partiality. Senior civil servants are not permitted to take part in national politics except voting. C Ministers make policies and civil servants execute the policies. D The tradition of assumption that it is not the task of the civil service to initiate change or take responsibility for planning future lines of social and economic development. The Judiciary. The judiciary in Britain is based on the supremacy of the law. To safeguard the rule of law, the British Judiciary has an independent court system. How judicial independence is ensured in Britain. A The salaries of judges are not open to discussion by parliament. B Since 1701, judges have always bee appointed on good behaviour until retirement. C A Judge can only be dismissed by a resolution from both houses. The structure of the British Court System. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 104 Further reading encouraged components of the British constitution. E Statutes or acts of parliament e.g. act of union with Scotland of 1707. F Customs-the accepted traditions e.g. the first-born of the sovereign succeeds the king queen. G Law of precedence-judges applies accepted principles to new set of facts. H Custom of parliament e.g. the procedures of the two houses. I Historical documents e.g. the Magna Carta. THE USA The origin of USA dates back to 1776, when the thirteen British Colonies declared their independence from Britain. USA is a federal government, a form of representative democracy comprising a union of 50 states The adopted a new constitution in 1787 and has the following features. A It is Federal in nature. B A written constitution. C Bill of rights is contained in it. D The Supreme Court can only interpret it. E Legislature is Bi-cameral i.e. the senate the House of Representatives forming the congress two houses. F It caters for the separation of powers. G Does not provide for secession of a member state. H Federal government and individual states share power through their senators in congress i.e. in making laws.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9023233386288062,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2444,
"token_count": 511
}
| 1,750,279,329.68597 |
G Does not provide for secession of a member state. H Federal government and individual states share power through their senators in congress i.e. in making laws. I The president is the head of the federal government and governors are heads of state. J It is the supreme law of the land. K Amendment can only be done through a clearly laid down procedure. The electoral process in USA. There are three types of election held in USA. A The election of the president. B Congressional elections c The state election involving election of state governors and state legislatures. All candidates vying for various seats must be American citizens and must be residents in the area they aspire to represent Age limit is 25 years for the representatives and 35 years for the president. During the lection year party primaries are held between March and May to choose presidential candidates. Party conventions are held in July to confirm winners of the primary elections. Each presidential candidate picks a running mate who becomes the vice president if the presidential candidate wins. Presidential elections are held after every 4 years on 2nd November . The election of the president is determined indirectly by the Electoral College that comprises electors appointed by each state. When a presidential candidate wins the popular vote in a state, he automatically wins all theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 105 state s electors. Direct elections are done through popular vote of one man one vote. Senators and members of the House of Representatives are elected after every two years. Senators serve for a period of six years with a third of them elected after every 2 years. Members of the House of Representatives serve for four years and are elected on party basis. Each state elects 2 representatives to the senate making a total of 100 senators for the 50 states. Election of House of Representatives is on the basis of state population. For example, the largest state, California has 52 representatives while Wyoming, the smallest has only one representative. State governors and legislators are elected after every 4 years. Features of the US system of government. A The federal government is made up of the legislature, executive and the judiciary. B Each state within the federal government functions as a republic and enjoys equal status. C The federal government and independent states share the power of formulating and enforcing laws. D All states have their constitutions but they should not be contradicting to the Federal Constitution.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9060348464356005,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2593,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,329.709161 |
B Each state within the federal government functions as a republic and enjoys equal status. C The federal government and independent states share the power of formulating and enforcing laws. D All states have their constitutions but they should not be contradicting to the Federal Constitution. E The Supreme Court interprets the constitution. F The congress Senate and the House of Representatives is the body entrusted with legislative powers. G Senate membership is through popular vote of two members from each state for a period of six years. H The House of Representatives members are elected for a period of two years based on the size of the population. However, each state has to have at least one representative. I All treaties and appointments by the president have to be ratified by the senate. J Presidential vote must be supported by two thirds of the votes of the house. K The Supreme Court made up of the chief justice and eight associate judges heads federal judiciary. L The president appoints federal judges with the approval of the senate. M Courts in the judiciary include the court of appeal, the district courts and other special courts, all formed by the congress. N All criminal cases are handled in the courts except the cases of impeachment, which are voted by the house with the approval of the senate. O Foreign policy and Defence is the preserve of the Federal Government. Features of the state governments of U.S.A. a Each state has a governor. B Each state has a law court those carters for internal affairs. C Each state provides educational, health facilities and public amenities for the welfare of the residents. D Each state is responsible for its own development. E Each state generates its own revenue necessary for discharging its responsibility. F Each state has a bicameral legislature. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 106 g Each state has a state police that maintains law and order. Limitations of state governments in USA. A No state is permitted to enter any treaty, alliance or confederation with other states or countries. B No state may make her own currency. C States are forbidden, unless congress approves, to levy duties on imports or exports. D States are prohibited from maintaining armed forces. E States are prohibited from entering into any agreement with foreign powers or engaging in war. How the conduct of USA president is checked a The senate approves presidential appointees to executive positions.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.912474920469154,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2523,
"token_count": 507
}
| 1,750,279,329.725453 |
A He is the head of the federal government b He is the leader of the house to which he belongs. He can be either a member of the rajya sabha upper house or lok sabha.c As head of the council of ministers, the prime minister oversees the work o all the ministries.d Chairs cabinet meetings, which are normally held in the cabinet room of the prime ministers office.e Guides the president on appointment to the cabinet.f Participates in the law-making process as a member of the lok sabha. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 108 g The prime minister has traditionally been the minister-in-charge of the department of space, atomic energy and the ministry of personnel, public governance and pensions h Recommends persons for presidential awards.functions of the Electoral Commission of India.a Prepares electoral registers b Setting dates for polling.c Establishing and operating polling station.d Allocation party symbols.e Publishing electoral report.f Accepting or rejecting nominations as per the law.g Counting the votes.h Drawing constituency boundary. What conditions must one fulfill to be elected president in India a He she must be a citizen of India.b He she must have attained the age of 35 and above.c He she should not hold any office.d He she should be qualified to be elected as a member of the house of the people. The lok sabha functions of the cabinet in the government of India.a Formulation of policy issues affecting the management of the government of India.b Defends the government policy.c Ensures that the civil servants implement government policy.d Advises the president.e Gives approval to the budget and estimates of the expenditure.f The cabinet exercises general direction and control of government departments.
|
{
"source": "form-4-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.8982852099356955,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 1848,
"token_count": 396
}
| 1,750,279,329.738959 |
E Lack of store of value for some goods which cannot be stored for a long time since they are perishable. E.g. milk, vegetables. F Lack of measures of value; a specific quantity of goods cannot be measured vis- -vis other goods. Advantages of barter system. A Poor countries without adequate foreign currencies benefit from it by being able to exchange goods they have for what they do not have. B It benefits where money is non-existent. C It avoids wastage as demand and supply tend to equate. D It promotes interaction hence good relationship, peace and stability especially amongKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 3 traditional African societies. B Currency trade. This is a type of trade that involves the use of money. Money is an item that is mutually recognized as a medium of exchange or a measure of value. In the pre-colonial times items like Gold dust, cloth, copper rods, and iron and cowrie shells were used as a form of currency. Advantages of the use of money in trade. A Money is a medium of exchange- it is needed to obtain goods or services. B Money as a measure of value enables units of goods to be bought. A specific quantity of goods can be measured Visa- Vis other goods. C Money is a standard of deferred future payments which allows borrowing and lending to take place. D It is a store of value- one is able to defer satisfaction of a want to future times or make provision for one s want at a future date. E It is a means through which immovable property can be transferred. For example when one sells a house in one city to go and dwell in another. F Money as a unit of account is used as a calculating medium and assigning prices of goods and services. G Money is easily divisible into smaller units. For example, if a product is valued at a lower price, the buyer only pays the agreed cost. H The qualities of money and its functions overcome the difficulties of barter. Money however becomes valuable only when those using it have confidence that it will continue to retain its value during the period it is in possession. Technology today has made the use of currency easier. There is the use of Visa Card and Mobile money services like Mpesa and Airtel Money to carry out transactions.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9067333963398918,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2260,
"token_count": 494
}
| 1,750,279,329.774427 |
Money however becomes valuable only when those using it have confidence that it will continue to retain its value during the period it is in possession. Technology today has made the use of currency easier. There is the use of Visa Card and Mobile money services like Mpesa and Airtel Money to carry out transactions. Difference between barter trade and trade in which currency is used as a medium of exchange. A In barter trade goods are exchanged for goods in currency trade, there is use of money as a measure of value. B In barter trade depends on the existence of a double coincidence of needs but in currency method one meets his needs by the use of money. C Items used for barter trade are bulky some and inconvenient to handle-and others perishable. Money is not bulky. Local trade. This refers to the exchange of goods between people within the same geographical area such as a village or town. Origin of local trade. This form of trade took place between groups of people who produced different goods mainly because of varying ecological conditions. It was motivated by the following factors; a Existence of surplus production e.g. where some community s harvest was excess; they could sell the excess commodity to carter for shortages elsewhere and to avoid wastage. B Differences in climate and environmental conditions which affected the type of natural resources available in various places not all needs of a particular community can be satisfied by the resources available hence trade. The kikuyu of Nyeri had to go to MathiraKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 4 for their foodstuff requirements during drought periods. C Specialization and improved technology which always creates a need to exchange skills and goods with those who do not have. E.g trade between Mathira kikuyu cultivators and the Mukurwe-ini kikuyu ironmongers and weavers. Some even exchanged skills for money. D Population increase making man to begin to supplement his needs by trading with his neighbors. Sometimes, this trade extended even beyond the local community to the neighbouring community. The Abagusii, for example, acquired hides, milk, snake poison, and pottery items from their Luo Neighbours. Some seasonal markets emerged which enabled traders to meet and exchange goods on particular days of the week. Factors that facilitated development of local trade. A Availability of capital for investments in trade to generate more wealth. B Specialization and improved technology, e.g.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9172125163122525,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2521,
"token_count": 511
}
| 1,750,279,329.796487 |
Factors that facilitated development of local trade. A Availability of capital for investments in trade to generate more wealth. B Specialization and improved technology, e.g. specialization in production, in technology and in marketing. Sometimes people even exchanged their skills for money. C Demand and supply; the growing demand for goods and services was met by increase in supply. D Enterprise; many people began to take greater risk and invested more in trade. E Peace and stability. This enabled people to interact more and hence the growth and expansion of trade. Impact of local trade a There was development of market places which specialized in certain items like pottery, iron tools and baskets. Others specialized in livestock b Local trade helped to strengthen bonds between people in the same locality. It even enhanced intermarriages and other social functions. C Local trade satisfied the requirements of the communities in terms of tools, foodstuffs, medicinal herbs etc. D Local trade enhanced acquisition of new products that a particular community did not produce. E There was an improvement of transport routes. Some markets were strategically located along transport routes. F In centralized governments like Buganda, Bunyoro-Kitara, Mali, Ghana and Wanga, the local markets that developed due to the trade became important sources of revenue for the kingdoms. In Bunyoro-Kitara for example, the Omukama had officers whose duty was to collect taxes from the market places. G Many people were brought together through trade. In Bunyoro Kitara, communities like the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Basoga, Baganda, Kumani, Iteso and Banyankole interacted through trade. NB; the greatest danger to the local traders was that they risked being attacked by hostile communities and wild animals. Regional trade. This refers to a type of trade between two distinct geographical regions Characteristics of regional trade. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 5 It Takes place within a bigger geographical area. It Involves intermediaries or middlemen between producers and the buyers. The trade often covers long distances to and from the market. It involves people who specialize mainly in trade as their means of livelihood. Larger Varieties of goods are involved. In regional trade there existed established markets but goods did not have to be sold on a particular market days like the case of local trade.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9151446636392753,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2462,
"token_count": 497
}
| 1,750,279,329.810644 |
It involves people who specialize mainly in trade as their means of livelihood. Larger Varieties of goods are involved. In regional trade there existed established markets but goods did not have to be sold on a particular market days like the case of local trade. It also involved large volumes of trade as compared to local trade Examples of regional trade included; a The Trans-Saharan trade b The long-distance trade. The trans-Saharan trade Trans means across. This was therefore the exchange of goods across the Sahara between the peoples of North Africa Berbers and Tuaregs and the people of western Sudan the darkskinned people who occupy the region south of the Sahara The West African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana and Songhai were involved in this trade. Development of the trans-Saharan trade. 8th-16th c AD Factors that led to the development of the trans-Saharan trade. A Demand for West African good such as gold, slaves and kola nuts by the North Africans and for North African goods like horses, cotton cloth and weapons by the west Sudan people. B Existence of rich merchants in the region, such as the Berbers and Tuaregs, who provided capital for investment in the trade availability of capital. C Existence of Local trade in the western Sudan belt and among the barbers and Tuaregs provided a base for the regional trade. D Existence of the Tuaregs, who provided security to traders, guided them through the deserts and maintained some water points like the oases where the Berber merchants watered their camels and rested before continuing with their journey to and from western Sudan. E Availability of well established trade routes across the desert which made it easy for the traders to travel. F Existence of Kings in western Sudan like Mansa Musa of Mali and Askia Muhamed of Songhai who provided protection to traders, ensured peace and political stability. G Availability of pack animals like the camel and the horse which enabled easy movement through the desert. The camel could carry heavy loads and travel long distances without water. H Existence of oases which became a source of water during the travels, for the camels and the traders. I Invasion of North Africa by the Arabs and their eventual settlement led to increase in the volume of trade. J There were also vast trade goods like gold, palm oil and ivory. This stimulated the development of trans-Saharan trade. The trade goods in the trans-Saharan trade.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9157619889489869,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2466,
"token_count": 509
}
| 1,750,279,329.82833 |
J There were also vast trade goods like gold, palm oil and ivory. This stimulated the development of trans-Saharan trade. The trade goods in the trans-Saharan trade. From western Sudan;Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 6 a Gold- this was by far the most important commodity that originated from the wangara region, Bornu, Upper Senegal and upper Niger. B Slaves- they were forcefully captured and later used as soldiers and labourers in the Arab world. C Kola nuts and feathers. Monopoly of the Hausa traders from Kano region. D Hides and skins- from Hausa land for making leather clothing and shoes. E Ivory- originated from western belt mainly from cote d ivore. F Gum- from Mauritania and Senegal g Dyed cloth and pepper From the north. A Salt- from Taghaza, Taodeni, Bilma and Ghadames. B Horses- from Tripoli were on demand among the political leaders and their soldiers. C Glassware, beads, mirrors, perfumes, spices, dried fruits, needles, firearms, daggers and cowrie shells. Organization of the trans-Saharan trade. Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade was due to the fact that North Africa was rich in the salt that West Africa lacked while West Africa was rich in gold. The Trans-Saharan trade led to an exchange of salt for gold The trade was between people of the western Sudan and Arabs from North Africa. Because of the long distance involved, the traders had to organize themselves very well. Traders travelled in large caravans of camels and traders to enhance their security. The rich traders from North Africa initiated the trade. They provided trade goods, camels and horses to middlemen who coordinated the trade. The middlemen would contact desert guides known as takshifs who also acted as desert guards. They protected the traders and guarded the oases in the Sahara .The Tuaregs also provided the traders with security and acted as interpreters. The caravans usually departed from the north after the rainy season when sandstorms would subside for smooth travel. The traders made stops at the oases to refresh themselves and let their camels drink water. They carried gifts for leaders of the communities along the route to appease them and as reciprocation for security while traveling through their kingdoms.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9122320987654321,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2268,
"token_count": 496
}
| 1,750,279,329.865948 |
C Traveling under extreme weather conditions; too hot during the day and too cold at night. D Scarcity of water and food during the journeys. The traders suffered serious sickness due to such extreme weather variations. E There were constant Attacks by hostile communities who sometimes robbed them of their merchandize. F Traders were sometimes attacked by insects like scorpions and wild animals. G The traders sometimes suffered from Loss of direction due to the vastness of the desert. H Exposure to frequent sandstorms which killed many traders. I Sometimes wars between kingdoms disrupted trade. Impact of the trans-Saharan trade. Positive impact; a The trade stimulated the emergence of urban centres along the trade routes. Towns like Taghaza and Timbuktu developed due to the production of trade commodities like salt and gold respectively. B Profits from the trade stimulated the growth of strong empires as the kings levied taxes on the caravan traders. Examples of such empires include Mali, Ghana and Songhai. C Introduction of horses in the western Sudan belt led to strengthening of the state armies as horses were used by the armies to boost security in the region. D A class of wealthy traders emerged in western Sudan. These were mainly the local merchants who interacted with the merchants from North Africa. E The trade stimulated the emergence and growth of smithing technology and industry. F The trade led to the introduction of iron tools in wider areas of western Sudan. This boosted agricultural production in western Sudan and ensured food security in the area. G There was population increase in western Sudan due to increased food production as a result of better farming tools. H It also enhanced contacts between North Africa and the Sudan belt. This facilitated the spread of European goods and ideas between the peoples of the two regions. I The trade facilitated the spread of Islamic religion in the Sudan belt. For example, the Hausa traders were converted to Islam. J There was introduction of the Islamic system of education in the Sudan belt. The University of Timbuktu for example, teaching mainly Islamic syllabus, was one of the institutions that emerged as a result of the trade. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 8 k Sharia law was introduced in the states that accepted Islam in western Sudan. L The trade led to the introduction of the Arabic architectural designs in West Africa.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9164775333559362,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2470,
"token_count": 496
}
| 1,750,279,329.882225 |
The University of Timbuktu for example, teaching mainly Islamic syllabus, was one of the institutions that emerged as a result of the trade. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 8 k Sharia law was introduced in the states that accepted Islam in western Sudan. L The trade led to the introduction of the Arabic architectural designs in West Africa. M The Islamic and Arabic culture-language, mode of dressing and eating mannerisms also spread to western Sudan. N The mode of transport in the region was remarkably revolutionized by the introduction of camels and horses making transport efficient. Negative impacts; a The trade increased warfare in the region as communities gained access to firearms and horses. Thousands of people lost their lives. B Many people in the western Sudan belt were captured and taken into slavery to meet the demands of the trans-Saharan traders. C The demand for ivory also led to the destruction of wildlife in western Sudan. Decline of the trans-Saharan trade. The trade reached its climax at around AD 8th c. by 15th c, the trade had declined due to the following reasons; a Exhaustion of the salt and gold minefields as well as other like ivory. This discouraged traders from coming to West Africa. B Increased political instability in the region due to so many wars of conquest created insecurity to the traders. C The desert conditions e.g. harsh weather, dangerous insects, snakes and robbers discouraged many traders from the activity. D Invasion of the region by the almorarids and the Tuaregs increased insecurity even more along the trade routes. Hence traders discontinued their involvement. E Moroccan invasion of western Sudan in the 16th century undermined the trade. F The growth of the trans-Atlantic trade attracted some of the trans-Saharan traders thus reducing the volume of commodities that were sold. G Colonization of west and North Africa by Europeans who took over the resources hence African activities were undermined. H Invasion of North Africa by the ottoman Turks created insecurity along the caravan routes leading to decline of the trade. I Anti-slave trade pressure from the British and eventual abolition of slave trade reduced trade profits. J The establishment of commercial ports on the western African coast and the use of navigable rivers by the 16th century AD rendered caravan trade unpopular as it was slow, cumbersome and risky. International trade.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9113162208087098,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2463,
"token_count": 494
}
| 1,750,279,329.90348 |
I Anti-slave trade pressure from the British and eventual abolition of slave trade reduced trade profits. J The establishment of commercial ports on the western African coast and the use of navigable rivers by the 16th century AD rendered caravan trade unpopular as it was slow, cumbersome and risky. International trade. This is a type of trade that involves the exchange of goods between different countries in one continent or beyond the continent. Examples of international trade include a The Indian ocean trade b The trans-Atlantic trade. The trans-Atlantic tradeKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 9 The trans-Atlantic trade involved Europe, Africa and the Americas thus earning it the name Triangular trade. It was also called the trans-Atlantic slave trade because it involved crossing the Atlantic and the main commodity was slaves. The trade was fueled by the technological innovations especially in Spain and Portugal which facilitated sea transport. The trade happened at a time when the Europeans were keen on expanding overseas 15th and 16th c AD for the following reasons; a. They were searching for the sea route to India and Far East to get the spices and other commodities. The Turks had blocked the land route. B. The Europeans wanted to acquire gold and other precious items that believed to be in existence in Africa. C. The Europeans wanted to revenge against the Muslims who had colonized the Iberian Peninsula between 8th c and 1491 AD. D. They were motivated by the desire to spread their civilization to the backward areas of the world. E. European countries such as Portugal and Spain also wanted to increase their geographical knowledge. Origin of the trans-Atlantic trade. The exact date when the first slave was captured and sold was 1441 AD. Young Portuguese sailor named Ahtam Goncalvez captured a man and a woman on the Western Sahara coast whom he presented to Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese king, thus setting off a chain of reaction in the trade. The Portuguese built a fort on the Arguin Island on the coast of Mauritania in 1445 which was used as a base for buying slaves and Gold. The suppliers of the slaves at the fort were the Moors. The Portuguese ventured into the gold coast in search of gold in 1471. They built a fort at Elmina in 1482 The Portuguese then established trading contacts with the king of Congo who even accepted Christianity and Portuguese culture.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9046392901991621,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2452,
"token_count": 500
}
| 1,750,279,329.89208 |
The suppliers of the slaves at the fort were the Moors. The Portuguese ventured into the gold coast in search of gold in 1471. They built a fort at Elmina in 1482 The Portuguese then established trading contacts with the king of Congo who even accepted Christianity and Portuguese culture. He baptized his son Afonso Bemba Nzinga By 1500AD, the Portuguese established sugar plantations in the island of Sao Tome near modern Gambia. They relied on slave labour from Gambia. Development and organization of trans-Atlantic slaves. The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable three-legged trading pattern. European manufactured goods, namely cloth and metal wares, especially firearms, went to Africa where they were exchanged for slaves. The slaves were then shipped to the Caribbean and Americas from 1532 AD, where they were sold for cash or sometimes bartered for sugar or molasses. Then the ships returned to Europe loaded with American products European ports of Bristol, Liverpool and Glasgow in Britain, Bordeaux and Nantes in France, and Amsterdam in Holland were crucial in this trade. The forts that developed in West Africa due to this trade were Elmina, Lagos, Whydah, Accra, Badagri, Sekondi, Winneba, Goree and Dakar. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 10 In the 16th c, the Portuguese emerged as the main suppliers of slaves to Spanish colonies, having been granted special licences, asientos, by the Spanish monarchy African slaves were more preferred by Europeans because; a. They were available in large numbers. B. They were found to be cheaper to use than European labouerers and American Indians. C. They were thought to be immune to both European and tropical diseases. D. They appeared stronger and therefore suitable for manual labour. The Dutch were among the first European nations to compete the Portuguese in slave trade. For example in 1630, they wrestled the Elmina Fort from the Portuguese and captured Luanda in 1641. They were supplying slaves to new sugar plantations in the British Colony of Barbados and the French Caribbean colonies of Martinique of Guadalupe. The British and the French used merchant companies to conduct the slave trade having been motivated by the fortunes the Dutch were making. E.g, the Royal African Company was granted charter in 1672 and began taking colonies to the British colony in Jamaica.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9044224787447295,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2405,
"token_count": 505
}
| 1,750,279,329.966777 |
They were supplying slaves to new sugar plantations in the British Colony of Barbados and the French Caribbean colonies of Martinique of Guadalupe. The British and the French used merchant companies to conduct the slave trade having been motivated by the fortunes the Dutch were making. E.g, the Royal African Company was granted charter in 1672 and began taking colonies to the British colony in Jamaica. The original capture of slaves was almost always violent. As European demand grew, African chieftains organized raiding parties to seize individuals from neighboring societies. Others launched wars specifically for the purpose of capturing slaves Factors that facilitated the acquisition of slaves. A. Existence of the institution of slavery in West Africa where the war captives, adulters, witches, the weak, debtors and murderers were enslaved b. Availability of firearms to precipitate warfare and capture of the conquered as slaves. C. Existence of well defined trade routes easily used by the slave merchants to access the interior slave markets. D. The great demand for slaves in the New World Latin America and North America. Ways of obtaining slaves a Selling of domestic slaves in exchange for goods like beads, guns, glass etc b Selling of criminals, debtors and social misfits in society by the local chiefs to the Arab slave traders. C Prisoners of war could be sold off. D Porters were sometimes kidnapped, transported and sold off to the Arab traders. E Raiding villages, this would begin at night with gun shots and people would scatter consequently leading to their capture. F Through inter tribal wars many Africans become destitutes and these would be captured by the slave traders. G Tax offenders were sold off by the African chiefs. H They were also captured through ambushes during hunting, travelling and gardening. I Slaves would be acquired from the main slave trade market in Zanzibar. J Other Africans are also said to have gone voluntarily in anticipation of great wonders and benefits from the new world. Following capture, slaves were force- marched to the coast to holding pens where they were oiled and fed ready for inspection, before being loaded on ships. Prices of slaves depended on sex, age and size. The slaves were bartered for guns, alcohol, gun-powder, cloth and different metals.
|
{
"source": "form-2-history-book.pdf",
"file_type": "pdf",
"language": "en",
"quality_score": 0.9191155311999639,
"ocr_used": false,
"chunk_length": 2340,
"token_count": 469
}
| 1,750,279,329.958111 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.