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40704552 | Boundary layer that forms on a wedge
In fluid dynamics, the Falkner–Skan boundary layer (named after V. M. Falkner and Sylvia W. Skan) describes the steady two-dimensional laminar boundary layer that forms on a wedge, i.e. flows in which the plate is not parallel to the flow. It is also representative of flow on a flat plate with an imposed pressure gradient along the plate length, a situation often encountered in wind tunnel flow. It is a generalization of the flat plate Blasius boundary layer in which the pressure gradient along the plate is zero.
Prandtl's boundary layer equations.
The basis of the Falkner-Skan approach are the Prandtl boundary layer equations. Ludwig Prandtl simplified the equations for fluid flowing along a wall (wedge) by dividing the flow into two areas: one close to the wall dominated by viscosity, and one outside this near-wall boundary layer region where viscosity can be neglected without significant effects on the solution. This means that about half of the terms in the Navier-Stokes equations are negligible in near-wall boundary layer flows (except in a small region near the leading edge of the plate). This reduced set of equations are known as the Prandtl boundary layer equations. For steady incompressible flow with constant viscosity and density, these read:
Mass Continuity: formula_1
formula_2-Momentum: formula_3
formula_4-Momentum: formula_5
Here the coordinate system is chosen with formula_2 pointing parallel to the plate in the direction of the flow and the formula_4 coordinate pointing towards the free stream, formula_8 and formula_9 are the formula_2 and formula_4 velocity components, formula_12 is the pressure, formula_13 is the density and formula_14 is the kinematic viscosity.
A number of similarity solutions to these equations have been found for various types of flow. Falkner and Skan developed the similarity solution for the case of laminar flow along a wedge in 1930. The term "similarity" refers to the property that the velocity profiles at different positions in the flow look similar apart from scaling factors in the boundary layer thickness and a characteristic boundary layer velocity. These scaling factors reduce the partial differential equations to a set of relatively easily solved set of ordinary differential equations.
Falkner–Skan equation - First order boundary layer.
Source:
Falkner and Skan generalized the Blasius boundary layer by considering a wedge with an angle of formula_15 from some uniform velocity field formula_16. Falkner and Skan's first key assumption was that the pressure gradient term in the Prandtl "x"-momentum equation could be replaced by the differential form of the Bernoulli equation in the high Reynolds number limit. Thus:
formula_17
Here formula_18 is the velocity of at the boundary layer edge and is the solution the Euler equations (fluid dynamics) in the outer region.
Having made the Bernoulli equation substitution, Falkner and Skan pointed out that similarity solutions are obtained when the boundary layer thickness and velocity scaling factors are assumed to be simple power functions of "x". That is, they assumed the velocity similarity scaling factor is given by:
formula_19
where formula_20 is the wedge length and "m" is a dimensionless constant. Falkner and Skan also assumed the boundary layer thickness scaling factor is proportional to:
formula_21
Mass conservation is automatically ensured when the Prandtl momentum boundary layer equations are solved using a stream function approach. The stream function, in terms of the scaling factors, is given by:
formula_22
where formula_23 and the velocities are given by:
formula_24
This means
formula_25
The non-dimensionalized Prandtl "x"-momentum equation using the similarity length and velocity scaling factors together with the stream function based velocities results in an equation known as the Falkner–Skan equation and is given by:
formula_26
where each dash represents differentiation with respect to formula_27 (Note that another equivalent equation with a different formula_28 involving an formula_29 is sometimes used. This changes "f" and its derivatives but ultimately results in the same backed-out formula_30 and formula_31 solutions). This equation can be solved for certain formula_28 as an ODE with boundary conditions:
formula_33
The wedge angle, after some manipulation, is given by:
formula_34
The formula_35 case corresponds to the Blasius boundary layer solution. When formula_36, the problem reduces to the Hiemenz flow. Here, "m" ; 0 corresponds to an adverse pressure gradient (often resulting in boundary layer separation) while "m" ; 0 represents a favorable pressure gradient. In 1937 Douglas Hartree showed that physical solutions to the Falkner–Skan equation exist only in the range formula_37. For more negative values of "m", that is, for stronger adverse pressure gradients, all solutions satisfying the boundary conditions at "η" = 0 have the property that "f"("η") ; 1 for a range of values of "η". This is physically unacceptable because it implies that the velocity in the boundary layer is greater than in the main flow. Further details may be found in Wilcox (2007).
With the solution for "f" and its derivatives in hand, the Falkner and Skan velocities become:
formula_38
and
formula_39
The Prandtl formula_4-momentum equation can be rearranged to obtain the formula_4-pressure gradient, formula_42/formula_43, (this is the formula appropriate for the formula_29=1 and formula_28=2m/(m+1) case) as
formula_46
where the displacement thickness, formula_47, for the Falkner-Skan profile is given by:
formula_48
and the shear stress acting at the wedge is given by
formula_49
Compressible Falkner–Skan boundary layer.
Source:
Here Falkner–Skan boundary layer with a specified specific enthalpy formula_50 at the wall is studied. The density formula_13, viscosity formula_52 and thermal conductivity formula_53 are no longer constant here. In the low Mach number approximation, the equation for conservation of mass, momentum and energy become
formula_54
where formula_55 is the Prandtl number with suffix formula_56 representing properties evaluated at infinity. The boundary conditions become
formula_57,
formula_58.
Unlike the incompressible boundary layer, similarity solution can exists for only if the transformation
formula_59
holds and this is possible only if formula_60.
Howarth transformation.
Introducing the self-similar variables using Howarth–Dorodnitsyn transformation
formula_61
the equations reduce to
formula_62
The equation can be solved once formula_63 are specified. The boundary conditions are
formula_64
The commonly used expressions for air are formula_65. If formula_66 is constant, then formula_67. | 0 | null | 86 | null |
37853633 | Airport in Kazakhstan
Boraldai Airport (former name Burundai) () is situated within of Almaty, Kazakhstan. The owner of the airport is LLP "Altair Air". The airport is a main base for Kazakhstan airline Burundaiavia. The annual airshow of Kazakhstan takes place at the airport.
Facilities.
The complex includes: air terminal with an area of ; runway ; two taxiways and ; technical maintenance base with the area of ; apron and parking stands; railway stub station and the hotel. It is suitable for helicopters of all types, such as Mi-2, Mi-6, Mi-8, Mi-10, Ka-32 and light aircraft, such as An-24, An-26, An-30, An-72 and An-74. The territory of the airport area is . | 1 | null | 223 | null |
37853633 | Road in Kazakhstan
The A13 (before 2011 also known as P393) is a national highway in the northern part of Kazakhstan, that connects Kokshetau with Kazakhstan's border with Russia. After crossing the border with Russia, the highway continues to Omsk as P393. The highway is around long.
Since Soviet times it has sometimes been called Kokshetau — Omsk Highway. Today the highway stretches through two regions and ends at the Bidaik border checkpoint.
History.
Until 2011, the A-13 route was designated as P393.
Route description.
The A13 would go through the Kokshetau, Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions, running pass the districts of Zerendi, Taiynsha, Akzhar and Ualikhanov (Kishkenekol).
Attractions.
Kokshetau is a city with a population of 146 thousand inhabitants, located on the north of Kokshetau hills, on the southern shores of Lake Kopa and the southern edge of the Esil (Ishim) Steppe. | 2 | null | 148 | null |
37853633 | City in Akmola Region, Kazakhstan
Kokshetau (; ; Russian: , ; lit. 'Blue Mountain'), formerly known as Kokchetav (; ) between 1868 and 1993, is a lakeside city in northern Kazakhstan and the capital of Akmola Region. It stretches along the southern shore of Lake Kopa, lying in the north of Kokshetau Hills, a northern subsystem of the Kokshetau Uplands (Saryarka) and the southern edge of the Ishim Steppe. It is named after Mount Kokshe.
Kokshetau is the 17th-most populous city in Kazakhstan, the 4th-most populous city in northern part of the country, and the largest city in Akmola Region. It was the administrative center of Kokshetau Region (oblast) from 1944 to 1991 as part of the Soviet Union and from 1991 as part of Kazakhstan to 1997 when it was abolished. It is also situated at the junction of the Trans-Kazakhstan and South Siberian railways. Kokshetau lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. The climate of Kokshetau features hot summers and cold winters.
It has 176,849 inhabitants (2024 est.), up from 123,389 (1999 census), while Akmola Region had a total population of 738,587 (2019 est.), down from 1,061,820 (1989 census), making it the tenth most populous region in Kazakhstan. The city's history has been influenced by people of many nations and religions. Kokshetau retains multiethnic population, with 59% ethnic Kazakhs (up from 36%), the rest being mostly 28% ethnic Russians (down from 42%) and other ethnic groups such as Ukrainians, Tatars and Germans. Kokshetau City Administration (area of ), with a population of roughly 165,153 residents, includes one settlement administration (which consists of the work settlement of Stantsyonny) and the Krasnoyarsk rural district, which includes two rural settlements (the villages of Krasny Yar and Kyzyl-Zhuldyz).
The city is considered to have been founded in 1824 as a military fortress, while it was granted city status in 1895. It was the centre of Kokshetau Region, which was abolished in 1997. It is well known for its nature and tourist sites, such as Burabay and Zerendi, among others. The city's main football team is FC Okzhetpes. Kokshetau is about from Petropavl, northwest of the national capital Astana along the A1, from Omsk along the A13, and from Kostanay. The city is served by Kokshetau Airport (KOV). The akim (mayor) is from the Amanat Party.
Kokshetau is an important economic, educational, and cultural centre of the Akmola Region. Attractions in and around Kokshetau include Akmola Regional Museum of History and Local Lore, Bukpa Hill, Kokshetau City Park, Kokshetau City History Museum, Museum of Literature and Art. The northwest entrance to Burabay National Park () and Burabay spa town is a little over 43 miles (70 km) from Kokshetau. Kokshetau was awarded the title Kazakhstan City of Culture for the year 2021.
Names and etymology.
The name Kokshetau (; ) is of Kazakh origin literally meaning a (lit. 'smoky-blue mountain'), "kokshe" / "көкше", meaning (lit. 'blueish') and "tau" / "тау", meaning (lit. 'mountain') — the name of always turning blue, as if in a deep haze of mountains, thus "Blueish Mountain/Smoky-Blue Mountain" in English. That is how from ancient times Kazakhs were calling the highest mountain in Akmola Region "Mount Kokshe" (947 m), located 60 miles away from the city.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan declared its independence on 16 December 1991 (Kazakhstan Independence Day), and on 7 October 1993, by the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the city of "Kokchetav" (Russian: , ) was renamed to the more Kazakh sounding "Kokshetau" as part of the government's campaign to apply Kazakh names to cities, but the city's airport still retains KOV as its IATA code. In Russian it became known as Kokshetau.
Chronology of name changes.
Historically, several names in various languages have identified Kokshetau.
Physical geography and geology.
Location.
Kokshetau is located in the country of Kazakhstan and lies in the northern portion of Akmola Region. The city is located on the border of the West Siberian Plain, on the southeastern shore of Lake Kopa, at an altitude of 234 meters above sea level, in the Kokshetau Mountains, north part of the Kokshetau Hills, the foothills of which surround the city from the south and west. It covers an area of . It is located about north-west of the national capital of Astana.
The city lay along low hills and by a kidney-shaped lake. There are numerous hills in the vicinity of the city (Bukpa Hill). The city is located in the flat part of the interfluve of the Kylshakty river, flowing in the eastern part of the city, and the Shagalaly river, flowing from the western side of the city. The city has several parks and gardens. Also, within the city limits can be found small forests, mostly consisting of birches and pine plantations. The Kokshetau area is known for its two national parks, Burabay and Kokshetau.
The village of Krasny Yar lies adjoined directly to the west of Kokshetau, on the bank of the River Shagalaly. Also contiguous with Kokshetau, directly to the east, with no natural border, is the smaller village of Stantsyonny.
Nearby cities
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Nearby towns
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Nearby villages
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Time.
The time offset from the UTC used by Kokshetau is 5 hours after UTC, or codice_1. This is also used by all of Kazakhstan. This time apply throughout the year as Kazakhstan does not observe Daylight saving time (DST).
Climate.
According to the Köppen climate classification, Kokshetau lies in a cold semi-arid climate zone (Köppen climate classification: "BSk") with extreme continental influences. The city has an extreme continental climate with long, very cold, frigid, snowy, dry winters and warm, dry, sunny summers (featuring occasional brief rain showers). Winter is frosty and long (more than 5 months). In spring, prevails clear and dry weather, with a large number of sunny days. Autumn begins in August or September, and the weather is observed from clear at the beginning of the season, to cloudy in October–November. The average annual temperature in Kokshetau is . Summer temperatures occasionally reach 35 °C (95 °F) while −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F) is not unusual between mid-December and early March.
The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near , and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of . Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. July is the wettest month (averaging of precipitation) while March is the driest (averaging of precipitation). Yearly precipitation amounts to . Typically, the city's Lake Kopa and rivers of Kylshakty and Shagalaly are frozen over between the second week of November and the beginning of April.
Legal status and administrative-territorial division.
Kokshetau is the capital (administrative centre) of the Akmola Region (oblys, county, area). Kokshetau city administration (, ) (area of ), with a population of roughly 193,492 residents, includes one settlement administration and the Krasnoyarsk rural district, which includes two rural settlements, served by the city public transport system.
Kokshetau was the centre of a region covering seventy-eight thousand square kilometres of the Virgin Lands; it administered 15 agricultural districts and connected 4 other towns, 116 state farms, and 25 collective farms, and that region encompassed a population of more than 600,000.
Administrative districts and microdistricts.
Kokshetau is divided into seven administrative districts ().
"Listed alphabetically"
Districts.
Traditionally, Kokshetau was divided into seventeen administrative microdistricts () that today have no administrative function. These are administrative units that possess no independent governance structures. They are used for management of utilities and publicly owned housing.
Kokshetau includes the following microdistricts:
Authorities, local government and politics.
Kokshetau authorities.
The city administration and Kokshetau City Mäslihat is in the Kokshetau Akimat building on Mukhtar Auezov Street. Kokshetau City Mäslihat is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kokshetau Akimat. The Mayor of Kokshetau is Amanat Party member Bauyrzhan Gaisa.
The bodies of local self-government of Kokshetau are:
Regional authorities.
Most key buildings of the regional government are along Abai Street and Mukhtar Auezov Street. Abai Street is named after a Kazakh poet, composer and Hanafi Maturidi theologian philosopher Abai Qunanbaiuly. On the eastern side of Abai Street on Abylai Khan Square sits the Akmola Regional Akimat, in a modern cream and brown-toned building.
The bodies of local self-government of Akmola region are:
List of akims (mayors) of Kokshetau (1992–present).
The Akim (Kazakh: әкім, äkım) of Kokshetau is the chief authority in the city of Kokshetau. The position was established in 1992. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeing Kokshetau City Administration departments and serves as the chairperson for the meeting of the Kokshetau City Mäslihat. The mayor also functions to help devise long-term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of the city.
Politics.
The city council ("Kokshetau City Mäslihat") of Kokshetau is made up of 17 representatives that are elected every four years. The Kokshetau City Mäslihat governs the city alongside the Akim (Mayor). The 2023 local government elections for Kokshetau City Mäslihat in Kokshetau yielded the following results:
History.
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Historical affiliations
Omsk Oblast 1827–1838 ;br ;
∟ "part of the Russian Empire" ;br ;
Border control of the Siberian Kirghiz 1838–1854 ;br ;
∟ "part of the Russian Empire" ;br ;
Siberian Kirghiz Oblast 1854–1868 ;br ;
∟ "part of the Russian Empire" ;br ;
Akmolinsk Oblast 1868–1917 ;br ;
∟ "part of the Russian Empire" ;br ;
Alash Autonomy 1917–1918 ;br ;
The Ufa Directory 1918–1918 ;br ;
Russian Government 1918–1919 ;br ;
Kirghiz Territory 1919–1920 ;br ;
∟ "part of the Russian SFSR" ;br ;
Kirghiz ASSR 1920–1922 ;br ;
∟ "autonomous part of the Russian SFSR" ;br ;
Kirghiz ASSR 1922–1925 ;br ;
∟ "part of the Russian SFSR in the USSR" ;br ;
Kazakh ASSR 1925–1936 ;br ;
∟ "part of the Russian SFSR in the USSR" ;br ;
Soviet Kazakhstan 1936–1991 ;br ;
∟ "constituent republic of the Soviet Union" ;br ;
Kazakhstan 1991–present
Early history.
Kokshetau past incorporates all the main stages and turning points of the history of Kazakhstan. For many centuries, nomadic Kazakh tribes lived on the territory of the former Kokshetau Region. The territory of Kokshetau was part of the Middle Horde, the clans of the tribal union of the Argyns that occupied vast regions of Northern and Central Kazakhstan. In the 18th – 19th centuries, the headquarters of famous khans, such as Abylai Khan, Kasym Khan, Kenesary Khan, were located on the land of Kokshetau Region.
Foundation of Kokshetau (1824–1917).
As Russia's hand stretched southwards, Kokshetau was initially founded on 29 April 1824 as an administrative outpost at the foot of the southern side of Mount Kokshe on the shores of Lake Ulken Shabakty. The Middle Horde signed treaties of protection with Russia. The local population strongly opposed the fact that the new settlement was placed in the chosen place. In the summer of 1827, the district order was transferred to the new place where the city of Kokshetau is now located. The settlement began to be called Kokchetav. The construction of the settlement began at the foot of Bukpa Hill, on the southern shores of Lake Kopa, and a picket was set up to protect the district order.
By the middle of 19th-century, the population of the settlement was significantly increasing due to the migration of the peasants from Russia (Povolzhye) and Ukraine who were driven to migrate by starvation and poverty to farm the steppe. In 1868, when the Akmolinsk Oblast was formed, Kokshetau became a district city in this region, which further developed as a center of agricultural and animal husbandry and as a resort town. In 1876, the city lost its military significance. The line and fortress were abolished. In 1895, Kokshetau was granted city status. By that time the population in the town was above 5 thousand people.
Soviet era (1918–1991).
In 1928, Kokshetau District was divided into several boroughs and until 1944 Kokshetau's territory was part of Karaganda Region and later part of North Kazakhstan Region. On 16 March 1944, according to the Decree of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of Kazakh SSR, Kokshetau became the administrative center of the newly created Kokchetav Oblast. Relatively rapid growth and development of Kokshetau took place during the years of development of virgin lands, especially in the second half of the 1950s.
Fall of the Soviet Union and modern history (1991–present).
On 3 May 1997, Kokshetau Oblast was abolished, the city was deprived of the status of a regional center. On 8 April 1999, | 3 | null | 148 | null |
47584740 | Morris dancers from Watford, England
Woodside Morris are a UK Morris dance side based in Watford, Hertfordshire. The side dance Cotswold morris locally in the towns and villages around Watford, Rickmansworth, Hemel Hempstead and St Albans, and further afield at events and folk festivals across the country, as well as occasional trips abroad.
Origins of Woodside Morris Men.
Woodside Morris Men were formed in Finchley, North London. The name comes from the school at which the Phoenix Folk Club met, which happened to be situated in a part of Finchley known as Woodside Park. The decision to form a men's Morris side to perform the Cotswold dance traditions, along with a little Rapper Sword Dancing, was taken following the Phoenix club's 1956 Whit Monday tour. Previously the club had flirted with Morris as one of their many folk activities, but it was felt that the time had come for a permanent, dedicated Morris section.
Edmund 'Eddie' Reavell organised the new Morris club. Eddie would go on to become Squire of the side in the long term, but in seeking guidance for getting the club together, and developing a repertoire, he obtained the help of dancer and instructor, Bert Cleaver. Bert Cleaver took on the role of Squire during this formative time for the club, and under his eye, and the organisation of Eddie Reavell, the club gained members, produced a kit utilising a purpose designed tree emblem to reflect the name, and prepared to dance out in public. The first official meeting of the club took place in September 1956, and it was almost exactly a year later that they finally kitted up and danced in anger for the first time.
From the start, Woodside Morris Men adopted the profile of a team that would seek association with the Morris Ring - all male membership with officers and a constitution that reflected Ring policy. Fittingly then, it was a Morris Ring event at which they first danced; the association's 61st meeting, hosted by Thames Valley Morris Men, and based around Kingston upon Thames, London . Two years later, at the 68th meeting of the Ring, the side danced for the first time as members; the now Squire Eddie Reavell being presented with Woodside's staff of association by Ring Squire Jim Phillips .
The early years for the club were taken up with local social and community events, regular involvement with Morris Ring meetings, and privately arranged trips to various locations, though Deal, Kent was a particular favourite, in the company of Westminster Morris Men, and later joined by the Hammersmith Morris Men. at this time, there were a few dancers that were involved in just about all of these three side's at one time or another. Bert Cleaver had ended his direct association with Woodside when they reached the stage where they were ready to dance out, and subsequently became involved with a few other London sides, and would go on to become Squire of the Morris Ring. Another busy Morris Man was Hugh Rippon, who at that time was something of a Morris firebrand, being involved with all of these teams to some extent, and remains to this day an influential figure on the English folk scene.
Originally, Woodside Morris Men were intended to remain part of the Phoenix Folk Club, but discussion with a number of early members indicates that the link to the parent club was tenuous from the very start. If it were intended that the membership should originally be drawn from the Phoenix Club, then such expectations were sadly not met. In March 1965, Woodside Squire, Graham Wild, wrote a letter to all members of the team to inform them that, for one week only, the side would be meeting at the Railway Club, Watford, for practice, but not to worry, as practice would return to Finchley as soon as possible. As much as this may not have been an intentional first step away from the now only notionally parent club, as well as the area in which the club was formed, a page in the history of Woodside Morris Men had been turned, and there would be no going back. By July of that same year, meetings had been firmly established as taking place at the Railway's social club in Watford.
Life in Watford.
One of Woodside's members was an employee of British Rail, and also a member of their British Railways Staff Association, which had premises just off the St Albans Road in Watford. This member was able to arrange a favourable rate for using one of the rooms on a Wednesday evening, for reasons of practise.
As well as the side moving to the area for rehearsals, they also started to gravitate their other activities, such as feast evenings and days of dance, into the surrounding towns and villages.
At this time, Woodside were still very active in the Morris Ring, and the profile of events that were participated in was dominated by days of dance, and Ring meetings. The countryside surrounding Watford was ideal for hosting other teams for club events and the move to a more suburban area meant less competition from the wealth of London sides. Woodside became involved in local community events, even appearing at the assembly rooms of the Watford Town Hall, an internationally recognised recording venue for major orchestral and operatic projects. All this activity in and around the side's new home didn't prevent Woodside from continuing to dance at some of their old haunts in London, a legacy that is still apparent today.
Relationships changed with the London sides, which was as much to do the change in membership as it was to do with the change of base, and Woodside looked to form new bonds with teams based outside London. Just as the side were settling in comfortably to their new environment, disaster struck, albeit on a rather minor scale.
In 1969, having discovered that Woodside's British Rail employee member had long since parted for pastures new, the Railway Club decided that the accommodation agreement was no longer appropriate. Woodside Morris Men promptly found themselves without a home. A few new venues were tried stop gap, but eventually, by the end of the year, an agreement had been made with the Hertfordshire County Council Divisional Education Officer to set up camp on a long term base at Chater School, Watford.
The side moved on and it was business as usual, for a while, when the side moved to the Red Lion in Nash Mills, near Hemel Hempstead. This era saw a dwindling membership, which in turn led to a reduction in funds, which are usually raised through membership, collections at dance outs and fees for performances. It became difficult to maintain the side, culminating in the team failing to meet throughout the whole of 1973.
Throughout this period, it was down to the determination and correspondence of then Bagman Mike 'Lank' Broughton, that the team continued in even this notional form. Lank was a dancer of many years experience, he had seen William Kimber perform at the Royal Albert Hall, and had danced in Watford on the Queen's Coronation Day - though which Queen he has never disclosed. Lank had joined Woodside when they moved to Watford, and if it had not been for his involvement, it seems likely that Woodside's history would have ended c 1972. Having struggled to raise a side for a number of events in that year, there was no choice but to suspend activities until new membership could be found. Lank already had a plan that he suspected could change the club's current bad fortune, and although the side did not meet during 1973, the Bagman was not idle.
Lank's hard work paid off, and salvation came to the team, providing not only a new base of operations, but also a ready made pool of members.
The Pump House Theatre and Arts Centre.
In the early 1970s, the old Water Board buildings just off Watford's Lower High Street, which had fallen into disrepair following many years of sterling service, became the location of a local centre for arts groups. One particular group, which was particularly influential in the development of the Pump House Theatre and Arts Centre, as it came to be known, was the Watford Folk Club. Woodside's interest in the project, and willingness to become actively involved, created a link not only with the Pump House, where the side still meet today, but also with the Folk Club. What seemed a promising venue for the previously struggling side, also became the source of many new dancers. It had taken a lot of hard work on the part of Lank to negotiate a place at the Pump House, lobbying the committee throughout the preceding year to allow Woodside a home on Wednesday nights, and in the end a place was found - originally in a much smaller venue than the current Colne River Rooms - on the grounds that the side be associated with the folk club.
The new membership brought with it a slightly changed attitude to dance venues, and the frequency of dancing out. Where pub's had never been a deterrent to Woodside Morris Men, they now became the mainstay for performances. This was not a complete change in attitude - the tours, [Morris Ring] meetings, days of dance and feasts still remained part of the side's schedule - but the pub evenings became an opportunity to dance out more regularly, and to promote Woodside in the local area. | 4 | null | 187 | null |
49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V" is the fourth spin-off anime in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the eighth anime series overall. It is produced by Nihon Ad Systems and broadcast by TV Tokyo. It is directed by Katsumi Ono and produced by Studio Gallop. Its plot focuses on Yuya Sakaki. Yuya is a boy seeking to become the greatest entertainer in Action Duels who brings forth a new summoning method to Duel Monsters known as Pendulum Summoning. This season focuses on Yuya and his allies battling across the Xyz and Fusion Dimensions to end the Interdimensional War, as the truth behind the origins of the Four Dimensions is revealed.
Like the previous two seasons, there are four theme songs used for this season: two opening themes and two ending themes. From episodes 99-124, the fifth opening theme is by Unknown Number, while the fifth ending theme is by Kusoiinkai. From episodes 125–147, the sixth opening theme is "Pendulum Beat" by SUPER★DRAGON, while the sixth ending theme is by M!LK. However, From Episodes 148–149, The seventh opening was by Park-eung sik, while the seventh ending was by "Riho Lida". For the English dub version, the opening theme is "Can You Feel the Power".
The English dub premiered episodes in Canada and Australia on Teletoon and 9Go! respectively. In the United States, Nicktoons aired the season from January to December 2018.
Episode list.
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References.
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49102727 | Japanese anime television series
, stylized as Yu-Gi-Oh! GO RUSH!!, is a Japanese anime series animated by Bridge. It is the seventh spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and an interquel to "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens".
The series premiered in Japan on April 3, 2022.
Plot.
The series takes place an unknown amount of time in the past prior to the events of "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens". Yuga Ohdo, the creator of Rush Dueling in "SEVENS", got transported to Mutsuba Town during his final duel with Otes and began working at the fledgling Goha Company led by Yuna Goha to recreate Rush Dueling. Yuhi and Yuamu, twin co-owners of an odds-jobs business called UTS, meet an alien named Yudias Velgear who came to Earth to understand Rush Dueling to lead his people to a better future. As the trio work together, they eventually become entangled in the mysterious ongoing war of Yudias' homeworld and the consequences of Yuga's actions and presence in the past.
Media.
Anime.
On December 17, 2021, TV Tokyo announced that "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!" would premiere on April 3, 2022, on TV Tokyo and BS TV Tokyo, with key staff members from "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens" returning for their respective positions: Nobuhiro Kondo is directing the series at Bridge, Toshimitsu Takeuchi is in charge of series' scripts, and Kazuko Tadano and Hiromi Matsushita are designing the characters. From episodes 1-51, the first opening theme is (Mirage) by Frederic while the ending theme is "One Way" by Yūsuke Saeki. From episodes 52-102, the second opening theme is "Soul Galaxy" by BRADIO while the ending theme is "Cosmos" by Taichi Mukai. From Episodes 103 onwards, the third opening theme is by Masayoshi Oishi while the ending theme is by Ayaka Nanase. Until episode 127, "STAR RUSH" is replaced with by Ayaka Nanase starting with episode 128.
An edited English-language dub premiered in the United States on Disney XD on January 11, 2025.
Manga.
On March 3, 2022, it was announced that "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!" would be getting a manga in Saikyo Jump, written and illustrated by Sugita Naoya was released from April 4, 2022 to March 4, 2024.
Trading Card Game.
In the main-line card game, Illusion-type monsters were introduced in April 2023 with the release of the set "Duelist Nexus". No new summoning mechanics or Master Rules were added.
Rush Duels.
A new monster Type for Rush Duels was introduced with the advent of the anime, named Galaxy. It is used by the protagonist, Yudias.
In August 2022, a new mechanic for Rush Duels debuted in the anime, known as Equip Spells. They were later released in October. These function similar to Equip Spells from the main game.
Following a rule update in January 2023, unofficially called "Rush Master Rule 2", players are now allowed to use one Legend card per Card Type in a deck (one Spell, one Trap, and one Monster).
The Rush Duel format was added worldwide to "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Links" beginning September 28, 2023. A world based on "Go Rush!!" was added to the game in late 2024.
References.
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49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens" is the sixth spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the tenth anime series overall. It is produced by Bridge and broadcast on TV Tokyo. The series is directed by Nobuhiro Kondo. The series follows Yūga and his friends as they show off the delights of Rush Duels while under the watchful eye of the Goha Corporation that oversees the city. This season follows Yuga and his friends as they battle against the mysterious Goha Six Siblings, the true presidents of Goha Corporation. From episodes 53–92, the second opening theme is , performed by The Brow Beat while the second ending theme is "Never Looking Back", performed by Shizukunome.
Episode list.
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References.
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49102727 | Free-to-play, digital collectible card game
is a free-to-play, digital collectible card game developed by Konami for the iOS, Android and Microsoft Windows platforms, based on the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game". After an initial beta period, the game was first released in Hokkaido, Japan on November 17, 2016, and then released to the rest of the world on January 11, 2017. The Windows version was released worldwide via Steam and in Japan via Yahoo! Japan Games on November 17, 2017.
Plot.
"Duel Links" features characters from the entire "Yu-Gi-Oh!" anime franchise. Seto Kaiba has created a virtual reality "Duel World" in order to gather the best duelists so they can compete. Players first have the option to play as either Yami Yugi or Seto Kaiba. As they continue to win duels, other characters become unlocked, including the character the player did not choose at the beginning. The player can then unlock other "Duel Worlds" that incorperate other "Yu-Gi-Oh!" series into the game as they level up and progress throughout the game.
Gameplay.
The game uses a format known as "Speed Duels" which uses the rules of the trading card game with various modifications. Players have 4000 Life Points, the Main Phase 2 is removed, the number of Monster Zones and Spell/Trap Zones is reduced from 5 to 3, the Main Deck's size is reduced from 40-60 cards each to 20-30 cards each and the Extra Deck is reduced from 15 to 5 (although this number can be increased to 9 by completing certain missions), and players start with a 4 card hand instead of 5. Players can also use Skills that affect duels in various ways. These effects include but are not limited to adding cards to the hand or field, increasing monster stats, increasing life points, adding cards to the deck at the start of the duel, changing the player's starting hand, and revealing the contents of face-down cards. The winner of a duel either reduces their opponent's life points to 0, allows their opponent to run out of cards, or win under special conditions. Players are rewarded with experience points and various items after a duel, with more items earned from winning.
The game has the player in a hub where they can choose various NPCs to duel against. From here they can also access the Gate which allows them to duel against Legendary Duelists. The current stage the player is on will also be displayed. By completing missions within the stage, players can advance to the next stage which will gradually unlock more difficult opponents and Legendary Duelists at the Gate. Progressing in stages will allow the player to unlock Character Unlock Missions as well.
By completing Character Unlock Missions, players can unlock new Legendary Duelists to play as. Legendary Duelists are based on key characters from the Yu-Gi-Oh series, such as Joey Wheeler, Maximilion Pegasus, Chazz Princeton, and Dr. Vellian Crowler. Each Legendary Duelist comes with their signature card and unique skills.
New cards can be obtained for the player's decks from either Legendary Duelists, the in-game Card Trader using various items or from card packs. Card packs are purchased from the in-game shop using Gems. Card packs can also be purchased with real money via microtransactions. The possible contents of a card pack can vary depending on which BOX the player chooses to buy from. Each card has a probability of being pulled based on their rarity. Common N and R cards tend to have weaker effects, while rarer SR and UR cards have stronger effects. The card pool released at launch includes many cards recognizable from the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" anime. As more BOXes were added over time, the card pool expanded to include many cards from more modern "Yu-Gi-Oh" sets.
At launch, the game's original format did not include cards and mechanics related to Synchro, Xyz, Pendulum, and Link Summoning. Beginning in 2017 with the release of "GX World" based on "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX," every subsequent year has introduced a new "Duel World" with its associated Summoning mechanic or theme. "Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's" was added with Synchro Summoning in 2018 followed by a world themed after "Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions" in 2019, then a world based on "Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL" with Xyz Summoning in 2020, then "Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V" with Pendulum Summoning in 2021 and then "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" with Link Summoning in 2022 currently rounding up the current Master Duel animes. In 2023, Rush Dueling from "Yu-Gi-Oh! SEVENS" and its associated world was added into the game and was followed with a world based on "Yu-Gi-Oh! GO RUSH!!" in 2024.
The game also includes a PvP mode where players can duel in real-time with friends, as well as participate in random matches with players around the world. There is also a ranked ladder where players compete for rank and prizes including tickets which can be used to exchange for certain cards.
Special events often occur for a limited amount of time to provide variety and the opportunity to win rare cards and unlock new Legendary Duelists. These events typically have special opponents with goals and missions that must be completed in order to earn the rewards Cards and characters exclusive to events are usually made available outside of the event at a later date.
Characters.
The current roster of playable characters for the game consists of the original series, "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters", "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX", "Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's", "Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions", "Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL", "Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V", "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS", "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens", and "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!". These are the characters that can be currently unlocked by completing their character missions and special events in-game.
Yu-Gi-Oh!
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Yu-Gi-Oh! GX.
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Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's.
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Yu-Gi-Oh! The Dark Side of Dimensions.
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Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL.
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Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V.
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Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS.
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Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens.
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Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!
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Reception.
Several publications praised "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Links" for simplifying many of the rules of the traditional card game and making it very accessible to new players. AppCritic noted that it would also appeal to veteran players saying, "While this is not a full TCG experience, there’s still a good amount of depth and strategy involved for veteran "Yu-Gi-Oh!" players." Pocket Gamer praised the presentation of the game saying that "it's all presented in a way that is arguably better than the original anime, and there's even full voice acting delivered by the original voice actors. This not only creates an authentic feel that's second to none, but most importantly, it all adds to the nostalgia and immersion. Ultimately making the player feel like they have literally stepped into the world of "Yu-Gi-Oh!"."
The game exceeded 65million mobile downloads worldwide by March 2018, and exceeded 80million downloads across PC and mobile devices by 1 November 2018. The game has reached 100million mobile downloads worldwide, as of 2019[ [update]]. In addition, Steam Spy estimates the game to have more than 2million players on Steam.
The game grossed $ in 2016. In Japan, the game grossed ¥ in 2018 and ¥ in 2019, for a combined ¥ ($) in Japan during 2018–2019. In the first half of 2021, it grossed $, making it the top-grossing card battler mobile game during the period. In total, the game's known revenue during 2016, 2018–2019 and the first half of 2021 adds up to $.
In November 2020, Duel Links celebrated the milestone of reaching 5 billion duels.
In March 2022, Duel Links celebrated reaching 150 million downloads worldwide with more than 75 billion cards collected and 7 billion duels done by duelists across the world.
Languages.
The game supports established languages in English, French, Italian, German, Spanish (Spain), Portuguese (Brazil), Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Korean and Japanese. The dubbing voice supports English, Korean and Japanese. Typical for the main card game, but also for the first in an official "Yu-Gi-Oh!" product, the Russian language later also became available in 2020.
References.
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49102727 | Japanese anime television series
, stylized as Yu-Gi-Oh! SEVENƧ, is a Japanese anime series animated by Bridge that aired in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 4, 2020, to March 27, 2022. It is the sixth spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise, following "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" and commemorates the 20th anniversary of the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" anime series.
The series was succeeded by an interquel, "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!", which premiered on April 3, 2022.
Synopsis.
The series takes place in the futuristic town of Goha and stars Yuga Ohdo, a fifth-grade, elementary school student, who loves both inventions and dueling. Feeling that the current rules of the "Duel Monsters" card game are too stifling, Yuga successfully manages to install a new set of rules of his own creation known as "Rush Duel", allowing for more fast-paced and frantic dueling. The series follows Yuga and his friends as they show off the delights of Rush Duels while under the watchful eye of the Goha Corporation that oversees the city.
Media.
Anime.
"Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens" was first announced as a then-untitled new anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise on July 21, 2019. The series marked the second studio turnover in franchise history with Bridge taking over as head studio in animation production from Gallop, which oversaw every television series and films in the franchise since "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" in 2000. The series is being directed by Nobuhiro Kondo with screenplay by Toshimitsu Takeuchi and character designs by Kazuko Tadano and Hiromi Matsushita. It began airing in Japan on April 4, 2020, on TV Tokyo.
On April 28, 2020, it was announced that after episode 5, the remaining episodes would be delayed for five weeks due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. On July 10, 2020, it was announced it will be delayed again due to the aforementioned pandemic and resumed on August 8, 2020.
An edited English dub began production in early 2021, and premiered in the United States on Disney XD on June 6, and Hulu on June 7, 2022 to December 2, 2023. Three episodes were removed from the English version, leaving 89 episodes compared to the original 92.
Manga.
A comedy spin-off manga adaptation, titled "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens: Boku no Road Gakuen (My Road Academy)", written and illustrated by Megumi Sasaki launched in the September issue of "Saikyo Jump" on August 4, 2020.
Another manga adaptation, written by Masahiro Hikokubo and illustrated by Tasuku Sugie, titled was serialized in "V Jump" from September 19, 2020, to March 19, 2022. Shueisha collected its chapters in three "tankōbon" volumes, released from April 30, 2021, to May 2, 2022.
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Trading Card Game.
In the year that "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens" premiered, the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game" announced an update to the Master Rules, unofficially called "Master Rule 5". Effective April 1, 2020 in Japan and November 24, 2021 in North America, it is now possible again to Fusion, Synchro, or Xyz Summon directly to the Main Monster Zones without a required Link Arrow pointing to it. Pendulum and Link Monsters, however, retain their previous rules. Furthermore, several alterations to card rulings were made to the OCG, exclusively.
Rush Duels.
No new card mechanics were introduced into the main card game. Instead, a new format separate from the main game was introduced exclusively for the Japanese and Korean market named Rush Duels. Normal Summoning is unlimited, though Tribute Summon rules for Level 5 or higher monsters still apply. All card effects are "soft" once per turn, meaning a card's effect can be used once per copy. If a player can summon or use another copy of the same card, they may use its effect again. Card effects are now sectioned into "Requirement" and "Effect" boxes for easier reading. Players can only use cards designed for Rush Duels, which have a special frame and a "RUSH DUEL" tag at the bottom of the card. Rush Duels also uses its own exclusive card pool with many cards not found in the main game. Certain imported cards from the main game are known as "Legend Cards". Each player is allowed up to three Legend Cards in their deck, one of each type of card (monster, spell, trap).
Although the physical card game for Rush Duels is exclusive to the Asian markets, the format had been made available worldwide on digital formats through the Western release for the game "Yu-Gi-Oh! Rush Duel: Dawn of the Battle Royale!!". The format was also added to the global release of "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Links" starting in September 2023.
Reception.
Mellisa Camacho gave a mixed review of the series for Common Sense Media, giving the series a rating of 3 out of 5 stars, and writing that younger kids "may find what's happening a little confusing at times" but the anime is "lively enough to be entertaining."
References.
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49102727 | The following is a list of characters from the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" anime series, "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!".
Voiced by: John Patneaude
The main protagonist of the series and an alien from Velgear VIII of the Velgear Star Cluster. He was forced to flee his home and learn about Rush Dueling, which he believes can lead his friends and comrades to a new future. In the second season, after ending the war within his homeworld, he returns to Earth and faces off against the new leaders of MIK; Phaser Ryugu and Tremolo Ryugu, and later on, Kuaidal Velgear, the first Velgearian created by The Creator. In the third season, he faces off against the Dark Matter Empire led by his ally Yuamu Ohdo, then Yuhi Ohdo after he became "Otes" due to Yuamu's actions before facing off against Otes in the Sengoku era.
After defeating Kuaidal, the latter vanishes but later revives within Yudias' body, becoming his partner and giving him the ability to Ritual Summon.
Voiced by: Paul Castro Jr.
Yuamu's older twin brother who works for UTS under Yuamu. He believes a mysterious substance, Earthdamar, was stolen from him by aliens, and has been searching for the aliens ever since to retrieve it. Both he and Yuamu are Yuga Ohdo's ancestors.
In the third season, Yuhi uses the "Monster Reborn" card and Dark Power to erase his memories and become "Otes" to ensure that Yuga Ohdo's future comes to pass. He then attempts to use Yuna Goha's Time Machine to enter Yuga's era. However, he is ultimately defeated by Yudias and he loses his Dark Power after ending up in the Sengoku era due to Yuna's Time Machine, returning to his former self.
Voiced by: Michelle Jin
Yuhi's younger twin sister and the president of UTS. Both she and Yuhi are Yuga Ohdo's ancestors. In the finale of the second season, Yuamu experiences the memories of her descendant Yuga Ohdo and resolves to become "Otes" to ensure that Yuga's future takes place. However, she is defeated by Yudias after she took over for Yuga in the final Duel, before then sending Yuga back to his timeline.
In the third season, she goes missing after disappearing in a dark storm and she later appears in the Dark Matter Space surrounded by the deceased Velgearians. Yuamu uses the Dark Power of the Dark Matter Space to become the Dark Meister, creating the Dark Matter Empire and eventually becoming the main antagonist of the third season. She planned to obtain "Monster Reborn" to erase her memories and become Otes. However, she ultimately fails in her efforts when Yuhi becomes Otes instead. After Yudias defeated Yuhi-Otes, Yuna's Time Machine activated and she was sent to the Sengoku era, she seemingly lost her Dark Power.
Voiced by: Barrett Leddy
He is in charge of MIK's Mutsuba Town branch, dedicated to cracking down on aliens who come to Earth without proper authorization, and is partnered with Nyandestar, who he makes daily rounds with. After Phaser Ryugu takes over MIK in the second season, Maddox joins forces with Yudias, Yuamu and Yuhi. He is confirmed to be Gavin Sogetsu's ancestor.
Voiced by: Blythe Melin
An alien from the Velgear Star Cluster. He was Yudias' superior officer and disappeared in battle but reappears on Earth with an interest in Rush Duels and in Yuhi's Earthdamar.
In the second season, Zuwijo later vanished from existence due to the Velgearians reaching the end of their lifespan, although he was revived within the Dark Matter Space during the third season before joining the Dark Matter Empire. He later rejoined Yudias and his allies after Yuhi became Otes.
Characters.
UTS.
The Ultraterrestrial Tracker Squad / , or UTS for short, is a corporate entity run by Yuamu and Yuhi that specializes in getting rid of troublesome aliens. Most of the characters working for UTS resemble many of the side characters from "Yu-Gi-Oh! SEVENS" and it is implied that they may be their ancestors.
Voiced by: Mitsuki Nakamura (Japanese); Michael Silberblatt (English)
A veteran member of UTS and is the primary caretaker of Yuhi and Yuamu.
Voiced by: Yusuke Saeki
A veteran member of UTS and was formerly employed as an animation director.
Voiced by: Rei Miura
A veteran member of UTS.
Voiced by: Rie Kawamura
A veteran member of UTS, serving as the seamstress of the company.
Voiced by: Mari Uchiyama (Japanese); Diana Huey (English)
A veteran member of UTS.
Voiced by: Chado Horii (Japanese); Danny Kramer (English)
A veteran member of UTS.
Voiced by: Ryo Takizawa (Japanese); Kevin K. Gomez (English)
A veteran member of UTS, specializing in urban rumors.
Voiced by: Tomohiro Shiozaki (Japanese); Bryson Baugus (English)
A veteran member of UTS and the caterer of the company.
The Secrecy.
The Secrecy / , or MIK for short, is a corporate entity that cracks down on aliens that have come to Earth without proper authorization. They are also responsible for monitoring aliens that live on Earth in designated areas.
Voiced by:
The commander of MIK, spearheading a crackdown on aliens and their associates in Mutsuba Town.
Voiced by:
A Special Enforcement Officer of MIK, working directly under his older brother Phaser.
Voiced by: Yuna Kamakura
Serving as the head of the MIK headquarters, Ranran surveys the Alien Residential Area.
Voiced by: Kendell Byrd
An alien from Pawtner, Nyandestar inadvertently ends up in Mutsuba Town after her planet is attacked by The☆Lugh, where she and London devise a plan that leads her to join MIK and become Manabu's partner.
Voiced by: Enako
A prison guard for MIK who was promoted due to her mimicry abilities.
Voiced by: Takuto Yoshinaga
He resembles Booster Page and works for MIK, claiming to be Number One in the Astral Observation Division.
Voiced by: Takako Tanaka
Henry's younger sister.
Voiced by: Taichi Kusano
Henry's younger brother.
Voiced by: Aoi Ichikawa
A humanoid alien who, along with his partner, Damas, takes on the identity of a prophet known to the public as .
Rovian Bandits.
The Rovian Bandits is an organization of ruffians who strike terror into the aliens in the underground sector of the Alien Residential Area.
Voiced by: Tomori Kusunoki (Japanese); Abby Espiritu (English)
The queen of the Badloon Castle and the leader of the "Rovian Bandits". She later becomes an ally of Yudias, Yuamu and Yuhi during the second season. She seems to be Romin Kassidy's ancestor.
Voiced by: Kazuki Furuta (Japanese); James Brown Jr. (English)
Initially introduced as Manya's manager, London is later revealed to be a member of the Rovian Bandits. He seems to be Roa Kassidy's ancestor.
Voiced by: Kanon Takao (Japanese); Hayden Daviau (English)
The current president of Goha Company, who was reported missing in the Alien Residential Area by London, who hires UTS to find her. Alongside Asaka Mutsuba and Yuga Ohdo, Yuna helped to recreate Rush Dueling in the series.
In the second season, it is revealed that Yuna has romantic feelings for Yuga. When Kuaidal Velgear created the Kuaidal Spacetime, Yuna imagined a married life with Yuga but was left deeply affected when it was revealed to be fake. This ultimately drives her into a dangerous obsession with Yuga as she desires to enter the future and be with him regardless of the consequences. To this end, in the third season she forms a brief alliance with Yuamu and the Dark Matter Empire to transform Goha Company into Goha Corporation and later to create a Time Machine with the help of Yuhi when he becomes Otes. However, she betrays her former friends to use the machine for her own desires to be with Yuga. After entering the machine, her fate remains unknown.
Voiced by: Daisuke Nagumo (Japanese); Mark Lee (English)
A self-proclaimed student of noodle dipping, Menjaburo was reported to have gone missing after his encounter with Yuna, only to be revealed that he is directly under her employment.
Voiced by: Tomoya Yamamoto
A freelance journalist who covers exclusive news of Mutsuba Town, Netsuzo is approached by Yuna to join the Rovian Bandits in their pursuit for the underground Space Treasure.
Voiced by: Taku Yashiro
Also commonly known as . A ruler from the Arctic Nebula, his ship emerges beyond the Solar System and approaches the Earth. He is a minor antagonist of the first season, but later becomes an ally in the second season. He is implied to be Lucidian "Luke" Kallister's ancestor.
Voiced by: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka
He serves The☆Lugh, acting as his chief of staff. He is seemingly Nail Saionji's ancestor.
Voiced by: Ryota Iwasaki
One of the servants of The☆Lugh, participating in the Friendship Rush Duel Tournament.
Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa
He is responsible for the creation of the Velgearians and their endless war. It is later revealed that he is Otes’s Earthdama that was separated from Otes after his battle against Yuga Ohdo in the end of "Yu-Gi-Oh! SEVENS". After The Creator created Kuaidal Velgear, the first Velgearian, the latter absorbed The Creator into his heart to prevent him from leaving. As Kuaidal has since fused with Yudias, The Creator's fate remains unknown.
Voiced by: Subaru Kimura
The first Velgearian created by The Creator and thus the artificial blueprint for the entire Velgearian race. He was one of the main antagonists of the second season. He wishes to enjoy Rush Dueling before the end of his lifespan. As a result, he used various methods to achieve this goal by creating the distortive "Kuaidal Spacetime" and using "Darkness" cards to manipulate other characters. He is ultimately defeated by Yudias and fades from existence.
In the third season, Kuaidal revives within Yudias and becomes his partner, showing the ability to switch places with him. However, Yuna Goha eventually separates Yudias and Kuaidal in order to gain the latter's knowledge of time travel for her time machine. Whilst within Yudias' body, Kuaidal also discovered the power of Ritual Summoning and passed this technique down to Yudias.
Voiced by: Yūko Natsuyoshi
A Velgearian from the Velgear Star Cluster and one of Zuwijo's servants, being his self-proclaimed right-hand woman.
Voiced by: Tarusuke Shingaki
Commander of the Dudi Fleet in the Dudi Ducasse Star System.
Voiced by: Kengo Kawanishi (Japanese); Mike Liscio (English)
An alien who comes to Mutsuba Town, and has a connection to Yuhi, having been the alien who stole his Earthdamar.
Voiced by: Shin Yuki (Japanese); Seth Fuentes (English)
An alien who comes to Mutsuba Town, and is described as having a "strong obsession".
Voiced by: Takuma Nagatsuka
An alien currently in Manya's care, who initially came to Mutsuba Town to eliminate the Sogetsu Clan, until he had a change of heart after coming in contact with Manabu.
Voiced by: Yū Kobayashi (Japanese); Alice Himora (English)
An alien who works for Zuwijo.
Voiced by: Takaya Kuroda
An alien from the Jersey Devil Planet, currently residing in the Alien Residential Area of Mutsuba Town alongside his younger brothers.
Voiced by: Yusuke Tonozaki
An alien from the Jersey Devil Planet, currently residing in the Alien Residential Area of Mutsuba Town alongside his brothers George and Ofuruno.
Voiced by: Kyohei Natsume
An alien from the Jersey Devil Planet, currently residing in the Alien Residential Area of Mutsuba Town alongside his George and Jouge.
Voiced by: Kenji Nojima (Japanese); Henry Mason (English)
A Skyfish alien made up from multiple consciousnesses who reside in the Alien Residential Area of Mutsuba Town, and operate under the identity of the Informant.
Voiced by: Tatsuyuki Kobayashi
A Velgearian from the Velgear Star Cluster and one of Zuwijo zir Velgear's servants, tasked with infiltrating MIK and stealing the Earthdamar.
A Chapeau Alien, a type of parasitic alien that lives on the heads of humanoid aliens, who when with his partner Nomura takes on the identity of a prophet called .
Voiced by: Shūichirō Umeda
He owns a delivery service that is known throughout space for its speed and is from a family of that can transform into swords and hunt space dragons.
Voiced by: Minami Takahashi (Japanese); Jennifer Silverman (English)
The president of the Mutsuba Heavy Machinery and the de-facto leader of Mutsuba Town. Asaka, along with Yuga Ohdo and Yuna Goha, was responsible for the creation and distribution of Rush Duels. In the third season, Asaka constructs a mask based on Otes' mask as part of her plan to become Otes to ensure that Yuga's future happens, but her plan is foiled by Yuhi when he becomes Otes.
Voiced by: Hina Kino
Yuhi's Earthdama, having eventually gained free will after being extracted from his body and manifesting a physical body for themselves, and they are sought by Zuwijo as part of his plan to win the war in the Velgear Star Cluster.
Voiced by: Shota Hayama
A citizen of Mutsuba Town with a fascination towards rock balancing and tends to be confused for an alien.
Voiced by: Kentarō Kumagai
The host of Mutsuba Cable TV.
Voiced by: Saki Yasui
The only camera operator of Mutsuba Cable TV.
Voiced by: Rio Suzuki
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49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" is the fifth main spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the ninth anime series overall. It is produced by Gallop and broadcast by TV Tokyo. The series is directed by Masahiro Hosoda. The series follows Yusaku Fujiki and takes place in a high school environment in Den City. The series features Charisma Duelists who use VR and are similar to YouTubers. The show's theme is "Let's take one step forward and try it!" This season focuses on Yusaku and his allies having to battle Ai, who turns against them and attempts to seize control of SOL Technologies for his own plans. This season uses two theme songs. From episodes 104 to 120, the opening theme is by Kimeru, while the ending theme is by BiS.
The English dub of the season aired in Canada on Teletoon (episodes 104-108) from January 31, 2021 to February 28, 2021.
first premiered in Australia on 9Go! (episodes 109–120) from August 27, 2021 to September 13, 2021
Episode list.
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References.
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49102727 | The following is a list of characters from the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" anime series, "Yu-Gi-Oh! Sevens".
Voiced by: Bryson Baugus
An enthusiastic fifth grader that tinkers with machines and makes up new rules, which applies to the making of Rush Duels. He became the true King of Duels after defeating both Luke and Otes. After defeating Otes, both he and Yuga disappear into the past alongside Kaizo for two years before returning; Yuga also appears in "Yu-Gi-Oh! GO RUSH!!" and ends up recreating Rush Duels in the past during the time he was missing in space.
Voiced by: Matthew Gumley
An aspiring lad, who aims to become the "King of Duels" by partaking in Yuga's Rush Duels. He has an alleged "power" that triggers a Pauli effect, causing machinery to temporarily shut down.It was later found out it was a watch his grandfather gave him that has the ability to cause machines to shut down.
Voiced by: Barrett Leddy
An adamant, disciplined member of the student council of Goha 7th Elementary.
Voiced by: Abby Espiritu
A guitarist of the "RoaRomin" band, who takes an interest in duelling after receiving a card from a musician she admires.
Voiced by: Kazuki Furuta (Japanese); James Brown Jr. (English)
Romin's cousin and leader of the "RoaRomin" band. He became Yuga's rival early in the series after spying on him to learn about Rush Duels, but later became his friend.
Voiced by: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka (Japanese); Y. Chang (English)
The overseer of Goha Duels, and steals the data of Kaizo to aid in his efforts to erase Rush Dueling. He is also the first known person to Maximum Summon.
Voiced by: Minami Takahashi (Japanese); Jennifer Silverman (English)
The heir to the Mutsuba Heavy Machinery company, which helped construct Goha City, and the leader of the Heavy Cavalry Duel Club, to the extent that she has power over the entire school.
Voiced by: Grace Choi
The student council vice president who assists Gavin with the student council's duties and enforces discipline at Goha 7th. Rino's twin sister. She's in love with Yuga.
Voiced by: Chiaki Kobayashi (Japanese); Evan Maltby (English)
The student council secretary who assists Gavin with the student council's duties and enforces discipline at Goha 7th. Rayne's twin brother. He's devoted to Gavin.But we actually see she was working for nail and quit then between the rush deul tournament arc she came back and left again.
Voiced by: Kevin Cutliffe
One of Yuga's friends.
Voiced by:
One of Yuga's friends.
Voiced by:
The Newspaper Club's head.They were criticizing rush deuls in the yuga 7 newspapers until he deuled and he saw how fun rush deuls were.
Voiced by:
The Newspaper Club's interviewer.
Voiced by:
The Newspaper Club's photographer.
Voiced by: Takuma Nagatsuka (Japanese); Marc Thompson / Henry Mason (English)
Mimi's son and though he loves Rush Duels, this brings him into conflict with his mother.
Voiced by: Saeko Kamijo (Japanese); Cat Protano (English)
Lucidien's older sister, and the president of the Concert Band Club. She's Asana's childhood friend.But they separated because of a feud involving luke himself when they were kids thinking asana abandoned her in the search for the missing luke.
Voiced by: Caleb Yen
A fifth grader from Goha 3rd Elementary who loves ramen and dreams of creating new rules that fuse ramen and Dueling together one day.In the goha siblings arc in season 2 when yuga made the app that makes up several deuling systems Saburaman made Ramon deuling.
Voiced by: Ryōta Ōsaka
The leader of the Washing Club. He works for Nail Saionji and he's the weakest member of the Garden of Curiosity.He cheats in deuls and it was shown in several deuls.
Voiced by: Yuki Sakakihara
A sixth grader at Goha 2nd Elementary and the Dueling & Dinosaur Research Club president. In season 1 his club and yugas friends were looking for a deuling kaiju but when he wanted to get it for himself he thought it was then selfish and his grandad wouldn't do that so he stopped and learnt his lesson.
Voiced by: Risae Matsuda
A student at Goha 2nd Elementary and a member of the Dueling & Dinosaur Research Club. His called tracker because he can sense artifacts or things by sneezing.
Voiced by: Ryōta Suzuki
A student at Goha 2nd Elementary, and is the Dueling & Dinosaur Research Club vice-chairman.
Voiced by: Makoto Furukawa
The captain of the Goha Aquatic Elementary ship and a Fisherman Duelist.
Voiced by: Mitsuki Nakamura (Japanese); Michael Silberblatt (English)
The tactical advisor of the Heavy Cavalry Duel Club.
Voiced by: Yugo Sato (Japanese); Robb Morelia (English)
A member of the Heavy Cavalry Duel Club, and is constantly accompanied by Pidgetrap, his pet pigeon.
Schubel's pet pigeon and is considered a Tactical Advisor of Goha 6th Elementary's Heavy Cavalry Duel Club.
Voiced by: YouthK Saeki (Japanese); Nicholas Corda (English)
The former president of the Student Council at Goha 6th Elementary, who holds the "Dark Rush Duel Tournament" in defiance of the Heavy Cavalry Duel Club's stance on Rush Duels.
Voiced by: Chitose Morinaga (Japanese); Daisy Guevara (English)
An "assassin" who works for Goha 6th Elementary's Heavy Cavalry Duel Club, though she claims to be from the Shiatsu Nether-Empire.
Voiced by: Chado Horii (Japanese); Danny Kramer (English)
The mechanic of Goha 6th Elementary's Heavy Cavalry Duel Club.
Voiced by: Sara Matsumoto
She works with Jango and Genri in the Student Council.
Voiced by: Yoshiki Nakajima (Japanese); Billy Bob Thompson (English)
He works for Nail Saionji and is the president of the Duel Mad Scientists.
Voiced by: Takuto Yoshinaga
The president of the Duelstronauts.
Voiced by: Kentaro Kumagai (Japanese); Zachary Owen Turner (English)
A member of the Duelstronauts.
Voiced by: Sara Matsumoto (Japanese); Laurie Hymes (English)
A member of the Duelstronauts.
Voiced by: Ayaka Takamura (Japanese); Christina Costello (English)
Rayne and Rino's cousin, she is the President of the Battle Bug Club, and she's Yuga Ohdo's childhood friend.
Voiced by: Yuki Yonai
A student at Goha 4th Elementary and the President of the Zombie Duel Club.
Voiced by: Hajime Shacho (Japanese); Brent Mukai (English)
The mysterious president of Goha Enterprises and subsequently the de facto ruler of Goha City. The stress of his job eventually gets to him, and he is discarded by the President Drone.
Voiced by: Hajime Shacho (Japanese); Brent Mukai (English)
It assists President Goha in running the Goha Corporation, as it has done with many past presidents of the company. It was created to help the substitute Goha President while the Goha 6 were in space.
Voiced by: Rio Suzuki (Japanese); Anjali Kunapaneni (English)
The Number 6 among the "Top of the Hexagon", the six executives of the Goha Enterprises, and she is sent to Goha #7 Elementary undercover as a transfer student to investigate Rush Dueling. Mimi aspires to ascend to the rank of Goha President. Mimi is demoted for her failure to keep her fellow Tops in check when they attempted to fire Nail. However, she discovers the Goha President after he collapses and becomes the new President after being chosen by the President Drone. She is evicted from her position after the return of the Goha 6. In the end of the series, she becomes the Vice-President of Goha Enterprises.
Voiced by: Mari Kawano
Machines which control the duel rules. They have different colors and shapes.
Voiced by: Mateo Ervin
The main antagonist of the series, who is an official that works in the Development Department of Goha Corp where he created the Sevens Roads series and gave them to Yuga when he was a child. He is also known as the , an urban legend in Goha City challenging duelists to test them to see if they're worthy to be known as the 'King of Duels'. He formed a faction with Celestia Noodlina, Terra Kneedalina, Prioria Sweedalina, Oceania Illumilina, Ghostia Taxilina, Konvoy Sagawa, and President Drone.
In the series finale, Otes is defeated by Yuga and disappears into space alongside him; he doesn't return two years later leaving his fate unknown. Otes' identity and face is never revealed in the series; in the following series, "Yu-Gi-Oh! GO RUSH!!", which is set in the past, Otes' identity becomes a significant plot point as several characters eventually attempt to become Otes to ensure the timeline of "SEVENS" takes place. Otes is later revealed to have survived his final Duel against Yuga and ended up in the Sengoku era, recreating Rush Duels in that time period.
Voiced by: Yōhei Tadano (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (English)
A Goha Corporation Drone, specifically a massage chair drone, who serves as Nail's butler and throne. After Nail was defeated, he was assigned to aid Yuga and his friends. Nail fixed him after his duel with Terra Kneedalina.
Voiced by: Chitose Morinaga (Japanese); Daisy Guevara (English)
She resembles Celestia and Terra, and claims to have come from an ancient civilization, though she works as an announcer for the Goha Corporation during the Goha Rush Duel Team Battle Royal, though her true masters are Goha 66.
Voiced by: Jouji Nakata
He leads the organization of the same name; Goha 66, and is plotting to take control of the Goha Corporation.
Voiced by: Chitose Morinaga (Japanese); Daisy Guevara (English)
She resembles Celestia, Terra, and Prioria; she replaces the latter as an announcer for the Goha Rush Duel Team Battle Royal after her departure back to the past.
Voiced by: Takuya Eguchi (Japanese); Alejandro Saab (English)
A Turbo Duelist and the eldest of the Goha 6. He also one of the six true presidents of Goha Corporation and a student of Goha Space Elementary.
Voiced by: Masaki Yano (Japanese); Glen Feinstein (English)
He describes himself as a "Maritime Duelist" and he is the second-eldest of the Goha 6. He is also one of the six true presidents of Goha Corporation and a student of Goha Space Elementary.
Voiced by: Soma Saito (Japanese); Peej Mele (English)
He is described as the most mysterious and reserved member of the Goha 6 and is the third-eldest. He is also one of the six true presidents of Goha Corporation and a student of Goha Space Elementary.
Voiced by: Akari Tadano (Japanese); Daisy Guevara (English)
The only female member of the Goha 6. She is also one of the six true presidents of Goha Corporation and a student of Goha Space Elementary.
Voiced by: Daiki Yamashita (Japanese); Kieran Regan (English)
One of the Goha 6, and the one who set in motion the plan to challenge Yuga and his friends to Duels by holding the Super Rush Robot hostage, though he also has his own goals behind the scenes. He is also one of the six true presidents of Goha Corporation and a student of Goha Space Elementary.
Voiced by: Yuri Ise (Japanese); Christian A. Guerrero (English)
One of the Goha 6 and the most dangerous to the point that Yuo sealed his memories when he attempted to take over the world, becoming a shy boy in a chameleon suit named , who became a member of the Rush Duel Club. However, Swirls returned to his former self and resumes his place as one of the six true presidents of Goha Corporation.
Voiced by: Jake Paque
A 'road' that Yuga Ohdo invented after modifying a Goha Corp Drone. After Yuga defeats Otes in the series finale, Kaizo disappears into space alongside Yuga but seemingly returns with him two years later; Kaizo also returns in "Yu-Gi-Oh! GO RUSH!!".
Voiced by: Rie Kawamura (Japanese); Grace Choi (English)
Known by the stage name of is a first-rate Duelist and musician who was responsible for giving Romin Kassidy the card "Prima Guitarna the Shining Superstar".She desided to quit after the goha men wanted her to help making a song to destroy the reputation of rush deuls and she worked as a teacher but then quit being a teacher .
Voiced by: TBA (Japanese); Kevin K. Gomez (English)
The bassist of RoaRomin.
Voiced by: Rei Miura (Japanese); Barrett Leddy (English)
The drummer of RoaRomin and Roa Kassidy's childhood friend.He always has feuds with roa because roa steals attention and is selfish.
Voiced by: Tomohiro Shiozaki (Japanese); Bryson Baugus (English)
A friend of Saburamen.
Voiced by: Mari Uchiyama
A friend of Saburamen.
Voiced by: Chitose Morinaga (Japanese); Daisy Guevara (English)
A petite young girl who works at a ramen store in the Garden of Curiosity and claims to be an alien from the Menmen system of the Ra Nebula. Saburaman has a crush on her it is later found out she works for otas.
References.
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49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!" is the seventh spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the eleventh anime series overall. It is produced by Bridge and broadcast on TV Tokyo. The series is directed by Nobuhiro Kondo. Toshimitsu Takeuchi is in charge of series' scripts, and Kazuko Tadano and Hiromi Matsushita are designing the characters. This season follows Yudias, Yuhi and Yuamu as they face several new threats including the Ryugu Brothers and Kuaidal Velgear, as they discover the origins of the Velgearians and their eventual fate.
This season uses three theme songs. From Episodes 52–102, the opening theme is "Soul Galaxy" by BRADIO. From episodes 52-77, the first ending theme is Cosmos" by Taichi Mukai. From episodes 78–102, the second ending theme is by 175R.
Episode list.
;onlyinclude ;
;/onlyinclude ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 13 | null | 59 | null |
49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!" is the seventh spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the eleventh anime series overall. It is produced by Bridge and broadcast on TV Tokyo. The series is directed by Nobuhiro Kondo. Toshimitsu Takeuchi is in charge of series' scripts, and Kazuko Tadano and Hiromi Matsushita are designing the characters. This season follows Yudias and Yuhi as they battle against Yuamu, who has become the leader of a new faction called the Dark Matter Empire, as part of her ultimate plan to become "Otes" for the sake of her descendant Yuga Ohdo's future.
This season uses two theme songs. From Episodes 103 onwards, the opening theme is by Masayoshi Oishi. From episodes 103 to 127, the first ending theme is by Ayaka Nanase. From 128 onwards, the second ending theme is "It Won't Be Goodbye" by Ayaka Nanase, replacing "STAR RUSH".
Episode list.
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References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 14 | null | 59 | null |
49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" is the fifth main spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the ninth anime series overall. It is produced by Gallop and broadcast by TV Tokyo. The series is directed by Masahiro Hosoda. The series follows Yusaku Fujiki. It takes place in a high school environment in Den City. The series features Charisma Duelists who use VR and are similar to YouTubers. The show's theme is "Let's take one step forward and try it!" This season focuses on Yusaku's battles against the Knights of Hanoi to uncover the truth behind the "Lost Incident". This season uses three pieces of theme music. From episodes 1–46, the first opening theme is by Hiroaki "Tommy" Tominaga. From episodes 1–24, the first ending theme is by Royga. From episodes 25–46, the second ending theme is "Writing Life" by Goodbye Holiday.
The English dub of the season aired on Teletoon in Canada from September 2018 to February 2019. In the United States the season aired on ToonBlast from November 7, 2020 to May 8, 2021
Episode list.
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;/onlyinclude ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 15 | null | 59 | null |
49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" is the fifth main spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the ninth anime series overall. It is produced by Gallop and broadcast by TV Tokyo. The series is directed by Masahiro Hosoda. The series follows Yusaku Fujiki. It takes place in a high school environment in Den City. The series features Charisma Duelists who use VR and are similar to YouTubers. The show's theme is "Let's take one step forward and try it!" This season follows Yusaku and his allies who become involved in the war between the Ignis and humanity, spearheaded by the Light Ignis Lightning and the advanced A.I "Bohman". This season uses five theme songs. From episodes 47–102, the first opening theme is "Go Forward" by Kimeru. From episodes 47–70, the first ending theme is "BOY" by uchuu. From episodes 71–95, the second ending theme is by Band-Maid. From episodes 96–103, the third ending theme is by Bis. From episode 103, the opening theme is "Calling" (コーリング, Kōringu) by Kimeru.
The English dub of the season aired in Canada on Teletoon from September 2019 to January 2021.
Episode list.
;onlyinclude ;
;/onlyinclude ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 16 | null | 59 | null |
49102727 | "Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!!" is the seventh spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and the eleventh anime series overall. It is produced by Bridge and broadcast on TV Tokyo. The series is directed by Nobuhiro Kondo. Toshimitsu Takeuchi is in charge of series' scripts, and Kazuko Tadano and Hiromi Matsushita are designing the characters. This season follows Yudias, Yuhi and Yuamu as they face off against Zuwijo Zwil Velgear, Yudias' commander, who is seeking to use Rush Duels to forcibly end the war in their homeworld.
An edited English-language dub premiered in the United States on Disney XD on January 11, 2025.
This season uses two theme songs. From episodes 1 to 51, the opening theme is (Mirage) by Frederic while the ending theme is "One Way" by Yūsuke Saeki.
Episode list.
;onlyinclude ;
;/onlyinclude ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 17 | null | 59 | null |
27978271 | Species of mammal
;templatestyles src="Template:Taxobox/core/styles.css" / ;
The Glacier Bay water shrew (Sorex alaskanus) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to Alaska in the United States. It can swim underwater, and when it stops swimming, air trapped in its fur lets it float back up to the surface. Owing to small hairs on its feet, the water shrew can run across the water. Its fur is water resistant, although if it does get wet it returns to shore to dry itself with its hind feet. It eats aquatic fly nymphs and terrestrial invertebrates.
References.
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19
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] |
27978271 | 2014 play by Kim Davies
Smoke is a one-act play by American playwright and screenwriter Kim Davies. The two-hander play, set entirely in the kitchen of a New York City apartment, tells of the meeting of Julie and John, two young people at a BDSM sex party. As this privileged college student and jaded wannabe artist spark a connection, their cat-and-mouse power politics climax into a thrilling and disturbing climax with irreparable and unsettling consequences. Davies originally began with August Strindberg's "Miss Julie" as the inspiration for her modern drama, as well as her experiences of the BDSM scene in New York City during her time studying on Mac Wellman's MFA playwriting program at Brooklyn College. Davies started writing "Smoke" during her second year at Brooklyn College.
Themes.
"Smoke" explores themes of gender, power, complicity consent, and sexual assault. The New York Times says "the play gives us two self-possessed contemporary young New Yorkers in a kitchen at an uptown sex party" and describes the story as fundamentally "a man and a woman alone in a room, grappling with the overwhelming question of power — who holds it, and how it will be used — in an arena of escalating sexual tension." The play has been praised for moving the conversation around consent and sexual assault into more nuanced territory, as well as telling a story that takes BDSM seriously as a real practice; BDSM and kink has traditionally been treated with cynicism and disrespect, and not properly interrogated onstage and in the media. The play addresses issues of date rape culture in America where sexual assault became almost permissible amongst young people. Davies worked as an anti-rape activist within the BDSM community.
The play also explores a dysfunctional father-daughter relationship, toxic masculinity, class, and the challenges of pursuing a career in the arts where internships and creative 'opportunities' can border on the abusive and exploit young people desperate for a career as an artist.
"Smoke" has many similarities with "Miss Julie", first and foremost the similarity in the characters' names - Julie and Jean in "Miss Julie", Julie and John in "Smoke". Similarly to "Miss Julie", "Smoke" engages with under-explored conversations around gender roles, sex, power dynamics, and consent.
Davies sees "Smoke" as a development of the conversation around consent and complicity, and an attempt to dispel the myth of the 'perfect victim'. Unlike Strindberg's "Miss Julie", Davies expands Julie's voice further and, despite the pain present in the story, allows Julie to find a form of empowerment by not being totally decimated by her experience in the way Strindberg's Julie takes her own life at the end of his play. Davies' Julie is a survivor.
Productions.
The play premiered at the Flea Theater in New York City, directed by Tom Costello and starring Madeleine Bundy and Stephen Stout, where it was the Critics' Pick of The New York Times and Time Out New York. In 2022, it was announced that "Smoke" would receive its London Premiere at the Southwark Playhouse in London directed by Polina Kalinina and Júlia Levai, and starring Oli Higginson and Meaghan Martin. There have also been well-received productions in Philadelphia at the Exile Theatre and at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh in Scotland.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 19 | [
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11658771 |
The 1976 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 2, 1976. All fifty states and The District of Columbia were part of the 1976 United States presidential election. State voters chose four electors to represent them in the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
New Mexico was won by President Gerald Ford by a 2-point lead. A very partisan election in New Mexico, only one percent of the electorate voted for third-party candidates. While Ford took the State of New Mexico, and much of the American Southwest and Midwest, Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter won the electoral college with 297 votes, and was elected president.
A reliable bellwether state in presidential elections up to this point, this was the first election since gaining statehood that New Mexico did not back the winning presidential candidate, and the first time New Mexico did not back the national popular-vote winner until 2024 (in 2000 and 2016, it voted for the candidate who won the popular vote but not the electoral vote). As of the 2024 presidential election[ [update]], this is the last election in which Torrance County and Quay County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.
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] |
11658771 | The 1935 Boston Braves season was the 65th season of the franchise. The Braves finished with the worst record in the National League and the majors, with a record of 38 wins and 115 losses.
In an attempt to make his dream come true to manage, Babe Ruth came to the Braves in February 1935. He was hired as vice president and assistant manager, and team owner Emil Fuchs promised Ruth a share of team profits.
Regular season.
On opening day, Babe Ruth was part of all of the Braves' runs in a 4–2 win over the New York Giants. However, Ruth was only a shadow of his former self. Although he had a fairly decent season in 1934, years of high living had begun taking their toll on his conditioning. His deterioration became more pronounced in early 1935. He couldn't run, and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth was in the lineup. A month into the season, Ruth stopped hitting as well. It soon became obvious that Ruth's titles as vice president and assistant manager were mere window dressing, and that he was only on the team due to the attention he commanded. He also discovered that rather than give him a share of the Braves' profits, Fuchs expected him to invest some of "his" money in the team.
Seeing a team in utter collapse and realizing he was finished even as a part-time player, Ruth retired on June 1, six days after he had what remains one of the most memorable afternoons in baseball history. He clouted what turned out to be the last three home runs of his career in a game at Forbes Field while playing the Pittsburgh Pirates. He'd wanted to quit as early as May 12, but Fuchs wanted him to hang on so he could play in every National League park. Fuchs lost control of the team soon afterward.
Despite fielding essentially the same team that finished fourth a year earlier, the 1935 season quickly turned into a debacle. In fact, their Opening Day win was the only time they were over .500 all year. They won only four games in May, and by the time Ruth retired they were 9-27, their season all but finished. They ultimately finished 38–115, the worst season in franchise history. Their .248 winning percentage is tied for the seventh-worst in baseball history, and the sixth-worst in National League history. It is the second-worst in modern baseball history (behind only the 1916 Philadelphia Athletics), and the worst in modern National League history. During the season, Braves pitcher Ben Cantwell would be the last pitcher in the 20th century to lose at least 25 games in one season. The only highlight was outfielder Wally Berger, who led the League in home runs (34) and RBIs (130).
Season standings.
;templatestyles src="MLB standings/styles.css"/ ;
Player stats.
Batting.
Starters by position.
"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in"
Other batters.
"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in"
Pitching.
Starting pitchers.
"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts"
Other pitchers.
"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts"
Relief pitchers.
"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts"
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 21 | [
20,
22
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11658771 | Pre-WW2 nightclub district
The Eldorado was the name of multiple nightclubs and performance venues in Berlin before the and World War II. The name of the cabaret Eldorado has become an integral part of the popular iconography of the Weimar Republic. Two of the five locations the club occupied in its history are known to have catered to a gay crowd, although attendees would have included not only gay, lesbian, and bisexual patrons but also those identifying as heterosexual (some of whom were artists, authors, celebrities, or tourists).
"Cross-dressing" was tolerated on the premises, though for the most part legally prohibited and/or sharply regulated in public (and to an extent in private) at the time. This exception to everyday life attracted not only male patrons who wished to dress in the "clothing of the opposite sex" but also women who wished to do the same. Wealthy onlookers were encouraged to come and drink and watch as so-called "Zechenmacher" (tab payers).
The practice was particularly common in so-called "lesbian bars" or "lesbian balls" in the neighborhood at the time, and up to the 1960s in places like the Nationalhof at nearby Bülowstraße 37. As women's incomes were then on average much lower than men's, male spectators with money to spend were explicitly welcome, and it was not uncommon for there to be sex workers present to offer their services.
However, the eradication during the Nazi period of any and all references to queer life in Germany was so thorough that very little explicit public, or even archival, reference to the clubs' queer history remained by 1945. Criminalization made researching, speaking, or writing about queer realities a legal risk during the first decades following WWII, not only in Germany. That the cabaret Eldorado is remembered at all is due in no small part to its central role in inspiring the novels of the Anglo-American author Christopher Isherwood, and to the Broadway musical and 1972 film "Cabaret", which was inspired by Isherwood's novels. At the same time, historians and activists of the and of the ensuing began piecing back together what is now called . Eldorado thereby became a prominent part of the telling of LGBTIQ+ histories.
Former locations.
These are some of the known locations of Eldorado, listed by descending date of opening:
History.
Ludwig Konjetschni owned three of the Eldorado locations (Kantstraße, Lutherstraße, Motzstraße), two of which were known gay spaces (Lutherstraße, and Motzstraße). Many of the details about the history of the Lutherstraße club were published in the German book "Ein Führer durch das lasterhafte Berlin: Das deutsche Babylon 1931" (English: A Guide Through Licentious Berlin: The German Babylon 1931) authored by Curt Moreck (pseudonym for Konrad Haemmerling); and the German book "Berlins lesbische Frauen" (1928) authored by Ruth Margarete Roellig.
Paragraph 175, a provision in the German Criminal Code from 1871 until 1994, made homosexual acts between males a crime. Places like Eldorado offered same-sex dancing partners through a membership system, they issued coins.
The performances at the club were diverse and included effeminate men dancng whilst dressed in women's clothing, and a man singing Parisian-sounding songs in a high-pitched soprano. Marlene Dietrich performed at the club. Additionally they would throw fancy balls and costume parties. Eldorado also included what have come to be called drag shows as a regular part of the cabaret performances. There were numerous somewhat similar establishments to Eldorado during its day. The club has been described by writers and artists, and has been immortalized in paintings and photographs.
Closure of Motzstraße 15.
In December 1932, the Berlin Police President Kurt Melcher ordered a closure of all the "homosexual dance pleasures"; this forced closure of more than a dozen clubs. A few weeks later the Nazis were in power. Ernst Röhm was a regular at the club prior to the closure. Hitler was appointed chancellor in January 1933, and shortly afterward the Nazis seized the club space at Motzstraße 15 to use it as the Sturmabteilung (SA) headquarters. By May 1933, Berlin's Institut für Sexualwissenschaft ("Institute for Sexual Science") was also raided by the Nazis.
Starting in 2015, the location is an organic grocery store.
Legacy.
The club was written about in the German nonfiction book (), authored by Curt Moreck (pseudonym for Konrad Haemmerling). Two of the fiction novels by Christopher Isherwood are partially set at the Eldorado; "Mr Norris Changes Trains" (1935; U.S. edition titled "The Last of Mr Norris") and "Goodbye to Berlin" (1939).
Artist Christian Schad painted the portrait "Count St. Genois d'Anneaucourt in 1927" (1927) which is now held at the Centre Pompidou; on the right side of the painting is a well-known transsexual who was a regular at the Eldorado. Otto Dix's watercolor painting "Eldorado" (1927) and Ernst Fritsch's triptych painting (1929) immortalized the club.
Largely overlooked in the telling of Eldorado's LGBT history is the building at (former) Motzstraße 15's role in the West German beginnings of the second gay and lesbian movement. Coincidentally, it was in former Motzstraße 15, by that time renumbered as , where the founders of the first lesbian and gay organization in Germany after World War II officially formed a group called the (HAW) on 15 August 1971. The HAW gave rise to the West German LGBT movement, and to an extent to the former East German LGBT movement. The group's relative obscurity in the present could in part be due some of its members' expressed political ideas at that time, that may seem politically inopportune to some in the political atmosphere of the present day.
The first Berlin radio station that featured gay content, Eldoradio (1985–1991) was named after the nightclub.
In 2023, Netflix released the documentary "".
Notable people.
A list of notable people associated with the Eldorado club:
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 22 | [
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] |
7634710 | Barbadian-born British singer
Zeeteah Silveta Massiah (born December 24, 1956) is a Barbadian-born British singer particularly associated with reggae, jazz and house music.
In a wide-ranging career she has recorded and/or toured with artists including Robbie Williams, Tom Jones, Michael Jackson, Phil Collins, Sting and Leo Sayer. She is best known in the United States as the lead vocalist on the 1993 "Billboard" No.1 dance hit Slide on the Rhythm.
Massiah was born in Saint John, Barbados and grew up in London. In 2001 she moved to Germany, and in 2012 returned to England, where she now lives.
Biography.
Born in Barbados, Zeeteah moved to London with her parents when she was five years old. Her first name was originally spelled Zeitia. As a teenager she recorded a cover of The Jackson 5's "We Got A Good Thing Going" in a reggae style for RG Records. She went on to record two more reggae tracks for the label.
In 1984, Massiah appeared for nine months as Chiffon in the hit musical "Little Shop of Horrors" in London.
She has been an additional vocalist for artists including Barry Manilow and Boy George, and toured with Climie Fisher and Paul Weller. In 1988, she sang with Kim Wilde on the European leg of Michael Jackson's BAD tour and, in 1994/95, toured the world with Tom Jones. She has also toured extensively with Eikichi Yazawa and Johnny Hallyday, among the most successful rock stars in Japan and France respectively.
In 1993, Massiah was the lead vocalist on the Arizona track "Slide on the Rhythm", later remixed by C&C Music Factory, which was a No. 1 hit on the "Billboard" Dance Chart in the US. She went on to record "I Specialise in Love" with Arizona, which was a UK chart hit.
On the back of her success with Arizona, Massiah signed a deal with Virgin Records, and released two singles: "Sexual Prime", which was a UK club hit, and "This Is The Place", which charted on the UK Singles Chart. In 1996 she was a UK finalist in the Eurovision Song Contest with "A Little Love".
In 2001, Massiah moved to Cologne, Germany, where she worked with a wide range of musicians, and recorded the single "Lovely Deep". During this time she spent nine months as featured singer in the hit show "Fantissima", and spent three months touring Japan with Eikichi Yazawa.
In 2012, she returned to London to be with her partner Paul Caplin, and the two were married in 2016. Massiah performs regularly in London, playing songs composed by Caplin as well as her own interpretations of musical classics. She has released two albums produced by Caplin: "Juice" (2014), an album of original songs, and "Maybe Tomorrow" (2016), a collection of classics. The duo also released the single "All You" on 13 July 2018 under the name Caplin & Massiah. On 18 November 2022 Massiah released "Wat A Ting", an album of reggae and dancehall music.
In 2024 Massiah and Caplin launched Caplin & Massiah, a new musical project.. Their first single was released in October 2024 and they are currently working on an album.
References.
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] |
7634710 | Northernmost point of Mallorca, Spain
Cap de Formentor () is the northernmost point of Mallorca, on the Formentor peninsula.
Location.
Cap de Formentor is located on the northernmost point of the Balearic Island Mallorca in Spain. Its highest point, "Fumat", is 384 m above sea level. It has many associated bays, including "Cala Figuera", "Cala Murta" and "Cala Pi de la Posada".
The Mallorcans also call the cape the "Meeting point of the winds".
History.
In 1863, the Formentor Lighthouse was opened, the remote and rugged location on the Cap de Formentor making construction difficult. The only access was from the sea or via a long mule track.
Following the death of the renowned Mallorcan poet Miquel Costa i Llobera, author of the famous poem The Pine of Formentor and owner the Cap de Formentor peninsula, it was divided into lots and sold. In 1928 Adan Diehl, an Argentinian native and art lover, decided to build the Hotel Formentor.
The 13.5 km road which runs from Port de Pollença to Cap de Formentor was built by the Mallorcan engineer Antonio Parietti in 1925. He also constructed the snake road to Sa Calobra. As usual for mountain roads, when the slope is too steep, the road has to go oblique and switch direction when needed.
Attractions.
The headland has a number of lookout and viewing points, including "Mirador del Mal Pas", also named "Mirador d'es Colomer" after the small island "Colomer". The panorama from Mallorca's Finisterre illuminates Menorca in the east, Cala Figuera in the west, and Alcudia with its sandy beach in the south. However, the view of the cliffs below is not for sufferers of vertigo as sea roars 300m below and the winds on the headland can be vicious.
In the southeastern part, by "Racó de Xot", there is a cave with an opening into the sea. It has two entrances located about 8 meters over the surface of the water. The cave has a length of 90 meters and a height of 8 meters and is one of the most important sources of information for the prehistoric talaiot culture.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 24 | [
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48409919 | 2008 dystopian novel by Suzanne Collins
The Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian young adult novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins. It is written in the perspective of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who lives in the future, post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in North America. The Capitol, a highly advanced metropolis, exercises political control over the rest of the nation. The Hunger Games is an annual event in which one boy and one girl aged 12–18 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle royale to the death.
The book received critical acclaim from major reviewers and authors. It was praised for its plot and character development. In writing "The Hunger Games", Collins drew upon Greek mythology, Roman gladiatorial games, and contemporary reality television for thematic content. The novel won many awards, including the California Young Reader Medal, and was named one of "Publishers Weekly"'s "Best Books of the Year" in 2008.
"The Hunger Games" was first published in hardcover on September 14, 2008, by Scholastic, featuring a cover designed by Tim O'Brien. It has since been released in paperback and also as an audiobook and ebook. After an initial print of 200,000, the book had sold 800,000 copies by February 2010. Since its release, "The Hunger Games" has been translated into 26 languages, and publishing rights have been sold in 38 territories. The novel is the first in "The Hunger Games" trilogy, followed by "Catching Fire" (2009) and "Mockingjay" (2010). A film adaptation, directed by Gary Ross and co-written and co-produced by Collins herself, was released in 2012.
Background.
Collins has said that the inspiration for "The Hunger Games" came from channel surfing on television. On one channel she observed people competing on a reality show and on another she saw footage of the invasion of Iraq. The two "began to blur in this very unsettling way" and the idea for the book was formed. The Greek myth of Theseus served as a major basis for the story, with Collins describing Katniss as a futuristic Theseus, and Roman gladiatorial games provided the framework. The sense of loss that Collins developed through her father's service in the Vietnam War was also an influence on the story, with Katniss having lost her father at age 11, five years before the story begins. Collins stated that the deaths of young characters and other "dark passages" were the most difficult parts of the book to write, but that she had accepted that passages such as these were necessary to the story. She considered the moments where Katniss reflects on happier moments in her past to be more enjoyable.
Plot.
In the nation of Panem, established in the remains of North America after an apocalyptic event, the wealthy Capitol exploits the twelve surrounding districts for their natural resources and labor. As punishment for a past failed rebellion against the Capitol, which resulted in the obliteration of District 13, one boy and one girl between the ages of 12 and 18 from each of the remaining districts are selected by an annual lottery to participate in the Hunger Games, a contest in which the "tributes" must fight to the death in an outdoor arena until only one remains.
16-year-old Katniss Everdeen from District 12, a coal-rich region, volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her 12-year-old sister, Primrose. The male tribute is Peeta Mellark, a former schoolmate of Katniss who once gave her bread from his family's bakery when her family was starving. In the days leading up to the Games in the Capitol, they are advised by their drunken mentor, Haymitch Abernathy, the sole living District 12 victor of the Games; chaperone Effie Trinket; and various stylists to enhance their public perception to get potential sponsors, who might later send potentially life-saving gifts. Katniss's stylist, Cinna, designs costumes for Katniss and Peeta that set them apart from the tributes when introduced to the public. During their evaluation by the Gamemakers, Katniss gets the highest score among the tributes. Meanwhile, Rue, the petite 12-year-old girl tribute from District 11, follows Katniss and Peeta around during the training sessions. On the day before the games, in a televised interview, Peeta reveals his long-unrequited love for Katniss. Shocked, Katniss believes this is a ploy to gain sponsors, but later accepts this as sincere. Haymitch promotes their image as "star-crossed lovers".
The Games begin, and nearly half the tributes are killed at the start whilst fighting over weapons and supplies in an area in the center of the arena known as the Cornucopia. Katniss disregards Haymitch's earlier advice to flee immediately and nearly dies but uses her well-practiced hunting and survival skills to hide in the woods. Days later, an artificial fire drives Katniss toward the others. She is spotted and chased up a tree by the "Career tributes", tributes who are trained from childhood to compete in the Games, from Districts 1, 2, and 4, and Peeta, who seems to have allied with them. Rue, hiding in a nearby tree, alerts Katniss to a “tracker jacker” nest. Katniss cuts it down, releasing the flying insects, which are genetically modified to track whoever disturbs their nest and have venom that targets the section of their victims’ minds that houses fear. Their venom kills two of the Careers and drives the others away, but Katniss is stung and begins hallucinating. Peeta returns, but instead of killing her, tells her to run away. Katniss later allies with Rue, who is fatally wounded by a tribute from District 1 while Katniss destroys the careers' supplies. Katniss murders Rue's killer with an arrow and accompanies Rue as she dies. She spreads flowers over Rue's body to show her defiance against the Capitol. In gratitude, Rue's district sends Katniss a loaf of bread.
A rule change is announced, allowing the tributes from the same district to win as a pair. Katniss finds Peeta (who only allied with the Careers to protect Katniss) camouflaged into a riverbank, having been injured by Cato, one of the Careers. She nurses Peeta back to health as best she can, but he is still gravely injured. Katniss pretends to be madly in love with Peeta in an attempt to gain gifts from sponsors. When the Gamemakers send a delivery of what each contestant needs most, Katniss risks her life to obtain medicine for Peeta. She is intercepted by Career Tribute Clove, who gloats over Rue's death and tries to kill Katniss, but is killed by Thresh, the male District 11 tribute, who spares Katniss for Rue's sake. The medicine saves Peeta's life.
Thresh is later killed by Cato and another tribute, nicknamed Foxface, dies after consuming toxic berries. Genetically modified wolves are then released into the arena that kill Cato. Once Katniss and Peeta become the last two survivors, the Gamemakers revoke the rule change to force one to kill the other for a dramatic finale. In defiance, Katniss prepares to consume poisonous "nightlock" berries with Peeta. Realizing that they intend to commit suicide so that there will not be a victor for the Games, the Gamemakers declare Katniss and Peeta the victors. Although both of them receive a hero's welcome as a couple, Katniss is warned by Haymitch that the Capitol may take action against her for her defiance. Along the way back to District 12, Peeta is heartbroken to learn that Katniss's actions were part of a calculated ploy to gain sympathy. Katniss, however, is unsure of her own feelings and her future.
Themes.
In an interview with Collins, it was noted that the novel "tackles issues like severe poverty, starvation, oppression, and the effects of war among others." The novel deals with the struggle for self-preservation that the people of Panem face in their districts and the Hunger Games in which they must participate. The citizens' starvation and their need for resources, both in and outside of the arena, create an atmosphere of helplessness that the main characters try to overcome in their fight for survival. Katniss needs to hunt to provide food for her family, resulting in the development of skills that are useful to her in the Games (such as her proficiency with the bow and arrow), and represents her rejection of the Capitol's rules in the face of life-threatening situations. On the subject of the Games' parallels with popular culture, Darren Franich of "Entertainment Weekly" writes that the book "is an incisive satire of reality television shows", and that the character of Cinna "almost seems like a contestant on a fascist version of "Project Runway", using Katniss' outfits as a vehicle to express potentially dangerous ideas."
The choices the characters make and the strategies they use are often morally complex. The tributes build a personality they want the audience to see throughout the Games. Library journal "Voice of Youth Advocates" names the major themes of "The Hunger Games" as "government control, 'big brother', and personal independence." The trilogy's theme of power and downfall, similar to that of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar", was pointed out by its publisher Scholastic. Laura Miller of "The New Yorker" finds the author's stated premise of the Games –an exercise in propaganda and a "humiliating as well as torturous [...] punishment" for a failed uprising against the Capitol many years earlier– to be unconvincing. "You don't demoralize and dehumanize a subject people by turning them into celebrities and coaching them on how to craft an appealing persona for a mass audience." But the story works much better if the theme is vicissitudes of high school and "the adolescent social experience". Miller writes:
"The rules are arbitrary, unfathomable, and subject to sudden change. A brutal social hierarchy prevails, with the rich, the good-looking, and the athletic lording their advantages over everyone else. To survive you have to be totally fake. Adults don't seem to understand how high the stakes are; your whole life could be over, and they act like it's just some "phase"! Everyone's always watching you, scrutinizing your clothes or your friends and obsessing over whether you're having sex or taking drugs or getting good enough grades, but no one cares who you really are or how you really feel about anything."
Donald Brake from "The Washington Times" and pastor Andy Langford state that the story has Christian themes, such as that of self-sacrifice, which is found in Katniss' substitution for her younger sister, analogous to the sacrifice of Jesus as a substitute for the atonement of sins. Brake, as well as another reviewer, Amy Simpson, both find that the story also revolves around the theme of hope, which is exemplified in the "incorruptible goodness of Katniss' sister, Primrose." Simpson also points to events similar to the Passion of Jesus; in the Games, "Christ figure" Peeta Mellark is stabbed after warning Katniss to flee for her life, and is then buried in the ground and placed in a cave for three days before emerging with a new lease on life. Further, she finds that the Christian image of the Bread of Life is used throughout "The Hunger Games"; in the story, Peeta gives Katniss a loaf of bread, saving the girl and her family from starvation.
Publication history.
After writing the novel, Collins signed a six-figure deal for three books with Scholastic. First published as a hardcover in the United States on September 14, 2008, "The Hunger Games" had a first printing of 50,000 copies, which was bumped up twice to 200,000 copies. By February 2010, the book had sold 800,000 copies, and rights to the novel had been sold in 38 territories worldwide. A few months later, in July, the book was released in paperback. "The Hunger Games" entered the "New York Times" Best Seller list in November 2008, where it would feature for over 100 consecutive weeks. By the time the film adaptation of "The Hunger Games" was released in March 2012, the book had been on "USA Today"'s best-sellers list for 135 consecutive weeks and has sold over 17.5 million copies.
The novel is the first in "The Hunger Games" trilogy; it is followed by sequels "Catching Fire" (2009) and "Mockingjay" (2010). In March 2012, during the time of "The Hunger Games" film's release, Scholastic reported 26 million "Hunger Games" trilogy books in print, including movie tie-in books. "The Hunger Games" (and its sequels) have sold exceptionally well in ebook format. Suzanne Collins is the first children's | 25 | [
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] |
48409919 | English noblewoman
Mary Seymour (30 August 1548 – ?), born at her father’s country seat, Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, was the only daughter of Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley (brother of Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII), and the dowager queen, Catherine Parr, widow of Henry VIII. Although Catherine was married four times, Mary was her only child. Complications from Mary's birth would claim the life of her mother on 5 September 1548, and her father was executed less than a year later for treason against her cousin Edward VI.
United Kingdom legislation
In 1549, the Parliament of England passed an act (3 & 4 Edw. 6. c. 14) removing the attainder placed on her father from Mary, but his lands remained property of the Crown.
As her mother's wealth was left entirely to her father and later confiscated by the Crown, Mary was left a destitute orphan in the care of Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, who appears to have resented this imposition. After her second birthday in 1550, Mary disappears from historical record completely, and no claim was ever made on her father's meagre estate, leading to the conclusion that she did not live past the age of two.
Survival speculations.
Victorian author Agnes Strickland claimed, in her biography of Catherine Parr, that Mary Seymour did survive to adulthood, and in fact married Sir Edward Bushel, a member of the household of Anne of Denmark, wife of James VI and I. Strickland's theory suggested that the Dowager Duchess of Suffolk, after her marriage to Richard Bertie in 1553, and before she fled England during the Marian Persecutions in or after 1555, arranged Mary's marriage to Bushel. The problem with this theory is that Mary would have been aged only six at the time.
A more modern theory, from Linda Porter, author of a 2010 biography on Katherine Parr, suggests that a 1573 Latin book of poems and epitaphs written by John Parkhurst, Katherine Parr’s chaplain, contains the following reference to Mary:
I whom at the cost
Of her own life
My queenly mother
Bore with the pangs of labour
Sleep under this marble
An unfit traveller.
If Death had given me to live longer
That virtue, that modesty, That obedience of my excellent Mother
That Heavenly courageous nature
Would have lived again in me.
Now, whoever
You are, fare thee well
Because I cannot speak any more, this stone
Is a memorial to my brief life.
Porter suggested that this was an epitaph written by Parkhurst, on the occasion of Mary's death around the age of two. Porter further speculates that Mary is buried in Lincolnshire, near Grimsthorpe, the estate owned by the Duchess of Suffolk, "where she had lived as an unwelcome burden for most of her short, sad life."
Portrayals in fiction.
The 2007 novel "The Red Queen's Daughter" by Jacqueline Kolosov speculates an alternative history where Mary Seymour becomes lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth I. The 2009 novel "The Stolen One" by Suzanne Crowley depicts Mary being raised by a 'witch' in the English countryside. A similar premise allows Seymour's supernatural powers to help her friend Alison Bannister search for her lost child in the 2016 novel "The Phantom Tree" by Nicola Cornick.
The 2022 drama series "Becoming Elizabeth" portrays Mary’s birth.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 26 | [
25
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43952361 | American bishop (1920–2014)
Roy Clyde Clark (July 24, 1920 - May 27, 2014) was an American bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1980.
Early life.
Clark was born on July 24, 1920, in Mobile, Alabama. His father, C. C. Clark, was a Methodist minister in Gulfport, Mississippi.
Clark earned the B.A. degree from Millsaps College in 1941 and the Bachelor of Divinity degree from Yale Divinity School in 1944. He also has been awarded honorary doctorates from Millsaps College and Columbia College in South Carolina.
Career.
Clark was ordained deacon in 1944 by Bishop J.L. Decell and Elder in 1946 by Bishop U.V.W. Darlington. Roy became a member of the Mississippi Annual Conference and held five different pastorates there between 1944 and 1963: Eastlawn, Pascagoula; Decell Memorial, Wesson; Centerville; Forest; and Capitol Street in Jackson. He pastored St. John's United Methodist Church in Memphis, Tennessee, from 1963 through 1967. He was the pastor of West End United Methodist Church in Nashville, Tennessee, from 1967 to 1980.
Clark was elected to the episcopacy in 1980 by the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference of the UMC. He was assigned to the Columbia, South Carolina Episcopal Area (the South Carolina Annual Conference), where he served until his retirement in 1988. As a bishop he also served as a member of the U.M. General Board of Global Ministries (1980–88), serving as President of the UM Committee on Relief Program Department of the Board (1984–88).
After retiring from the active episcopacy, Bishop Clark served as executive director of the Committee on Episcopal Initiatives for Ministry and Mission of the U.M. Council of Bishops. As such he gave leadership in the development of the council's initiative on "“Vital Congregations-Faithful Disciples.”" He also served as an adjunct faculty member of the Memphis Theological Seminary (an institution of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church but recognized also by the UMC) and of the Vanderbilt Divinity School. He was listed as bishop-in-residence at the West End Church in Nashville, whose pastorate he once held.
Regarding homosexuality, Clark said he did not approve of its practise. He explained, "I can't give my approval, but I "can" say that God loves you."
Personal life and death.
Clark married Esther Maddox of McComb, Mississippi, on 7 June 1945. They had two daughters, Lynn Blanton Clark and Susan McEwen Clark, and two grandsons. After Esther's death on 8 April 1991, Bishop Clark married Marion Salisbury Hall on 4 April 1992.
Clark died on May 27, 2014, in Nashville, Tennessee.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 27 | null | 16 | null |
46256274 | Government-owned energy system operator for the United Kingdom
The National Energy System Operator (NESO) is the nationalised energy system operator for the United Kingdom. Previously owned by National Grid plc, when it was known as National Grid ESO, it is a public corporation which operates both the electricity transmission and gas distribution systems from 1 October 2024. The buyout from National Grid was announced in September 2024, and was valued at £630m.
NESO is chaired by Paul Golby and its chief executive officer is Fintan Slye.
NESO has been set up as the Independent System Operator and Planner (ISOP) under the provisions of part 5 of the Energy Act 2023, and was previously known informally as the Future System Operator (FSO) prior to the announcement of its official name. It holds the licences for operating the electricity system and for planning the gas system.
NESO is expected to work closely with Great British Energy to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy in the United Kingdom.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 28 | null | 252 | null |
49072359 | English
Watriquet de Couvin was a fourteenth century French poet active between 1319 and 1329, and one of the few named authors of medieval French fabliaux. Among his other poems, he is known for his moralistic "dits".
Watriquet de Couvin was a contemporary of the minstrels Jean de Condé and Jacques de Baisieux. His writings recommended submission to the Church, protection of the poor, and respect for women.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 29 | [
30
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1918274
] |
49072359 | English
1167 Dubiago, provisional designation 1930 PB, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 63 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 August 1930, by Soviet astronomer Evgenii Skvortsov at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and named after astronomer Alexander Dubyago.
Classification and orbit.
"Dubiago" orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2–3.7 AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,305 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. In 1924, it was first identified as A924 RF at the discovering observatory. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory about two months after its official discovery at Simeiz.
Physical characteristics.
In the Tholen classification, "Dubiago" is a D-type asteroid, a group of 46 known bodies, mostly being Jupiter trojans and centaurs such as 10199 Chariklo and 624 Hektor. It is thought that the Martian moon Phobos has a similar composition, and that the Tagish Lake meteorite origins from a D-type asteroid.
Lightcurves.
In March 1990, a rotational lightcurve of "Dubiago" was obtained using the Nordic Optical Telescope at the La Palma site on the Canary Islands. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.3 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (). A second lightcurve was obtained in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in October 2013, giving an alternative period solution of 34.8374 hours with an amplitude of 0.21 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, "Dubiago" measures 63.12 and 75.79 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.051 and 0.036, respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the results obtained by IRAS with an absolute magnitude of 9.85.
Naming.
This minor planet was named in honor of Alexander Dubyago (1903–1959), a renowned astronomer of the Soviet Union. The lunar crater "Dubyago" is also named in his and his father's honour. The approved naming was suggested by the Russian "Institute of Theoretical Astronomy" (ITA) and the official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).
References.
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29624816 | British automotive racing team
Pacific Racing (later known as Pacific Grand Prix, and finally as Pacific Team Lotus) was a motor racing team from the United Kingdom. Following success in lower formulae, the team took part in two full seasons of Formula One, in and , entering 33 Grands Prix without any success.
Origins and success in lower formulae.
The team was founded by former mechanic Keith Wiggins in 1984, to race in the European Formula Ford Championship, with Norwegian driver Harald Huysman and Marlboro backing. Huysman won both the European and Benelux titles. On Huysman's advice, Pacific entered Bertrand Gachot in British Formula Ford with a Reynard in 1985. The following year, Gachot, also part of the Marlboro World Championship team, won the Formula Ford 2000 crown for Pacific. Marlboro stayed with Wiggins' team in FF2000 in 1987, winning the British title with JJ Lehto.
In 1988, Pacific entered the British F3 Championship with Lehto and a Reynard car, and won the title on their first attempt. Wiggins did not want to stay in F3 and moved up to Formula 3000, once more in association with Reynard and Marlboro. However, Lehto and Eddie Irvine's season was disappointing and the tobacco company's support moved to rival DAMS in 1990. The team returned to form in 1991, taking Christian Fittipaldi to the F3000 crown.
Formula One.
Pacific Racing had won in every junior category it had participated in, and by 1992 Wiggins was determined that it would make the step up to F1 for the 1993 season, in the process renaming the team as Pacific Grand Prix. Lacking an in-house engineering staff and conscious of how limited his timescale was, Wiggins contacted F3000 constructor Reynard Racing to design and build the new PR01 chassis, hoping to benefit from several years of research and development that Reynard had invested in their recently scrapped in-house F1 project. Unfortunately for Pacific, the Rory Byrne-led design team had gone to Benetton at the end of 1991 and Reynard had sold the design (still in form of paper drawings) to Ligier. The small PR01 design team, working at Reynard but nominally employed by Pacific to conform to FIA Regulations, were forced to start a new design based on what little of the Reynard F1 research remained and utilizing a number of minor components from Reynard's F3000 chassis in an attempt to constrain costs. With their roots in the same project, the resulting Benetton B193, Ligier JS37 and Pacific PR01 shared the same slab-sided, raised-nose profile that later became standard in Formula One.
They instead postponed their entry in January 1993 because of a recession and resulting failure of investors to pay up.
They were unable to enter F1 until 1994. The year was a disaster. Paul Belmondo and former Jordan driver Bertrand Gachot (who was a shareholder in the team) started the season as drivers, with Oliver Gavin testing. The PR01, designed for the 1993 season, had undergone none of the vital wind tunnel testing required to refine the car's aerodynamics, had seen only a few dozen miles of track testing and its Ilmor 3.5 L V10 engine was underpowered by 1994 standards. That season the team failed to score a point or finish a single race, and from the French Grand Prix onwards, neither car qualified.
Aiming for a fresh start in 1995, Pacific made a deal with the owner of the former Team Lotus to enter as "Pacific Team Lotus". Although no staff, equipment or technology came to the team as a result, the aim was for Pacific to benefit from association with the famous Lotus name. The obsolete Ilmor engines had been replaced by Ford ED V8s and a whole host of new sponsors were brought in. Good news also came when the PR02 was guaranteed a start each race, with Larrousse and Lotus disappearing from the entry lists and only Forti coming in. An embarrassing moment happened during the reveal of the car when it took Wiggins 25 minutes to open a bottle of champagne. Belmondo had been replaced with Andrea Montermini. Having had no luck in the first half of the season, team partner Gachot vacated his seat in mid-1995, making way for paydrivers Giovanni Lavaggi (four races, four DNFs) and Jean-Denis Délétraz (two races, one DNF, one NC). Gachot later returned after the money of the two pay-drivers dried up and two drivers Wiggins wanted to run (Formula Nippon driver Katsumi Yamamoto for Okayama and Suzuka and test driver Oliver Gavin for Australia) were denied superlicences. Pacific's best finishes that season were 8th in the German and Australian Grands Prix, both times as the multi-lapped last car in the track.
Withdrawal and aftermath.
At the end of the 1995 season, the team withdrew from Formula One and Wiggins went back to Formula 3000, resurrecting Pacific Racing with Patrick Lemarié and Cristiano da Matta as drivers, but was unable to recapture the success of the pre-F1 era. Both were replaced by Oliver Tichy and Marc Gené for the following season; Gené left the team after his accident at Pau, and Tichy continued alone until the team quit mid-season. In 1997, Pacific's former F1 drivers Gachot and Belmondo were reunited in the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship, both acting as drivers of the Pacific-sponsored Toyota Supra entered by Cerumo in the GT500 class. On that same year, Wiggins also attempted to enter sportscar racing and the 24 Hours of Le Mans with a heavily modified BRM chassis known as the P301 and using Nissan engines. Following a series of failures for the project into 1998, Wiggins closed the team.
Wiggins joined Lola and helped the constructor reclaim ground in the Champ Car World Series. With a foothold in the United States, the mechanic-turned-team manager joined up with the Herdez brewery and in 2000 acquired Bettenhausen Motorsports, renaming it HVM Racing. In 2006, Paul Stoddart, former owner of the Minardi F1 team, bought an interest in the team and renamed it Minardi Team USA; the team reverted to the HVM Racing name after American open-wheel reunification two years later, before leaving the sport at the end of 2012 season.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 31 | null | 134 | null |
28552675 | Kizhoor is a village situated in the Villianur Commune Panchayat, Puducherry. It is located around 22 kilometers away from Pondicherry. Kizhoor comes under the Mangalam Constituency of the Union Territory of Puducherry. The population of Kizhur in 2011 was 2,955.
Introduction.
Kizhoor has an important place in the Indian Independence Movement. French Government had conducted a Referendum in Kizhoor either to continue as a French Colonial State or to unite with the Indian nation. The French government conceded the merger of Puducherry and other French establishments through at Kizhoor.
Independence movement.
Pondicherry played a dual role in the history of the independence movement. It fought for its independence and also gave tremendous support to India’s independence struggle against the British.
The post-independence government initiated discussions to integrate the French-Indian territories with the country. The National Youth Congress began a Satyagraha. Pro-merger processions were organized by independence fighters who were often lathi-charged, their flags seized and torn by the French-Indian police. A momentous event in Pondicherry’s independence movement occurred on 18 October 1954 when all elected members of the Representative Assembly and the Municipal Councils met to consider the joint proposals of the French and Indian Governments for a final settlement through a Referendum. This is known as Kizhoor Congress. Monsieur Balasubramanian, President of Assemblée Réprésentative, was the presiding officer of the congress which voted in a secret ballot. An overwhelming majority of 170 out of 178 members favored the merger of French Indian territories with India.
France transferred its last four territories — Pondicherry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahe — to India on 1 November 1954. M R K Nehru, General Secretary of Foreign Affairs, hoisted the Indian flag. Kewal Singh, the first High Commissioner of the new state, and Pierre Landy, special diplomatic representative of the French Republic Government, exchanged signatures at the Governor’s transfer of power ceremony. It was on 16 August 1962 that, in adherence to the time-tested template of the voice of the people being the voice of God, the French Government conceded the merger of Puducherry and other French establishments through De Jure Transfer. This was a direct sequel to the verdict registered at a referendum for merger of Puducherry with the Indian Union.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 32 | null | 66 | null |
18152109 | Minor league baseball team Goldsboro, North Carolina, US
Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Goldsboro Giants were a minor league baseball team based in Goldsboro, North Carolina. From 1908 to 1910, the "Giants" played exclusively as members of the Class D level Eastern Carolina League.
The Goldsboro Giants teams hosted home minor league home games at the Goldsboro Athletic Park.
History.
In 1908, the Giants were the first minor league team based in Goldsboro. The Goldsboro Giants began minor league play, when the team became charter members of the six–team, Class D level Eastern Carolina League. The Kinston, New Burn, Raleigh Red Birds, Wilmington Sailors and Wilson Tobacconists teams joined Goldsboro in beginning league play on June 8, 1908.
The Goldsboro franchise was formed with funds raised by the "Goldsboro Athletic Association" with A. W. Edgerton serving as president of the association.
Beginning Eastern Caroling League play in 1908, the Giants did not qualify for the playoffs in a split season schedule. The Giants ended the Eastern Carolina League regular season with an overall record of 29–28, placing third in the final standings and finishing 8.5 games behind Wilson, with E. E. Kling serving as manager. The league played a split-season schedule and Wilmington won second half pennant, meeting the Wilson Tobacconists, winners of the first half pennant in the finals. The finals were won by Wilson.
Continuing Eastern Caroling League play in their second season of play, the Giants finished in fifth place under manager H. E. Kling. Goldsboro ended the 1909 season with a record of 43–46 to finish 7.0 games behind the first place Wilson Tobacconists (50–39) in the final standings of the six–team league. Goldsboro pitcher Harry Otis led the Eastern Carolina League with 19 wins.
In their final season of play, the 1910 Giants again placed fifth in the Eastern Carolina League overall standings. Goldsboro ended the season with a record of 39-44 and did not qualify for the playoff in the split season format. The Giants were managed by M. J. Kelley and finished 7.5 games behind the first place Fayetteville Highlanders in the overall standings. Fayetteville won the playoff over the Rocky Mount Railroaders. The Giants' Curly Brown won the Eastern Carolina League batting championship, hitting .290.
The Eastern Carolina League folded after the 1910 season, before the league reformed in 1928. The Goldsboro Maunfacturers resumed minor league play in Goldsboro when the Eastern Carolina league reformed.
The ballpark.
The Goldsboro Giants hosted home minor league home games at the Goldsboro Athletic Park. The team drew crowds of up to 1,200, with most crowds reported to be around 400.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
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18152109 | Minor league baseball teams based in Sherman, Texas, United States
Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Several different minor league baseball teams were based in Sherman, Texas, intermittently for a total of 14 seasons between 1895 and 1952. These teams won one championship, shared; that of the Texas Association in 1923.
The 14 seasons saw nine different team names used, with only two names used for more than a single season; the Lions (four seasons) and the Twins (three seasons). The 14 seasons were contested in seven different leagues. Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Ross Youngs played for Sherman in 1916.
Teams.
Sherman Orphans.
The Orphans played only during 1895, as a member of the Class B Texas-Southern League, finishing in fourth place within the eight-team league, with a record of 53–64.
Sherman Students.
The Students only played part of the 1896 season, as a member of the Class C Texas-Southern League, compiling a record of 25–27 before disbanding in June. Their spot in the league, and record, were taken over by a team located in Paris, Texas. The league renamed itself as the Texas Association in July, and four of its eight teams (including Paris) folded in early August.
Sherman Cubs.
The Cubs played only during 1912, as a member of the Class D Texas–Oklahoma League, finishing in third place within the eight-team league, with a record of 56–37; the team was managed by Jimmie Humphries.
Sherman Hitters.
The Hitters played only during 1915, as a member of the Class D Western Association, finishing in third place within the eight-team league, with a record of 70–65; the team was managed by A. L. "Dad" Ritter.
Sherman Lions.
The Lions played during four seasons: 1913, 1914, 1916, and 1921. They competed in the Class D Texas–Oklahoma League in 1913, 1914, and 1921. They were members of the Class D Western Association in 1916.
The 1913 team finished fourth of eight teams, with a record of 68–58, managed by Jimmie Humphries. Ed Appleton of Sherman pitched a no hitter on July 6 against the Denison Blue Sox. Pitcher Ben Tincup led the league with 233 strikeouts. The 1914 team disbanded at the end of July, with a record of 30–75; the team had been led by three different managers. The 1916 team finished seventh of eight teams, with a record of 61–76, led by two different managers. The 1921 team finished last in a six-team league, with a record of 48–78, led by two different managers. Pitcher Sam Gray led the league with 237 strikeouts.
In addition to Appleton, Gray, and Tincup, Lions players who appeared in the major leagues include Howard Murphy, Farmer Ray, and Hall of Fame inductee Ross Youngs.
Sherman Browns.
The Browns played only during 1917, as a member of the Class D Western Association, finishing in third place within the eight-team league, with a record of 79–73; the team was managed by Leo Hellman. Notable players for the Browns include pitcher Charlie Robertson, who in 1922 would pitch the fifth perfect game in major league history.
Sherman Red Sox.
The Red Sox played only during 1922, as a member of the Class D Texas–Oklahoma League, finishing in fifth place within the eight-team league, with a record of 48–60; the team was managed by Grady Higginbotham.
Sherman Snappers.
The Snappers played only during 1929, as a member of the Class D Lone Star League, finishing in third place within the four-team league, with a record of 9–9; the team was managed by Red Snapp. The league disbanded in mid-May when the Texarkana Twins folded.
Sherman Twins.
The Twins played during 1923, 1946, and 1952 in the Class D Texas Association, Class C East Texas League, and Class D Sooner State League, respectively.
The 1923 team won the first half of a split season, with the Austin Rangers winning the second half; the Twins had an overall record of 72–67 for the entire season, third-best in the six-team league. The Twins and Rangers tied a six-game playoff series, three games each. The Twins had two different managers, one being player-manager Otto McIvor, who had played in the major leagues in 1911. Longtime minor league outfielder Tom Pyle of the Twins led the league in batting average (.359), runs (94), and hits (199). Pitcher Murray Richburg led the league in strikeouts with 197.
The 1946 team finished fifth in an eight-team league, with a 70–70 record under manager Guy Sturdy, a native of Sherman. The squad had several players who appeared in the major leagues: Larry Drake, Buck Frierson, Pat McLaughlin, Monty Stratton, and John Whitehead. Stratton, who had pitched for the Chicago White Sox during 1934–1938, was notable for having an artificial leg, the result of a hunting accident following the 1938 season.
The 1952 team finished fifth in an eight-team league with a record of 72–68. A 6–1 loss to the Shawnee Hawks on the final day of the regular season resulted in Sherman missing the league's four-team postseason by a single game. The Twins were led by player-manager Bennie Warren, who had played six seasons in the major leagues as a catcher.
Note that another team, also known as the Twins, based jointly in Sherman and nearby Denison, competed from 1947 to 1951 and again in 1953.
Results by season.
Notes:
References.
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] |
18152109 | Defunct American baseball league
The Northern New York League was a Minor League Baseball circuit that operated in a span of six seasons between 1900 and 1905. League franchises were located in New York and Vermont. For the majority of its existence it operated as an independent league, except in 1902, when was classified as Class D circuit. In 1906, the league changed names to the Northern Independent League as Ottawa joined Burlington, Montpelier-Barre, Plattsburgh and Rutland in the league.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Pen Argyl team was a minor league baseball team based in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania in 1907. Pen Argyl played as members of the Independent level Blue Mountain League. The 1907 team was without a known moniker and was the only minor league team known to be hosted in Pen Argyl.
History.
The Pen Argyl team was formed and began play in the 1907 Blue Mountain League. The league was an Independent four team league. The other charter teams were the teams from Bangor, Pennsylvania, Nazareth, Pennsylvania and Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The final 1907 Blue Mountain League team records and standings are unknown.
The State Belt and Hay lines provided free transportation for the league teams to travel to away games.
Pen Argyl's record and statistics are unknown. A printed postcard of the 1907 Nazareth team identifies them as the "pennant winners" of the Blue Mountain League.
The Blue Mountain League permanently folded after the 1907 season and Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The exact name of the Pen Argyl home ballpark is not directly referenced. A printed photo postcard from 1907 features a photograph of the ballpark, with fans in attendance, labeled as the Pen Argl Baseball Stadium.
Year–by–year records.
The 1907 Pen Argyl record is unknown, as no official Blue Mountain League records or final standings are known.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Manhattan Maroons were a minor league baseball team based in Manhattan, Kansas. From 1909 to 1911, the Maroons played as members of the Class D level Central Kansas League and were followed in the league by the 1912 Manhattan "Elks," before the franchise joined the 1913 Kansas State League. Manhattan teams hosted minor league home games at Athletic Park from 1909 to 1911, before moving to Southside Park.
History.
Manhattan, Kansas first hosted minor league baseball when the Manhattan "Maroons" began play in 1909. The Maroons began play as members of the eight–team Class D level Central Kansas League. The Abilene Red Sox, Beloit, Clay Center Colts, Ellsworth Blues, Junction City Soldiers, Minneapolis Minnies and Salina Trade Winners teams joined Manhattan in beginning league play on June 14, 1909.
In their first season of play, the Maroons ended the 1909 season with a record of 16–54, placing eight and last in the league. Earle Bryant, Joe Bond and Pat Murphy served as managers as the Maroons finished 29.5 games behind the first place Ellsworth Blues in the final standings.
The Manhattan Maroons placed sixth in the 1910 Central Kansas League. Playing the season under managers Frank Gardiner and Al Strong, the Maroons finished with a final record of 35–43, finishing 16.5 games behind the first place Ellsworth Blues.
The 1911 Manhattan Maroons continued play as the Central Kansas League reduced to four teams. Manhattan ended the 1911 season with a record of 28–43, placing fourth in the four–team league. With Dee Poindexter as manager, Manhattan finished 19.0 games behind the champion Concordia Travelers.
The team became known as the Manhattan Elks in 1912, continuing Central Kansas League play. The 1912 team was also referred to as the "Giants." The Elks ended the 1912 season with a record of 52–38, placing second in the six–team league. Manhattan was 2.0 games behind the first place Great Bend Millers in the final standings. Bob Kahl and Fred Moore served as the Manhattan managers in 1912. The Central Kansas League permanently folded following the 1912 season, leaving Manhattan to join a new league in 1913.
In their final season of play, the 1913 Manhattan Elks folded during the season after joining a new league. Manhattan began the season as members of the six–team Class D level Kansas State League. The 1913 team was also referred to as the "Giants." The Clay Center Colts, Great Bend Millers, Junction City Soldiers, Lyons Lions and Salina Insurgents joined with Manhattan in beginning league play on May 16, 1913.
On July 10, 1913, Manhattan folded from the Kansas State League with a record of 27–24. The Junction City Soldiers franchise had disbanded on July 9, 1910, causing Manhattan to be folded from the league on July 10, to keep an even number of teams. Fred Moore served as manager in Manhattan's final season of minor league play.
The Kansas State League played the 1914 season as a four-team league, before folding and never reformed. Manhattan, Kansas has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballparks.
From 1909 to 1911, the Manhattan Maroons played minor league home games at Athletic Park. The ballpark had a capacity of 2,000.
In the 1912 and 1913 seasons, the Manhattan Elks teams played home minor league games at Southside Park. The ballpark also was called Eureka Electric Park.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Tulsa Oilers, located in Tulsa, Oklahoma, were a minor league baseball team that existed on-and-off in multiple leagues from 1905 to 1976. For most of their history, they played at Oiler Park, which opened on July 11, 1934, and was located on the Tulsa County Fairgrounds at 15th Street and Sandusky Avenue.
History.
Early years.
In 1905, the Oilers were part of the Missouri Valley League. They finished 44–58 under manager Charley Shafft. The Missouri Valley League folded after 1905, and the Oilers became a charter member of the South Central League.
Under managers Frank Smith and Bill Rupp, the Oilers finished the 1906 season with a 45–42 record. The League folded, and the Oilers played in the Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League in 1907. They finished with a 37–60 record, under Hall of Fame manager Jake Beckley. The Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League saw two teams leave, so in 1908 the Oilers played in the Oklahoma–Kansas League, which was just the aforementioned Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League minus a couple teams. They finished with the second best record in the league – 69–55 under managers Harry B. "Deacon" White and Stu McBirney. The league folded after only one year of existence as well.
The Tulsa Oilers did not organize in 1909. However, in 1910, they played in the Western Association. On July 22, the Tulsa Oilers team disbanded.
From 1911 to 1913, the Tulsa Oilers were not involved in organized baseball. However, in 1914 they rejoined the Western Association, leading the league with a 74–49 record under manager Howard Price. Even after such an impressive season, the Oilers disbanded again, and baseball would not be played under that name until 1919. (Until 1917 Tulsa had a team in the Western Association called the Tulsa Producers.)
Western League.
In 1919, the Oilers joined the Western League, where they played from 1919 until 1929, and in 1932. Their performance during those years can be seen in the following chart.
From 1922 to 1924, Oilers star Lyman Lamb hit 68, 71 and 100 doubles, respectively – the latter of which is a minor league record.
In 1930, McNulty Park was declared unsuitable by the city. The team opted to move Topeka, Kansas for a spell while plans for a replacement were drawn up. In 1930 and 1931, they were known as the Topeka Senators. They returned to Tulsa in 1932, temporarily playing at Fairgrounds Park.
Although 1932 was the Oilers' final season in the Western League, it was also the first season in which they were actually affiliated with a Major League team – the Pittsburgh Pirates. That affiliation lasted that year only, however. The 1932 Oilers were recognized as number 83 on Minor League Baseball's list of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time.
Texas League.
From 1933 to 1942, the Oilers played in the Texas League. In 1936, they won the league championship and the Dixie Series, a postseason interleague championship between the winners of the Southern Association and the Texas League. From 1940 to 1942, they were affiliated with the Chicago Cubs. The Texas League was shut down from 1943 to 1945 due to World War II, but when it started up again in 1946, the Oilers again played in the league until 1965. In 1946 and 1947, they were affiliated with the Cubs, but in 1948 they became affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds. They stayed affiliated with the Reds until 1954. In 1955, they were a Cleveland Indians affiliate; in 1956, they were again a Cubs affiliate. From 1957 to 1958, they were a Philadelphia Phillies affiliate. For the rest of their existence, they were a St. Louis Cardinals affiliate.
In their second year in the Texas League, the Oilers got a new home, Texas League Park. However, it was not well maintained over the years; its dilapidated condition was obvious as early as the 1950s. In 1961, the team was nearly moved to Albuquerque partly due to the stadium's poor state of repair, but A. Ray Smith bought out the previous owner and heavily renovated the park, renaming it Oiler Park. The following shows the Oilers' performance during their years in the Texas League:
AAA years.
In 1966, the Oilers moved up to AAA baseball as part of the Pacific Coast League. In their first year, they won the Eastern Division, then lost the championship series to the Seattle Angels, 4 games to 3. The following year, future Hall of Famer Warren Spahn took over as manager; he would ultimately become the winningest manager in Oilers history. After a poor 1967 season, in 1968 the Oilers had one of their best seasons ever, winning the Eastern Division, then winning the PCL championship series 4 games to 1 over the Spokane Indians. Oiler outfielder Jim Hicks was named MVP of the PCL.
During their final eight years of existence, the Oilers were members of the American Association. They won the league championship twice. In 1973, the Oilers led the West Division, then won the league playoff 4 games to 3 over the Iowa Oaks. The Oilers went on to play in the 1973 Junior World Series, where they lost 4 games to 1 to the Pawtucket Red Sox. The Oilers repeated as league champions in 1974, again winning the West Division and then beating the Indianapolis Indians 4 games to 3. (There was no Junior World Series that year.) The following chart lists their performance during their final eight years of existence:
Through their many years of existence, the Oilers had had many big names both play for and manage the team. Jake Beckley, Gus Weyhing, Deacon White, Gus Mancuso, Marty McManus, Whitey Kurowski, Warren Spahn and Ken Boyer all managed for the team at one point or another. Steve Carlton, Mike Torrez, Ted Simmons, Nelson Briles, Jerry Reuss, Keith Hernandez, Bob Forsch, Dal Maxvill and Mike Easler all played for the team.
By the end of the 1976 season, the Oilers were again faced with the deteriorating condition of Oiler Park. Smith had poured significant resources into keeping the park at something approaching Triple-A standards. However, it was obvious that the park was nearing the end of its useful life. When Smith was unable to get commitments for a new park, or at least further public or private funding for badly-needed upgrades to Oiler Park, he moved the team to New Orleans after the 1976 season. For one year they were the New Orleans Pelicans, then moved on to Springfield, Illinois, and in 1982 to Louisville, Kentucky, where the team set minor league attendance records and is now called the Louisville Bats.
Tulsa was not without baseball for long, however; shortly after the Oilers announced they were leaving town, the Lafayette Drillers of the Texas League moved to Tulsa as the Tulsa Drillers. The Drillers have been a mainstay of the Texas League ever since; they played at Oiler Park from 1977 to 1980 until Robert B. Sutton Stadium, later Tulsa County Stadium and then Drillers Stadium, opened in 1981. They now play at ONEOK Field.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Attleboro Burros were a minor league baseball team based in Attleboro, Massachusetts. In 1928, the Burros played the season as members of the Class B level New England League, reaching the league playoff Final. The Burros were preceded and succeeded by two Attleboro teams that played partial minor league seasons. The Attleboro Angels played briefly in the 1908 Atlantic Association and Attleboro played a few games in returning to the New England League in 1933.
The 1933 Attleboro team was a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants.
Attleboro teams hosted minor league home games at the Brady Field in 1908 and Hayward Field in 1928 and 1933.
History.
1908 Atlantic Association.
In 1908, the Attleboro "Angels" began minor league play, as Attleboro became members of the six–team Class D level Atlantic Association during the season. The Lewiston, Pawtucket Colts, Portland Blue Sox, Newport Ponies and Woonsocket Trotters teams joined the Taunton Angels in beginning league play on May 1, 1908, before the franchise relocated.
In 1908, the Taunton Angels began Atlantic Association play, before the Taunton franchise moved to Attleboro, Massachusetts. The move to Attleboro was short-lived as the Atlantic Association disbanded on May 21, 1908, due to a "lack of public interest." The Taunton/Attleboro Angles had an overall record of 1–12 record, playing the brief season under managers Mike McDermott, Bill Wilson and McEleney.
1928 & 1933 New England League.
The Attleboro "Burros" joined the eight-team Class B level New England League in 1928 and won the first-half pennant in a split-season schedule. The Brockton Shoemakers, Haverhill Hillies, Lewiston-Auburn Twins, Lynn Papooses, Manchester Blue Sox, Portland Mariners and Salem Witches joined Attleboro in beginning league play on May 16, 1928.
Attleboro placed sixth in the overall New England League standings in 1928. With a record of 47-49, the Burros were managed by Patsy Donovan, a former major league manager and Bill Hunnefield. The Burrows won the first-half pennant of the split-season schedule and advanced to the playoff finals. The Lynn Papooses defeated the Attleboro Burros four games to three in the league final. Burros' pitcher John Pomorski had 21 wins to lead the New England League. Despite reaching the 1928 league finals, the Attleboro franchise did not return to the 1929 New England League.
In 1933, Attleboro briefly returned to play as a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants, playing in a final season as members of the six–team Class B level New England League. The Lowell Lauriers, New Bedford Whalers, Quincy Shipbuilders, Taunton Blues and Worcester Chiefs joined Attleboro in beginning league play on May 17, 1933.
The 1933 Attleboro team relocated during the season and finished last in the standings after playing in three cities. Nine days into the season, on May 26, 1933, Attleboro, with a 2–6, record moved to Lawrence and continued play as the Lawrence Weavers. After playing in Lawrence, the team relocated to a third city as the franchise moved to Woonsocket, Rhode Island on July 18, 1933. Overall, the three-city team finished with a 27–58 overall record and placed sixth in the standings of the six–team league. The returning Bill Hunnefield and Mark Devlin managed the team. Skinny Graham hit .409 for the season, playing for the Attleboro/Lawrence/Woonsocket team.
The Woonsocket team did not resume play in 1934, as the New England League folded following the conclusion of the 1933 season. Attleboro, Massachusetts has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballparks.
The 1908 Attleboro Angels played home minor league games at Brady Field. Eighteen Baseball Hall of Fame members played at the ballpark in 1920, including Babe Ruth. Pro Football Hall of Fame member Jim Thorpe also participated. Baseball Hall of Fame members Grover Cleveland Alexander, Dave Bancroft, Eddie Collins, Frankie Frisch, Goose Goslin, Bucky Harris, Harry Heilmann, Harry Hooper, Rogers Hornsby, Walter Johnson, Rabbit Maranville, Rube Marquard, Sam Rice, George Sisler, Pie Traynor, Zack Wheat, and Ross Youngs also played in the games at the ballpark. Brady Field was located off North Main Street, near Veery Road & Lincoln Avenue.
In 1928 and 1933, Attleboro hosted home minor league games at Hayward Field. The ballfield was located on Hayward Street and is still in use as a public park. Today, the 9-acre Hayward Field houses a regulation ballfield, football field and a swimming pool and other amenities. It is located at 79 North Avenue.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Minor league baseball teams were based in Ellsworth, Kansas in four seasons between 1905 and 1910. Ellsworth teams played as members of the Class D level 1905 Kansas State League and the Central Kansas League from 1908 to 1910. Ellsworth won league championships in 1905, 1909 and 1910.
History.
Ellsworth, Kansas first hosted minor league baseball in 1905. Beginning league play on June 15, 1905, the Ellsworth team won the 1905 Kansas State League championship. Playing as charter members of the Class Class D level league, Ellsworth finished with a 34–15 record under manager Arthur Relihan. In the six–team league, Ellsworth finished 4.5 games ahead on the second place Great Bend Millers (19–9) in the final Kansas State League standings. Following in the standings were the Minneapolis Minnies, (24–22), Hutchinson Salt Miners (22–24), Lincoln Center (11–19) and Kingman/Hoisington (13–34). The Ellsworth franchise folded following the 1905 season and did not return to the 1906 Kansas State League.
In 1908, Ellsworth again hosted minor league baseball when the Ellsworth "Worthies" began play. The Worthies began play as charter members of the six–team Class D level Central Kansas League. The Little River team, McPherson Merry Macks, Minneapolis Minnies, Newton Browns and Salina Trade Winners joined Ellsworth as charter members.
Beginning play on June 22, 1908, the Ellsworth Worthies placed second in the 1908 Central Kansas League. Under manager F.S. Foster, the Worthies finished with a final record of 25–22, ending the season in a second-place tie with the Newton Browns. In the final Central Kansas League standings, Ellsworth finished 4.5 games behind the first place Minneapolis Minnies.
The 1909 Ellsworth Worthies won the Central Kansas League championship as the league expanded to eight teams. Ellsworth ended the 1909 season with a record of 44–33, placing 1st in the final league standings. With George Seigle as manager, Ellsworth finished 4.5 games ahead of the second place Salina Trade Winners (40–28) in the eight–team league. Following in the standings were the Abilene Red Sox (37–30), Minneapolis Minnies (36–32), Junction City Soldiers (34–32), Beloit (33–36), Clay Center Cubs (32–37) and Manhattan Maroons (16–54).
The team became the Ellsworth Blues in 1910, winning their second consecutive Central Kansas League championship in their final season. The Blues ended the 1910 season with a record of 53–28, placing first in the final standings. Richard Ford served as manager as the Blues finished 5.0 games ahead of the Clay Center Cubs (48–33) in the eight–team league standings. The Abilene Reds (44–33), Salina Trade Winners (44–34), Concordia Travelers (43–38), Manhattan Maroons (35–43), Junction City Soldiers (34–48) and Beloit/Chapman (18–62) followed in the final standings.
Despite winning the championship, the Ellsworth Blues franchise folded after the 1910 season, as the Central Kansas League reduced to four teams for the 1911 season.
Ellsworth, Kansas has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The name of the ballpark of the Ellsworth minor league teams is not known. It was noted adult admission at the Ellsworth ballpark was .25 cents. The ballpark was reportedly located Northeast of Ellsworth and had a capacity of 500.
References.
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18152109 | American baseball player (1894-1973)
Frederick Edward Johnson (March 10, 1894 - June 14, 1973) was an American Major League Baseball player who played for the New York Giants and the St. Louis Browns. He debuted in 1922 on September 27 with the Giants. After the 1923 season he didn't appear again in the major leagues until 1938 when he pitched for the Browns. The fifteen year gap between pitching wins remains a major league record. Johnson's final pitch was thrown the next year at the age of 45, making him one of the oldest pitchers to have ever appeared in a major league game. Throughout his career he walked more batters than he struck out. | 41 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Rockingham Eagles were a minor league baseball team based in Rockingham, North Carolina who won the league championship in their only season of play. In 1950, the Eagles played as members of the Class D level Tobacco State League, winning the league championship in the last season of play for the league. The Rockingham Baseball Park served as home to the Eagles.
History.
Rockingham, North Carolina first hosted minor league play in 1950, whet the Rockingham "Eagles" became members of the eight–team Class D level Tobacco State League during the last season of the league.
The Clinton Sampson Blues, Dunn-Erwin Twins, Lumberton Auctioneers, Red Springs Red Robins, Sanford Spinners, Smithfield–Selma Leafs and Wilmington Pirates joined Rockingham in beginning Tobacco State League play on April 28, 1950.
In their only season of play, the 1950 Rockingham Eagles won the final Tobacco State League championship. Rockingham finished the regular season with a record of 63–64, to place fourth in the Tobacco State League standings. Playing under managers Jack Bell and Turkey Tyson, Rockingham finished 27.5 games behind the first place Lumberton Auctioneers. The Eagles then swept through the four-team playoffs to win the championship. In the first round of the playoffs, the Rockingham Eagles defeated the Lumberton Auctioneers four games to two to advance. In the Finals, the Rockingham Eagles defeated the Sanford Spinners four games to three to claim the championship.
The Tobacco State League permanently folded following the 1950 season. Rockingham, North Carolina has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The 1950 Rockingham Eagles minor league team was noted to have played home games at the Rockingham Baseball Park. The ballpark reportedly was later called Rockingham Stadium and had hosted traveling Negro league baseball games.
Notable alumni.
Turkey Tyson (1950, MGR)
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Biddeford Orphans were a minor league baseball team based in Biddeford, Maine. Preceded in minor league play by the 1885 Biddeford "Clamdiggers," who played as members of the 1885 Eastern New England League, the Orphans were members of the Class D level Maine State League in 1907 and 1908, hosting home games at St. Louis Park.
History.
Minor league baseball began in Biddeford, Maine in 1885. The Biddeford Clamdiggers became members of the 1885 Independent level Eastern New England League. The five–team league schedule consisted of an 80–game season, with each team playing 20 games against each of the other four. On July 17, 1885, Biddeford had a record of 13–20 when the franchise disbanded and relocated to Newburyport, Massachusetts to complete the season. Playing under manager Irwin, the Biddeford/Newburyport team had a 25–55 overall record, placing fifth and last in the league standings, finishing 23.5 games behind first place Lawrence.
The 1907 Biddeford Orphans resumed play as members of the Maine State League, which reformed as an eight–team Class D level league. The "Orphans" moniker corresponds to Biddeford being home in the era to the Sisters of Mercy Orphanage. Biddeford began play in the 1907 season alongside fellow members from Augusta, Maine (Augusta Senators), Bangor, Maine (Bangor Cubs), Lewiston, Maine (Lewiston), Manchester, New Hampshire (Manchester), Portland, Maine (Pine Tree Capers), a second team in Portland (Portland Blue Sox) and Waterville, Maine (Waterville).
Biddeford continued play as the 1907 Maine State League began games on May 24, 1907. The league lost several franchises before the season concluded. Both Manchester and Waterville folded in June, with Augusta and Lewiston folding after.
With a 30–27 record, Biddeford placed second in the final 1907 standings, finishing 6.5 games behind the first place Bangor Cubs, playing the season under managers Charlie Allen and John Guiney. Bangor had a 47–31 final record, followed by the Biddeford Orphans, Portland Blue Sox (39–41) and Pine Tree Capers (27–32) in the 1907 final standings. The Augusta Senators (27–28), Lewiston (24–23), Manchester (1–7) and Waterville (8–14) all folded before the completion of the season.
In 1908, Biddeford continued play under new manager Bernie McGraw as Maine State League games began play on June 10, 1908. During the season, Pine Tree and York Beach both disbanded on July 19, 1908, and when the Portland Blue Sox disbanded on August 28, 1908, the Maine State League permanently folded. The Portland Blue Sox were in 1st place with a 32–20 record, followed the Bangor White Sox (31–22), Lewiston/Augusta (20–26) and Biddeford (18–30) in the standings. However, since Portland folded, the Bangor White Sox were awarded the 1908 Maine State League championship.
The Maine State League permanently folded following the 1908 season. Biddleford, Maine has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Biddeford Orphans were noted to have played home games at St. Louis Field in 1907 and 1908. St. Louis Field is still in use today as a public park with ballfields. It is located at 284 Hill Street Biddeford, Maine.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Humboldt Infants were a minor league baseball team based in Humboldt, Nebraska. From 1911 to 1913, the Infants played exclusively as members of the Class D level Missouri-Iowa-Nebraska-Kansas League, winning the 1911 league championship. Humboldt hosted home minor league games at Humboldt Lake Park.
History.
In their first season, the Humboldt Infants began play in mid–season and won the 1911 Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas League championship. The Class D level league was nicknamed the "MINK" League. On July 10, 1911, the Maryville Comets had a 24–21 record when the franchise relocated to Humboldt, Nebraska, finishing the 1911 season as the "Humboldt Infants".
L.J. Segrist was a key figure in bringing the team to Humboldt, where the 1911 team won the league championship. There are differing accounts of the 1911 team moniker, which were often informal in the era. The Humboldt Standard and the Falls City Journal newspapers called the Humboldt team the "Orphans," while other references called them the "Infants". On July 17, 1911, Humboldt played their first home MINK league game in Humboldt as C.E. Nims threw out the first pitch and the Humboldt band played. The team won 5 out of 6 games in the first week of August, moving into first place. Maryville/Humboldt finished the 1911 season with a 59–41 overall record, playing the season under managers Harry Sievers and A.F. Bridges, while finishing 2.0 games ahead of the second place Falls City Colts in the six–team league. The MINK League did not hold playoffs. After the season, the city of Humboldt held a championship celebration in the town square that lasted "most of the night."
The Humboldt Infants continued play in the 1912 six–team MINK League. Humboldt finished the season with a 44–57 record. The Infants placed fourth under manager Ira Plank, finishing 18.0 games behind the first place Nebraska City Forresters in the Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas League final standings. The issue of Nebraska Sunday laws affected baseball teams in the MINK League, as teams were not allowed to play Sunday games or practice.
In 1913 the Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas League began play as a four–team league and Humboldt folded during the season. On June 17, 1913, both the Falls City Colts and Humboldt Infants franchises folded. As a result, the entire MINK League permanently folded. At the time, Humboldt was 12.0 games behind the first place Auburn Athletics. The Infants had a 12–20 final record and were in fourth place under manager Warren Cummings. The Sunday laws were cited as a financial factor in causing the league to fold.
Humboldt, Nebraska has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Humboldt Infants played minor league home games at Humboldt Lake Park. The ballpark was located on Park Avenue near Railroad Street in Humboldt, Nebraska. The park is still in use today as a public park.
Notable alumni.
No Humboldt alumni reached the major leagues.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Corpus Christi Seagulls were a minor league baseball team based in Corpus Christi, Texas in 1976 and 1977. The Seagulls played as members of the Class A level Gulf States League in 1976 and Lone Star League in 1977, winning the league championship in both seasons under player/manager Leo Mazzone. The Seagulls hosted minor league home games at Cabaniss Field.
History.
The first minor league team based in Corpus Christi was the 1910 Corpus Christi Pelicans, who played as charter members of the Southwest Texas League. The Seagulls were preceded by the 1959 Corpus Christi Giants of the Texas League.
In 1976, local advertising businessman Terry Ferrell led a successful effort to place a minor league team in Corpus Christi. Ferrell gained approval from the Corpus Christi Independent School District school board to obtain a lease of Cabaniss Field. The ballpark required upgrades to meet minor league requirements and the team spent approximately $20,000 on improvements to the ballpark, adding box seats, an eight–foot wooden fence, with upgrades to the press box and concession areas. Seats were painted in the Seagulls' selected team color, bright aqua.
In 1976, the Corpus Christi Seagulls began play as charter members of the Class A level Gulf States League, which formed as a six–team league. The Baton Rouge Cougars, Beeville Bees, Rio Grande Valley White Wings, Seguin Toros and Victoria Cowboys joined the Seagulls in beginning league play on June 1, 1976.
On June 3, 1976, the Seagulls hosted their first home game at Cabaniss Field. With 5,000 in attendance, Corpus Christi defeated the Rio Grande Valley White Wings by the score of 12–8.
In their first season of play, the Corpus Christi Seagulls won both the Gulf States League pennant and championship. Managed by Leo Mazzone, the Seagulls ended the 1976 season with a record of 50–27, placing first in the regular season standings, finishing 2.5 games ahead of the second place Baton Rouge Cougars. In the playoff Finals, Corpus Christi swept the Seguin Toros in three games to win the championship. The Seagulls scored 556 total runs, most in the league.
The Gulf Coast League evolved into the Lone Star League in 1977, with the Corpus Christi Seagulls continuing play at Cabaniss Field, playing again under returning manager Leo Mazzone. Joining Corpus Christi in the new league were the Beeville Blazers, Harlingen Suns, McAllen Dusters, Texas City Stars and Victoria Rosebuds, with play beginning on June 10, 1977.
The Corpus Christi Seagulls repeated their championship and won the 1977 Lone Star League championship in their final season of play. The Seagulls again placed first in the final standings, ending the 1977 regular season with 53–27 record. Corpus Christi finished 12.0 games ahead of the second place Harlingen Suns.The Seagulls led the league with 533 runs scored and allowed 402 runs, least in the league. The potential 1977 Lone Star League playoffs were cancelled due to the threat of the approaching Hurricane Anita, allowing Corpus Christi to claim the championship.
The Seagulls were unable to defend their championships when the Lone Star League permanently folded following the 1977 season. Corpus Christi was without minor league baseball until the 1994 Corpus Christi Barracudas began play as members of the independent Texas-Louisiana League.
The ballpark.
In both 1976 and 1977, the Corpus Christi Seagulls hosted minor league games at Cabaniss Field. Today, the ballpark remains home to Corpus Christi Independent School District baseball teams.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ;
External links.
Corpus Christi - Baseball ReferenceCabiniss Field photos | 45 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Clarksville Reds were a minor league baseball team based in Clarksville, Arkansas. In 1924, the Reds played the season as members of the Western Arkansas League, a six–team Class D level league. The Western Arkansas League permanently folded after its one season of minor league play. Clarksville hosted minor league home games at the Clarksville City Ballpark.
History.
In 1924, minor league baseball was first hosted in Clarksville, when the Clarksville "Reds" began play as members of the six–team Class D level Western Arkansas League. The Western Arkansas League was formed for the 1924 season with E.H. Nichols from Clarksville serving as league president.
The Teams from Atkins, Arkansas (Atkins Boys), Dardanelle, Arkansas (Dardanelle White Sox), Ozark, Arkansas (Ozark Bears), Paris, Arkansas (Paris Blues) and Russellville, Arkansas (Russellville Miners) joined Clarksville as charter members. Clarksville and the Western Arkansas League members began league play on May 5, 1924.
The league created a 60-game schedule with a split–season format, with the winner of each split–season meeting in the finals to decide the championship. Before the season, league president E.H. Nichols issued a letter in the local newspaper of each host city, asking for good sportsmanship.
In the league opener, Clarksville played at Ozark and won the game by the score of 7–5. The Reds then defeated the Ozarks again in the second game 6–2.
In their first season of play, the 1924 Clarksville Reds had the second–best overall record in the Western Arkansas League. The Reds finished the Arkansas League overall standings with a record of 31–28, placing second and finishing 4.0 games behind the first place Russellville Miners. Clarksville was managed by Red Basham, a Clarksville native who also served at the Reds' starting catcher.
After ending in a tie with Russellville, the Dardanelle White Sox won the first–half title, winning a playoff 3 games to 0 against the Miners after a tie, in which teams finished with 17–13 records, with Clarksville in fifth place ending the first half with a 14–16 record. Russellville then won the second–half title outright with a 19–11 record.
At the end of the first half, Clarksville starting 1st baseman Oliver Clift left the team to become an umpire in the league. After the season, Clift returned to his home in Waxahachie, Texas, where he became a community leader. An elementary school in the city bears his name. Future major league player Al Williamson led the Reds' pitching staff.
Clarksville was part of a controversy in the second–half season final standings, that negated a possible first-place finish. An August 12, 1924, Atkins' win over Russellville was later reversed due to Atkins using an ineligible player, giving the second–half title outright to Russellville. Player Frank Cash was used illegally by Atkins on "loan" from the Arkansas Travelers. Clarksville had also lost an extra innings game to last place Ozarks on that date. Before the ruling and after their extra innings loss, Clarksville, Russellville and Atkins had ended in a three-way tie for first place, with all three teams having 18–12 records. The ruling kept Clarksville's record at 18–12, raised Russellville to 19–11 and dropped Atkins to 17–13.
In the Finals, Russellville swept Dardanelle 3 games to 0 to win the championship, with a Reds player on the roster and the Ozarks' manager leading the Russellville team in the post season. Before the final series against Russellville, Dardanelle made a request to shorten the series to a best of five-game series instead of a best of seven and the request was granted. The two teams were allowed to add three players each from the other league teams who had ceased play. In a sudden move, Russellville had three more players leave the team, resulting in a roster overhaul before the series began, after selecting three more players from other league teams. Russellville player/manager Jimmy Johnson was among the three leaving the team, replaced for the playoff by Red Day, who had managed Ozark during the regular season. Clarksville player Buster Ramsey joined Russellville for the playoff series.
The Western Arkansas League did not return to play in 1925 and never reformed. Clarksville, Arkansas has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Clarksville Reds hosted minor league home games at the Clarksville City Ballpark. The ballpark was located at West Cline Street & Fairgrounds Road in Clarksville. Today, the location is still in use as a public park, containing the "Clarksville City Park."
References.
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18152109 | William Lawrence Laval (January 15, 1885 – January 20, 1957) was an American minor league baseball player, baseball manager, and college baseball, football, and basketball coach. He held head coaching positions at the University of South Carolina, Furman University, Emory and Henry College, and Newberry College. He is the only South Carolina football coach to have produced seven consecutive winning seasons. In 2009, "The State" called him "the greatest collegiate coach" in the history of South Carolina.
Early life.
Laval was born on January 15, 1885, in Columbia, South Carolina. At the age of 18, he coached baseball at Erskine College. The following year, he held the same position at before returning to Erskine. From 1904 to 1905, he played baseball as a pitcher for Furman University. According to "The State", there is no record of his enrollment at the school, however, which presumably made him a ringer. During the 1905 season, he proposed to his girlfriend Elizabeth, who responded "If you beat Clemson today, I will marry you." Laval pitched Furman to a win, 2–1, and the two were married soon after. He would later joke in speeches, "She has hated Clemson ever since."
Minor league career.
In his early years, Laval played minor league baseball for a wide number of teams throughout the South in the South Carolina League, Carolina Association, Virginia League, South Atlantic League, and North Carolina State League. These teams included: the Greenville Mountaineers (1907), Greenville Spinners (1908–1909 and 1919), Winston-Salem Twins (1909–1910), Spartanburg Spartans (1911–1912), Anderson Electricians (1912), Richmond Colts (1913), Petersburg Goobers (1914), Jacksonville Tarpons (1915), and the Greensboro Patriots (1916). His playing career was mediocre, with a .253 batting average and a 42–37 record as a pitcher.
In 1907, the manager of the Greenville Mountaineers, Tommy Stouch, signed Shoeless Joe Jackson, and to evaluate him, had Laval pitch against Jackson for five days of batting practice. He chose Laval for his assorted repertoire of curveballs and spitballs.
Coaching career.
Laval was described as an innovative football coach, and he implemented the "crazy quilt" offense, where pre-snap motion was used to create confusion for the defense. Whitey Rawl, Furman quarterback from 1925 to 1927, told "The Columbia Record" in 1961 that opponents thought "Laval was either cheating or crazy... Nobody ever seemed to figure out which, but we beat 'em." Laval also employed a play called the "crap shooters shift", which was similar to the modern no-huddle offense. He also constantly tweaked his teams' uniforms. At Newberry College, he modified the uniforms with targets to aid his color-blind quarterback's ability to distinguish his receivers. Laval's superstitious nature also influenced his uniform tinkering. For example, in the 1931 South Carolina–Clemson game, he had his team change from their gray jerseys into their "lucky" red uniforms at halftime.
Around 1912, Laval was invited by Clemson coach Frank Dobson to watch their football game against Georgia Tech. The event piqued Laval's interest in the sport, and he began studying it in earnest.
Despite never having played a single down of football, in 1914, he became the coach of the Furman B squad under head coach W. B. Bible, brother of Dana X. Bible. Bible, however, was an English professor with little knowledge of the game, and Laval soon had the B squad capable of decisively beating the varsity team in scrimmages. After the season, the school sent Laval to be mentored by Illinois head coach and football innovator Robert Zuppke, who had won the 1914 national championship. In mid-November 1915, Bible resigned as head football coach, before the team's final game of the season, and Laval was elected to succeed Bible. As an "all-year coach", his salary was $1,100, which was about the average at the time. He coached Furman football from 1916 to 1927 and compiled a 71–34–3 record. In 1920, Laval returned to the Greenville Spinners to serve as their manager during the baseball season.
In 1927, Laval accepted a three-year contract worth $8,000 per year to coach at the University of South Carolina, which made him the highest-paid coach in the state. He coached South Carolina from 1928 to 1934 and compiled a 10–14–4 record. Opposing coaches began demanding rule changes to limit the pre-snap shifts and motion of the "crazy quilt". Rules began to change toward the end of his tenure.
In 1932, Laval recruited four players from the 1930 Texas state high school basketball champions. South Carolina basketball coach Rock Norman did not want to play the new recruits ahead of his more seasoned players, so Laval agreed to coach the team for the season. Because of his lack of basketball knowledge, Laval had one of Norman's players, team captain Buck Smith act as an assistant coach. South Carolina ended the season on a fifteen-game winning streak and captured the Southern Conference tournament championship. Jeff Sagarin retroactively ranked South Carolina that season's third-best team in the nation. Norman returned to take over the basketball team the following year.
In 1933, the South Carolina athletic department reported a $15,200 deficit, and Laval reluctantly agreed to take a pay cut to $5,000. However, the department's financial difficulties worsened, and the next year it requested Laval take a second pay cut to $3,600, which he refused. The school allowed his contract to lapse after the 1934 season.
Laval then moved on to Emory and Henry College to serve as its head football, basketball, and baseball coach from 1936 to 1937. In 1938, he returned to his home state to coach at Newberry College. He remained there until retirement in 1950. In 12 seasons as head football coach at Newberry, Laval compiled a record of 45–61–5.
Later life.
After coaching, Laval ran a chain of sporting goods stores throughout South Carolina. He also worked in the front office of minor league baseball teams in Rock Hill and Greenwood. He and his wife had three children: two sons and a daughter. His wife died on November 22, 1956, after a long illness. Laval himself died shortly thereafter on January 20, 1957, from a heart attack at his son's home in Columbia. The South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame inducted him in 1961, and the Furman University Athletic Hall of Fame inducted him in 1981.
Head coaching record.
;templatestyles src="Template:Quote_box/styles.css" / ;
"Laval earned the right to be called the greatest collegiate coach in South Carolina athletics history. Mind you, we're not talking just about USC history. We're talking about the entire state to include all the best coaches over the years at any level, from Erskine to Clemson, from Charleston Southern to College of Charleston."
— Ron Morris, "The State", November 2009
Notes.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 47 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Maryville Comets were a minor league baseball team based in Maryville, Missouri. In 1910 and 1911, the Comets played exclusively as members of the Class D level Missouri-Iowa-Nebraska-Kansas League, winning the 1911 league championship in their final season.
History.
Minor league baseball began in Maryville, Missouri in 1910. The Maryville "Comets" began play as charter members of the six–team Class D level Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas League. The league became known informally as the MINK League. Maryville played with the Auburn Athletics, Clarinda Antelopes, Falls City Colts, Nebraska City Foresters and Shenandoah Pin Rollers teams as charter members in the new league.
The Maryville use of the "Comets" moniker corresponds with the 1910 appearance of Halley's Comet, as well as the meaning of a team starting a season on a winning streak. Local newspapers used the term "Joe Wentz' Comets" in describing the Maryville team in 1910 and the team continued with the moniker in 1911.
In their first season of play, Maryville finished the 1910 season with a record of 45–54, placing fifth in the MINK standings. The Comets finished 13.0 games behind the champion Falls City Colts. The Maryville Comets were led by player/manager Joe Wentz, who also led the league in hitting with a .304 average. Playing home games at their home ballpark, Maryville's total season attendance was 8,349, an average of 169 fans per game.
In their final season, the Maryville Comets won the 1911 Missouri-Illinois-Nebraska-Kansas League championship. However, the franchise relocated during the season. On July 10, 1911, the Maryville Colts had a 24–21 record when franchise relocated to Humboldt, Nebraska, finishing the 1911 season as the Humboldt Infants (the team in Humboldt has also been referred to as the "Indians" and "Orphans"). Maryville/Humboldt finished the 1911 season with a 59–41 overall record under Managers Harry Sievers and A.F. Bridges, finishing 2.0 games ahead of the second place Falls City Colts in the six–team league.
Maryville, Missouri has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The name of the Maryville Comets' home minor league ballpark is not directly referenced.. Kiffe's Ballpark in Maryville was use in the era and hosted teams for baseball play.
Notable alumni.
No Maryville alumni reached the major leagues.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Minor league baseball teams were based in Meriden, Connecticut in various seasons between 1884 and 1913. Meriden teams played as members of the Connecticut State League (1884–1885), Southern New England League (1885), Eastern League (1886), Connecticut State League (1888, 1891, 1895, 1897–1902), Connecticut League (1903), Connecticut State League (1904-1905, 1908), Connecticut Association (1910) and Eastern Association (1913).
Baseball Hall of Fame members Connie Mack (1884), Frank Grant (1887) and Ed Walsh (1902–1903) played for Meriden minor league teams.
History.
1884 to 1898.
Minor league baseball play began in Meriden, Connecticut, in 1884. The Meriden team became members of the independent level Connecticut State League. Meriden ended their first season with a record of 25–22 to place second in the six–team league standings. Managed by George Lyon and Albert Boardman, Meriden finished 9.0 games behind the first place Waterbury team.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Connie Mack played for Meriden in 1884, at age 21, in his first professional season. It was reported that local lawyer and team promoter Cornelius J. Danaher, signed Cornelius McGillicuddy, Mack's given name, as catcher for a salary of $90 per month.
On September 15, 1884, it was reported that Meriden won a disputed contest against Hartford. Meriden was leading 5–3 in the 9th inning, when Hartford forfeited the game, refusing to play with a new baseball after the previous ball was hit foul into a marsh area. Earlier in the game, Connie Mack hit the only home run of the season at the Meriden Ball Park.
On July 1, 1947, the city of Meriden reportedly hosted "Connie Mack Day" as a celebration of his accomplishments in baseball. Mack was noted to have brought his Philadelphia Athletics team to Meriden "many times" to play local teams in his years of owning and managing the team. The City of Meriden placed Connie Mack in their hall of fame in 1980.
The 1885 Meriden Maroons played in two leagues during the season and won championships in both. The Maroons began the season as members of the Southern New England League. The league folded on August 25, 1885, and reformed, leaving Meriden with a 41–21 record and in first place under manager William Thomas when the league stopped play. The league then restructured to become the Connecticut State League, beginning play on August 27, 1885. The Maroons again finished first as the team compiled an 8–2 record in the remaining Connecticut State League portion of the season, continuing play under manager William Thomas.
Meriden continued minor league play in 1886, adopting the Meriden Silvermen moniker. The Silvermen became members of the eight–team Independent level Eastern League. The Meriden Silvermen franchise folded July 13, 1886, with a record of 12–34. Jack Remsen and Walter Burnham were the Meriden managers. Baseball Hall of Fame member Frank Grant played for the 1886 Meriden Silvermen, integrating the team in the era before the Negro leagues were formed and race restrictions imposed. Reportedly, Grant was one of six black players playing in the otherwise all–white baseball leagues in 1886. After the Silvermen folded, Frank Grant played the remainder of the season for the Buffalo Bisons in the International League.
In 1886, it was reported that Meriden was the smallest city in the Eastern League and that the franchise had suffered financially due to a schedule that had no weekend dates during May and only seven total home games during May, 1886. The financial hardships from lack of revenue were noted to have contributed to the franchise folding.
The Meriden team returned to minor league play in 1888, winning a championship in a shortened season. Meriden began the season, playing as members of the six–team Connecticut State League. The league folded July 25, 1888, with Meriden in first place with a 9–3 record, ending the season as Connecticut State League champions.
The Connecticut State League resumed play in 1891, with Meriden as a member of the ten–team league. The league folded June 13, 1891. Meriden was in second place with a record of 10–4, playing under manager Tom Reilly, when the league folded.
In 1895, the Meriden Silvermen became members of the four–team Connecticut State League, which played a shortened season. The Silverman compiled a record of 4–3 to place second in the league standings. Connie Miller and Tom Reilly were managers, as the Connecticut State League played from July 2, 1895, to August 31, 1895.
The 1897 Meriden Bulldogs won a championship as the franchise resumed play. Playing as members of the six–team Class F level Connecticut State League, the Bulldogs finished the season with a record of 52–21 to place first in the final standings. Jack Chapman managed the league champions, who finished 5.0 games ahead of the second place Derby Angelsin the final standings. Meriden would play uninterrupted through the 1905 season.
The Meriden Bulldogs continued play in the 1898 eight–team Class F level Connecticut State League. The Bulldogs placed fifth in the standings, compiling a record of 46–48 under returning manager Jack Chapman. Meriden finished 8.0 games behind the first place Waterbury Pirates in the final standings.
1899 to 1905.
Meriden adopted the "Meriden Silverites" moniker in 1899 and would play a predominant number of seasons under the nickname. Continuing play in the Class F level Connecticut State League, the Silverites compiled a record of 44–47, placing fifth in the eight–team league. Managed in 1899 by A. R. Penny and George Courtney, Meriden finished 9.5 games behind the first place New Haven Blues in the final standings.
Meriden, Connecticut use of the "Silverites" and their other silver related nicknames corresponds to local history and industry. Meriden is called the "Silver City." In the era, there were numerous silver companies based in Meriden, including the Meriden Britannia Company, founded in 1852.
The Silverites placed 5th in the 1900 Class F level Connecticut State League. Playing under managers Connie Miller, A.R. Penny and Tom Reilly, Meriden ended the season with a record of 47–48. The Meriden Silverites finished 16.0 games behind the first place Norwich Witches.
Adopting the Silver Citys moniker in 1901, Meriden placed fourth in the eight–team Class F level Connecticut State League. The Silver Citys compiled a record of 55–50, playing the season under the direction of returning manager Tom Reilly. Also called the "Miler" team in 1901, Meriden finished the season 10.0 games behind the first place Bristol Woodchoppers in the final league standings.
Meriden returned to the "Meriden Silverites" moniker in 1902, as the eight–team Connecticut State League became a Class D level league. Ending the season with a final record of 51–58, the Silverites placed sixth in the league. Meriden was managed by Connie Miller and Tommy Tucker. The Silverites ended the season 17.5 games behind the first place New Haven Blues team. At age 21, Baseball Hall of Fame member Ed Walsh played for the Meriden Silverites in 1902 in his first professional season. Walsh signed his first professional contract with the Meriden Silverites, earning $150 per month. Walsh ended the season with a 16–5 record and 2.31 ERA for the Silverites, pitching in 22 games.
The 1903 Meriden Silverites were the runner–up, as the league changed names for one season. Meriden ended the season with a record of 60–41 to place second in eight-team Class D level Connecticut League. Managed by Sam Kennedy, the Silverites ended the season 4.5 games behind the first place Holyoke Paperweights in the final standings. In 1903, Ed Walsh continued play with Meriden, compiling an 11–10 record with a 2.14 ERA in 21 games. Walsh began his Hall of Fame major league career the next season with the Chicago White Sox.
While playing in Meriden, Connecticut, it was noted that Ed Walsh met his wife Rosemary Carney, who sold ice cream at the ballpark in Meriden. The pair settled in Meriden, raised a family and lived there during Walsh's career in the major leagues. After his retirement from baseball, Walsh became a chemical engineer, working at a filtration plant for the Meriden municipal water department. Walsh also loved the game of golf and reportedly became the course professional in Meriden.
The Silverites finished in last place in the 1904 season. With a record of 31–84, Meriden placed eighth under manager Sam Kennedy. The Class D level league returned to "Connecticut State League" name, as Meriden finished 39.0 games behind the first place Bridgeport Orators.
1905 the Meriden Silverites placed fifth, as the Connecticut State League became a Class B level League. The Silverites ended the season with a final record of 49–64, led by returning manager Sam Kennedy. Meriden finished 19.0 games behind the first place Holyoke Paperweights. The Meriden Silverites folded after the season and did not return to play as members of the 1906 Connecticut State League.
1908 to 1913.
After a two-season hiatus, the Meriden Silverites franchise returned to minor league play in 1908. Meriden rejoined the eight–team Class B level Connecticut State League in what was their final season as a member of the league. The Silverites placed seventh, with a final record of 54–72. Playing the season under the direction of manager Billy Lush, Meriden ended their last Connecticut State League season 30.5 games behind the first place Springfield Ponies in the standings. The Meriden franchise folded following the 1908 season and did not return to the 1909 Connecticut State League.
In 1910, Meriden, Connecticut regained a franchise for a partial season. On July 10, 1910, the Norwich Bonbons of the four–team Class D level Connecticut Association moved to Meriden with a record of 19–21. Based in Meriden, the franchise became the Meriden Doublins on July 15, 1910, playing their first home game on July 19, 1910. The team had an 0–4 record while briefly based in Meriden, as the franchise disbanded on July 24, 1910. the Norwich/Meriden team finished with an overall record of 19–25, playing under managers Dennis Hayes, John Stone and Patsy Flanagan. The Connecticut Association permanently stopped play on August 4, 1910, never to reform.
In the final season of minor league baseball, the 1913 Meriden Hopes finished last, as the team played a partial season as members of the Class B level Eastern Association. The Holyoke Papermakers, with a 24–52 record, moved to Meriden on July 11, 1913. After compiling a record of 16–43 based in Meriden, the team ended the season with an overall record of 40–95, placing eighth, playing under manager Jim Garry in both locations. The Holyoke/Meriden team finished 45.0 games behind the first place Hartford Senators in the final standings.
The Meriden franchise folded following the 1913 season and did not return to the 1914 Eastern Association. Meriden, Connecticut has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
For their duration of play, aside from their first season, Meriden minor league teams were noted to have hosted home games at the Meriden Ball Park. Reportedly, the ballpark opened on May 12, 1885.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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18152109 | The Illinois–Indiana League or Two–I League was based in Illinois and Indiana and refers the name of two different baseball circuits in Minor league baseball which operated in 1889 and 1892. The league was renamed to the Illinois-Iowa League in 1890 and 1891.
Cities represented/Teams.
1889
1892
Standings & statistics.
1889 Illinois–Indiana League
Bloomington disbanded June 15; Decatur was dropped June 16.; Logansport disbanded and was replaced by Champaign–Urbana. Finals: Terre Haute 4 games, Danville 0, one tie.
1892 Illinois-Indiana League - schedule
Peoria (17–8) moved to Aurora May 31; Aurora disbanded July 5; Quincy disbanded June 24; Evansville disbanded July 8; Terre Haute disbanded July 10. | 50 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Punxsutawney Policemen were a minor league baseball team based in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. In 1906 and 1907, the "Policemen" played as members of the Class D level Interstate League, before folding during the 1907 season. Punxsutawney hosted minor league home games at the Punxsutawney Diamond.
History.
Punxsutawney hosted semi–pro teams prior to beginning full minor league play. In 1900, Baseball Hall of Fame member Rube Waddell was suspended for two months by the Pittsburgh Pirates, during which time he pitched for the Punxsutawney team.
In 1906, Punxsutawney began minor league play, when the Punxsutawney "Policemen" became members of the eight–team Class D level Interstate League. The Bradford Drillers, DuBois Miners, Erie Sailors, Hornell Pigmies, Kane Mountaineers, Oil City Oilers and Olean Refiners teams joined Punxsutawney in beginning league play on May 14, 1906.
The use of the "Policemen" moniker corresponds to the Pennsylvania State Police Troop D policemen being headquartered in Punxsutawney in the era.
Punxsutawney and the other Interstate League franchises operated with a team salary cap of $750 per month for the total roster. The league rules required the host team to guarantee the visiting team $50.00 per game, with a rain guarantee of $25.00. On Saturdays and holidays, the home team's gate receipts were to be divided equally by both teams.
In their first season of play, the Punxsutawney Policemen placed second in the Interstate League. Finishing with a record of 53–45, the Policemen were managed by W.J. Brown. In the final standings, Punxsutawney finished 8.0 games behind the first place Erie Fisherman.
In their final season, the 1907 Punxsutawney Policemen folded before the season was completed. On August 3, 1907, the Policemen franchise folded. After beginning 1907 play in the eight–team league, Punxsutawney ended their final season with a record of 33–26 as Milt Montgomery and W. J. Brown served as managers. Punxsutawney and the other teams of the Interstate League were plagued by bad weather and corresponding financial troubles in 1907, with Erie being the only league franchise without debt.
The Interstate League continued play in 1908, but the Punxsutawney Policemen did not return as a league franchise. Punxsutawney has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Punxsutawney Policemen home ballpark was referred to by the local Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper as the "Punxsutawney Diamond." Barclay Square was in use in the era, having begun as a public park in 1822. Today, the park is still in use and hosts the Groundhog Day celebration in Punxsutawney.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Sanford Spinners were a professional minor league baseball team based in Sanford, North Carolina. The "Spinners" played as members of the Class D level Bi-State League in 1941 and 1942 and the Tobacco State League from 1946 to 1950, winning league championships in 1942 and 1946. The Spinners hosted minor league home games at Temple Park.
Today, the nickname has been revived by the "Sanford Spinners" amateur collegiate summer baseball team, who have played as members of the Old North State League from 2021 to Present.
History.
The Sanford Spinners began minor league play in 1941, when the Spinners became members of the six–team 1941 Class D level Bi-State League. The Danville-Schoolfield Leafs, Leaksville-Draper-Spray Triplets, Martinsville Manufacturers, Mayodan Millers and Mt. Airy Graniteers joined Sanford in league play.
The Sanford use of the "Spinners" moniker corresponded to local industry in the era. Beginning in 1915, Sanford was home to the Seaboard Milling Company.
In their first season of play, the Sanford Spinners won the Bi-State League championship. Sanford finished their first season with a regular season record of 58–54, placing fourth in the six–team Bi-State League standings, playing under manager Zeb Harrington. Sanford finished 7.0 games behind the first place Leaksville-Draper-Spray Triplets in the final standings. In the playoffs, Stanford won 4 games to 3 over the Martinsville Manufacturers. In the Finals Sanford defeated the Danville-Schoolfield Leafs 4 games to 2 to win the championship. Sanford pitcher Dave Odom led the Bi-State League with both 16 wins and 190 strikeouts.
The Sanford Spinners continued play in the 1942 Bi-State League, reaching the finals of the eight–team league. With a record of 62–59, Sanford placed second in the regular season standings, finishing 6.5 games behind the first place Wilson Tobos, playing under manager Frank Rogers. In the first round of the playoffs, Sanford defeated the Burlington Bees 4 games to 1 to advance. In the finals, the Rocky Mount Rocks defeated Sanford 4 games to 1. The Bi–State permanently folded following the 1942 season, with the onset of World War II.
The 1946 Sanford Spinners resumed play and won the league pennant joining a new league. Sanford became charter members of the six–team Class D level Tobacco State League. The Angier-Fuquay Springs Bulls, Clinton Blues, Dunn-Erwin Twins, Smithfield-Selma Leafs and Wilmington Pirates joined Sanford in league play.
The Spinners finished the 1946 Tobacco State League regular season with a 71–48 record to place first, finishing 0.5 game ahead of the second place Clinton Blues. Playing under managers Gaither Riley and Zeb Harrington, Sanford lost in the first round of the Tobacco State League playoffs as Angier-Fuquay defeated Sanford 4 games to 2. Orville Nesselrode of Sanford led the Tobacco State League with 30 home runs and 150 RBI. Pitcher George Bortz led the league with 193 strikeouts.
In 1947, it was reported that L.D. Isenhour, Jr. was president of the Sanford Spinners, with Sam Allen serving as business manager for the franchise.
The 1947 Sanford Spinners were Tobacco State League champions. Playing in the eight–team league, Sanford ended the regular season in first place with a 86–39 record under Zeb Harrington, who would manage the team for the remainder of its existence. Sanford finished 12.5 games ahead of the second place Lumberton Cubs. In the playoffs, Sanford first defeated the Wilmington Pirates 4 games to 2. The Spinners won the championship by defeating Lumberton 4 games 3 in the finals. Sanford's John McFadden led the league with a 15–5 record and 2.44 ERA. Jimmy Wilson of Sanford, led the league in batting average, hitting .385 and Orville Nesselrode again led the Tobacco State League with 32 home runs and 166 RBI.
In 1948, the Sanford Spinners won the Tobacco State League pennant and advanced to the league finals. With an 80–56 record under manager Zeb Harrington, Sanford finished 5.0 games ahead of the second place Wilmington Pirates. In the first round of the playoffs, Sanford defeated the Smithfield-Selma Leafs 4 games to 1. In the finals, the Red Springs Red Robins defeated Sanford 4 games to 1. Orville Nesselrode again led the league with 27 home runs and 159 RBI, while hitting .368. Jimmy Wilson of Sanford led the league with 145 runs and 212 hits.
Orville Nesselrode had reportedly suffered frostbite in World War II and wasn't considered a major league prospect. Following his playing career, Nesselrode settled in Sanford, North Carolina, opening a service station in 1954. “Hank’s,” service station was located at the corner of Endor (Horner) and Carthage Street in downtown Sanford.
Continuing play in the 1949 Tobacco State League, the Spinners placed fourth and qualified for the league playoffs. The Spinners finished the regular season with a record of 71–62 under manager Zeb Harrington and finished 9.0 games behind the first place Dunn-Erwin Twins. Sanford lost in the first round playoff series against the Red Springs Red Robins 4 games to 2.
In their final season, the 1950 Sanford Spinners advanced to the Tobacco State League finals. With a 90–44 record, the Spinners placed second in the regular season standings, finishing 1.5 games behind first place Lumberton Auctioneers. Led by manager Zeb Harrington, Sanford swept the Red Springs Red Robins in four games. In the finals, the Rockingham Eagles defeated Stanford 4 games to 3. Hoyt Clegg of Sanford led the league with 24 wins. The Tobacco State League permanently folded following the 1950 season. Sanford has not hosted another minor league team.
2021 - present summer collegiate baseball.
The Sanford Spinners came back on April 6, 2021, and Hosted their first game at Tramway part on July 7, 2021 against the Fayetteville Chutes.
The ballpark.
The Sanford Spinners teams were noted to have played minor league teams home games at Temple Park. The original ballpark has been torn down and was built as a Works Project Administration project in the 1930s. It was located at McIver Street and Bragg Street, Sanford, North Carolina. Today, Temple Park is still in use as a public park with ballparks.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Lemoore Cubs were a minor league baseball team based in Lemoore, California. In 1911, the Lemoore Cubs played a partial season as members of the Class D level San Joaquin Valley League, which permanently folded before the conclusion of the season.
History.
Minor league baseball play was hosted in Lemoore, California in 1911, when the Lemoore "Cubs" team became members of the six–team Class D level San Joaquin Valley League. The Coalinga Tigers, Hanford Braves, Porterville Orange Pickers, Tulare Merchants and Visalia Colts joined Lemoore in 1911 San Joaquin Valley League play.
The Lemoore use of the "Cubs" moniker was in reference to the team signing many young players to its 1911 roster.
On March 4, 1911, it was reported that Oscar Jones had accepted the manager position of the 1911 Lemoore Cubs. Jones reported that he was looking forward to a "lively season in the valley."
On opening day in Porterville, the home team, behind pitcher Bill Thelle, defeated Lemoore and pitcher Oscar Jones by the score of 3–2, with Thelle compiling 14 strikeouts.
The 1911 San Joaquin Valley League began their second season of play on April 16, 1911, expanding from four teams to six teams. But the league permanently folded during the season. On July 18, 1911, the Lemoore Cubs were in third place when the San Joaquin Valley League folded. The league folded after the Tulare and Porterville franchises had disbanded on July 11, 1911. Lemoore ended their brief season with an overall record of 7–6. Playing under manager Oscar Jones, the Cubs finished 2.0 games behind the first place Tulare Merchants in the San Joaquin Valley League final standings. Lemoore pitcher/manager Oscar Jones led the San Joaquin Valley League with 7 wins.
The final 1911 San Joaquin Valley League standings were led by the Tulare Merchants (9–4), followed by the Coalinga Tigers (8–6), Lemoore Cubs (7–6), Hanford Braves (6–7), Visalia Colts (5–8) and Porterville Orange Pickers (5–8). Lemoore, California has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The name of the 1911 Lemoore Cubs' home ballpark is unknown.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 53 | [
309,
358,
70,
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593,
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285,
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] | 45 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Artesia Dodgers was the final nickname of the minor league baseball team based in Artesia, New Mexico. Artesia teams played from 1951-1955 and 1958-1961 as an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants and Los Angeles Dodgers.
History.
The Artesia Drillers (1951-1953) and later the Artesia Numexers(1954-1955) first began play in Artesia as members of the Longhorn League from 1951-1955.
They were later an affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers during final season of existence in 1961. They finished 48-78 in the Sophomore League under manager Spider Jorgensen. Before becoming the Dodgers, they were a San Francisco Giants affiliate known as the Artesia Giants from 1958-1960.
The 1954 Numexers were Longhorn League Champions after finishing 92-46 in the regular season. The team moniker was a combination of "New" and "Mexico."
The 1958 team finished 63-57, losing in the league Finals.
The ballpark.
Artesia teams hosted home minor league games at Brainard Park. Today, the ballpark is still in use, known as Brainard Baseball Field, and serves as the home to Artesia High School teams. The ballpark is located at 1102 North 13th Street in Artesia, New Mexico.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 54 | [
358,
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609,
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432,
621,
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129,
365,
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455,
446,
160,
192,
41,
222,
171,
120,
595,
517,
128,
146,
285,
151
] | 45 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Rocky Mount Pines was an American minor league baseball team located in Rocky Mount, North Carolina which competed in the Class A Carolina League for the 1980 season. They were the 42nd and final team to represent Rocky Mount in minor league baseball during the 20th century, beginning in 1909.
History.
The 1980 Rocky Mount Pines were unaffiliated with any Major League Baseball franchise or farm system, and played their home games at Municipal Stadium. The Pines were formed by owner Lou Haneles and led by manager Mal Fichman, and represented the return of professional baseball to Rocky Mount since the departure of the Rocky Mount Phillies in 1975.
The low light of the 1980 season came on August 29 when Durham Bulls pitcher Rick Behenna no-hit the Pines in an 8-0 victory. The Pines finished their lone season with a record of only 24 wins and 114 losses, the worst mark in Carolina League history. The Pines had losing streaks of 18, 14, 13, and 11 games, and drew a total 26,702 fans for the season. The franchise relocated the next year to Hagerstown, Maryland as the Hagerstown Suns (now the Frederick Keys).
Rocky Mount minor league history prior to 1980.
Rocky Mount minor league teams played as members of the Carolina League (1962–1975; 1980), Coastal Plain League (1946–1952), Bi-State League (1942), Coastal Plain League (1941), Piedmont League (1936–1940), Eastern Carolina League (1928–1929), Piedmont League (1927), Virginia League (1915–1917; 1920–1924), and Eastern Carolina League (1909–1910).
In addition to the Rocky Mount Phillies of 1973–1975, previous clubs were known as the Rocky Mount Senators (1964), Rocky Mount Rocks (1942; 1946), Rocky Mount Red Sox (1936–1940), Rocky Mount Buccaneers (1927–1929), Rocky Mount Broncos (1924), Rocky Mount Tar Heels (1916–1917; 1920–1923), Rocky Mount Carolinians (1915) and the original Rocky Mount Railroaders (1909–1910).
Rocky Mount teams were an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies (1973–1975), Detroit Tigers (1965–1972), Washington Senators (1964), Cincinnati Reds (1962–1963), Boston Red Sox (1936–1940) and Brooklyn Dodgers (1929). Rocky Mount won six league championships: in 1915, 1929, 1942, 1946, 1966 and 1975.
The ballpark.
Rocky Mount teams played at Municipal Stadium. Municipal Stadium was also Known "Briles Field" (1946), "Tar Heel Park" (1920-1929), and "Briles Park" (1915). The ballpark had a capacity of 4,500 (1920), 2,800 (1923), 3,200 (1936), 3,500 (1950) and 4,500 (1971). The field dimensions were (Left, Center, Right) 350-430-350 (1923), 300-430-350 (1936) and 350-350-346 (1971). The ballpark is still in use today, hosting youth baseball. The location is South Howell Street & O'Berry Street, Rocky Mount, North Carolina.
Notable alumni (all 20th Century minor league teams).
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 55 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Minor league baseball teams were based in Aurora, Illinois, in various seasons between 1888 and 1915.
Playing under numerous nicknames, Aurora teams played as members of the Interstate League in 1888, Illinois-Iowa League from 1890 to 1892, Western Interstate League in 1895, Wisconsin-Illinois League from 1910 to 1912 and Bi-State League in 1915, winning the 1907 league championship.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Casey Stengel played for the 1911 Aurora Blues, leading the Wisconsin-Illinois League in hitting.
The Aurora teams hosted home minor league games at the Driving Park, Hurds Island Park and Fox River Park.
History.
Aurora first hosted a minor league baseball team when the Aurora team played as members of the 1888 Interstate League. Playing in the four–team league with Aurora were the Bloomington Reds, Peoria Reds and Terre Haute Hoosiers. The league records and 1888 standings are unknown.
Aurora rejoined minor league baseball play when the 1890 Aurora Hoodoos joined the Illinois-Iowa League, an Independent league. Aurora played their home games at both the Driving Park and Hurds Island Park. The Hoodoos finished the 1890 season with a 52–54 record, placing fifth in the eight–team league under manager Tim Manning. Aurora finished 13.5 games behind the first place Ottumwa Coal Palace Kings in the final standings.
In 1891, the Aurora Maroons continued play in the Illinois-Iowa League, but disbanded during the season. On June 17, 1891, the Maroons had a record of 11–27 when the franchise disbanded. Aurora was managed by Harry Smith, Ed Wiswell and Tim Manning. After Aurora folded, Tim Manning became manager of the league member Joliet Giants, leading them to a second-place finish.
Aurora briefly rejoined the 1892 Class F level Illinois-Iowa League before disbanding. After beginning the season without a team, the Peoria Distillers relocated to Aurora on May 31, 1892, and became the Aurora Indians. The 1892 team had a 17–8 record in Peoria and a 9–19 record in Aurora, playing under manager Mike Trost in both locations. The Aurora Indians disbanded on July 5, 1892, with a 26–27 overall record.
In 1895, Aurora played as members of the Class B level Western Interstate League. Aurora finished the season with a 2–12 record and in fourth place playing under manager William McDowell. Aurora was 8.5 games behind first place Terre Haute Hottentots in the final standings. The league began the season with six teams and ended the season playing with four. The Western Interstate League folded after the 1895 season.
After a fifteen–year absence, Aurora became members on the 1910 Wisconsin-Illinois League, a Class D level league, beginning play at Fox River Park. The Aurora Islanders finished with a 43–81 record under managers Snapper Kennedy and Edward Jacobson, placing eighth and last in the eight–team league. The Islanders finished 33.0 games behind the champion Appleton Papermakers.
The 1911 Aurora Blues continued play in the Wisconsin–Illinois League as the league became a Class C level league in 1911. The Blues finished with a record of 56–57 record and in seventh place. Playing under manager Al Tebeau, the Blues finished 20.0 games behind the first place Rockford Wolverines in the final standings. On May 18, 1911, Earl Daniels, pitching for Aurora threw a no-hitter in a 2–0 victory over the Green Bay Bays. Daniels' Blues teammate Len Madden also threw a no–hitter over the Green Bay Bays in 1911, defeating them 3–0 on August 4, 1911. Future Hall of Fame member Casey Stengel played for Aurora in 1911. Stengel won the Wisconsin-Illinois League batting title, hitting .352, while adding 50 Stolen bases and 27 outfield assists.
Aurora manager Al Tebeau was instrumental in bringing Casey Stengel to the 1911 Aurora Blues, having ties to the Kansas City Blues, Stengel's hometown team. Tabeau previously ran a saloon and hotel in Montgomery, Illinois, becoming a manager of the baseball franchise in Joliet, Illinois before moving to the Aurora Blues. Stengel had been assigned to the Aurora Blues after trying out for their counterpart, the Kansas City Blues. This, after Stengel had begun his professional career in playing for the Kankakee Kays, Shelbyville Grays and Maysville Rivermen in 1910. Brooklyn Dodgers scout Larry Sutton took a train from nearby Chicago to see Stengel play for Aurora on numerous occasions, eventually signing Stengel to a contract. Stengel made his major league debut in 1912.
The Aurora use of the "Blues" moniker reportedly corresponded with the color of the team uniforms. The earlier use "Maroons" moniker was said to have been adopted under the same circumstance.
In 1912, the Aurora Blues continued play and placed seventh. The Blues ended the season with a record of 54–80 in the Wisconsin–Illinois League standings, playing under managers Guy Dickey and Tom Asmussen. Aurora finished 34.0 games behind the first place Oshkosh Indians in the final standings. The Aurora franchise folded after the 1912 season, replaced by the Milwaukee Creams franchise in the 1913 Wisconsin-Illinois League.
In Aurora's final season of minor league play, the 1915 Aurora Foxes became members of the six–team Class D level Bi-State League. The Foxes had a 25–27 record and were in fourth place under manager Clarence Marshall, when the team disbanded on July 5, 1915. The Foxes were 7.0 games behind the first place Streator Boosters, as the entire Bi-State League disbanded on July 7, 1915. The league disbanded because the neighboring Elgin Watch Makers franchise had joined Aurora in disbanding on July 5, 1915, and the league could not continue without the two teams.
Aurora has not hosted another minor league franchise.
The ballparks.
The Aurora minor league teams first hosted home games at Driving Park. Aurora teams played at the ballpark from 1890 to 1892, likely playing Sunday games at the ballpark. The Driving Park later became known as Aurora Downs. The ballpark was located between Pennsylvania Avenue and Lake Street (Route 31) in Aurora, Illinois.
In 1890 and 1891, Aurora was noted to also have played some home games at Hurds Island Park. The ballpark, which also hosted football games, was located on Hurds Island, which lies on the Fox River.
Aurora minor league teams reportedly played home games at Fox River Park in the seasons from 1910 to 1915. First called Riverview Park, the site contained an amusement park and became known as Fox River Park in 1910. The baseball park was located at the south end of the park.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Colorado Springs Millionaires were a minor league baseball team, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado that played primarily in the Western League.
History.
The first Colorado Springs team played in the Colorado State League in 1889 and 1896. The Millionaires were formed in 1901 and played through 1905 when they moved to Pueblo, Colorado to become the Pueblo Indians. The Millionaires returned in 1912 in the Rocky Mountain League but they moved at mid-season to Dawson, New Mexico and became the Dawson Stags. The final version of the team played in 1916 in the Western League when the Wichita Witches briefly relocated to Colorado Springs. | 57 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The La Crosse Blackhawks was the final moniker of the minor league baseball teams based in La Crosse, Wisconsin. La Crosse teams played under various names between 1905 and 1942. The La Crosse teams played as members of the Wisconsin State League (1940–1942), Wisconsin-Illinois League (1926), Central Association (1917), Northern League (1913), Minnesota-Wisconsin League (1909–1912), Wisconsin-Illinois League (1908) and Wisconsin State League (1905–1907).
The La Crosse Blackhawks were an affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1942.
Major League Baseball players Jeff Pfeffer, Bill Schardt, Doc Watson and Jack Zalusky played for La Crosse teams.
References.
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18152109 | The Dixie League was a Class C level baseball league formed in 1933, with teams based in the US states of Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, and Arkansas.
History.
The 1933 eight–team Dixie League was under the direction of president J. Alvin Gardner. The Baton Rouge Solons won the 1933 league championship. After one season of competition, the Dixie League was split into the East Dixie League and West Dixie League, with both leagues competing in the 1934 and 1935 seasons.
Standings & statistics.
1933 Dixie League.
schedule
Waco (24–38) moved to Pine Bluff June 27. The franchise folded August 22. The six cancelled games were awarded to their opponents.Playoffs: Baton Rouge 4 games, Shreveport 2, one tie.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Minor league baseball teams were based in Fitchburg, Massachusetts between 1877 and 1929. Fitchburg minor league teams played as members of the New England Association in 1877 and 1895, the New England League in 1899, 1914–1915 and 1919, the Eastern League in 1922 and New England League in 1929. Fitchburg hosted minor league home games ad the Fitchburg Driving Park.
The legendary athlete Jim Thorpe played for the 1922 Fitchburg Boosters.
History.
In 1877, minor league baseball began in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The Fitchburg team was a charter member of the eight–team New England Association. The Fitchburg team's 1877 final record, roster and statistics are unknown, as the team folded during the season.
The 1895 "Fitchburg" team became members of the reformed six–team New England Association. On June 20, 1895, Fitchburg had compiled a 12–25 record, playing under managers William Dwyer and William Laverty, when the team folded. The New England Association permanently folded on July 8, 1895.
"Fitchburg" resumed minor league play as members of the 1899 New England League but relocated during the season. On May 24, 1899, Fitchburg had a record of 3–7 when the team moved to Lawrence. Playing under manager Ed Norton, the Fitchburg/Lawrence team had an overall record of 3–14 when the franchise disbanded on June 1, 1899.
In 1914, Fitchburg rejoined the eight–team Class B level New England League, with the team relocating during the season and finishing last in the standings. On July 30, 1914, the Fitchburg Burghers had a record of 24–52 when the franchise moved to Manchester, New Hampshire, finishing the season as the Manchester Textiles. After a 12–35 record while based in Manchester, the Fitchburg/Manchester team finished the season with an overall record of 36–87 to place eighth in the final league standings. Playing under manager Fred Lake, Fitchburg/Manchester finished 48.0 games behind the first place Lawrence Barristers.
The Fitchburg use of the "Burghers" moniker corresponds phonetically, and the word refers to a Burgher being a "privileged citizen" in medieval times.
On May 25, 1914, it was reported Fitchburg was defeated by the Lowell Grays by the score of 5–3. Lowell pitcher Jimmy Ring made his first professional career start and threw a complete game five–hitter for Lowell.
The 1915 Fitchburg Burghers franchise resumed New England League play, despite relocating the previous season, as the Manchester Textiles franchise also continued play. The Burghers again finished last in the standings. Fitchburg ended the season with a record of 46–89 to place eighth, playing under manager Hugh McCune. The Burghers finished 28.0 games behind the first place Portland Duffs in the final standings. After the 1915 season, the New England League folded.
The 1919 New England League resumed play as a six-team league. The Fitchburg Foxes placed third in the reformed Class B level league, after the league stopped play on August 2, 1919. The Foxes had a record of 31–36, playing under managers John F. Quinn, Bill Phoenix and Bill Page. Fitchburg was 9.0 games behind the first place Lowell Grays franchise when the league folded.
The Fitchburg Boosters resumed play in 1922. Playing as members of the eight team Class A level Eastern League, Fitchburg relocated during the season as the combined team finished last in the standings. On July 30, 1922, Fitchburg moved to Worcester, Massachusetts with a record of 18–46. After an 29–59 record playing in Worcester, the Fitchburg/Worcester team finished with an overall record of 47–105, to place eighth in the standings. The team was managed by Jack Mack and John Flynn, finishing 54.0 games behind the first place New Haven Indians. Olympic Champion, former major league player and Pro Football Hall of Fame member Jim Thorpe played for the 1922 Boosters, in his final professional baseball season at age 35. It was reported that Thorpe was recruited to Fitchburg by team owner John Kiernan after being released by the Hartford Senators of the Eastern League. Thorpe hit .344 for the season, second in the league, adding 9 home runs in 96 games.
In 1929, Fitchburg played in their final minor league season. The Fitchburg "Wanderers" had a short appearance as members of the Class B New England League. On July 28, 1929, the Haverhill Hillies moved to Fitchburg with a record of 11–10. After compiling a record of 5–20 while based in Fitchburg, the team relocated to become the Gloucester Hillies on August 25, 1929. the Haverhill/Fitchburg/Gloucester team ended the regular season with an overall record of 39–79. The team placed eighth in the standings, playing under managers Jack Driscoll and William McDonough. The combined team finished 37.5 games behind the first place Manchester Blue Sox. The New England League reduced to six teams in 1930, folding the Gloucester team.
Fitchburg, Massachusetts has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Fitchburg minor league teams were reported to played home games at the "Fitchburg Driving Park". Reportedly, manager Fred Lake created a batters eye on the 1914 outfield fence, as the rest of the fence had advertisements. It was noted the ballpark was also known as the "Summer Street Grounds."
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Minor league baseball teams were based in Centreville, Maryland between 1937 and 1946. Centreville teams played as exclusively as members of the Class D level Eastern Shore League in the 1937–1941 and 1946 seasons.
Centreville was an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1937 and 1938, the Boston Red Sox from 1939 to 1941 and the Cleveland Indians in 1946.
History.
1937 to 1941: Eastern Shore League.
Minor league baseball began in Centreville, Maryland in 1937. After disbanding in 1928, the Class D level Eastern Shore League resumed play in 1937 and expanded the league from six franchises to eight.
The 1937 Centreville Colts made the league Finals as they played their initial season, joining the eight–team league and playing as an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. The Centerville Colts finished fourth in the 1937 Eastern Shore League regular season with a record of 52–43 under Manager Ed O'Rourke. The Colts finished 6.0 games behind the first place Salisbury Indians in the standings. In the playoffs, the Colts defeated the Easton Browns 2 games to 1 to advance to the Finals. In the 1937 Finals, the Salisbury Indians defeated Centreville 3 games to 2. Centreville played home games at Centreville Park, then called Queen Anne County Park. Centreville would play at the ballpark throughout their minor league duration.
With the Eastern Shore League continuing play, the 1938 Centreville Colts placed seventh in the eight–team league, playing as a Philadelphia Phillies minor league affiliate. The Centreville Colts finished the 1938 regular season with a record of 51–60, missing the playoffs and finishing 13.5 games behind the first place Salisbury Indians. Joe O'Rourke was the Colts' manager in 1938.
In 1939, the Colts again became an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, and qualified for the 1939 Eastern Shore League playoffs. The team ended the 1939 season with a record of 62–60, placing fourth in the regular season standings under manager Cap Clark. The Colts were 21.5 games behind the first place Federalsburg A's. In the Playoffs, the Cambridge Cardinals swept Centreville in three games.
In 1940, Centreville became the Centreville Red Sox. The franchise continued as a Boston Red Sox affiliate, changing monikers after the Pocomoke City Red Sox dropped the "Red Sox" moniker. The Centreville Red Sox ended the Eastern Shore League ended the 1940 season 20 games over .500, with a record of 68–48 losses. Centreville placed second in the regular season standings, 2.0 games behind the Dover Orioles as, Edwin Walls served as the Colts' manager. In the Playoffs, Centreville lost to the Salisbury Cardinals 3 games to 2.
The Centreville Red Sox again qualified for the playoffs in the 1941 Eastern Shore League, which had reduced to six teams after the Dover Orioles and Pocomoke City Chicks franchises folded. Centreville ended the Eastern Shore League 1941 regular season with a record of 54–52 and placed fourth in the standings, 11.0 games behind the pennant winning Milford Giants. Qualifying for the Playoffs under managers Edwin Walls, Lee Wortman and Eddie Popowski, the Milford Giants swept the Red Sox in 3 games. After the 1941 season, the league did not return for the 1942 season due to World War II.
1946: Eastern Shore League.
In 1946, the Centreville Orioles won the Eastern Shore League Championship in their final season of minor league play. The Class D Eastern Shore League reformed following World War II as an eight-team league, with Dover returning a franchise and the Seaford Eagles joining the league. Centreville became an affiliate of the Cleveland Indians in 1946. Managed by Jim McLeod, Centreville dominated the regular season, finishing 51 games over .500 with an 88–37 record, 11.5 games ahead of second place Milford Red Sox. In the Playoffs Centreville defeated the Dover Phillies 4 games to 3 to advance. In the Eastern Shore League Finals, The Orioles defeated Milford 4 games to 1 to win the championship. On the season, Centreville led the league in offense (815 runs) and were second in pitching/defense (577 runs allowed). Despite the championship, the Centreville franchise folded following the 1946 season and were replaced in the 1947 Eastern Shore League by the Rehoboth Beach Pirates. Minor league baseball has not returned to Centreville.
The ballpark.
Centreville teams played home games exclusively at Centreville Park. The ballpark had a capacity of 1,500 (1939) and 2,500 (1946) with dimensions of:
Known as the Queen Anne County Park, the site is still in use as a public park today, although the ballpark was dismantled. The address is SR 898, Old Centreville Road, Centreville, Maryland.
Year-by-year record.
Each season, the top four teams in the Eastern Shore League qualified for the postseason, structured as a bracket tournament.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | The Naugatuck Valley League was a minor league baseball league that played in the 1896 season. The Non-Signatory Independent level league consisted of franchises based exclusively in Connecticut. The six–team league evolved into the 1897 Connecticut League.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Candy Cummings managed the 1896 Torrington Tornados team in the Naugatuck Valley League. Fellow Hall of Fame member Jim O'Rourke was the Naugatuck Valley League founder and owner/player/manager for the Bridgeport Victors team while leading the league in batting average.
Today, the league name has been adopted by the high school athletic Naugatuck Valley League, based in Connecticut.
History.
Formed for the 1896 season, with league founder Jim O'Rourke helping organize the league teams, the Naugatuck Valley League began play on May 6, 1896, as a six–team league. The Naugatuck Valley League was a Non-Signatory Independent level league under the direction of league president D.W. Porter.
The league name derived from the location of member teams within the Naugatuck River Valley region in Connecticut.
The Naugatuck Valley League vegan minor league play in 1896. The six charter members were the Ansonia Blues based in Ansonia, Connecticut, the Bridgeport Victors from Bridgeport, Connecticut, the Derby Angels from Derby, Connecticut, the New Haven Edgewoods from New Haven, Connecticut, the Torrington Tornadoes from Torrington, Connecticut and Winsted Welcomes from Winsted, Connecticut.
The Naugatuck Valley League standings were led by the 1st place Bridgeport Victors with a 25–15 record. Bridgeport finished 1.0 games ahead of the second place Torrington Tornados (24–17), followed by the Derby Angels (22–18), New Haven Edgewoods (22–18), Winsted Welcomes (15–25) and Ansonia Blues (12–28). After the season, the Naugatuck Valley League permanently folded, playing only the 1896 season. Baseball Hall of Fame member Candy Cummings was a manager for the Torrington Tornados team.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Jim O'Rourke was owner/player/manager for the Bridgeport team, leading the 1896 Bridgeport Victors to the Naugatuck Valley League championship as a manager and leading the league with a .437 batting average, playing catcher at age 46. O'Rourke had been instrumental in forming both the Bridgeport franchise and the league itself after returning to his hometown of Bridgeport upon ending his major league career. O'Rourke graduated from the nearby Yale Law School in 1887, this after negotiating payment of the college tuition into his major league contract. O'Rourke continued minor league play for Bridgeport teams aging into his late 50's and was a practicing attorney. On July 1, 1903 was joined by his son Jimmy O’Rourke in the lineup for the Bridgeport Orators of the Class D level Connecticut State League, becoming the first known father and son duo to play together in an organized professional baseball game.
After the 1896 season, with Jim O'Rourke still organizing the league, four of the Naugatuck Valley League teams continued play as members of the renamed 1897 Connecticut League. The Bridgeport, Derby, Torrington and Winstead teams continued play in the new league, joined by Bristol and Meriden teams.
Today, the league name has been revived by the high school athletic Naugatuck Valley League. The league has 16-member high schools, all based in Connecticut.
Standings & statistics.
1896 Naugatuck Valley League.
References.
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] |
18152109 | The Worcester Panthers were an Eastern League baseball team based in Worcester, Massachusetts. They existed from 1923 to 1925.
History.
The Worcester Panthers were succeeded by the 1933 Worcester Chiefs of the New England League and the Worcester Rosebuds, won the pennant in the 1934 Northeastern League.
The Panthers were preceded by Worcester, Massachusetts State Association (1884); Worcester Grays, New England League (1888); Worcester, Atlantic Association (1889-1890); Worcester, New England League (1891, 1894, 1898); Worcester Farmers, Eastern League (1899-1900); Worcester Quakers, Eastern League (1901); Worcester Hustlers, Eastern League (1902); Worcester Riddlers, Eastern League (1903); Worcester Reds, Connecticut League (1904); Worcester Busters, New England League (1906-1915); Worcester Busters, Eastern League (1916-1917) and the Worcester Boosters, Eastern League (1918-1922).
Baseball Hall of Fame alumni.
The Panthers were managed by Hall of Fame baseball player Jesse Burkett in 1923 and 1924. He led them to a 79-74 record in 1923, and a 70-82 record in 1924. In 1925, they were managed by Eddie Eayrs and future Hall of Fame manager Casey Stengel.
The ballpark.
The Worcester Panthers played their home games at Boulevard Park.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The San Bernardino Padres were a minor league baseball team based in San Bernardino, California. In 1929, the Padres played as members of the four-team Class D level California State League, finishing in third place in a shortened season.
History.
Minor league baseball was first hosted in San Bernardino, California in 1899, when the San Bernardino Grays team played the season as members of the independent level Southern California League. The Grays finished in first place in the four-team league with a 19–9 record.
Minor league baseball returned to San Bernardino in 1929, when the San Bernardino "Padres" became members of the four–team Class D level California State League. The Bakersfield Bees, San Diego Aces and Santa Ana Orange Countians joined San Bernardino in beginning league play on April 10, 1929.
On June 5, 1929, San Bernardino was scheduled to play a series on the road at Bakersfield before a last-minute schedule change. At the time, the team was in first place. The Padres instead hosted a home series against the Coronado Arabs team. The Padres had won five of seven games heading into the series.
Later, San Bernardino was swept in a series in San Diego against the Aces and fell out of first place.
On June 17, 1929, the California State League permanently folded during the season. At the time the league folded, Bakersfield was in third place with a 32–29 overall record. Managed by Rube Ellis, the Padres ended the season 3.0 games behind the first place San Diego Aces in the final league standings. Padres pitcher George Caster led the league with both 12 wins and 80 strikeouts in the shortened season. The California State league never reformed.
San Bernardino next hosted minor league baseball when the 1941 San Bernardino Stars played a partial season as members of the eight-team Class C level California League as a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants. The Stars folded on June 29, 1941, along with the Riverside Reds team. San Bernardino had a 43–28 record when the franchise folded.
Today, San Bernardino hosts the Inland Empire 66ers of the Class A level California State League after the franchise first joined the league in 1987.
The ballpark.
The name of the home minor league ballpark for the 1929 San Bernardino Padres is unknown. Perris Hill Park was in use in the 1920s as a newly formed public park. Perris Hill Park became the site of Fiscalini Field, which was constructed in 1934 and first served as a minor league park for the 1941 San Bernardino Stars.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 64 | [
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171,
615,
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Littlestown Brown Stockings were a minor league baseball team based in Littlestown, Pennsylvania. In 1884 and 1885, Littlestown played exclusively as members of the Independent level Keystone Association.
History.
The Keystone Association and the member teams were formed at a March 3, 1884, meeting in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Carlisle, Pennsylvania and West Chester, Pennsylvania were franchises initially admitted to the league but never played.
The Littlestown Brown Stockings began play in 1884, as the Keystone Association played as a five–team Independent league. The charter Keystone Association franchises were based in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, Chester, Pennsylvania, Lancaster, Pennsylvania and York, Pennsylvania.
The Littlestown Brown Stockings officially began Keystone Association play on May 2, 1884. During the 1884 season, the Chester franchise disbanded on June 2, 1884, and Lancaster disbanded on June 7, 1884, causing the rest of the league to fold. On June 10, 1884, the league folded for the season with the Brown Stockings in fifth place, 6.5 games behind first place Lancaster. The League standings when the league folded were Lancaster Red Stockings (15–4), York White Roses (10–10), Chambersburg (8–10), Chester Blue Stockings (8–10) and Littlestown Brown Stockings (6–8).
In their final season, the 1885 Littlestown Brown Stockings returned to Keystone Association play as the league featured the same five returning franchises. Chambersburg, the Chester Blue Stockings, Lancaster Red Stockings and York White Roses were the other returning 1885 league members.
The 1885 Keystone Association final team standings are unknown.
The Littlestown Brown Stockings and the Keystone Association both permanently folded after the 1885 season. Littlestown has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The exact name of the Littlestown Brown Stockings' home ballpark in 1884 and 1885 is unknown.
Year–by–year records.
The Littlestown Brown Stockings' 1885 record is unknown.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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309,
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358,
609,
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621,
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18152109 | The Texarkana Liners were a minor league baseball team that played in the East Texas League from 1937 to 1940. The club was based in the American city of Texarkana, Texas and was the cities first professional baseball team since 1929, when the Texarkana Twins played.
The team featured numerous notable managers and players. Bill Windle, Ed Hock and Dolly Gray, who each had major league experience, managed the team at different points. Gray, a pitcher, won 111 games in 10 big league seasons. Outfielders Buck Frierson and Culley Rikard played for the team in 1937. Frierson returned in 1938 and played alongside pitcher Vallie Eaves. Frierson came back from 1939 as well. In 1940, outfielder Charlie Metro played for the team.
References.
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18152109 | The Upper Peninsula League was a minor league baseball league that played in the 1890 and 1891 seasons. The six–team Independent level Upper Peninsula League consisted of franchises based exclusively in Michigan.
History.
The Upper Peninsula League formed and began play in the 1890 season as a non–signatory, Independent level league. The Calumet Red Jackets, Hancock, Houghton, Ishpeming, Marquette Undertakers and Negaunee teams were the charter members.
In their first season of play, the league began the schedule on May 31, 1890. Houghton won the 1890 Upper Peninsula League championship with a 23–12 overall record in the six–team league, as the Hancock and Negaunee franchises folded during the season.
The Upper Peninsula League played with four teams in 1891. The Calumet Red Jackets won the championship with a 36–24 record. The Upper Peninsula League permanently folded following the 1891 season, evolving into the Wisconsin–Michigan League in 1892.
League standings.
1890 Upper Peninsula League standings
Hancock and Negaunee disbanded mid–season
1891 Upper Peninsula League standings
References.
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18152109 | The Empire State League was a minor league baseball league that played from 1905 to 1907. The 14 different league franchises were based exclusively in New York (state). The league name was succeeded by the 1913 Empire State League based in Georgia and Empire State League (1987) based in New York (state).
History.
On March 22, 1905, the Empire State League was formed at a meeting held in Syracuse, New York. The teams were selected and R.C. Mayor of Rome was elected secretary and treasurer. Salaries were set at $600.00 per month for each team.
The 1905 Empire State League began play as an eight–team independent league on May 26, 1905. Seneca Falls won the championship with a 42–26 record and several teams folded or relocated during the 1905 season.
In 1906, the Empire State League reduced to six teams, beginning the season on May 26, 1906 and becoming a Class D level minor league. With a record of 48–26, Seneca Falls again won the championship.
In its final season of play, the 1907 Empire State League continued play as a six–team Class D level league and crowned a new champion. The Oswego Starchmakers finished 1.0 game ahead of second place Seneca Falls to win the league championship.
M.T. Roche served as president of the Empire State League for all three seasons of play.
Standings & statistics.
1905 Empire State League
Palmyra moved to Geneva in June; Ilion moved to Fulton July 10; Cortland disbanded July 18 (record unknown); Oneida disbanded July 25; Canandaigua disbanded July 27.
1906 Empire State Leagueschedule
Penn Yan (20–40) moved to Syracuse August 23; Syracuse folded before playing a game.
1907 Empire State Leagueschedule
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Osceola team was a minor league baseball team based in Osceola, Iowa.
In 1903, the "Osceola" club played as members of the short–lived Class D level Southwest Iowa League, joining the league in mid–season as an expansion team. Osceola won an informal championship series following the conclusion of the 1903 league season.
History.
In 1903 Osceola, Iowa first hosted minor league baseball when the "Osceola" team became members of the Southwest Iowa League during the season. The team was without a known nickname, common in the era. which began play on May 29, 1903. The members of the six–team Class D level Southwest Iowa League to begin the season were the Atlantic, Clarinda, Red Oak Blue Indians and Shenandoah teams, as the league began play on May 29, 1903, without an Osceola team.
On March 25, 1903, the Southwest Iowa League was formed at a league meeting. E.H. Whiteside, of Atlantic, Iowa was elected league president and a $400 monthly salary limit was established for league teams. The league began play with four Iowa teams in Atlantic, Clarinda, Shenandoah and Red Oak as the charter member franchises. The league disallowed playing games on Sundays. The cities of Glenwood, Iowa and Malvern, Iowa were unable to raise the necessary funds required for a league franchise.
After the Southwest Iowa League opened league play, Creston, Iowa formed a local team and played numerous exhibition games against league member teams. At the June 25, 1903, Southwest Iowa League meeting, Creston was awarded membership in the league and Osceola also was awarded a team, with the two new franchises expanding the league to six teams. Osceola had formed a team just weeks earlier. On June 29, 1903, Osceola and the Creston Cyclones teams began play in the league.
After beginning play in the Southwest Iowa League on June 29, an Osceola game against Atlantic was protested by Atlantic.
On August 29, 1903, the Southwest Iowa League folded after the Creston franchise dissolved. The First place Shenandoah team had folded July 18, 1903, leaving the league with four teams. After Nebraska City, Nebraska refused an offer to replace Shenandoah, the league considered dropping Osceola, as the team had a record of 1–11, but the league allowed Osceola to continue play. Eventually, Osceola had compiled an 18–29 record when the league ended the season on August 29, 1903. The fourth place Osceola team finished 11.0 games behind first place Atlantic in the final standings.
After the league had folded, the Creston and Osceola teams continued play. The two teams organized and played a winner-take-all post-season series for a $1,500 purse. Osceola then defeated Creston in five consecutive games to win the purse.
The Southwest Iowa League never reformed as a minor league. Osceola has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The name of the Osceola home minor league ballpark is not directly referenced. It is known that Osceola and the Creston Cyclones played games against each other in the neutral town of Afton, Iowa.
References.
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] |
18152109 | American boxer (1923–1969)
Rocco Francis Marchegiano (September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969; ), better known as Rocky Marciano (, ), was an American professional boxer who competed from 1947 to 1955. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1952 to 1956, and remains the only heavyweight champion to finish his career undefeated. His six title defenses were against Jersey Joe Walcott (from whom he had taken the title), Roland La Starza, Ezzard Charles (twice), Don Cockell and Archie Moore.
Known for his relentless fighting style, formidable punching power, stamina, and exceptionally durable chin, Marciano is considered one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time. Marciano remains the only fighter to have stopped every opponent he ever faced for the world heavyweight title, and shares, with Joe Louis, the highest knockout-to-win percentage in world heavyweight title fights at 85.71%. His career knockout-to-win percentage of 87.8% remains one of the highest in heavyweight boxing history. Marciano is ranked #14 in "The Ring" magazine's list of the 100 greatest punchers of all time.
Early life.
Born Rocco Francis Marchegiano on September 1, 1923, Rocky was raised on the south side of Brockton, Massachusetts. His parents, Pierino Marchegiano and Pasqualina Picciuto, were both immigrants from Italy. His father was from Ripa Teatina, Abruzzo, while his mother was from San Bartolomeo in Galdo, Campania. Marciano had two brothers, Louis (aka Sonny) and Peter, and three sisters, Alice, Concetta and Elizabeth. When he was about 18 months old, Marciano contracted pneumonia, from which he almost died.In his youth, he worked out on homemade weightlifting equipment (later in his life, Marciano was also a client of Charles Atlas) and used a stuffed mailbag that hung from a tree in his back yard as a heavy bag. He attended Brockton High School, where he played both baseball and football. However, he was cut from the school baseball team because he had joined a church league, violating a school rule forbidding players from joining other teams. He dropped out of school after finishing tenth grade.
Marciano then worked as a chute man on delivery trucks for the Brockton Ice and Coal Company. He also worked as a ditchdigger, railroad layer and shoemaker. He was a resident of Hanson, Massachusetts; the house he lived in still stands on Main Street.
During the Second World War, Marciano was drafted into the US Army in March 1943, serving for three years. Stationed in Swansea, Wales, he helped ferry supplies across the English Channel to Normandy. After the war ended, he completed his service in March 1946 at Fort Lewis, Washington.
Amateur career.
Marciano's amateur record was 8–4. While awaiting discharge, Marciano represented the Army and won the 1946 Amateur Armed Forces boxing tournament. His amateur career was briefly interrupted on March 17, 1947, when Marciano stepped into the ring as a professional competitor at the Valley Arena Gardens of Holyoke, Massachusetts, being billed as "Rocky Mackianno of Westover Field". That night, he knocked out local fighter Lee Epperson in three rounds. In an unusual move, Marciano returned to the amateur ranks and fought in the Golden Gloves All-East Championship Tournament in March 1948. He was controversially beaten by Coley Wallace. He continued to fight as an amateur throughout the spring and competed in the AAU Olympic tryouts in the Boston Garden. There, he knocked out George McInnis, but hurt his hands during the bout and was forced to withdraw from the tournament. That was his last amateur bout.
In late March 1947, Marciano and several friends traveled to Fayetteville, North Carolina, to try out for the Fayetteville Cubs, a farm team for the Chicago Cubs baseball team. Marciano lasted three weeks before being cut. After failing to find a spot on another team, he returned to Brockton and began boxing training with longtime friend Allie Colombo. Al Weill and Chick Wergeles served as his managers and Charley Goldman as his trainer and teacher.
Professional career.
Although he had one professional fight (against Lee Epperson) on his record, Marciano began fighting permanently as a professional boxer on July 12, 1948. That night, he notched a win over Harry Bilazarian (3–6–0). He won his first 16 bouts by knockout, all before the fifth round and nine before the first round was over. Don Mogard (17–9–1) became the first boxer to last the distance (full 10 rounds scheduled) with "The Rock", but Marciano won by unanimous decision.
Early in his career, he changed the spelling of his last name, "Marchegiano". The ring announcer in Providence, Rhode Island, could not pronounce it, so Marciano's handler, Al Weill, suggested they create a pseudonym. The first suggestion was Rocky Mack, which Marciano rejected, deciding to go with the more Italian-sounding "Marciano".
Marciano won three more fights by knockout, and then he met Ted Lowry (58–48–9). Marciano kept his winning streak alive, beating Lowry by unanimous decision. Four more knockout wins then followed, including a five-rounder on December 19, 1949, with Phil Muscato (56–20–0), an experienced heavyweight from Buffalo, New York, being the first "name fighter" Marciano faced.
Marciano vs Vingo.
Three weeks after the Phil Muscato fight, Marciano defeated Carmine Vingo (16–1–0) by a sixth-round knockout in New York. Carmine was a promising prospect who was 16–1, with his loss controversial. Marciano was 24–0 at the time of the fight. The winner would be declared the white hope in the division. Rocky Marciano dropped Vingo in the first and second round, but by the fifth Vingo was gaining momentum. At 1:46 in the sixth round Marciano knocked out Vingo with a right uppercut. Vingo was unconscious and taken to the hospital on a stretcher, as there were no ambulances available. As Vingo was given 50/50 survival odds, a priest administered last rites; however, Vingo pulled through and survived, befriending Marciano later on in life.
Marciano vs. Roland La Starza.
On March 24, 1950, Marciano fought Roland La Starza, winning by split decision. La Starza may have come closer than any other boxer to defeating Marciano as a professional. The scoring for the bout was 5–4, 4–5, and 5–5. Marciano won on a supplemental point system used by New York and Massachusetts at that time. The scoring system did not award an extra point for a knockdown and Marciano scored a knockdown in the fight. Referee Watson decided the bout, scoring it for Marciano. Both boxers were undefeated before the fight, with La Starza's record at 37–0.
Subsequent bouts.
Marciano scored three more knockouts in a row before a rematch with Lowry (61–56–10), Marciano again winning by unanimous decision. After that, he scored four more knockouts and, after a decision over Red Applegate (11–14–2) in late April 1951, he was showcased on national television for the first time, knocking out Rex Layne (34–1–2) in six rounds on July 12, 1951.
On October 27, 1951, the 28-year-old Marciano took on the great Joe Louis. Despite Louis being well past his prime, Marciano was a 6½-to-5 underdog. Marciano knocked Louis out in the eighth round, sending the former champion collapsing out of the ring in what would be his final fight.
After four more wins in 1952, including knockout victories over former European heavyweight champion Lee Savold (96–37–3) and top contender Harry Matthews (81–3–5), Marciano received a shot at the world title later that year.
Championship fights.
Marciano, 29, faced the World Heavyweight Champion, Jersey Joe Walcott, in Philadelphia on September 23, 1952. Walcott dropped Marciano in the first round and steadily built a points lead. In the 13th, Walcott used his trademark feint to set up his right hand, but Marciano's "Suzie Q" landed first, a powerful right hook causing Walcott to slump to his knees with his arm draped over the ropes. He lay motionless long after he had been counted out and Marciano became the new World Heavyweight Champion. At the time of the stoppage, Walcott was leading on all scorecards, 8–4, 7–5, and 7–4.
His first defense came the following year in May – a rematch against Walcott, now 39, who this time was knocked out in the first round.
His next defense was held five months later, in what would be a rematch with his old rival, Roland La Starza. After building a small lead on the judges' scorecards all the way through the middle rounds, Marciano eventually gained the upper hand and won the fight by a technical knockout in the 11th round.Then Marciano fought two consecutive bouts against former World Heavyweight Champion and light heavyweight legend Ezzard Charles, who became the only man to ever last a full 15 rounds against Marciano. Marciano won the first fight, held at Yankee Stadium on June 17, 1954, on points. Referee Ruby Goldstein scored the bout 8–5–2 in rounds for the champion. Judge Artie Aidala scored it 9–5–1 for Marciano while judge Harold Barnes had it 8–6–1. Marciano gave Charles a rematch, and the much anticipated fight was held four months later at the same venue. Marciano controlled most of the action during the fight, but was cut badly on the nose at the end of the sixth round. Unable to get the bleeding to stop, and fearing a possible stoppage by the fight doctor, Marciano went in for the finish, and soon succeeded, knocking Charles out in the eighth round.
Marciano's next title defense came in May 1955, against British and European Champion Don Cockell in San Francisco. Cockell was knocked out in the ninth round after Marciano had controlled most of the fight.
Marciano's final title defense was against the number one contender and light-heavyweight champion, Archie Moore, on September 21, 1955. The bout was originally scheduled for September 20, but because of hurricane warnings, it had to be delayed a day. Marciano was knocked down for a four-count in the second round, but quickly recovered and retained his title with a knockout in round nine.
Marciano announced his retirement on April 27, 1956, aged 32. He finished his career an undefeated champion, with a final record of 49–0, 43 of them ending in knockouts.
Life after boxing.
Marciano considered a comeback in 1959 when Ingemar Johansson won the Heavyweight Championship from Floyd Patterson on June 26, 1959. After only a month of training in nearly four years, Marciano decided against it and never seriously considered a comeback again.
After his retirement, Marciano entered the world of television, first hosting a weekly boxing show on TV in 1961 and later appearing in the "Combat!" episode "Masquerade". For a brief period, he worked as a troubleshooting referee in wrestling (Marciano was a good wrestler in high school). He continued as a referee and boxing commentator in boxing matches for many years. He was also active in business as a partner and vice president of Papa Luigi Spaghetti Dens, a San Francisco-based franchise company formed by Joe Kearns and James Braly.
Marciano had two children—a daughter, Mary Anne (born 1952), who died on June 3, 2011, of complications from a respiratory illness and a son, Rocco Kevin (born 1968). Mary Anne had several run-ins with the law in Florida in the 1980s and 1990s, getting arrested and charged with assault and armed robbery after previously serving jail time for cocaine possession. Joey Marciano, a professional baseball player, is a cousin twice removed.
In late July 1969, shortly before his death, Marciano participated in the filming of "The Superfight: Marciano vs. Ali". The two boxers were filmed sparring, then the film was edited to match a computer simulation of a hypothetical fight between them, each in his prime. It aired on January 20, 1970, with one version having Marciano winning and the second version having Ali winning.
Personal life.
In 1947, Marciano met Barbra Cousins, daughter of a Brockton police sergeant. The two were married on December 31, 1950. They had a daughter, Mary Ann, and later adopted a son, Rocco Junior.
Marciano was a devout Catholic and often attended Catholic mass during training and before a fight. He once stated "the biggest thrill I can think of would be an audience with the Pope".
Death.
On August 31, 1969 (the day before his 46th birthday), Marciano was a passenger in a small private plane, a Cessna 172 heading to Des Moines, Iowa from Chicago Midway. It was night and bad weather had set in. The pilot, Glenn Belz, had only 231 total hours of flying time, 35 of them at night, and had no instrument rating. Belz tried to land the plane at a small airfield outside Newton, Iowa but | 70 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Tonopah team was a minor league baseball team based in Tonopah, Nevada in 1907. The team moniker was noted to be the "Mollycoddlers," as Tonopah played the 1907 season as members of the Independent level Nevada State League. The 1907 Tonopah team was the only minor league team hosted in Tonopah, Nevada.
Tonopah also was home to the 1907 Tonopah Pullmans, possibly a negro leagues semi–pro team.
History.
In 1907, Tonopah was a charter member of the Nevada State League, which began minor league play in the 1907 season, operating as an Independent four–team league. The Nevada State League was formed under the direction of league president John T. Powers, who later was the first president of the Federal League. The 1907 Nevada State League was formed with the charter franchises based in Carson City, Nevada, Goldfield, Nevada, Reno, Nevada and Tonopah, Nevada.
The 1907 Nevada State League was established with Powers serving as league president and Bert Ulmer serving as the league treasurer. On July 6, 1907 a league meeting was held. The meeting was hosted at the office of Senator James Boyd in Carson City and the Nevada State League Board of Directors was formed during this meeting. The directors chosen that day were Ben Rosenthal of Goldfield, Senator James T. Boyd of Reno, J.P Merder of Carson City and Thomas Kendall of Tonopah. Powers had previously served as president of the Wisconsin State League. Ulmer was an owner of the Elite Saloon in Goldfield. James T. Boyd was a member of the Nevada State Senate from 1906 to 1910. Rosenthal was Goldfield County commissioner. Kendall was a mining pioneer, owner of the Kendall Mine and a founder of Toonpah.
References indicate the Tonopah team was known as the Tonopah "Mollycoddlers". The other league members were noted to have been called the Carson City "Capitals" Goldfield "Miners" and Reno "Mudhens," Unofficial records place the Tonopah team in third place, behind the 1st place Goldfield "Miners," who had a 9–5 record and Carson City with a 7–4–1 record. They were followed by the Tonopah "Mollycoddlers" with a 3–6 record and the Reno "Mudhens" with a 3–7–1 record. It is noted that the Reno team disbanded on July 15, 1907. It is likely the rest of the league, Tonopah included, followed suit in folding, as only three teams would have remained. Tonopah did not host another minor league team.
There are photographs of a second Tonopah 1907 team called the Tonopah Pullmans. The Pullmans were possibly a negro leagues barnstorming or semi–pro team. It is noted that this team consisted of railroad workers who had formed their own Fraternal Lodge in Tonopah. The Pullmans' listed roster from September 27, 1907 included Buck, Underwood, Powell, Morris, Taylor, Lindsey, Clarence Townsend, Charles Townsend, Hall, Troutman and Curby.
The ballpark.
The exact name and location of the 1907 Tonopah ballpark is unknown.
Notable alumni.
No roster information for the 1907 Tonopah minor league team is known.
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 71 | [
309,
358,
70,
609,
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Minor league baseball teams were based in Independence, Kansas in various seasons between 1896 and 1952. Independence teams played as members of the Kansas State League (1896, 1906), Oklahoma-Arkansas-Kansas League (1907), Oklahoma-Kansas League (1908), Western Association (1911), Southwestern League (1921–1924), Western Association (1925, 1928–1932) and Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League (1947–1950, 1952), winning five league championships. Independence was a minor league affiliate of the New York Yankees from 1947 to 1950 and the St. Louis Browns in 1952.
The 1921 Independence Producers were ranked #77 on The National Baseball Association's top 100 minor league teams.
Independence possibly hosted the first night game in organized baseball on April 28, 1930, at Riverside Stadium.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Mickey Mantle played for the 1949 Independence Yankees, his first professional season. Hall of Famer Burleigh Grimes was the manager of the 1948 Independence Yankees.
History.
Baseball in Independence started with a team in the Kansas State League in 1896. From 1906 to 1911 Independence teams played in four leagues with four different nicknames. From 1921 to 1932, the Independence Producers played as members of the Southwestern League (1921–1924) and the Western Association (1925–1932). The 1921 Producers finished with an overall record of 100–38 and the team is ranked on The National Baseball Association's top 100 minor league teams of all–time.
On August 9, 1908 Gene Packard pitched a perfect game for the Independence Jewelers against the Bartlesville Boosters, with 10 strikeouts.
On July 2, 1930, Independence pitcher Colonel Bob House had nineteen strikeouts against the Springfield Midgets, which was a Western Association league record for strikeouts in a single game. Four days later the Producers had eight home runs in a game against the Muskogee Chiefs setting a league record.
The Independence Yankees were formed in 1947 as an expansion team in the Class D level Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League. The franchise remained in the league as an affiliate of the New York Yankees (1947–1950) and St. Louis Browns (1952). The team did not play in 1951, and became the Independence Browns in 1952. The Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League permanently folded after the 1952 season.
Championship teams.
In 20 seasons of minor league play, Independence had successes on the field. The 1906 Independence Coyotes won the Kansas State League championship with a 69–48 record. Changing leagues when the Kansas State League folded, the franchise played 1907 as the Independence Champs.
The 1921 Independence Producers finished with a record of 100–38 in taking the Southwestern League Championship. The team is ranked #77 on The National Baseball Association's top 100 minor league teams by MiLB.com and Baseball Historians Bill Weiss and Marshall Wright.
The 1930 Producers were the Western Association Champions, defeating the Joplin Miners in the championship series. It was the first time the series had been played at night.
The 1948 and 1949 Independence Yankees won the Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League Championship in back-to-back seasons. Independence finished 74–46 in 1948 under Hall of Fame member Burleigh Grimes and 71–53 under Harry Craft in 1949. The 1949 Independence Yankees featured a 17–year old Mickey Mantle playing shortstop.
After the 1952 Independence Browns, Independence has not hosted another minor league team.
Mickey Mantle 1949.
In 1949, Mickey Mantle began his professional career with Independence as a 17–year–old. Mantle hit .313 with 7 home runs for the Independence Yankees, as the team finished with 71–53 record and the league championship.
The ballpark.
Beginning in 1921, Independence teams played at Riverside Stadium, located on East Oak Street. The stadium was later named Producers Park and Shulthis Stadium. Built in 1918 by A.W. Shulthis, the stadium reportedly hosted the first night game in organized baseball, on April 28, 1930. Now part of the athletic field for Unified School District 446, the original grandstand remained as part of a new multipurpose complex until it was demolished in 2015.
Notable Independence alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Atchison Huskers were a minor league baseball team based in Atchison, Kansas. In 1897 and 1898, the Atchison Huskers played exclusively as members of the Class D level Kansas State League, winning the 1897 league championship. Atchison hosted minor league home games at Forest Park.
History.
Minor league baseball in Atchison, Kansas began during the 1897 season, when the Atchison "Huskers" became members of the four–team Class D level Kansas State League. The Emporia Maroons, Junction City Parrots and Topeka Colts teams joined Atchison in league play.
It was reported the Kansas State League formed from the "Northern Kansas League" during the 1897 season, with the Atchison Huskers franchise replacing the Minneapolis, Kansas team.
Beginning league play on June 21, 1897, Atchison ended the season as Kansas State League champions, as the league ended play on July 7, 1897. With a record of 8–3, the Huskers finished the season in first place, playing under managers Cole and Franklin Mitchell. Atchison finished 2.5 games ahead of the second place Junction City Parrots in the final standings.
In 1898, the Atchison Huskers continued play in the Kansas State League in their final season, with the league beginning play on July 24, 1898. Ending the season with a record of 4–5, playing under manager Charlie Cole, Atchison finished the season in third place, 3.5 games behind the first place Salina Blues. Ending league play on August 10, 1898, the Kansas State League folded, reportedly after Salina and Atchison both dissolved due to finances.
The Kansas State League did not return to play in 1899. Atchison, Kansas has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Atchison Huskers teams hosted minor league home games at Forest Park. Photographs from the era show Forest Park to be a public park with amenities.
Year–by–year records.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | The Bartlesville Boosters were a minor league baseball team that existed on-and-off from 1907 to 1924. The team, based in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA, played in the Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League (1907), Oklahoma–Kansas League (1908) and Western Association (1909–1910, 1924).
Major leaguers Larry Cheney and Art Thomason played for the team in 1907. Cheney returned in 1908 and was joined by Ray Powell and manager Gus Alberts, both of whom also played in the big leagues. George Cochran, Bert Graham, Powell, Claude Thomas and John Vann played for them in 1909. Future Hall of Famer Jake Beckley joined the team as a player-manager in 1910, alongside Verne Clemons, Cochran, Thomas and Lon Ury.
References.
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18152109 | North American baseball league
The Northern League was a name used by several minor league baseball organizations that operated off and on between 1902 and 1971 in the upper midwestern United States and Manitoba, Canada. The name was later used by the independent Northern League from 1993 to 2010.
Incarnations.
The Northern League name represented four leagues in this time frame:
Historical overview.
The first Northern League operated between 1902 and 1905. Charter members were the Winnipeg Maroons, Crookston Crooks, Fargo, Devil's Lake, Grand Forks and Cavalier.
In 1906, the league merged with the Copper Country Soo League to become the Northern-Copper Country League (1906–1907). A second Northern League was attempted in 1908, but did not finish its first season. The third Northern League appeared when the Central International League of 1912 expanded and changed its name in 1913. This third Northern League would last until 1917, when it was forced to disband due to a lack of players as a result of World War I.
The league did not re-emerge until 1933, when it began play with the Brainerd Muskies, Brandon Grays, Crookston Pirates, East Grand Forks Colts, Eau Claire Cardinals, Fargo-Moorhead Twins, Superior Blues and Winnipeg Maroons. The league did not operate between 1943 and 1945 because of a lack of manpower during World War II, and finally folded again in 1971.
While the Northern League in its various incarnations began as an independent loop in 1902, it was Class D (1903–1905, 1908, 1917, 1933–1940) and Class C (1913–1916, 1941–1942, 1946–1962) under the antiquated classification system for Minor League Baseball. The league operated as Class A (1963–1971) under the modern minor league classification system. When the league folded after the 1971 season, the remaining teams were the Aberdeen Pheasants, Sioux Falls Packers, St. Cloud Rox and Watertown Expos.
League Champions.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
Source:
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Rutherford County Owls were a minor league baseball team based in the Rutherford County, North Carolina cities of Spindale, North Carolina and Forest City, North Carolina. Between 1936 and 1960, the Rutherford County based teams played as members of the 1936 Carolina League, the Western Carolina League from 1948 to 1952, Tar Heel League from 1953 to 1954 and Western Carolina League in 1960, winning the 1949 league championship and qualifying for the playoffs six other times. The franchise played as the Forest City Owls in the 1948 and 1953 seasons.
The Rutherford County Owls were a minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs from 1949 to 1951.
History.
1936 Carolina League / Umpire attack.
Rutherford County, North Carolina first hosted league baseball play in 1936. Based in Forest City, North Carolina, the "Rutherford County Owls" began 1936 the season as charter members of the eight–team Independent level Carolina League. The Independent league was nicknamed as an "outlaw" league because of the Independent status. Most of the other league members, had previously hosted numerous semi–pro teams in the Carolina Textile League, made up of locals and mill workers. On July 3, 1936, the franchise was reportedly surrendered to the league after an attack of an umpire occurred at the ballpark in Forest City. The Owls had a record of 21–25 under managers Maurice Frew and Baxter Moose when the franchise was surrendered. The franchise became the Lexington Indians and immediately replaced Rutherford County in league play. After compiling a 16–36 record in Lexington, the team then finished the season in sixth place with a 37–61 overall record.
According to reports of the July 3, 1936, incident, umpire C.T. Skidmore was attacked outside of Alexander Park in Forest City after a game against Shelby. After the attack, Skidmore was complimentary of the players and team officials, who assisted him after the attack, including Dr. C.H. Verner who was president of the club and treated Skidmore's injuries. Skidmore stated he believed the attack was by out-of-town fans or gamblers. After the incident, Verner surrendered the team to the league. After a league meeting on July 5, 1936, the franchise was awarded to Lexington.
1948 to 1952 Western Carolina League.
The 1948 "Forest City Owls" became charter members of the eight–team Class D level Western Carolina League. The Hendersonville Skylarks, Lenoir Red Sox, Lincolnton Cardinals, Marion Marauders, Morganton Aggies, Newton-Conover Twins and Shelby Farmers teams joined Forest City as charter members, beginning play on April 30, 1948.
In their first season of Western Carolina League play, the 1948 the Forest City Owls placed fourth in the league regular season standings and qualified for the four-team playoffs. Ending the regular season with a record of 55–56, while playing the season under managers Jess Hill and Gene Hollifield, Forest City finishe 14.5 games behind the first place Lincolnton Cardinals in the Western Carolina League regular season standings. At the end of the regular season, the Shelby Farmers franchise reportedly refused to play a playoff game to break a fourth-place tie and the playoff spot was awarded to Forest City. In the first round of the 1948 playoffs, the Newton-Conover Twins defeated the Forest City Owls 4 games to 2.
The franchise became known as the "Rutherford County Owls" in 1949 and the Owls won the Western Carolina League championship of the eight–team league. The Owls ended the regular season with a record of 65–45 and placed third, playing the season under managers Sam Gibson and Rube Wilson. The Owls played as a minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs and finished 8.5 games behind the first place Newton-Conover Twins in the regular season standings. In the playoffs, the Owls defeated the Newton-Conover Twins 4 games to 2 to advance. In the Western Carolina League Finals, the Rutherford County Owls defeated the Morganton Aggies 4 games to 1 to win the Western Carolina League championship.
In 1950, Rutherford County placed third in the Western Carolina League final regular season standings, continuing as a Chicago Cubs affiliate. Managed by Rube Wilson, the Owls ended the season with a record of 57–53 to finish 12.0 games behind the first place Newton-Conover Twins in the final regular standings. In the playoffs, the Newton-Conover Twins defeated Rutherford County 4 games to 2.
The 1951 Rutherford County Owls placed fifth and did not qualify for the playoffs in the eight–team Western Carolina League. Rutherford County finished with a regular season record of 62–48 to place fifth in the regular season standings, playing under returning manager Rube Wilson. The Owls finished 9.0 games behind the first place Morganton Aggies in the final regular season standings. Rutherford County played their final season as a Chicago Cubs minor league affiliate. George Long of Rutherford County led the league with an ERA of 2.12.
The 1952 Western Carolina League began the season reduced to six teams and the Owls continued play. The Rutherford County Owls ended the season in fourth place with a regular season record of 42–58, playing the season under managers Cliff Bolton and William Greene and finishing 22.5 games behind the first place Lincolnton Cardinals. In the playoffs, the Owls were swept by the Shelby Farmers in four games. Rutherford County's Ken Paschal led the Western Carolina League with 19 home runs. The Western Carolina League completed the 1952 season with five teams, after the Morganton Aggies folded during the season. The Western Carolina League combined with the North Carolina State League to form the Tar Heel League in 1953 and 1954 before resuming play in 1960.
1953 to 1954 Tar Heel League.
The Owls franchise continued play in the 1953 ten–team Class D level Tar Heel League, returning to the "Forest City Owls" nickname for the final time. The Owls finished the 1953 season in second place, ending the season with a record of 70–40, playing under managers Len Cross and Boger McGimsey. Forest City finished 3.0 games behind the first place Marion Marauders in the final regular season standings. In the first round of the league playoffs, the Lexington Indians defeated Forest City 4 games to 2.
The 1954 Tar Heel League began the season reduced to four teams, Rutherford County Included. The league folded on June 21, 1954. The Rutherford County Owls were in second place with a 24–24 record when the league folded. Forest City was managed by Woody Rich and Richard McKeithan, finishing 8.0 games behind the first place Hickory Rebels in the final standings.
1960 Western Carolina League.
The 1960 "Rutherford County Owls" played a final minor league season a member of the reformed eight–team Class D level Western Carolina League. The Owls finished their final season with a record of 43–56 to place sixth, playing under managers Jim Poole, Ray Walsh and Len Jackson. The franchise folded after the 1960 season, as the league reduced to six teams for the 1961 season.
Rutherford County, North Carolina has not hosted another minor league team.
Today, the amateur Forest City Owls, who revived the moniker in 2013, play summer collegiate baseball as members of the Coastal Plain League.
The ballparks.
It was reported that the 1936 Rutherford City Owls played minor league home games at Alexander Park in Forest City.
The Rutherford County Owls were noted to have played home minor league games at the Spindale High School Stadium from 1949 to 1952. The ballpark was located at the former Spindale High School in Spindale, North Carolina.
The 1948 and 1953 Forest City Owls and the 1954 and 1960 Rutherford County Owls teams reportedly played home games at Central High School Park, also called "Memorial Park." The ballpark was located at Central High School in Forest City, North Carolina.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Gettysburg Ponies were a minor league baseball team based in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. From 1915 to 1917, Gettysburg teams played exclusively as members of the Class D level Blue Ridge League, beginning play in 1915 as the Gettysburg "Patriots." Gettysburg hosted minor league home games at Nixon Field
History.
In 1915, minor league baseball play in Gettysburg began, as the Gettysburg Patriots became charter members of the six-team, Class D level Blue Ridge League. The Chambersburg Maroons, Frederick Hustlers, Hagerstown Blues, Hanover Hornets and Martinsburg Champs joined Gettysburg in beginning league play on May 27, 1915.
In their first game, the opening game to begin the 1915 season, Gettysburg defeated the Hanover Hornets 5–0 at Hanover.
On June 8, 1915, Gettysburg was defeated by the Martinsburg Champions 9–8 in a game at Willow Lane Park in Hagerstown, Maryland.
The 1915 Gettysburg Patriots ended their first Blue Ridge League season in fifth place. The Patriots ended the season with a record of 28–48, playing the season under manager Ira Plane. Gettysburg finished 25.0 games behind the first place Frederick Hustlers in the final standings, as the league held no playoffs.
Hosting home games at Nixon Field on the campus of Gettysburg College had some negative ramifications. Because of the location of the ballpark, fans could easily watch the game from nearby streets, avoiding having to pay admission. Also, automobiles that parked alongside the ballpark, which had no outfield fence, were a hazard to players chasing down fly balls. Baseballs in play also rolled underneath vehicles parked at the corners of the outfield.
Before the 1916 season began, the club needed to resolve the fact that the team was known by two names. Their official Blue Ridge League name was the Gettysburg Patriots, but local newspapers called them the "Braves." Before the 1916 season began, a meeting was held where stockholders of the Patriots elected new directors and announced that 55 shares of stock in the team had sold at $20 per share to provide revenue for the team.
A new nickname was given to the 1916 team, as reported in the Frederick Post: "In order to do away with the confusion caused by giving the two different names, the Patriots and the Braves, a compromise has been reached and the Gettysburg team will be known in the future as Plank's Ponies." Plank referred to manager Ira Plank, who was the brother of Baseball Hall of Fame member Eddie Plank.
Continuing play in the 1916 Blue Ridge League, the Gettysburg "Ponies", finished last in the standings. The Ponies ended the Blue Ridge League season in sixth place. Gettysburg ended the 1916 season with a record of 35–56, playing under returning manager Ira Plank and finished 17.0 games behind the first place Chambersburg Maroons.
Due to financial and salary concerns, some Ponies players were creative in trying to earn extra money. Jimmy Dykes reported later that some of the players on the Gettysburg team traveled to some of the other league clubs to try and play under an alias to earn additional some money. Their efforts failed when they were recognized by one of the opposing managers. This issued was called to the attention of league president J. Vincent Jamison in late July, 1916. Jamison took the franchise away from Gettysburg and began talking with Piedmont, West Virginia and York, Pennsylvania, representatives about taking the team. Local Gettysburg business leaders organized and collected the minimum funds to keep the club running for the remainder of the season. After a guarantee to the league that the funds were available, Jamison agreed to return the club back to Gettysburg a week later.
In their final season of play, the 1917 Gettysburg Ponies placed third in the Blue Ridge League final standings. Gettysburg ended the season with a record of 48–46, playing under managers Joe Ward and John Mumford. The Ponies finished 11.5 games behind the first place Hagerstown Terriers in the final standings.
The Gettysburg and Hanover teams did not return to the 1918 Blue Ridge League, as the league reduced from six teams to four teams while continuing play during World War I and facing challenges due to the Spanish flu epidemic. The league folded during the 1918 season. Gettysburg has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
From 1915 to 1917 the Gettysburg minor league teams played home games at Nixon Field. The ballpark had no outfield fences and was plagued by automobiles parked near the diamond interfering with live baseballs and providing seating for fans wishing to avoid paying admission. Nixon Field was located at North Washington Street & East Stevens Street on the campus of Gettysburg College.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The La Grande Babes were a minor league baseball team based in La Grande, Oregon in 1908, as numerous Le Grande teams played minor league baseball between 1891 and 1913, with different nicknames each season. La Grande teams played as members of the 1891 Pacific Interstate League, 1902 and 1908 Inland Empire League and Western Tri-State League in 1912 and 1913. Lagrande captured two league championships, as the La Grande Rhonders won the 1891 Pacific Interstate League title and the La Grande Babes won the 1908 Inland Empire League championship.
History.
La Grande, Oregon first hosted minor league baseball in 1891. La Grande won a championship in their first season. The La Grande Grand Rhonders were one of four franchises who formed the Pacific Interstate League. The Independent level league began play with the Baker Bunch Grassers, Pendleton Giants/Ho Hos and Walla Walla Walla Wallas joining La Grande as charter members in beginning league play on June 6, 1891.
The La Grande Grand Rhonders began play in the Pacific Interstate League and won the Pacific Interstate League championship. La Grande finished the season with a 20–10 record under manager A. Miller, finishing 2.0 games ahead of second place Pendelton. In the final standings, La Grande was followed by the Pendleton Giants/Ho Hos (18–12), Walla Walla Walla Wallas (16–14) and Baker Bunch Grassers (6–24) in the final Pacific Interstate League standings. The Pacific Interstate League permanently folded following the 1891 season.
La Grande resumed minor league play in 1902, as the La Grande Beetpullers became charter members of the 1902 Inland Empire League, which formed as a Class D level four–team league. Other charter members were the Baker City Gold Diggers, Pendleton Indians and Walla Walla Sharpshooters. The official 1902 league standings and statistics are unknown. Local papers show Pendleton defeating La Grande 2–0 and Walla Walla defeating Baker 6–0 on in games on August 25, 1902.
The team records on August 25, 1902, were reported to be: Pendleton 21–8, Walla Walla 14–15, La Grande 12–16 and Baker City 10–18. The La Grande managers were Walsh, Black and Al Ray.
La Grande resumed play as the Inland Empire League formed again in 1908, with the same four cities hosting franchises, including La Grande. The La Grande Babes won the league championship under manager O'Brien, playing with the Baker Nuggets/Miners, Pendleton Pets/Wheat Growers and Walla Walla Walla Wallas. The league began play on June 10, 1908. However, the league permanently disbanded on Sunday, July 12, 1908 due to extreme heat.
At the time the league folded on July 12, 1908, the La Grande Babes were in first place. La Grande, with a 19–12 record were 2.5 games ahead of the 2nd place Baker Nuggets/Miners, who finished with a record of 15–15. They were followed by the Walla Walla Walla Wallas (14–17) and Pendleton Pets/Wheat Growers (14–18) in the final standings. The Inland league did not return to play after the 1908 season.
In 1912, the La Grande Pippins began play as charter members of the four–team Class D level Western Tri-State League, along with the Boise Irrigators, Pendleton Buckaroos and Walla Walla Bears. The Golddiggers ended the season with a record of 31–67, playing under managers James Bradley and Jack Barry. The Pippins placed fourth, finishing 30.0 games behind the 1st place Walla Walla Bears.
In the final minor league season for La Grange, the 1913 La Grange Spuds continued play as members of the six–team the Western Tri-State League but folded before the end of the season. On June 22, 1913, La Grange folded with a 16–31 record, having played under manager Karl King.
La Grange, Oregon has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
A regional newspaper reported on June 22, 1912 that La Grange played a home game at a ballpark named Stanfield.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Hudson Marines were a minor league baseball team based in Hudson, New York. From 1903 to 1907, the Marines played exclusively as members of the Hudson River League, managed by Augie Schnack each season. The Marines captured the 1905 Hudson River League championship.
History.
Minor league baseball began in Hudson, New York in 1896, when the "Hudson" team played as members of the independent, non–classified, eight–team Hudson River League. League records and standings are unknown.
In 1903, the Hudson "Marines" became members of the reformed Class D level Hudson River League. The Kingston Colonials, Newburgh Taylor-mades, Ossining, Peekskill, Poughkeepsie Colts and Saugerties, New York teams joined Hudson in league play.
In their first season of play, the 1903 Hudson Marines placed second in the Hudson River League final standings. Hudson ended the season with a record of 63–33 as Augie Schnack served as manager, beginning a five-year tenure as the manager of the Hudson Marines. The Marines finished 1.5 games behind the first place Kingston Colonials in the standings. The Hudson River League did not hold playoffs for the duration of the Hudson Marines' tenure in the league.
The 1904 Hudson Marines placed third as the six–team Hudson River League, which was elevated to a Class C level league. After beginning league play on May 11, 1905, the Marines compiled a final record of 68–52 under returning manager Augie Schnack. The Marines finished 3.5 games behind the first place Poughkeepsie Colts in the final league standings.
The Hudson Marines won the 1905 Hudson River League championship. With a record of 68–50, the Hudson Marines placed first in the Hudson River League final standings, winning the championship under the direction of managers Augie Schnack and David Patterson. The Marines finished 1.5 games ahead of the Paterson Invaders in the final standings of the eight–team league.
The Hudson Marines continued play in the 1906 Hudson River League. With a record of 54–56, the Hudson Marines placed fourth in the eight–team league, led again by manager Augie Schnack. On September 9, 1906, Hudson was 9.5 games behind the first place Paterson Invaders when the Hudson River League ceased play for the season.
The Class C level Hudson River League resumed play to begin the 1907 season, but folded during their final season. On June 18, 1907, the Hudson Marines were in third place when the six–team Hudson River League permanently folded. The Hudson River league was down to four remaining teams, after having the Kingston and Paterson franchises fold in early June. The Hudson Marines were again managed by Augie Schnack and had a 12–12 record when the league folded. The Hudson Marines finished 1.5 games behind the 1st place Poughkeepsie Colts as the league folded.
Hudson, New York has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The name of the Hudson Marines' home minor league ballpark between 1903 and 1907 is not directly referenced. Oakdale Park in Hudson was in use in the era as a public park. Oakdale Park is still in use today as a public park, located on North 6th street, adjacent to Oakdale Lake.
Year–by–year records.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 79 | [
358,
609,
309,
70,
196,
621,
242,
446,
171,
678,
651,
324,
637,
257,
403,
648,
432,
599,
222
] | 45 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Monett Red Birds were a minor league baseball team based in Monett, Missouri. From 1936 to 1939, The "Red Birds" played as members of the Class D level Arkansas–Missouri League. They were preceded in minor league play by the 1901 Monett "Railroadmen" who played the season as members of the Independent level Missouri Valley League.
The Red Birds hosted minor league home games at J.C.C. Park.
The Monett Red Birds were a minor league affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals for their duration.
History.
Minor League baseball began in Monett in 1901, when the Monett Railroadmen played as members of the Independent level Missouri Valley League. League rosters, records and standings from the 1901 season are not referenced.
In 1936, minor league baseball returned when the Monett Red Birds became charter
members of the six–team Arkansas–Missouri League, a Class D level league that evolved from the 1935 Arkansas State League. The Arkansas State League became the Arkansas-Missouri League after the Huntsville Red Birds relocated to Missouri to become the Monett Red Birds.
In 1936, playing in the Arkansas–Missouri League, as an affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals, the Monett Red Birds finished the season with a record of 56–63. Monett placed fourth in the Arkansas–Missouri League standings. The Bentonville Mustangs (69–49), Cassville Blues (61-59), Fayetteville Bears (53–67), Rogers Lions (44–75) and Siloam Springs Travelers (74–44) joined Monett in the league standings. Monett finished 18.5 games behind the champion Siloam Springs Travelers, playing under managers Buzz Arlitt and Ken Blackman.
On May 1, 1936, the Monett Red Birds hosted an exhibition game against the famed Negro leagues team, the Kansas City Monarchs. Baseball Hall of Fame member Willard Brown of the Monarchs hit a home run in the game, as the Monarchs won the contest 7–1.
Continuing play in 1937, Monett placed fifth in the Arkansas–Missouri League. With a record of 45–76, the Red Birds finished 36.0 games behind the 1st place Rogers Lions in the final standings of the six–team league. The Monett managers were Ken Blackman and Joseph Davis.
For the 1938 season, Monett adopted the one-word moniker Monett Redbirds. Resuming play in the Arkansas–Missouri League, Monett ended the season with a record of 44–74, playing under managers Heinie Mueller and Frank Sigafoos. The Redbirds placed fifth in the six–team league, finishing 30.5 games behind the first place Neosho Yankees.
Monett played their final season in 1939 and finished last as the Arkansas–Missouri League reduced to four teams. The Monett Red Birds ended their final season with a record of 35–89 to place fourth in the four–team league, finishing 45.5 games behind the champion Fayetteville Angels under manager Fred Hawn. The Monett franchise folded after the 1939 season, replaced by the Siloam Springs Cardinals in the 1940 Arkansas–Missouri League, which permanently folded after the 1940 season.
Monett, Missouri has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Monett Red Birds hosted minor league home games at J.C.C. Park. The "Junior Chamber of Commerce Park" had a reported capacity of 1,000 in 1936 and dimensions of (Left, Center, Right): 320–365–330 in 1939. J.C.C Park was located at South Lincoln Avenue (State Road 37), off U.S. 60, Monett, Missouri.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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3669010
] |
18152109 | The Pennsylvania State League was an American minor league baseball sports league that operated from 1892 to 1895, then became the first Atlantic League. The league member teams were exclusively based in Pennsylvania.
Standings and statistics.
1892 Pennsylvania State League
Lebanon and Reading disbanded.
1893 Pennsylvania State League
Danville (5–47) moved to Reading July 7. ;br ; Playoff: Johnstown 3 games, Easton 2. Easton refused to continue the series.
1894 Pennsylvania State League
Easton (8–36) moved to Philadelphia July 4; Altoona (17–31) moved to Lancaster July 7; Scranton (45–28) was replaced by Shenandoah August 12; Allentown (53–29) was replaced by Easton August 16; Easton (0–8) moved to Ashland Sept. 1. ;br ;Playoff: Pottsville defeated Harrisburg in a disputed title game.
1895 Pennsylvania State League
Shenandoah disbanded May 20; Harrisburg disbanded June 20; Reading disbanded July 20; Allentown disbanded July 24; Pottsville (35–33) moved to Allentown July 27; Allentown (5–7) moved to Reading August 10. ;br ;Playoff: None Scheduled
Sources.
The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball: Second Edition. ;br ; | 81 | [
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1638437
] |
18152109 | The Kilgore Boomers were a minor league baseball team that played in the East Texas League in 1939 and 1940. It was based in the American city of Kilgore, Texas and replaced the Kilgore Rangers. In 1939, under manager Jimmy Dalrymple, the team won the league championship.
The squad featured numerous Major League Baseball players in 1939: Walter Brown, Clyde Kluttz, Ray Sanders and Tommy Warren suited up for the team. It featured no major leaguers in 1940.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Port Huron Saints were a minor league baseball team based in Port Huron, Michigan. The "Saints" played as members of Michigan-Ontario League from 1921 to 1922 and 1926, with a final partial season in the 1926 Michigan State League
Beginning in 1883, Port Huron minor league teams played as members of the Michigan State League in 1890, 1895 and 1897, the International League in 1898 and 1900, the Border League from 1912 to 1913, prior to the "Port Huron "Saints."
The early Port Huron hosted home minor league games at the Athletic Club Grounds, then Recreation Park in 1900 before beginning play at Watkins Park in 1912.
History.
1883 to 1900: Michigan State League / International League.
Minor league baseball began in Port Huron, Michigan in 1883, with an Independent minor league team. No records for the 1883 team are known.
The Port Huron team resumed minor league play as members of the 1890 Michigan State League. After beginning play on May 19, 1890, the independent level league folded on June 13, 1890. At the time the independent level league folded, Port Huron had an 11–14 record and were in fourth place, playing under manager Joe Walsh. Port Huron ended the season 6.0 games behind the first place Grand Rapids Shamrocks.
Returning to Michigan State League play, the 1895 Port Huron Marines rejoined the Class B level league before folding during the season. On September 3, 1895, the Marines folded 27–51 record, playing under managers Boocher, Charles Schaub and Thomas Jenkinson. The Adrian Demons were the eventual league champions.
The 1897 Port Huron team joined the reformed six–team Class D level Michigan State League for a partial season. The league folded on August 16, 1897. At the time the league folded, Port Huron was in third place. Port Huron concluded the season with a 29–42 record, playing the season under managers Gobel and D. McCarron. Port Huron finished 8.5 behind the first place Bay City team in the final standings.
The Port Huron Tigers continued play in 1898, joining a new League and finished in last place. The team was also called the "Braves" in 1898, with Port Huron joining the Independent level International League. The Tigers finished in last place with a 24–30 record. Placing sixth in the six-team league, which ended play on July 8, 1888. Playing under manager John Murphy, the Tigers finished 14.5 games behind the first place Bay City Sugar Citys in the final standings.
The International League resumed play in 1900, with the Port Huron Tunnelites as a member. Rejoining the Independent level International League, Port Huron began playing home games at Recreation Park. Port Huron finished last in the league standings. Ending the season with a final record of 12–29, Port Huron placed sixth in the six-team league. Playing under managers Pat Flaherty and Bert Eltom, the Tunnelites finished 16.5 games behind the first place Hamilton Hams when the league stopped play on July 4, 1900.
1912 to 1926: Border League / International League / Michigan–Ontario league / Michigan State League.
In 1912, Port Huron resumed minor league play. The Port Huron Independents became charter members of the Class D level Border League, which featured teams from both the United States and Canada. The 1912 five–team league featured the Mount Clemens Bathers, Pontiac Indians, Windsor and Wyandotte Alkalis joining the Independents in beginning league play.
The 1912 Port Huron Independents finished last in the Border League standings. Beginning league play on May 30, 1912, Port Huron ended the 1912 season with a record of 7–17 playing under manager Bill Brown. Port Huron finished 12.0 games behind the first place Wyandotte Alkalis (19–5), followed by the second place Pontiac Indians (14–9), Windsor (9–14) and the Mount Clemens Bathers (11–15) in the final standings.
The Port Huron Independents continued play as members of the 1913 Class D level International league. Beginning play on May 24, 1913, the Port Huron Independents placed third in the Border League final standings. Port Huron ended the 1913 season with a 15–19 record as Bill Brown returned as manager. The Independents finished 9.0 games behind the first place Ypsilanti, Michigan team in the six–team league. The Border League permanently folded following the 1913 season.
Port Huron returned to minor league play in 1921. The Port Huron "Saints" became members of the eight–team Class B level Michigan–Ontario league, replacing the Battle Creek Custers franchise in the league. The team is also referred to as the Port Huron–Sarnia Saints referring to a partnership with neighboring Sarnia, Ontario, located just across the St. Clair River from Port Huron, Michigan. The Saints finished the 1921 season in fifth place. With a final record of 58–63, playing under managers James Pierce, Steve Harder and Billy Kelly, Port Huron ended the season 15.5 games behind the first place London Tecumseh in the standings. Port Huron did not qualify for the playoff won by the London Tecumsehs.
The Port Huron Saints continued play in the 1922 Michigan–Ontario league, again placing fifth in the final standings. Playing under returning manager Bill Kelly, the Saints ended the season with a final record of 67–65. Port Huron finished 16.5 games behind the first place Hamilton Tigers and did not qualify for the playoff won by Hamilton. Saints pitcher Richard Glazier of led the Michigan–Ontario league with an ERA of 1.31. The Port Huron franchise folded after the 1922 season and did not return to the Michigan-Ontario league in 1923.
1926 season" Two leagues.
The "Port Huron Saints" returned to play for a final season in 1926, playing in two leagues during the season and winning a championship. Port Huron began the 1926 season playing in the four–team Class B level Michigan–Ontario League, which reformed during the season. The Michigan–Ontario League stopped play on June 13, 1926, when the league merged with the Central League to form the new Michigan State League. The Michigan State League began play June 15, 1926. The Saints were in first place when the Michigan–Ontario League dissolved on June 13, as Port Huron finished with a 20–10 record to claim the final Michigan–Ontario League championship, playing under manager Johnny Carlin and finishing 1.0 game ahead of the second place Saginaw Aces.
Resuming play in the newly formed eight–team Class B level Michigan State League, Port Huron finished in second place with a 56–38 record, continuing play under manager Johnny Carlin and finishing 8.0 games behind the first place Bay City Wolves. The Michigan State League did not return to play in 1927.
Port Huron, Michigan has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballparks.
In the early era, from 1890 through the 1897 minor league seasons, Port Huron hosted home games at the Athletic Club Grounds.
In the 1900 season and also for select games in 1912 and 1913, Port Huron played minor league home games at Recreation Park. The site was also known as "Driving Park" and was located at Elmwood & 13 Street, Port Huron, Michigan.
Beginning in 1912, Port Huron played minor league home games at Watkins Field. First called "Athletic Park," the ballpark was later named for Port Huron native William H. Watkins, who was notably a major league manager and former Port Huron player. The ballpark was also utilized by Port Huron High School. The ballpark no longer exists and was located at 24th Street & Moak Street, Port Huron, Michigan.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Addison White Sox were a minor league baseball team based in Addison, New York. In 1904 and 1905, Addison based teams played as members of the Independent level Southern Tier League. In 1905, Addison partnered with Wellsville, New York, playing as the "Addison-Wellsville Tobacco Strippers".
History.
The 1904 Addison White Sox began minor league play, as Addison became charter members of the Southern Tier League. The league formed as Independent level minor league, with the Corning White Ponies, Coudersport, Elmira, Hornellsville Maple Cities, Penn Yan Grape Pickers and Wellsville Oil Drillers teams joining Addison as charter members. League standings in some references list Hornellsville as the first place team, but August 20 newspaper accounts show Addison in first place with a 22–11 record and Harnellsville in fifth place with a 12–22 record. The league was also referred to as the "Southern Tier Association." The 1904 Addison manager was Bill Heine.
The 1905 Southern Tier League continued play as a four–team Independent league. The four teams included the Addison-Wellsville Tobacco Strippers, playing under returning manager Bill Hiene, as Addison partnered with neighboring Wellsville, New York. The Corning Glassblowers, Elmira and Hornellsville Blue Birds completed the league teams. The 1905 standings and statistics are unknown.
The Southern Tier League permanently folded as a minor league after the 1905 season. A league with the same name later played as a semi–pro league.
Addison, New York has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The name of the Addison minor league home ballpark is not directly referenced.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Class D level baseball minor league
The Panhandle–Pecos Valley League was a minor league baseball league that played in the 1923 season. The Class D level Panhandle–Pecos Valley League featured four teams based in New Mexico and Texas. The league permanently folded during its first season of play, with the Lubbock Hubbers capturing the only championship of the short–lived league.
History.
The Panhandle–Pecos Valley League was formed for the 1923 season as a Class D level minor league. The league president was S.D. Hunter. The Panhandle–Pecos Valley League evolved from the 1922 eight–team West Texas League, as three members became the foundation of the Panhandle-Pecos Valley League. The 1923 Panhandle–Pecos Valley League began play as a four–team league, hosting franchises from Amarillo, Texas (Amarillo Gassers), Clovis, New Mexico (Clovis Cubs), Lubbock, Texas (Lubbock Hubbers) and Roswell, New Mexico (Roswell Giants). Amarillo, Colvis and Lubbock had played in the 1922 West Texas League.
The Panhandle–Pecos Valley League began play on May 8, 1923 with a split–season schedule. The league permanently disbanded on August 15, 1923. The overall standings were led by the Amarillo Gassers (62–42), followed by the Lubbock Hubbers (57–47), Clovis Cubs (48–56) and Roswell Giants (41–63). Lubbock won the first half pennant and Clovis won the second half pennant. Amarillo was also named a playoff qualifier and the league did hold a nine–game playoff, which was won by the Lubbock Hubbers 5 games to 4 over the Amarillo Gassers.
Standings & statistics.
1923 Panhandle–Pecos Valley League
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Torrington Braves were a short lived minor league baseball team based in Torrington, Connecticut. In 1950, the Braves played as members of the Class B level 1950 Colonial League, which permanently folded during the 1950 season with the Braves in fourth place. Torrington hosted home minor league games at Fuessenich Park.
History.
Minor league baseball began in Torrington, Connecticut in 1896, when the Torrington Tornadoes became members of the Naugatuck Valley League. The 1897 Torrington Demons played the next season as members of the Connecticut League and preceded the Braves in minor league play.
After a five decade absence, minor league baseball returned to Torrington in 1950 for a partial season, when the Stamford Pioneers franchise of the Colonial League was replaced in the league by the new Torrington franchise.
The Torrington "Braves" became members of the six–team Class B level Colonial League. The Braves joined the Bridgeport Bees, Bristol Owls, Kingston Colonials, Poughkeepsie Chiefs and Waterbury Timers teams in beginning Colonial League play on May 2, 1950.
On July 16, 1950, the Braves were in fourth place when the Colonial League folded. Torrington had a record of 33–32 when the league folded, while playing the season under manager Merle Strachan. The Braves scored 303 total runs, last in the league, and surrendered 304 runs. Torrington finished 8.0 games behind the first place Poughkeepsie Chiefs in the final standings.
The Colonial League permanently folded after the 1950 season. Torrington, Connecticut has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The 1950 Torrington Braves played home minor league games at Fuessenich Park. The ballpark was previously called "League Park" and was said to have been "the first place in Torrington where baseball was played," having been in use as a public park beginning in 1838. Frederick F. Fuessenich purchased League Park in 1912 and donated it to the city in 1918. The ballpark was named for his wife, Elizabeth Blake Fuessenich, who died in 1914. Still in use as a ballpark today, Fuessnich Park is located at 33 Coe Place in Torrington, Connecticut.
Notable alumni.
No Torrington Braves alumni appeared in the major leagues. Ed Musial, younger brother of Baseball Hall of Fame member Stan Musial played for the Braves, hitting .288 in his final professional season.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Zanesville Dodgers were a minor league baseball team based in Zanesville, Ohio. The Dodgers were a minor league affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers and played as members of the Class D level Ohio State League from 1944 to 1947, before the league changed names in 1948 to become the Class D level Ohio–Indiana League. The Dodgers won four consecutive league championships from 1945 to 1948. Zanesville hosted minor league home games at Gant Park Municipal Stadium.
History.
Ohio State League 1944 to 1947.
After minor league baseball in Zanesville began with the 1887 Zanesville Kickapoos, who played the season as charter members of the Ohio State League, the 1944 Zanesville Dodgers were immediately preceded in minor league play by the 1942 Zanesville Cubs of the Class C level Middle Atlantic League.
After a one season hiatus during World War II, Zanesville resumed minor league baseball play in 1944, when the Dodgers became members of the six–team Class D level Ohio State League, which resumed play following World War II. The Lima Red Birds, Marion Diggers, Middletown Red Sox, Newark Moundsmen, Richmond Roses and Springfield Giants joined Zanesville in beginning league play on May 2, 1944.
The Zanesville "Dodgers" were a minor league affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers, adopting the team's nickname. In their first season of play, the Dodgers placed fifth in the Ohio State League standings. Zanesville ended the Ohio State League season with a record of 58–71, finishing 17.5 games behind the first place Springfield Giants, as Jack Knight served as manager. Zanesville did not qualify for the four-team playoffs, won by the Middletown Red Sox.
The Dodgers won their first of four consecutive league championships in the 1945 Ohio State League. With a record of 74–66, Zanesville placed second in the six–team league regular season, playing the season under managers Jack Knight, Ray Hayworth, Eric McNair, Maurice Mikesell and Clay Bryant. The Dodgers and finishing 15.5 games behind the first place Middletown Rockets. In the playoffs, Zanesville defeated the Lima Red Birds four games to two in the first round. Zanesville won the championship in defeating Middleton three games to two.
The Dodgers defended their league championship as the 1946 Ohio State League expanded from six teams to eight teams. The Dodgers ended the regular season with a record of 78–60 to place second in the Ohio State League regular season, finishing 3.5 games behind the first place Springfield Giants. Clay Bryant returned as manager. In the playoffs, Zanesville swept the Richmond Roses in four games and advanced. In the finals, the Dodgers defeated the Springfield Giants four games to two to win their second consecutive league title. Maynard DeWitt of Zanesville won the league batting title, hitting .351.
Continuing play in the final of the Ohio State League, the Dodgers won the pennant and their third consecutive championship. With Clay Bryant continuing as manager, Zanesville ended the 1947 regular season with a record of 89–50, finishing 10.0 games ahead of the second place Marion Cubs. In the first round of the playoffs, the Dodgers defeated the Springfield Giants four games to two. In the Finals, Zanesville won the championship in defeating Marion four games to two. Zanesville drew 102,000 fans for the season. Zanesville pitcher Clayton Lambert led the Ohio State League with both 23 wins and 232 strikeouts.
Ohio–Indiana League 1948.
In 1948, the Ohio State League expanded beyond the state of Ohio and changed names to become the Class D level Ohio–Indiana League. The Muncie Reds were the new Indiana based franchise, joined in league play the Marion Cubs, Newark Yankees, Portsmouth A's, Richmond Roses, Springfield Giants and Zanesville Dodgers teams in beginning league play on May 2, 1948.
The 1948 Zanesville Dodgers continued as a minor league affiliate of the Brooklyn Dodgers and won their fourth consecutive championship in the newly named league. The Dodgers won the 1948 Ohio–Indiana League pennant, finishing the regular season in first place. The Dodgers ended the regular season record of 82–57, playing under managers Ray Hathaway and Pat McLaughlin, finishing just 0.5 game ahead of the Portsmouth A's(82-58) in the regular season final standings. In the playoffs, Zanesville swept the Springfield Giants in four games in their first round series. The Dodgers won their fourth championship with a win in the Finals in six games over the Muncie Reds. Their victory was the final one for the Dodgers' teams in Zanesville. Player/manager Ray Hathaway led the Ohio-Indiana League pitchers with a 23-7 record.
Zanesville continued Ohio–Indiana League play in the 1949 season with a new affiliate. The franchise became a minor league affiliate of the Cleveland Indians and began play as the Zanesville Indians, missing the playoffs, as Pat McLaughlin continued as the Zanesville manager. The Zanesville Indians folded following a last place finish in the 1950 season. and the league folded following the 1951 season.
The ballpark.
The Zanesville Dodgers teams hosted home minor league home games at Gant Park Municipal Stadium. The ballpark had a capacity of 6,00 and field dimensions of (Left, Center, Right): 320-380-320. Called simply "Municipal Stadium" in the Dodgers era. In 1948, a box seat ticket price was $1.10, the grandstand $0.75 and the bleachers were $0.50. The facility was named for Nelson T. Gant who was the former owner of the property before donating it. Constructed in 1939, "Gant Stadium" is still in use today, with renovations done in 2021. Located on West Main Street, in 2021 Gant Stadium and the site received State Historic Designation, as a historic location.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Willows Cardinals were a minor league baseball team based in Willows, California. From 1948 to 1950, the Cardinals played as exclusively as members of the Class D level Far West League as a St. Louis Cardinals minor league affiliate. Willows hosted home minor league games at Ajax Field.
History.
Semi–professional level baseball in Willows began in 1900 with the Willows Giants.
In 1948, Willows sought to gain a minor league franchise, with the effort supported by local businessmen John Baker, Larry Cummins, Arno Poggi and others, who eventually helped secure a team to be based in Willows.
The Willows "Cardinals" began minor league baseball play in 1948 as charter members of the eight–team Class D level Far West League. The "Cardinals" moniker reflected the franchise playing an as affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals. Joining Willows as charter members of the Far West League were the Klamath Falls Gems, Marysville Braves, Medford Dodgers, Oroville Red Sox, Pittsburg Diamonds, Redding Browns and Santa Rosa Pirates.
Beginning play in the 1948 Far West League, the Willows Cardinals placed fifth with a 62–63 record, playing the season under managers James Tyack and Bill Krueger. The Cardinals finished 8.5 games behind the first place Oroville Red Sox in the final Far West League regular season standings. The team did not qualify for the playoffs.
Continuing to play in the 1949 Far West League season, Willows qualified for the playoffs. The 1949 Cardinals placed third as the league lost two teams during the season, completing the season playing as a six–team league. With a 68–68 record under managers Bert Bonomi and Fred Fass, the Cardinals finished 15.5 games behind the first place Pittsburg Diamonds in the final regular season standings. In the playoffs, eventual champion Pittsburg defeated Willows three games to two in the first round.
In their final season of play, the 1950 Willows Cardinals finished last eight–team Far West League. With a record of 54–85 under manager Ray Malgradi, Willows finished 33.0 games behind the first place Klamath Falls Gems, missing the playoffs.
Willows permanently folded from minor league play following the 1950 season, as the Far West League reduced to six teams in their final season of 1951.
Ballpark.
The Willows Cardinals hosted home minor league games at Ajax Field. The ballpark was located at North Culver Avenue & West Walnut Street in Willows, California. Ajax Field was named for Tom Ajax, a local businessman and long-time manager of the local Willows Giants team, who died in 1949. The ballpark grandstand was completely destroyed by fire in 1961.
Notable alumni.
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References.
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309,
609,
358,
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Utica Blue Sox was the name of two minor league baseball teams based in Utica, New York.
In the 2010s, the "Utica Blue Sox" is the name of a collegiate summer baseball team of the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL) based in New York State.
History.
Previous baseball history.
Utica's first baseball team took the field in 1878. The city fielded a team in the New York State League from 1899–1917, then was without professional baseball until 1939, except for one year, 1924, when the Utica Utes, a member of an earlier edition of the New York–Pennsylvania League, moved to Oneonta, New York, in midseason.
The first Blue Sox team.
The first Blue Sox team can be traced to the Utica Braves of the Class C Canadian–American League, formed when the former Auburn Bouleys were moved to Utica by Amby McConnell and Father Harold Martin. The Utica Braves were initially a Boston Braves farm team in 1939 and kept the nickname through 1942. The Braves were also affiliated with the Detroit Tigers in 1941 and the Springfield Rifles in 1942.
In 1943, Utica moved up to the Class A Eastern League and became an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies. The nickname Blue Sox dates to 1944 when their parent team was unofficially called the "Philadelphia Blue Jays". The Blue Sox of the 1940s played in a ballpark in the northern part of the city called McConnell Field, which was named after the team owner and former pro player from Utica.
Many of the Blue Sox players of the 1940s later became the "Whiz Kids" of the 1950 National League champion Phillies.
Future Philadelphia stars such as Hall of Famer Richie Ashburn, who came to Utica as a catcher but within a month was moved to center field by his manager, Eddie Sawyer, to utilize his speed.
Others, including Stan Lopata and Granny Hamner, all took the field for both Utica and Philadelphia during the late 1940s.
Eddie Sawyer, manager of the Blue Sox in 1945 and 1947 and later for seven more years in Philadelphia, once said, "We had great ballclubs in a bad ballpark." Ashburn recalled the peculiar way the field was laid out, with center field to the west. "The sun would set over it", he once said. "I never got a hit up there in the first five innings in 150 games, and I still hit .300."
Murnane Field was considered one of the worst baseball layouts in the NY-P league with right field sloping downhill drastically by the time it hit the fence.
Second Blue Sox team.
The name Blue Sox was resurrected in the Short-Season A classification New York–Penn League.
A new NY-P franchise began in 1977 as the Utica Blue Jays, playing at Murnane Field, being the first affiliate in the Toronto Blue Jays organization, from 1977–1980. That team included Toronto's first ever draft pick, Tom Goffena. The line up also included future major leaguers Jesse Barfield, David Wells and Paul Hodgson.
Toronto withdrew their affiliation after the 1980 season and the club played as an independent, under the name Blue Sox, from 1981 through 1983. The ownership of that team included Miles Wolff (Durham Bulls), actor/writer Brian Doyle Murray and his brother, comedian Bill Murray. Bill Murray sang the national anthem for the Blue Sox 1981 home opener. The independent Utica Blue Sox won the NY-P championship in 1983.
The team became an affiliate with the Philadelphia Phillies from 1986–1987, the Chicago White Sox from 1988–92 and the Boston Red Sox from 1993–1995. In 1996 the team became affiliated with the Florida Marlins and were renamed the Utica Marlins; however, the team was renamed the Blue Sox the very next season. Among the notable players who were once Utica Blue Sox players; Larry Walker, Miguel Cabrera, Adrian Gonzales, Andy Ashby, Jason Grimsley and Esteban Beltre.
By the end of the 2001 season, the city needed a standard level ball park and Donovan Stadium at Murnane Field was in need of renovations and repairs in order to keep the Blue Sox team in the league. On February 7, 2002, Cal Ripken Jr. and the Ripken Professional Baseball Association purchased the Blue Sox and moved the club to Aberdeen, Maryland, where it became the Aberdeen IronBirds.
For a time in the late 1980s, Morganna the Kissing Bandit owned a share of the Blue Sox.
In media.
Acclaimed author and journalist Roger Kahn ("The Boys of Summer") wrote about his year as a part owner of the team for the 1983 championship season. The book, "Good Enough to Dream," was published in 1985.
Notable alumni.
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References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 89 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Lansing Senators were a long running minor league baseball team based in Lansing, Michigan. Between 1895 and 1941, the Lansing "Senators" teams played as members of the Michigan State League (1895, 1897, 1902), Southern Michigan League (1907–1914) and Central League (1921–1922) before a final Michigan State League season in 1941. The Senators won the Southern Michigan League pennant in 1910.
Lansing hosted home minor league games at multiple ballparks in their years of minor league play. Lansing played home games at Parshall Park (1895, 1897, 1902), Waverly Park (1906–1915), Community Park (1921–1922) and Municipal Park (1941).
Baseball Hall of Fame member Bud Fowler played for the 1895 Lansing Senators.
The 1941 Lansing Senators were the last minor league team hosted in Lansing prior to the Lansing Lugnuts beginning play in 1996.
History.
Michigan State League 1895, 1897, 1902.
Lansing first hosted minor league baseball in 1889 when the Lansing "Farmers" played the season as members of the Class B level Michigan State League under manager Walter Mumbry. "Lansing" continued play in the 1890 Michigan State League before the league folded on June 13, 1890.
The Lansing "Senators" joined the reformed Class B level Michigan State League in 1895. The Adrian Reformers, Battle Creek Adventists, Jackson Jaxons, Kalamazoo Celery Eaters, Owosso Colts and Port Huron Marines teams joined with Lansing in beginning league play.
The "Senators" nickname corresponds to Lansing serving as the Michigan State Capitol. When they began play, the Senators were owned by R.N. Parshall and hosted home games at Parshall Park, also called State Lot, which was located next to the Michigan State Capitol Building.
The Senators ended the season with a record of 56–36 to place second in the Michigan State League, playing the season under managers C.A. Briggs and Al Mannassau. Lansing finished 3.5 games behind the first place Adrian Demons who had Baseball Hall of Fame members Bud Fowler and Honus Wagner on their roster during the season.
Bud Fowler played for Lansing during the 1895 season after being acquired from Adrian, with Fowler breaking the color barrier in the league. Playing at age 47, Fowler was the only black player in the minor leagues in 1895. Overall, Fowler hit .331 in the Michigan State League playing for Adrian and Lansing. After ending the season with Lansing, Fowler did not play again in organized minor league baseball, due to the evolution of the color barrier. Fowler said, "My skin is against me. If I had not been quite so black, I might have caught on as a Spaniard or something of that kind. The race prejudice is so strong that my black skin barred me."
The Michigan State League did not return to minor league play in 1896. In 1897, the Michigan State League reformed with Lansing as a member before both folded during the season. On July 27, 1897, Lansing folded with a record of 41–31, as Thomas Robinson served as the manager of the Senators. On August 16, 1897, the Michigan State League folded, with the Bay City team in first place.
In 1902, the Michigan State League again reformed as a minor league, with Lansing as a member of the six-team Class D level league. On August 20, 1902, the Lansing Senators team folded causing the entire league to fold on that date. The Grand Rapids Colts team had folded earlier in the season. The Senators ended the shortened season with a record of 35–62 and in fourth place, finishing 24.5 games behind the first place Battle Creek Cero Frutos. Joe Katz, Walter Niles and Wilson Hosmer served as managers during the season.
Southern Michigan League 1907 to 1915.
In 1906, the six–team Class D level Southern Michigan League, also called the "Southern Michigan Association" was formed without a Lansing franchise. The Battle Creek Crickets, Jackson Convicts, Kalamazoo White Sox, Mount Clemens Bathers, Saginaw and Tecumseh Indians teams were the charter members.
In 1907, the Lansing Senators resumed play in the new League. The Southern Michigan League expanded to become an eight-team league, adding the Lansing Senators and Flint Vehicles as expansion teams. With a record of 46–57, Lansing played the partial season under manager Jack Morrissey. A Lansing native, Morrissey was a former major league player who had played for the 1895 Lansing Senators. Morrissey managed the Senators for their eight seasons of Central League play. Lansing ended the season 19.0 games behind the first place Tecumseh Indians. Tecumseh won the league championship after the league played the remainder of the season with seven teams after Jackson folded during the season.
The Lansing Senators continued play in the 1908 Southern Michigan League. The Senators ended the season with a record of 60–65 and in sixth place. Led by manager Jack Morrissey, the Senators finished the season 12.5 games behind the first place Saginaw Wa-was, as the league held no playoffs. Lansing player/manager John Morrissey led the Southern Michigan with 141 total hits, while teammate George Pierce had 295 strikeouts to lead the league pitchers.
The Senators again placed sixth in the eight-team 1909 Southern Michigan League, which held no playoffs. Lansing ended the season with a final record of 55–69 to place sixth, playing under returning manager Jack Morrissey. The Senators ended the season 17.5 games behind the first place Saginaw Wa-was.
The 1910 Lansing Senators won the league pennant as the team tied for first place in the eight-team Southern Michigan League. Playing under continuing manager Jack Morrissey, the Senators finished with a final record of 87-52 and ended the season in a first-place tie with the Kalamazoo Kazoos, who had an identical record. The two first place teams ended the Southern Michigan League season 4.0 games ahead of the third place Adrian Yeggs. Due to the tie in the standings, a playoff series was held, and Kalamazoo beat Lansing 4 games to 2 in the finals. Lansing's Vic Saier led the league with 175 total hits and pitcher Homer Warner led the Southern Michigan League with 23 wins.
In 1911, the Southern Michigan League was upgraded from a Class D level league to a Class C level league and the Senators ended the season in second place. With a record of 79–55 under manager Jack Morrissey, Lansing finished 6.5 games behind the first place Kalamazoo Celery Pickers (88-51). Pitcher Ed Warner of Lansing led Michigan State League with both 26 wins and 231 strikeouts.
The Senators finished above .500 in the 1912 Southern Michigan League standings. Lansing ended the season with a record of 63–62, placing fourth, as Jack Morrissey continued as manager. The Senators finished 15.0 games behind first place Adrian Lions. Albert "Bull" Durham, who spilt the season between Bay City and Lansing, led the league with 25 home runs. The 25 home runs set a new Southern Michigan League record.
The 1913 Lansing Senators ended the Southern Michigan League season in seventh place in the final standings. Lansing finished the season near the bottom of the eight-team Southern Michigan League, with a 54-68 record. Jack Morrissey continued as manager as the Senators ended the season 22.5 games behind first place Battle Creek Crickets. Lansing's T.H. McNellis led the Southern Michigan League with 146 total hits.
The 1914 Lansing Senators continued Southern Michigan League play before relocating during the season. The league expanded to a ten-team league to begin the season. On July 10, 1915, the Senators had a 33–35 record when the team moved to Mount Clemens, Michigan. After compiling a record of 30–45 playing as the Mount Clemens Bathers, the Senators/Bathers had an overall record of 63–80 record, as the team placed seventh of the ten teams. The Senators were managed by Jack Morrissey for the final time, with the team finishing 31.5 games behind first place Bay City Beavers. The Senators/Bathers did not qualify for the two-team playoff won by the Saginaw Ducks over Bay City.
In the final season of the league, the 1915 six-team Southern Michigan League folded on July 7, 1915, without the Mount Clemens Bathers or Lansing Senators returning to play. The onset of World War I greatly affected minor leagues as many leagues and teams folded. The Southern Michigan League never reformed.
Central League 1921 & 1922.
Lansing was without a minor league team until 1921, when the Lansing Senators resumed play becoming members of the Class B level Central League. The league expanded from a four team to a six-team league in 1921, adding the Lansing Senators and Jackson Mayors teams to the league. The Grand Rapids Joshers, Kalamazoo Celery Pickers, Ludington Mariners, Muskegon Muskies and Jackson Mayors teams joined Lansing in 1921 league play.
On May 10, 1921, a parade was held to dedicate the new baseball park for the Lansing Senators. The parade went from downtown Lansing to the ballpark site on South Pennsylvania Avenue, just north of the Potter Park Zoo. The new ballpark was called Community Park.
Fred Balding was the president of the Lansing Central League franchise in 1921. The Senators franchise was awarded a trophy by the Central League for having the league's largest opening day attendance.
The Lansing Senators had a record of 65–63 and finished in third place in the final Central League standings. The 1921 managers were Newt Hunter and Jesse Altenburg, as the Senators finished 21.5 games behind the first place Ludington Mariners in the six-team league. Lansing pitcher Lawrence Reno led the Central League with 133 strikeouts.
In 1922, Newt Hunter returned as the Lansing Senators manager. With a record of 60–67, the Senators ended the season in fifth place in the six-team Central League. Lansing ended the season 15.5 games behind the first place Ludington Mariners. The Senators did not qualify for the playoff, where the Grand Rapids Billbobs defeated Ludington to win the league title. Charles Miller of Lexington hit 12 home runs to lead the Central League. The Central League did not return to play in 1923.
Michigan State League 1941.
After a nearly two-decade hiatus, Lansing minor league baseball returned in 1941, as the Michigan State League played its final season, and the Lansing "Senators" nickname was revied after 19 years. The 1940 Lansing "Lancers" became members of the Michigan State League before the "Senators" nickname returned in 1941. The Senators finished in last place in the 1941, ending the season with a record of 35–78. The Senators finished in sixth place in the six-team league. Danny Taylor and Russ Wein managed Lansing as the Senators ended the season 37.5 games behind the first place Flint Indians. No playoffs were held in the final season of the league.
The Michigan State League permanently folded following the 1941 season. Lansing was without minor league baseball until the 1996 Lansing Lugnuts became members of the Class A level Midwest League, where they continue minor league play today.
The ballparks.
The Lansing Senators first played minor league home games at the Parshall Park in their 1895, 1897 and 1902 seasons. The site was also called State Lot. The ballpark was named for the owner of the Senators, R. N. Parhsall. The ballpark was located near the Michigan State Capitol Building, bordered by Walnut Street, Chestnut Street, Washtenau Street and Kalamazoo Street in Lansing, Michigan. No Sunday games were held at Parshall Park.
As there were no Sunday games held at Parshall Park, Sunday games in 1897 and 1902 were held at the Fairgrounds Driving Park. The park was located on East Michigan Avenue between Magnolia Street and Mifflin Street in Lansing, Michigan.
The Senator teams of the Southern Michigan League from 1907 to 1914 hosted home games at League Park, also known as Waverly Park. The ballpark was located at South Walnut and West Kalamazoo in Lansing. The ballpark site was adjacent to the Parshall Park site.
When the Senators joined the Central League for the 1921 and 1922 seasons, the teams hosted minor league home games at Community Park. The ballpark had a covered grandstand. Community Park was torn down for a power company facility in the 1920's. The ballpark site was located on South Pennsylvania Avenue, south of Hazel Street and NE of the Huron River. Potter Park is near the former ballpark site. Today, Potter Park contains the Potter Park Zoo and is located at 1301 South Pennsylvania Avenue in Lansing, Michigan.
In their final season, the 1941 Lansing Senators hosted home games at Municipal Park. The ballpark was constructed in 1926 and is still in use today, known | 90 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Norton Braves were a minor league baseball team based in Norton, Virginia. From 1951 to 1953, the Braves played exclusively as members of the Class D level Mountain States League. Norton hosted home minor league games at Municipal Stadium.
History.
Minor league baseball began in Norton, Virginia when the 1951 Norton "Braves" began play as members of the eight–team, Class D level, Mountain States League. The Big Stone Gap Rebels, Harlan Smokies, Hazard Bombers, Jenkins Cavaliers, Middlesboro Athletics, Morristown Red Sox and Pennington Gap Miners joined the Braves in beginning league play on April 29, 1951.
The ballclub was owned by Norton Baseball Club Inc.
The 1951 Braves finished their first season of play with a 53–72 record, placing sixth in the regular season, playing under managers Bob Bowman, George Sifft and George Motto. Norton finished 39.5 games behind the first place Hazard Bombers in the regular season standings. The Braves scored 812 runs and allowed 1002 runs on the season. Sergio Aguilar had a .363 average and Jack Estes led Norton with 15 wins and a 5.08 ERA. After the 1951 season, both the Jenkins Cavaliers and Pennington Gap Miners franchises folded and the Mountain States League reduced to six teams in 1952.
The Norton Braves continued play in the 1952 Mountain States League. Norton ended the 1952 season with a record of 30–88, placing sixth and last in the Mountain States League. Norton finished 56.5 games behind the first place Hazard Bombers in the regular season standings. Under managers George Motto, William Fitchko and Mark Muslin, the Braves scored 572 runs and surrendered 964 runs. Billy Williams led the team with a .272 average, while James Smiley and Albert Orlando led Norton with 7 wins each and Albert Orlando had a 4.12 earned run average.
In their final season of play, the 1953 Norton Braves placed fifth in the standings. The Braves ended the Mountain States League regular season with a record of 63–63, playing the season under manager Walt Dixon. The Braves finished 16.0 games behind the first place Maryville-Alcoa Twins. Norton scored 899 runs and surrendered 944 runs, most in the league. Player/manager Walt Dixon led Norton hitters with a .415 average and led the league with both 37 home runs and 197 hits. Eric Doughtie led Norton with 17 wins, while Albert Turner recorded a 4.44 ERA. Norton did not qualify for the playoffs.
The Norton Braves franchise folded after the 1953 season. Norton, Virginia has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Norton Braves teams played home games at Municipal Stadium. In 1953, the Norton Baseball Club, Inc. leased Municipal Stadium from the City of Norton for a fee of $15.00 per game, with $5.00 of the amount applied to a delinquent $410.00 balance. The ballpark was lighted and has a seating capacity of 1,200. The ballpark no longer exists.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ; | 91 | [
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Sterling Infants were a minor league baseball team based in Sterling, Illinois. In 1910, the Sterling Infants played as members of the Class D level Northern Association. Previously, the 1890 Sterling Blue Coats were briefly members of the 1890 Illinois-Iowa League. Both teams played a partial season in their leagues and hosted minor league home games at the Sporting Association Grounds.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Bud Fowler played for the 1890 Sterling Blue Coats, integrating the team and the Illinois–Iowa League.
History.
Minor league baseball began in Sterling, Illinois when the 1890 Sterling Blue Coats became members of the 1890 Independent level Illinois-Iowa League. After Sterling began play in the eight–team league, the Blue Coats had a record of 21–51 on July 31, 1890 when the franchise moved to nearby Galesburg, Illinois. On September 4, 1890, the Galesburg Pavers, after compiling an 8–17 record in Galesburg, moved again to Burlington, Iowa to become the Burlington Hawkeyes. In Burlington, the franchise disbanded on September 10, 1890.
The 1890 Sterling/Galesburg/Burlington team finished with a 30–72 overall record when they disbanded. The team was in eighth place in the Illinois-Iowa League standings, finishing 33.5 games behind the first place Ottumwa Coal Palace Kings (63–43). Baseball Hall of Fame member Bud Fowler played for the Sterling/Galesburg/Burlington team in 1890, hitting.322 for the season.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Bud Fowler played for the Sterling/Galesburg/Burlington team. Fowler was the first known African-American to play professional baseball, becoming a pioneer for baseball players. Fowler hit .322 for the season. Playing for the Sterling/Galesburg/Burlington team in 1890, Fowler hit .322 for the season.
In 1910, minor league baseball returned to Sterling during the season. On June 21, 1910, the Joliet Jolly-ites of the Class D level Northern Association relocated to Sterling with a 21–18 record. The Sterling "Infants" played the remainder of the season, having a 3–16 record in Sterling to finish with a 24–34 overall record. The Joliet Jolly-ites/Sterling Infants placed sixth in the Northern Association standings, playing the season under manager Hunkey Hines. The Northern League permanently disbanded on July 19, 1910.
Sterling, Illinois has not hosted another minor league team.
The ballpark.
The Sterling Blue Coats and Sterling Infants played home minor league games at the Sporting Association Grounds in Sterling, Illinois. The location of the Sterling Association Grounds ballpark is not known.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Class D level baseball league
The Palmetto League was a Class D level baseball minor league that played in 1931. The four–team Palmetto league had teams based in South Carolina and Georgia. The Palmetto League permanently folded midway through the 1931 season with the Augusta Wolves in 1st place.
History.
The Palmetto League formed for the 1931 season as a Class D level minor league. Under the direction of league president Charles H. Garrison, the Palmetto League began play as a four–team league, hosting franchises from Anderson, South Carolina (Anderson Electrics), Augusta, Georgia (Augusta Wolves), Florence, South Carolina (Florence Pee Deans) and Greenville, South Carolina (Greenville Spinners). The Palmetto League played a split–season. After the first half of the season was completed, the Anderson Electricians moved to Spartanburg, South Carolina and played as the Spartanburg Spartans.
The Palmetto League's first season of play began on Monday, April 27, 1931. After the season began, Anderson (14–40) moved to Spartanburg on June 29, 1931, playing their first home game in Spartanburg on July 2, 1931. The Augusta Wolves won the 1st half of the season.
On July 23, 1931, the Palmetto League folded with Augusta in 1st place of the second half standings. The Augusta Wolves led the final overall Palmetto League standings with a 53–23 record, 9.0 games ahead of the 2nd place Florence Pee Deans (44–32), followed by the Greenville Spinners (37–39) and the Anderson Electrics/Spartanburg Spartans (28–58) who finished 30.0 games behind. Notably, Bill McGhee of Augusta hit .405 for the season, to lead the league.
When the Palmetto League permanently folded on July 23, 1931, the league cited "financial difficulties" as the contributing factor.
Standings and statistics.
Anderson (14–10) moved to Spartanburg on June 29, 1931. First home game July 2, 1931.
References.
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] |
18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Youngstown Buckeyes were a minor league baseball team in Youngstown, Ohio that played in the Central League in 1932. In 1929, Joe Cambria purchased the Hagerstown Hubs. In 1931, Hagerstown was playing in the Class C Middle Atlantic League, and Cambria moved the team, first to Parkersburg, West Virginia, and later that summer to Youngstown, where they played as the Youngstown Tubers. In 1932, the Youngstown team joined the Class B Central League and were named the Youngstown Buckeyes.
1932 season.
Tony Citrano was named as the team's manager, and Alex Pisula was the business manager. The team played its home games at Idora Park. The Central League played a split season format and consisted of six teams—Akron (later replaced by Canton), Dayton, Erie, Fort Wayne, and South Bend, in addition to Youngstown. The Dayton Ducks won the first half title, with the Buckeyes finishing in third place with a 36–33 record.
In the second half, Canton and South Bend were unable to finish the season, so the season ended with four teams still in the league. Fort Wayne won the second half title, and Youngstown finished in third place with a 35–36 record.
Players.
Several Youngstown Buckeyes players advanced to play in the major leagues. The following players played at least 500 games in the majors:
The following pitchers pitched at least 125 games or 500 innings in the majors:
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;The Pittsfield Senators were a minor league baseball team that played from 1970 to 1975 in the Washington Senators minor league system. In 1972 when the Senators moved to Texas and became the Texas Rangers, Pittsfield changed its name to the Pittsfield Rangers (1972 to 1975).
They were located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, played in the Double-A Eastern League. Their home ballpark was Wahconah Park.
The Rangers moved their Double-A affiliate to San Antonio of the Texas League in 1976 and were immediately replaced in Pittsfield by the Milwaukee Brewers, who renamed the team the Berkshire Brewers.
Future Major Leaguers.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
Players with previous Major League experience.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Duluth Dukes was the name of an American minor league baseball franchise that represented Duluth, Minnesota, in the Northern League from 1935 to 1942, and from 1946 to 1955. In addition, a separate edition of the Dukes was one of four franchises in the short-lived Twin Ports League, a "Class E" minor league that played for six weeks during the 1943 season. The Dukes played at Athletic Park from 1935 to 1940. Beginning in 1941, the team played its home games at Wade Stadium.
History.
Duluth was represented in the Northwestern League by the Duluth Freezers (1886, 1887), and Western Association by the Duluth Whalebacks (1891). The Duluth White Sox began play in 1903 known as the "Cardinals" in their first season, before becoming the "White Sox." The White Sox were in the Northern League (1903–1905; 1908; 1913–1916; 1934), as well as the Northern-Copper Country League (1906–1907), Minnesota–Wisconsin League (1909–1911), and the Central International League (1912).
In 1936, the Dukes affiliated with the St. Louis Cardinals and joined the vast Redbird farm system created by general manager Branch Rickey. The Dukes would be a Cardinal affiliate through 1950 (although the Northern League team and the league itself suspended operations from 1943–1945 due to World War II).
When the Cardinal affiliation ended, the Dukes continued in the Northern League without a Major League parent from 1951–1953. The franchise then signed a working agreement with the Cincinnati Redlegs for 1954–1955.
In 1956, the Dukes were merged with the rival Superior Blues from neighboring Superior, Wisconsin, and played at Wade Municipal Stadium as the Duluth–Superior White Sox from 1956–1959. The "Dukes" name was restored to the Duluth-Superior franchise in 1960.
The 1943 Dukes played 19 games in the Twin Ports League, winning nine. The league folded on July 13.
An independent Northern League Duluth–Superior Dukes club existed from 1993 to 2002.
1948 bus accident killed six.
On July 24, 1948, the Dukes endured one of the worst transit accidents in minor league history. On Highway 36 near St. Paul, Minnesota, the team's bus, driven by manager George Treadwell, collided head-on with a truck. Treadwell, age 42, and four of his players — pitcher Donald Schuchmann, 20; infielder Steve Lazar, 23; and outfielders Gerald "Peanuts" Peterson, 23, and Gilbert Tribl, 19 — were killed, as was the driver of the truck. Thirteen Duluth players were injured, including future Major League manager and coach Mel McGaha. The disaster was the second-worst in baseball history, following two years and one month after the June 24, 1946, bus accident that killed nine members of the Spokane Indians. It left Duluth with one uninjured player, pitcher Sam Hunter, who was not aboard the bus at the time of the crash. The Dukes completed the season with new players and a manager supplied by the Cardinal organization, and $80,000 was raised in contributions to aid the victims' families and survivors.
Major League Players.
Note: None of the Duluth Dukes of the 1943 Twin Ports League reached the major leagues.
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
Minor league baseball teams were based in Hastings, Nebraska in various seasons between 1887 and 1959, playing under numerous nicknames. The Hastings Giants played in the short-season Class D level Nebraska State League from 1956 to 1959. Earlier Hastings teams had played as members the Nebraska State League in 1892, Western League in 1887, the Nebraska State League from 1910 to 1915 and 1922 to 1923 and the Tri-State League in 1924. The Hastings Giants were a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants from 1956 to 1957 and San Francisco Giants in 1958 and 1959 while hosting home minor league games at Duncan Field.
Baseball Hall of Fame members Fred Clarke (1892) and Dazzy Vance (1914) played for Hastings teams.
History.
Minor league baseball began with the Hastings Hustlers in the 1887 Western League. Hastings was a member of the Nebraska State League from 1910 to 1915 and 1922 to 1923, playing as the Reds, Cubs, Third Citys and Brickmakers. The Hastings Cubs joined the Tri-State League in 1924. The Hastings Giants were a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants from 1956 to 1957 and San Francisco Giants in 1958 and 1959.
Baseball Hall of Fame member Fred Clarke began his professional career with Hastings in 1892, hitting .302 with 14 stolen bases in 41 games.
The Hastings Third Citys won the 1912 Nebraska State League Championship, finishing first in the regular season with a record of 67–44. The Kearney Buffaloes playoff win over Hastings was later reversed at the Nebraska State League 1913 spring meeting and Hastings was awarded the championship.
Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Dazzy Vance pitched for the Hastings Reds in 1914 with a 17–4 record.
The Hastings Giants were an affiliate of the New York Giants/San Francisco Giants, playing from 1956 to 1959. The Giants played their home games at Duncan Field.
The Nebraska State League permanently folded following the 1959 season. The 1959 league member Hastings Giants, Holdrege White Sox, Grand Island Athletics, Kearney Yankees, McCook Braves and North Platte Indians franchised permanently folded as well.
The ballpark.
The Hastings Giants were noted to have played home minor league games at Duncan Field. Constructed in 1940 as a federal W.P.A. Project, the ballpark was considered one of the best in the Nebraska State League. Duncan Field is still in use today, having hosted multiple American Legion World Series. Duncan Field is located at 601 East South Street in Hastings, Nebraska.
Notable alumni.
;templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/ ;
References.
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18152109 | Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The Muncie Fruit Jars were a professional minor league baseball team based in Muncie, Indiana. The club was first formed in 1906 as a team in the class-C Interstate Association. The Fruit Jars' name was inspired by Muncie's local economy, which was the home of Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company, famous for producing glass canning jars.
The team was expelled from the league on May 18, 1906, after posting a 4-12 record. Less than two months later, the league folded on July 8, 1906. The team was fielded again in 1908 as a member of the class-D Indiana-Ohio League. The league began play on May 9, however it was forced to fold on June 8, 1908. The Fruit Jars finished with a 10-14 record and disbanded with the league. The team played its home games at McCulloch Park.
References.
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18152109 | American franchise in minor league baseball
Minor league baseball team ;templatestyles src="Infobox/mobileviewfix.css"/ ;
The city of Denison, Texas, hosted a franchise in minor league baseball that competed in the Texas–Oklahoma League for three seasons, under the names Denison Katydids, Denison Blue Sox and Denison Champions. They competed as the Katydids in 1912, as the Blue Sox in 1913, and as the Champions in 1914. Starting in 1915, the city of Denison would host a team in the Western Association, the Denison Railroaders.
The Katydids of 1912 had at least one player who went on to compete in the major leagues, pitcher Jim Haislip. Records for the team are largely incomplete. Horace H. Covington, brother of Tex Covington and Sam Covington, managed the team.
The Blue Sox of 1913 had at least two players who went on to compete in the major leagues; Haislip and first baseman Sam Covington. Pitcher Rick Adams had played in the major leagues in 1905. The Blue Sox were managed by Babe Peebles, who would continue to manage teams in Denison through 1917.
The Champions of 1914 had several past or future major league players: pitchers Adams, Haislip, and Walt Kinney, along with position players Fred Nicholson and Hall of Fame inductee Rogers Hornsby.
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] |
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