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[ [ "understanding the basic concepts in memory organisation and applying those effectively in solving questions\n(well, actually proceeding to the question, I want to confess that this is a homework question, please do consider it and help me in improving my understanding a bit more.)\nI have recently started learning computer organisation and architecture. I have gained fair understanding for how caches are organised, how mapping between cache and main memory takes place (direct , fully and set-associative mapping), what is a page table(what are pages, blocks etc.), i can that say I have basic knowledge of segmentation , paging, virtual address and physical addresses.( at the basic level ofcourse).\nwell I have come across this question:\nA computer has 46-bit virtual address ,32- bit physical address, and a three level page table organisation. The page table base-register stores the base address of the first level table(t1), which occupies exactly one page.Each entry of t1 stores the base address of the page of second level table t2. Each entry of t2 stores the base address of the page of the third level table t3. Each entry of t3 stores a page table entry (PTE). The PTE is 32 bit in size.", "705" ], [ "The processor used in the computer has a 1MB 16-way set associative virtually indexed physically tagged cache. The cache block size is 64 Bytes.\nFirst of all I am facing difficulty in just imagining such type of a virtual computer. can any one help me by giving a simple steps on How to realize such a virtual computer on paper, or just how to understand what is given in the question. What is really asked?? How would one represent a computer having a 46-bit virtual address and having three level page table.\nwhat is virtually indexed and physically tagged cache.\nAfter reading what is given above , I feel that I just know the terms but I am unable to relate them together to solve problems. I will be glad If someone tries to explain how my thought process should be understand and apply these concepts practically to solve such types of problems.\nsome questions based on the above paragraph:\n1) What is the size of a page in KB in this computer?\n2) what is the minimum number of page colours needed to guarantee that no\ntwo synonyms map to different sets in the processor cache of this computer?\nA good resource where such problems are actually taught to solve will a appreciated. Good articles and views are most welcome.\nThankyou in advance !!", "705" ] ]

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[ [ "The Legendary Blue Crystal Microphone\nIntroduction: The Legendary Blue Crystal Microphone\nAfter reading a great comment to one of the most popular video of my channel, I got driven in one of the most positive way to push the limit of my knowledge and tackle my first ''Chemical'' project.\nTo make a short story out of a big story:\n1. I made a video on how to create a Piezo disk microphone years ago.\n2. It was basically just me showing how to solder 2 wires to a piezo disk element\n3. 2 years later, someone made a comment, you can read it here:\nSo, you're another person NOT making a piezo mic, but repurposing an existing one. The closest I have found is the Colin's Lab where he grows piezo crystals. I can't find any videos of people actually making a piezo mic.\n4. Instead of bursting in tears or getting angry, I decided to accept the challenge\n5. I did my research and 2 weeks later, I had harvested my own Rochelle Salt Crystal...\n6. Another week later, I manage to 'manufacture' these crystal and create my own microphone with it.\nToday, I present you the recipe of my hard work and also, the Legendary Blue Crystal Microphone.\nSupplies\nTo harvest the Rochelle Salt Crystal you will need the following.", "51" ], [ "Fortunately, everything can be found at the grocery store, if you live in the same city I live, it is possible that the cream of tartar is out of stock, sorry! ;)\n* 250ml of Distilled Water\n* 150g of Cream of Tartar (Potassium bitartrate)\n* 500ml of Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate)\nTo manufacture or house the Crystal and create a 'usable' microphone, you will need the following or so:\n* Patience\n* Dexterity\n* A small clamp\n* Epoxy or transparent silicon\n* Wires to connect to the mic\nStep 1: Create the Sodium Carbonate\nWait, I thought you said Sodium Bicarbonate which is baking soda!\nYou will need to create Sodium Carbonate out of the Baking Soda which is Sodium Bicarbonate. Fortunately for us, the process is fairly simple, you only need to pour the Baking soda in a pot on the oven and put the heat to high.\nStir the powder until you see some bubbles, this is the CO2 and the water evaporating.\nWhen there are no more bubbles, reduce heat and put aside.\n***BE REALLY CAREFUL SINCE THE POWDER WILL GETS HOT***\nIf you don't feel comfortable with this process, watch that video since it was also my first time doing so and was fairly easy:\nStep 2: Hot Bath\nPour 250ml of Distilled Water inside a Pyrex measuring cup and add 150g of Cream of Tartar. Prepare a hot bath with a pot and regular water (1/3 of the pot should do) and make sure the measurement cup will fit in there.\nStir the distilled water with the cream of tartar to ensure that it’s well mixed and put the measurement cup inside the hot bath. (Make sure it is not boiling but just near boiling)The goal here is to heat the solution as much as possible.\nStep 3: Chemical Reaction\nTake half of a tea spoon of your Sodium Carbonate and mix it with the solution which is getting hot. You will see a lot of bubbles forming, this is the chemical reaction and I hope your measuring cup is big enough, at least twice the size of your solution. (500ml is fine)\nProgressively and slowly add the Sodium Carbonate to the mixture and wait between each reaction. Stir Often! When the solution gets from a milky tone to a clear yellowish tone, this mean that the solution is ready.\nStep 4: Filtering\nAdd a last half tea spoon of Sodium Carbonate to make sure there is no more reaction in the solution. Crank the heat of the hot bath and make sure the solution comes to a point of ‘near’ boiling. Once it’s there, carefully remove from the hot bath (use oven glove or special tool) and make sure the solution doesn’t cool down as you will have to pour it inside a Coffee Filter and collect the liquid into another container.\nThe liquid is hot as well as the container so be really careful when manipulating it!\nNote that this step is crucial. If the solution cools down before you filter it, most of the crystal will get stuck inside the coffee filter and your solution will be sterile, which means, No Crystal.\nStep 5: Collecting the Liquid\nTransfer this liquid into your desired container and put to the fridge.", "440" ] ]

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[ [ "‘Who Has the Most Selfies?’ Council of Bloggers Meets for First Time in Russian Parliament · Global Voices\n<PERSON> speaks at the first meeting of the Council of Bloggers in Russia's lower house of parliament. Source: YouTube.\nWithin days of announcing the creation of a “Council of Bloggers” in Russia's lower house of parliament, State Duma MP <PERSON> had put together an impressive guest list for the first meeting: <PERSON> extended invitations to 25 influential writers and videobloggers, including opposition leader <PERSON>, <PERSON> (<PERSON>), <PERSON> (<PERSON>), kamikadze_d (<PERSON>), and <PERSON> — it was a veritable who's who of the Russian blogosphere.\nThe only problem was that all of them RSVP'd “no” to the June 19 meeting. Indeed, none of the influential or controversial bloggers invited actually showed up to the meeting, which was instead attended by pro-regime or apolitical bloggers. (Watch the full meeting here.) The bloggers who did attend included <PERSON>, the author of the “Lisa Drives” car testing videoblog; firebrand Liberal Democratic Party of Russia leader <PERSON>; and <PERSON> (the daughter of Kremlin Press Secretary <PERSON>), whose online presence quite limited outside of her Instagram feed, which features glam shots of her taken across Western Europe.\nUnsurprisingly, <PERSON> made sure to ‘gram from the Duma:\nНакануне, в прямом эфире РБК шла дискуссия о том, что власть не слышит молодежь, а несколько недель ранее я писала о том, что не понимаю, что наша Московская мэрия делает с тротуарами и с организацией движения в центре Москвы. Пускай, не со всем можно согласиться, но сам факт, что мне ответили меня поразил. Я хочу сказать СПАСИБО за ответ.", "880" ], [ "Все действительно зависит от нас и нашей способности вести диалог.\nA post shared by nomade. Elizaveta. me cool (@stpellegrino) on Jun 19, 2017 at 7:48am PDT\nWithout opposition voices, the meeting's conversation frequently veered into the absurd: Instead of discussing popular blogosphere topics like corruption or nepotism, <PERSON>, for example, asked <PERSON>, the co-founder of the magazine “Selfie,” who in the room had posted the most selfies online. <PERSON> replied, “probably Elizaveta,” which <PERSON> objected to. “I generally take selfies only rarely. Two or three weeks ago I posed my first selfie in half a year.” Not to be outdone, <PERSON> joked: “I have more than ten thousand. Who has more than me? No one!”\n<PERSON>, a popular blogger who declined to attend the event, speculated that the Kremlin had arranged the Council of Bloggers in response to the anti-corruption protests that have swept across Russia over the last three months, in part powered by influential bloggers posting on social media.", "880" ] ]

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[ [ "Farradays law or lorenzt force\nA student in my physics class posted, in a group, a wrong answer to a question.\nThe situation was: A plane has a wire extended between the tips of its wings and flies through a magnetic field, perpendicularly, while accelerating.\nThe question was: What will be the induced current?\nHis answer was 0, and he explained that as the plane was flying through a uniform field, there would be no change in Magnetic flux density, so no change in flux linkage and ultimately no induced current.\nI stated, after clarifying with a question on here earlier today, that instead of consulting <PERSON>'s laws, he should think about <PERSON>'s left hand rule.\nMy teacher told me I was wrong, and said as the plane is accelerating, it cuts the field lines at a greater rate, so according to <PERSON>'s law, a voltage will be induced, but he also says this voltage will be increasing.... Even if it was <PERSON>'s laws, as this acceleration was constant, wouldn't the voltage be constant?\nMy next response is a lengthy one:\n<PERSON>'s law dictates proportionality between an induced EMF and rate of change of flux linkage. The rule of a wire cutting through fields lines is contrarily a result of <PERSON>'s left hand rule, where a magnetic force is exerted on the electrons inside the wire that is cutting the field, in the direction of the wire; this leads to a potential difference between both sides of a wire, or induced current for a closed circuit.", "780" ], [ "Also, flux linkage, and thus <PERSON>'s law, refer to solenoids, don't they? Ultimately, the induced voltage will indeed increase due to the increase in the rate at which the wire cuts the field, but this isn't to due with <PERSON>'s law which relates the change in flux linkage on a 2-dimensional conductor. the students understandable reasoning for his answer of an induced EMF of 0 came from him observing that the flux linkage is of constant magnitude, so will have 0 rate of change, no matter the acceleration. Using the left hand rule, and the fact that magnetic force, F, is the sum of the BQv, it can be seen that the electrons will be moved by a greater force, making for a greater potential difference, EMF or current, as the wire accelerates.\nI also realised that with constant acceleration the voltage would be constant, if this was to do with <PERSON>'s law, and will add that to what I have say.\nI'm asking as I want to help this person, while not feeding them false information, wrongfully undermining my teacher and ultimately embarrassing myself.", "780" ] ]

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[ [ "There are some assumptions behind Communism that doom it. One assumption is about knowing the world enough to be able to manage things. Another assumption is on human nature and the wanting to be equal.\nThe biggest reason that Communism fails is a lack of knowledge. The communist system is built on assuming that the central authority can know fully. This is a false assumption. A centralized economic planning system fails because it cannot know all the local factors that affect the local economy. Workers cannot properly manage a factory because they don't know all the needs of their customers. And on and on.\nIt is not possible to know all the local issues and how to solve them and know what the future changes will be.", "852" ], [ "Most importantly, it is not possible to know where we need to be investing in order to meet tomorrow's needs.\nThe Marxist vision of workers running the factories and farm hands running the farms is based on an assumption of slowly changing conditions - changing so slowly that workers and farm hands could know the conditions and needs. However, this assumption massively fails in today's world.\nWhat happens is that in a changing environment, some people will learn about situations before others do and will be able to profit from that knowledge. The most extreme cases today include setting up computers where the information about stock trade requests hit those computers before it hits other computers and being able to change prices and / or initiate other trades based on that knowledge.\nThe more centralized the planning, the slower it responds to conditions in the world. (For example, there was a study on emergency response teams for cities / states / countries. The more centralized the control, the more people died in the emergencies.)\nEconomic equality is a noble goal, but it has as an assumption that people want others to be equal with them. That works in some families and fails in others. It works in some tribal groups. But it fails miserably in societies where people do not feel like the rest of society is \"like them\". It fails when some people feel as if they are not part of society.", "998" ] ]

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[ [ "What does be back in 10 minutes mean??\nWhat does be back in 10 minutes mean for your customers?\nWhat does Be back in 10 minutes mean?.\nit means to knock on the door as loud as possible.\nYell out hello through the window if it’s open.\nCall the office as you stare into an empty chair thinking someone will magically appear if you do so. You know because you are outside walking back to the office. Staring at them as they are dumbfounded confused.\nBoth call the office while knocking on the door.\nOr the trifecta, call the office while knocking on the door/window and yelling hello.\nBoy do we love it!\nIt’s the best when you are directly staring at the sign!", "1015" ] ]

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[ [ "How can an Existing Centralized Finance System Defeat a Crypto-currency?\nPremise\n(-clears throat-)\nI'm imagining a world where financial systems are considerably centralized and the wealthy top few percent hold much sway, so to speak. In this world, it's not inconceivable for money to influence politics or for the special governmental / financial relationships to exhibit rent-seeking behavior.\nThis kind of institution frustrated some groups of people and some experimenting was carried out. A crypto-currency was developed (at least in part) to decentralize the finance system by taking the central banks out of the equation and allowing users to interact with each other comparatively freely. A limit of the number of the crypto-currency was set, to create scarcity and not allow for rent-seeking behavior or infinite money printing. While this crypto-currency had a modest adoption rate in terms of its user base, it's net-worth has already eclipsed some of the major investment-banks and other inner sanctum constituents of the financial elite. However the value of this crypto-currency is very volatile, ranging wildly, sometimes even from month to month. Still, some think this crypto-currency represents the future of finance, and to an extent the world as a whole. As this world has followed a trajectory of increasing decentralization with the advents of newer technologies.", "205" ], [ "In the past this world had kings and emperors and religious elite, now democratic institutions are gaining momentum (or that's the rumor anyway).\nThe problem is, the powers that be in the existing financial system would surely not relinquish their grip on the financial system lightly. Maybe they leverage their political clout to ban it outright, or they launch a smear campaign to legitimize it. Or perhaps they could acquire enough stake in it so that they could embrace it. Whatever the existing financial elite do, it would have to benefit them both economically and strategically/politically. The financial system elite are mindful of how fine a line must be walked to avoid creating a \"martyr\" out of the currency. That is to say, can it be banned outright or would that create its own set of problems (over regulation, control state, suspicion, ect)? That is the crux of it.\nTo narrow the scope a bit, let's say diplomacy has failed and the two financial systems are at odds with each other. Even if the existing finance elite hold a large stake of the crypto-currency, the intrinsic scarcity of the crypto-currency will make it too challenging for the financial system elite to conduct rent-seeking that they look rather fondly on.\nQuesion\nWhat is the best (for the finance system) strategy for the financial system decision makers to defeat the afore-described crypto-currency?\nClarifications\n* Setting: Near future\n* Success metric: stop the rising adoption of the crypto-currency and keep the it on the fringe or completely non-existant\n* Acquiring the crypto-currency is allowed (e.g. acquire and freeze), but it must not be used\n* Must imagine you are on the panel of the finance system (what's best for the finance system, might not be best for mankind as a whole, ect)\n* Timeframe: The faster the better\n* Ethics: little to no concern (don't pull any punches)\n* Doomsday scenarios: Ideally, the world would be left in-tact, nuclear war would be avoided and so forth, but if it really, really, truly calls for a doomsday solution, so be it, just explain why", "207" ] ]

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[ [ "Sea Navies are there to help monitor for rebel spaceship emergency landings, but also for non-rebel spaceships requiring a Splashdown landing\nOne thing about other countries on the planet that would likely cause an issue is landmass - if there's enough landspace for interplanetary travel via spaceships, which country houses which landing pads would be a contentious issue - since that could be farmland, or residential building lands, or mountains, or...\nThing is, other planets could be contacting via spaceships, and the landing pads sort of likely need to exist for communication, and supplies, or the transport of people between planets.\nWhich means you'll have a lot of details around immigration and exports/imports in the country, and you'll want to cut down on rebel smuggling attempts and such. If an unauthorized spaceship attempts entry, they could choose not to even land at your landing ports, and just land in any ocean, or on a deserted island, and stay hidden.", "199" ], [ "Not great for a world government. But since you'll have to check the oceans and seas anyways, that seems like a great place to put your official landing ports for official, authorized travel.\nSo, what you'll want to do is have your sea navy in charge of air traffic control essentially for interplanetary travel - when you attempt to land, the following happens:\n1.) You contact the local sea navy by planetary comms from outside atmosphere asking for an entry point, with maybe some guidance on which continent or city you want to depart at;\n2.) The sea navy gives you coordinates to land at sea near the departure point, and send their landing pad out to that coordinate.\n3.) You then enter the atmosphere, aiming for a targeted landing at that location.\n4.) You hopefully* land on the landing pad at sea.\n5.) You're transported by a ferry accompanied by the local navy ships and end up at your destination.\n6.) Your ship is docked such that, for takeoff, you can take a landing pad out to see and launch off of that once you're ready to leave.\n*This keeps the country from having to worry about mishaps in landing mistakes - instead of setting fire to a landing pad on land, and having to worry about their forests as much, if you do cause a fire explosion with a mistaken landing, they can just dunk the landing pad or your ship into the water to reduce the effects. Ideally, this doesn't happen, but if it does, that can be contained safely.\nAnyone attempting to land without these steps is probably a rebel, so you encounter them with the navy if they land in the sea - which is likely their easiest target anyways, because there's likely to be a lot more water that is safe to land at than land with cities, or farmland, or notorious parks.", "500" ] ]

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[ [ "Chapter 26, Knights and squires, Moby Dick\nI am not a native English speaker. I am struggling with the last few paragraphs of chapter 26 of moby dick. I tried using a dictionary and even translating to my native language but the dots don't seem to connect. I am not able to get the intuitive feeling of these paragraphs. I tried reading it multiple times, but I don't feel satisfied.\nI don't want to skip any line of a book that plays such an important role in English Literature.\nBut were the coming narrative to reveal in any instance, the complete abasement of poor <PERSON>’s fortitude, scarce might I have the heart to write it; for it is a thing most sorrowful, nay shocking, to expose the fall of valour in the soul. Men may seem detestable as joint stock-companies and nations; knaves, fools, and murderers there may be; men may have mean and meagre faces; but man, in the ideal, is so noble and so sparkling, such a grand and glowing creature, that over any ignominious blemish in him all his fellows should run to throw their costliest robes.", "624" ], [ "That immaculate manliness we feel within ourselves, so far within us, that it remains intact though all the outer character seem gone; bleeds with keenest anguish at the undraped spectacle of a valor-ruined man. Nor can piety itself, at such a shameful sight, completely stifle her upbraidings against the permitting stars. But this august dignity I treat of, is not the dignity of kings and robes, but that abounding dignity which has no robed investiture. Thou shalt see it shining in the arm that wields a pick or drives a spike; that democratic dignity which, on all hands, radiates without end from God; Himself! The great God absolute! The centre and circumference of all democracy! His omnipresence, our divine equality! If, then, to meanest mariners, and renegades and castaways, I shall hereafter ascribe high qualities, though dark; weave round them tragic graces; if even the most mournful, perchance the most abased, among them all, shall at times lift himself to the exalted mounts; if I shall touch that workman’s arm with some ethereal light; if I shall spread a rainbow over his disastrous set of sun; then against all mortal critics bear me out in it, thou Just Spirit of Equality, which hast spread one royal mantle of humanity over all my kind! Bear me out in it, thou great democratic God! who didst not refuse to the swart convict, <PERSON>, the pale, poetic pearl; Thou who didst clothe with doubly hammered leaves of finest gold, the stumped and paupered arm of old <PERSON>; Thou who didst pick up <PERSON> from the pebbles; who didst hurl him upon a war-horse; who didst thunder him higher than a throne! Thou who, in all Thy mighty, earthly marchings, ever cullest Thy selectest champions from the kingly commons; bear me out in it, O <PERSON>!\nBefore this paragraph, the narrator was talking about the qualities of <PERSON>, and it was making sense. But then, he diverged. He went from <PERSON> to democratic God(what does that mean?) very abruptly.", "381" ] ]

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[ [ "The Batman\nnow, now. wow! this one was a really solid film! i wasn't expecting to like it the way i did since i'm not really into the dc universe, i'm more of a marvel guy, but i actually enjoyed it very much! i'm not even really fond of marvel movies too, i don't really expect too much on superhero movies actually, but this one was something else. it had a lot of strengths, the score and the acting, for example. that score! insanely good. that acting! are y'all crazy? every single person ate! the pacing was pretty good too. it was gripping. i wanted to get into the batman universe more.", "583" ], [ "the portrayal of batman in this was really interesting and amazing. the movie was long but it didn't feel long. i really thought i would just thirst over zoë & robert but i was fully invested. this is how i like my superhero movies, i suppose. it can be the best one out there, even. not cheesy, not bait-y? it had this story to tell and it told that pretty well. its biggest and maybe the only flaw was that one “not all cops” kind of moment, gives you the ticklish feelings, but i guess we can interpret that in different ways. deserves a rewatch.", "583" ] ]

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[ [ "Aggregate Data\nSince you're only given aggregate data, and not individual examples, machine learning techniques like decision trees won't really help you much. Those algorithms gain a lot of traction by looking at correlations within a single example. For instance, the increase in risk from being both obese and over 40 might be much higher than the sum of the individual risks of being obese or over 40 (i.e. the effect is greater than the sum of its parts). Aggregate data loses this information.\nThe Bayesian Approach\nOn the bright side, though, using aggregate data like this is fairly straightforward, but requires some probability theory.", "57" ], [ "If $D$ is whether the person has diabetes and $F_1,\\ldots,F_n$ are the factors from that link you provided, and if I'm doing my math correctly, we can use the formula: $$ \\text{Prob}(D\\ |\\ F_1,\\ldots,F_n) \\propto \\frac{\\prod_{k=1}^n \\text{Prob}(D\\ |\\ F_k)}{\\text{Prob}(D)^{n-1}} $$ (The proof for this is an extension of the one found here). This assumes that the factors $F_1,\\ldots,F_n$ are conditionally independent given $D$, though that's usually reasonable. To calculate the probabilities, compute the outputs for $D=\\text{Diabetes}$ and $\\neg D=\\text{No diabetes}$ and divide them both by their sum so that they add to 1.\nExample\nSuppose we had a married, 48-year-old male. Looking at the 2010-2012 data, 0.73% of all people get diabetes ($\\text{Prob}(D) = 0.73\\%$), 0.77% of married people get diabetes ($\\text{Prob}(D\\ |\\ F_1)$$= 0.77\\%$), 1.02% of people age 45-54 get diabetes ($\\text{Prob}(D\\ |\\ F_2) = 1.02\\%$), and 0.70% of males get diabetes ($\\text{Prob}(D\\ |\\ F_3) = 0.70\\%$). This gives us the unnormalized probabilities: $$ \\begin{align} P(D\\ |\\ F_1,F_2,F_3) &= \\frac{(0.77\\%)(1.02\\%)(0.70\\%)}{(0.73\\%)^2} &= 0.0103 \\ P(\\neg D\\ |\\ F_1,F_2,F_3) &= \\frac{(99.23\\%)(98.98\\%)(99.30\\%)}{(99.27\\%)^2} &= 0.9897 \\end{align}$$ After normalizing these to add to one (which they already do in this case), we get a 1.03% chance of this person getting diabetes, and a 98.97% chance for them not getting diabetes.", "945" ] ]

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[ [ "These are to the best of my knowledge, the physics of super human strength related to punching (if there is such a thing):\nTo start, when a human being punches, he/she generates force by one of the following:\nTorque - generate centripetal force by swinging the weight of the arm\nLeverage - pushing off the ground slightly and/or against one's own weight or speed\nIn order to generate escape velocity, a human being would not be able to use those means because:\nTorque - The person would have to anchor the centripetal force with their body somehow, so unless they have super-human obesity (or density) or super-human physics, they're not really going to be able to aim using torque.\nLeverage - The person's feet and body would sink into the ground like a bullet and their punch would miss (which would be funny)\nSo basically you need to answer this question: Where does the super force come from and when does it work?\nWhere does it come from?\nIf the force comes ex nihilo or in another way that does not obey the laws of physics, then all bets are off, but then you can have someone get punched into the atmosphere (totally worth suspending physics).\nA Dilemma\nLet EV = <PERSON>'s required to generate escape velocity\nYou are stuck in a catch-22 I like to call the super-cancelling dilemma. If a person can punch with super human force, they can also absorb that amount of force (dissipating it \"into the universe\" or whatever) otherwise they have to break the laws of physics. So the puncher generates EV newtons by creating and simultaneously absorbing that force in his/her own body thus reaching the punchee with the force and transferring it. But here's the catch 22...\nIf BOTH brawlers can absorb that amount of energy, they will not be able to force each other at all (EV - EV = 0), and the fight wouldn't appear to be super human unless a regular object or person got in the way in which case it would be obliterated.\nThe one brawler would need superhuman means, so the ball is back in your court since you got them into this predicament to begin with - now you have to get them out.\nThe fight would look normal if they could absorb exactly the same amount as they could dish out, so if one is slightly stronger than the other but multiplied by hundreds of thousands of Newtons, you're talking about guys flying through the atmosphere again, but that means the one person must be roughly twice as strong as a super-human who can generate EV or more force (2EV - EV).", "621" ], [ "If there is some fluctuation (as there is in a real fight), and that fluctuation can be in the thousands of Newtons, now you're talking about a one punch fight. One guy punches punches with EV + 1 Ns and the other guy absorbs Ev - 1 Ns of force. Well, if they are immutable, now you've got that guy flying with ~2000 Ns in whatever direction he was struck.\nFurther considerations\nIf a punch misses, can that puncher \"reabsorb\" the force even though they absorbed it once already to create it, or will that person go flying in the direction of their swing?\nCan the super-human body absorb at the same ratio as a regular human? if so, it will appear like a normal fight. If not, they'll obliterate one another at the first punch with a only a tiny variation relative to the normal godly force.\nIf there is an angle, deflection, speed, or interference at all, you need to recalculate (in other words, you are facing a myriad of variables)\nSo No, that's not possible based only on the parameters you gave. They would need a way to create and absorb the force at the same time.", "621" ] ]

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[ [ "DIY Gift Photo Album\nIntroduction: DIY Gift Photo Album\nGood afternoon, dear viewers and readers! In today's instruction, I will show you how to make a gift photo album with your own hands. The photos used in this instruction were taken by me in the summer in Riga, Latvia, where I live.\nSupplies\nTo create a gift photo album, we need:\n* Photos square shape.\n* Coloured cardboard.\nEssential Equipment:\n* Scissors.\n* Ruler.\n* Pencil.\n* PVA glue stick.\nStep 1:\nLet's start creating a gift photo album. First you need to take a sheet of colored cardboard and mark it with a pencil and a ruler. In my case, colored cardboard has A4 format. We need to retreat 15 mm from the edge of the cardboard, then we need to mark 4 squares with dimensions of 103 by 103 mm. The remaining parts on the sheet will form the middle square when we glue everything together.\nStep 2:\nNext, with scissors, carefully and evenly cut a sheet of cardboard in half according to the markup.\nStep 3:\nThe resulting strips of cardboard need to be bent according to the markings. First, we bend the edge of the cardboard with dimensions of 15 mm in width. Then we bend all the other parts of the strip forming squares.\nStep 4:\nNext, glue two strips of cardboard together to form five squares. To create a long strip, you can use cardboard larger than A4 format.\nCardboard set includes two sheets of each color of the rainbow.", "294" ], [ "Thus, from two colored sheets, we form two long strips.\nStep 5:\nThen we coat the edge of one of the strips with glue and glue it in the middle of the second strip of cardboard. This process is repeated four times forming the shape of a cross.\nThe whole process of making cardboard strips is repeated for each color used.\nStep 6:\nThen we prepare the photos. The most important thing in the creation process is photos of the right size. In my case, the photographs are in the form of a square with dimensions of 100 by 100 mm.\nTrim off the extra white parts around the edges of the photo.\nThen we glue the photos to the resulting cardboard cross on all sides except for the middle part.\nThe whole process is repeated for each color used in the project.\nStep 7:\nNow let's prepare the photo box. The box must be formed according to the size of the resulting crosses with photographs approximately 350 mm in size. Cross length 309 mm + 40 mm to form the edges of the box.\nWith the help of a ruler and a pencil, we make markings along the edges of the cardboard, indent 20 mm on each side.\nThen we cut out the top and bottom part of the future box from cardboard.\nStep 8:\nNext, you need to bend the sides of the resulting parts of the box and then glue the curved edges together.\nStep 9:\nNext, inside the resulting box, you need to glue crosses with photographs. Crosses are glued to each other.\nStep 10:\nThen you can enjoy the finished result. For a more aesthetic and beautiful appearance of the box, it can be decorated with a gift bow.This gift photo album will delight you and your loved ones!\nThank you all for watching and reading the article. Don’t forget to like it and subscribe!", "163" ] ]

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[ [ "1. what are the rows before the first red row? I thought it may be the combinations of parameters but that doesn't make a lot of sense because those are not enough\nParameters, which are the candidates of the CV are printed\n2. What is the meaning of the row between the red rows? Why those parameters are there? is this after one CV?\nIt is printed after the completion of the 3rd(as defined in your code) fold for a parameter Candidate\n3. \"Done one task\" - what is the task? one CV?\nThis is from the joblib I believe. It's the completion of one fold i.e. one out of 36.\n4. Why do I get a score only for some of the parameters?\nThe score is printed after the completion of 3(as defined in your code) fold of each parameter candidate\nIn a multi-thread setup, we can't rely on the sequence of the messages as it will depend on the Thread allocation.\nMy answer is based on this small setup. ```python from sklearn.datasets import load_iris from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV iris = load_iris() logistic = LogisticRegression(solver='saga', tol=1e-2, random_state=0)\ndistributions = dict(C=[0.1,0.5,1.0], penalty=['l2', 'l1'], max_iter=[50,100]) clf = RandomizedSearchCV(logistic, distributions, random_state=0,n_iter = 5, cv = 2, verbose=10)\nfrom joblib import Parallel, delayed, parallel_backend with parallel_backend('threading',n_jobs=12): search = clf.fit(iris.data, iris.target) ```\nOutput\nFitting 2 folds for each of 5 candidates, totalling 10 fits\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.5 .................................\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.5 .................................\n[CV] penalty=l1, max_iter=100, C=1.0 .................................\n[CV] penalty=l1, max_iter=100, C=1.0 .................................\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=50, C=0.5 ..................................\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=50, C=0.5 ..................................\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=1.0 .................................\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=1.0 .................................\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.1 .................................\n[CV] penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.1 .................................\n[CV] ..... penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=1.0, score=0.960, total= 0.0s\n[CV] .....", "392" ], [ "penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.5, score=0.973, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ..... penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.1, score=0.947, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ..... penalty=l1, max_iter=100, C=1.0, score=0.973, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ..... penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=1.0, score=0.973, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ...... penalty=l2, max_iter=50, C=0.5, score=0.973, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ..... penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.1, score=0.893, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ..... penalty=l2, max_iter=100, C=0.5, score=0.960, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ...... penalty=l2, max_iter=50, C=0.5, score=0.960, total= 0.0s\n[CV] ..... penalty=l1, max_iter=100, C=1.0, score=0.987, total= 0.", "60" ] ]

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[ [ "What changed for the Macedonian people after the country changed its name to Republic of North Macedonia · Global Voices\nThe ceremony of raising the NATO flag in front of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia on February 12, 2019. In the background: The old name of the institution was removed from the facade a day before. Photo by the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia, public domain.\nOn January 11, 2019, the parliament of North Macedonia approved the constitutional amendments that changed the country's name to Republic of North Macedonia, at last ending a 27-year-old dispute with Greece, which has its own region called Macedonia.\nThe amendment enshrined in national law the UN-brokered Prespa Agreement, signed in June 2018 between Greece's Prime Minister <PERSON> and his Macedonian counterpart <PERSON>. They were both nominated to this year's Nobel Peace Prize for ending one of the oldest active ‘cold’ conflicts in Europe.\nThe change was a crucial step on the Republic of North Macedonia's path towards joining the European Union and NATO, as that had been vetoed beforehand by Greece because of the name issue.\nHowever, that didn't just transform the Balkan country's international relations: it also introduced many changes that affect the everyday lives of its people.\nThe names of government bodies, websites, road signs, and inscriptions on public buildings have either been replaced, or are slated to be replaced, since the new name became official on February 12.\nSymbolically, the road sign on the Greek border was the first to be amended with the new name. Some others will incur in significant costs and are still pending. That includes the plaque on the government's main building.", "739" ], [ "The original sign, with the words “Government of Republic of Macedonia,” was removed on February 11 and a new one hasn't yet arrived.\nFor citizens on both sides of the border, one benefit of improved neighborly relations is the reinstatement of a flight connection between Skopje and Athens after more than ten years. The flight began on November 1, 2018.\nBefore: On February 10, the government seat's building displayed the words “Government of Republic of Macedonia,” in Macedonian Cyrillic. They were removed the next day to be replaced with the new constitutional name of the country. Photo by Global Voices, CC-BY\nChange of personal documents and car stickers\nThe Prespa Agreement stipulates that the personal documents of the citizens of the Republic of North Macedonia will be changed over the next five years.\nDocuments such as passports, ID cards, or car license plates, will be valid over this period, and replacement will be gradual. Citizens whose documents bearing the old name expire before that deadline will get new ones, with the new name, whenever they renew them.\nMeanwhile, the police officers on all border crossings started adding a stamp onto Macedonian passports that says: “This passport is the property of Republic of North Macedonia.” This is a temporary measure while passports with the old name are still valid.\nNorth Macedonia's codes for license plates will also change from MK to NM or NMK, and border authorities have started putting “NMK” stickers on plates over the old MK field.\nOne concession made by the Prespa agreement is the country's code for purposes other than license plates, like the top level internet domain, which will remain MK and MKD, as officially assigned by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).\nThe inside front cover of a Macedonian passport with a stamp designating the new name of the country in three languages (Macedonian, English, and French). Underneath it, a now-obsolete sheet that Greek authorities used to stamp entry and exit of Macedonian visitors in place of their passports. Photo by Global Voices, CC-BY\nChanges in Greece\nGreece has also introduced a few changes since the agreement's signature, including recognizing North Macedonia's passports.\nUntil February 2019, Macedonian visitors in Greece had to fill in a separate piece of paper in Greek and English which served as a kind of surrogate passport — a document that border police would stamp so that they didn't have to deal with passports bearing the name “Republic of Macedonia.” While on Greek soil, travelers had to keep that piece of paper with them at all times.\nSince the Prespa agreement, Greek authorities have also stopped putting stickers on the cars of Macedonian citizens entering Greece that read, in Greek and English, that the country was “recognized by Greece as FYROM.” The acronym stands for “former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,” which was how the UN referred to North Macedonia since the 1990s while a solution to the dispute was pending.\nIn 2012, this was considered a humiliating provocation by Macedonian authorities, as well as by Macedonian tourists visiting Greece who saw it as unnecessary political harassment while they put money into the Greek economy.\nNothing changed for the Greek citizens traveling to North Macedonia.", "363" ] ]

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[ [ "Unsure of what to do exactly\n(Please tell me if this belongs in another sub I wasn’t really sure where to post this)\nI rescued a baby sparrow today while at a friend’s house. It got a minor injury from a cat. I’m caring for it since I have experience raising baby birds. Once it’s made recovery and becomes an adult should I release it or have it remain as a pet? Since I’m hand feeding it now and such I’m worried it wouldn’t know how to search for food if I released it back into the wild.", "176" ] ]

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[ [ "This is my first review on BGG. Which isn't my way of asking you to be kind. Take it more as my way of an introduction.\nI played the demo at Gencon and bought the game - actually the truth is I bought the game at Gencon then played the Demo. I then played the full game about 6 more times with about an equal mix of 2 and 4 player games.\nFor simplicity if I say TM it's the Blood Bowl Team Manger game BB is traditional Blood Bowl. I'll note now - I'm a huge BB Fan (and now a huge TM fan).\nThe basics are already covered pretty well in other threads or by just going to the info on FFG's site. I personally haven't played all the teams yet myself, but I've either played or played against them in various combinations.\nYou pick a race and their corresponding 12 starting cards. These cover the typical BB starting player teams. For example the starting players for Orc's have several line men, some black orcs, some blizters, some throwers and a troll (I don't have the game at hand for an exact count).\nThe races in TM are built around similar concepts to how they are built in BB. (just 3 examples)\nOrcs play slower, speed in this case relates to how fast you can cycle through your deck, But they are tough, block a lot, cheat a bit regularly and can handle the ball.\nWood Elves by contrast are quick (lots of deck cycling) really good at getting the ball but aren't as good at blocking and don't have as many strong players and don't cheat.\nSkaven are kind of like Wood Elves in that they are really fast, good at getting the ball, not so tough but they cheat a lot.\nThe other teams all have similar balances to their BB heritage. Personally I've played Orcs x3 , Skaven x2 and Chaos. I found that each team felt very different and each required their own strategy. I also had to adapt different strategies depending on who I was playing. Much like you would in BB.\nYou play cards from your hand to try and have the most star power on a given highlight. Whoever has the most wins the highlight reward and whoever still has players involved gets the side line bonus. If you manage to win a highlight and no other team is involved, perhaps because no one did or you injured all their players you get all the rewards (rare in 4 player games more common in 2).\nIt's kind of a hybrid bidding/area control kind of balance. You are committing your players, which really are your only resource, to capture the highlights - which are the area's of play.", "366" ], [ "But unlike most bidding games you can actually attack other players. I really like the strategy here and there is a very interesting shift between being able to play first in a given round or last. Playing first gives you the first pick of choice, but last card can be as powerful if not more in the right circumstances.\nIn terms of complexity there are more rules to it then Dominion for example, but it's by no mean a steep learning curve and the rule book reads well. However I have to caveat that by saying I had the luxury of playing the demo first. But after the fact when we ran into some situations not covered in the demo (like setting up the game or playing with 2 players) it was easy enough to find the answers in the book.\nThere is a good amount of strategic decisions going on in this game. Such as which highlights to go after, which players to use and which bonus cards to get when you have a choice. But also like in a good card game you also need to really keep track of what your opponents are doing.\nIt's not enough to just play your cards. A good player needs to try and think of what cards other people have played and may have left to play. Not only during the current round, but also what they have played in the past rounds. All these choices could create some AP for some players. But it hasn't been my experience yet. Also each turn within a season your options reduce as you start with 6 cards, then down to 5 - 4...1 so by the last turn you really are just picking where you want to play. It also has a similar flow to BB where you first are looking at what to do with your whole team and need to decide do I go for a safe action or a needed action. Then as you move each player your number of choices reduces.\nIn terms of strategy you will probably have an overall goal for the round. Typically based on which highlights and/or tournaments you want to win or just take part of. However just planning that isn't enough because you will need to shift your plan around based on the actions of others. I never found my turns to feel empty and I was definitely paying attention to what all the other players were doing, again much like BB.", "884" ] ]

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[ [ "It seems that there are eukaryotes that can live above 45 C. There is a nice review article life in extreme environments that has charts out the upper temperature limits for each taxa, at least as known in 2001. This paper claims ~60 $^o$C and a different paper without a reference for it claimed the world record was 62$^o$C. So it seems that even with real organisms there may be a little more wiggle room for higher temperatures for your story purposes.\nreducing chemolithoautotroph, capable of growing at the highest temperatures of up to 113 $^o$C (ref. 15). Hyperthermophile enzymes can have an even higher temperature optimum; for example, activity up to 142 $^o$C for amylopullulanase 16. There are thermophiles among the phototrophic bacteria (cyanobacteria, purple and green bacteria), eubacteria (Bacillus, Clostridium, Thiobacillus, Desulfotomaculum, Thermus, lactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes, spirochetes and numerous other genera) and the archaea (Pyrococcus, Thermococcus, Thermoplasma, Sulfolobus and the methanogens). In contrast, the upper limit for eukaryotes is ~60 $^o$C, a temperature suitable for some protozoa, algae and fungi. The maximum temperature for mosses is lower by another 10 $^o$C, for vascular plants it is about 48 $^o$C, and for fish it is 40 $^o$C, possibly owing to the low solubility of oxygen at high temperatures (Fig.", "3" ], [ "3).\nI think the bottom up approach to adaptations, is interesting. But it seems like there are adaptations before a sharp temperature cut off. For example, DNA denatures in the lab ~ 95 $^o$C when doing PCR. I would have assumed that would be a hard cutoff, but apparently DNA in a hyperthemophile grows optimally at 100$^o$C. So the conditions inside the cell are more important than the stability of the molecule in isolation.\nIt seems that after cell membranes that the flexibility and stability of proteins is probably really important. I think the protein structures would need to be stiffer and less floppy at higher temperatures.\nIf I read you original goal correctly, the goal was to have a large animal and you wanted to avoid overheating in the center of the animal. Making the cells survivable to temperature I think is one thing, but another think to think about is how oxygen gets transported to the cell. I think with increased temperature that oxygen binding to hemoglobin decreases. Also in general the percentage disolved gasses in a fluid decreases with increased temperature.", "279" ] ]

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[ [ "I'm wondering how you expect a Giant to be as well armored as a battleship. The Giant would barely be able to move around if only because having a meter of armor around their joints would impede them too much. Also Naval Guns tend to be long, the Iowa class guns were 20m in length so they would have to use a shorter version which would limit their projectile velocity and thus effectiveness. Even tank guns are a sizeable portion of the Giant's length, making these guns unwieldly. Even if you assume a Giant can somehow carry all that despite the square-cube law he's going to be rather burdened by that. It's far more likely he's carrying tank armor and tank guns, although I would think they would be more like AFV's than tanks.\nAnyways, reasons to use infantry next to your Giants with the unlikely armor+armaments:\n* Scouts\n* Communication (with radio's and such)\n* Repairing and maintaining gear of the Giant\n* Anti-armor support with missiles and such. Tanks would still be a threat despite battleship armor because of the squishy Giant inside.", "347" ], [ "A HESH shell would do squat to a battleship, but a shockwave going through the brain/lung/bloodvessles is going to wreak havoc on the Giant and probably kill him.\n* Anti-Giant support. Whether using armor-piercing or a superheated jet of a HEAT round or just HESH weapons, the use of infantry-based AT weapons are going to be effective against the joints of the Giant where the material has to move with the joints and can't be as thick. This can incapacitate Giants if not kill them with a shot to the neck for example.\n* Soft terrain traversal/terrain scouts. These Giants even without armor will weigh well over 100 tons, with armor it's likely they'll exceed 500 tons (because that armor is going to weigh more than the Giant). This isn't going to be nice travel when you hit soft ground where they'll likely sag into the ground, get stuck and starve unless some heavy-duty cranes get brought in. Cranes that just like the Giant need to be careful with what ground they stand on even before they lift a 16m Giant in full battleship armor.\n* Building capture. You can't capture buildings with tanks, and you can't capture buildings with Giants.", "347" ] ]

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[ [ "Poland’s artistic and architectural contributions remembered in 2019 commemoration of the 1963 Skopje earthquake · Global Voices\nMonument to the victims of the 1963 earthquake in Skopje. Photo by GV, CC BY.\nEvery July 26, citizens of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, remember the earthquake that shook the city in 1963, and express gratitude for the international action that helped rebuild the city. The 6.1-magnitude earthquake reduced much of the city to rubble, killing 1,100 people, leaving over 200,000 homeless and thousands suffering from serious injuries. At the time, Skopje was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, a constituent state within federative Yugoslavia.\nA massive humanitarian effort to help the survivors and rebuild the city mobilized all the republics of the Yugoslav federation as well as the international community, which at the time was otherwise divided due to the Cold War. US President <PERSON> personally intervened to cut through the red tape and expedite US humanitarian aid, while USSR PM <PERSON> visited the ruined city with Yugoslav leader <PERSON>. Within days of the disaster, American and Soviet soldiers flew in to work side by side to provide humanitarian aid.\nArchitects, engineers, and construction workers from across the world worked under auspices of UN to rebuild the city into a model modernist metropolis. As a result, Skopje was nicknamed ‘the city of international solidarity.’ The UN's plan for the city was only partially implemented, but many of the brutalist-style buildings from the era remain today, and many streets still carry the names of the countries, cities or individuals who helped, including Algiers, Mexico and Prague.\nRediscovering Poland's artistic contribution\nThis year's commemoration of the earthquake is enhanced by an exhibition in Krakow, Poland that displays the artworks donated by Polish artists at the time as part of the relief effort.\nPoland was a major contributor to the disaster recovery efforts, harnessing the experience gained through the reconstruction of cities like Warsaw which were devastated during World War II. Top Polish architects helped build the iconic Museum of Modern Art, and there's still a street bearing the name of architect <PERSON>.\nAfter Ambassador <PERSON> arrived in Skopje in 2014 as Poland's highest diplomatic representative, he and his wife <PERSON> researched the Polish legacy and discovered, at Skopje's Museum of Modern Art, a unique collection of 20th-century Polish art donated by the artists after the earthquake as a gesture of solidarity. This ‘time capsule’ had been virtually forgotten in Poland. Over time, the couple uncovered many other cultural links, leading to further public discourse through exhibitions and publishing of books and other works. Some of that work is documented in the short film “Skopje. The Art of Solidarity.”\nIn an email to Global Voices, Mrs.", "739" ], [ "<PERSON> and Ambassador <PERSON> explained the drive behind their efforts that have connected countries and time periods:\n<PERSON> and <PERSON> during his tenure as Polish ambassador to Macedonia. Courtesy photo, used with permission.\nSkopje must look familiar to people who have lived or spent some time in Warsaw. Destroyed and rebuilt. The same mix of styles, a similar urban space. And, on top of that, scattered around the two cities are the “islands” of modernist architecture, which we, Poles, began to rediscover just a few years ago. Post-war architecture (after 1945) has become a fashionable topic in Poland – redefined, mainly by young people. Today, some of these buildings, until recently abandoned and neglected, are considered examples of functionality and elegance. They are receiving a second life, and with that comes their new function: cafes, galleries, centers of culture and urban activity.\nThe 1963 earthquake that destroyed Skopje moved the whole world, including Poles, whose great engagement should not be surprising. Only 18 years before WWII had ended, leaving Warsaw totally destroyed. The rebuilding of the Polish capital started immediately, with great devotion and enthusiasm.\nWe are too young to remember the emotions accompanying the gestures of solidarity shown by Poles in Skopje, but we met people who told us about it. In their memories Skopje, the city that attracted professionals from all around the world, was cosmopolitan, open and modern. And it was in that spirit that the city was created anew after the earthquake.\nWe, thanks to our Warsaw experience, have been able to find this spirit in today's Skopje.", "739" ] ]

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[ [ "Optimising your code has to be done carefully. Let's also assume you have already debugged the code already. You can save a lot of time if you follow certain priorities, namely:\n1. Use highly optimised (or professionally optimised) libraries where possible. Some examples might include FFTW, OpenBlas, Intel MKL, NAG libraries, etc. Unless you are highly talented (like the developer of GotoBLAS), you probably can't beat the professionals.\n2. Use a profiler (quite a few in the following list have already been named in this thread--Intel Tune, valgrind, gprof, gcov, etc.) to find out what portions of your code take the most time. No point wasting time optimising portions of code that are rarely called.\n3. From the profiler results, look at the portion of your code that took the most time. Determine what the nature of your algorithm is--is it CPU bound or memory bound? Each requires a different set of optimisation techniques.", "242" ], [ "If you are getting a lot of cache misses, memory might be the bottleneck--the CPU is wasting clock cycles waiting for memory to become available. Think about whether the loop fits into the L1/L2/L3 cache of your system. If you have \"if\" statements in your loop, check if the profiler says anything about branch misprediction? What is the branch misprediction penalty of your system? By the way, you can get branch misprediction data from the Intel Optimisation Reference Manuals [1]. Note that the branch misprediction penalty is processor-specific, as you'll see in the Intel manual. The manual will also tell you things like how many clock cycles various instructions take (again, this is processor-specific).\n4. Lastly, address the problems identified by the profiler. A number of techniques have already been discussed here. A number of good, reliable, comprehensive resources on optimization are also available. To name just two, there is the Intel Optimization Reference Manual [1], and the five optimization manuals by <PERSON> [2]. Note that there are some things that you may not need to do, if the compiler does it already--for example, loop unrolling, aligning memory, etc. Read your compiler documentation carefully.\nReferences:\n[1] Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Optimization Reference Manual: http://www.intel.sg/content/dam/doc/manual/64-ia-32-architectures-optimization-manual.pdf\n[2] <PERSON>, \"Software Optimisation Resources\": http://www.agner.org/optimize/\n* \"Optimizing software in C++: An optimization guide for Windows, Linux and Mac platforms\"\n* \"Optimizing subroutines in assembly language: An optimization guide for x86 platforms\"\n* \"The microarchitecture of Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs: An optimization guide for assembly programmers and compiler makers\"\n* \"Instruction tables: Lists of instruction latencies, throughputs and micro-operation breakdowns for Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs\"\n* \"Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems\"", "242" ] ]

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[ [ "Canning Blueberry Pie Filling\nIntroduction: Canning Blueberry Pie Filling\nWelcome to making Pie Filling! While in this tutorial I'll be showing you how to make Blueberry Pie Filling, this same method is used to make various types of pie filling like Apple, Blackberry, Peach, and more. This is one of the easiest things to prepare for your food storage, plus you can use it for other things like tarts, dump cake, cobblers, and any other recipe that requies a filling like this.\nSupplies\n1. Water bath canner (with lid and wire rack)\n2. Canning jar lids (appropriate size for jars being used)\n3. Canning Jars (I used 8 quart jars - each jar holds one full pie filling. You may want to can this in smaller jars if you like.)\n4. Fresh picked fruit (6 quarts or 24 cups of blueberries in this case.)\n5. Paper towels\n6. 8 - 1 Quart glass canning jars (7 for canning, one for extra filling)\n7. Canning \"tool set\" - including tongs, jar grip, funnel, etc\n8. Measuring cups - for liquids and for powders / sugars\n9. Recipe - link here (Click the word \"here\" to get the Oregon State University pdf file I used.)\n10. Towel\n11.", "69" ], [ "Two pots - one for canning jar lids to strelize in and one stock pot for mixing the pie filling in.\nStep 1: Canning Blueberry Pie Filling - the Video\nThis is the full video of the process below.\nStep 2: Gather Supplies\nIn this process, having everything right on hand pre-measured, makes the process go so much easier. So I have given the items that I have used in this instructable in picture form with the measuring items I have have available to me, yours might be slightly different.\nOnce your supplies have been put all in the same location, start measuring your ingredients. For the Blueberry Pie Filling that I made, that would make 7 Quarts shelf stable Pie Filling, I used the following:\nIngredients:\n*6 Quarts (24 cups) Fresh picked blueberries\n* 6 Cups Granulated Sugar (make sure there are no clumps)\n* 9 1/3 cups cold water (or juice)\n* 2 1/4 Cup Clear Jel (This is NOT clear Jello - it is a refined cornstarch - not found in everyone's local grocery store. You may need to look to a community like the Amish or Menite who have a store near you, or look on Amazon for this product. The product I boiught was Hoosier Hill Farm Clear Jel, 1.5 Lbs.) ** This is an affiliate link, while you will not be obligated to buy, if you do click and/or purchase, I do get some credit from this link.)\n* 1/2 Cup Lemon Juice\n** You can also include Food Coloring if you want but I did not use it. The link to the full recipe, and other pie fillings is here.\nFull Pie Filling Recipe link.\nStep 3: My Outdoor Kitchen\nI've set up a \"cooking station\" outside to help keep heat from loitering in my house. So, I'm using a double burner propane stove to have my water bath canner on one burner while I use the other burner for both cooking the pie filling and sterilizing the two part lids for the jars.You will see in several pictures that I also have a table with the rest of my tools on it. I got a folding table at Wal-Mart for about $40, but you can also get a 4x8 folding table from Costco for about $50, both are good, I just lucked out with the one at Wal-Mart.\nStep 4: Pick Then Rinse the Blueberries.\nI went to a local farm called Blueberry Meadows and picked a total of 18 pounds of blueberries between two pickings. The second picking of 10 pounds of berries is what I used here. After picking through the berries dry, I rinsed them in water to get the stuff that I couldn't pick out dry. The last two images are the things that I tossed out - the stems, leaves and rotten berries.\nStep 5: Boiling Water and Start the Pie Filling\nStart one burner with the canner boiling water with jars upside down to keep sanitary. Then in the second pot, combine the sugar and Clear Jel and mix throughly. Remember that when measuring dry ingredients, not to just scoop the product out in the measuring cup - you need to level the measuring cup as indicated in the last picture, so you don't get too much in this case of the Clear Jel.", "491" ] ]

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[ [ "An absolutely brilliant design from 1981 has been re-birthed in Modern trappings to astound, fluster, and magnify a new generation of gamer. The core game play found in this elegant box is pure and simple yet packs hours of entertainment as you and a group of friends take a puff from the pipe, pass the brandy, and pull on your ditto suits.\nOne must understand before diving into Sherlock Holmes Consulting Detective, that this is not Clue or even the excellent Mystery of the Abbey – this is a wholly unique experience you cannot find elsewhere. There’s no die rolling, no cards, and not even a board. Instead, you get a simple yet effective paper map of London, a short rules booklet, a small London Directory, and 10 case books and their accompanying London Times for the day.\nOne of the many beautiful elements of this game are that the rules can be summarized in less time than it takes to setup Hey, That’s My Fish! First you open the booklet for the case you wish to play and read the introduction aloud to the group. This will be a couple pages of flavor text (<PERSON> insulting <PERSON> or remarking on his own genius) which will result in a number of clues. Clues are not spelled out for the group but rather must be picked out and analyzed at the table’s discretion. You will typically have a couple names you wish to investigate further, maybe a location or two, and possibly one or more peculiar details.\nWhile peculiar details, such as the victim’s waistcoat bearing odd soot or a long lock of the cadaver’s hair missing, should be noted and logged, the majority of information consisting of people and places will require you to follow-up and dig deeper. What this means in standard practice is shouting at <PERSON> across the table to get off his phone and look up “Sir <PERSON>” in the London Directory. The Directory is a smaller book which lists names and places of business that you can visit. Next to the name will be a location which corresponds to the map (“37 SW”). You then take the Case Book and look underneath the section corresponding to the location to see if there is any information at that location. If so, there will be a paragraph or two and possibly a picture which will offer additional information and more places to go to.\nThis will continue as you discover additional seedy people you had no idea existed, uncover affairs fit for the best Soap Operas, and slowly formulate in your head who you think killed the victim and what their motives were.", "581" ], [ "The game ends a bit abruptly as you must decide when you wish to stop pursuing leads and flip to the back of the Case Book where a set of questions exist. There are two sets of questions, the first dealing specifically with the murder and the second set pertaining to extraneous details you may have uncovered (and which may have nothing to do with the murder).\nSo, besides following an interesting story and having a huge light bulb appear over your head, what’s the point? The rub is that you are competing with <PERSON> to solve the case and must do so in a quick and efficient manner. You gain points by answering questions correctly while losing them for following extra leads beyond what <PERSON> used. This adds a necessary element of tension as you grapple with 3 leads and agonize over which ones to prioritize but it also can add a large element of frustration. See, <PERSON> is a cheating whore that makes deductions only <PERSON> could justify. While it is possible to beat <PERSON>, the majority of the time you will lose horribly and this is something you will just have to deal with to enjoy the game. In the end, this minor flaw does not spoil a fantastic, riveting experience.\nWhile I’ve touched on the beauty of the pure distilled deduction this game offers without any extra chrome or fat, I have yet to really mention the single best element of this game – the glorious London Times. I noted that each case also has a partner issue of the London Times but I haven’t hammered home the pure awesomeness of this single sheet of thin paper that is printed double-sided. The newspaper is chock-full of delicious 19th century articles, obituaries, columns, and even company adds. Sometimes the format will be jarring and will make no sense and you can’t help but arch an eyebrow and show it to the group. Other times you will come across odd snippets of information clearly hiding something and intended for an audience other than yourself.\nThe idea is that hidden on this single page may be one or more clues pertaining to the case. We have a go-to London Times person in our group and she spends probably 70% of the game reading and re-reading the damn thing – and she loves every second of it.", "504" ] ]

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[ [ "Auto-Closing Stacking Drawers for 20mm V-Rail Framed 3D Printers\nIntroduction: Auto-Closing Stacking Drawers for 20mm V-Rail Framed 3D Printers\nUPDATE: 07 April 2021:\nSTL files posted, see last step.\nPROJECT SUMMARY:\nThis project was inspired by:\n1. Instructables Member <PERSON> and his Multicolored Organizer Project\n2. Thingiverse member <PERSON> and her Stacking Drawer Design\nMy mashup of those two ideas aims to create ample and organized space for small items all within easy to reach, easy to access, and easy to identify storage drawers intended for 3D printers using 20mm V-Rail as part of their frame like my Creality Ender 5 Pro.\nOnly two items must be purchased (skateboard wheel bearings and clear plastic rounds), while the rest of the parts are created by the 3D printer itself or should be on hand (like rubber bands). Auto-Closing is accomplished by a standard size rubber band and attachment to the V-Rail is through standard 5mm T-Nuts.\nThis Instructable is an entry in the Simple Machines Contest. Please vote if you like it.\n(This auto-closing drawer design is an example of a simple machine featuring Elastic Energy, Torque, and Rotational Work. It best aligns with a \"Wheel & Axle\" simple machine per the contest guidelines.)\nTABLE OF CONTENTS:\nProject Summary\nSupplies\nStep 1: Requirements & Desirements\nStep 2: Design\nStep 3: Illustrated Parts List & Features\nStep 4: 3D Printing\nStep 5: Post Processing the 3D Printed Parts\nStep 6: Build Step I: Gather all Parts\nStep 7: Build Step II: Install Windows\nStep 8: Build Step III: Mount Base to V-Rail\nStep 9: Build Step IV: Install Pivot Pin\nStep 10: Build Step V: Install First Bearing\nStep 11: Build Step VI: Install Drawer\nStep 12: Build Step VII: Install Second Bearing\nStep 13: Build Step VIII: Attach Rubber Band\nStep 14: Build Step XIV: Repeat Steps I-VIII for Next Level\nStep 15: Validation\nStep 16: FINISHED\nSupplies\nMATERIALS:\n1. Skateboard Bearings (608ZZ) (Quantity 2 Per Drawer)\n2. 40mm Clear Acrylic Rounds (Quantity 4 Per Drawer)\n3. 5mm Panhead Screws & T-Nuts (Quantity 2 EA Per Drawer)\n4. Rubber Bands (Size #32 - 3\" X 1/8\") (Quantity 1 Per Drawer)\nTOOLS:\n1. 3D Printer\n2. Allen Wrench For The 5mm Screws\n3. Standard Shop/Hand Tools For Post Processing The 3D Prints (Supports Are Required)\nSOFTWARE:\n1. Autodesk's Fusion 360 (Used To Create The Design)\n2. Ultimaker's Cura Or Other Slicer (For Slicing The Files To Your Specific Printer)\n3. Luxion's Keyshot (Used To Create Realistic Renders like the image with the Instructable Trademarked Logo)\n4.", "858" ], [ "Corel's Video Studio (Used to Create Short Time-Lapse Videos From Still Shots)\n5. Adobe's Photoshop (For Photo Editing)\n6. Microsoft's PowerPoint (For Image Labeling)\nStep 1: Requirements & Desirements\nHere's a list of requirements and desirements in no specific order:\n1. Drawers can not impede the operation of or normal access to the printer\n2. Drawers should have a feature to keep them closed\n3. Since they stack, having a feature to see what's inside would be desirable\n4. Minimize need for purchase parts\n5. Maximize number of 3D printed parts\n6. Minimize cost\n7. Use a variety of filament colors to maximize visual appeal (or use for categorization, ex. Blue Drawer = Q-Tips)\n8. Include a feature to temporarily hold a drawer in the open position\n9. Size the drawer such that the design can fit on a variety of printers (not be specific to only my printer)\n10. Size the drawer's internal space to fit some of the most common tools frequently needed while 3D printing\n11. Make the design compatible to be either Left or Right Handed\nStep 2: Design\nI continue to enjoy working with Autodesk's Fusion 360 for all my personal design projects. (I wish I could use it for work, but am still stuck with CREO). Even with the great value of the free hobbyist license, I use it so much and wanted some of the extra features that come with a full license I recently made the purchase.", "737" ] ]

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[ [ "Sum of size of distinct set of descendants $d$ distance from a node $u$, over all $u$ and $d$ is $\\mathcal{O}(n\\sqrt{n})$\nLet's consider a rooted tree $T$ of $n$ nodes. For any node $u$ of the tree, define $L(u,d)$ to be the list of descendants of $u$ that are distance $d$ away from $u$. Let $|L(u,d)|$ denote the number of nodes that are present in the list $L(u,d)$.\nProve that the sum of $|L(u,d)|$ over all distinct lists $L(u,d)$ is bounded by $\\mathcal{O}(n\\sqrt{n})$.\nMy work\nConsider all $L(u,d)$ such that the left most node on the level $Level(u) + d$ is some node $v$.", "743" ], [ "The pairs $u, d$ for all such $L(u,d)$ must be distinct and the sum of all $d_i$ will correspond to the number of nodes $x$ in the tree with $Level(x) \\le Level(u) + d$.\nThis is because if some sequence of nodes $v_1, v_2, \\dots v_k$ corresponds to the descendants of some node $u$ at a distance $d$ and the sequence of nodes $v_1, v_2, \\dots v_{k'}$ where $k' > k$ corresponds to the descendants of some node $u'$ at a distance $d+1$, then there must also exist a node $u''$ such that $L(u'', d) = v_{k+1}, v_{k+2}, \\dots v_{k'}$. This would also mean that $u''$ is not in the subtree of $u$ and thus there are at least $d$ distinct nodes in the subtree of $u''$ upto a distance $d$ from $u''$.\nIf the distinct distances are $d_1, d_2, \\dots d_k$ then, $n \\ge \\sum_{i}d_i \\ge \\sum_{i=1}^{k}i \\ge \\frac{k(k+1)}{2}$. =\n$\\implies k \\le \\sqrt{n}$\nAfter this I tried to show that there can be only $\\mathcal{O}(\\sqrt{n})$ distinct lists $L(u,d)$ so that I can then trivially obtain the upper-boud of $n\\sqrt{n}$ but I could not make any more useful observations.\nThis link claims that such an upper bound does exist but has not provided the proof.\nAny ideas how we might proceed to prove this?", "532" ] ]

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[ [ "Packing sets to maximize overlap\nWe are given a set of $m$ elements ${e_1,...,e_m}$ that form our universe $\\mathcal{U}$. Each element of our universe is further associated with a positive weight $w(e_j)$ with $j\\in {1,...m}$. We are further given a collection $S={S_1,...S_n}$ of subsets of $\\mathcal{U}$ whose union equals the universe. The intersection of any two sets in $S$ may be non-empty (i.e. subsets may overlap with each other).\nFurthermore,\n1) we are given an infinite number of configurations; each configuration can host up to $k$ subsets from $S$. There is no cost for using a configuration.\n2) When assigning 2 or more subsets to one configuration and there is an overlap between the sets (i.e.", "690" ], [ "an element is part of more than one set) we pay the weight of that element only once. Obviously, there can be no overlap between subsets when considering different configurations.\nObjective:\nwe want to assign each subset of $S$ to exactly one configuration in such a way that the weighted sum of the elements over all configurations is minimized. Consider the following example:\n$\\mathcal{U}={a,b,c,d,e,f,g}$,\n$w(a)=2$\n$w(b)=2$\n$w(c)=3$\n$w(d)=4$\n$w(e)=1$\n$w(f)=2$\n$w(g)=2$\n$S={S_1, S_2, S_3},$\n$S_1={a,b,c}, S_2={c,d,e}, S_2={e,f,g}$\n$k=2$\nIn this case, since $k<|S|$, it is obvious that more than one configurations are needed. Moreover, $S_1$ and $S_2$ should be packed together in the same configuration because of their heavy overlap ($S_1 \\cap S_2$ gives the biggest overlap in our example - we pay 3 less cost units). So, the total cost of such an assignment is 12+5=17 and 2 configurations are needed.\nAny ideas on how to prove that the problem is indeed intractable? Any ideas on how to calculate a good bound on the number of configurations that are needed?\nThe unweighted version (when the weights of the elements are all 1) is also very interesting to me. However, I did not manage to find something so far in the literature also for this problem.\nThank you!", "690" ] ]

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[ [ "Cat litterbox situation\nCat rehoming issues\nIn August I moved into a home that had two other cats, a male (Zazu) and a female (<PERSON>) cat. The male cat does not like to be touched and came from a hoarding house where he was not treated well. He had been living there since January.\nI moved in with my male cat (<PERSON>, about 5 y.o) in August. <PERSON> had been raised with another male cat about 10 years older than him, and his mom. I moved across the United States two years ago with <PERSON> and his mom. We moved together two more times, and I eventually got a third cat (male kitten) with my now ex husband. I was only able to bring <PERSON> with me and had to give up the other two.\nI have never had any spraying or litterbox issues with any of my cats, especially <PERSON>. We tried to slowly introduce the cats, but it was difficult since I’m allergic to them and he couldn’t be in my room. <PERSON> got used to <PERSON> and now they love each other, but <PERSON> HATES <PERSON>, and now doesn’t get along with <PERSON> either. <PERSON> will get in <PERSON>’s space, not necessarily looking for a fight, and <PERSON> with hiss and growl at him.", "311" ], [ "It got to the point though that <PERSON> had <PERSON> cornered downstairs and <PERSON> was forced to use the restroom in that corner.\nAlso, during this time, I split the price on an automatic litter box that my previous three cats had used before with no issue. <PERSON> refused to use it or his own litter box, so we had to move it away from his. The litter box wouldn’t work where we moved it, so we eventually moved it back (especially because <PERSON> wouldn’t use it when <PERSON>’s litterbox was moved upstairs).\nWe finally just decided to keep <PERSON> upstairs in my roommates room when I caught <PERSON> peeing upstairs, and had cleaned up pee several times downstairs. I have caught Catan spraying downstairs as well.\nEverything was going better and I continued to use a no spray bottle downstairs. Until my roommate came home and noticed a really bad smell, and my roommate walked in on him peeing where the old litterbox was. We found out through the automatic litter that <PERSON> had stopped using his litterbox a week ago, even though after we moved it back he was still using it for awhile (so I’m not sure what changed).\nMy roommate says that the cement will have to be treated (carpet floors) and that I need to find a solution before the next roommate comes (one of our roommates is moving out). I have had <PERSON> since he was born, and he’s one of my close connections from my home on the other side of the country. I also really like where I live and am not ready to move out. We have feliway spray downstairs and it hasn’t done anything. I’m trying to be vigilant about the no spray spray, but idk if it’ll stop him from going #2. I’m desperate to keep him, but I also know there are not a lot of places to live at the price I pay, and my money situation is not the best.", "311" ] ]

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[ [ "Intro:\nI've been a souls fan since Demon's Souls, having backed the Dark Souls Board Game and played it extensively despite its numerous shortcomings. With CMON helming Bloodborne, and the first bits shown of it looking like a far more fleshed out game than its steamforged brother, it was a no brainer that I go all in backing this game.\nHaving now received it, painted it, and dove into at least 10 campaigns, around 9 of which saw the final boss falling at the end of it, I can safely say this is my favorite co-op board game. However that is not to say there aren't small quirks, as well as some truly baffling and embarrassingly poor elements that stick out like a sore thumb that I can't turn a blind eye to even if they weren't dealbreakers for me- This review will be a sectioned look at all that, with a summary at the end if you want to skip to that.\nGameplay:\nThis is going to be a fairly quick summary, boiling things down to their essence for those totally unfamiliar with the game, feel free to skip ahead if that isn't you.\nThe game is played with 1-4 players, each choosing a unique hunter, boasting a double sided trick weapon card featuring up to three different attacks as well as an ability on each side. Players use a deck of 12 cards to perform every action in the game, be it moving, attacking, or interacting. This deck of cards can be upgraded over the course of the campaign, primarily by killing enemies over the three standard chapters of a campaign.\nWhile the overall themes and gameplay of chapters vary wildly, they boil down to trying to complete the Hunt Objective, which is nearly always advanced by completing insight missions, which will be revealed upon finding certain tiles as you explore Yarnham, revealing tiles from a shuffled deck of tiles in a \"Betrayal at house on the hill\" type manner- With the needed tiles being somewhere in the deck in addition to a limited number of random ones.\nAs rounds pass and players die or dream, the \"Hunt Track\" ticks up, reseting all enemies every 4th tick, which also resets bosses HP as well as certain mini boss type enemies spawned by the campaign. When the final spot on the track is reached you have that one round to complete the hunt. Fail and the campaign is over and you'll have to tackle it again from scratch.\nShould you reach the end of the campaign, the final hunt mission is always a showdown with a boss, each which has two phases and unique attack decks- Bring them down and all thats left is to read the conclusion!\nContents/Value:\nThe base game comes packed with 4 hunters, 4 campaigns and their respective bosses, and 7 different enemies each which has 4 figures.", "386" ], [ "For the price and considering the quality of the figures this is quite good bang for your buck, especially since each campaign has replay value and the average campaign seems to take 6 or so hours, meaning you are looking at about 24 hours of unique play experience. However, the one glaring shortcoming is that there are only 4 hunters to play with, meaning in a four player game there will be no team composition variety, and your choices are very narrow.\nThus in terms of content and improving play quality the Blood Moon Box which adds a whopping 6 hunters and the Chalice Dungeon Expansion which adds 4, with both adding a slew of enemies you can include in certain campaigns, and the entire chalice dungeon game mode, I would recommend them even to first time players unless you are more focused on campaigns over everything else in which case the Forbidden Woods and Cainhurst offer two full campaigns plus one mini chapter each, as well as much welcome new tile sets.\nThen that just leaves the small box expansions which offer a single boss, two unique enemies, a jumbo sized tile, and a campaign which utilizes all of them. While I have enjoyed the majority of these, they objectively offer far less content than any of the other expansions by a fair margin and they aren't worth grabbing if you aren't a huge Bloodborne fan or already totally sold on the game.\nAddressing the Hunt Track:\nI wanted to dedicate a distinct section to this since there is so much controversy over it, and it seems to be a dealbreaker for some. The gut reaction a lot of people have is that the hunt track feels off, with high player count games feeling limited on how often you can dream. In addition, fighting a boss that resets its HP can feel like a flavor fail, which if it sequences into a loss ultimately, can feel bad.\nMy playgroups first game was 4 players, and we felt very similarly to that general consensus. However to anyone in the same boat I strongly recommend playing another campaign. A first playthrough is naturally going to have more deaths from mistakes/inexperience, people dreaming excessively, as well as simply missing rules.", "884" ] ]

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[ [ "Treehouse Bunkbed\nIntroduction: Treehouse Bunkbed\nWe live in a small apartment and with our second baby we needed a safe space for our children to sleep. As their age difference is small (toddler of 2yrs and baby of 7mo) they can sleep together in the same room but the baby is not allowed to crawl out of bed, while our oldest should have some protection from falling but can climb out if he wishes.\nThat is why we opted for a toddlers bunk bed (150cm x 70cm) which can be (partly) closed for protection.\nSupplies\n* Toddler-sized bedframe\n* MDF 2440x1220mmx18mm 4x pcs\n* Screws (4.0x20mm, 4.0x30mm, 3.6x35mm-black)\n* Drilling machine (x2)\n* Jigsaw\n* Sandpaper 220p & 80p\n* Primer 1L\n* Paint 2,5L\n* T-Hinge 7x\n* Handle 5x\n* Paint rollers\n* Degreaser\n* Measurement tape\nStep 1: Frame\nI was not comfortable enough to make a strong frame so we bought this at blankenhoutenmeubel.nl to start of as a base. It came with a white primer, a stairs which we didn't use and two drawers for beneath the bed. Exact size is 161cm x 81cm x 170cm and we estimated it to be 220cm in height after the roof was finished.\nBottom bunk is 23cm from the floor to leave space for the drawers and the top bunk is 110cm from the floor as this leaves enough headspace for both children.\nAfter sanding & painting the bedframe, the first challenge was the support for the roof as this was lopsided and designed in a freeform, trial-error way. I wanted it to be 50cm in height from the bedframe and have an asymmetric look. When we were satisfied we copied these beams for the front and started sawing the planks for the backside. It would serve as support for the support-beam itself strengthening the structure.\nStep 2: Assembling\nTo give it an extra home-made look we sawed each plank with different widths.", "787" ], [ "This was an idea heavily inspired by Mathy-by-bols and kids-playhouse. I made up a numbering scheme for each width of the planks which would total the whole width available:\ntopside plank width:\n9 15 7 11 5 13 5 9 11 13 7 15\ndownside plank width:\n15 7 13 11 9 5 13 5 11 7 15 9\nAs in the previous picture we thought hard and long how to cut the planks on the top side where the roof would be, but in the end we made a small calculation error and it was off by a few centimeters. The support beam was in front of it so you can't see though and once that was assembled we had a first good look at how our house would look like!\nFrom here on we could add the second support beam on the front with an extra plank across the tip of the roof for extra strength.\nStep 3: Little Doors\nAfter finishing the support beams, backpanel and sidepanels it was time for the most interesting part: the little doors which should be cute, practical and protective for both children.\nThe lower left door is 78cm x 92cm made out of 7 planks <PHONE_NUMBER> -- 8 9 12 11 7 11 12) and the two windows are 66,5cm x 65cm (7,5 9,5 12,5 10,5 8,5 11 -- 12,5 7,5 10,5 8,5 11,5 9,5).\nOn the inside of the doors we made small strips to hold all the planks together. Later we had to adjust this a little so it would not bump against the bedframe and we had to cut off corners where it would hit the roof.\nStep 4: Finalize\nWith the doors in place the project was almost finished. Meanwhile we sawed the roof to our liking where we made it a few cm longer on the sides and top which looks very playful.\nIt was time to do the finishing touches for the few planks missing on the front size below the roof and more decorative planks around the entrance for the bottom bunk. In the window we sawed small strips for the window frame to project small babies from escaping.\nLast thing to design where the wooden locks for all three doors. This simple solution works perfectly, but I had to cut out a little bit of the upper doors and fixed an extra wooden block onto it.", "443" ] ]

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[ [ "2 year old puppy is I’ll\nBeen to the vet several times already and they are unable to diagnose the issue\nMy black lab puppy has blood in her stool and is accompanied by a foul smell as well quite often. We’ve tested for parasites and had her fecal matter tested for Giardia too.\nWe’ve changed from a kibble only diet to one of rice, boiled chicken, and pumpkin purée.\nShe’s mostly great otherwise but it’s been 10 or 12 weeks of this and sometimes you can see that she’s uncomfortable from it.", "664" ], [ "She’s best once she’s expelled everything. Poor girl, I’m hoping one of you can entertain some options here or let me know if anyone else has been through this. I just want her to be comfortable again.\nCheers", "975" ] ]

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[ [ "Guatemala: Maximón and Other Holy Week Traditions · Global Voices\nThis post is part of our special coverage Indigenous Rights.\nWhen a very religious culture becomes dominated by yet another deeply religious people, often the religion of the conqueror is imposed on the conquered. However, cultures have always found ways to offer resistance; in Guatemala somehow the Catholic religion has been “hacked” to incorporate indigenous peoples’ gods, goddesses, rites and ceremonies while integrating elements of Catholicism.\n<PERSON> is the best example of such transmutation, as explained by the photoblog Mi Mundo:\n<PERSON> explains: “In oral tradition, <PERSON> represents <PERSON>, the last ruler of the Maya Kaqchikel people [during the Spanish conquest], who was tied, tortured and murdered. This entire episode is known as <PERSON>, which is surely why they call him <PERSON>: ma refers to a male person in the Maya Kaqchikel language, and ximón means he who is tied up.” According to <PERSON> the syncretism between <PERSON> and <PERSON> began when “the Christian [conquistadores] realized they could not eradicate the image of the great protector of the people. Hence, they began to promote the idea of <PERSON> as being the same as <PERSON>, often related with <PERSON>, a treacherous figure.”\nPicture under a Creative Commons attribution license by <PERSON>.\nThe different and very special elements of religion in Guatemala make the Holy Week (in Spanish, ‘Semana Santa’) quite a unique experience, including characters like the “Cucuruchos“, communities gathering to create holy week carpets made of flowers, and devoted men and women carrying on their shoulders colonial images of <PERSON> and <PERSON> while wearing traditional outfits under the sun, in spite of the hot summer.\nHoly Week is a family celebration where everyone is invited to participate, as the photo blog AntiguaDailyPhoto.com describes:\nAs I’ve mentioned before, the making of carpets from sawdust, pine-needles, flowers, vegetables is a community-forming tradition. People get together by block or near-by neighbors to create the carpets on which the processions will pass by. Sometimes the making of the carpets is done at night, all night so they are ready for next day’s procession.", "186" ], [ "The colorful processional carpet elaboration process involves the whole family, close friends, the neighborhood and the entire community. It does not matter if it’s just grandma throwing some corozo (corozo palms) and dried purple flowers to elaborate a humble alfombra in front of her home or it is a team of members of the cuadra (the block), or if a son lends a hand to a dad to put the final touches on the brightly-colored sawdust carpet, the devotion and the do-good spirit are present everywhere you look.\nHoly week carpet making. Image by <PERSON> www.Antiguadailyphoto.com (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)\n<PERSON> [es] explains how Holy Week is celebrated in a very different way in Santiago Atitlán:\nEn Santiago Atitlán, el Viernes Santo por la tarde, al igual que en el resto católico del país, da inicio la representatividad de la muerte de Jesucristo, pero a diferencia del mundo ladino, la celebración no tiene connotaciones ominosas. Al interior de la iglesia hay un tumulto de gente que participa en la preparación del cortejo procesional, con tambores y chirimillas, no hay pesadumbre; hay respeto al ceremonial, pero no hay tristeza, ni acongojamiento en el rostro y actitud de la gente .\nIn Santiago Atitlán, during Good Friday afternoon, people celebrate the representation of <PERSON> death, but unlike the non indigenous World, it lacks the ominous character. Inside the church there is a crowd participating in the procession with trombones and “chirimias“, there is no sorrow, only respect for the ceremony, and the faces and attitudes of people attending do not denote suffering or sadness.\nHoly Week in Guatemala is rich with colors, scents and devotion. It is a cultural, spiritual and gastronomic experience for locals and visitors in this diverse country with more than twenty four languages and different indigenous groups. The best of different worlds come together to enjoy and find beauty in mixing, rather than imposing, their culture.\nThis post is part of our special coverage Indigenous Rights.", "186" ] ]

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[ [ "It's first important to note that in classical electromagnetism, the $\\mathbf{A}$ and $\\phi$ fields are not physical in the same way that the $\\mathbf{E}$ and $\\mathbf{B}$ are. We can't measure them and they aren't uniquely defined.\nGravitational potential energy is a good analogy. Suppose an object is on a table a height $h$ above the ground. We could say that the object has potential energy $U=mgh$, picking the floor to be $U=0$, or that the object has potential energy $U=0$, picking the table to be where $U=0$. In fact, we could choose the gravitational potential energy to be any $U=mgh+C$ for any $C$, as long as we use the same definition of potential energy in the same problem.\nJust like we can add any constant to the gravitational potential energy, we can add some additional vector field $\\mathbf{V}$ to $\\mathbf{A}$. Let's define the new vector potential $\\mathbf{A'}=\\mathbf{A}+\\mathbf{V}$.", "499" ], [ "By the definition of the vector potential, we know $\\nabla \\times \\mathbf{A'} = \\mathbf{B}$. Using the properties of the curl, we find $\\nabla \\times \\mathbf{A'} = \\nabla \\times \\mathbf{A} + \\nabla \\times \\mathbf{V} = \\mathbf{B}$. However, we know $\\mathbf{B}=\\nabla \\times \\mathbf{A}$, so we can write $\\mathbf{B}+\\nabla \\times \\mathbf{V} = \\mathbf{B}$. Therefore, we see that we can add any $\\mathbf{V}$ such that $\\nabla \\times \\mathbf{V}=\\mathbf{0}$. Because of an identity in vector calculus, we know that any curl-less vector field can be written as the gradient of a scalar field, say $\\psi$.\nWhen we go through the math we find that when we change $\\mathbf{A}$ to $\\mathbf{A'}=\\mathbf{A}+\\nabla\\psi$ we have to change $\\phi$ to $\\phi'=\\phi-\\frac{\\partial \\psi}{\\partial t}$.\nSo we don't have infinite freedom in gauges. We have the freedom to choose any scalar field $\\psi$ and then transform $\\mathbf{A}$ and $\\phi$ as above. The two most popular gauge choices are the Coulomb and Lorenz, which are detailed in the Wikipedia article you linked to in your question.", "418" ] ]

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[ [ "Fascinating topic! I've been playing with a similar idea myself for a while now.\nDepending on the level of development in your world, you might want to break up the perceptions the \"honest\" culture has of the dishonest one.\nPerhaps socially, the dishonest culture would be viewed negatively by others, maybe making things like tourism and intercultural relationships difficult. However some might view members of the dishonest culture as more desirable mates/partners since they could, in theory, be easier to get along with and/or compete better against rivals.\nIn business, they might be viewed as risky or even treacherous, or they might be sought after as shrewd business partners. Are there lawyers in the culture/world you are making? Would it be fair to assume that they could make excellent legal councelors?\nAs for politics, I think it would depend on where the line is drawn in terms of the kinds of lies told. If it's limited to misdirection or omission of certain details, perhaps they could maintain constructive relations with other cultures. If they also include breaking treaties/oaths/contracts as permissible, I don't really know how that would work out in the absence of coercion.\nThe other point, of course, is how different the other cultures' views on lying are. If it's a culture with a strict moral code or honor system, they might be openly hostile towards people who live outside of their value system. Others might still work with them, but be more distrustful and controlling.\nWhat might serve as an example of the latter is intercultural dynamics in terms of language and communication, specifically: \"burden of communication\" and \"high vs.", "140" ], [ "low context cultures\". Basically, a member of one culture might find himself \"translating\" everything said by someone from the \"dishonest\" culture in order to get to the cold, hard facts.They would then ask very direct questions to follow up. The other person might be aggravated by this if they feel threatened in some way due to the situation.\nOn the flip side, someone from the dishonest culture might have a hard time with an outsider that doesn't understand the subtleties of their communication style, such as catching on to and playing along with a bluff in a high stakes situation.\nI know this is a place to provide answers, but I do have a question that's nagging at me hard. If the culture you're building values prowess in deception, how are the people supposed to evaluate that trait in others if being able to do so means that the deception failed? If the people of that culture are good liars, because that's what they are taught and encouraged to do, I assume they would also be good lie detectors.\nHow would people know that someone successful didn't become so by being honest? Would people just automatically believe that he/she had made it to the top by being an exceptional liar? If it were found out that someone had made it to a position of power in that culture, without the use of deceptions, would that person lose stature, popularity/respect, power?\nAs I said at the beginning, this is a fascinating topic and I'm probably going to lose a lot of sleep thinking about it. Thanks a lot.\nJust for fun, you might want to check out \"The Invention of Lying\". It's a light romcom that sort of goes in the opposite direction of the culture you're building.\n(This is my first post here, so I hope I haven't broken too many rules. My apologies for any damages.)", "620" ] ]

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[ [ "Fly-By-Night: Mary & the Witch's Flower Earrings\nIntroduction: Fly-By-Night: Mary & the Witch's Flower Earrings\nAfter watching Mary and the Witch's Flower by Studio Ponoc, I made a pair of Fly-By-Night earrings for a friend as a Christmas gift. I had been planning on making a pair for myself, so that is what today's tutorial is about. These earrings will also have the added cool of glowing in the dark. Plus, even if no one else recognizes these from that movie when I wear them, they still look cute.\nSupplies\n1. Clay in a light bright blue color.\n2. Roller for clay\n3. Clay knife\n4. Clay stylus tool or other pointed tool\n6. Chalk pastels in varying shades of blue (light to dark) and a medium colored purple\n7. Brush to apply pastels\n8. Eye pins\n9. Round nosed pliers (optional; I use them to help me place eye pins)\n10. Wine corks with toothpicks stuck in them (I use these to place the clay on while I color it so I don't mess it up with my hands)\n11. Glow-in-the-Dark paint (I use Deco Art )\n12. Brush for glow-in-the-dark paint\n13. Black Thread\n14. Glue (I use Aleene's Tacky Glue)\n15. Acrylic paint in a blue-purple color (I am using Blueberry Frost by Apple Barrel, NOT the Blue Bonnet color shown here)\n16.", "95" ], [ "Varnish (optional for polymer clay)\n17. Earring hooks\nStep 1: Basic Form\nSimple enough: roll out two balls from the clay in the *same* size.\n*Or as close as you can :)\nSet these aside.\nStep 2: Calyx\nThe leafy piece on the bottom of a flower where the stem is is called the calyx.\nRoll out your clay thinly. Cut out a six point star shape to cover the bottom of the flower. I use the stylus to draw them before I cut them out.\nStep 3: Star Shapes\nWith the rest of the blue clay, roll the clay out thin.\nWith the stylus tool, trace two little star shapes on the clay. These star shapes should have rounded edges instead of traditional pointy edges. They should be small enough to sit on the little balls and look like bloom ends (like a blueberry. These really look like glowing blueberries.)\nCut these stars out carefully with the knife. You will probably have to smooth them out a bit and redefine the shape after you cut them out, but that is fine.\nPlace the star shapes on top of the blooms on the opposite end of the calyx. Press the stylus tool into the center of the star shapes, affixing them to the round clay.\nStep 4: Eye Pins\nPut an eyepin through the bottom of the bloom, through the calyx. I use my pliers to make sure I get the pin where I want it.\nIf you have eye pins you bought from the store, you may have to trim them to the right size. You want the pin to not go any farther than halfway through the flower. Also, remember to bend a zigzag shape into the bottom of the pin. This will prevent the eye pin from falling or being pulled out.\nIf you want to know specifically how I do this, or you want to learn about making your own eye pins, this tutorial will help you:\nJewelry Basics: DIY Eye Pins for Clay Charms\nStep 5: Handy Tools\nNow you have two little fly-by-night blooms.\nGrab the toothpick/cork tools and place the blooms on the toothpicks. Put the toothpick in the hole in the center of the stars. Don't shove them on to the toothpicks, just enough that they will stay put and not fall off while you are coloring them.\nStep 6: Color\nNow it is time to color the flowers.\nSince I know it is hard to see what colors I am putting where in the photos, I have made a chart to try to explain what colors I have and where they go. Of course, how you want to color it is open to interpretation because I am just trying to imitate what was in the movie. If you see it differently, color it differently.\n*Don't color the calyx and rounded star portion. If you get color on them, no harm done, but we are going to be painting them later.\nThe fly-by-nights in the movie seem to glow from inside, but they have deep purple centers. So I am going to start with purple.", "987" ] ]

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[ [ "Wrong results for $2$ stage multistep method $y_{n+2} - y_n = h\\left[(1/3)f_{n+2} + (4/3)f_{n+1} + (1/3)f_n\\right]$\nI need to fix a code to utilise the $2$ stage multistep method :\n$$y_{n+2} - y_n = h\\left[(1/3)f_{n+2} + (4/3)f_{n+1} + (1/3)f_n\\right]$$\nSince this is an implicit method, I used a Newton-Raphson approach for the final determination of $y_{n+2}$.\nBelow, is my attempt at a code implementing the already given rk4 method (runge-kutta 4) for the first approximation steps :\nfunction [tout, yout] = newcorrect(FunFcn,t0,tfinal,step,y0)\nmaxiter = 1000;\ntolnr = 1e-9;\ndiffdelta = 1e-6;\nstages=2;\n[tout,yout]=rk4(FunFcn,t0,t0+(stages-1)*step,step,y0);\ntout=tout(1:stages);\nyout=yout(1:stages);\nt = tout(stages);\ny = yout(stages).';\n% The main loop\nwhile abs(t- tfinal)> 1e-6\nif t + step > tfinal, step = tfinal - t; end\nt = t + step;\nyn0 = y;\nynf = yn0;\nyn = inf;\niter = 0;\nwhile (abs(yn - ynf)>= tolnr) && (iter < maxiter)\ndf = 1/diffdelta * (feval(FunFcn,t, yn0+diffdelta) - feval(FunFcn, t, yn0));\nyn = yn0 - 1/(1/3*step*df - 1) * (4/3*step*feval(FunFcn,tout(end),yout(end)) + 1/3*step*feval(FunFcn,tout(end-1),yout(end-1)) + 1/3*step*feval(FunFcn, t, yn0) -yn0 + yout(end-1));\nynf = yn0;\nyn0 = yn;\niter = iter + 1;\nend\ny = yn;\ntout = [tout; t];\nyout = [yout; y.'];\nend\nend\nThis is to be used for showing experimentally that when you divide the step by two, the fraction of the maximum absolute errors per consecutive different steps $h$ is approximately equal to $2^{-p}$ where $p$ is the order of the method. The method is proven to be of order $4$. The exercise whishes the initial starting point to be $k0=2$ thus I created the following script :\nclear all;\nt0 = 1;\ntfinal = 3;\ny1 = 2;\ntout =t0:0.01:tfinal;\nk0 = 2;\nkf = input('enter final k:')\nfor k = k0:kf\nh(k-1) = 2^(-k);\n[tout,yout] = newcorrect('f0', t0, tfinal, h(k-1), y1);\noutputs{k-1} = [tout,yout];\nend\nfor i = 1:(kf-1)\nmaxabserror(i) = max(abs(outputs{1,i}(:,2)-f0true(outputs{1,i}(:,1))));\nend\nfor i = 1:(kf-2)\nconsmax(i) = maxabserror(i+1)/maxabserror(i);\nend\nThe function f0 and f0true are :\nfunction yprime = f0(t,y)\nyprime = (t.^2 + y.^2)/(2.*t.*y);\nend\nfunction y = f0true(t);\ny = sqrt(t.", "935" ] ]

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[ [ "There are several interesting components in soil:\n* The carbon content, mostly in the form of humic acids - a proxy for how well the soil an store nutrients and water and for wether there's a living soil microbiome (earthwormes etc.). Soil carbon is also removed by biological processes outside of special circumstances like peat foramtion. Carbon is added by decaying plant matter and other organic matter, like faeces of animal (wether natural or manure applied as fertilizer)\n* The macronutrient content, what we think of as fertilizer - usually N, P, K, (and to a lesser extent) S are considered macronutrients that plants need. There is also the question on how available those nutrients are. Macronutrients are added as fertilizer. Macronutrients that come as part of organic matter (e.g. N in proteines) must first be digested by something. This is why earthworms and the like are important. Macronutrients can be washed out and aer used by plants.\n* Micronutrients - trace elements, salts etc.", "1022" ], [ "that plants need. Again, it is important to understand that not so much the total amount in a given volume of earth is interesting but the amount actually available to a plant (Mg tied up in the middle of some rock won't help). I think these cycle like macronutrients, but the slow breakdown of sand and rock is also an important source. But this is a slow process. On intensivly used fields, these will be added in addition to fertilizer. This gives you a hint that the processes supplying micronutrients happen slowly.\nSo if you think of soil as the sum of these three categories you can look at how fast or slow each is replenished and used. FArmers will watch for the nutrient balances as well as for the carbon balance of their fields.\nHowever all of these influence each other, soil is really complex. While you can argue that soil is renewable since in some cases all three broad categories of stuff will be replenished eventually, IMO this misses the point how slowly this happens. It also misses the more important point that soil is not simply a mixture of stuff but ideally a living system where things happen.", "1022" ] ]

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[ [ "Probably for the same reason horses were chosen in the real world: Of the animals that can be domesticated, horses arguably make the best mounts. There are something like 150 real-world species of large land animals, and of these, only about a dozen can be domesticated. The rest might be captured and trained, or possibly raised from infancy and bonded with, but they can't be produced in quantity or bred for specific purposes.\nAgain in the real world, there are basically six traits that a species has to have to make it possible to domesticate. This is mostly summarized from Germs, Guns, and Steel: 1) Diet - you have to be able to feed it. Large carnivores generally fail this test pretty hard. 100 tons of grain will feed 10 tons of herbivores or omnivores, but those will in turn only feed 1 ton of carnivore. Horses can eat grass. 2) Growth Rate - If an animal takes 15 years to reach maturity instead of one, it's going to be cost-prohibitive in most cases. That's why we don't have Ape-ranchers. 3) Captive breeding - can't do selective breeding if you can't select who it breeds with. Some species just won't breed in captivity. Some need elaborate mating rituals or they won't conceive (ex: cheetahs). Some have complicated territorial requirements (ex: vicunas).", "376" ], [ "4) Personality - The animal has to have a disposition you can live with. Hippos will try to kill you just to see if they can. Grizzlies are prone to violent rages when frustrated, and psycho-girlfriend levels of jealousy. Zebras are irascible SOB's, especially as they get older - they'll bite you and drag you around a bit if they don't like something they imagine you did. 5) Calmness - they can't be too prone to panic. Gazelles have never been successfully domesticated because they will bolt blindly at the first sign of strangeness and either leap over their enclosure wall or bash themselves senseless against it. 6) Social Structure - There has to be some kind of social structure that a handler can take advantage of. All large domesticated animals have five features in common: a) they live in groups, b) they maintain well developed dominance hierarchies within their groups, c) those hierarchies remain fixed once established, d) they can imprint on the creatures around them while young and accept a human handler as part of the group, and e) they have overlapping home ranges rather than exclusive territories. 7) Suitable as Mount - On top of all that, if you want them domesticated specifically as mounts then they have to be capable of resting while standing, traveling long distances, carrying sufficient loads, moving fast, etc.\nTo make room for horses, you just have to select one of the domestication criteria that each of the fantasy mounts fail - or at least compares unfavorably to horses. Giant chickens might fail for the same reason as ostriches (bad basic skeletal structure for long distance load bearing), giant wolves might bond too closely with their handlers to ever raise for sale, etc.\nThe fantasy mounts will still be used if they exist - giant chicken races could be a thing people bet on, giant ants might be used for mining, and every military will want flying scouts regardless of the price. They will all be breathtakingly expensive of course; your typical farmer won't have one. But even nobles who can afford whatever they want will likely pick a horse over a giant beetle. Kind of like why you would choose to drive a car instead of a backhoe on your daily commute.", "376" ] ]

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[ [ "Validity of analysing spherical harmonics in real-space using the probability amplitude\nWhile looking up spherical harmonics (on the validity of analysing them in real-space in a transition metal crystal structure), I came across this: http://shpenkov.janmax.com/hybridizationshpenkov.pdf (published in the hardonics journal...? I haven't really come across the journal before so I'm not too sure as of the validity of its peer-review process). The author argues mainly that because \"hybridization as a mathematical mixing of qualitatively opposite properties (real and complex numbers) is physically impossible and hence unreal\", QM incorrectly describes the atomic structure.\n\"...The mixing of these complex functions, contained “real” and “imaginary” quantities, together, as it has been done in quantum mechanics, is inadmissible, just like it is impossible, e.g., to mix together the electric and magnetic fields and then to ascribe to the obtained mixture the properties inherent only in the electric field (or, vice versa, only in magnetic). Thus, hybridization as a mathematical mixing of qualitatively opposite properties is physically impossible and hence unreal. It is merely a mathematical trick used by creators of QM at the earliest stage of its building...\"\nIt is interesting because I've always accepted the <PERSON> rule without questioning how it has been derived (As so far I've been using QM mainly as a predictive tool for alloy properties in the context of alloying additions to a composition, rather than working on the theory behind it). A quick look-up of the <PERSON> rule shows that the square of the wavefunction arises from the assumption that a measurement of an observable will produce an eigenvalue as a result, and the exact perspective depends on the QM interpretation (Which I know very little about) see here.", "346" ], [ "Ignoring the hadronics journal article itself (which has managed to get me curious, and thinking), my question is then (out of curiosity) two-fold:\n1. If there is any physical meaning to the imaginary terms. And if there is - is something being missed out when one combines the terms to obtain the real orbitals?\n2. Following from that, how valid would an argument that the linear combination of real and complex numbers are \"physically impossible and hence unreal\" be? I suspect that the answer to this is in the links to the older questions (since the are complex conjugates), and I will be going through them.\nThanks!\nEdit notes 1: In the process of updating the question and reading up on the topic to update the question, I have found that similar questions have been asked before: see here and here... Following that, I have updated the question... cheers!\nEdit notes 2: Probably answering my own question, but a related answer to question 1 is found here.", "298" ] ]

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[ [ "2-Tier Wooden Plant Stand\nIntroduction: 2-Tier Wooden Plant Stand\nWith a number of plant pots on the floor I felt it was time for a little decluttering and what better way to get them off the floor by building a multi tier wooden stand.\nThe stand is made using only wood (planks & blocks), and screws; no brackets or other supports are required.\nSupplies\nWooden Decking planks 2.4m(L) x 120mm(W) x 24mm(H) - Qty 6\nTimber Block 1.8m(L) x 50mm(W) x 47mm (T) - Qty 5\nStainless Steel Screws - 4mm x 40mm - Qty 78 (Brass as an alternative)\nAll materials were purchased from the local DIY store.\nTools\nCombination square\nPencil\nTape Measure\nDrill - (Manual or Powered)\n3mm drill bit\nSaw - (Manual or Powered)\nScrewdrivers\nHammer\nClamps\nKnow your tools and follow the recommended operational procedures and be sure to wear the appropriate PPE.\nStep 1: Design\nThe initial design was created in BlocksCAD before commiting to a physical build.\nStep 2: Lower Shelf Planks\nUsing a standard 2.4m long plank measure 1.2m with a tape measure and at this mark with a combination square draw a line along the width.\nCut along this line with the saw to create 2 equal lengths.\nThis process needs to be repeated creating a total of 5 equal length planks.\nOne of these planks will be set horizontally at the rear.\nTherefore, it will require two cutouts to accomodate the rear legs.\nAt the rear back corner of the plank mark a 50cm x 50xm square.\nCut the square out with the saw.\nRepeat the process at the opposite end of the plank in the rear corner.\nStep 3: Lower Shelf Sides\nUsing the remaining 1.2m from the previous process.\nMeasure with a tape 45cm and at this mark with a combination square draw a line along the width.\nCut along this line with the saw.\nMeasure and cut a second 45cm length.\nStep 4: Lower Shelf Retainers\nBlock timber is used in creating the retainers.\nUsing a standard 1.8m length measure 1.1m with a tape measure and at this mark with a combination square draw a line along the width.\nCut along this line with the saw.\nThis process needs to be repeated with another 1.8m length creating a total of 2 equal lengths.\nUsing one of the 70cm remnant cut two 30cm lengths.\nStep 5: Upper Shelf Planks\nUsing a standard 2.4m long plank measure 1.2m with a tape measure and at this mark with a combination square draw a line along the width.\nCut along this line with the saw to create 2 equal lengths.\nThis process needs to be repeated creating a total of 4 equal length planks.\nStep 6: Upper Shelf Sides\nUsing a standard 2.4m long plank measure 33cm with a tape measure and at this mark with a combination square draw a line along the width.\nCut along this line with the saw.\nMeasure and cut a second 33cm length.\nStep 7: Upper Shelf Retainers\nBlock timber is used in creating the retainers.\nUsing a standard 1.8m length measure 1.1m with a tape measure and at this mark with a combination square draw a line along the width.\nCut along this line with the saw.\nThis process needs to be repeated with another 1.8m length creating a total of 2 equal lengths of 1.1m.\nUsing one of the 70cm lengths cut two 18cm lengths.\nStep 8: Vertical Supports\nBlock timber is used to create the vertical supports.\nUsing one of the 70cm remnants measure and cut a 49cm length.\nTake another 70cm remnant measure and cut another 49cm length.\nThese will form the middle legs.\nThe front legs will be the renmants of the middle legs at 21cm\nUsing a standard 1.8m length measure 70cm with a tape measure and at this mark with a combination square draw a line along the width.\nCut along this line with the saw.\nThis process needs to be repeated creating a total of 2 equal lengths.\nThese will form the rear legs.\nStep 9: Pre Treatment\nIf the wood has not been pretreated to protect it from the elements, rot or pests; now would be a good time to do this before assembly. The ends are particularly prone to degradation.\nI recommend soaking the ends in a bucket filled with a suitable preservative.\nLeave overnight.\nFlip over and again soak overnight.", "401" ] ]

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[ [ "Just summing together all the comments and providing some more explicit calculations, we have conservation of four-momentum (which is the amalgamation of the conservation of energy and conservation of momentum), we have:\n$$p^{\\mu}{1}+p{2}^{\\mu}=p_{1}'^{\\mu}+p_{2}'^{\\mu}+p_{\\pi}^{\\mu}$$\nTaking the inner product of each side with itself, we get:\n$$\\left\\langle p_{1}^{\\mu}\\middle|p_{1}^{\\mu}\\right\\rangle+2\\left\\langle p_{1}^{\\mu} \\middle| p_{2}^{\\mu}\\right\\rangle+\\left\\langle p_{2}^{\\mu}\\middle|p_{2}^{\\mu}\\right\\rangle=\\left\\langle p_{1}'^{\\mu} \\middle| p_{1}'^{\\mu}\\right\\rangle + 2\\left\\langle p_{1}'^\\mu \\middle| p_{2}'^{\\mu} \\right\\rangle + 2\\left\\langle p_{1}'^{\\mu} \\middle| p_{\\pi}^{\\mu}\\right\\rangle + \\left\\langle p_{2}'^\\mu \\middle| p_{2}'^{\\mu} \\right\\rangle + 2\\left\\langle p_{2}'^{\\mu} \\middle| p_{\\pi}^{\\mu} \\right\\rangle + \\left\\langle p_{\\pi}^{\\mu} \\middle| p_{\\pi}^{\\mu}\\right\\rangle$$\nWe note that $p^{\\mu}p'{\\mu}=\\left\\langle p^{\\mu} \\middle| p'^{\\mu}\\right\\rangle$ is invaraiant in all frames of reference and that $p^{\\mu}p{\\mu}=m^{2}c^{2}$, we can therefore simplify:\n$$2m_{p}^{2}c^{2}+2\\left\\langle p_{1}^{\\mu} \\middle| p_{2}^\\mu \\right\\rangle = 4m_{p}^{2}c^{2}+4m_{p}m_{\\pi}c^{2}+m_{\\pi}^{2}c^{2}$$\nIf we consider that the second proton is initially at rest we have: $p_{1}^{\\mu}=\\left(\\frac{E}{c},\\vec{p}\\right)$ and therefore:\n$$2m_{p}E=2m_{p}^{2}c^{2}+4m_{p}m_{\\pi}c^{2}+m^{2}_{\\pi}c^{2}$$\nRearranging we get:\n$$E=m_{p}c^{2}+2m_{\\pi}c^{2}+\\frac{m_{\\pi}^{2}c^{2}}{2m_{p}}$$\nUsing the constants $m_{p}=938\\text{ GeV}/c^{2}$ and $m_{\\pi}=139.6\\text{ GeV}/c^{2}$, we get:\n$$E=10.6653 \\text{ TeV} \\implies T = 10.6643 \\text{ TeV}$$\nSo if a proton with 10 TeV of kinetic energy collided with a stationary proton, there is a chance that a pion will be produced.", "66" ] ]

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[ [ "Free-Formed Solar Chirping Bird Pendant Using 0603 SMD Components (BEAM Electronics)\nIntroduction: Free-Formed Solar Chirping Bird Pendant Using 0603 SMD Components (BEAM Electronics)\nI had one weekend between finishing quite a stressful university term and starting to study for my exams so I thought, \"You know what would be really relaxing, finally trying to make a free-frormed circuit using 0603 components.\". No way that could be stressful right? 😂😂\nThe final circuit chirps on and off for about 20-40 seconds (watch the video to hear it chirping) and then stays off for another 1-2 minutes before chirping again.\nI originally just wanted to make this as small as possibly but in doing so I realised it could actually be made as a pendant and I am very glad I turned it into a pendant in the end as I think the frame adds so much to the circuits aesthetic and protects the circuit from getting damaged. I don't intent to wear this often (in fact I hardly expect to let it see the sun at all because, as I know from previous chirping circuits, the noise gets old quick) but I reckon this would be the absolute perfect thing to wear to a maker faire or similar event!\nIn the final photos in the introduction you can see my first attempt to miniaturize this circuit by designing a PCB back in 2019 (this was one of my first PCB projects and it doesn't even work, the solar panel is too small!). As well there is a comparison in size between the breadboarded version, PCB, and free-formed SMD version\nEdit: wobbler has kindly amplified the chirping audio as it was a little quiet in the original video. If you are struggling to hear the chirping in the video try the audio file attached below. It is still very true to how the circuit sounds in real life just louder and clearer =).\nSupplies\nEDIT: I don't know what happened here but my supplies section seems to have disappeared at some point so I will summarise the important components again.\nResistors: All 0603.\nCapacitors: 0603 for the 1nFs and the rest had to be 0805 as they are much easier to source. I also used a couple of axial 10nF caps.\nDiodes: 1N4148WS.\nPhotodiode: I used a VEM6010X01CT-ND though any choice will probably do and you may be able to find smaller with a more suitable pinout.\nSolar panel: KXOB25-02X8F-TB which is a very small and efficient 5.5v panel. Quickly becoming a favourite for me!\nSuper capacitor: 100mF, 5.5v square super capacitor from KEMET.\nPiezo element: 9x9mm externally driven piezo speaker.\nInverter IC: 74HC14 SOIC (hex Schmitt inverters)\nBrass: 0.02\" (0.51mm) for most of the circuit.", "1003" ], [ "3/64\" (1.19mm) for the frame 1/32\" (0.81mm) for the loops.\nTools: Most important for this project is a clean soldering iron tip, flux, and good solder. I used multicore 60/40 solder at 0.7mm which was fine but at times I did want thinner solder. Also important for soldering are fine tweezers, Blu Tack, and perhaps some form of magnification (I was lucky I did not need magnification for this project as I am not used to working through a microscope or anything so it gives me headaches). You will also need various jewellers pliers (I bought a set from my local electronics hobby store that work great) and sids cutter for forming the brass.\nStep 1: Schematic\nThis is yet another circuit that was originally designed by <PERSON> way back in 199 (found on the solarbotics.net site). I have modified it a little, mostly to change the frequency of chirps, and a few other modifications to make it sound less robotic.\nThe circuit is essentially just 4 oscillators. From left to right, the first and second oscillators turn on and off slowly to turn the other oscillators on and off. In Wilf's original circuit this creates some kind of randomness in the number of chirps but the circuit is constantly chirping. With the components I chose, the circuit turns off for a very long time (1-2 minutes) and is on for a shorter time (20-40 seconds) based on the second oscillator values (10uF, 10M, 5M). The first oscillator values (1uF, 10M, 3.", "552" ] ]

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[ [ "Short answer:\nI suspect that so long as your pump is a positive displacement pump (ex: the \"vibratory pump\" or \"rotary vane pump\" as described in this webpage about espresso pumps) and is sized to output the flowrate you desire, then you only need a discharge valve or an appropriately designed flow restriction device (ex: a restriction orifice or your \"pressurized filter basket\").\nIf you need to reduce flowrate of a fixed-speed positive displacement pump yet maintain a controlled pressure, read on about installing a recycle line.\nLong answer:\nControlling mass flowrate and pressure through a pressure vessel (an espresso machine) is possible. I'm not an expert in espresso machines but I am somewhat familiar with the equipment needed to carry out the chemical engineering unit processes of solid-liquid extraction (ex: making espresso); I'm used to larger machinery.\nPump\nYou need a pump that can is capable of providing more than the maximum desired flowrate at more than the maximum desired pressure. A quick search for espresso pumps brings up this page about rotary and piston pumps, both positive displacement types. These pumps tend to output constant flowrate no matter the output pressure (they may still output less due to seal leakage and power limits of the motor).\nIf your pump isn't a positive displacement type, there are engineering methods that use \"pump curves\" as <PERSON> described to take into account quirks about other pump types (ex: centrifugal). However, no matter the type of pump used, as long as sufficient pressure and flowrate capacity in the pump is available, I know of three methods for controlling the pressure and flowrate through the system:\n1. Speed control\n2. Discharge control\n3. Recycle control\nYou will need at least two of the three.\n1. Speed control\n\"Variable Frequency Drive\" or, VFD, is a way to adjust the speed of the pump's rotating elements. Slower generally means less flow rate and pressure.\nFor your application, I imagine this would be an electronic module that adjusts the frequency and voltage of the alternating current electricity that powers your device. In the U.S. it is probably a frequency of 60 Hertz (Hz) at 120 volts of alternating current (VAC). I am not finding many hits on searches for variable speed espresso pumps so perhaps this type of control isn't popular.", "568" ], [ "This doesn't surprise me since adjusting frequency of power requires complex electronics.\nUsing a VFD is like adjusting your pump size without having to buy a new pump.\n2. Discharge control\nThis type of control involves restricting flow leaving the pressure vessel with an adjustable valve. Generally, when the valve is more closed, an increase in upstream pressure and reduction in flowrate through the system results.\nThe \"pressurized filter basket\" you mentioned in a comment on another answer sounds like it may fulfill the role of a discharge control. However you decide to restrict discharge flow, the discharge valve position (or orifice sizes of the basket?) will have to be adjusted in tandem with the other control method you select (Speed control or Recycle control) in order to achieve a desired pressure and flow through the pressure vessel.\n3. Recycle control\nThis method of control involves sending a portion of the flow leaving the pump or pressure vessel back into the inlet of the pump.\nIn your application, this may be achieved by installing two tees:\n1. A tee on the high pressure piping at the vessel or pump outlet\n2. A tee on the low pressure piping at the pump inlet.\nThen, you connect the two tees with a length of pipe containing a flow-restricting valve; this is a \"recycle line\". When the pump runs, some amount of fluid continuously recirculates if the recycle line valve is open. As the valve closes less fluid is permitted to recycle and the flow of fluid out of the system increases (provided the discharge control valve (if present) is somewhat open).\nRecycling fluid wastes some energy since fluid is pressurized by the pump and then depressurized at the recycle valve without leaving the system. The wasted energy heats the fluid somewhat. Recycling fluid might be desired if a limited supply of water is available or more extensive leaching of the coffee grounds bed is desired.\nMaintaining pressure and flowrate\nAs I mentioned before, if you have a pump that can output more than the desired flowrate at more than the desired pressure, then two of the three control methods will be necessary to maintain pressure and flowrate within the pressure vessel. This is the result of what in chemical engineering is known as a \"degrees of freedom analysis\". You will notice this phenomenon if you set up your system in a process simulator (ex: DWSIM (FOSS), VMGSIM (proprietary)) and fix pressure and flowrate of the pressure vessel.", "568" ] ]

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[ [ "This is an example of Art Imitates Life but that's not the TVTrope link you need.\nThis is the TVTropes link you deserve Object Ceiling Cling\nBasically, in storytelling, it's a comedic effect to have things stuck in the ceiling and maybe fall after.\nHowever, there are specific pencil references in that link:\nLive-Action TV\nAn episode of Coach featured <PERSON> in <PERSON>'s office throwing and sticking pencils up into the ceiling to the point it was literally covered in them. When <PERSON> kicks <PERSON> out of his office he slammed the door causing all the pencils to fall down.\nIn Dharma & Greg, episode 1, <PERSON> is shown in his new law office throwing a couple pencils at the ceiling. The camera pans up to show a couple dozen pencils already stuck in the tiles above his desk. Later, he throws one more pencil above his head, only to have all the others fall out of the ceiling onto him.\nHow I Met Your Mother: <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> are throwing pencils at the ceiling. One falls and bounces up <PERSON>'s nose, which <PERSON> calls a miracle.\nCombination of Live-Action TV and Real Life: Late Night with David Letterman.", "5" ], [ "Viewers know of <PERSON>'s tendency to flip pencils up out of view coming out of commercial break. Studio audience members get to see the result; the fake acoustic ceiling above the desk is peppered with pencils, and his accuracy is epic (I went to half a dozen shows and he didn't miss once).\nThe X-Files: episode \"Chinga\", <PERSON> spends his spare time throwing pencils into the ceiling over his desk.\nThe very last one is probably the one you reference in your question. HIMYM (the other show was probably contemporary to Castle) but Coach was late 80's and Dharma & Greg was early 90's\nThe link goes on further to\nReal Life\nKids in school launch pencils up at ceilings which have small holes just small enough for the pencil to stick in\nOffice workers who work in buildings with fake ceilings often throw pencils into the ceiling, as the fake ceilings are often as weak as cardboard. Parodied in [a] Bud Light commercial.\nIt is a visual cue of boredom, ennui; in Spanish we say \"ocio\" where in English there is a saying \"Idle hands are the Devil's tools\". Not sure where in the world you hail from, but there may be an international equivalent you are familiar with.", "900" ] ]

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[ [ "As suggested by <PERSON>, you may want to check in the Math section. However, I want to point out one thing about how to handle the limit.\nI will assume that $|\\vec{k}|\\ne 0$. The first thing you want to do it separate each propagator into its real and imaginary parts. In general, $$\\lim_{\\delta \\rightarrow 0^+}\\frac{1}{E-E(q)+i\\delta} = \\lim_{\\delta \\rightarrow 0^+}\\left[\\frac{1}{E-E(q)}-i\\frac{\\delta}{[E-E(q)]^2 + \\delta^2}\\right],$$ where I multiplied top and bottom by the complex conjugate of the denominator, and disregarded the $\\delta^2$ in the denominator of the real part, since it'll just go away when you take the limit. Then you use the identity $$\\lim_{\\delta\\rightarrow 0^+}\\frac{\\delta}{[E-E(q)]^2+\\delta^2} = \\pi\\delta(E-E(q)),$$ that is, the Dirac delta. What you get is $$\\begin{split}&\\int d^3q\\,\\left[\\frac{1}{E-E(q)}-i\\pi\\delta(E-E(q)) \\right]\\left[\\frac{1}{E-E(|\\vec{q}+\\vec{k}|)}-i\\pi\\delta(E-E(\\vec{q}+\\vec{k})) \\right]\\ &=\\int d^3q\\,\\frac{1}{E-E(q)}\\frac{1}{E-E(|\\vec{q}+\\vec{k}|)} + i\\pi\\int d^3q\\,\\left[ \\frac{\\delta(E-E(q))}{E-E(|\\vec{q}+\\vec{k}|)} + \\frac{\\delta(E-E(|\\vec{q}+\\vec{k}|))}{E-E(q)} \\right]. \\end{split}$$\nNotice that, since I'm assuming $k\\ne 0$, the product of two Dirac deltas will have to vanish, because their arguments are never simultaneously zero.", "916" ], [ "You can easily evaluate the integral with the Dirac deltas. Recall that, since the dispersion is quadratic in $q$, you need to follow certain rules when you change variables. That gives you the imaginary part of the integral. I have no real advice on how to evaluate the real part $$\\mathrm{Re}{I(\\vec{k})}=\\int d^3q\\,\\frac{1}{E-E(q)}\\frac{1}{E-E(|\\vec{q}+\\vec{k}|)},$$ except to check that you actually need it. Depending on the problem you're solving, sometimes all you need is the imaginary part. On the other hand, I also recommend you check that both denominators in $I(\\vec{k})$ have $+i \\epsilon$, instead of one having $+i \\epsilon$ and the other $-i\\epsilon$. I say this because that expression looks like the skeleton approximation to a polarization bubble, which is the product of a retarded and an advanced propagator, in which case their imaginary parts have opposite signs.", "418" ] ]

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[ [ "So the paper's\n* \"Numerical infinities and infinitesimals: Methodology, applications, and repercussions on two <PERSON> problems\", <PERSON> (2017),\nand it's basically a discussion on the author's \"grossone\" approach that they've been pushing for quite a while now (at least since 2004).\nThe tl;dr on it is that they're proposing a slightly abstracted data type, kinda like how complex number data types generalize real number data types, except this one's focused on infinities instead of imaginaries.\nThe author seems to want CPU's to include support for grossone's in their arithmetic logic units (ALU's), e.g. as specified in their patent. The author's website and publications seem to focus on applied use in mathematical optimization; they seem to justify their work in terms of theoretical work as an afterthought.\nSome of the harshest criticism seems to come from folks who're knocking it as-though the author were trying to report their work as some new theory, arguing that it's weaker and less sophisticated than prior work, e.g. hyperreal numbers.", "484" ], [ "The weird part about this is that, as far as I can tell, that's what the author wanted to do; they're trying to make an abstract data type to replace floating-point data types for common calculation units, not solve the mysteries of the universe.\nIn general, I'd expect folks who get the author's intent to receive it with a bit of a yawn. The arguments for modifying mainstream ALU's don't seem too compelling, and at-current there's likely not much demand for custom CPU's that implement it.\nThe author appears to have implemented grossone's at a software level, kinda like how computers do complex-number operations. Since they're using a non-primitive numeric data type, their calculations'll be slower for it; but if they distribute the library and can demonstrate how it's worth the performance hit in some useful applications, some folks might start using it in those cases.\nIn short, it looks like the controversial proposal's for an abstract data type that includes infinities for use in common calculations. It looks like applied work rather than theoretical, a misunderstanding which seems to have ruffled some feathers; however, at the end of the day if the authors can show that it's useful in real-life coding scenarios and make it available, then folks might use it.", "77" ] ]

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[ [ "I'm not sure exactly what you are trying to do but it's difficult and probably extremely dangerous.\nThe kinetic energy of an object with a mass of 5000 kg and a speed of 27000 m/s is more than a Tera Joule. That's a LOT of energy, in the same range as a low yield tactical nuclear weapon.\n27 km/s is also VERY fast. The fastest Maglev train I have been on is on Shanghai and tops out at around 430 k/h or about 120 m/s. So you want to increase the current state of the art by a factor of more than 200, and that's no small feat.\nIn fact, 27km/s is more than 1/3 of the highest speed a human made object has ever achieved and it's higher than escape velocity from earth. Typically these speed records are achieved in space using the gravity of large stellar object as a helper.\nIt's also more than 23 times the speed of sound in air. If you move an object of that size at that speed in air, you will generate the loudest sonic boom in history and you will turn the air into plasma generating enormous amounts of heat. In other words, you would have to do this in a vacuum and a really good vacuum at that.\nThat means you need to do this in a tube, which is also tricky since the object has enormous momentum: about 100 million kg m/s. That means it really wants to go straight and you have to apply a massive amount of force to steer it.\nGiven all these challenges, the levitation energy appears to be the least of your worries, but we can take a swing at it.", "947" ], [ "In theory, levitation doesn't require any energy at all: you could theoretically just do it all with permanent magnets. You only consume (or gain) energy if you move an object in the direction of the magnetic field. As long as you move perpendicular, you are neither gaining or losing energy.\nThe actual energy consumption will depend on how you create the magnetic fields in the first place and what the geometry your field has. Assuming you can plaster several square meters full of magnets with only a small gap you need a field strength or flux density of about 1 Tesla. Current Neodymium magnets are quite strong and can actually do this.\nPaving your track with permanent magnets is going to be expensive or infeasible. So you could use electromagnets. You would only have to magnetize the area of the track where there is currently a object. This will still take a sizable chunk of energy but probably a lot less than you'll need anyway to accelerate and steer the object.", "395" ] ]

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[ [ "Solving saddle point problem having non-invertible top-left block with a PETSc nested matrix\nMy system is a symmetric FE problem with lagrange multipliers:\n$Z=\\begin{pmatrix}A & C^T \\ C & 0\\end{pmatrix}$\nThe matrix $A$ is positive semi-definite, non-invertible. The whole matrix is invertible.\nI am working on the development of a finite element software where I want to solve such problems with PETSc in parallel. At this time I would like the $Z$ matrix to be a MATNEST in which the $A$ and $C$ matrices are assembled independently.\nWith the representative simple code at the end of this message (1D laplacian with Lagrange multipliers), and using a PCFIELDSPLIT preconditioner, the solver diverges. If I artificially force the matrix $A$ to be invertible (adding the command-line option -force_invertible), then I get the right solution.\nSo, what can I do to solve such a system with a nested matrix?\nAnother question: is it possible to use direct methods (Mumps) with nested matrices in parallel?\n#include \"petscsys.h\" /* framework routines */\n#include \"petscvec.h\" /* vectors */\n#include \"petscmat.h\" /* matrices */\n#include \"petscksp.h\"\n#include <vector>\n#include <string>\n#include <iostream>\n#include <numeric>\n// Try to solve with Petsc a simple 1D laplacian problem (or a series of springs)\n// o-////-o-////-o-////-o-////-o-////-o-////-o-////-o-////-o ...\n//\n// The boundary conditions (Dirichlet) are imposed using Lagrange multipliers.\n// The system to be solved is of the form:\n//\n// Z x = y\n// --^-- -^- -^-\n// [A Ct] [u] = [b]\n// [C 0 ] [l] [d]\n//\n// A is positive semi-definite (1 eigenvalue is 0)\n// Z is indefinite invertible\nstatic char help[] = \"Saddle point problem: scalar 1D laplacian with lagrange multipliers.\\n\\n\";\nint main(int argc,char **argv)\n{\n// Initialization ------------------------------------------------ //\nMPI_Init(NULL, NULL);\nPetscErrorCode ierr;\nierr = PetscInitialize(&argc,&argv,NULL,help);CHKERRQ(ierr);\nint rank, nproc;\nMPI_Comm_rank(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &rank);\nMPI_Comm_size(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &nproc);\nPetscViewer viewer = PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_(PETSC_COMM_WORLD);\nPetscViewerPushFormat(viewer, PETSC_VIEWER_ASCII_DENSE);\nPetscBool forceInvertible=PETSC_FALSE;\nPetscOptionsGetBool(NULL,NULL, \"-force_invertible\", &forceInvertible, NULL);\n// Problem definition and dof spliting among processes ----------- //\ndouble k=1.;\nstd<IP_ADDRESS>vector<int> globalDofs={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};\nstd<IP_ADDRESS>vector<std<IP_ADDRESS>pair<int, double>> globalDirichlet={{0, 0.},\n{8, 1.}}; // first: global dof number, second: imposed value\nauto start=[&](int rank){\nint q=(globalDofs.size()-1)/nproc;\nint r=(globalDofs.size()-1)%nproc;\nreturn q*rank + std<IP_ADDRESS>min(rank, r);\n};\nstd<IP_ADDRESS>vector<int> dofs;\nfor (int i=start(rank); i<=start(rank+1); ++i) {\ndofs.push_back(globalDofs[i]);\n}\nstd<IP_ADDRESS>vector<int> isLocal(dofs.size(), 1);\nif (rank!", "935" ] ]

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[ [ "The distinction the Wikipedia article might be trying to make is between three types of algorithms:\n1. Algorithms which go over all possible solutions, choosing the optimal one.\n2. Algorithms which go over a subset of all possible solutions, chosen so that the optimal solution belongs to the subset.\n3. Algorithms which go over a subset of all possible solution, without the guarantee that the optimal solution belongs to the subset.\nThe first two types of algorithms produce the optimal solution, while the third type aims to produce a \"good\" solution rather than an optimal solution. In my opinion, the distinction between the first two kinds is not so clear cut.\nLet me start by giving simple examples for all three types of algorithms, in the context of shortest path (the example you give).\n1. Try all possible paths. This is known as brute force.\n2. Try all possible paths, keeping track of the minimum solution so far. Whenever the current path you are constructing is more expensive than the minimum solution so far, abandon it and choose another one (we imagine that the distance is computed on a segment-by-segment basis). This is called pruning.\n3.", "242" ], [ "Look at the map, consider a few paths, and choose the best one among them. This is an algorithm for a human rather than a computer.\nThese examples are rather crude, and perhaps don't paint a very accurate picture. Pruning is crucial in many situations, for example in computer chess. If you're curious, look up the A* algorithm, which is actually used for shortest path.\nDynamic programming is a technique for speeding up significantly the brute force algorithm. It is somewhat misleading, however, to think of it this way. It is an algorithmic technique for solving optimization problems. You can implement pruning in the context of dynamic programming.\nIn the case of shortest path, here is one version of dynamic programming. We compute inductively the shortest path from the starting point to any other point of significance in the map using $t$ segments. Given the data for a certain $t$, we can compute the data for $t+1$ by enumerating over the last \"hop\" in any path from the starting point to any other point. When $t$ is large enough, we will have found the shortest path from the starting point to any other point. This is much more efficient than brute force, though not as efficient as some other dynamic programming algorithms.", "242" ] ]

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[ [ "This is a negative review of a game my friends & I were really excited about. There's a lot to like about this game, but after three plays (each with the same three players), we think it's broken in ways which can't be fixed without significant changes, and we would rather play another game than test changes to this one.\nThere are a couple other reviews for this game; although they rave about the game's innovative systems, they don't really describe what those systems are. If you're considering getting this game, hopefully you'll find the information below helpful; perhaps the things which bothered us won't bother you, or they won't be problems with more or fewer than three players, or you're more willing to experiment with house rules than we are. Also, a new versionis supposed to come out this year; I don't know anything about it, but maybe it will address the problems we had.\nHow excited were we?\nTwo of us bought the rules. I spent more than I will admit to at my FLGS for dedicated dice. One of us built 20 frames for everyone's use. I wrote a doomsday clock Android app. After our first two games, one of us made laminated sheets for tracking attachments & allocated dice, and bought markers for writing on them. So, we were highly motivated to enjoy this game.\nWhy were we excited?\nIn no particular order, here are some of the things we liked.\nThe price is right.", "386" ], [ "$6 for a PDF of rules? Great! (Of course this presumes that you've already got $40 of dice and $500 of Legos sitting around, ha ha.) I've seen complaints here about the rules being black & white, or having only hand-drawings of Lego units, but I don't care about any of that. (Besides, when you're printing it out yourself, black & white line drawings of Legos are better than color photos.) And the half-height layout is perfect for tabletop play; that's the way miniatures rules should be laid out. So I was happy with the rulebook itself, and its price.\nThe rules are simple, concise, and clear, so no complaints there. I really like the writing style, too. For example, the description of the stationary flags which players will be fighting over: \"A station might be a supply, command, or observation station, it might be a crashed satellite, it might be an ammo dump, it might be a jeep with a flat tire and a load of fresh peaches. Whatever: it's something worth fighting over.\" That's cool; that's my kind of game!\nArmy construction and the core of the game: you begin by building your mechs; each mech can have 1-4 attachments, where an attachment is a weapon, or some defensive attachment like a shield or ECM pod, or some movement attachment like jump jets or spider legs. (Weapons fall into three categories, but all defensive attachments have the same game effect; all movement attachments have the same game effect; etc.)\nThese attachments add dice to the pile of dice you roll at the start of your mech's turn. Each mech rolls two dice which can be used for anything; a defensive attachment lets you roll a die which can only be used for defense; a weapon lets you roll two dice which can only be used for an attack; and so on. These dice are color-coded--defensive dice are blue, movement dice are green, etc.--so if you use the same color of Legos on your attachments, you can look at any mech on the table and see what kinds of attachments it has, and therefore how many dice it will roll on its turn.\nCleverly, these attachments are also the way damage is handled: when a mech takes a hit, you choose an attachment and break it off the mech! (When you're out of attachments, two more hits kill you; you can represent the half-dead state by tearing off your mech's head or whatever.) This is a simple, fast way to track the decrease in quality of your mechs as they take damage, and having to choose which attachment to lose is painful fun: do you want to lose your shields and get killed next turn, or lose your gun and have to gum the enemy to death? Another interesting twist is that, when your mech's guns are gone, you may actually move faster, because you get to add a special green d8 (usable only for movement) to the dice rolled for that mech.\nAnother interesting thing is the way initiative & unit activation is handled. At the start of the turn, everyone rolls a d10 for each of their mechs to determine each mech's initiative, and then each mech takes its turn one at a time in ascending initiative order.", "386" ] ]

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[ [ "This is a simple solution to my question. It only deals with two models and two variables, but you could easily have lists with the names of the classifiers and the metrics you want to analyze. For my purposes, I just change the values of COI, ROI_1, and ROI_2 respectively.\nNOTE: This solution is also generalizable.", "946" ], [ "How? Just change the values of COI, ROI_1, and ROI_2 and load any chosen dataset in df = pandas.read_csv(\"FILENAME.csv, ...). If you want another visualization, just change the pyplot settings near the end.\nThe key was assigning a new DataFrame to the original DataFrame and implementing the .loc[\"SOMESTRING\"] method. It removes all the rows in the data, EXCEPT for the one specified as a parameter.\nRemember, however, to include index_col=0 when you read the file OR use some other method to set the index of the DataFrame. Without doing this, your row values will just be indexes, from 0 to MAX_INDEX.\n# Written: April 4, 2019\nimport pandas # for visualizations\nfrom matplotlib import pyplot # for visualizations\nfrom scipy.stats import ks_2samp # for 2-sample <PERSON>-Smirnov test\nimport os # for deleting CSV files\n# Functions which isolates DataFrame\ndef removeColumns(DataFrame, typeArray, stringOfInterest):\nfor i in range(0, len(typeArray)):\nif typeArray[i].find(stringOfInterest) != -1:\ncontinue\nelse:\nDataFrame.drop(typeArray[i], axis = 1, inplace = True)\n# Get the whole DataFrame\ndf = pandas.read_csv(\"ExperimentResultsCondensed.csv\", index_col=0)\ndfCopy = df\n# Specified metrics and models for comparison\nCOI = \"Area_under_PRC\"\nROI_1 = \"weka.classifiers.meta.AdaBoostM1[DecisionTable]\"\nROI_2 = \"weka.classifiers.meta.AdaBoostM1[DecisionStump]\"\n# Lists of header and row in dataFrame\n# `rows` may act strangely\nheaders = list(df.dtypes.index)\nrows = list(df.index)\n# remove irrelevant rows\ndf1 = dfCopy.loc[ROI_1]\ndf2 = dfCopy.loc[ROI_2]\n# remove irrelevant columns\nremoveColumns(df1, headers, COI)\nremoveColumns(df2, headers, COI)\n# Make CSV files\ndf1.to_csv(str(ROI_1 + \"-\" + COI + \".csv\"), index=False)\ndf2.to_csv(str(ROI_2 + \"-\" + COI) + \".csv\", index=False)\nresults = pandas.DataFrame()\n# Read CSV files\n# The CSV files can be of any netric/measure, F-measure is used as an example\nresults[ROI_1] = pandas.read_csv(str(ROI_1 + \"-\" + COI + \".csv\"), header=None).values[:, 0]\nresults[ROI_2] = pandas.read_csv(str(ROI_2 + \"-\" + COI + \".csv\"), header=None).values[:, 0]\n# <PERSON>-Smirnov test since we have Non-Gaussian, independent, distinctive variance datasets\n# Test configurations\nvalue, pvalue = ks_2samp(results[ROI_1], results[ROI_2])\n# Corresponding confidence level: 95%\nalpha = 0.05\n# Output the results\nprint('\\n')\nprint('\\033[1m' + '>>>TEST STATISTIC: ')\nprint(value)\nprint(\">>>P-VALUE: \")\nprint(pvalue)\nif pvalue > alpha:\nprint('\\t>>Samples are likely drawn from the same distributions (fail to reject H0 - NOT SIGNIFICANT)')\nelse:\nprint('\\t>>Samples are likely drawn from different distributions (reject H0 - SIGNIFICANT)')\n# Plot files\ndf1.plot.density()\npyplot.xlabel(str(COI + \" Values\"))\npyplot.ylabel(str(\"Density\"))\npyplot.title(str(COI + \" Density Distribution of \" + ROI_1))\npyplot.", "392" ] ]

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[ [ "Y Tu Mamá También\n\"life is like the surf, so give\nyourself away like the sea.\"\nlet me just put it out there: <PERSON> and <PERSON> really fuck with each other. literally.\nthis film shows the exploration of friendship between the characters, <PERSON> and <PERSON>, and it is the central theme that resonated with me. their dynamic evolves from carefree camaraderie to a complex relationship strained by their personal experiences and desires.\nthe film beautifully portrays the fragility of friendships as they face challenges, growing pains, and ultimately, the test of time.", "1009" ], [ "this depiction reminded me of the imperfections and growth that real-life friendships go through, making the characters more relatable.\nsexuality is another significant theme addressed in the film. the intimate scenes and candid discussions around sex and desire offer a realistic portrayal of human relationships. cuarón's unflinching approach to depicting these aspects serves to emphasize the vulnerability and authenticity of the characters.\nthis openness challenges societal norms and taboos, sparking conversations about the portrayal of sexuality in media and its impact on our perceptions. so to sum it up, y tu mamá también is a masterpiece that explored themes of friendship, sexuality, and slice of life.", "352" ] ]

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[ [ "What to do with 10 dogs that need rehomed within 30 days?\nMy parents are being evicted from the property they've lived at for 20+ years. They have 10 dogs who are all unfixed, in generally poor care and have formed 3 packs amongst the whole of them that will attack each other on sight.\nThey have 30 days to get rid of all these dogs so they can move with peace of mind. Yes, its really trashy and sad. Thats why I've been living out of state away from my parents for over 10 years now and don't talk to them much.\nHarmful, judgmental comments are not constructive, even if justified considering the situation.\nWhat are their options?", "661" ] ]

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[ [ "What observable traits set the MilkyWay apart from other Galaxies?\nIn a short story, Earth's humanity dies off to a plague and a few thousands years later a space faring race plants a new seed of humans in attempt to restore what civilization used to be.\nThe Earth is effectively the same, though biomes may change and a couple thousand years of wild evolution have passed (so a wild dog might look a bit different but it's still clearly a canine). The method of \"planting the seeds of civilization\" is apparently instantaneous to the humans, as if one day, everyone just woke up as if they had just gone to sleep normally the day before. At that point, the seed planters take their leave and observe from afar without interaction. (The story spans hundreds of years as they observe)\nIt's just one big city, outfitted with the tools and resources necessary to farm, process, and produce what a population of that size would normally consume. The humans have been granted the know how on how to operate the machines and build a sustaining civilization. Satelittes and cell phones don't exist but they would later be reinvented. Their next generation being the first humans that actually would need to learn how to walk, talk, read.", "302" ], [ "Their parents are somewhat programmed to work together in building a sustainable \"start\" to the civilization (even if they aren't exactly aware as to why) and would come off as very literal and set in their ways while their children are more creative, looking at the world in increasingly philosophical ways.\nOther than the knowledge of the world around them and how to survive though, these humans do not have a living past in memory. They don't have a notion of \"where did we come from\" and this first generation largely doesn't care. Their children though ask such questions, using the tools and technologies we have now and in the near future to rediscover the universe outside of the Earth. This generation spawning a renascence of invention and discovery in the absence of war and while crime is still a distant concept while everyone's needs are met. Some conflicts arise between competing theories and discoveries.\nWithout a history, polytheist stories (where the milky way got it's name in reality) or previous inspirations, they need something to name it. What observable traits set the Milkyway apart from other galaxies? Also keeping in mind they don't have a distant probe to view it from anywhere but Earth. They can see distant galaxies while they are deciding on a name.\nThis naming period may last a few years as these fresh explorers catch up to our current IRL astronomical knowledge and begin sending out orbital telescopes similar to our own.\nTypical DM brain, I can make a world, but fail to find a good name.", "693" ] ]

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[ [ "I would assume here that adding/removing edges/vertices will be done one at a time. Please take note, the term node is used for a node in a linked list and I tried my best not to use it interchangeably with the term vertex.\nThe structures for storing vertices and edges\nLet A be your adjacency list for the graph.\nLet V be an array (ordinary/associative depending on your actual vertex representation) of pointers. An entry in V points to a vertex stored in the structure D given below.\nLet D be a doubly linked list. A node n of this list holds two data: d an integer that represents the degree and a doubly linked list l containing all vertices with degree d. We shall maintain that the nodes of D are ordered in increasing value of d. You can think of nodes in D like a bucket containing all vertices with the same degrees. D will have a tail pointer that points to the end (bucket containing vertices with maximal degree).\nInitially, D only has a node n0 such that n0.d = 0, which will contain all newly added vertex (assuming that newly added vertex has no edge yet).\nThe entries of list l are vertices with degree d. Each vertex v in l has a pointer b that points back to the node in D where l belongs.\nAdding a new vertex\nWhen you add a new vertex v, create an entry in A and add it to n0.l and finally add an entry in V that will point to v in D. Set v.b to n0.\nAdding and removing edges\nWhen a new edge (u,v) is added, add the nodes (using the procedure above) if they do not exist yet. Update the entries of A. Then, follow the pointer of u in V.", "835" ], [ "At this point, the degree of u will increase by 1. Follow u.b pointer to get the node n in D containing u. Let n' be the node following n in D. If n'.d = n.d + 1, transfer u to n'.l. If n' does not exists or n'.d > n.d + 1, insert a new node m after n such that m.d = n.d + 1 and transfer u to this node. Update u.b. If after this n.l becomes empty , delete it, except when n = n0. Do the same update to vertex v. Finally, update the tail pointer of D in case the the last node in D changes.\nWhen you remove an edge, you can simply reverse the process of adding (I will leave this one for you to think about).\nRemoving a vertex\nRemoving a vertex v can be implemented by first removing all its edges one at a time using the edge removal procedure above, then finally removing v from D, V, and A.\nAnalysis\nUpdating the edges of a vertex and maintaining the order of D after adding a vertex and updating edges takes $O(1)$ time (ignoring the cost of adding a new entry in A and V which is dependent on how you implement them). This is because we only need to follow and update constant number of pointers and create/remove constant number of nodes in the linked lists.\nAs for the removal of a vertex v, the time is $O(deg(v))$, which I think is optimal since you have to update that many vertices too since you have to update the neighbors of the removed vertex.\nEach entire representation requires $O(n)$ extra space for the pointers and linked list nodes for each vertex. This is $O(1)$ additional space per vertex.", "835" ] ]

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[ [ "Present Surprise Cake\nIntroduction: Present Surprise Cake\nGet into the holiday spirit by baking yourself a gift this season! We created this cake in our foods class at Wachusett Regional High School as part of a challenge to create edible art. Everything is made 100% from scratch. We made a surprise cake with a simplistic disguise as a Christmas gift box, filled with Christmas m&ms and topped with a fondant ribbon.\nSupplies\n- Mixing bowl: To mix the melted marshmallows and powdered sugar together\n- Microwave: To melt the marshmallows that will be used to make the fondant\n- Mixer: To mix ingredients together to make the cake batter and buttercream\n- Rolling pin: to roll out the fondant\n- Cake pan: to put the cake batter in so the cake can be baked\n- Oven: to bake the cake\n- Measuring cups: This will be used to measure out the ingredients needed to make the cake batter, fondant, and buttercream\n- Knife: To level out the cake after it has been cooked, to add the buttercream to the cake, and to cut the fondant into its desired shape\n- Spatula: to fold the sprinkles into the cake\nIngredients:\nFunfetti Cake:\n- 9 Tablespoons unsalted butter softened\n- 3 cups granulated sugar\n- 1 cup vegetable oil\n- 4 teaspoons vanilla extract\n- 4 cups+ 2 Tbsp all-purpose flour (all of the flour goes into the cake batter, you will also need additional flour for preparing the cake pan)\n- 4 ½ teaspoons baking powder\n- 1 ½ teaspoons salt\n- 1 ½ cup milk\n- 9 egg whites\n- ½ cup sprinkles\nButtercream:\n- 2 cups unsalted butter\n- ¼ teaspoon salt\n- 6 cups powdered sugar\n- 2 teaspoons vanilla extract\nFondant:\n- 4 cups powdered sugar\n- 4 cups mini marshmallows\n- 2 tablespoons water\n- Red food coloring\nStep 1: Pre-Heat Oven\nPreheat the oven to 350F and prepare 3 square cake pans by generously greasing and flouring.\nStep 2: Prepare Cake Batter\n1. In a stand mixer, beat butter on medium-low speed until creamy.\n2. Add sugar and oil and beat until all ingredients are well-combined and creamy.\n3. Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl and then stir in your vanilla.\n4. In a separate bowl, whisk together your flour, baking powder, and salt.\n5. Measure out milk. With the mixer on medium speed, gradually alternate between adding the flour mixture and the milk to the butter mixture, starting and ending with the flour mixture. Stir until each one is almost completely combined before adding the next. Pause occasionally to scrape down sides on the bowls.\n6. In a separate bowl, combine your egg whites and, with a hand-mixer on high-speed, beat until stiff peaks form.\n7. Using a spatula, gently fold your egg whites and sprinkles into your batter. Take care to scrape the sides and bottom of the bowl so that ingredients are well-combined, and take care not to over-mix.\nStep 3: Bake Cakes\n1.", "305" ], [ "Evenly divide cake batter into cake pans.\n2. Bake at 350F for 35-40 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in the center of each cake layer comes out clean or with a few crumbs (should not be wet). For best results, rotate your cake pans halfway through baking to ensure even baking. Cakes should be a light golden brown when done baking.\n3. Remove cakes from the oven and let them cool for 15 minutes. Run a spatula around the inside rim of each pan and place each onto a cooling rack.\nStep 4: Prepare Frosting\n1. In a stand mixer, beat butter on medium-speed until creamy. Add salt and begin beating again for about 20 seconds.\n2. Gradually, about 1 cup at a time, add powdered sugar, waiting until each cup is completely mixed before adding the next cup.\n3.Tablespoon at a time, add the heavy cream on medium-high speed, waiting until each addition is well-combined before adding the next 2 Tbsp.\n4. Add vanilla extract and mix on medium-high speed for 30 seconds.\n5. Add green food coloring to the buttercream mixture and mix on medium-high speed until fully combined.\nStep 5: Assemble Cake\n1. Level all 3 cakes on the top using a knife shaving off about ½ a cm on each cake.\n2. Cut a square hole into the middle of two of the square cakes. Leaving about 3 inches off from the edge of the cake.", "195" ] ]

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[ [ "Kenyan TV Networks Censored for Airing Symbolic ‘Swearing In’ of Opposition Leader <PERSON> · Global Voices\n<PERSON> speaks at the 2013 World Economic Forum. Photo by WEF via Flickr (CC BY-SA 2.0)\nWhen Kenyan opposition leader <PERSON> was symbolically — if not legally — sworn in as the “people's president” on January 30, three major broadcasting networks were unplugged by the Government of Kenya.\n<PERSON> was sworn in for a second term as president on November 28, 2017 after winning a controversial re-run election, which was held in October 2017 after the country's Supreme Court annulled the results of the initial August 2017 vote, having found “irregularities and illegalities”. <PERSON> did not participate in re-run, arguing that systemic flaws that produced these irregularities had not been addressed. The elections were marked with protests, multiple incidents of violence and destruction of property.\nAfter months of uncertainty, incumbent president <PERSON> remains in power. But supporters of <PERSON> remain committed to his campaign and cause.\nOn January 30, 2018, thousands of Kenyans flocked to the famous Uhuru Park to witness a symbolic swearing-in ceremony for <PERSON> of the National Super Alliance (NASA). The majority of attendees were mainly people from Western, Nyanza, Coast and Eastern parts of Kenya where NASA enjoys sizable support.\n<PERSON> being “sworn in” as the Kenya's People's President [Screen shot taken on February 1, 2018]\nSome Kenyans did not go to work and decided they were going to watch this historic event from the comfort and safety of their homes. To their disappointment, the government decided to disconnect all the major broadcasting stations in the country including KTN News, Citizen TV and Inooro TV (both owned by Royal Media Services) and NTV, preventing them from effectively airing live coverage of the event.\nAccording to Kenya's Attorney general, the mock ceremony was “treasonous” and therefore, in their view, had no place on national television.\nThe Committee to Protect Journalists reported that President <PERSON> and other executive staff “summoned media managers and editors on January 26 and threatened to shut their stations down and revoke their licenses” if they proceeded with the broadcast.\nThis raised a loud uproar from civil society organizations and Kenyans in general from all walks of life and different political affiliations. The freedom of media is well-anchored in Kenya’s 2010 constitution, but this did not stop the <PERSON> government from denying Kenyans access to information\n‘People's president’ or ‘treasonous’ swearing in?\nWhile <PERSON> indeed does not hold the office of the President in Kenya, the ceremony at hand was more than just a show of support for <PERSON> and the NASA.\nIt came as the result of the People's Assemblies Bill, a motion tabled in all opposition-controlled counties that legalized “the formation of the people's assemblies in the devolved units”. The People’s Assemblies bill has been passed by at least 20 county governments out of 47.\nAccording to the People’s Assemblies bill, the power is vested in the people and their assemblies will have the power to recognize a leader of their choice.", "424" ], [ "Though this move by a select number of counties was perceived to be unconstitutional, it received substantial national support. The law also allows anybody of the capacity of a high court judge to administer the oath.\nMost of all I thank the good Lord, my family and all those who have undertaken this journey with us. We have arrived in Canaan; thank you for staying the course with us. <PERSON>. pic.twitter.com/6gdZBfxVAv\n— <PERSON> (@RailaOdinga) January 30, 2018\nThe swearing in ceremony of Mr. <PERSON> was meant to be held in 2017, but it was delayed due to a deep divide between <PERSON> and his core principals.\nIn the January 30 swearing-in ceremony, Mr. <PERSON>’s running mate, <PERSON> and other NASA core principles, <PERSON> and <PERSON>, did not turn up to the historic event. This kept <PERSON> waiting for too long, and infuriated the highly-charged crowd.\nWith advice from his key supporters, <PERSON> decided to take an oath of office as the people’s president in the absence of his running mate <PERSON> and other NASA principles. <PERSON> claimed they did not turn up at the Uhuru Park for the swearing in ceremony because their security guards were withdrawn by the state:\nI was left alone.", "1017" ] ]

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[ [ "Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and <PERSON>\n<PERSON> i really didn't enjoy this like first of all the pacing? horrible. and the camera work/editing? that scene where <PERSON> and <PERSON> were talking and it just kept doing like a shaky spin around them and then it randomly cut and did another shaky spin over and over and over again... i got a migraine. and <PERSON> performance really wasn't convincing at all like it genuinely felt like he was just playing <PERSON> and then when they played the actual <PERSON> clips at the end the difference was so apparent :( <PERSON> was great though and i guess this film kind of kept me invested throughout even though this was such a boring portrayal of such an interesting story like i just wasn't expecting it to basically be a courtroom drama", "698" ] ]

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[ [ "Let's look at a few reasons robots might want to eat (or at least hunt) others:\nBeing a predator lets you stay active all day\nSure you could be a boring robot and harvest solar energy. But this is not a very high power density. A car takes about 1L of gasoline to run 12 km. To have enough energy for a measly 1km ride, a robot with ideally efficient solar panels of 1m2 in perfect weather conditions will need to charge for almost 3 hours. You're really spending most of your day napping, and you're not going places. Then there is the night problem. We're not very good at storing electric energy. So at night you're mostly sleeping, too.\nThe same problem is going to arise for pretty much all renewable sources: low energy density + not available on demand. That would result in huge (which in turns consumes more power) and not very active robots. If your planet ran out of fossil fuel, generating your own energy makes you... essentially an easy prey. Predatory behaviors then seem like an efficient strategy (although it's more likely that being parasitic will give you better results; steal some batteries but don't kill the giant autonomous power station)\nIf you do have fossil fuel/nuclear energy, it is a bit harder to justify unless those resources are scarce enough to explain hunting for gasoline. But being dependent on fossil resources would probably lead to sedentary behaviour (you stay near that yummy puddle of oil that you found). That could still leave room for predatory nomadic species of robots.\nit's not about nutrition, it's about population control\nA robot can only last that long. Electronic components will oxidize, mechanics parts will rust, break, etc...", "435" ], [ "So the god-engineer who designed robotic life programmed the robots to \"recycle\": every robot seeks to produce another robot of his own species every 5 years (you don't want to have robots only making one copy, because your population will go down every time a robot breaks before reproduction, leading to an unevitable statistical extinction).\nWith every robot potentially making several copies, you need to avoid overpopulation, so hunting robots are designed. They are hunting primarily the older robots close to failure. There you have your predatory chain of recylcing robots. The predators also reproduce. They are not hunted, but if they grow too numerous, they will start starving(they don't have any other mean of energy generation), thus a carefully planned equilibrium is reached (see prey-predator models)\nN.B: You could have other, more ideal systems to maintain a fixed population. For example, just have the other robots build a new friend every time they detect a robot death in the world. But that would require for all robots to be connected and cooperating as a society. You could find a few reasons why this is not the case\ngetting resources is not hard, but crafting is a highly specialized task\nOk, maybe you have abundent fuel, but you still need to refine it. You have enough copper, silicon, etc but turning it into a processor to change yours or reproduce is another story. Those manufacturing processes are pretty complex and robots as we design them are usually good at one thing, not 1000. Very dexterous robots are unlikely to have a factory built inside them. So they need help from other robots. Sure enough you could do that in a peaceful way and build an economy around it... but if the processor-generating robots reproduce fast enough and are not very mobile, it's definitely easier to rip them open and get the goods directly.\nSo it's not so much a herbivor/carnivor dichotomy, it's more like you have specialized manufacturing units, and jerks who just take what they produce when they need it. The frequency of hunting in those conditions would be signifcantly lower tho (you might not need to hunt for a new processor before 10 years. Might be more regular if we're considering fuel)", "1008" ] ]

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[ [ "Image Courtesy of <PERSON>\nThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type - Board Game (Tile)\nPlay Time: 50-70 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-6\nMechanics – Set Collection, Tile Laying, Resource Management\nDifficulty – Pick-up & Play (Can be learnt in under 15 minutes)\nComponents - Excellent\nRelease - 2003\nDesigner -Dirk Henn -(All things Alhambra, Atlantic Star, Colonia, Eketorp, Granada, Metro, Rosenkonig, Shogun/Wallenstein, Show Manager, Speculation, Timbuktu)\nHaving reviewed each of the expansions to this great game, I figured it was time I returned to the game that started it all and give it the detailed review treatment. You can find links to each of the expansions at the bottom of this review.\nThe Theme\nIn Alhambra each player is seeking to build the greatest Alhambra of all time. To do so they need to use the skills of various craftsman from Europe and Asia to build the various areas that make an Alhambra. Each Alhambra will feature Pavilions, Manors, Mezzanines, Royal Chambers, Gardens and Towers.\nIn truth the craftsman themselves are not present but their various nationalities are represented through the inclusion of 4 different currencies, which are supposedly required to pay for their services. These currencies include Florins, Dirhams, Denars and Dukats. Well that’s my interpretation anyway.\nThe end result is a thin but interesting theme and one that encompasses a somewhat worldly feel.\nThe Components\nAlhambra represents ‘componenty’ goodness and with the help of an excellent tray insert, it all fits into a moderate sized box.\nThere is a flip-fold board which serves as the score track. It goes up to 120, which is a rather odd number. This score is likely to be achieved and surpassed by a player that has a good game. The score board is nicely illustrated featuring all of the building types featured in the game and each player’s fountain. It is slightly wider and longer than the scoreboard used in Carcassonne.\nImage Courtesy of Gelatinous Goo\nA 2nd board is provided and serves as the Marketplace.", "470" ], [ "It is dominated by 4 squares with a different currency type attached to each of the squares. Each square is also numbered, the reason for which I will explain later. This board is exactly half the size of the score board.\nImage Courtesy of <PERSON>\nSix smaller boards are provided for each of the 6 potential players. These are the Reserve Boards and as well as allowing a player to store tiles during the game, they also provide information regarding the Scoring Rounds and the number of Building Tiles that are available to be purchased. These boards are half the size of the Marketplace Board.\nImage Courtesy of Lurch104\nCloth Bag – A nice black cloth bag is also provided. This is used to hold the building tiles, which are drawn from the bag throughout the game.\nImage Courtesy of EndersGame\nThere is a total of 54 Building Tiles. There are 6 different types and each type comes in a different colour. They include – Pavilions (Blue), Manors (Red), Mezzanines (Brown), Chambers (White), Gardens (Green) and Towers (Purple). Each tile may have a number of walls around the edges and each tile also contains a numerical value from 2 to 13, which denotes their cost to purchase.\nIt's also interesting to note that some editions of the game use different names for some of the tiles.\nImage Courtesy of garion\nIn all there are 108 Money Cards. Money comes in 4 colours to denote the various currencies used in the game. They include - Florins (Yellow), Dirhams (Green), Denars (Blue) and Dukats (Orange).\nEach Money Card has a value ranging from 1 to 9. It is important to note that there is no correlation between the colour of the Money Cards and the colour of the Building Tiles.\nImage Courtesy of garion\nThere are also 2 Score Cards, which are used to engage the 1st two Scoring Rounds. They feature the points on offer for particular Scoring Rounds.\nImage Courtesy of EndersGame\nA set of 6 wooden player markers are also provided and come in vibrant colours.\nImage Courtesy of EndersGame\nThe rulebook is well presented, includes excellent examples and diagrams to explain rules and also includes sidebars and sections that stand out.", "84" ] ]

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[ [ "Borneo Island: Uniting bloggers through Borneo Colours · Global Voices\nKellybays, Tuaran, Borneo. Photo by <PERSON>\nBorneo Colours is a website that links bloggers from Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan (Malaysia) and Kalimantan (Indonesia) which are all located in the island of Borneo. It's a platform for the bloggers in this region to network and create greater understanding about their neighbours.\nTo date, Borneo Colours or BC has over 1,000 members with almost 200 registered bloggers and the number is said to increase daily. Speaking to the CEO and founder of the site, <PERSON> shared with this author the history of the website.\nThe idea came about during the early part of 2002. The aim was to facilitate and encourage Borneans to show goodwill to the world. Later, the founder realized the huge financial challenge in maintaining the project called “Borneo”. Eventually in 2007, BC was quietly launched but sadly the idea was momentarily put aside as the founder was offered to assist an international NGO in initiating a marine conservation project. It was in early 2009 that the founder decided to bring the idea back to life. Around July 2009, armed with fresh funding and support, Team BorneoColours.com began their work by promoting their ideas to the Borneo Island Community and tourism bodies in Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan, Brunei and Kalimantan. BC had its soft launching on 25th September 2009 but it was only last January when it became operational.\nPhoto by <PERSON>\nWhat are your aspirations for Borneo Colours?\nTo be the official new media and community portal endorsed and recognized by governments within Borneo island, but most importantly by the Bornean and international online community. Our goal is also to shape borneocolours.com as a mechanism for a transparent sustainable financing to raise funds for local charity organization, community development and environmental awareness activity on the island.\nWhat can one get from reading/being a member of Borneo Colours?\nContent is provided and shared primarily by registered members also known as bcbuddy.", "696" ], [ "The community shares content by promoting events, happenings, or showcasing their talent and interesting articles that would be of help to others. There is also the Borneo Business Directories and Bloggers Listing. One particular feature that Borneo Colours is proud of is the integration of our content and a social networking tool similar to Facebook.\nYou got a Blogging Competition going on at Borneo Colours? What do you aim to achieve from that competition?\nBorneo Bloggers Award 2010 was designed to give prominent and upcoming bloggers in Borneo island a network window to understand, accept and appreciate each other's differences but most of all to create a sense of Borneo without borders. We are also hopeful that this program will help Borneo bloggers to be much competitive and improve their content, style and creation of original content. At the end of the day, who else is better in promoting their tourism destination and attraction if not the bloggers themselves.\nAny future plans?\nBorneoColours.com will be organizing a dialogue called B2.0 as in Borneo2.0 “Borneo Bloggers + New Media Dialogue”, This dialogue is schedule to be held at 1Borneo, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah in mid-October 2010. B2.0 would bring together diverse blogging communities and creative local and international new media practitioners to provide rich opportunities for learning, networking and growth.\nMany bloggers from the island of Borneo are endorsing BC:\nA Woman Diary says ” It's practically everything you wana know about Borneo. Made by Borneo-an. I like”\n<PERSON>, a BC buddy has this to say in introducing Borneo Colours.\nAre you a BC Buddy? If not, why don't you guys check out BorneoColours. Its a site where you can get info surrounding Borneo designed with a social networking function, BC Buddy. BC Buddy is a place for online community to hang out like other social networking site.\nChoco8Vanilla says that\nBorneo Colours is a website designed to gather people to know more about borneo or to gather the people of borneo itself to know more about its beloved island and the latest news or just simply, be friends (Isn't it great? XD). The site is new. But everyday its more new people coming, don't you want to be part of this beautiful community? Its a bit… kinda same… or so alike… facebook or friendster or tagged (maybe?) Besides the website, I had one more thing (should I stated here WOW!", "696" ] ]

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[ [ "I finally found a way to obtain these velocities with calculus. I am sure that one can always try to deduce the particles velocities by mere logic; in fact, more than once, I \"thought\" about the answer that I finally found. But I was not comfortable without a calculus development.\nFinding the velocity of particle 1\nWe can first calculate the velocity of the system center of mass by taking particle 1 as a reference.\n\\begin{equation} \\vec{v}_c = \\vec{v}_1 + \\dot\\theta\\vec{k} \\times \\frac{l}{2}\\vec{e}_r \\end{equation}\nwhere $\\vec{v}_c$ is the system center of mass velocity; $\\vec{v}_1$ is the total velocity of particle 1; $\\dot\\theta\\vec{k}$ is the angular velocity around an axis perpendicular to the $(x,y)$ plane; $\\times$ is the cross product operator ;and $\\vec{e}_r$ is the radial vector along the massless rod.\nWe know that particle 1 cannot have a vertical velocity because of the assumption of an inelastic collision.", "512" ], [ "So the equation above becomes:\n\\begin{equation} \\vec{v}c = \\vec{v}{1x} + \\dot\\theta\\vec{k} \\times \\frac{l}{2}\\vec{e}_r \\end{equation}\nwhere $\\vec{v}_{1x}$ is the horizontal velocity of particle 1. By developing the above equation, we end up with:\n\\begin{equation} \\vec{v}c = \\vec{v}{1x} + \\frac{l\\dot\\theta\\sqrt{2}}{4} \\left( -\\vec{i} + \\vec{j} \\right) \\end{equation}\nNow, if the system center of mass does not move horizontally, that means that the horizontal component of its velocity has to be zero. Consequently, in the above equation:\n\\begin{equation} \\vec{v}_{1x} - \\frac{l\\dot\\theta\\sqrt{2}}{4}\\vec{i} = 0 \\end{equation}\nand since the vertical velocity of particle 1 is simply zero, then:\n\\begin{equation} \\vec{v}_{1} = \\frac{l\\dot\\theta\\sqrt{2}}{4}\\vec{i} \\end{equation}\nFinding the velocity of particle 2\nThe velocity of particle 2 can now be simply calculated as:\n\\begin{equation} \\vec{v}_2 = \\vec{v}_1 + \\dot\\theta\\vec{k} \\times l\\vec{e}_r \\end{equation}\nand by developing the above equation :\n\\begin{equation} \\vec{v}_2 = \\frac{l\\dot\\theta\\sqrt{2}}{2} \\left( -\\frac{1}{2}\\vec{i} + \\vec{j} \\right) \\end{equation}", "804" ] ]

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[ [ "Recent troubles rock the historical Kano Kingdom in northern Nigeria · Global Voices\nThe Emir of Kano, <PERSON>, at Durbar Festival celebrating Eid in June 2018, Kano, Nigeria. Photo by <PERSON> via Wikimedia: CC BY-SA 4.0.\nThe Kingdom of Kano in northern Nigeria is in trouble.\nGovernor <PERSON> of Kano State in northwestern Nigeria, has decided to split Kano Emirate into five distinct territories, breaking up a kingdom that has existed before the age of governors for nearly 1,000 years.\nDating back to the year 999 as one of Nigeria’s largest kingdoms, Kano played a central role in trans-Sahara commercial routes. Kano is home to a remarkable museum that holds ancient relics in a prominent palace, and Nigerians often gather for festivals and exhibitions.\n<PERSON>’s decision to split this ancient kingdom under his governance is tied to a political tug-of-war between himself, Kano’s former governor, <PERSON> and the current king, 57-year-old Emir <PERSON> , the 58th Emir (King) to date — appointed by <PERSON> before his term ended.\nOnce political allies, <PERSON> and <PERSON> became rivals after <PERSON> took office in 2015, and now his decision to split <PERSON>’s kingdom is, according to some, an act of revenge against the emir, his rival <PERSON>'s pick.\nThis adverse situation has disturbed the unity among Kano Kingdom households who have gotten along for centuries.\nCounting from the unification in 927, the British Monarchy is about 1,092 years old. Kano Kingdom was founded in 999, 1,020 years old.\nWhile the Brits will do all to uphold the dignity of their royal heritage, Nigeria is dismantling its own heritage over petty politics. Thread.\n— <PERSON> (@AyoBankole) May 8, 2019\nOn May 10, the courts instructed <PERSON> to halt the appointment ceremony of the new kings, but he defied the court and executed the division anyway, claiming he was carrying out the orders of the state legislature .\nSeveral palace officials decried Governor <PERSON>’s actions, calling it a distortion of a working model for governance in Kano and northern Nigeria. <PERSON> said he did not obey the court order because it came after the appointment of the new emirs in each of the five distinct sub-kingdoms: Kano, Rano, Karaye, Gaya and Bichi.\nHowever, on May 15, the court ordered a return to the status quo pending the hearing of the suit against the appointment of the new emirs.\nMany Kano residents, depressed by the division, said Governor <PERSON> is playing politics in diminishing the famous Kano Kingdom.\nThe Emir of Kano on his throne, September 2016.", "1017" ], [ "Photo by <PERSON> via Wikimedia: CC BY-SA 4.0.\nPolitical rivalry\nCurrent Governor <PERSON> worked as deputy governor to <PERSON> twice between 2011 and 2015.\nWhen <PERSON> was about to leave office, he called on <PERSON> as his deputy to run in the 2015 election. But since <PERSON> took office, <PERSON> has accused him of not being loyal, although <PERSON> denies these charges.\nDuring Nigeria’s 2019 presidential election, <PERSON> strategized to prevent <PERSON> from taking on a second term, but <PERSON> prevailed.\n<PERSON> has expressed hostility toward <PERSON> for supporting <PERSON>’s favored candidate, <PERSON>, of the People’s Democratic Party, during the 2019 election.\nThe two rivals have challenged each other with political blackmail through their supporters. <PERSON> has revoked all <PERSON>’s projects that he started as governor.\n<PERSON>’s move to split the kingdom is revenge against <PERSON>’s partisanship and another way to show disdain for <PERSON>.\nHe says the five new territories would operate as Kano’s sub-domains within Kano State. Jurisdiction for these territories would fall under <PERSON> — instead of King <PERSON>.\nA history of kingmakers\nBefore 1903, kingmakers determined the pick of Kano kings through family lineage. But with Europe’s widening influence in West Africa, ruling governors were given the power to choose kings beginning in 1903. Even though a prevailing democratic governor oversees Kano’s Emirate Council, it usually complies with ancestral customs of the kingdom.", "1017" ] ]

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[ [ "Howdy all. So I'm a pretty big Dominant Species fan and was very excited when I heard that DS would get all new artwork in the 3rd printing. My set came yesterday and I immediately took it out, compared against the 2nd ed, and played a game to see the new pieces in action. Here are my thoughts:\nI'm going to take a minute to acknowledge the whole artwork debate here for a second. Games are personal things, they are labors of love and BGG gives us the very unique chance to discuss them with the artist. Knowing that makes it very difficult for me to pass judgement on things like art quality because I know that I am basically telling someone \"You aren't good at a thing\" to their face. I have tried to stay out of the DS artwork debates here for that very reason. In this review I will do my best to focus on the FUNCTIONAL changes brought around by the new artwork and will keep value judgements firmly in the realm of \"My taste\". That is, I recognize what kind of artwork resonates for me doesn't resonate for everybody. This means that I am not going to say any artwork before or after was bad, just that I prefer one over the other.\nThere, got that out of the way. On to the bits. Please excuse my lousy off-kilter pictures.\nHexes\nFunctional improvements include far easier to read text and scoring values right on the hex itself. These are tremendously helpful. The change from 'Terrain Tile' to \"Wanderlust Tile' is subtle but positive in my opinion. Now the tile is directly tied to the action itself. More importantly, the back of the tile matches the gameboard and no actual terrain tiles. The old terrain tile looked a good deal like the desert and on a quick glance could easily be confused as still being available. With these new backs it is clear which tiles are available for selection. I'm a big fan of the new artwork on each piece; it is high resolution and vibrant.", "386" ], [ "The mountain and jungle hexes in particular are quite detailed. What's more, everything really pops on the new white board.\nCards\nthe dark backgrounds with the light text makes readability trivial. The different coloring for the Ice Age card sets it apart from all the rest. Beyond that the artwork is absolutely beautiful on the new cards. I enjoy that many of them took their inspiration from the original DS cards.\nelements\nThe changes to the elements are subtle but important. Each element has a slightly redesigned icon and a dark boarder. While the images are very much the same the coloring is far bolder than before. This helps with gameplay quite a bit as the elements stand out against the hexes better than before.\nPlayer's Aids\nNot a lot of differences here. You've lost the unique backgrounds from the original players aids (each species had a different background) and have replaced it with the same ice themed background on each. I do like how the color-coded speciation text stands out against the background a little better, but aside from that, few differences.\nThe Board\nGetting past the artwork itself the board is much improved from a functional perspective. Going to a ice themed background lightens the board considerably which makes text, particularly that in the bonus points table and the scoring track, far easier to read. Black on white text or white with a drop shadow really pops from across the table. Notice how much more the reset phase text or the action title text (Initiative/Adaptation/etc) stands out. I tend to think the eyeball logo looks a little out of place now but that's a personal taste issue.\nAll in all I am a huge fan of the update. I know it's a bit of a holy war here, but I think that a number of changes were made for playability as much as anything else. As far as my personal tastes are concerned, I love the new vibrant artwork. It is a far cry from the minimalist design, but it also isn't so busy that you lose your pieces on the tiles. Not even the green one on the savanna or the blue ones on the wetlands. It all just works and was clearly the effort of not just an artist, but a solid graphic designer. Completely worth the upgrade in my opinion.", "336" ] ]

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[ [ "Hanging Leather Planter\nIntroduction: Hanging Leather Planter\nIn the spring, all nature comes to life. And despite the remaining snowdrifts outside the window, it's time to put the houseplants in order.\nMy wife recently transplanted an overgrown shoot of her favorite orchid into a new larger pot. The problem is that our flower rack holds a limited number of flowers, strictly according to the number of areas it has. And there were a little more flowers.\nBut I figured out how to save the situation and made a hanging leather orchid planter. Moreover, the location of the various areas just makes it easy to link.\nThe manufacturing process is quite simple and very exciting, as you assemble the constructor :) Try it!\nStep 1: Materials & Tools\nFor and manufacturing we need:\n1. A flower pot with a saucer - will not be damaged during the work :)\n2. Metal ring with an inner diameter of about 40mm\n3. Metal ring with an inner diameter of about 15mm\n4. Metal triangle with side about 15mm\n5. Ruler\n6. Awl\n7. Grinding knife\n8. Just a sharp knife (or rotary)\n9. Round punches 2mm and 8mm diameter\n10. Beveller 1mm\n11. Rivets - I have a 7mm head\n12.", "389" ], [ "Leather. I took vegetable tanned 2mm thickness\n13. Protective agent for skin and brush for application. I took Elixir from Kenda. It practically does not change the color and texture of the skin and quite well helps from water\n14. 6mm diameter rope (optional)\nStep 2: Marking Up the Straps\nWe need to mark three strips 25mm wide.\nThe length of the strips depends on the selected pot. I have a pot about 110mm high and 150mm in diameter at its widest point.\nWith such dimensions, the length of each strip should be 500-550mm. We'll cut off the excess later :)\nStep 3: Cut Strips\nWe cut the strips carefully and without haste.\nThe sharper the knife, the neater strips will come out. Rotary knives are generally very good for straight cutting.\nStep 4: Marking the Ring\nUsing a flower pot as a reference, mark how long we need a strip.\nThe strip should wrap around the top (wider) part of the pot. It is also worth considering that the strip itself should overlap by about 15-20mm.\nStep 5: Thining\nCarefully cut the strip according to the mark made in the previous step.\nSo that the overlap is not conspicuous, you need to thin the ends of the strip.\nThin the left and right edges by approximately the width of the overlap. For the process to go neatly and easily, the knife must be very sharp.\nImportant: on the one hand, we thin the front side of the skin, and on the other - the back side!\nStep 6: Hole Marking\nWe mark the places for the holes.\nFirst, mark the holes along the edges. When you connect them, we get a ring.\nThen we divide the distance between them into 4 equal segments.\nStep 7: Punching Holes\nWe punch all the holes marked in the last step. Diameter 2mm.\nStep 8: Divide in Half\nWe carefully divide the remaining two stripes in half.\nThus, we have 4 strips of about 250 mm in length.\nStep 9: Rounding the Corners\nRound off the corners on one side of each strip. This side will be attached to the metal ring.\nStep 10: Thining\nThin the reverse side of the skin where the rounding was made, 15-20 mm is enough.\nThis is necessary so that there is no large protrusion at the bottom.\nStep 11: Bottom Holes\nMark the holes at a distance of 10 mm and 50 mm from the rounded edge. This distance is quite enough when using materials similar to mine.\nAlternative: Try one strip on a large metal ring, mark in place. Transfer the markings to the remaining strips.\nPunch holes 2 mm in diameter.\nStep 12: Temporary Assembly\nWe assembly the cross from a metal ring and leather strips.\nWe connect everything with rivets or screws, but do not fasten it tightly, since this is a test assembly, it is only needed for fitting.\nStep 13: Marking the Cross\nUsing the pot as a reference, mark on one strip the place where the leather ring will pass and where to make holes for the suspension.\nWe disassemble the crosspiece into separate elements.\nStep 14: Marking the Cross Strips\nWe transfer the markup from the previous step to all other strips.", "421" ] ]

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[ [ "The answers above are fairly comprehensive, so I will just add a point by way of analogy which I think gives an intuition for why physicists (and scientists in general) prefer simpler theories and tend to be more inclined to believe they are somehow fundamentally correct if they give the right predictions.\nIt is common in science to have to perform \"curve fitting\", where one has many sets of measurements (to give a concrete example, let's say we have 50 measurements of the force between two newly discovered particles and the distance between them), generally with some noise and measurement error, and must determine how well they agree with some model. In our example, we might have a model of force where $F(r) = \\frac{a}{r^2}$. Here we have a single parameter, $a$, so we have to answer two questions - which value of $a$ makes the model best fit our measured data, and once we've found it, how well does it fit? Usually it won't fit perfectly even if the model was correct because the measurements are never perfect, but generally the better the fit the more confident we can be in the model. We may compare two models by asking which can be made to better fit data.\nHowever we must be careful with this line of reasoning, because of a phenomena called \"overfitting\". Let's say someone else comes along and claims that the force is described by a 100th degree polynomial, i.e. $F(r) = a_{100}r^{100} + a_{99}r^{99} + a_{98}r^{98} + ... + a_2r^2 + a_1r^1 + a_0r^0$.", "484" ], [ "As it turns out, given any set of $n$ pairs of measurements, we can perfectly fit that data with an $n$th degree polynomial, so that means our 100th degree polynomial can be perfectly fitted to our 50 measurements.\nBut obviously this doesn't mean the model is correct, in the case of our two new particles, because we could have always fit those data-points regardless of the underlying physics. This is known as \"overfitting\". This is also why most judgements of how well a model agrees with data don't just account for how closely it fits, but how many degrees of freedom the model had to fiddle with.\nIn general when discussing physical theories we may not have lots of easy to count numerical parameters. Whether one theory or the other has greater or fewer metaphorical parameters is non-obvious, and two theories where one seems more complicated may turn out to be mathematically, or even conceptually identical. Thus physicists are forced to rely on an intuitive sense of \"elegance\", a gut feeling that says a theory is \"simple\", \"inevitable\", that it is either right or wrong and can't be easily modified to fit observations that disagree slightly. I believe <PERSON> once summed up the feeling when he said something like \"You can't put imperfections on a perfect thing, you have to come up with a new perfect thing instead\". Perhaps one day we will figure out how to quantify this idea, but for now we're stuck with our guts.", "484" ] ]

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[ [ "Land of Bad\n5:00 pm\nTitle of Bad\nNot as bad as I expected. Not necessarily a good movie, I was just entertained as hell watching this dad movie. They can’t keep making these dad movies it’s cheating. Dad movies know how to entertain me. Even when they’re not very good. To give this credit, it’s competent. I was expecting the filmmaking to be way worse. I really love that the villain gets a proper beatdown.", "241" ], [ "So many movies have the villain just get shot once and that’s the end. This movie they beat the fucking shit out of the bad guy and it’s so satisfying. The thing that really holds me back from saying it’s a good movie is because of how bad the dialogue is whenever the characters are casually talking about not important things. <PERSON> did not do that great of a job, especially when he has to (or at least) show emotion. There’s also a lot of stupid far fetched things in this movie. The thing that really carries this movie for me is that it’s just pretty entertaining. It’s not a very good movie but it’s an entertaining one. For that reason I can’t confidently give it a definitively good score. I was expecting to say Movie of Bad, but I turned out to not actually hate this.", "217" ] ]

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[ [ "Return to the 36th Chamber\nThis is just extremely far from what I expected so that fact kind of hindered my experience quite a bit, but YIKES this was disappointing. The shift of tone and the changes done from the first movie are a bit too drastic for me to really get into this movie, but even humor and action wise this just fell flat for me at basically every turn.", "292" ], [ "The characters are just really just weirdly uninteresting and unfunny and the main conflicts of the film feel extremely forcrd. The 2nd half gets slightly better but at that point it's just too late for it to be really engaging. Sorry this review is so weird I'm just extremely dissapointed with this film and I don't really want to talk about this movie.", "457" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Make Stacked Stones at Home\nIntroduction: How to Make Stacked Stones at Home\nStacked stones can get costly, I love the look of it and I think it would make for an awesome feature wall or at an entrance. They are versatile and be used indoors and outdoors projects. In this post, I will cover the steps to making your own stacked stones.\nWant to make your own Stacked stones?\nFollow the steps below.\nSupplies\nMaterials\n* Stacked Stone “Concrete Molds”\n* Cement All\n* Cement Coloring\n* Gloves\n* Dust Mask\n* Drill\n* Cement mixer Mixer (Mixing tool)\n* Set Control “Cement Curing slowing down”\n* Water 5 quarts “Per bag or a 4 to 1 mix”\n* Cement trowel\nTools Used\nGloves https://homedepot.sjv.io/5DoOn\nRidgid Drill / Driver- https://homedepot.sjv.io/qGWxb\nDust Mask https://amzn.to/2l9FW2u\nCement trowel\n5-gallon bucket https://homedepot.sjv.io/jGrDZ\nStep 1: Getting Started\nBefore taking on a large project, I would recommend trying out some samples first to get a feel for the process of making faux stones. As I mentioned in the video, just about any cement mix could work for these. If you want to produce this fast, I will recommend a fast-setting cement-like Rapid set. Rapid set is a more expensive option, but I have had excellent results. That’s a decision you have to make, how long are you willing to wait.\nThe “Cement All Mix” I used, cures with an off-white look to it, I think this makes it easier to aim for the color tones you may want. Whereas, other cement will cure with a gray look.\nI emptied a bag of cement mix into a bucket, then add water. To slow down the working time of the fast-setting cement, I added a pack set control to the water before pouring it into the cement mix.\nNote: When working with Rapid Set, it’s essential to mix well, so I would recommend mixing in a 5-gallon bucket. With other cement, you can use a mixing tub.\nStep 2: Mixing the Cement\nAfter pouring the water into the mix, use a mixing tool when working with the “Cement All“.", "353" ], [ "For other cement mixes, a shovel is fine. Mix the cement thoroughly, and scrape the walls of the bucket and the bottom. You can use a corded or cordless drill for this, just set the speed to one for a slower RPM.\nStep 3: Pouring Cement Into the Molds\nNow, it’s time to pour the mix into the cement molds, I found that it was less messy to add a small amount of concrete at a time, rather than pouring it out of the bucket. Next, level the cement to the lip of the mold to leave a flat surface. Make sure you are working on a flat surface.\nNote: Vibrate the mold to release trapped bubbles. You can do this by lightly lifting and dropping it on the work surface; this will also self-level it.\nI also experimented with color here are a few options.\nStep 4: Popping the Cement Mold\nIf you want to try the “Cement All mix” as the chemicals work to cure the concrete, it will generate some heat after about 15 minutes or so. You can water it down to keep it cool. With other cement mixes this is not necessary. The Cement All seem to be high maintenance, but I think it is growing on me.\nAfter about 35 minutes I heard the concrete separating from the molds, so if you hear some crackling noise, it’s nothing to worry about. I removed the mold around the 40-minute mark, I also continued to spray it down with water in a bottle.\nStep 5: Done\nI think working with these Stacked Stone molds could open up a world opportunity. Experiment with different colors and different cement to find out which one makes sense for you.\nHere are some other models of cement molds that can make awesome faux stones.\n* Flagstone: https://amzn.to/2lHTNgM\n* Stone mold https://amzn.to/2lI3POZ", "353" ] ]

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[ [ "I think there is the issue of what satisfies humans? Not only will this change with time but everyone wants something different and in many cases something that makes one person happy directly makes another unhappy. Instead of having the AI try and make humans happy or satisfied it should instead be used to ensure the survival of our species.\nThere are many ways the human species can die off. A simple asteroid hitting earth, the sun's inevitable death, there might even be another intelligent species that made an AI that decided to turn the entire universe into paperclips or whatever it is they use to hold their documents together. The point being as happy as the AI could make us there will be no one to make happy if humans are all dead.\nThere are infinite ways you can try and tell the AI to follow rules but all it takes is one exception or bug and you have a big problem. Any true AI we create would be able to create increasingly intelligent versions of itself and would quickly outstrip the combined intelligence of every human on this planet.", "64" ], [ "One of our first rules in that case should be for the AI to minimize its size and used resources while maximizing its intelligence and awareness of the universe. This would atleast prevent the AI from simply expanding as fast as possible to increase its intelligence and result in the smallest impact on the universe as it does expand.\nWhile the AI is increasing its knowledge and awareness of the universe it should use this to indirectly protect and preserve the human species. We do not want the AI to become apart of our everyday lives. Unless we can teach a machine what it is to be human and then agree upon its conclusions it would not be safe to try and have it maximize any sort of happiness for us, the chances of us all ending up in some sort of virtual fantasy land or drugged out of our minds to \"optimize\" happiness is just not worth the risk.\nWhat we want in the end is an AI that we hardly know exists. It prevents extinction and lets humans continue to be Human. I for one prefer the Red Pill.", "64" ] ]

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[ [ "The magnetic pendulum model\nI'm reading about this thing called the magnetic pendulum experiment, and I got curious about the equations of motion governing it. Essentially, imagine a pendulum whose bob is made of a magnetic metal and placed above some magnets. See this video for the actual experiment. I've seen this equation for the bob's acceleration when looking it up:\n$\\begin{align} m\\ddot{\\mathbf{x}} = \\sum_j \\frac{\\mathbf{r}_j}{(h^2 + \\mathbf{r}_j \\cdot \\mathbf{r}_j)^{3/2}} - g\\mathbf{x} - \\mu\\dot{\\mathbf{x}} \\end{align}$\nIn this equation:\n* $\\mathbf{x}$ is the position of the pendulum bob in the x-y coordinate plane. (The bob is assumed to be locked to a plane some fixed height above the plane the magnets lie on.)\n* $\\mathbf{r}_j$ is the distance between the bob's position and that of the $j$th magnet, i.e. $\\mathbf{r}_j := \\mathbf{x}_j - \\mathbf{x}$, where $\\mathbf{x}_j$ is the center of the $j$th magnet.\n* $h$ is the height of the bob above the magnets.\n* $g$ is the kickback force of the pendulum (think <PERSON>'s law).\n* $\\mu$ is friction/air resistance.\n* $m$ is the bob's mass.\n* We assume the magnets are of equal strength.\nI'm trying to understand this equation and I understand most of it. From what I understand, the $-g\\mathbf{x}$ term comes from <PERSON>'s law, and describes the force restoring the pendulum back to its state of rest.", "782" ], [ "The $\\mu\\dot{\\mathbf{x}}$ term just damps the velocity. We put it all together using <PERSON>'s second law.\nHowever, I don't understand why the denominator in the summation is raised to the power of $\\frac{3}{2}$. This source says it's to eliminate the vertical component from what is obviously a distance formula in the equation, but I don't see why that is. From what I understand, magnetic force obeys <PERSON>'s law, which is essentially a type of inverse square law. I've read it has something to do with dipoles and an inverse-cube law. Is this true?\nI asked this on Math Stack Exchange and didn't really get an answer, and someone suggested that I post it here. Please try to keep in mind that I don't know too much about electromagnetics. Thanks for your help.", "483" ] ]

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[ [ "While the Four-Point Spell tells <PERSON> where North is, he also has other important pieces of information:\n* the maze occupies the area of the Quidditch Pitch (an oval 500 feet long and a 180 feet wide)\n* the goal is to reach the center of the maze\nHow does he use this information?\n1. At the get-go <PERSON> knows the distance from his position to the cup (of course, the other champions know this too).\nFor example, if the champions enter the maze from South and the longer axis of the pitch runs N-S <PERSON> knows that the cup is 250 feet North (this is probably not the case, but bear with me).\n1. Now, <PERSON> need to keep track of the distance he travels in the North-South direction and in the East-West direction:\nFor every step he is forced to take East or West, he knows he will have to later take a step in the opposite direction.\nMoving North decreases his distance from the cup; should he move North more than 250 feet, he would have to start moving South when possible.\n1.", "300" ], [ "Every time he meets a fork, he can make a decision according to the cup's relative position (i.e. choosing the path that seems to go in the direction of the cup, or avoiding the one going in a completely different direction).\nIn order to have an (approximate) idea of the length he is walking, he can either count his steps or look at the end of the \"segment\" and estimate that distance (being a Quidditch player, he is probably quite good at it).\nHowever, knowing the cup is currently 50 feet West and 20 feet South would have no use if he didn't know anymore where West and South are due to all the turns he took.\nVice versa, knowing where North is would not give him a clue if he didn't know the direction of the cup. So, the spell is a helpful tool, but it is not enough to guide <PERSON> effortlessly to the cup (otherwise, it would probably be considered cheating).\nBottom line:\nThe Four-Point Spell tells <PERSON> in which direction he is moving, so that he can correctly update his mental record of the cup's relative position.", "300" ] ]

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[ [ "My history. 2 player, my wife <PERSON> and I. 6 games total. All losses. Tonight, I took my accumulated knowledge from BGG resolved to play better AND have fun. 2 player with expansion. We used all 4 Taoists controlling 2 each. I resolved to take my time and try some new stuff. Starting with red move-other-player (MUCH better) and blue exorcise-AND-village (also MUCH better). For the first time tonight, <PERSON> hit the board. We did not have fun.\nWhat I love about the game. I love the theme. The art is terrific. I'm a big fan of co-operative games and I like the puzzle solving aspect. The different Taoist powers are clever, as are the villagers. I am sincerely motivated to beat it.\nWhat I don't love about the game: see below.\nDreadful rulebook. Let’s start at the beginning. I've read bad rule books. Lots of them. Goa? Massive suckage. Mall of Horror? So bad its kind of funny. But Ghost Stories takes the cake. It is one thing to be obscure, which it is. It is another thing to leave out how to handle important situations, which it does. What puts Ghost Stories in a special category are the contradictions that significantly effect play. Is there a difference between placing buddhas in any empty space and only adjacent empty spaces? Yes. What about the difference in reduce pips to 1 and by 1? Huge. The worst part: the rules contradictions are so significant that they undermine my confidence in the forum.\nUncertainty in the forum. I love BGG.", "118" ], [ "When someone is having problems (like me), the community rallies and really goes above and beyond to help out. Moreso with Ghost Stories. The fans in this forum are really great about posting helpful hints all the way to full blow by blow sessions. It really is amazing. But here's my problem. Confusion in the rules leads to a lack of confidence in the forum. I've read threads where people come out and say \"I kick the ass out of Ghost Stories regularly\" or \"Here is what you are doing wrong\". Sometimes, the people confidently sharing their experience realize that they had been playing incorrectly. I just don't know if I can trust what people are writing and I don't blame anyone (except the publisher) because the rules are so misleading. Is this person using the same ruleset as I am? Are they playing it right? Am I playing it right? It's like when I tried to play Descent with 2 players. I'd say, this game doesn't work as written and here's why I think this. People would write back and say, well it’s a great game IF you select the strongest characters, or IF the overlord plays more like a friendly DM, or IF you play with our house rules IF, IF, IF... I lost faith in that forum because I had no idea whether I was playing the same game as everyone else. I really do want the help and people are so generous but I just can't shake the nagging lack of confidence that everyone is playing by the same rules. That stinks.\nDifficulty is imposed on you. The initiation level is insanely difficult. There is a variant for reducing difficulty but the rules make a point of actively discouraging you from taking the help. Thanks.\nThe game is too long for recurring failure. Our games are taking an hour to an hour and a half to play. That is a long time in my otherwise busy life. I could be playing Guitar Hero!!! The failure and pain is constant like an hour of groin kicks on America’s \"Funniest\" Home Videos.\nOverwhelming randomness. For a puzzle game, some randomness is essential to generate a varied experience. In GS however, the random elements are just too dominant and obtrusive. The color dice are too unreliable, the curse die can cause dramatic swings, the card order is huge, some bosses seems much tougher than others, the pattern of the village tiles matters, and even the order and powers of the Taoists seems to make a significant difference. GS is a huge teetering pile of random crap with chaos shoe-horned in at every opportunity. Too much randomness diminishes the significance of your actions and dissolves the illusion of free will.\nPlans are transient and meaningless. We would generate little plans. Red will do this, ooh and then green can do this, and ah yes, then blue will then be able to finish that big four black tormentor! Yeah that'll work. The problem is that your planning is a delusion and doesn’t make any difference.", "884" ] ]

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[ [ "Canidae All Life Stages\nHello, I have looked up some threads but they are all so old that I am sure the recipes have changed since.\nI just changed my dogs to Canidae from Purina Pro Plan. (I am fine with Purina but my border collie's poos were way too hard and he started having issues with colitis so I decided to try something new.)\nI am just wondering on recent opinions, experiences with Canidae all life stages food.\nFor me it is really great on my budget with three large dogs, but I still want to make sure they are getting a good food.\nMy border collie has had better poos with it, so so far I am happier with it, but my labernese is actually getting harder poos and hers were perfect on purina so I am of course just going back and forth on if I should find something different.\nI had great experiences in the past with Zignature and was thinking of going back to that but of course that is a huge increase in cost VS Canidae, but pretty close to the same as Purina Pro Plan now that they charge an arm and a leg as well.\nThanks!", "63" ] ]

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[ [ "Baltimore\nA lot of disparate elements that I really liked but never feels like it comes together, while certain choices seem gratingly self conscious.\nThe film works best when it plays into the enigma of its central character but too many times it undermines this and presents things in ways which feel too obvious. Flashback scenes of student revolution are awkwardly staged with dialogue which knocks you over the head.", "269" ], [ "The supporting cast feels very underwritten and seem very much to be an afterthought, As much as an actor of <PERSON> calibre might try.\n<PERSON> is good and embodies the contradictions of her character nervy, angry, arrogant and unsettlingly calm, all at once.\nThe score is great, in many ways it is the film, without it I’m not sure if it works at all.\nOne nitpick. Throughout the film the <PERSON> refer to Northern Ireland as well… Northern Ireland. As any one from Northern Ireland can attest they almost certainly would never call it that, it would be “The North of Ireland”, small difference but stuck out like a sore thumb at times for me.", "909" ] ]

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[ [ "I'd require a signature count equal to 5% of the affected population before a policy can come up for debate.\nThis allows anyone with a good idea to market and garner support for their idea prior to subjecting it to a vote. If they have a very hard time getting anyone to sign the initial petition, they can refine it until it's acceptable, or they'll eventually give up. If it's a good idea, and has a shot at being made law, 5% shouldn't be a hard number to come up with.\nOnce it makes the initial cut, a waiting period to publicize the proposal is put in effect. I'd think no more than a month. This allows the people to debate the law, without waiting a ridiculous amount of time to where people simply forget that it was even on the ballot.\nAfter the waiting period, the vote is held in which an affirmative Quorum of the affected population has to be reached in order for the law to be passed.", "161" ], [ "If it fails, it has to start the process entirely over again.\nBy requiring some leg work ahead of time, it prevents the population from being inundated with having to vote on every crackpot idea, but prevents law making from being out of the hands of the common person. IMO only letting lawyers write laws is why our legal system in the US is so convoluted.\nBy requiring a Quorum to pass the vote, it prevents special interests from simply buying 5k signatures and then keeping a vote quiet to prevent naysayers from voting. With a Quorum, even if they buy off the initial signatures, they still have to convince a real majority of the population to approve of their idea, not just a majority of the ones that show up to the polls.\n--\nThis kind of \"keep the vote quiet so only people who we like show up\" is a common tactic in the state I grew up in. They passed taxes for raises for certain government workers by only telling the government workers that would get the raise that the vote was even happening. One such election had a little over 100 voters turn out to pass a tax that was levied against 60k+ people.", "161" ] ]

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[ [ "Tajik Parliament Plans to Monitor Citizens Who Visit ‘Undesirable’ Websites · Global Voices\nIndependence monument in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Photo by <PERSON> via Flickr (CC BY-ND 2.0)\nSecurity services in Tajikistan will soon have the right to monitor citizens’ online activities, by keeping detailed records of SMS and mobile messages, social media comments, and anyone who visits “undesirable” websites.\nThis week, the parliamentarians passed legislation that grants the country's security services the right to monitor and control citizens’ online activities, as part of a set of amendments to existing criminal law.\nThese have not yet been made public, but local news website Asia Plus has obtained some details from experts and parliamentarians. According to the website, two special cyber security units in the Ministry of Internal Affairs will be responsible for following Tajiks online.\nLocal MP <PERSON> told Asia Plus that for an “inappropriate comment,” a commenter can be fined. Comments considered damaging to someone's personal honor or undermining national security can be punished with a jail term of two years or more. What exactly qualifies as an “undesirable website” or an “inappropriate comment” is not clear.\nA prominent supporter of the legislation is <PERSON>, who in addition to being the president's daughter, serves as his chief of staff and as a senator in the Majlisi Milli, the upper house of the country’s parliament.\nTajik MP <PERSON> first introduced the amendments and justified the call by claiming, without offering evidence, that more than 80% of Tajiks who have internet access visit “undesirable websites belonging to extremists and terroristic organizations.”\nInternet technology expert <PERSON> told RFERL's Tajik service that <PERSON>'s claim might have stemmed from a very basic misunderstanding. In one recent conference held in the capital Dushanbe, a speaker said that “80% of Tajik members of ISIS [the fundamentalist militant group that controls pockets of territory in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan] have been recruited by others, including via the Internet.”\nThose are two very different statistics, but MP <PERSON> was quick to offer a solution to what he sees as an internet out of control.\nReacting to the news, Facebook users expressed concerns over how “undesirable websites” might be determined:\nБез опубликованного списка могут интерпретировать что угодно. Зайдешь на сайт, выйдешь.", "148" ], [ "А кто-то после тебя там напишет что-то новое а ты там был…\nWithout a public list [of websites] they can interpret [undesirable] however they want. You visit a site and leave it. But afterwards the website might publish something new, and you were there.\nThe legislation also represents a shift in strategy for the Tajik government, which has historically opted to censor controversial websites and services. Now, rather than preventing citizens from accessing online materials, they will use these sites as vehicles for monitoring citizens’ activities.\nIndeed, for several years, Tajikistan periodically blocked access to popular social media, such as Russian Odnoklassniki and VKontakte, Facebook, YouTube, and local top news websites. These sites were usually blocked around times of heightened political tension or public unrest, such as military clashes in some parts of country. YouTube was blocked for a week in 2013 after a video of President <PERSON> dancing at his son's wedding went viral.\nAfter a few weeks or months, access was typically restored amid international pressure. But in more recent years, all these websites were blocked wholesale, for no apparent or specific reason.\nThe government rarely admits that it orders web blocking, but internet service providers have repeatedly confirmed regular ‘verbal’ orders from authorities.\nThe constant lack of access to social and news platforms has led to widespread use of virtual private networks that have become the main means by which Tajik netizens access blocked websites, and especially social media.\nBut with the government's new legislation, this may change.", "148" ] ]

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[ [ "How can I prevent fleas on my cat when I work in a storage unit? I currently have her on revolution plus.\nHi I work at a storage unit full time. Just recently I discovered fleas/flea dirt on my kitten and I treated her with revolution plus ever since. I don't know if I got it from my coworker who a said his bf had pets that had fleas or I got them from work.", "311" ], [ "But I know storage units can be a big risk for fleas. I currently bag my clothes and change in the car to new clothes everytime I enter the house as well as change shoes and shower before enteracting with my cat. What further steps can I take to stop her from getting fleas as far as what im don't right now.", "601" ] ]

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[ [ "Use Paint Washes to Help Details Stand Out in Clay\nIntroduction: Use Paint Washes to Help Details Stand Out in Clay\nIf you only work in polymer or air dry clay and are not a paint artist, you might not know what a wash is, BUT YOU SHOULD.\nWhy? Because a paint wash can really bring depth to your creation. It is a well-known fact in the miniature game figures world that a black wash is the easiest way to bring out detail on small mini figures. You can use black washes, too, and I am going to show you how important they can be.\nSupplies\n1. Acrylic paint in black or dark browns (of course it depends on your sculpture what color you want to use, but dark colors work best)\n2. Water\n3. Paint brush\n4. Paper towels or a soft cloth\nFigures that have already been sculpted/painted ( I have a stylized leaf and a tiny <PERSON> head I made while doodling around one day).\nWorkspace.\nStep 1: The Figures\nHere are the two figures I am using to show this method. One is a simple piece, a green leaf, and we will be using the first technique with it. The other piece, the Gandalf head, has many more tiny lines and details, and we will be using the second technique for it.\nStep 2: Technique #1\nI paint the clay, making sure the paint goes into the details. Then I wait until the paint gets mostly dry.\nWith a soft cloth or paper towel, I go over the surface of the piece, just enough to take off the paint on the raised surfaces. This leaves the details filled in dark.\nIf the paint doesn't want to come off as much as you want, wet the paper towel a little bit and then wipe off more paint in the same way as before. Do this until you have taken off as much paint as you want.\nThen I leave the piece to dry fully. I can do the wash again later if I decide I need to.\n*TIP: if you are using air dry clay, you will want to varnish your piece at least one coat before doing this so you don't damage the clay.\nStep 3: Technique #2\nThis is the method to use for pieces with more details.\nYou want to thin the paint a little bit with water so that it flows better to fill small details.\nI just add water carefully a tiny bit at a time.", "994" ], [ "I have found that super thin is actually not desirable, but neither is straight out of the bottle. Shoot for somewhere in the middle. You can always add more water, but you can't subtract it!\nOnce your paint is the thickness you want, you are ready to start painting.\nStep 4: Painting the Wash\nWith the brush, apply paint over the area you want the details to show up on. Make sure it goes into the details and doesn't miss them. I am starting with <PERSON>'s hat.\nOnce the whole hat is covered, I use the damp paper towel to dab off excess paint. When I am happy with the amount of paint, I continue on to another piece of the sculpture.\nA lot of the time I paint some on, dab some off, paint some on, dab some off until I think it looks pretty good.\nStep 5: Comparison\nThese are the same pieces, just one doesn't have a wash and the other one does.\nSee the difference?\nIt is a pretty good way to make details pop. It makes your sculpture much more eye catching and detailed than without.\nI hope this was helpful and you can use this information to better your clay.\nStep 6: More Examples\nHere are two more examples. The first, the rose, is a flat piece similar to the leaf.\nThe second is a more detailed piece. Once again, it is <PERSON>. This <PERSON> was a Christmas present for someone. He was the first tiny person I made that I tried to make detailed. The wash helped bring out the tiny pieces of his face and give his robes much more drama.\nI hope this technique helps you in your clay projects. Go clay today!", "994" ] ]

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[ [ "It's not my fault you couldn't read the receipt....\nThis just happened about 3 hours ago\nAt least 3 hours into my shift I start serving a customer (let's call her <PERSON>). In my store we can type a number, press multiply and scan one item through so it comes through as whatever number is typed (i.e if a customer wants 4 cans of beans, I would type '4x' then scan one of the cans through) and this is shown above the item I have scanned (e.g each can is 89p it would read '4 @ 89p'). This is important to the story.\n<PERSON> has a decent amount of items so a couple times I used the multiply method. <PERSON> pays and walks away from the register so I start serving the next customer.\nAs they leave, <PERSON> cuts in and looks mad.\n<PERSON>: you've charged me for 3 of these vinegars when I only bought 2.\nMe: can I take a look at your receipt?\n(<PERSON> shows me the receipt and points to '2 @ 99p' for the oven cleaner which is below this. I point this out to her)\n<PERSON>: you're wrong.", "468" ], [ "You've charged me for 3 and overcharged me. They were 49p not 99p!\nMe: ma'am the 2 thing isn't for the vinegar it's for the oven cleaner. See?\nAt this point <PERSON> keeps telling me I'm in the wrong. I also have a queue of customers lining up, a couple of them looking very baffled at <PERSON>.\n<PERSON> then proceeds to blame me for her mistake. I gave her the right answer and she didn't like it.\nMe: would you like me to call a manager?\n<PERSON>: yes please\nI then call a manager but at that point <PERSON>'s gone.\nShe had also told me apparently \"this\" was the reason her son left the store. I've never seen this woman in my life and I honestly doubt her son left here...\nTL/DR: <PERSON> needs to listen and check receipts", "329" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nThere's a wonderful visual gag early on that I thought was there just to skewer the vapid world of social media influencers, but in context with the rest of the film it also serves as a reminder to the viewer to keep on your toes.\nI tuned in hoping for another HOST or an UNFRIENDED-like experience, but this only dabbles with that sort of thing and is equally SCREAM and going on from there.\nAnd it's odd that this is yet another horror film I've seen in the very recent past that is playing with the \"killing dogs in genre films\" taboo. Seems to be a recent wave of that and I am glad to see it.", "645" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Make Wired Crystal Earrings\nIntroduction: How to Make Wired Crystal Earrings\nWhile I don't have a Youtube video for this one, I actually fell in love with these beads and have been wanting to make something with them for a while. I came up with these fun wire wrapped earrings. I had these Screw-back earrings that needed something special so I whipped up this little number. Literally took less than five minutes so lets get to crafting!\nI will have a future Youtube video on this, but currently, it is anon.\nSupplies\n* Crystal Beads\n* Earring jewelry pieces\n* matching jump rings\n* matching wire *the string is there in the picture for comparison*\nhardware\n* wire cutters or scissors\n* jewelry pliers\nEXTRA:\n* jewelry glue/ E6000\n* ruler\nStep 1: Picking Your Crystals\nIt's super important to know what size you want for your crystals. You don't want them to be too heavy for your ears. Otherwise how else are you going to wear them?\nStart this project by picking out the crystals that you like. They don't have to match but do make sure that you have two.\n*NOTE* If you feel adventurous in this step after making your first pair, feel free to do multiple crystals.\nStep 2: Step 2: Wire Length\nWith your crystals now chosen, it's time to add the piece that's going to hold them together: THE WIRE~!\nGrab your wire and measure a small length that can wrap around the crystal more than once.\nCut that two pieces of that length.\n*NOTE* It is totally okay to have too much wire. You can totally use a ruler here to make sure you have the exact measurement of wire.\nStep 3: Step 3: Wrapping It Like a Present\nTime to WRAP IT UP!\nSince mine are beads, it's a tad easier. If they're not just hold on.\nFor those that are using beads like I am. Follow this:\n1. String the wire through the crystal bead.\n2. Make the bead the center of the wire.\n3. Twist one end of the wire around the crystal bead.\n4. Twist the other end of the wire the opposite direction.\n5. Twist the two wires together at the top of the crystal.\nFor those who are using just crystals follow this:\n1. Find the middle point of your wire.\n2. Firmly press the wire into the crystal holding them together.\n3.", "972" ], [ "Use one side of the wire to wrap around the crystal to the top.\n4. Use the other side of the wire to wrap the opposite direction of the crystal to the top.\n5. Twist both wires together at the top of the crystal.\nIf you feel like the wire is a bit loose, add a tiny DROP of jewelry glue or E6000 to the bottom of the wire or any other connection points.\nStep 4: Step 4: Preparing Your Earrings\nI have screw-back earrings so they're different from normal fish hook earring hangers. Do not let this deter you from completion.\nAdd a jump ring to your earring.\nStep 5: OPTIONAL: SPIRAL CURLLY TAIL\nWith one of the wire tails, I decided to turn it into a spiral for extra flare. It's optional.\nThis is definitely a medium difficulty and takes a bit to get right.. but if you're up for the task. Lets go~\n1. Take one of the wires of the tail and curl it with needle-nose pliers.\n2. Twist it until it becomes a closed loop.\n3. Using the pliers hold the loop at the very tip and slowly press the wire around the loop: NOT the pliers.\n4. Release the little loop, rotate the loop slightly holding the curve in place, and grab it again with the pliers.\n5. Slightly press the wire again around the loop not crossing any of the current wire thats inside the pliers.\n6. Repeat steps 4-5 until you have used up all the wire.\nIf you've done it correctly you've created a spiral!!!\nStep 6: Add Your Crystal to the Earring Piece\nWe're almost done last step!!!\n1. With one of your tails bend it in the middle to make a hook.\nIf you want your earrings to be longer bend the wire more at the end.\n2. String the jump ring connected to the earring to the bent wire.\n3. Bend the wire back into the crystal.\n4. Stuck the wire into some of the existing wrapped wire or twist around the top of the crystal if you have enough length.\n5. Cut off the excess.\nStep 7: <PERSON> Would Be Proud~! You've Finished the Project!", "902" ] ]

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[ [ "Zimbabweans Mock Suspended Opposition Leader on Twitter · Global Voices\n<PERSON> with <PERSON> cutting the wedding cake at at the Glamis Arena. Photo used with permission from nehandaradio.com\nAs former Prime Minister <PERSON>’s Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) implodes amid infighting for the party leadership, Zimbabweans took to Twitter and found humour in what others have described as a “Greek tragedy.”\nRebels within the party led by MDC Secretary General <PERSON> suspended <PERSON> and other senior officials accusing them of resisting leadership change and failing to oust president <PERSON>. <PERSON> says that he is still the party leader.\nZimbabweans, who call themselves “<PERSON>”, had a field day suggesting titles for an imagined book about <PERSON>, and the wisecracks came fast and funny.\n<PERSON> started the Twitter conversation that inspired some creativity among Zimbabwe’s Twitter users with the challenge:\n#<PERSON> I dare u to come up with a #TitleforMorgansBook after ths mess @SirNige @263Chat @deltandou @CynicHarare @RangaMberi @ConorMWalsh\n— <PERSON> (@fingerray) April 30, 2014\nPlaying on both the movie “12 Years a Slave” and <PERSON>’s tenure at the helm of the MDC, <PERSON> tweeted:\n@phirimarko @SirNige @263Chat @deltandou @CynicHarare @RangaMberi @ConorMWalsh @nematombo @teldah @cchabikwa @ChrisNqoe 15 years a slave\n— <PERSON> (@fingerray) April 30, 2014\nHe wrote again:\n<PERSON> @SirNige @263Chat @deltandou @CynicHarare @RangaMberi @ConorMWalsh #titleformorgansbook They said I was like <PERSON>\n— <PERSON> (@jpmatenga) April 30, 2014\n<PERSON> suggested:\n@fingerray @263chat @cchabikwa @chrisnqoe @cynicharare @deltandou @phirimarko @rangamberi @sirnige @teldah “A Series of Unfortunate Events”\n— Conor Walsh (@ConorMWalsh) April 30, 2014\n<PERSON> wrote:\n<PERSON> @SirNige @263Chat @deltandou @CynicHarare @RangaMberi <PERSON> The Man Who Wouldn't be King\n— <PERSON> (@phirimarko) April 30, 2014\n@jpmatenga suggested a self help book:\n@fingerray @SirNige @263Chat @deltandou @CynicHarare @RangaMberi <PERSON> #titleformorgansbook how to lose friends in 10 days\n— <PERSON> (@jpmatenga) April 30, 2014\n@__The_Duke came up with:\n<PERSON> My Lifestory:From The Frying Pan To The Fire. #TitleforMorgansBook\n— Guzzler (@__The_Duke) April 30, 2014\n@George_Ruzv wrote:\n@deltandou @cchabikwa @fingerray @SirNige @263Chat @CynicHarare @RangaMberi @ConorMWalsh @TVYangu “The End.”\n— <PERSON> (@George_Ruzv) April 30, 2014\n@DeltaNdou joined in:\n@cchabikwa @fingerray @SirNige @263Chat @CynicHarare @RangaMberi @ConorMWalsh @TVYangu “Being the face of the struggle & butt of every joke”\n— <PERSON> (@deltandou) April 30, 2014\n@RickyEMarima wrote:\n@ConorMWalsh @263Chat @CynicHarare @deltandou @fingerray @RangaMberi @SirNige The Great Betrayal.", "424" ] ]

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[ [ "Colonizing the galaxy by slow boating reality check\nHumans like to explore and seem to have an almost instinctual need to expand. After spreading throughout the solar system and even into the Oort Cloud they decided that humanity should follow the robot probes out into the galaxy.\nWithout FTL, but having discovered a form of artificial gravity and having experience creating space habitats, they create a number of generation ships. These massive structures are initially given a population and crew of 30,000, with room to expand to 50,000, and each one has all the tools and manufacturing capabilities to make more generation ships and space habitats, along with the ability to terraform a planet.\nStrapping on a few large meteors with ice, minerals and other things they may need in an emergency, these ships slowly make their way to the nearest solar system. Slow being a little less than half the speed of light, thanks to getting a very large boost as they start their journey.\nOnce there, they get to work making comfortable habitats for the now increased and cramped population using the resources of the system.", "199" ], [ "They spend several decades there, creating a working system of habitats and making any repairs that are needed on the generation ships. After a century or two the generation ships, possibly a few new ones as well, get crewed by people who want to travel and move onto the next solar system to do the same thing all over again. Eventually the fleet splits into two and each one does the same thing, eventually splitting again, and again and again.\nIf they find a planet that looks like it can be terraformed, a planet with no life, or only the most basic of bacteria which is wiped out, they get to work making the planet livable for the people who want to have a sky over their head. Any planets with multicellular life is carefully studied by probes, but left otherwise alone because the risk of contamination, allergies, etc, are too great for the ships, and terraforming them will destroy the ecosystem.\nIs this a realistic way to colonize and explore the universe?", "197" ] ]

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[ [ "Inconsistent? hamiltonians for a scalar field in the presence of a classical source\nConsider a real scalar field \\begin{equation} \\phi(x)=\\int\\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2E_p}}\\left(a_pe^{-ip\\cdot x}+a_p^{\\dagger}e^{ip\\cdot x} \\right). \\end{equation}\nIn Chapter 2 of <PERSON>, right after Eq. 2.64, we have the form of the hamiltonian for a real scalar field coupled to a classical source $j(x)$: $$1) \\qquad H =\\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}E_p\\left(a_p^{\\dagger}-\\frac{i}{\\sqrt{2E_p}}\\tilde{j}^*(p) \\right)\\left(a_p+\\frac{i}{\\sqrt{2E_p}}\\tilde{j}(p) \\right),$$ where $\\tilde{j}(p)=\\int d^4y e^{ip\\cdot y}j(y)$.\nOn the other hand, the hamiltonian which describes such a system is given by \\begin{equation} 2) \\qquad H=H_0-\\int d^3x j(x)\\phi(x). \\end{equation}\nI want to see that these two expressions for the hamiltonian are indeed equivalent.", "281" ], [ "By expanding the first one we obtain \\begin{eqnarray} H&=&\\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}E_p a_p^{\\dagger}a_p+\\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}i\\sqrt{\\frac{E_p}{2}}\\left(a_p^{\\dagger}\\tilde{j}(p) -a_p\\tilde{j}^(p)\\right)+\\int\\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}\\frac{|\\tilde{j}(p)|^2}{2}\\ &=&H_0+\\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}i\\sqrt{\\frac{E_p}{2}}\\left(a_p^{\\dagger}\\tilde{j}(p) -a_p\\tilde{j}^(p)\\right)+\\langle 0|H| 0 \\rangle. \\end{eqnarray}\nSince $\\langle 0|H| 0 \\rangle$ is a constant term we can ignore it. Therefore, \\begin{equation} H=H_0+\\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}i\\sqrt{\\frac{E_p}{2}}\\left(a_p^{\\dagger}\\tilde{j}(p) -a_p\\tilde{j}^*(p)\\right). \\end{equation}\nNotice \\begin{eqnarray} \\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}i\\sqrt{\\frac{E_p}{2}}\\left(a_p^{\\dagger}\\tilde{j}(p) -a_p\\tilde{j}^*(p)\\right)&=&\\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi^3)}i\\sqrt{\\frac{E_p}{2}}\\left(\\int d^4x j(x)\\left(a_p^{\\dagger}e^{ip\\cdot y}-a_pe^{-ip\\cdot y} \\right)\\right)\\ &=&\\int d^4x j(x)\\left[\\int \\frac{d^3p}{(2\\pi)^3}i\\sqrt{\\frac{E_p}{2}}\\left(a_p^{\\dagger}e^{ip\\cdot x}-a_pe^{-ip\\cdot x} \\right)\\right]\\ &=&\\int d^4x j(x)\\dot{\\phi}(x). \\end{eqnarray} That would leave us with the expression \\begin{equation} 1) \\quad H = H_0+\\int d^4x j(x)\\dot{\\phi}(x).", "374" ] ]

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[ [ "How does the strong form of the PCP theorem imply the inapproximability of Max-XORSAT?\nTheorem 11.4 For any constant $\\delta > 0$, every problem in NP has probabilistically checkable proofs of length poly($n$), where the verifier flips $O(\\log n)$ coins and looks at three bits of the proof, with completeness $1-\\delta$ and soundness $1/2+\\delta$.\nMoreover, the conditions under which <PERSON> accepts are extremely simple - namely, if the parity of these three bits is even.\nThis theorem has powerful consequences for inapproximability. If we write down all the triplets of bits that <PERSON> could look at, we get a system of linear equations mod 2. If <PERSON> takes his best shot at a proof, the probability that <PERSON> will accept is the largest fraction of these equations that can be simultaneously satisfied. Thus even if we know that this fraction is either at least $1-\\delta$ or at most $1/2+\\delta$, it is NP-hard to tell which. This implies that it is NP-hard to approximate Max-XORSAT within any constant factor better than $1/2$.\nFirst, I don't think it can be as simple as just checking that the parity is even. <PERSON> could just make <PERSON> accept anything by handing him a proof of all zeros, and make him reject anything with a proof of all ones. Surely the parity must instead equal some value that <PERSON> computes along the way.\nFurther, It's not a priori clear to me that <PERSON> would select every triplet with equal likelihood. If that wasn't the case, wouldn't it be possible for a no-instance to yield a Max-XORSAT formula where more than $1/2+\\delta$ of the clauses can be satisfied even though <PERSON> accepts with probability less than $1/2+\\delta$?\nLet's take a degenerate case as an example. <PERSON> asks <PERSON> to help him decide whether a given sequence of $n$ bits $\\mathbf{b}$ is all ones - $\\mathbf{b=1}$ for short. This problem is trivially in NP. And <PERSON> clearly doesn't need <PERSON>'s help.", "768" ], [ "But he can go out of his way to use it anyway. Here's what they do:\nFirst <PERSON> gives <PERSON> a PCP $\\mathbf{x} \\in {0,1}^n$ (let's assume $n \\gg 3$). Then <PERSON> checks if $\\mathbf{b=1}.$ If it is, he checks that $x_1 \\oplus x_2 \\oplus x_3 = 1$ holds in <PERSON>'s PCP. Otherwise, he checks either $x_1 \\oplus x_2 \\oplus x_3 = 1$ or $\\overline{x_1} \\oplus \\overline{x_2} \\oplus \\overline{x_3} = 1$ (note that these can't both be satisfied) with equal probability 0.45. Or with probability 0.1 he checks $x_i \\oplus x_j \\oplus x_k = 1$ for a uniformly random triplet.\n<PERSON> can thus convince <PERSON> that $\\mathbf{b=1}$ by giving him, for example, the proof consisting of all ones. But if $\\mathbf{b\\neq1}$ there's no proof that <PERSON> accepts with probability greater than 0.55. This gives PCP's with completeness $1-\\delta$ (indeed we also have completeness 1) and soundness $1/2+\\delta$ where $\\delta = 0.05$.\nNow what's the Max-XORSAT formula corresponding to $\\mathbf{b\\neq1}$? Well, <PERSON> could look at any triplet $x_i, x_j, x_k$ as well as $\\overline{x_1},\\overline{x_2},\\overline{x_3}$. So presumably it's the conjunction of all those triplets when XORed together. All but one of these clauses can be satisfied. So the fraction is very close to one. But that's nowhere near the probability that <PERSON> will actually accept.\nPS: We need a PCP tag.", "768" ] ]

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[ [ "Fast multiplication of highly structured matrix\nI want to compute a fast matrix-vector product using a matrix $T$ which has a peculiar quasi-Hankel structure. For example, \\begin{equation} T_2= \\left( \\begin{array}{c|ccc|cccccc} a & b & c & d & e & f & g & h & i & j\\\\hline b & e & f & h & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ c & f & g & i & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ d & h & i & j & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\\\hline e & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ f & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ g & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ h & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ i & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ j & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\end{array} \\right). \\end{equation} \\begin{equation} T_3=\\left( \\begin{array}{c|ccc|cccccc|cccccccccc} a & b & c & d & e & f & g & h & i & j & k & l & m & n & o & p & q & r & s & t\\\\hline b & e & f & h & k & l & m & o & p & r\\ c & f & g & i & l & m & n & p & q & s\\ d & h & i & j & o & p & q & r & s & t\\\\hline e & k & l & o\\ f & l & m & p\\ g & m & n & q \\ h & o & p & r\\ i & p & q & s\\ j & r & s & t\\\\hline k & \\ l & \\ m & \\ n & \\ o & \\ p & \\ q & \\ r & \\ s & \\ t \\end{array} \\right) \\end{equation} Larger matrices $(T_4,T_5,...)$ have the same block structure; in fact, each successive $T_i$ is contained as a partial block of all $T_j,j>i$ (see above examples). All of the unique elements are contained in the first column or row, but the matrix does not possess classical Hankel/Toeplitz/etc.", "490" ], [ "structure typical of fast structured matrix vector multiplication. This matrix arises from a convolution of a certain sort, so I am convinced that the matrix-vector product can be computed in $\\mathcal{O}(N\\log N)$ time or something close rather than $\\mathcal{O}(N^2)$. I'd appreciate the input of others, or potentially helpful references.\nEdit: The block structure is controlled by the parameter $P$ so that the matrix $T_P$ has a $(P+1)\\times(P+1)$ upper left triangular block structure. The $p$th row or column block is of dimension $(p+1)(p+2)/2$.", "945" ] ]

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[ [ "what is the geometric interpretation of a general 'state space' in classical mechanics?\nLet $\\pmb{q}\\in\\mathbb{R}^n$ be some n generalized coordinates for the system (say, a double pendulum). Then the 'state space' is often examined using either the 'Lagrangian variables', $(\\pmb{q},\\dot{\\pmb{q}})\\in\\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ (satisfying the Euler-Lagrange equations), or using canonical variables, $(\\pmb{q},\\pmb{p})\\in\\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ (satisfying <PERSON>'s canonical equations). But these are just coordinate representations (in some chart) in $\\mathbb{R}^{2n}$; the former set, $(\\pmb{q},\\dot{\\pmb{q}})$, are coordinates for a point on the tangent bundle, $\\mathbf{T}\\mathbb{Q}$, and the latter set, $(\\pmb{q},\\pmb{p})$, are coordinates for a point on the cotangent bundle, $\\mathbf{T}^\\mathbb{Q}$ (where $\\mathbb{Q}$ is the n-dimensional configuration manifold). We could use some other coordinate chart, $(\\pmb{q}',\\dot{\\pmb{q}}')$ or $(\\pmb{q}',\\pmb{p}')$, but these would still be coordinates for the same point on either $\\mathbf{T}\\mathbb{Q}$ or $\\mathbf{T}^\\mathbb{Q}$, respectively. Further, in these two types of state space coordinates, the first n coordinates are always 'position level' coordinates, while the last n coordinates are always 'velocity/momenta level' coordinates.\nMy question: We can also transform some other state space coordinates, $\\pmb{z}\\in\\mathbb{R}^{2n}$, where the separation between 'position coordinates' and 'velocity/momenta coordinates' is lost (for example, the classic Keplerian orbital elements for the two body problem $\\pmb{z}=(a,e,i,\\Omega,\\omega,\\nu)\\in\\mathbb{R}^6$).", "101" ], [ "In general, what is the geometric meaning of some general state space coordinates, $\\pmb{z}\\in\\mathbb{R}^{2n}$, which are simply any 2n independent coordinates which fully define the state of the system? This is the coordinate representation of a point on...what?\nI suppose we could say that $\\pmb{z}\\mapsto (\\pmb{q},\\dot{\\pmb{q}})$ is just a coordinate transformation (transition function) for a point $(\\text{x},\\mathbf{v})\\in\\mathbf{T}_{\\text{x}}\\mathbb{Q}$ in which case $\\pmb{z}$ is just some alternative coordinate chart for $\\mathbf{T}\\mathbb{Q}$. But we could also come up with a coordinate transformation $\\pmb{z}\\mapsto (\\pmb{q},\\pmb{p})$ for some point $(\\text{x},\\mathbf{p})\\in\\mathbf{T}^_{\\text{x}}\\mathbb{Q}$ in which case $\\pmb{z}$ would be some coordinate chart for $\\mathbf{T}^\\mathbb{Q}$. But $\\mathbf{T}^*\\mathbb{Q}\\neq \\mathbf{T}\\mathbb{Q}$.\nExample: The classic two-body problem. We could use 'lagrangian coordinates', $(\\pmb{q},\\dot{\\pmb{q}})=(r,\\phi,\\theta,\\dot{r},\\dot{\\phi},\\dot{\\theta})$, or canonical coordinates $(\\pmb{q},\\pmb{p})=(r,\\phi,\\theta,p_r,p_\\phi , p_\\theta )$, which are coordinates (in the spherical coordinate chart) for $\\mathbf{T}\\mathbb{Q}$ and $\\mathbf{T}^\\mathbb{Q}$, respectively. We could transform to their cartesian counterparts but they are just different coordinates for the same points.", "101" ] ]

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[ [ "Past Lives\nFull disclosure: the first time I saw the trailer for ‘Past Lives’ in the theater, I began sobbing uncontrollably. Soundtracked by <PERSON> gorgeous cover of <PERSON>’s “Stay,” I was instantly transfixed by the song’s lyrics combined with the film’s sumptuous visuals.\nNot really sure how to feel about it\nSomething in the way you move\nMakes me feel like I can’t live without you\nWhile the song does not appear in the actual movie, “Stay” perfectly accompanies ‘Past Lives,’ the first feature film from Korean-Canadian playwright and director <PERSON>. It’s a story so intensely personal and lived-in, that it doesn’t seem possible that it is her first movie.\nIt tells the story of <PERSON> (<PERSON>) and <PERSON> (<PERSON>) – two childhood friends from South Korea who fell out of touch when <PERSON>’s family immigrated to Canada. We follow as they reconnect at different points in their adult lives.\nWe’re all impacted differently by our memories.\nIn <PERSON> case, the way that he remembers <PERSON> from when they were young has never left him. When they first are in contact again in their twenties, they are in very different places. <PERSON> is in New York trying to find success as a writer while <PERSON> is finishing up his engineering studies in Korea. They begin talking to each other again over Skype, but <PERSON> struggles with the intense feelings their conversations stir up inside her knowing that they are literally worlds apart.\nBy the time they cross paths again in their thirties, life is even more different between them. <PERSON> is married to a fellow writer named <PERSON> (<PERSON>) and <PERSON> visit to New York City marks a potentially significant conflict for her relationship.\nBased on how I reacted to the trailer initially, I was prepared to cry through this entire movie.", "80" ], [ "And then I was somewhat surprised when that didn’t happen. I was fully invested in the story as it went along, but it was less emotional than I expected.\nUntil, that is, the final 20 minutes of the film.\nThere is a quiet brilliance in <PERSON>’s storytelling and the casting only enhances it. Both leads are remarkable, but <PERSON> is a revelation. He somehow expresses the desperation of longing and all the conflict of a lost love with a simple glance. His posture and anxious body language tell his story in ways the dialogue can only hint at. These final moments brought the tears, big time.\nTo accent the stellar performances and sharp technical aspects, ‘Past Lives’ is scored by <PERSON> and <PERSON> of Grizzly Bear. <PERSON> and <PERSON> also contribute an beautiful original tune called “Quiet Eyes” that plays over the end credits and is a fine soundtrack to finish crying to!\nYes, the pacing of ‘Past Lives’ is languid. I anticipate that those who don’t like the film will argue that it’s just too slow. But if you give in to its charming honesty, it’s hard to resist.\nSimply put, <PERSON> has crafted one of the finest debut films in recent memory.", "529" ] ]

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[ [ "Glow`rious Cheesecake\nIntroduction: Glow`rious Cheesecake\nIf you are looking for a super cool theme party I would suggest.. a Blue light party! There are lots of cool things that you can do with a blue light and one of them is naturally making food glow!\nThere are some ingredients that are naturally glowing under blue light and one of them is Tonic Water. Tonic Water has quinine, which is the natural element that glows in the dark. Therefore that is when the idea of a glow in the dark Gin and Tonic Cheesecake came! Just image a table filled with Gin-tonic`s and a big cheesecake all lighten up!\nSupplies\nFor the base:\n* 100 gr digestive biscuits\n* 50 gr unsalted butter, melted\n* 2 tsp sugar\nFor the Cheesecake:\n* 250 millilitres double cream\n* 1 sachets of powdered gelatine (13 gr x sachet)\n* 300 gr of cream cheese\n* 1 lemon zest\n* 25 ml of gin\n* 60 gr of icing sugar\nFor the gelatine:\n* 500 ml tonic water\n* 150 grams caster sugar\n* 1 sachets of powdered gelatine\nStep 1: Prepare the Biscuit\nGrind the biscuits into a crumbs. Add the melted butter, the sugar and mix (This step can be done by either using a mixer or by hand).\nCover a cake tin with baking paper. Using a spoon press the biscuits crumbs down in the cake tin until well compacted.\nPlace the tin in the fridge for 1h\nStep 2: Prepare the Gelatine for the Cheesecake\nPour 4 tsp of double cream into a pan and heat it up on the stove (it does NOT have to boil). In the meantime, add 1 sachet of gelatine to 4 tsp of cold water by spreading evenly the gelatine powder. Do not mix.\nWhen the double cream is warm, add the gelatine and water (it should be now compacted) to the pan, and stir until the gelatine is completely dissolved.\nLeave it on one side to cool down.\nStep 3: Cheese of the Cheesecake\nBy using a wooden spoon, stir the cream cheese until soft.", "305" ], [ "Add the sieved icing sugar, the lemon zest and the gin, and stir until the ingredients are all well mixed together.\nStep 4: The Cream for the Cheese\nAdd the now cold double cream to the double cream that was left and whip it until it forms stiff peaks.\nAdd, one tsp at a time, the whipped cream to the cream cheese, and stir with the wooden spoon.\nOnce all the cheese is well mixed, add the mixture on top of the biscuit that was prepared on step 1.\nEnsure that the cream is well spread out and even at the top.\nPlace the cheesecake in the fridge for 4h or overnight.\nStep 5: The Magic Ingredient\nGelatine preparation:\nAdd the Tonic Water to a pan a squeeze a lemon in it. Heat the tonic water on the stove. Do NOT let it boil.\nOnce warm enough add the powder gelatine, mix well, and let it rest up until completely cool down.\nStep 6: Decoration\nThis step is completely up to you!\nI added lemon and lime slices but you are free not to do so.\nAdd the cool gelatine on top of the cheesecake (1tsp at a time!). Depending on how big you like the gelatine layer the procedure is different. I would suggest to have a layer of gelatine not higher than 1 cm this is because gelatine tends to break once you open the tin. In that case, before adding the gelatine, using a brush, spread some olive oil on the tin walls. If you are a massive fun of tonic water, and you like a big layer of gelatine, use an acetate sheet to avoid the gelatine getting stacked on the tin.\nPlace the cheesecake in the fridge for at least 4h.\nP.S. If you are not a massive fun of tonic water, you can add lime cordial to the gelatine to give it a sweeter flavour.\nStep 7: Glow Your Cake!\nTurn of your blue light... and make your cake glow!!", "567" ] ]

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[ [ "Am I doing this right? Finding the time derivative of expectation value of momentum\nI am currently working through the problems in <PERSON> Intro to Quantum mechanics, with the goal of hopefully understanding how magnets work.\nAt the moment I am a little stuck on one of the early problems in the first chapter. And I would like a Hint about how to proceed.\nThe problem is to solve the time derivative of the expectation value of momentum of a particle. ie: $$ \\frac{d\\left\n}{dt}. $$\nMy working so far\nJust prior to that question the text gives an expression for momentum, $$\\int\\limits_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}{\\Psi^*\\left[-i\\hbar \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\right]\\Psi}dx, $$ (Where $\\Psi$ is a function satisfying <PERSON>'s equation, $i$ is the square root of negative 1, and $\\hbar$ is <PERSON>'s constant divided by $2\\pi$.)\nSo my initial approach was to try and differentiate this with respect to $t$. $$ \\frac{d}{dt}\\int\\limits_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}{\\Psi^*\\left[-i\\hbar \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\right]\\Psi}dx.", "955" ], [ "$$ However I didn't know how to do that, so I asked around in the maths chatroom, and got a lot of help. Specifically this strategy from @RobJohn: $$ \\begin{align} \\int vv'\\,\\mathrm{d}x &=vv-\\int vv'\\,\\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\\frac12vv+C \\end{align} $$\nSo I suppose it would follow that, $$ \\begin{align} \\int\\limits_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}{ \\left( \\Psi^ \\left[ \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x} \\right] \\Psi \\right) }\\,\\mathrm{d}x &= \\left[\\Psi^ \\cdot \\Psi\\right]{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} - \\int\\limits{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} {\\Psi\\frac{\\partial \\Psi^}{\\partial x} }\\,\\mathrm{d}x\\ &= \\frac{1}{2}|\\Psi|^2 \\Big|{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}, \\end{align} $$ And then, $$ \\begin{align} &\\frac{d}{dt}\\int\\limits{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}{\\Psi^\\left[-i\\hbar \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x}\\right]\\Psi}dx \\&=-i\\hbar \\frac{d}{dt}\\left( \\frac{1}{2}|\\Psi|^2 \\Big|_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} \\right). \\end{align} $$ But this feels wrong. I'm not sure exactly why. (Maybe it's just because it is the limits of my maths)\nFor reference, regarding what I understand, my maths is pretty low-level, I took a course in undergrad calculus over 10 years ago and only just passed that at the time, and my physics knowledge is not much further than that of an enthusiastic lay person.", "955" ] ]

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[ [ "Improving long range accuracy of rockets without active guidance in flat/minimum arc trajectory\nI am using rockets as a main weapons platform for my vehicles. Currently they are fired from a railgun like apparatus. A rocket is at the center of three rails arranged in the fashion of a triangle. A sabot jacket surrounds the rocket, which is connected to the rails. The rocket motor ignites bringing it up to a maximum burn rate, after that the breaks on the rails disengage and the sabot jacket carries out it out of the rail system. The jacket separates and the rocket flies off to hit its target at an incredible speed. The rocket motor would still be active throughout the flight, stopping only if it runs out of fuel or hits its target. The sabot may rotate, as of now I'm not entirely sure if that would increase or decrease the accuracy of the weapon.\nThe weapon system will be firing both guided and unguided kinetic energy missiles. This question focuses strictly on the unguided solid rod penetrator rocket.\nKinetic energy missiles have a massive benefit in that they can accelerate to high speeds without using complex technologies that require advanced technologies seen in railguns, coilguns, combustion light gas guns etc. They also have a significantly higher upper velocity compared to the upper limit of chemical/gunpowder rounds. Outside of the initial acceleration phase, they greatly out speed even armor piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot rounds.\nInterestingly enough the fuel needed to get such a weapon system to such speeds and velocities (1.5-2.23km/s) to kill in a small portable fashion was created during the days of the Future Combat System and 1980s-early 2000s. Several kinetic energy missiles were created, LOSAT, KEM, CKEM for reference. They observed excellent penetration powers during testing application against even ERA equipped T-72s.", "898" ], [ "The minimum range of CKEM was 200m whereas LOSAT was 400m.\nAll my targets will be engaged at ranges of 1Km+ (maximum ranges for older kinetic energy missiles range between 5-10km using technology from the late 90s to early 2000s), and the maximum speed will be much higher due to in setting rocket fuel sources. The issue I have with such a system is accuracy. In the real world the situation was solved with active guidance. However, my rockets can't use active guidance for multiple reasons. Once it leaves the barrel, whatever direction its pointing at, is the direction in which its going to hit its target. Ideally the rockets should fly in a level trajectory. They won't be doing any maneuvers or top attack of any kind or use any chemical effect warheads (HEAT/HEAT-FS/HE/HESH/HEDP).\nWhat modifications would be needed to make such a rocket more accurate to be able to hit targets at long range (1-10km) without the use of active guidance? Active guidance in this case refers to something like beam riding, warhead seekers, or radar guidance from a command vehicle.\nI am okay with some \"passive\" guidance systems so long as they aren't actively scanning data from outside the rocket itself. For example, keeping track of a rockets angle of attack or speed would be considered \"passive\" in this sense since an onboard computer in the rocket can do this without having to communicate with a command vehicle. But an image/heat seeker would be considered active since its scanning target data to make major course changes instead of course correcting to its initial launch vectors. Preloaded data onto the rocket is fine to set information such as range, elevation, angle, etc. The goal is to stabilize the rocket as much as possible so that it has a linear flight plan, based on the initial vector it left the barrel from. In this sense the \"unguided\" rocket rounds act as tank rounds.\nWhile active guided missiles are obviously better, they're also significantly more expensive and complex to mass produce. A \"dumb\" KEM would cut heavily on costs and past certain speeds would benefit from not having seekers/fragile electronics as they can be damaged by shock/trauma which KEMs are more than capable of doing on launch or even main boost phase.", "234" ] ]

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[ [ "The Matrix Reloaded\nAn immediately noticeable step down from the original, from the over usage of sets and green screen, to bland cinematography, to cartoonish levels of stoic circling dialogue eating its own tail of profundity. Yes there are interesting ideas, yes that highway sequence is incredible, yes Trinity, but the first movie balanced spectacle, existentialism, and intense cultural criticism while never losing sight of the message that love for each other is what will actually make us superheroes; Reloaded (and Revolutions further) sacrifices so much heart in their ambitious commitment to a mythos that is neat in theory but probably would have worked better in an Elder Scrolls style game when there is room for long explanation at your own pace vs truncated meta philosophizing and bullet time. If The Matrix was a radical albeit aesthetic nudge to recognize the history of western culture (colonialist cisgendered heteronormativity, whiteness, etc) and the rot of capitalist individualism, the sequels feel like the very product being critiqued (made more apparent when you read about <PERSON> objections).", "387" ] ]

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[ [ "Help needed - Writing a novel in third person\nI'm writing a fantasy story in third person and I'm not that confident if I'm doing it right.\nI noticed I'm using the word \"he\" so often (the character's guy by the way) and I'm afraid that I'm \"telling\" more than \"showing.\"\nBelow's a tidbit of my chapter 1\nCold drops of water falling from the ceiling prevented <PERSON> from falling asleep. Each time his eyes were to droop, a single drop of water would fall on his nape, the shivers pulling him back to reality. And each time this happened, his eyes would always meet with the oil lamp on top of a wooden table a good two meters away, its red-orange and yellow flame casting funny looking shadows all around the dark and damp cellar he was in.\nHe would’ve done something about it—but with his hands bound to a chair and his mouth gagged with a cloth, he couldn't do anything much.\nIt might have been hours already since he was brought here; he couldn’t tell exactly. But judging on how soaked his tunic was, it could have been more. The room had no windows; he could've used sunlight to tell the time.\nSpeaking of time, he had a pocket watch with him. Where could it be? Did he dropped it? Or was it taken?\nNo windows. No sunlight. No watch. Great. At least the faint, festive-like merriment from the outside passed through the thick walls, making him feel he had some company.\nHow did I end up in this place again? He squinted at the flame of the oil lamp, as if it would spout some answers.", "624" ], [ "He wanted to scream for his captors to come down and answer his question—and demand for his release; the cloth was doing its job properly.\nSo, no other choice but to rely on good old memory—even if it was currently a dud.\nHe closed his eyes and rummaged his memories for any possible clues.\nNothing—still. What came about was a faint yet sharp throbbing pain from the back of his head.\nMaybe <PERSON> should stop; he'd been doing the same thing since earlier but always got the same result . . .\nThe pain made him wince. A concussion? Aside from the memory loss, there was confusion. He also felt he was out for a swim in the ocean . . .\nHope it’s mild. He was urgent to remember everything—and fast. He closed his eyes and focused on sleeping instead, ignoring the water falling water on his nape, the sensation of his shirt sticking to his skin. Maybe if he slept—maybe if he rested his mind—everything would come back.\nBut his plans of some shut-eye and relaxation got scrapped when the door flew open.\n“Damn it,” he cursed through gritted teeth after nearly falling off the chair.\nAm I abusing the \"he\" in this? Is it too filter-y?\nAny further suggestions to help my story go better?\nNeed your help on this guys.\nThanks ever so much! :)", "624" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> gave some good information in his answer. Not only some numbers but how to get the numbers. I would like to add to it.\nThe approach I use is different from <PERSON>'s. I try to explain it here. To get acceleration at elevator foot the model subtracts $\\omega^2r$ from $GM_{planet}/r^2$ to get net acceleration. If a moon is the tether anchor, $GM_{moon}/r_{moon}^2$ is also included, whether this acceleration is added or subtracted depends if the tether is above or below the moon.\nThis net acceleration times kilograms gives the newtons payload exerts. This sets the thickness of the first length of zylon. The next length of tether is thicker as it supports the first length as well as payload. The model chops the tether into a 1000 lengths.\nHere is a screen capture from my look at a Mars elevator:\nIt is reassuring to me that my numbers aren't much different from Rominger's. For a safety factor of one, Rominger gives a Zylon taper ratio of 12.449 (vs 13 for my model). For a safety factor of three he gives a Zylon taper ratio of 1929.560 (vs 2016 for my model).\nMy model based on <PERSON>'s spreadsheet also gives ratio of Zylon tether to payload mass. For a safety factor of 1, you'd need 154 times the mass in Zylon as the payload being lifted. By \"payload\" I mean the elevator car and contents. The elevator car would need its own power source and engines.", "234" ], [ "So the actual cargo would be even less.\nWith a safety factor of 1, the slightest nick or scrape will cause a break. Given the large length of this elevator, I'd expect breaks to be frequent. I would not risk valuable cargo on such an elevator, much less human lives.\nGiven a sensible safety factor of three, tether to payload ratio would be 51,824.\nAnd this wouldn't be the entire elevator. There must be tether and a counterweight above Mars synchronous orbit to balance the downward newtons exerted by the lower elevator.\nA Zylon Clarke tower for Mars is implausible.\nHowever I don't write off the notion of Mars elevators. Mars equator isn't the only place to anchor an elevator. There are a number of scenarios I look at:\nLower Phobos Elevator\nUpper Phobos Elevator\nDeimos Elevator\nI am excited about elevators allowing a Zero Relative Velocity Transfer Orbit (ZRVTO) between Phobos and Deimos:\nTaper ratios and tether to payload ratios for these two elevators are quite modest:\nExtend the upper Phobos elevator and you can fling payloads to the Main Asteroid Belt as well as towards earth. And without prohibitive tether to payload mass ratios.\nExtend the lower Phobos elevator 1400 kilometers and you can drop payloads into orbits where periapsis passes through Mars' upper atmosphere. A few periapsis drag passes can circularize at low Mars orbit with a velocity of about 3.4 km/s. EDL would be easier than the 5.5 km/s atmospheric entry a payload incoming from an earth to Mars Hohmann would experience. Especially if the descent vehicle had some propellent and reaction mass from Phobos. Mars EDL could be considerably easier. Given a safety factor of three, tether to payload mass ratio would be .33.\nCan a Zylon Phobos elevator descend all the way to Mars upper atmosphere? If so, tether foot velocity with regard to Mars would only be .6 km/s. That's only about mach 2, the Concorde did that. But alas, given a safety factor of three, tether to payload mass ratio would be 638. I don't think a lower Phobos Zylon elevator 5,800 km long is practical.", "234" ] ]

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[ [ "Your reasoning is correct, but it seems to me that introducing the changing of $B's$ origin was kind or arbitrary. Usually, when we talk about Lorentz transformations, we do not talk about looking at individual lines from different frames in reference. Instead, a much easier way would be to actually make a change in the whole co-ordinate system itself.\nWhen you are talking about normal situations, when we consider only two co-moving people, the normal <PERSON> transformations hold, without actually needing spacetime diagrams. These are $$t' = \\frac{t - vx}{\\sqrt{1- v^2}}$$ $$ x' = \\frac{x - vt}{\\sqrt{1 - v^2}}$$ assuming we choose units with $c = 1$. These are the Lorentz transformations that you reasoned with only $A$ nd $b$ in account.\nNow, when we rather talk about more objects, like in the situation where one frame of reference has both $A$ and $C$, we prefer to use spacetime diagrams. But, then it is becomes less convenient to do the <PERSON> transformations on each and every worldline and measure values. So, we do a trick (which I will briefly describe here, and leave the nitty-gritties to you):\n1. Take any one object, for example $A$, and look how its worldline transforms in $B's$ frame. In your case, that was the first part of your derivation.\n2. Using the results you obtain create a matrix. By now, its seems apparent where this is going.\n3. Take the matrix you obtained and then apply it to the entire $A$ frame of reference (the co-ordinate system where $A$ and $C$ are located). This is standard linear algebra.\nThe new co-ordinate system that you get will contain every worldline ($A$ and $C$ in this case), from the reference frame of $B$. Yes, your reasoning was correct and works, but is not very convenient for frames with many objects.\nUpdate: I have been asked in the comments to touch upon the second update in the question. It is a way of deriving the $\\gamma(v)$ function.", "499" ], [ "But here is why that mathematically yields results but is not that correct.\n1. Anything involving faster than light travel is generally avoided due to the fact that special relativity tells us that nothing can travel faster than light. So, even in derivations and mathematics, it is preferable to avoid faster than light situation or reference frames.\n2. Time is not interchangeable. While spacetime diagrams are a very powerful way to model relativistic situations, they seem to imply that time and space can switch places by rotations. Physically, this is not possible: sure, you can make changes to the time and space axes, but you cannot switch them. (In very high gravity situations, like inside black holes, time and space can switch but then we need to take into account general relativity, which in this context is out of scope.)\nSo, though you get results, that is not actually the correct way to do it. Instead here are some clues to what you can do.\n1. Leverage symmetry: symmetry is a very important concept in physics, and in deriving the $\\gamma(v)$ there are two main symmetries which come into play. I won't just straightforwardly reveal them, instead for now, I will just say that they have to do with directions of velocities and the fact that all observers consider themselves at rest.\n2. Substitute: When I learned the derivation of $\\gamma(v)$, it used the fact that <PERSON> transformations work both ways: $A$ to $B$ or $B$ to $A$. So you substitute the values of one into another and work your way through it.\n3. Work your way through it: You inevitable have to do some very length but easy algebra. So instead of trying to find shortcuts, just go through it the ugly way, and the results you get will be simple and elegant.\nIf these sounded vague, it is because I don't want to give away the derivation steps completely. Rather, it is meant as an exercise to the reader to try and do this task.", "562" ] ]

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[ [ "Space Chicken Spaceship Chicken Coop\nIntroduction: Space Chicken Spaceship Chicken Coop\n(Opening song; Rocky Horror Picture Show, first stanza) (open this link in another tab and sing along!)\n<PERSON> was ill the day the earth stood still\nBut he told us where we stand\nAnd <PERSON> was there in silver underwear\n<PERSON> was the invisible man\nThen something went wrong for <PERSON> and <PERSON>\nThey got caught in a celluloid jam\nThen at a deadly pace they came from outer space\nAnd this is how the story began:\nSpace Chickens in Space! 2\nIn the beginning three chickens accidently enroll in a diplomacy school where they had to face unthinkable challenges of technology, school and sibling relationships in outer space. All goes well for 26 episodes, and then things go from bad to worse when our intrepid Space Chickens pick up an intergalactic hitchhiker! Without considering the improper weight-and-balance distribution that their newest cast member would cause to their spaceship, they are forced to crash-land on planet Earth (in my backyard) and were subsequently dropped from syndication! But their problems didn’t end there.\nOnce they were exposed to our sun they did not become super beings (with strange and awesome powers), nor did they keep their intelligence; instead they reverted back to normal chickens [albeit extremely friendly ones at that]!\nThis is where I come in; I needed to get them back into thinking (and acting) like the Space Chickens they are, so I built them a new chicken coop to remind them of where they come from. But being the poor chicken farmer I am, I had to build it entirely broken, discarded, obsolete or used material. (I also needed to build a new chicken coop because the one that they are currently roosting in was built in a hurry and designed to be temporary at best.)\nDisclaimer: I am a packrat for all defunct gadgets, broken appliances, knobs, covers, antenna and removable paraphernalia [from all things my wife wants me to pitch]. For me, this project was a no-brainer.\nThe following is a pictorial chronology of my efforts to return these wayward space travelers back from whence they came (or at least make them feel at home).\n1. Science Fiction – Double Feature by <PERSON>2. Animated television series created by <PERSON> and <PERSON>\nSupplies\nI didn't need to buy any of the components for this spaceship; I had most of this stuff stashed away in one bin or another. Some of them are just cool packaging trays, some are just extra stuff from things I bought, some I fished out of friend's garbage and others are actual defective/discarded hardware that I made in my previous professional life. I did have to buy a few things however...\nBill of new material used:\n3 Piano hinges\n3 Strap hinges\n1 Box of screws; 100 count\n2 Cans of grey spray paint\nStep 1: Find the Right Fuselage.\nI knew that I couldn’t build a standard coop and hope to fool the chickens (unless of course I fashioned a TARDIS) so I started looking for a suitable spaceship vestibule.", "820" ], [ "A fellow farmer had a busted 3,000 liter water tank. (The foot had a nasty crack and would no longer hold water). It was a little bigger than I wanted (or needed) but beggars can’t be choosers so I took it off his hands. Besides, he was only too happy to see me cart it away!\nI used a cordless circular saw and cut it half along the seem. It was too big to bring home in one piece so I had to bring it home one half at a time.\nStep 2: Construct the Interior.\nI had about a ½ dozen rough-cut 8’ 1x6’s left over from pouring concrete to make the interior framework from (since I had used them as forms they weren’t good for much else). Using about 3 of them I built a support frame [that nested in the bottom half of the tank] and another 4 of them to fashion a removable tray. I used a couple spare feet of chicken wire to line the bottom of the tray. Then I used a couple of metal framing brackets as temporary tabs to line up the top and bottom.\nStep 3: Reassembly.\nAfter I got the top back on the base I used a piano hinge to line up, and secure the top to the base. I then relocated the metal tabs from the inside to the outside. This would make it a rigid structure and easier to move around.", "787" ] ]

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[ [ "Its survival depends mostly on what is available to it. While photosynthesis is an option for a source of biological energy if you have the required structures, CO2, and water, sustaining that system is going to take materials you may not have access to, such as certain minerals and compounds. However, given adequate knowledge and biomass, it wouldn't be beyond reasoning to reverse-engineer the systems that create all but the mineral components here on earth. Basically, re-create a biosphere to manufacture what you need. Either with separate minion-creatures contained within the shell, or as organ-like additions to the main creature. The thing is, this isn't as difficult as it initially seems. You don't need these organisms to survive competing in the wild, you can over-specialize and make them monstrously efficient, so long as you're willing to spoon-feed and protect them.", "258" ], [ "So-fungi/lichen/micro-organisms to break down rocks/dirt/excess biomass, flora to feed off of waste material from that and produce biologically usable energy & compounds, and fauna to recycle O2 back to CO2, anything more complicated than that can likely be hand-waved away for your general audience by sci-fi space-crab genetics.\nNow that we've established that with preparation, sustaining your brood is possible, we need to focus on long-term growth/development. If the moon in question was formed similarly to earth's moon (in that it's mostly material cast off by the planet during its formation process and later huge meteorite impacts) than you likely won't have much problem finding and re-purposing material to feed your growing brood, so long as the process is efficient enough that it's a net-gain, not a net-loss. Again, hand wave sci-fi space crab genetics, we're looking for stuff usable in-story, not to publish a scientific article. On the other hand, if the moon was formed by snagging passing meteors (such as Mar's Phobos and Deimos) the brood is going to have a much harder time finding the components they're used to breaking down for sustenance. But there's also the chance for serendipity to smile on them as well, and find a best-case scenario even better than what they're used to. That's assuming a barren moon, unlike Jupiter's Titian or Star War's Endor.\nTL;DR: we're already doing this on earth, rocks are broken down, minerals are consumed, the dead are recycled. You just need enough air, biomass, and overly-specialized organs/organisms in a concentrated space to self-perpetuate. Maybe checkout this fanfiction for some more ideas (be forewarned, the first chapter is a bit info-dumpy and tailored to those already somewhat familiar with Prototype's genetically self-modifying Blacklight)\nEdit: I've been seeing a bunch of references to the square-cube law and the like, but picture a mostly-hollow creature mixed with a hive?", "99" ] ]

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[ [ "Ethiopia Imposes Nationwide Internet Blackout · Global Voices\nAn October 2016 protest in London by Oromo people over killings and human rights abuses at the hands of the Ethiopia government. Photo by Flickr user <PERSON>. CC BY 2.0\nOn May 30 at 3pm local time, Ethiopians found themselves unable to access the Internet. The blackout appears to be country-wide.\nIt appears that Ethiopian authorities imposed the nationwide Internet blackout in order to prevent “leaking of exam questions on Facebook” ahead of secondary school exams set to be administered over the next two weeks.\n24 hours after the total Internet blackout, Ethiopia still refuses to say why it shut down. Via @AFP pic.twitter.com/ZzJcX6Vqe8\n— <PERSON> (@zelalemkibret) May 31, 2017\nTwenty-four hours after the blackout, Deputy Communication Minister of Ethiopia <PERSON> told AFP that mobile data also had been deactivated.\nFinally, the Ethiopian government announced that the internet blackout will continue until June 8, 2017, reasoned by fear of ‘exam leaking’.\n— <PERSON> (@zelalemkibret) June 1, 2017\nLast year, the government was forced to postpone the national university entrance exam after the initial session was marred by a leak spread on Facebook.", "960" ], [ "Activists in the diaspora leaked questions on Facebook ahead of the exam in early June in 2016 after the government refused to re-schedule the exam for students who missed an entire semester of classes due to protests.\nBut the current blackout is different from previous mobile Internet and social media shutdowns that have been imposed in an effort to prevent exam leaking. This blackout is broader in scope and scale, effectively eliminating Ethiopia from the map of the global Internet.\nThis is especially easy for the Ethiopian government to do, since all Internet and phone service in the country is provided through through a single government-owned Internet service provider, Ethio Telecom. The blackout thus leaves businesses, banks, Internet cafes in Addis Ababa and social media pages of government media cut off from the rest of the world, making it harder for them to do their day-to-day work.\n‘Cos of the blackout: Banks are out of service, Bulk SMS services are not available, GPS services are not accessible …\n— <PERSON> (@zelalemkibret) May 31, 2017\nThe gravity of this move begs the question: Are authorities really just trying to prevent students from cheating on exams, or is there more to it? Indeed, this is just one among various reasons that Ethiopian authorities have used to justify censorship and shutdowns in recent years.\nEthiopia has blocked the Internet on three occasions since huge anti-government protests exploded in November 2015. Mobile and landline phone networks are also crippled in much of the country’s two biggest regions, Oromia and Amhara, where anti-government protesters have become common over the last two years.\nWhen Ethiopian authorities declared a state of emergency in October 2016 they officially blocked access to Facebook, Twitter and popular messaging apps such as Viber and IMO. Since Internet speeds are already incredibly slow, data-heavy video platforms such as YouTube have been rendered inaccessible even though they are not officially blocked.\nJust two weeks ago, activists inside the country reported that they were finally able to access Facebook freely, after many months of using VPNs and other circumvention tools to login to the social network. But with the country now in total blackout, they are now even more isolated from the rest of the world, and even from each other, than before.", "960" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> and <PERSON>, the authors of the paper on the possible planet, have a webpage addressing this.\nA few reasons not already covered:\n* It moves quite slowly - the authors estimate 0.2-0.6 arc seconds per hour - so standard surveys may not notice the movement and fail to recognize it as a solar system object.\nEris, which is the most distant confirmed object still known in the solar system, moves at a speed of 1.5 arcseconds per hour, which is so slow that it was missed the first time around. Most surveys of the outer solar system would not be able to find Planet Nine, even if it were quite bright, as they would just think it is a stationary star.\n* If the planet is near aphelion, it might be an order of magnitude further away than any major or minor planet we've found so far (excluding exoplanets, which are found by methods that don't apply in this case). The authors suggest an aphelion between 500 and 1200 AU. For comparison, Pluto is at 30-50 AU, while Eris at around 100 AU wasn't discovered until 2005. The potential 9th planet would be far larger than Eris, but is also likely to be much further away, and thereby fainter.\n* The WISE survey eliminated Saturn-sized planets within 10,000 AU, and Jupiter-sized planets within 26,000 AU. But the potential 9th planet is far smaller than those. WISE has also done a more sensitive search, which would pick up Neptune-sized objects, but that search has so far covered only a limited part of the sky.\n* The planet will be far harder to spot if it has the Milky Way in the background - there are too many stars potentially drowning out a faint object.\nHere's the authors' summary:\nEstimated orbit for the putative 9th planet. The horizontal axis is the right ascension.", "196" ], [ "The colored segments are regions where it should have been found by existing surveys.\nIllustration by <PERSON> and <PERSON>, assuming fair use applies.\nThe biggest unexplored territory is where, statistically, it is most likely to be: near aphelion. Sadly, aphelion is also very close to the Milky Way galaxy. Ugh.\nSo where is it? Probably distant. 500 AU+. Probably fainter than 22nd magnitude. Very possibly in the middle of the Milky Way galaxy.\nNow go find planet nine.\nMore details on the authors' webpage: http://www.findplanetnine.com/p/blog-page.html\nFinally, the gravitational dominance of the Sun reaches halfway to the nearest star. There's still plenty of unexplored territory for planets smaller than Saturn to hide in.\nNote the log axis. We have a good map for the inner 50 AU, and are starting to find objects around 100 AU, but solar system objects might exist all the way to the outer edges of the Oort cloud.\nIllustration from wikipedia.", "196" ] ]

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[ [ "Let's first get some kind of definition of what resonance actually is. Wikipedia says the following:\nIn physics, resonance is a phenomenon that consists of a given system being driven by another vibrating system or by external forces to oscillate with greater amplitude at some preferential frequencies.\nEssentially, some amplitude becomes bigger at a certain frequency.\nnothing really addresses all types of systems in general\nThat's because it's not the primary goal of a physics text book to do this. If you want to understand systems in general, you will probably get more insight from a systems theory book.\nThey rather give examples of specific physical systems like LC circuits where electrical and magnetic fields are involved, or mechanical systems where springs and masses are.\nThat's because they can be described with the same differential equations, just using different symbols. You can substitute one for the other.\nA very important thing in systems theory is the transfer function, which is defined as \\$\\frac{output}{input}\\$ If you multiply this function with the input, you receive the output from the system. This function usually depends on the frequency.\nNow this sounds suspiciously related to the definition of resonance above.", "28" ], [ "If the transfer function has a value bigger than 1, the output (it's value or amplitude) will be bigger than the input. It's often the case that the transfer function has a maximum. In this maximum, the input is amplified the most, which is what's called the resonance.\nGiven a RLC row circuit as a system, one possible transfer function could be that of the overall voltage being the input and the voltage over the resistor being the output:\n$$\\frac{U_R}{U}=\\frac{R}{R+j\\omega L+\\frac{1}{j\\omega C}}$$\nAnother transfer function could be that of the overall voltage being the input and the current being the output:\n$$\\frac{I}{U}=\\frac{1}{R+j\\omega L+\\frac{1}{j\\omega C}}$$\nYou can see that both depend on $ \\omega =2\\pi f$. To show resonance, they have to have a maximum that's bigger than 1\nI'd say that resonance is not a property of the system per se, but a property of a pair of two of its properties, one being used as an input while the other is the output. If the transfer function, that describes the ratio between input and output has a maximum or peak at a certain frequency, then you have resonance.", "628" ] ]

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