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en_HRS_11_22_24.v1

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[ [ "In Field Battery Operate Latching Valve Water Irrigation Timer Controller With DIY PCB\nIntroduction: In Field Battery Operate Latching Valve Water Irrigation Timer Controller With DIY PCB\nI have a small vegetable farm in Thailand. we still use a lot of worker to do watering. Now I try to make some solution for make a timer for watering plant and use less worker for watering.My requirementis that It must be good on field with out need to lay long cable for electricity. I also don't wan't to controll water from the water center as I already layout pipe on the field . The most important thing is I want to make my own controller which can be customize and expand feature in the future like adding LoRa, Zigbee IOT, Sensors and make that suit my farm.\nBefore start,I would like to inform you that I'm from Thailand , My English Language may not good but I will try my best, Sorry if there are some mistake in my English in this article.\nSo . the major key feature of this project is\n1.Simple Controll timer for water irrigation by ON-OFF water valve, 4 times a day.\n2.Must be battery operate, more safty than use electricity and easy to implement in field.\n3.Suitable for running any where in farm that have water pipe.\n4.Cost effective.\n5.Can be expand feature in the future.\nAfter done several of searching for solution and tools. I come up with Latching vale as the use less power to controll and also use AVR Controller as cheap and easy to find with a lot of resource. I use my old school basic language as easy for me to understand and i use it long before arduino came out so,I go with BascomAVR. I use Autodesk EaglePCB for designed a PCB. Autodesk Fusion360 for make box cover. Now i got every thing ready, Now lets make it step by step.\nParts, Tools and Supply\n1. Dc Water irrigation Latching Solenoid Valve. Can be any size depend on size of water pipe. Can be bought from amazon, alliexpress.\n2. PCB, PCB Etching Acid, Cutting / Drilling Tools.\n3. Electronics component, LCD 16*2 , Atmega328p, Mosfet, Capacitor etc. You can find all component need in Eagle Schematic file.\n4. Battery and Battery Holder, Any battery between 7-18 V.\n5.", "742" ], [ "Waterproof electronic box.\n6. Autodesk Eagle Pcb software for pcb printout, Laser Printer.\n7. AVR ISP for programming AVR microcontroller.\nStep 1: Knowing Type of Water Solenoi Valve.\nThere are 3 common type of water solenoid valve. DC solenoid valve, AC solenoid valve and Latching Valve. Most common type that use in many project in watering plant is DC solenoid valve, This type of valve use DC power to energising coil to raises the plunger and enabling flow let water pass through. But this type is not good for batery operate as they need continue power energising the coil.This project then use a Latching Valve. The different to the other is that they need only one pulse or power to energising the coil and the plunger will hold it state. The direction on plunger close or open depend on polarity electric power pulse that apply to the coil.If we apply + - to coil it will pull back plunger in to coil and if we swap it,put - + to the coil it will push plunger out.\nThis Dc Latching Valve need pulse of power to operate. They need around 6-20 V with about 500ms of pulse time to energising the coil. Once pulse apply they will latch it state there for no need any power to provide ti the coil any more until it need to change it state.That's why it very good for batery or energy saving operation.\nStep 2: Circuit Design\nFor circuit design, I use Autodesk Eagle for design schematic and pcb. Eagle is easy and flexible schematic and pcb designer. I had been using if for very long time. It very suitable for D.I.Y and Hobbyist. This program will allow you draw schematic, place component that need and generate component to pcb board editor. So. There are 2 main editor windows of Eagle , Schematic editor and pcb Board editor. I like this program as you can change or edit or create libraly to suit your project. On Eagle board editor you can arrange component the way you need and manual rout pcb trace as you like. As for me I didn't do very complex pcb or multilayer pcb or any big pcb so it free version /education version of it is more than enough.\nNow for this project circuit designed.", "33" ] ]

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[ [ "A Super Easy Security Camera With the ESP32 CAM\nIntroduction: A Super Easy Security Camera With the ESP32 CAM\nIf you have done any IoT project, you may know that everything almost all the time consist on sensors measuring physical magnitudes, sending them through the internet and controlling devices with the I/O ports.\nBut today we are going to learn how to use the ESP32 CAM, that is an ESP32 Development board that has a Built-In camera.\nThis board can help us on developing projects that can see, and some interesting aplications are:\n* Security Camera.\n* Longs Time Lapse Shots.\n* 3D Printer Monitoring Camera.\n* Door bell camera.\n* Etc.\nIf you are a visual learner I know that a video worth more than 1000 words, so here is a Tutorial video. (I am a Spanish speaker, so please consider turning on English subtitles):\nHope you to enjoy the project.\nStep 1: Skills Needed.\nAs you can noticed, nothing looks very difficult on this project, but you will need some basics knowings about:\n-Using the Arduino IDE.\n-3D printing or Handcraft (for the enclousures).\n-Welding.\nStep 2: Components and Parts List.\nHere is the list of materials and tools you will need to do the project yourself.\n1. -ESP32 CAM: https://www.banggood.com/custlink/GGvhrjV0tY\n2. -USB to TTL: https://amzn.to/2EBbIiX\n3. -Hot Glue gun.\n4.", "382" ], [ "-Soldering Iron.\n5. -Some jumper Wires.\n6. -USB cable.\n7. -Enclosure.\nNOTE: If you want to create a PCB to place your ESP32 CAM more professionally you should design your PCB and manufacture it with JLCPCB.\nCheap PCBs and SMT Assembly from $2 USD + (2 Coupons).\nStep 3: Programming Conections:\nThe ESP32 is board from the ESP family developed by Espressif and if you have used one of their boards, mainly the ESP-01 (ESP8266), you may know that the GPIO0 (Pin) is the one that decide on the boot mode of the Chip, so for this case you need to connect a jumper between the GPIO0 and Gnd.\nStep 4: Installing the Enviroment for the ESP32 in the Arduino IDE.\nFirst you need to Install the Arduino IDE.\nOpen it, then click on Archive>Preferences\nOn Aditionals URL's paste this link:\nhttps://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.js...\nAnd install the ESP32 Boards Package as shown in the screenshots.\nStep 5: Uploading the Camera Web Server Sketch\nSelect the Board \"Ai thinker ESP32-CAM\"\nGo to Archive> Examples> ESP32> Camera> CameraWebServer.\nIn the sketch uncomment the model of the ESP32 CAM you are using.\nPut the WiFi credentials and Upload.\nOnce the ESP32 is burned.\nDisconect the GPIO0-GND jumper and reset the board, look at the IP printed on the Serial Monitor.\nSearch for it on your favorite Web Browser and done.\nClick on Start Stream to look what's your camera seeing.\nCODE HERE.\nStep 6: Assemble Your ESP32 Within the Enclosure\nWire up the USB cable through the case so the power wires can be soldered to the power pins (+5v and GND) of the ESP.\nGlue the ESP32 CAM so the camera sensor can see through the square cutout.\nScrew it. and glue the Camera to the power adapter.\nSTL FILES FOR THE ENCLOSURE.\nStep 7: Test It and Enjoy It.\nJust connect your camera in a WiFi reaching place, and go to your browser and look at the place you are watching.", "977" ] ]

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[ [ "Panino Alla Parmigiana - an Italian Delicious Recipe\nIntroduction: Panino Alla Parmigiana - an Italian Delicious Recipe\nParmigiana di Melanzane (that mean “eggplant parmesan”) is a fabulous, unique and astounding dish, typical of Italian cuisine.\nIt’s composed by fried eggplant slice assembled in layers in a pan with tomato, mozzarella cheese, parmesan cheese and basil. Upon all the layer are done, is finally baked in the oven where all the ingredients embrace together, and a gratin crust is formed with a stringy and tasty filling. A delicious for your mouth!!\nA unique goodness with disputed origins, between Sicily, Campania (Naples) and Emilia Romagna (Bologna); whose name derives from the Sicilian word “Parmiciana” that are the wooden strips of the overlapping shutters, which recalls the layers of fried aubergines!\nAnd why do not use this dish recipe to make a spectacular sandwich?\nFollow this Parmigiana Recipe, with all the tips and step-by-step illustrations to make it really fast and you will bring a perfect Parmigiana to the table in no time! With compact but at the same time soft layers, with a delicious flavor, succulent and lightly greasy!\nStep 1: Ingredients!\nThe most important step, the required ingredients!\n* Eggplant\n* Tomato puree\n* Mozzarella cheese\n* Parmesan\n* Extra virgin olive oil\n* Basil\n* Garlic\n* Salt\n* Sugar\n* Flour (“0” type)\n* Peanut oil\nWe will use extra virgin olive oil for making a tasty tomato puree meanwhile the peanut oil it will be used to frying the eggplant slice. It’s possible to use different oil type to fry, but the peanut one is the best one because it has a high resistance to the heat and make possible a crunchy crust.\nStep 2: Tomato Sauce\nFor a very Italian tomato puree sauce, you have to put some extra virgin olive oil into a high-sided pot, peel the garlic, cut in half and put it with the oil. Heat up a low-medium heat, leave to flavor for some minute and then add the tomato puree, basil, salt and a touch of sugar.\nNow, put the heat at low and wait: the tomato puree needs to “pippare”, a term used in Italy to indicate the long time it takes the sauce to cook while it boils a low low heat (around 10-15 minutes).", "265" ], [ "In this way, the sauce becomes thicker and tastier.\nStep 3: Eggplant\nFirst, you have to heat up the peanut oil (I hate when the recipes tell you to heat something after all the preparation and then you have to wait with nothing to do!).\nPut the oil in large pot with a flat bottom: the pot dimension is needed to be at least large enough to put two eggplant slices together. Put on low heat! You don’t want to rush for a smoke oil, but you want to reach the right temperature in the right manner!\nMeanwhile the oil heats up, wash properly the eggplant, dry it and cut into slice with a width of 4-5 mm each. For the sandwich are require 4 slices, but you can make a few extra if (like me) you like to eat some bonus during the preparations! ;P\nOnce you cut the slices, put the flour in a plate (in a generous quantity) and flour both sides. Do it with dry slice and hands, so your flour will not get wet, making tedious grains.\nStep 4: FRY IT!!\nIt’s time to make these slice CRISPY!\nWatch the oil temperature, which must be around 170°C (338 F). Do you not have a thermometer? No worries! Here a trick: dip the tip of a toothpick (and if you don't have them, use the back of a wooden ladle) into the oil, if you see a lot of little bubbles comes out, you have the right temperature to fry, if not, you have to wait more.\nPerfect! Put into the hot-oil two eggplant slices, with caution! Wait until a homogeneous crispy layer is formed on the submerged side and then turn the slice. Once it done, remove slices from the oil and displace them onto towel paper, to remove the remaining extra oil.\nProceed with other slices (and if you have some more, salt one or two and taste it! After all, tasting the preparation is the basis to make good food!).\nTip and trick: wait to salt your fried dish until you will eat it! This helps to prevent that the crunchy fried layer becomes wet and flabby.", "405" ] ]

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[ [ "Inexpensive Lighted Circus Themed Sign\nIntroduction: Inexpensive Lighted Circus Themed Sign\nThis is a tutorial on how to create a great looking inexpensive lighted sign. Mine is circus themed to coincide with a clown themed Halloween display but the basic techniques can be applied to any theme or design. The material I selected for my sign are inexpensive and somewhat durable but higher quality/more durable materials can be used depending on you skill level. The reason I used the materials that I did was because I was trying to do it a cheap as possible and I only needed it for one occasion.\nI can't recommend enough for you to sit down and take the time to plan your sign out. The better planned out your sign is the more professional it will look.\nStep 1: Supplies/tools\n* Materials:\n* lightweight 1/8th inch plywood\n* 12 volt LED strip lights\n* 1\"x2\" pine wood (length depending on your needs, more on that later)\n* Screws\n* Adhesive\n* paint\n* styrofoam sheet\n* sandpaper\n* Tools: soldering iron\n* hot wire cutter or sharp utility knife\n* scroll saw or jigsaw\n* drill\n* table saw\n* soldering iron\n* hot glue gun\n* wire cutter/stripper\n* square\nStep 2: Design\nI am no artist, I can fudge my way through most things without things looking too terribly amateur but that's about it. With that in mind the circus style font was perfect for my design. The letters follow pretty specific geometric patterns that make replicating them pretty easy. their design also makes aligning them easier.\nStep 3: Creating You Cut Out Letters\nOnce I figured out what size I wanted my letters to be, I measured and cut a strip of plywood as wide as the height of the letters. I then took that strip and cut it in to individual panels the width of the letters. All of my letters were of the same width (no \"M\"s or \"W\"s), so with my sign being 8 letters I cut 8 identical panels. I discretely wrote each letter on each panel. Lay all of these panels out together and confirm that their size and spacing conforms to your design. It is easy to make adjustments to the overall size, if they're too big, at this stage.\nUsing a pencil, I lightly marked some measurements to help me draw the letters on the panels.", "644" ], [ "I recommend only lightly drawing your guidelines out at first so that if you need to edit them, the lines you've already drawn will be easy to erase. Once you've drawn all your letters and decided that your satisfied with them you can go back over them a little darker, These will be the lines we'll follow when cutting out the numbers so keeping them clean and neat will help you when using the saw.\nI used the rounded base of a bottle I found, to duplicate the same curve that is inherent to the font's design. I also used a bottle that had an outside radius that matched the inside curve of the \"O\". These shortcuts helped keep the letter contours uniform.\nStep 4: Cutting Out the Letters\nThe ideal tool for this is the scroll saw, if your letters have a lot of interior corners or sharp turns it will require the right blade. If your using a jigsaw make sure you get a blade that leaves a clean edge on plywood. The wrong blade will splinter the wood.\nTo cut the interior of a letter like an \"R\", \"A\", or \"O\" you need to drill a hole to start your cuts. Drill a hole that's just slightly wider than your blade, then you can insert your blade and make your interior cut. Now that your letters are all cut out lay them out and adjust their position in relation to each other and confirm everything lines up as planned. The plywood I used left little strands at the cut edge so I trimmed them off with a utility knife and lightly sanded the edges.\nStep 5: Prepping Your Letters for Mounting\nI wanted to letters to be offset from the sign so that I could put lights behind them to give them a light silhouette effect. I ripped the 1\"x2\"s in half so that I had 2 1\" strips. The amount of space the letters stand off is a matter of personal preference. On my sign the lights are visible at some extreme angles had I made the space between the backing and the letters smaller the lights would have been hidden better.\nI chose to cut pieces of the strips that were about 2/3rd the total height of the letters (for example: if my letters were 9\" tall I cut a 6\" strip for it). This is also a matter of personal preference keep in mind the longer the length of the strip the more LED strip you are likely to use.", "276" ] ]

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[ [ "First, I feel like the article is confusing, so it would be better if you read peer-reviewed articles instead.\n(If I recall correctly, <PERSON> & Beloborodov 2017 per your reference discusses more towards observations. It might be easier to understand if you check theoretical papers instead).\nHow does the field decay of a magnetar power the emission of high-energy electromagnetic radiation?\nA young magnetar (i.e., strongly magnetized neutron star) has two main energy components: rotational (aka. spin) and magnetic. Rotational energy has shorter timescale as shown in Eq. 2, i.e. ~ one year (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...717..245K/abstract). Magnetic energy would dominate later (see https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Ap%26SS.342...55G/abstract; note, I have never read this paper but I notice a good number at its abstract). Therefore, this gives you some sense that timescale matters.", "400" ], [ "You might want to also check how a magnetar/pulsar links to the pulsar wind nebula, accelerated particles, and radiation (e.g., https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.437..703M/abstract).\nIs it as simple as ∂/∂ produces an electric field which accelerates charged particles that happen to be there, and then those accelerating particles radiate photons?\nCheck Eq. 14 of the second paper. Simply yes. Note: not all particles radiate.\nDoes the energy radiated by these photons cary any significant fraction of the total energy in the field?\nI don't understand this question. If you mean the total radiation field, significant fraction of energy in the radiation depends on factors such as timescale.\nIs the word done producing these photons the reason that the magnetic field decays?\nNot sure what you are referring to, but it sounds like a \"not quite so\" to me.\nNote: Pulsars are objects when observed we see pulse of light. Some pulsars are white dwarfs, while most of them are neutron stars. Note: The misalignment of rotation and magnetic-dipole axes + beam direction relative to observers are important. Note: While a young magnetar might produce strong jets, which can create the pulse, we might not observe the pulse because its environment does not support. You might want to check \"choked jets\" (https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.07399).", "70" ] ]

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[ [ "looking on getting rats! TELL ME EVERYTHING!\ni’ve been wanting a new pet, and rats seem like a good option. I was thinking 2 female rats, bonded.\ni currently have a cat and a small dog. i’ve had 2 hamsters and 4 fancy rats and many many other pets.\nwhat size cage do i need? i prefer getting a tall standing one rather than a wide/long floor one, but what’s good for them?.\nanything on food? special care? what should i look out for that ISNT good for them? are hanging nets alright? toys?\ntell me EVERYTHING!!!", "502" ] ]

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[ [ "As <PERSON> said, you won't know for sure until you do a finite element analysis. I was intrigued by this question as a colleague and I got into a discussion about this. While we both agreed the diagonal bracing would be better at resisting deflection, we wondered by what factor it would be better.\nWe were really curious so we settled the debate and did a quick structural analysis on SkyCiv Structural 3D (can try for free for one month if anyone is wondering). It took around an hour to set up both gates and analyze them mainly because we had to generate the node positions from scratch. Anyways here are the results of the linear static analysis which take into account the assumptions and simplifications you made. We applied a 5 kN POINT LOAD at both F1 and F2 and made each support a pin support at the locations you specified.", "441" ], [ "Note that in the 3D colored results the deflection is 12X greater than the actual deflection of the gate in both scenarios - it is exaggerated so you can see the deflected shape of the gates.\nGate #1\n$\\text{y-deflection at the bottom-left of the gate} = 31.74\\text{ mm}$\n$\\text{Max total deflection} = 32.10\\text{ mm}$\nGate #2\n$\\text{y-deflection at the bottom-left of the gate} = 7.84\\text{ mm}$\n$\\text{Max total deflection} = 7.55\\text{ mm}$\nDiagonal bracing (Gate #2) is clearly the winner. So when both gates are subjected to the same load it looks like Gate #2 resists deflection better (i.e. is more stiff) by a factor of 4.25.\nSome more interesting points:\n* There's a pretty high bending stress at that top right support in both scenarios ~ 350 MPa.\n* The analysis didn't take into account self-weight of the gates.\nAlso let me add that there looks to be a scaling issue with the diagonal grid you have drawn, because when I modeled it I found that there were far less points than what was suggested by your diagram. I ensured that the parallel spacing between each rhombus was 300mm. This means the diagonal of each rhombus is roughly 424mm. Your gate is 3300mm in length so that means around 8 rhombi should fit across your gate in the x-direction - but you've drawn around 12. Just thought I'd let you know.", "441" ] ]

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[ [ "Overview:\nThe beautiful art form of mosaics is quite intriguing. Each piece of material isn't very appealing on its own, but when arranged in a pattern, they create amazing pieces of art. Board games that employ a similar tile-laying mechanic come to mind in my deranged gaming mind. They begin with just a basic starting tile, but by the time the game is over, the board might look incredible.\nFor me, the game Carcassonne best fulfills these criteria. Players construct a southern French landscape in the game Carcassonne by assuming the role of founders. Players claim various completed features to earn points for victory by positioning their followers on them. A game isn't always good just because the pieces of the board fit together so neatly. Playable with any combination of 2–5 players, Carcassonne was the 2001 Spiel Der Jahres winner.\nCarcassonne is a board game that is based on a real city in southern France. The game was inspired by the city's well-known fortress walls as well as other aspects of the surrounding landscape. The players assume the roles of the region's founders, and each one of them seeks to leave its mark on the landscape. Every time a player has a turn, they added a fresh tile to the board. Players connect these tiles to other pieces that are already on the board using portions of cities, roads, fields, and monasteries. The followers that players have available can be used to stake off certain sections on the tile they just placed. These \"followers,\" or \"meeples,\" transform into farmers, thieves, knights, and monks when they are placed on the game board, aiding the player in the expansion of the area around Carcassonne. The player with the most points after the final tile is played wins. Gamers score points through these meeples.\nComponents:\nCarcassonne has a few parts. Over 70 impressively detailed land tiles are included in the game. A lot of work was spent making sure that this crucial game component looked excellent and was of high quality. The start tile's back side has a different color scheme from the other tiles, which is another excellent detail. makes it incredibly simple to locate the game's first piece.\nThe rule book is highly thorough and includes illustrations to address any clarifications and significant game-related difficulties. The scoreboard, which is uninteresting, and the follower pieces are the only other two components that come with the game. Meeples are relatively basic game pieces that have grown to be some of the most recognizable in the modern era of board gaming.", "84" ], [ "The mobility of the game board is a drawback that is shared with Settlers of Catan. Inadvertent tile-hitting by players will force everything to move. If you have OCD, it could drive you insane. Although it isn't as awful, it can still be inconvenient.\nGameplay:\nCarcassonne is a relatively easy game to play. A starting tile is used to begin the game, and the remaining tiles are then combined and arranged face-down on the table. The game can start once each player takes his eight chosen color meeples. Each player is given three actions before the next player enters the game.\n1. Set a tile.\n2. Send a follower out (optional)\n3. Give completed cities, roads, or cloisters a score.\n1. Set a tile.\nEach tile that is drawn by a player has one of three features on the edges. Either a medieval city, a rural road or lush countryside will be present. The choice of where to put this piece on the board is up to the players. The tile cannot be placed anywhere at random by the player. To install the tile, they must match on both sides and attach to any other tile that has already been played. The tile's center will house a cloister or monastery, which will be the other feature. Each of these landscapes offers choices for players to position their followers in the following phase or can be built upon by places where the player has followers.\n2. Send a follower out.\nOne of the players' meeples from their supply may be placed on any of the four available land types on the tile they just played during this phase. The meeple now assumes the job of a farmer, thief, knight, or monk, respectively, if they occupy one of these locations in the field, road, city, or cloister. This group of followers will stay there until the road, city, or cloister is finished. The farmer will remain on the playing field until the game is over. The only drawback to playing a follower is that neither your meeples nor those of any other player may be on the same connected terrain type. If a piece is connected to a city section, for example, you cannot place a follower in the city if another knight is already there.", "893" ] ]

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[ [ "Iran: bloggers mull election results · Global Voices\nWith election authorities now ordering a partial recount and a run-off between <PERSON> and the conservative <PERSON> scheduled for this coming Friday, bloggers continue to chew over the results and disagree about what to do next.\nFrom Teheran, <PERSON> (Hoder) writes of “the coming coup.” He says: “\nAll non-fundamentalists are rallying behind <PERSON>. Many are talking about a possible coup by Sepah [the Islamic Revolution's Guards Corps] and Basij [army and police] after Friday‘s second round results.\nIn another post he writes of one possible silver lining coming out of the elections:\nOne good thing about an <PERSON> term could be that it would end the apathy among the youth born after the Iran-Iraq war.\n<PERSON> will probably stay in Iran for a couple more days, but says he probably can't stay longer and hints at concerns for his own safety.\nMr. <PERSON>, now in Ahwaz on business with a lost cellphone, remains terribly upset.\n“Windsteed” at Iran Votes 2005 writes:\nI have received reports from a number of towns that Basij (Sepah's militia) are active there trying to encourage people to vote for <PERSON> on Friday. This is done in a variety of ways including offering poeple money and clothes and provoking their “sense of dignity”. These reports come from these Iranian towns: Klardasht, Lahijan, Asataneh, Birjand, Neyshabour, Garmsar, <PERSON>, and Zanjan. In one case, I am told, that Basijis personally approach peoples’ houses, asking for the ‘man/elder of the household’ to come to talk to them. Then, they go on to give advise to the men that if they feel responsibility towards their family members, especially their women (Namouss) they must vote for <PERSON>, who will, they claim, protect their honour.\nIranian expats discuss:\n<PERSON>, writing from Canada, calls for a boycott on <PERSON> in Friday's upcoming runoff, despite the fact that he'll be facing off against the conservative hard-liner, <PERSON>:\nAlthough I believe <PERSON> will ruin the country but this will be short time and the crisis will shoot them out of the power forever. <PERSON> will not initiate any true reform and will constanslty but silently bite the soul of this land.\n<PERSON> disagrees:\nI am not sure if the situation gets worse fixing the present system or replacing it with a democratic regime will be easier, in fact it might become more difficult. Nor do I believe that <PERSON> would necessarily heed the call for reforming the system fundamentally. I just propose that by considering him instead of <PERSON>, the reformists and the pro-referendum camps might be able to sit aback, regroup, and plan a better strategy as Iranians will have to go to the polls again for the municipal councils and parliamentary elections during the next three years.\n<PERSON>, guest author at Free Thoughts on Iran (a “collective project of a group of Iranian students” mainly living outside Iran) has a long analysis of the results and calls for boycott of the next election round:\n…old excuses will be repeated again for certain in the coming days to justify this mistake.", "926" ], [ "If we still insist on remaining blind, only worse kinds of defeat will await us in the future. By rejecting a total boycott democracy in Iran lost an important battle on Friday. There would not be another such an opportune moment in the near future. This chance was missed. There is now the time to cut the losses and begin the real grass-root struggle for a referendum. The first step must be the boycott of the second round of this “elections.” It is finally time to understand the simple fact that freedom is not free.\n<PERSON> at Free Thoughts on Iran disagrees. He thinks an <PERSON> victory will mean “the return of facism.”\nOne lesson from the June 17th election is the failure of boycott strategy. People's civil disobedience in order to get to democracy is just a dream. Boycotting the upcoming run-off is nothing just helping <PERSON> to run the country toward Fascism. Those who want other than Fascism have no choice but voting the other candidate, whoever he is.", "1010" ] ]

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[ [ "Amid Crackdown on Dissent, Six Vietnamese Human Rights Activists Are Dealt Long Prison Sentences · Global Voices\n<PERSON>, a prominent land rights activist, leads the march with her son, <PERSON>. The placard reads: “Justice for the Brotherhood for Democracy.” Photo: Facebook screen grab/<PERSON>\nThis article by <PERSON> is from Loa, a news website and podcast of Viet Tan that broadcasts stories about Vietnam. It is republished by Global Voices as part of a content-sharing agreement.\nSix activists were sentenced to between seven and 15 years in prison on charges of subversion after a one-day trial in Hanoi. These are the harshest punishments to be issued by Vietnam's one-party state in years.\nHuman rights lawyer <PERSON>, 48, received the longest sentence of 15 years in prison and five years of house arrest.\nAccording to attorney <PERSON>, who represented some of the defendants, <PERSON> said while inside the heavily secured courtroom that “leniency for political dissidents today is really an act of leniency for yourself in the future.”\n<PERSON> shared similar sentiments, saying, “I have no regrets. Today you put me on trial but tomorrow it may be you on trial.”\n<PERSON> legal assistant <PERSON>, who was arrested with him in December 2015, received nine years in prison. Lutheran pastor <PERSON> and <PERSON> both received 12 years. <PERSON> and <PERSON> received sentences of 11 and seven years in prison, respectively. All besides <PERSON> are bloggers and citizen journalists who have been jailed before.\nAll six are members of the Brotherhood for Democracy (BFD), an organization that promotes civic engagement and provides training in human rights. The group began in 2013, with <PERSON> as one of the founding members.\nThe trial of 6 Vietnamese activists is over.\n<PERSON> 15 years\n<PERSON> 7 years\n<PERSON> 12 years\n<PERSON> 11 years\n<PERSON> 12 years\n<PERSON> 9 years pic.twitter.com/S5bUmjofvi\n— Grace Bui (@gracebui2016) April 5, 2018\nA tightening grip on dissent\nCommenting on the trial, Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman <PERSON> said , “In Vietnam there is no such thing as a ‘prisoner of conscience’, and there’s no such thing as people being arrested for ‘freely expressing opinion’.”\nPeople were quick to react on Twitter.\nThis is such a joke. Thanks to those who dared asking the question in the first place though.", "637" ], [ "Foreign delegations in #Vietnam should not let the authorities get away so easily from their international obligations regarding human rights. https://t.co/uJdAFNvxmr\n— <PERSON> (@JadeDussart) April 5, 2018\nA sad day for #PressFreedom: Only one day of trial to seal the fate of 6 #Vietnam bloggers and activists, including blogger <PERSON>, sentenced to 15 years of jail, and veteran journalist <PERSON>, sentenced to 12 years. #StopTheCrackdownVN https://t.co/EeD0UPdMXj\n— RSF_Asia-Pacific (@RSF_AsiaPacific) April 5, 2018\nThe latest research from Amnesty International shows there are currently close to 100 prisoners of conscience in Vietnam. In 2017 alone, more than 40 activists were arrested, issued warrants or exiled in an ongoing crackdown on freedom of expression.\nThe European Union also condemned the convictions. An EU spokesperson for the European External Action Service (EEAS) said the development “continues the negative trend of prosecuting and sentencing human rights activists and bloggers” in Vietnam.\n<PERSON>, who is the son of pastor <PERSON>, told <PERSON> that he and his family are heartbroken with the sentence. <PERSON>, also known as <PERSON>, had been traveling the world to advocate for his father and other members of the BFD:\nIt’s really horrible because my grandmother is already 90 years old. I don't think she’s going to last the next 12 years,” he said. “I don't think my father will get the chance to see her again. [We are] a family who has a member dedicating their lives to society and this is what we get from the government.”\nLocal and global support\nBefore the trial, supporters marched the roughly two kilometers from Thái Hà Church to the courthouse in Hanoi in solidarity with the six activists. A Facebook live video showed how the mobilization was followed and eventually broken up by security and plainclothes police.", "637" ] ]

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[ [ "Only ‘Foreign Agents’ Share Stories About Happy Times in the U.S., Says Russian Court · Global Voices\nThe “American Samara Alumni Club” performs a flashmob greeting to Americans and friends everywhere. YouTube\nSocial media reposts about life in the U.S. are enough for an organization to be deemed a “foreign agent” in Russia, at least according to the Lenin District Court in Samara. On Tuesday, the court upheld the Ministry of Justice's August decision to include the “American Alumni Club” on the Kremlin's list of foreign agents for reposting two stories about American life on the social media website VKontakte. The court ruled that the reposts constituted “political activity,” in violation of a 2012 law that requires groups to register as foreign agents if they receive international funding and participate in political activity — a term that, through recent legislation and jurisprudence, has taken on an increasingly broad definition.\nSo broad, in fact, that the term may be starting to lose whatever meaning it once had. As reported by the advocacy website Open Russia, the Samara court wasn't able to explain exactly what about the American Alumni Club's reposts violated the law, saying only that they included “material with stories about life in the U.S.” (The club's VKontakte group is now private.) The court fined <PERSON>, the head of the club, 50,000 rubles ($790), and slapped a 300,000 ruble ($4,740) fine on the organization itself, in accordance with article 19.34 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, “Violating the mandate of the activity of a non-profit organization, acting as a foreign agent.”\nThe American Alumni Club's logo. Source: VKontakte.\nIn May 2016, the Russian parliament passed a law clarifying what constitutes “political activity,” broadening the definition so as to make nearly all collective action fall under the scope of the law. According to the new legislation, political activity encompasses everything from appealing to state bodies to engaging in activity aimed at achieving a certain result in an election.", "534" ], [ "The caveats to the law are similarly broad, covering charitable, educational, and cultural endeavors, as well as work in a variety of other spheres; the exemptions allow the determination of what constitutes political activity to be made on entirely political grounds. Everything in <PERSON>'s Russia is political.\nAlthough this legislation affected administrative offenses, the government has pursued similar measures in the criminal sphere. As <PERSON> has argued, Russian anti-terrorism laws have become so broad that they encompass a wide variety of non-terroristic activity: “The government has long used the ‘fight against terrorism and extremism’ to justify repressive laws, no matter how obviously senseless they may be. As a result, Russia’s statutory framework can now be effectively used to target not only credible extremist threats, but also political opponents of the state.” The same can be said of the foreign agent law, which leaves NGOs subject to prosecutorial and ministerial whims.\nThe American Alumni Club, founded in 2001, aims to develop cultural, informational, and educational ties with American organizations, and does charitable work in the Samara region. It is one of 146 organizations that have been designated as foreign agents by the Ministry of Justice since 2012. More than 20 organizations have chosen to close their doors rather than accept the branding as foreign agents. Most recently, on October 4, the Memorial Society, one of Russia's most famous and influential non-profit organizations that seeks to preserve the memory of the victims of communism and to describe comprehensively the human rights abuses committed in the Soviet Union, was hit with the foreign agent label. Human rights advocates say the 2012 law is part of a broader Kremlin effort to crack down on dissent and civil society in Russia. According to Human Rights Watch, “It is part of a sweeping crackdown to silence critical voices that has included new legal restrictions on the internet, onfreedom of expression, on the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people, and on other fundamental freedoms.”", "112" ] ]

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[ [ "Losses of keras CNN model is not decreasing\nI am working on Street view house numbers dataset using CNN in Keras on tensorflow backend. I have queries regarding why loss of network is not decreasing, I have doubt whether I am using correct loss function or not. First I preprocess dataset so my train and test dataset shapes are:\n('Training set and labels', (26721,32,32,1), (26721, 6) )\n('Validation set and labels ', (6680,32,32,1), (6680,6) )\n('Test set and labels', (13068,32,32,1), (13068,6) )\nReason why labels array has 6 columns, because maximum digits in one image is 6.", "338" ], [ "For suppose, if image has 2 digits \"1 and 2\", then labels array is considered as [1,2,10,10,10,10] , where 10 represents no digits.\nNow this is my model definition:\ndef modelCNN(input_shape, num_classes):\nmodel = Sequential()\nmodel.add(Convolution2D(16, 7, 4, border_mode='same',\ninput_shape=input_shape))\nmodel.add(PReLU())\nmodel.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(3, 3), strides=(2, 2), border_mode='same'))\nmodel.add(BatchNormalization())\nmodel.add(Convolution2D(32, 5, 3, border_mode='same'))\nmodel.add(PReLU())\nmodel.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(3, 3), strides=(2, 2), border_mode='same'))\nmodel.add(BatchNormalization())\nmodel.add(Convolution2D(64, 3, 3, border_mode='same'))\nmodel.add(PReLU())\nmodel.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=(2, 2), border_mode='same'))\nmodel.add(Flatten())\nmodel.add(Dense(512))\nmodel.add(PReLU())\nmodel.add(Dropout(0.5))\nmodel.add(Dense(num_classes))\nmodel.add(Activation('softmax'))\nreturn model\nI tried with different customs model, but nothing seems working. I do compilation, loss and optimization like this:\nmodel.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy',\nmetrics=['accuracy'])\nprint(model.summary())\ncsv_logger = CSVLogger('training.log')\nearly_stop = EarlyStopping('val_acc', patience=200, verbose=1)\nmodel_checkpoint = ModelCheckpoint(model_save_path,\n'val_acc', verbose=0,\nsave_best_only=True)\nmodel_callbacks = [early_stop, model_checkpoint, csv_logger]\nK.get_session().run(tf.global_variables_initializer())\nmodel.fit_generator(train,\nsamples_per_epoch=np.ceil(len(train_dataset)/batch_size),\nepochs=num_epochs,\nverbose=1,\nvalidation_data=valid,\nvalidation_steps=batch_size,\ncallbacks=model_callbacks)\nNow, What I think that categorical_crossentropy loss needs one hot vector representation, but I am not sure how should i convert my labels array. Because unlike Mnist dataset, I have multiple labels in each image.\nIs there any loss function that I can use? or Any suggestion to make things work?\nNote: I am using CNN just for classification only, not for detection.\nThanks very much in advance", "422" ] ]

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[ [ "Fleas.\nI don't know what to do. To be honest I don't even have a pet but I suspect my cousin's dog gave me and my family fleas. I've taken several steps to address this situation, including washing my bed sheets meticulously, giving my room a thorough cleaning, and even using flea-repelling scents to deter these persistent pests. In my attempt to tackle the issue, I've also set up flea traps, but the results have been somewhat underwhelming, capturing only a few fleas.", "661" ], [ "Despite washing my bed sheets they're still fleas lingering around and I don't know what to do at this point. My head has been itchy too and when I shake it out 2 fleas were there. If any of you have encountered a similar situation or have expertise in dealing with fleas, I would greatly appreciate your advice. How can I effectively eliminate these persistent pests?", "661" ] ]

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[ [ "Anyone But You\nI can’t believe my rating for this, but I’m sorry, I must live my truth!!!\nWhile I wish there were a few more laughs here, I found this to be charming, romantic, and sexy. It often veers into the tongue-in-cheek “we’re in a romcom!” energy that has plagued many contemporary romcoms. But when it decides to be sincere, that’s when it taps into its full potential.", "583" ], [ "I was grinning from ear to ear the entire time. Also, it looks so damn good. I’m so glad I went to a theater to watch. Here’s to hoping we get more mid-budget romcoms (and movies of all genres) again.", "79" ] ]

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[ [ "Poltergeist\nFuck it! I love it. I don't even find the movie that scary, but with every rewatch I find myself swept up by the fantastic performances, superb craft worthy of studying, and well realized characters.", "462" ], [ "It's also got good commentary and humour throughout. Most of all, I love how the events are always serving the idea of this family realizing how much they love each other and through just enough scenes and moments which develop the characters and genuinely incredible performances from the family members, that idea hits harder than most films. Even when the effects are bad the scenes still work because of the performances.\n\"WHAT IS HAPPENING!!!!\"\nBanger.", "79" ] ]

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[ [ "Cascading effects that result in global conflict.\nThe first year will herald a glorious and wonderful year for those parts of the world who believe in Santa and somehow still utilize written letters to him.\nAs those who actually followed the custom start reporting the arrival of gifts, the world starts taking notice that perhaps there is more than we knew.\nReligious leaders across the world start reacting.\nSome declare this to be the proof that the Christian belief is correct.\nOther already extremist movements deny the truth, portraying the events as some kind of sinister plot.\nThe divide between already opposed religions grows wider, the world has become a tiny bit more fractured and a tiny bit worse.\nThe one time occurrence causes many to try and exploit the system.\nPeople start preparing for the next year.\nCreating ridiculous lists of wishes, both material and immaterial.\nOpposing movements declare that the resurgence of <PERSON> was because of insert odd reason here.\nThey believe that those who are attempting to exploit the system will cause its end.\nOr worse, cause divine retaliation.\nThe first acts of violence occur as devout <PERSON>-ists try and prevent children from creating wish-lists.\nThe next year's Santa season only makes things worse.\nAs people start manipulating children, riches and destruction are asked for in vast quantities.\nWhile one man asked for a fancy car, his neighbor asked for the tools to destroy that very car.\nCountries around the world start demanding a ban on Christmas, to prevent the chaos.\nChristian nations see this as an attack on their faith.\nBefore long, it becomes clear that there is no limit to the possible gifts bestowed by <PERSON>.\nAnd as chaotic as the world is, a world with unlimited resources is vastly worse.\nIn a misguided attempt to protect themselves, several nations around the world declare war on each other, and the third world war begins.\nThanks <PERSON>!\nOther random effects:\nOne-child policies abandoned.\nThe end of pine trees across the world as a global harvest ends their lives.\nLiteracy goes through the roof, as wish lists become more important.\nElf fiction becomes thoroughly odd.\nSlavery discussions ensue around the world, with movements to save elves.\nThe church of Santa becomes one of the largest religions.\nSeveral people are released from insane asylums.\nDoll and toy car manufacturers around the world file for bankruptcy.\nNews broadcasters around the world go on the hunt for fat bearded men.\nFat bearded men around the world go into hiding.", "72" ] ]

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[ [ "My rabbit likes me\nI have had my rabbit for almost 6 years now. Throughout the whole 5 years, he never really took interest in me. The only time he'd willingly come near me is if I had something he wanted.", "210" ], [ "I hit a rough patch a couple years ago, so I wasn't as attentive as I should've been. Things are looking up now, though, and he's suddenly really interested in me. I can't walk in/out of my room without him under me. He'll nudge me until I pet him, and then lay on the floor near by.", "954" ] ]

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[ [ "It does not appear to have been so. Reading <PERSON> Business Insider article, It Took <PERSON> About 27 Seconds To Decide To Be In 'Birdman':\nDuring a panel at New York Comic Con for the film, <PERSON> shared the story of how he was cast in director <PERSON> movie about a washed-up actor, <PERSON> (<PERSON>), hoping to rejuvenate his career with a Broadway play.\n<PERSON> said he first learned about \"Birdman\" while filming another movie, which he flew home in the middle of shooting to discuss.\n\"I got a call saying, '<PERSON> was making a movie,'\" said <PERSON>. \"I was working on a movie and they said, 'well, unfortunately, you probably can't fly home because you're in the middle of making this movie' and when his name was mentioned, I said, 'Well, maybe I should find a way to fly home because, like I'm sure <PERSON>], I'm a big, big fan of his movies.\"\nThe actor said it took him less than 30 seconds to decide to star in the movie after dinner with <PERSON> who has made movies including \"Babel\" and \"21 Grams.\"\n\"So, it was that simple. I flew home and they wouldn't ... they couldn't tell me what it was about and now that I've done the movie I understand why they couldn't explain it because I'm not sure what happened,\" he said.\n\"I went and had a dinner with him [<PERSON>] and it was very pleasant and very interesting,\" <PERSON> said.", "26" ], [ "\"If you've ever spoken with him, you'd know why. He's just a very interesting, extremely passionate guy which is contagious. At the end of the evening he said, 'Well, here. Read this.' It took me about, I don't know, 27 seconds to decide, 'Yeah, I want to do this.'\"\nIf it had been specifically 'written with <PERSON> in mind', he would have been actively courted. If this article (and <PERSON> himself) is to be believed, he dined with <PERSON> and only then was given the script to read and accepted it. Had it been written 'for him', it seems more likely that they'd have contacted <PERSON> (or his agent) directly, and he'd have been in on it from the beginning.", "417" ] ]

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[ [ "Take a large ensemble of particles and preselect state $\\left|\\psi\\right\\rangle$\nThen take a large sub-ensemble of this ensemble and postselect state $\\left|\\phi\\right\\rangle$.\nIn other words, set up the experiment, with the ensemble starting in state $\\left|\\psi\\right\\rangle$. Make a weak measurement of the observable $\\hat{A}$, then make a strong measurement (at the end of the experiment) and look at the data that ended in state $\\left|\\phi\\right\\rangle$. As mentioned in the comments of the question, this does potentially lead to issues about whether or not this is actually a weak measurement as it involves a strong measurement of the measurement device.\nThe weak value, $A_W$, gives the average (mean) value of $\\hat{A}$ that the particles in this sub-ensemble appear to have when measured via a weak interaction\nIt is not relevant or useful when looking at a single particle, although measuring an ensemble of particles is equivalent to repeating an experiment with a single particle, many times.\nIf, instead of a weak measurement, a strong measurement was performed, then the wavefunction collapses and we no longer know which particles would have ended in state $\\left|\\phi\\right\\rangle$ given that they started in state $\\left|\\psi\\right\\rangle$ as they have effectively now started in a different state.\nPostselecting $\\left|\\phi\\right\\rangle$ such that $\\left\\langle\\phi|\\psi\\right\\rangle$ is small allows for amplification of measurements that were previously too small to observe (e.g.", "680" ], [ "Spin Hall Effect of Light - http://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6242/1448)\nThey also bring a new way to look at counterfactual statements - a set of statements that classically, cannot be simultaneously true as they appear to contradict each other. This is usually solved in quantum physics by saying that when making a (strong) measurement of such a statement, the wavefunction collapses and the other statements cannot be measured so do not have to be simultaneously true. As weak measurements do not collapse the wavefunction, they allow for these statements to be tested (e.g. <PERSON>'s Paradox - http://www.tau.ac.il/~yakir/yahp/yh12)", "682" ] ]

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[ [ "How do you measure the degree of influence of pre-training on a fine-tuning task?\nContext\nI have a randomly initialized (deep learning) model A, and a pre-trained model Ap. The two are trained (or fine-tuned, more specifically for Ap) on the same target task* and I call them A' and Ap', respectively.\np(.) is the performance of a model on the target task. Let's admit that, in general, p(Ap') > p(A').\n*Assuming that either with everything identical (seeds, etc), or that I have enough seeds so I can rely on the average behavior.\nWhat I am looking for\nA measure/metric of the robustness/dependency of my method with respect to the pre-training; i.e.", "458" ], [ "something that tells me the degree of dependency of my method on the pre-training process.\nIn the end I want to repeat this process over many fine-tunning methods and compare them.\nEdit 1\nI would like have some conclusion that looks like: \"the fine-tunning method X is more robust to pre-training than fine-tunning method Y based on the fact that even with a worse* pre-training it retains more performance.\nA bit more formally : * say that the training (or, again, fine-tuning) methods X and Y are being compared; * their respective performances after they are applied to the (raw, pre-trained) models are (p(Ax), p(Apx)) and (p(Ay), p(Apy));\nI'd like to make conclusions, based on comparisons between (p(Ax), p(Apx)) and (p(Ay), p(Apy)), that X is more/less robust to the pre-training than Y.\nIdeally... given a method X, I'd like to generate a sequence (p(Ax), p(Ap1x), ..., p(ApNx)) such that the pre-trained models Ap1, ..., ApN are increasingly better in their original (surrogate) task -- and A (without pre-training) is a reference. Then the sequence of performance on the target task (p(Ax), p(Ap1x), ..., p(ApNx)) allows one to take conclusions about X [compared to another fine-tuning mehtod Y].\nA practical (optional) constraint: for the sake of reproducibility, I'd like to use publicly availabe pre-trained models so in a perfect scenario all the model Ap1, ..., ApN should be available or \"easily\" reproducible (i.e. can be programatically generated).", "458" ] ]

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[ [ "On the island of Majorca, nestled among the hills in the village of Alpich is a small farm. Your farm. Island life is calm and peaceful, but don’t be fooled; the competitive spirit is alive and well in this sleepy Spanish town.\nSo you farm. You tend the pigs. You sow the fields. You hawk your wares. It’s hard work, but you’ve never been afraid of getting your hands dirty. In fact, if hard work were all that it took to be successful you’d be the best farmer there ever was. Unfortunately, Lady Luck is also against you and it’s up to you to tame her, because ward work isn’t enough on La Granja.\nHow it Plays\nVictory points. You want them. Whomever has the most at game’s end is the victor.\nLa Granja is played over the course of six rounds which are broken down into four phases, the first of which is the Farm Phase.\nIn the Farm phase, you’ll play a card to your board and draw new cards, collect income, add goods to your empty fields, and your pigs will procreate if able. You’ll also have an opportunity, in turn order, to purchase a roof tile which grants a one-time ability, and potentially some points.\nNext comes the Revenue Phase in which a handful of dice are rolled and arranged near their matching actions on the board. In turn order, players will select a die, place it on their farm board, and carry out the associated action. Some of these actions include gaining a pig or farm good, gaining money, and making a delivery. After all players have selected 2 dice, there will be a single die leftover. All players will take this remaining action.\nThe dice are rolled and lined up alongside the board that dictate the actions available to the players this round.\nHopefully you’ve collected some goods by now because it’s time to deliver them in the Transportation Phase. In secret, all players will select one of their available donkey markers, then reveal them once everyone is ready. These markers have a combination of donkey and siesta symbols on them.", "50" ], [ "Donkeys dictate how many deliveries you can carry out, while siesta symbols move you up the siesta track. Turn order is evaluated based on who is highest on the siesta track and the new order goes into effect immediately.\nDeliveries consist of you sending a good to one of the craft buildings on the board or a market barrow card that you placed in your farm board earlier in the game. If you fulfill the needs of a craft building, you will be rewarded with a craft marker that grants you a bonus, such as additional income or extra deliveries. If you fulfill the need of a market barrow card you will place a marker in a corresponding numbered market stall on the main board. The number grants you victory points, and you can remove adjacent stalls that belong to an opponent if they have a lower value.\nThe round concludes with the Scoring Phase. You receive a number of points equal to the number of market stalls you have on the board. Additionally, if you’ve met certain thresholds on the siesta track you will get points. The players are then reset back to zero on the siesta track, and a new round begins.\nSetup for 2 players includes a farm board, a hand of cards, a coin, a trade good, and a victory point.\nOn the Shoulders of Giants\nNothing is created in a vacuum. We are influenced by our experiences and formed by our surroundings. Likewise, the games we play today are only possible because of the groundwork laid by games past. One game will build on the concepts of another, refine away the impurities of staid motifs in order to create something new and exciting. Only rarely are there innovations that seemingly come out of nowhere to forge a new paradigm in the gaming landscape.\nLa Granja is no great innovator. It borrows ideas and concepts liberally from games that have come before it, and if you’ve played some of the great Euro games of the recent past, you will surely recognize elements of them here. Designers <PERSON> and <PERSON> are quick to point out their influences and give due respect to the games which guided their development process with a thank you note in the rulebook to <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> for their respective creations.\nWhereas Trains took the basic structure of Dominion and built upon it to make something new, La Granja is an amalgamation of systems from disparate influences framed under a single cardboard roof. It’s an homage to the games of the designer’s leisure time, a remix of the greatest hits. But taking inspiration does not guarantee success. Mixing so many ideas into a single experience is a perilous endeavor. Is La Granja successful?\nYes.", "84" ] ]

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[ [ "I thought I would offer the brute force solution.\nThe idea is to try every single track layout in turn. When constructing a layout, there are only three pieces that need to be taken into consideration: a left handed curve, a right handed curve and a straight.\nYou can encode the track layout as a base 3 number with a width corresponding to the number of pieces in the layout. To enumerate all track layouts just count in base 3, where the encoding goes 0=straight, 1=left and 2=right.\nThe next stage is to check that the layout joins up at both ends. The first check is to make sure there are enough curves to go one complete circuit. If we choose an anti-clockwise sense for one circuit, then 12 left curves are needed. For every extra right curve, we need to add on extra left curve. So to check the particular layout might work, just add the number of left curves and subtract the number of right curves - this must equal 12.\nLastly, we need to check the ends actually meet. We simply plot the track on a cartesian grid. We start the origin at [0,0] and if it ends at [0,0], then it joins.\nThe simplest way to plot the track is LOGO style.", "7" ], [ "In other words we maintain a direction vector which points in the direction of the last layed track piece. If we encouter a left curve, then rotate the direction by 30 degrees and for a right curve rotate by -30 degrees - a straight does not affect the direction.\nTo actually plot the curves and straight, we scale up the direction vector by the size of the piece, i.e. 10 units for a straight, and 12.4 x 12 / 2 x pi (radius of complete circular track) units for a curve.\nCAVEATS\nDue to rounding errors in adding up floating point numbers, the plotting is not exact. And in real life we can leave some wiggle room for the ends to meet, so this needs to be catered for.\nMany layouts will be the same, but shifted by one position. I can't see a way to exclude duplicate shifted layouts other than to keep previous ones and check against them.\nThe algorithm does not exclude layouts where pieces cross. In order to do that, you would have to check that each piece in a layout does not cross another piece in the layout (thats O(n^2)). And there would have to be checks for curve-curve, curve-straight and straight-straight crossings, and that starts to get very complex.\nThe running time of the algorithm is obviously O(3^N) which is exponential - and probably impractical for very large layouts.\nBelow is some VBA code you can paste into Excel to give you proof of concept. I've deliberately tried to keep the code as simple as possible to aid conversion to your favourite language. Any questions, please feel free to ask.\nOption Explicit\nType Vector\nX As Double\nY As Double\nEnd Type\nSub GenerateTrackLayout()\nDim lCounts(40) As Long\nDim lColumn As Long\nDim lTrackLength As Long\nDim lCurveSum As Long\nDim lIndex As Long\nDim lIndex2 As Long\nDim vDirection As Vector\nDim vBase As Vector\nDim vTrackPosition As Vector\nDim fPI As Double\nDim fCurveRadius As Double\nDim fStraightLength As Double\nDim sPath As String\nDim lOutputRow As Long\nConst TOLERANCE = 0.5 'inch\nlOutputRow = 1\nvBase.X = Sqr(3) / 2 ' 30 degrees\nvBase.Y = 1 / 2 ' 30 degrees\nfPI = 4 * Atn(1)\nfCurveRadius = 12.4 * 12 / (2 * fPI)\nfStraightLength = 10\nlTrackLength = 12 ' initial track length\nApplication.ScreenUpdating = False\nDo\n' Check for closed track\nlCurveSum = 0\nFor lIndex = 0 To lTrackLength - 1\nIf lCounts(lIndex) = 1 Then\nlCurveSum = lCurveSum + 1\nElseIf lCounts(lIndex) = 2 Then\nlCurveSum = lCurveSum - 1\nEnd If\nNext\nIf lCurveSum = 12 Then ' one 360 degree rotation anti-clockwise\nvDirection.X = 0\nvDirection.Y = 1\nvTrackPosition.X = 0\nvTrackPosition.", "7" ] ]

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[ [ "Turning generative recursion results (leaves of a tree) into connected components (where each neighbour differs by one element)\nI'm generating valid timetables for my uni with a simple generative recursion algorithm like this (disregarding handling of course-specific labs and tutorials)\ndef generate(current_timetable, unallocated_courses):\nif conflicts(current_timetable):\nreturn\nif not unallocated_courses:\nresults.add(current_timetable)\nreturn\ncourse = first(unallocated_courses)\nfor section in course:\nnew_timetable = copy(current_timetable) + section\ngenerate(new_timetable, rest(unallocated_courses))\n(Storing results as a flat list for now)\nProbably room for memoization in there, but that part of the program is fast enough already.\nNow, since this generates too many timetables to easily compare, I decided to group them into 'families', which are connected undirected graphs of timetables in which you can navigate between any two nodes by swapping one section at a time for another. As a result, I get around ~10 very differently shaped timetables that I can subjectively compare.\nMy naive O(n^2) approach was to take every single combination of 2 nodes, build an adjacency list based on the delta between each pair, and then find connected components with BFS.\nIf I store results in a tree (i.e. non-leaves are incomplete timetables, root is empty, each child has 1 more course allocated than its parents, and the leaves are the completed timetables), is there any insight about this structure that could make finding connected components faster?\nI realize that immediate siblings would be connected in the final graph, since their only difference is which section (of the course that their parents is missing) was picked, but there can also be leaves that are identical except for e.g.", "839" ], [ "their grandparents, and those are the ones that I can't seem to detect without the O(n^2) approach.\nTo clarify: Each course has a bunch of sections. At each level of the tree, a certain course is considered, and for each section in that course, a subproblem is created.\nFor example:\nAt level 1, different sections of course A are considered. At level 2, different sections of course B are considered.\nHere's sample output with 2 families (sorry about the current interface): https://dmitry.lol/public/timetablor/", "743" ] ]

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[ [ "Ultimately, money is used to buy people's time.\nYou might think you are paying for a road; in fact you are paying for people to spend time with shovels and jackhammers, people to quarry stone and drill for oil, people to build and maintain the machinery, and people to transport the raw materials to the site. Not to mention yet more people to decide precisely where and how it should be built in the first place.\nSome people value their time more than others; there are only so many waking hours in each day, and fatigue sets in quickly if you try to stretch them, or if you try to work through too many days in a row. Most people will try to earn as much money for their time as their education and training permits.\nYou can influence people to spend their time on projects that are important to you, by offering contracts to do so at a high enough price. Some (possibly much) of that money will be spent on supplies; the rest will be distributed among the workers and managers on the spot. At this stage, where the money comes from is irrelevant; if you control the Treasury, you can print it out of thin air, and it will be accepted at face value.\nThe above marks about as far as your current understanding reaches.\nOne must also understand that people working on your project are not working on other projects as a consequence. Other roads will develop more potholes, farms will go uncultivated, cars and computers will not be manufactured - because the people who would normally see to them are instead working on this new project of yours that earns them more money.\nYes, unemployment has also gone down a bit, but not everyone is inherently suited to construction work, and there's a finite supply of the unemployed. In fact, in many places the construction industry is concerned about a shortage of skilled labour. The same goes for the mining, chemical, transport and high-tech industries which feed into your project.\nFor a single project that's not a very large effect, but it adds up when you initiate a global programme of them. The result is that the supply of goods goes down a bit.\nAll these newly-enriched people then want to spend their money in order to benefit from it. To begin with, they buy food - construction work is hungry work, after all. With financial security, they move to larger homes, start families, and buy cars and computers and kitchen appliances.", "207" ], [ "They travel to see the world, and need good roads to do so.\nIn short, demand for goods goes up a bit. But supply of goods has been going down at the same time. The net effect is an increase in prices and a reduction in consumer satisfaction.\nThe increased prices help to rebalance the economy. The price of food goes up, so being a farmer becomes worthwhile again. Profit margins on gaming computers go up, so chip fabs shift production to CPUs and graphics cards instead of industrial microcontrollers and sensors. Car manufacturers increase their wages and salaries, to bring in enough labour to increase production to meet demand.\nWorkers begin to leave your project behind, because they feel you're not paying them enough any more - even though your terms are still nominally as generous as they originally were. In order to entice them back, you must increase your own offers still further - and print yet more money to fund them.\nThis is a vicious cycle. This is how inflation happens.\nIf it happens quickly enough, the price increases become so noticeable that the perceived value of your currency goes down even faster - people start charging higher prices because they believe prices will increase further before they can spend their earnings - which leads directly to hyperinflation.\nThe root cause, though, is that you've been increasing the money supply faster than the supply of work hours and productivity. To avoid it, you must fund your projects without increasing the money supply.\nTaxation is one of the traditional answers to this problem. Conveniently, one of the major expenditures normally funded by taxation - the military - can now be downsized, since you are so confident that wars will no longer occur (though I suspect you might be wrong in practice). So you can keep taxation roughly constant, and redirect trillions of dollars per annum from the military-industrial complex into public works.\nJob done.", "207" ] ]

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[ [ "This might be Code Lyoko (aired from 2003 in France and from 2004 in the USA), as <PERSON> said in the comments.\n\"there were a group of kids/teen (around 13-15) who found a parallel universe (inside a game, I think).\"\nPart of the description from Wikipedia:\n<PERSON>, a 12-year-old prodigy attending boarding school at Kadic Academy, discovers a quantum supercomputer in an abandoned factory near his school. Upon activating it, he discovers a virtual world called Lyoko with an artificially intelligent girl named <PERSON> trapped inside it. <PERSON> learns of X.A.N.A., a fully autonomous, malevolent, and highly intelligent multi-agent system, that also dwells within the Supercomputer. Using Lyoko's powers, X.A.N.A can possess electronics and objects in the real world like a virus to wreak havoc. X.A.N.A.'s primary objective is to eliminate anyone aware of the Supercomputer's existence so that it will be free to conquer the real world and destroy all humanity.\n<PERSON> works tirelessly to materialize Aelita into the real world and stop attacks caused by X.A.N.A. <PERSON> is aided by his three friends <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON>, who are virtualized into Lyoko to save both worlds from the sinister virtual entity.", "322" ], [ "They achieve this by escorting Aelita to various Towers on Lyoko, which serve as interface terminals between Lyoko and Earth. Once the Tower is deactivated, <PERSON> can launch a \"Return to the Past\" program, which sends the world back in time, while anyone scanned into the Supercomputer retains memory of the other timeline, to undo any damage caused by X.A.N.A. In \"Code: Earth,\" <PERSON> is finally materialized, but the group discovers that X.A.N.A. had planted a virus inside of her that will kill her if the Supercomputer is turned off. They realize that they cannot destroy X.A.N.A, or <PERSON> will be destroyed along with it.\n<PERSON> adjusts to life in the real world, while <PERSON> attempts to develop an antivirus program to liberate her from X.A.N.A.'s power.\nThis sounds like your description. I'm not so sure about the black suits with coloured lines. There was a remake in 2014, which did have such suits, but I'm not sure whether the same was true of the original 2000s series.", "837" ] ]

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[ [ "The Boys in the Boat\nThis is absolutely amazing. No big stars, no mind blowing story, no big budgets, no political agendas, just a simple and normal movie for normal people. <PERSON> has my respect for making this. Very simple yet wonderful. Great acting, and the cinematography was amazing. It's a great feel good movie, and the quality of each scene is really good.", "217" ], [ "I wouldn't say it's visually stunning, but those visuals gave me peace of mind. I absolutely enjoyed this. Watch it in one sitting. I've always been a fan of rowing, and the fact that this is something that happened for real, you can find the final race on YouTube; makes it more interesting. Just wanted to say it's a damn good movie. I highly recommend it. Even if you don't feel the same way I did, you will certainly have a great time.", "583" ] ]

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[ [ "How about some of the words that describe groups which actually were known for this (or similar) intimidation tactics, one video game/psychology theory, and a common troupe. The first and last are very common terms/legends used for this while the second provides some names used for this behavior based on a psycho-analyst model:\núlfheðnar and <PERSON> & the Kaikusi Yumu\nThough originally two groups these are now both more commonly lumped together and referred to as Berserkers. These were two shamanic groups which were known to invoke an animal totem/spirit (the wolf and bear) to intimidate their enemies and build themselves into a rage state which helped to dehumanize themselves (making brutality easier and lessening the effects of fear) and creating an altered-state which allowed them to ignore pain easier 1 & 2. To do this they would perform rituals which included biting their shields and howling or roaring at the enemies3 (some say it included drinking blood or other self-harm events) before and while heading into battle. It's actually the inspiration for a TV trope known as the screaming warrior which has been used in numerous shows and video games. It was also effective as these warriors became legends which were said to be immune to damage from fire or iron 1 & 2 & 3.\nThese were not the only warriors to invoke animal spirits and practice rituals to build themselves into a rage.", "72" ], [ "Carib warriors would try and be possessed by the Kaikusi-yumu 4 the tiger spirit or tiger demon. This spirit would stay inside him until he ate the heart or drank the blood of a slain enemies.\nJungian Psychology and Persona\nThe Persona video games directly borrow from Jungian Psychology and in these games - you must do something painful to activate your powers (like shot yourself in the head or rip a bloody mask off your face). This comes directly from <PERSON> who postulated that an emotional shock or trauma would split off some of our psyche and create a complex 5.\nSo <PERSON> gives us 4 really cool names based on his archetypes: the Shadow, the Animus and Anima, and the Persona - many of which involve pain (or trauma) to develop further (or more correctly dealing with the trauma). In fact, one of the earliest (no longer followed) of <PERSON>'s methods was to have people relive and retell their trauma in order to deal with and grow - a process called Abreaction.\nOf Terror Knights, Black Knights, and Sith\nMany games and movies/tv, have a class of Knight which use attacks and actions that cause themselves damage in exchange for beneficial or combat effects. Such as Tactics Ogre, Final Fantasy, and Star Wars - they are also used in legends and as a representation of <PERSON>. These groups usually use some form of negative energy (whether derived from demons, blood magic, negative emotions, etc) to fuel their spells and abilities and thus either experience a form of blow back from them or actually have to physically damage themselves to even access them.\n1: <PERSON>, Ancient Germanic Warriors: Warrior Styles from Trajan's Column to Icelandic Sagas, Routledge, Aug 2004, pg.38-40\n2: Transforming Warriors: The Ritual Organization of Military Force, Routledge, May 2016, pg.55-57.\n3: <PERSON>, \"Bare or Bear, or, the Story of Berserk\", 2008.\n4: The Anthropology of War, Cambridge University Press, Jul 1990, pg.151-152.\n5: \"A Review of the Complex Theory,\" CW 8, par. 204.", "72" ] ]

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[ [ "I have played through the scenarios in the rulebook of the both Battlelore and C&C Ancients, and ultimately I found that I enjoy Ancients more. This review is an attempt to explain my preference.\nComponents: I will concede that Battlelore wins the battle of the components because it is lavishly overproduced. However, Ancients does have some positive qualities as well.\nI am not a painter, nor do I wish to spend my time painting plastic miniatures. Thus, I found the wooden blocks to be preferable. The blocks are attractive, easier to move, and easier to store than the Battlelore miniatures. However, in all other aspects Battlelore has superior components.\nThe terrain tiles, cards, and board of Battlelore are more substantial, more attractive, and ultimately, I suspect, more durable. The reference cards, card racks, and removable flags are all great touches and make the game feel really polished.\nGameplay: Here is where Ancients soundly thrashes Battlelore. The differences in mechanics between the two games are subtle, but these differences ultimately make Ancients a deeper game from a tactical and strategic standpoint. Overall, I'm impressed by how Ancients consistently rewards skillful play. Here is a breakdown of the mechanical differences that I found most significant:\nEvade/Retreat: In Ancients, you can evade an attack. This option is not available in Battlelore. Choosing when to evade is critical, not only because it decreases the likelihood you will suffer casualties (if you evade, the attacker only scores a hit by rolling your unit color symbol), but because the retreat rules truly punish you. In Ancients, units retreat their full movement which means a retreat is more likely to break up a line, you are more likely to lose units during a retreat, and the retreating unit is much more likely to be left in a position where you have to use valuable command cards to bring it back into a relevant position on the board.\nIn contrast, retreats in Battlelore are not serious drawbacks and I often find that I can retreat into a supported position.\nBattleback: In Ancients all units can battle back. This makes combat much more intense and exciting. Will you wipe out the last heavy infantry unit with your warriors or will the infantry be able to battle back with 5 dice? Tense stuff!\nIn contrast, Battlelore provides that only \"bold\" units can battle back.", "237" ], [ "Units are typically bold when they are supported or have advantageous terrain, and of course, dwarves are always bold. This means that you want to take advantage of unsupported units and create isolated units whenever possible. It is simply not very tense attacking a foe that can't fight back - this feels artificially \"gamey\".\nBattlelore uses the boldness rule to encourage you to form little \"knots\" of supported units. This is like hitting you over the head with a 2 x 4. If you don't do this you will die! If you isolate your opponent's units you will win! Smash! Boom! Ow!\nAncients rewards good formations but more subtlety. Supported units can ignore 1 flag which is simple enough. However, Ancients rewards good troop management in another way as well, through a more intriguing command deck.\nCommand Cards: The command cards in Ancients offer more rewards for creating strong formations, and they also reward a player who wisely utilizes his leaders. The deck feels more balanced and does a superior job of allowing me to feel like a general maneuvering his troops into position to play the decisive card. The special cards are well chosen and well balanced.\nIn Battlelore, the command deck is clearly overshadowed by the lore deck. Many of the great effects of the Ancient command cards, such as First strike and Rally, have been ported over to lore cards. The are replaced by scout cards which affords a player a way (albeit a rather boring way - move 1 unit, draw 2 command cards at the end of your turn, keep one of them) to get better command card quality in his hand.\nBy porting over the dramatic and exciting command cards of Ancients to the lore deck, the importance of the command deck is diminished, and I think that is unfortunate. Wisely using and timing the play of command cards is the most enjoyable aspect of the game to me.\nThe Ancients command deck creates also seems to create more intriguing and tense battles. I recognize that a lot of the elements that I enjoy in the Ancients command deck are picked up on and expanded by the lore deck; however, the effects in the Ancients deck are in every game and they are well chosen. The lore deck is somewhat of a crapshoot in comparison, and games can be much more uneven because of this.\nOne person may call this replayability, another person may call it randomness. I simply find that there is a greater opportunity to grow as a player with a the Ancient command deck versus the Battlelore lore deck.\nI guess it could be akin to mastering bridge versus poker.", "237" ] ]

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[ [ "I had a second-trimester pregnancy loss 2 months ago. I had to serve a baby shower tonight.\nMy husband and I have been together for 10 years. We found out we were expecting our first earlier this year and were so excited. We listened to our son’s heartbeat and marveled at his little nose, and we were healthy. We were great. Until one day, we weren’t.\nI won’t go into detail, but it was traumatic. Our loss was a three-week process that almost killed me, and I had to have emergency surgery. I was medically required to be off work for over a month. It was a lot.\nI returned a few weeks ago.", "13" ], [ "I was sat tonight with a party of 8 and it was a baby shower for a little boy. They had a huge “It’s a BOY!” balloon surrounded my a bunch of small blue ones, and the Mom-To-Be had a large linen hamper full of her gifts. A bunch of onesies. Pacifiers. All the things I just had to box up. I was passing out their food, and got to the Mom’s entree, and the whole table was like “That’s for our Momma!” They had a cake, with little blue baby boots on top and they offered me a slice. I declined.\nAnd I think that was the hardest point in my professional career. To serve that party with a smile and wit, and to look that woman in the eye and congratulate her.\nI lost it in my car on the way home.\nSide note: Cheers to all of us who show up and do our best, especially when our personal circumstances are tough. Customer service is next-level hard.", "201" ] ]

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[ [ "First, you realize pens are inherently portable. So the first step is to make the typewriters small enough to be easily portable. With a genius-level foresight (or a dumber than dumb 21st century hindsight) it is clear that mechanical typewriters will not quite fit the bill - electronics is the way to go, especially the newly discovered semiconductor devices.\nSomething like this, replacing the hard to operate mechanical construction with an electrically operated printing ball and an easy to type keyboard s an improvement:\nStill too heavy. So then comes the next model:\nThat's better, but for quick notes, paper is still cumbersome, big and heavy (in reasonable quantities). Replacing the paper with a built in display is an improvement:\nIt could be made smaller, but then typing would become more difficult.\nThe next step is to make these (first luggable, then portable, or perhaps even pocket) typewriters to be widely accepted and used by the population worldwide.", "111" ], [ "Granted, with prices getting low enough, these will be used, but mostly by enthusiasts and typewriter geeks. So, in addition to writing down notes (which is the main use of a pen), what can our typewriters offer as their killer app? Well, we people are social beings, so the ability to communicate remotely... while nothing new under the Sun, making it ubiquitous and portable (and with some far reaching imagination, even wireless) would have some appeal...\nSo, after some iterations, your typewriter fits into a pocket and either has a reasonable keyboard, but a bit heavy:\nthrough smaller, but still very usable:\nto the poor man's typewriter with a limited keyboard, requiring multiple presses of a key to enter the desired letter:\nAnd who knows where the future development leads, but one thing is clear, the devices will have a keyboard - although we can imagine technological development to allow us other input methods, who would want to write on anything that is slower, error-prone and clumsier than a keyboard?\nThat's for the two way written communication... but can we do better? Obviously, N-way (where N>2) is better - imagine a worldwide network, with hundreds, nay, thousands of discussion groups, where you can type you opinion, read the responses from your peers on your pocket typewriter screen, even communicate in real time... I can imagine this to be the major timesink and a new most indispensable thing since the television. And once this becomes widespread, people will use handwriting (and pens) less and less and eventually even the school system will catch on.\nAnd, if the development starts with the transistor and continues in its natural leisure pace, prompted now and then by generous investments in the right spots by your entrepreneur, and if in the 1950 he is young and healthy, with a bit of luck he might live long enough to see his dream come true.", "634" ] ]

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[ [ "How Zimbabwe’s biometric ID scheme — and China’s AI aspirations — threw a wrench in elections · Global Voices\nIndelible ink on the finger of a voter. Photo by <PERSON> via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0.\nEditor's note: This piece is part of a series on digital ID systems, produced in partnership with The Engine Room. Visit the Digital ID microsite to read a full research report on this global trend, and case studies on five countries that have deployed digital ID systems, including Zimbabwe.\nIn July 2018, Zimbabweans went to the polls for the first time since the ousting of long-time (now deceased) leader <PERSON>, who had held power for nearly 30 years. This may have been promising from an outsider's perspective, but the heavily contested elections did not inspire confidence in Zimbabwean voters.\nWeeks after polling day, when results had not yet been released, hundreds of people took to the streets of the capital Harare to protest the delays, with many fearing that the Zimbabwean Electoral Commission (ZEC) had rigged the results in favor of then-Vice President <PERSON>, who took office shortly after <PERSON>’s ouster.\nBut vicious party politics were not the only reason Zimbabweans distrusted the results of this particular election. In the months leading up to the vote, something else had been happening, something new: The government had begun to collect citizens’ biometric data, as part of the voter registration process.\nIn previous elections, citizens could visit any polling station and vote just by showing their conventional ID cards, which contained their name, ID number, date and place of birth and date of issue. After voting, one's finger would be smeared with indelible ink to avoid double voting. Now, citizens suddenly had to submit their photos, fingerprints, national identity numbers and home addresses into one integrated and digitized system. If they did not do this, they were told, they might be barred from voting.", "424" ], [ "This increased public fears of monitoring and intimidation, already a common theme for elections in Zimbabwe.\nThe system was touted both by ruling party and opposition voices as a strong guard against “ghost” voters and other types of election fraud. But its underlying technology was not built with these issues in mind. Nor was it built in Zimbabwe.\nChina’s ‘AI foray’ into southern Africa\nThe government of Zimbabwe signed a strategic partnership with CloudWalk Technology, a Chinese company that has become a leader in the field of facial recognition, in March 2018. The objective of the partnership was to commence a large-scale facial recognition program in Zimbabwe, which government officials said would be used to preserve “law and order,” and then expanded to other public sector programs.\n<PERSON>, a special adviser to President <PERSON> (and Zimbabwe’s former ambassador to China) told the Herald :\nAn ordinary Zimbabwean probably won’t believe that you can buy your groceries or pay your electricity bill by scanning your face, but this is where this technology is taking us…as government, we are happy because we are moving with the rest of the world.\nPart of the Chinese government’s Belt and Road initiative , this agreement made Zimbabwe one of the first countries in southern Africa to adopt this technology.\nThe relationship between the two countries is not new — with hundreds of millions of dollars invested in various sectors of Zimbabwe’s ailing economy, China has a strong interest in Zimbabwe’s political affairs. Chinese President <PERSON> has frequently expressed his desire to spread China’s communist leadership style to political parties worldwide and he has found a willing taker in Zimbabwe’s ruling party, the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front.\nChina is eager to produce the world’s best AI and Chinese companies are turning to Africa to speed up their algorithms’ diversity training. Rolling out the technology in a majority African population will allow CloudWalk to more clearly identify other ethnicities , potentially placing the Chinese firm steps ahead of US and European developers.\nGraphic rendering of a facial structure algorithm, via Pikrepo. (CC 0)\nCloudWalk uses 3D light facial software, which is purportedly better than other facial recognition programs at reading dark-skinned faces. The deal allows CloudWalk to train its algorithms on data taken from Zimbabwean citizens. The resulting information is meant to help China build one of the world’s most inclusive and racially-diversified facial recognition databases.\nBut at what cost to Zimbabwe’s fragile democracy, and to Zimbabweans’ privacy?\nDigital ID and distrust in the 2018 election\nOpposition parties and civil society organizations had in fact pressed for electoral reforms that included the adoption of the biometric voter registration (BVR), with the hope of eradicating the persistent problem of “ghost” voters in almost every election.", "424" ] ]

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[ [ "Just want to add another perspective by using computers and our understanding of space-time as an analogy.\nFirst, let me state that computers do not recognize time by itself. It requires an external clock that is subsequently mapped to human-understandable time (1 time step -> 0.1 ns, for example). But barring that external clock to quantize (discretize) the executions of computers instructions (note that in computers we artificially synchronize executions based on the clock, otherwise, it will \"just happen\"), the amount of \"time\" (from we as external observer that already understand time) required to accomplish tasks (or a sequence of instructions) are not quantifiable.\nSo for the computers without external clock, time would be something inherent to their fabric of existence.\nAnother perspective before getting to the final point is how we understand the concept of fabric of space-time. (image below from the book \"We Have No Idea\")\nWe can't really measure the expansion of our very fabric of space-time directly, since any measure we use would also be expanding, unless we can find something that doesn't expand with the fabric of space-time.\nNow, back to the computer analogy, I guess it won't be able to see the concept of time, unless there are things in the universe that stays constant with respect to time (something that does not \"expand\" with the chaos of time in your universe).\nHowever, we now do learn about the speed of light and the fabric of space-time (but much much later, definitely not the first thing that we would come up with).", "781" ], [ "So I believe there would be some cases that caused your creatures to try to understand the concept of time, with much difficulty, just as now we try to understand the concept of space-time.\nA final remark would be to note that this might have some similarity if we assume speed of light is much lower than the current speed, that we can move very close to the speed of light. That can cause things to happen differently for different people (think about the different frame of reference in our current universe that might cause ordering of events to be different for different observers). So it might be hard for the creatures in your universe to understand that there are absolute ordering (passage of time) of events. So you might want to start from there.", "562" ] ]

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[ [ "I rencently stumbled on a more or less similar question. Actually the Fourier transform of the velocity autocorrelation does not gives you the phonon DOS but rather the phonon population of your system. In other words it gives you normal modes.\nThe actual calculation of the DOS can be found, for example, in the thesis of Dr <PERSON>, gracefully linked by Prof. <PERSON> in this discussion: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_do_I_calculate_Phonon_Density_of_states_from_VACF\nAs Prof. <PERSON> says, the actual calculation is rare in the litterature and it could clarify some question to develop it here.\nUnfortunately it is in spanish but I can give here a quick explaination of his calculations.\nA. Computation of the phonon DOS\nGiven the Fourier transform of the velocities from the space of time ($t$) to the space of frequencies ($\\omega$):\n$$\\mathbf{v}n(\\omega)=\\int{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\mathbf{v}_n(t)e^{i\\omega{}t}dt$$\nwhere the subscript $n$ corresponds to the $n^{th}$ atom and $i$ is the imaginary unit.", "346" ], [ "From here one can get the spectrum of potential kinetic energy:\n$$|\\mathbf{v}n(\\omega)|^2 = \\int{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} \\mathbf{v}_n(t') \\mathbf{v}_n(t) e^{i\\omega{}(t-t')}dtdt'$$\nIn a stationnary oscillatory state, the coordinate $r_n(t)$ can be rewritten as a function of the normal modes of oscillation:\n$$ r_{nj}(t) = \\sum_s Q_{snj} e^{-i\\omega_{sj} t} $$\nwith the $\\omega_s$ the normal frequencies of oscillation and j the direction of the 3D space, $Q_{snj}$ being the mean coordinate of the particle. Hence one can express velocities as the derivative regarding time:\n$$ v_{nj}(t) = \\sum_s Q_{snj}(-i\\omega_{sj}) e^{-i\\omega_{sj} t} $$\nUsing this expression in the second integral, one can deduce:\n$$ \\sum_{i=1}^N |\\mathbf{v}n(\\omega_s)|^2 = \\sum_s\\sum{(n*j)=1}^{3N} \\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} |Q_{snj}|^2\\omega_s^2 e^{i(\\omega+\\omega_s)t''}dt'' $$\nwhere $t''=t-t'$.\nAt thermal equilibrium, given the equipartition of the energy, one has directly $\\sum_j |Q_{snj}|^2\\omega_{sj}^2=3k_BT$. As the normale modes are supposed to be dominant, the integral of the complex exponential can be reduced to a Dirac distribution such as $\\rho(\\omega) = \\sum_s \\delta(\\omega+\\omega_s)$ is the phonon DOS.\nHence: $$ \\sum_{i=1}^N |\\mathbf{v}n(\\omega_s)|^2 = 3Nk_BT\\sum_s\\delta(\\omega+\\omega_s) $$ $$ \\downarrow $$ $$ \\rho(\\omega) = \\frac{\\sum{i=1}^N |\\mathbf{v}_n(\\omega_s)|^2}{3Nk_BT} $$\nTaking $t'=0$ for the origin of the time, this final expression reduces to $$ \\rho(\\omega) = \\frac{\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\sum_{i=1}^N <\\mathbf{v}_i(t)\\cdot\\mathbf{v}_i(0)>}{3Nk_BT} $$ linking it to the autocorrelation. If you just Fourier transform the autocorrelation of the velocities, you get the normal modes. You have to had them (i.e integrate) to get the actual DOS. More informations on the assumptions are in the thesis.", "37" ] ]

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[ [ "What is The correct terminology for expressing *this* notion of complexity\nSay for example, I have an algorithm $Al_i$ that produces output from the set $S = {s_i}$ for problems from the set $P = {p_i}$, and another algorithm $Al_j$ that also produces output from the set $S = {s_i}$ for problems from the set $P = {p_i}$. For the purposes of this question, $Al_j$ and $Al_i$ are the same.\nOr, if I have two systems that produce the same output given the same input, then we can treat these systems as the same.\nGenerally, if two objects do the same things (produce the same output for identical input, convey the same information as output), then these objects are identical. The processing of the systems are not relevant. We're only concerned with the output of the systems, objects, entities, etc.\nNow, there are many such identical systems. Say $T_i$ is some set of all identical objects/entities/systems that do some same thing. Let $t_i^*$ be the object in $T_i$ with the smallest <PERSON> complexity.\nIs there a conventional terminology for expressing $t_i^*$?\nAn example of a $T_i$ may be the set of all proofs for a particular theorem. (Here the <PERSON> complexity of all theorems includes each intermediate theorem invoked in its proof (so basically each theorem would first be expressed in axioms first and computing the complexity of that expression)).", "875" ], [ "I may be interested in referring to the least complex theorem (using the aforementioned notion of the complexity of the axiomatic expression of the theorem).\nThings can be defined by form or by function. I understand that <PERSON> complexity traditionally considers the former, while I am concerned with the <PERSON> complexity of the latter. A picture has a defined form, and an algorithm that only produces that picture is no different from the picture itself. What about an algorithm that produces different output. We could look at the form of the algorithm, or look at its function. Looking at function, all correct algorithms for a particular problem are identical. Bogosort is identical to quicksort which is identical to mergesort, heapsort, etc.\nI am concerned with the smallest Kolmogorov complexity of any sorting algorithm.", "603" ] ]

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[ [ "This review was originally written for my board game editorial site Player Elimination.\n<PERSON> has made a career pairing Euro-style adventure mechanisms with threaded narrative content. This is most directly seen in Near & Far, but it’s also present in Above & Below and Empires of the Void II. Unfortunately none of those games have felt perfectly comfortable or expertly integrated between their various elements. Iteration, however, leads to innovation. Sleeping Gods is Red Raven’s chef-d’œuvre.\nThis design represents a philosophical shift. Instead of attempting to service a worker placement and storytelling game equally, the focus has been placed on developing a sprawling narrative endeavor. There is still resource management – almost too much – and of course systems for conflict and skill tests, but those are clearly in service to the fireside whispers of The Manticore’s journey through a far away land full of wonder.\nThe Manticore is of course your ship. A 1920s steamboat crewed by nine characters, characters you will control and divvy up among the players equally. Taking a page out of Ravenloft, the steamer disappears in a blanket of fog and ends up in a foreign sea. It’s a tale of bewilderment, discovery, and moral plight.\nThis is good stuff.\nThis game is inseparably linked to recent standouts 7th Continent and Tainted Grail. It offers an open world for players to explore while demanding you precisely manage health and fatigue – across both your crew members and The Manticore – in order to earn the right to keep going.\nThe narrative here is fundamentally between the two approaches offered in those predecessors. 7th Continent required you attempt to lift a curse by following a couple of vague clues. Like a pigeon scooping up errant breadcrumbs scattered in the Bakeoff Tent, there are many distractions and interesting features pulling at your feathers. The main storyline almost felt like an aside to exploring the continent. This worked to its detriment as the central loop of resource gathering gave way to such repetition that I found myself wishing <PERSON> would turn the damn wheel already and make the whole continent disappear.\nTainted Grail on the other hand was sharply focused. If you don’t engage the intricate main plotline of a post-apocalyptic King <PERSON> seeking his legacy, well then you’re condemned to a life of repeatedly gathering supplies to light oversized monolithic statues. This game only succeeds because the central story is so well written.\nSleeping Gods has none of this nonsense.", "504" ], [ "While you do have to spend time resting and attending to your people’s bruises, it’s ultimately much less focused on the grind. Instead, it’s all about visiting locations on the map and engaging locals in discourse or exploring wondrous locations. This is funneled through a main storyline that is structurally wispy: you’re trying to gather totems which will raise the slumbering gods in exchange for your freedom. It’s a proposition, but one which you have really no choice to accept when you open that box.\nWhat’s quite remarkable is how focused this game is despite basically being an enormous collection of side-quests. Each little task you engage is an isolated job – head to an island to the west and retrieve a lost blade, or visit the large forest to the south and find my son – but the overarching spirit of the game feels incredibly directed and centered.\nThis is reflected in The Manticore itself. Since players take on the role of several crew members, each with emergent personality and their own special abilities, you are all tethered to the ship. Unlike those previous two touchstone games you can’t wander off on your own.\nThat’s an important distinction. For one, it means this game is consistent across any range of players. Every single crew member is utilized regardless of the number of participants. This makes for a sturdy solitaire game as well as an incredible multiplayer co-operative one.\nMore importantly though it keeps the action focused. When you engage in the relatively uncommon combat, everyone participates. When you head to the storybook to read a passage, everyone should be perked up and invested. There are still turns where leadership alternates between players, but group collaboration is always paramount.\nThere’s a certain warm satisfaction in all of these disparate quests knotting together around the focal point of that little steamboat miniature. It’s one of the central themes that you’re sailing through this cryptic realm but it’s actually sailing through you. Everything of note is occurring by your hand and your decision. Sleeping Gods may not be your dwelling, but its fate is uniquely yours.\nOne of the quirks of <PERSON> style is that the worlds they build are whimsical. This results in Sleeping Gods feeling more like Young Adult fiction as opposed to a serious dramatic work.", "237" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> and <PERSON>\nReally remarkable stop motion here, with <PERSON> elevating his game even higher. It's in the fine details of fast movement and in the jumps and gravitational bits. So good. His command of how things move and have weight has always been phenomenal, but he's improving all the time.\nHis cinematic chops are also extending. he's using camera overlays including bits of hand drawn animation.", "594" ], [ "He is cross cutting action sequences and he's using multiple angles of the same action.\nAs parable, this isn't much, but it is a pretty devastating rip on the bourgeoisie. Because of his use of insects and animals, we see thee creatures as ourselves - and so here we see ourselves as rats. Not entirely comforting. And if I did have a minor quibble, it's that even though he is now animating the faces of these rate, it does move the piece a little further into pastiche because they no longer look like real animals, but closer to cartoon versions. Its something that was bound to happen if he wanted this level of characterization, but it is a trade off. Still, this piece has some great stuff.", "862" ] ]

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[ [ "How to plot a table with multiple columns as a box plot\nI am trying to plot a box plot with the Trinucleotide as the x axis (so 64 trinucleotides on the x axis) and the frequency of each trinucleotide in each of 6 samples then color code the plot according to the sample. This is a snippet of the table and the code I have so far as well as the type of graph I want.\n``` ibrary(tidyverse) library(readxl)\n<PERSON> <- read_xlsx(\"TrinucleotideFrequency06182021.xlsx\") <PERSON> <- gather (<PERSON>, \"xzl.mmu.C57.testis.wt.adult.40S_crosslink.rep1+rept1.RPF.trimmed.gz.x_rRNA.x_hairpin.mm10v1.unique.+jxn.bed13.40S.sense.hybrid.utr3.1up.5end.PNLDC1.rep1.bed6\", \"xzl.mmu.C57.testis.wt.adult.40S_crosslink.rep2+rept2.RPF.R1.trimmed.gz.x_rRNA.x_hairpin.mm10v1.unique.+jxn.bed13.40S.sense.hybrid.utr3.1up.5end.PNLDC1.rep1.bed6\", \"xzl.mmu.C57.testis.wt.adult.40S_crosslink.rep3+rept3.RPF.R1.trimmed.gz.x_rRNA.x_hairpin.mm10v1.unique.+jxn.bed13.40S.sense.hybrid.utr3.1up.5end.PNLDC1.rep1.bed6\", \"xzl.mmu.C57.testis.wt.adult.80S_crosslink.rep1+rept1.RPF.trimmed.gz.x_rRNA.x_hairpin.mm10v1.unique.+jxn.bed13.RPF.sense.hybrid.utr3.1up.5end.PNLDC1.rep1.bed6\", \"xzl.mmu.C57.testis.wt.adult.80S_crosslink.rep2+rept2.RPF.R1.trimmed.gz.x_rRNA.x_hairpin.mm10v1.unique.+jxn.bed13.RPF.sense.hybrid.utr3.1up.5end.PNLDC1.rep1.bed6\", \"xzl.mmu.C57.testis.wt.adult.80S_crosslink.rep3+rept3.RPF.R1.trimmed.gz.x_rRNA.x_hairpin.mm10v1.unique.+jxn.bed13.RPF.sense.hybrid.utr3.1up.5end.PNLDC1.rep1.bed6\",key=\"gene\", value=\"value\") marte$gene <- as.factor(marte$Trinucleotide)\nmarte$group <- as.factor(marte$gene)\nggplot(marte, aes(x = gene, y = value, color = group)) + geom_boxplot() ```\nhead (marte) produces the output below and underneath is a part of the table I am using to generate the plot with the first column as the trinucleotide and the other 6 as each gene respectively.\nTrinucleotide gene value group <chr> <fct> <dbl> <fct> 1 AAA AAA 0.0214 AAA 2 TAG TAG 0.0199 TAG 3 AGC AGC 0.0132 AGC 4 TGT TGT 0.0338 TGT 5 GAT GAT 0.0130 GAT 6 CAC CAC 0.0112 CAC\nAAA 0.<PHONE_NUMBER>.016654469 0.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER>.<PHONE_NUMBER> TAG 0.019927531 0.018790672 0.015649845 0.<PHONE_NUMBER>.019363723 0.<PHONE_NUMBER> AGC 0.013209711 0.<PHONE_NUMBER>.014520044 0.", "60" ] ]

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[ [ "Rotary Dial Arduino Input\nIntroduction: Rotary Dial Arduino Input\nThis project was intended to serve as a proof of concept for using a rotary phone’s dial as an interface between a user and the Arduino microcontroller. However, this experiment quickly turned into an opportunity to learn all about the Atmega328P’s various timer and interrupt capabilities and how to manually set registers within the Arduino IDE in order to utilize them and handle IO operations more efficiently. This section includes a brief video demonstration of the rotary dial's use as an input to a microcontroller.\nStep 1: Connecting the Rotary Dial to the Arduino\nWhile disassembling a few legacy phones, I was excited to learn that their dials are completely self-contained devices that operates as mechanical switch. When the user draws the dial back to a specific number the switch will periodically open that number of times, with a specific timing that is dictated by the rotary dial’s inner clockwork. In order to test the possibility of using the device to act as a sort of keypad, the circuit depicted in the top diagram was constructed. Both LEDs have their own digital pins (D3 and D4) which are simply used to communicate whether the correct predetermined code has been entered into the dial.", "1003" ], [ "The microcontroller counts the low pulses at the rotary dials pin (D2) in order to determine which number has been entered.\nStep 2: Coding for Rotary Dial Input\nThough the circuit is very straight forward, programming for this operation required an intimate knowledge of the Atmega328P’s timers. A timer had to be utilized in unique ways in order to distinguish one pulse from another, debounce the rotary dial's switching, and decide when to stop counting pulses for one digit and start counting pulses for the next digit. The project has left me with a much deeper understanding of the registers used to control the 328P and a comfortability with the technical documentation involved. Below is the entire program used to run the demonstration in the introductory video.\n#define dialPin 2\n#define redLED 4\n#define greenLED 3\nbool checkPin ( int *input, int *truePin );\nbool keep_count = 1;\nint Pindex = 0;\nvolatile int Cycle = 0;\nvolatile int Tick = 0;\nint inputPin[5] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}; //we add an extra element to avoid buffer overflow\nint truePin [4] = { 1, 7, 3, 8};\nvoid setup() {\npinMode (dialPin, INPUT);\npinMode (redLED , OUTPUT);\npinMode (greenLED,OUTPUT);\npinMode ( 11, OUTPUT);\ndigitalWrite(11, LOW);\nnoInterrupts();\nTCCR2A = 0; // Timer/Counter ContRol Registers used to set mode, prescalar, other options\nTCCR2B = 0;\nTCCR2B |= ( 1 << CS22); // we set the Clock Select bit of this register so that our prescalar is 64\n// desired f = 1000 Hz\n// Clock Speed /( prescaler * ( counter max - start of count ) ) = f\n// 16 000 000 / ( 64 * ( 256 - x ) ) = 1000 Hz\n// x = 6\nTCNT2 = 6; // Timer CouNTer register. This is what is incremented. We start OUR specific count at 48\nTIMSK2 = 0;\nTIMSK2 |= ( 1 << TOIE1 ); // on the Timer Interrupt Mask Register the TimerOverflowInteruptEnable bit is set\nSerial.begin (9600);\n}\n//IMPORTANT NOTE: with an 8 bit counter running with a prescalar of 64 and an initial count of 6 we get about 1000Hz\n//So we want 3 seconds at 1000 cycles per second = MAX_CYCLES of 3000\n//For a debounce of 50ms we likewise need 75 cycles\n#define MAX_CYCLES 1500 //for 1.", "134" ] ]

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[ [ "Pressure release and earthquake\nLet's say the earth is flat. Someone standing at the center would feel weightless. The closer he gets to the edges the more matter he will have behind him and the stronger gravitational pull will be. He will literary feel like he is climbing a steeper and steeper mountain. It's the same for the matter which composes the Earth. Think of it as a sponge. As soon as you release it it will expand and take more place. It the same for matter: at the center it weights nothing but it is squeezed between the matter which stands at the edges, willing to collapse. This squeezing (pressure) compresses matter which consequently will to expand as soon as possible. The moment you suppress gravity you allow matter to expand and release its potential energy as a sound wave travelling through Earth.\nIn my opinion if you target a block which is inside the crust this would look very much like an earthquake and would have similar impacts on the environment. If you activate this on a volume that contains crust and air I think that everything described by <PERSON> is correct.\nNo centripetal force anymore\nAccording to <PERSON>'s laws of motion, any object to which is applied a force $F$ will move through empty space in straight line forever. It's linear motion and no force is required to actually move.", "319" ], [ "Force is required to change the momentum (direction and speed). Objects on Earth's surface are not moving in straight line because of a centripetal force which keeps changing their momentum. They want to move in linear motion but they can't. They are like a rotating ball attached by a string. This force is Gravity.\nThe Earth is spinning very fast. The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is about $7.2921150\\times 10^{-5}\\ \\text{rad/s}$ (solar second). When you multiply this by equatorial radius of $6\\,378\\,137\\ \\text{m}$ it gives you a tangential speed of $465.1\\ \\text{m/s}$. If you were able to remove gravity from a block of matter, nothing (as far as I know) would stop it from moving in straight line at $465.1\\ \\text{m/s}$ into space except for the frictional forces and the effect area. Friction might be quickly overwhelmed as your block increases in size.\nScratching the surface\nI meant to have the area of effects not penetrate the surface on any of the scenarios except the last one\nIf your machine does not target Earth's crust at all things tend to be gentler. Imagine everything <PERSON> talked about without any violent explosions. On a large scale however, air displacements would significantly affect the weather, producing exceedingly violent winds travelling at huge speed and destroying almost everything on its passage.\nThe speed of light\nIf your matter losses its mass it must become something massless and there is not many options here: it should turn into energy (otherwise your Universe has energy leaks which is very weird and question all modern physics). According to the mass-energy equivalence equation $E=mc^2$ this is completely devastating and equivalent to an anti-matter bomb. Since I suppose this is not really interesting for your story, you have to take this into account, either to ignore it of find a way to avoid it.\nHow do you do this?\nThe how is not important, I want to know what would happen after it was turned on at different levels.\nI disagree and how is certainly a question you should ask to yourself and be clear about in your question: how does your machine remove gravity from the block of matter? Does it modify space-time curvature? Does it make you matter massless so almost unaffected by gravity (turning it into electromagnetic waves and therefore making it travelling at light speed)? It might impacts the answers you obtain here.", "319" ] ]

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[ [ "You will have to forgive the lack of sources in this answer, as I am using references from a real book which I own (because I'm really that much of a nerd). Usually I'm much more link heavy in my answers.\nThe creature that I am using is something like a \"cloud\" or massive collection of gases, as referenced here. It is made up of small, organic \"organs\" within a larger, gaseous form. These organs are connected by electrical paths much like our own brain cells are connected to one another. The creature is essentially one giant brain, with the organs acting as cells, communicating. The cloud is made up of the same materials our own body is made up of, but on a much larger scale and in a gaseous form. These allow the brain to travel through the vacuum of space (with some minor handwavium).\nThis creature feeds on gaseous elements, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc, all the gases that are found in abundance in the universe. In the short story it is based on, the creature sucks out needed replacement gases of a planet's atmosphere and leaves behind wastes (the story specifically puts Earth in danger of this creature).", "731" ], [ "It can also eke out pockets of gas by heating up its own body (potentially hotter than a sun) to evaporate gases from asteroids. The creature is even capable of moving through space by thrusting out waste gases to propel it forward, giving it some maneuverability.\nShould your spacecraft exude some kind of gaseous waste from its engines, the Black Cloud may be attracted to it, and begin to follow behind it, sucking up the trail of waste gas. It may at first only feed harmlessly on this waste gas. The cloud would then become hungrier, and become aware of an oxygen-rich environment within the craft. While your spacecraft might be fully sealed from gases, perhaps the cloud has some gases which are radioactive, damaging the spacecraft. Perhaps even the cloud can infiltrate the engines to try and get more sweet delicious gases, forcing your spacecraft to a halt. Perhaps the cloud can heat up its body to \"smoke out\" the gases within your spacecraft, mistaking it for some weird asteroid. And even the solid \"organs\" of the cloud can perhaps physically attack the ship, seeking to expose the gases within.\nPossibilities may or may not be endless with this sort of set up.", "500" ] ]

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[ [ "Cabbage Condo\nIntroduction: Cabbage Condo\nThere's nothing like a garden harvest: homegrown broccoli florets, robust lettuces, fat heads of cabbage! That is, until you get them inside and see that they're riddled with holes and covered in slugs, earwigs and cross-striped cabbage worms, and the broccoli's unappealingly webby. You end up eating only a tiny, untouched core, or throw the whole thing out.\nI renewed my interest in vegetable gardening a few years ago, after we'd removed a bunch of white pines that threatened our house here in Massachusetts, and I had real sunlight for the first time in ages. I'd tried spun row cover and PVC hoops pushed directly into the ground, but bugs got under it, and it was a hassle to pull up ground staples, pull back the row cover, then replace it after I'd tended to my plants.\nYears earlier, I had built a PVC \"hoop house\" on a cedar frame, with the idea of setting the whole thing over a group of plants and lifting it off when necessary. It didn't work well because the ground it rested on wasn't perfectly flat, and footprints created gaps so bugs could crawl under the frame easily.\nI decided to try hoops again this year, but this time, go elaborate. Rather than make the wooden frame holding the hoops out of horizontal slats as I'd done years ago, I'd turn them vertical, and have a two-frame system—an \"outer frame\" that would stay in place for the whole season, with a cleat around the inside for an inner frame with the PVC hoops and screening to rest on. This way, no gaps—and with a ridge pole or ridge stick which extended beyond the gable ends of the screening, I'd be able to lift the entire frame off of the plants when I needed to weed or harvest the plants.", "826" ], [ "The hoops would be high enough to give even tall plants like Brussels sprouts room to thrive. Window screening would allow me to water the plants and to see how they're doing without removing the cover, as I had to do with spun row cover.\nMy choice of wood was Western red cedar for its rot-resistance and its light weight, which makes a difference when you're trying to hoist a large structure by yourself.\nSupplies\n• 4' screening (available in 100' rolls online) • 4 10' pieces 1 x 6 Western red cedar for inner and outer frames • 1 10' piece 1 x 6 clear pressure treated, ripped to 4\" for ridge stick (remainder was ripped to make strips to hold screening in place) • 1 8' piece 1 x 4\" wood for \"ridge clamp\" (I used leftover mahogany from a deck demolition) • 3 10' pieces ½\" PVC pipe • external screws • 8' strap or rope\nStep 1: Building the Frames\nYou may want to build this with different dimensions for your garden, so measurements here are rough.\nCut two 10' 1 x 6 cedar boards into 6' and 4' pieces, then glue and screw them to create a 6' x 4' rectangle, with two 3\" external screws going into each corner, and Gorilla glue (indoor/outdoor).\nTaking inside measurements from this frame, cut appropriate lengths from the remaining two 1 x 6 cedar pieces to create a second frame that slides into the first (outer) frame with just a little clearance.\nGlue and screw a cleat to the inside of the outer frame, its top 1\" from the top of the outer frame. Mine was scrap mahogany, roughly 1\" x ¾\".\nThe cross-section in the photo shows how the whole thing comes together, with the inner frame resting on the cleat of the outer frame.\nStep 2: Water-bending PVC Pipe\nI've bent PVC hoops for garden structures before, but merely held them in shape with a wire strung between holes drilled near the ends. The Western red cedar, though light, is also somewhat brittle, and so you don't want a lot of outward pressure on the inner frame which might bend or split it. Videos found online show how you can bend PVC pipe with boiling water. It works surprisingly well.\nFirst, lay out a 4' wide half-circle on a scrap panel of wood, with an improvised compass (a stick nailed into the panel, and a hole drilled 2' from the nail to insert a pencil). Clamp more scraps of wood to the panel, covering the line you've just drawn, and draw another half-circle, on these scraps.", "644" ] ]

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[ [ "Fourier transform in <PERSON>'s paper\nWhile calculating $\\beta_{ij}$ for the case of a Schwarzschild black hole, <PERSON> uses the Fourier transform of the solution of the wave equation (Particle Creation by Black Holes, <PERSON>, Commun. Math. Phys. 43, 199 (1975)).\nSo the first question I have is this: Is the reason why he prefers to work in Fourier space that in there the differential equation becomes an algebraic equation, making it easier to deal with?\nThe other question pertains to the mathematical machinery of the transform.", "346" ], [ "The wave equation is $\\Box \\phi=0$, and it can be expanded in terms of the complete orthonormal set ${{g}}$ satisfying $\\Box g=0$. In Schwarzschild spacetime we also have another additional property, i.e. $g(r,t,\\theta,\\phi)=\\frac{1}{r}f(r,t)Y_{lm}(\\theta,\\phi)$, where $Y_{lm}(\\theta,\\phi)$ is the spherical harmonic function and $f$ satisfies the following equation $$\\frac{\\partial^2 f}{\\partial t^2}-\\frac{\\partial^2f}{\\partial r_}+\\left(1-\\frac{2M}{r}\\right)\\left[\\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2}+\\frac{2M}{r^3}+m^2 \\right]f=0 \\tag{1}$$ where $r_=r+2Mln(\\frac{2M}{r}-1)$.\nNow, <PERSON> states that Fourier transform of the incoming wave can be written as the following: $$p_{\\omega^{'}lm}=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\omega^{'}}}\\times\\frac{1}{r}\\times F_{\\omega^{'}}(r)\\times e^{i\\omega^{'}v}\\times Y_{lm}(\\theta,\\phi) \\tag{2} $$ where $v=t+r_*$.\nGoing by the definition of the Fourier transform, one obtains $$p_{\\omega^{'}lm}=\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}\\frac{1}{r}f(r,t)Y_{lm}(\\theta,\\phi)e^{-i\\omega^{'}v}dv \\tag{3}$$ since $dv=dt+(1-\\frac{2M}{r})^{-1}dr$. I don't have any idea how to proceed any further from here, so what should I do now?\nEdit: My problem is how to get the final form of $p_{\\omega^{'}lm}$ and by final form I mean the equation 2.12 or 2.11\nAnd if anyone is still confused as what one has to show it's just how one goes from $(3)$ to $(2)$.", "804" ] ]

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[ [ "Lots of questions, but I'll try to answer:\nForming without a Ruling Body\nA completely urbanized planet might be able to form without one ruling body. This would mean that the different countries on the planet would have to be very trusting of each other. Or at a point in war where you couldn't destroy each other's cities.\nIn the Middle Ages, France and England were at war. Along one river in France, each country would build a castle, each on their own side of the river. Around these castles towns would form, the two enemy towns may be very near each, even though they were at war. Cities on an urbanized planet could form similarly. Even if both countries were at war, the cities could come up to the boundary line (or very close) if the technology or incentive was there not to attack. In the case of France and England, the river prevented a quick attack on the opposing town, meaning that the town would have time to flee to the castle and be protected.\nIf the two countries were allies, then they might not object to building cities right up against each other. There would probably be a small boundary line, but this would be negligible to the size of the city. It might even be used as a park.\nWhy Such a Planet is Good\nCities provide great opportunities.", "878" ], [ "They are the sources of jobs, because the jobs can find labor. They are the source of government, because the governors need a place to meet. If cities kept growing, with bigger corporations and bigger amounts of work, it could be economically beneficial. It might also be more efficient (more people in a smaller space), keeping scientists together so research could go on. It could also be politically useful, everyone in one place is easier to manage than having them scattered across the stars.\nThese are all reasons to do this if you had the ability to travel to other habital planets. If you couldn't travel, a planet-wide city would merely provide you with enough space to house all your people.\nI don't see why there couldn't still be private landowners, it is just likely that a land owner would get a \"cubic\" plot, meaning that their land doesn't necessarily go up into the sky forever. This would make it easier to build large sky scrapers.\nSummary\nYour final section of the question asks why this could happen. I believe I have already answered that, but I will summarize.\nSuch a planet might exist if there were a single government and the population needed a planet-wide city to provide enough space. Or it could exist if the government thought a large city to be economically or politically beneficial.\nSuch a planet might exist if there were multiple governments and they were at peace. Each government would extend its city as far as possible, for the reasons above. Or if the planets were at war, a system were each side couldn't attack the other would allow for the reasons above to take over.", "121" ] ]

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[ [ "TALKING AND COUNTING CLOCK\nIntroduction: TALKING AND COUNTING CLOCK\nToday, I would like to share how to build a \"Talking And Counting Clock\" based on Adafruit Circuit Playground Express board, which can notify the real time, temperature by voice and show hour - minute on Neopixel Led Ring 35.\nBefore getting started, please watch my video below:\nUpdate version 2: This clock can notify by voice for time, temperature and show hour - minute by counting their ten and unit digit number on Neopixel Led Ring 35.\nStep 1: Bill of Materials\nThe main components are included:\n* 1pcs x Adafruit Circuit Playground Express.\nDigikey: https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/adafrui...\nAmazon: https://amzn.to/3fywFtx\n* 1pcs x Speaker.\n* 1pcs x DS3231 Real Time Clock Module.\n* 1pcs x AMS1117 3.3V Power Supply Module.\n* 1pcs x Double Side DIY PCB 7x9cm.\n* 1pcs x TIP41C.\n* 1pcs x Capacitor 1000uF.\n* 1pcs x Resistor R1K.\n* 1pcs x Female header 40P.\n* 2pcs x Screw 2P female headers.\n* 20pcs x Copper pillars 10mm.\n* 12pcs x Copper pillars 20mm.\n* 12pcs x Female power jack.\n* Some bolts & nuts and led pins.\n* Power supply 5V.\nStep 2: Project Schematic\nThe schematic is shown on the picture above.\nThere is a built-in mini speaker on the Adafruit Circuit Playground Express board but its sound is not loud enough so I used an external speaker.\nStep 3: Adafruit Circuit Playground Express Pinout\nThe Adafruit Circuit Playground Express Board is equipped with an ARM Cortex M0 Processor, 48MHz and it is integrated with many sensors such as:\n* Motion sensor.\n* Light sensor.\n* Temperature sensor.\n* IR receiver and transmitter.\n* Sound sensor.\n* Mini speaker.\n* Some interactive push buttons/ slide switch and RGB Neopixel LEDs...\nYou can check its detail at: https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-circuit-playground-express.\nStep 4: Drilling and Soldering Works\nFirstly, after measuring and marking, I drilled 14 holes on DIY PCB corresponding to the 14 alligator-clips of Adafruit Circuit Playground Express board. And I mounted copper pillars on the drilling holes.\nThen I plugged Adafruit Circuit Playground Express board on the copper pillars and did some adjustments to make sure their pads didn't touch each other.\nAt the PCB backside, I soldered a 6 pins female header to plug DS3231 RTC. You see the picture below, I used led pins, bent them into circles around the drilled holes and fixed them by soldering to PCB. This ensures good contact between the copper pillars and bolts.\nI continued to solder the remaining components according to the schematic diagram in the previous step.\nPlugging DS3231 RTC and AMS1117 on the PCB headers.\nConnecting speaker to PCB control board.\nFinally, I mounted speaker onto the PCB control board by some copper pillars. The PCB control board and speaker can be placed either horizontally or vertically.\nDone.\nStep 5: Programing\n1.", "134" ], [ "The project code is available at my GitHub.\n2. Libraries for Arduino IDE.\n* Adafruit Circuit Playground by Adafruit.\n* RTCLib by Adafruit.\n3. Programing notes:\n* To upload the program from Arduino IDE to Adafruit Circuit Playground Express board, we go to Tools ‣ Board ‣ Boards Manager ‣ Installing Adafruit SAMD Boards by Adafruit.\n* To read the time from DS3231 via I2C protocal, I used RTCLib library by Adafruit. After that this time value is played by voice over the speaker. It is done by the following commands which are supported from Adafruit Circuit Playground library, for example with hour:\nswitch (now.twelveHour())\n{\ncase 1: CircuitPlayground.speaker.say(spONE); break;\ncase 2: CircuitPlayground.speaker.say(spTWO); break;\ncase 3: CircuitPlayground.speaker.say(spTHREE); break;\ncase 4: CircuitPlayground.speaker.say(spFOUR); break;\ncase 5: CircuitPlayground.speaker.", "158" ] ]

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[ [ "I would posit that the curriculum in the educational facilities would focus on teaching students to be open-minded and creative rather than just filling them to the brim with arbitrary knowledge like they normally do.\nTake superheroes, for instance. They are known for using their tremendous powers which habitually break the laws of thermodynamics to... uh... fight crime. Sometimes in a single city, no less. In children that can do literally anything they want, creativity is absolutely key if you want the world to use magic in society.\nChildren, with more flexible minds than adults, may also be trained to think in many more dimensions than a human would normally so as to design more elaborate creations, short-term memory training will be used so that they can process more complex operations with ease, and if it is easier to do things that are more likely, physics will definitely have a place in the curriculum as well.\nWhat is probably the most interesting thing that children would learn in a magic school, mind you, is morality.", "917" ], [ "In a world where literally everything can be blamed on someone somewhere, justifiably so, with no real way of proving that that hurricane that destroyed an entire city wasn't you, the people would more likely than not have a much stricter moral code that they would be held to and cling to with their very lives. Even the occasional bout of mischief from a mage would be cause for suspicion if some disaster just happened to affect someone they didn't get along with. As such, magic-capable children would have to be taught at a young age to be absolute paragons of calm, collected, disciplined infallibility, never interfering with the natural world more than necessary, lest they pose a danger to others, themselves, and possibly magecraft itself by virtue of starting a witch hunt should their abilities have dreadful consequences. Or not. Perhaps the muggles are just paranoid. But at the end of the day, it doesn't matter if the reasoning is right or wrong: social uprising can collapse entire civilisations.\ntl;dr: Teach your mages self-control first, creativity second.", "917" ] ]

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[ [ "Update: roommate bad owner\nHey all Here’s the update as promised. She told me to stop letting her outside because the neighbor doesn’t like it. I explained she needs to go out after being home for several hours to pee and for fresh air.\nI then broached the subject about the dogs needs for walks/playtime and she said her dogs not a lab, and made a bunch of excuses about taking her out on weekends blah blah blah but I’ve seen nothing like that since I’ve been here.", "822" ], [ "As she’s putting makeup on to go out again and leave for the night. Dogs left alone 15 hr/day. I’m considering moving out and finding a sublet. So sad for the dog.", "822" ] ]

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[ [ "The Mother and the Whore\nI mean—French people talking and fucking and self loathing does not get better than this. I love that in 70s Paris, <PERSON> is considered a girl with a big ass — like it’s almost the talk of the town? Yet she carries herself perpetually hunched and shawled up, eyes smoky but unable to conceal a profound sadness. <PERSON> is one of my favorites — sharp, sarcastic, almost too gorgeous to be believably cast aside here. JPL is, well, peak JPL — containing all the angst and anxieties and smarminess of FNW protagonists.\nNew restoration with Françoise Lebrun Q&A.", "80" ] ]

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[ [ "If this question refers to the fact that saliva does not clean as well as water, as in trying to lick your lips clean, and finding that you still feel somewhat sticky, then it must be because saliva is only composed of 99.5% water. The other components of saliva leave a film on your skin when you’ve tried to lick yourself clean…\nSaliva contains mucus, for instance, which is composed of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins, which are themselves “sugars”, so there you’re trying to remove something while adding some of it. Not too efficient. However, this mucus is essential to forming the slimy lump of masticated food known as the bolus which can then slide smoothly down the esophagus. Plain water would not have this effect.\nElectrolytes contained in saliva, such as sodium, chloride, bicarbonate might leave a salty residue. Up to 8 million human cells and 500 million bacterial cells are present in one ml of saliva. Bacterial products (small amino acids, amines and thiols) can be responsible for bad odors and would leave something behind that pure water wouldn’t.", "1022" ], [ "So If you don’t have any water available, you can use saliva to clean up, but it won’t do as good a job!\nIf the question refers to why saliva wouldn’t clean our teeth completely after eating sweet foods, I agree that would be so practical! The fact is that saliva does get the process started. Various enzymes play a role in breaking down food particles trapped in dental crevices, thus helping to protect against tooth decay. Sorry if that job needs to be finished with dental floss and a toothbrush!\nPtyalin, secreted by the acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands begins the digestion of starch in the mouth, during mastication. Lipase has to be in the acidic environment of the stomach to start digesting fats. Antibacterial enzymes such as lysozyme, salivary lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and ImmunoglobulinA attack bacteria in the mouth.\nSaliva is supersaturated with various ions, which keep the Ph of the mouth between 6.2 and 7.4, a Ph range which protects the enamel of the teeth by preventing the dissolution of minerals in the hard dental tissues. By the way, do you know why small wounds in the mouth heal so fast? Because of Epidermal Growth Hormone, EPH, present in saliva! And let’s not forget that saliva moistens the mouth, dissolves the molecules for tasting, and is essential for swallowing!\nSaliva isn’t pure water, thank goodness because all of its other components are so essential to saliva’s role in the body. So it doesn’t clean stickiness on the skin or in the mouth as well as a damp cloth or a toothbrush, but that’s not what it’s there for!", "1022" ] ]

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[ [ "The Empire and Rebellion share the same enemies\nWhile it seems difficult to make sure there's only one rebel group, it's easy to imagine a situation in which one rebel group is vastly predominant over other ones. In fact, there are many examples. For instance:\n1. Democrats v. Republicans -- The parties may be \"at war,\" but they both agree that third parties such as Libertarians or Marxists in power would be far worse(I'm not taking a stance here about whether that is correct). Their combined influence and agreement on this is more than enough to effectively silence third parties(though if both parties' leaders are highly disliked, a third party may gain some traction).\n2. Catholics v. Protestants(in pre-enlightenment Europe)-- They may have considered each other heathens, but they both considered everybody else to be heathens as well. If there was ever a serious threat posed by a third religious sect, say Eastern Orthodoxy or Islam, they would have united temporarily(as Western-European Christians) to crush it.\n3. The Kuomintang v. <PERSON> -- They were bitter enemies, but they were united in national identity.", "145" ], [ "Considering the Japanese to be rebels against Chinese dominance of the east(which could kind of make sense in a twisted way), the KMT and CCP united temporarily to crush the third faction, and only resumed warring when it was deemed that the greater threat to their society was defeated.\nTo integrate this concept with your example, I would suggest that in your world there are really only two political ideologies that have any popular support with the commoners. The first is the caste system currently in place, of course. The second is unlikely to be something as radical as democracy or Socialism, or even a republic, and is more likely to take the form of a military dictatorship by a benevolent secular ruler, a theocracy, or some kind of fragmented city-state model. It could be that your world is young enough that only two forms of government have every really been tried, or it could be that the records of previous civilizations have been lost, or it could be that your society is extremely conservative. But for whatever reason, both the Empire and the Rebellion consider any third political ideologies to be far, far, more dangerous than they consider each other, and so will temporarily unite, for instance freely giving each other intelligence about third factions, just so they can be stamped out.\nStarting a third rebellion would be really difficult, and not worth the expense\n1. Mac v. PC -- (This one is slightly different, and probably less applicable to your scenario). There's enough variation in consumer preference to keep people switching from Mac to PC, or vice versa, when one side slips up or has a breakthrough, but there's not enough variation in consumer tastes to justify the existence of a third for-profit competitor. Apple and Microsoft both have huge infrastructures dedicated to producing a quality product, and an upstart third OS company would not have the resources to create a product as good, and no realistic chance of gaining a large enough number of users to generate the necessary revenues to become a competitor. In essence, the market is only big enough for two, based on costs of production, and amount of variation in tastes.\nApplying this to your scenario, it could be that most people don't care what replaces the current system, inasmuch as they really just want the current system gone. Hence, there would be little support for a third faction, as people would just see it as a subtraction of resources from the rebellion that could be used against the Empire(In the same way that people saw <PERSON> as just a subtraction from <PERSON> votes). Because starting a rebellion is very expensive, and everybody thinks the current rebellion is working out for them, there wouldn't be enough interest to generate a third faction.", "145" ] ]

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[ [ "I think there is some sort of bug near the end of the first answer (joshphysics), possibly in the variational step which involves integration by parts. Unless some further assumptions were used. Otherwise the implied conclusion seems to be that the EL eqns for any functional with integrand $F(x(s),\\dot{x}(s))$ are generally the same as for the functional with integrand $F^2$.\n[A simple counterexample is $F = x(s)$, though I realise this is getting away from geodesics.", "359" ], [ "Then the EL eqn for $F^2$ would be $x=0$ whereas the EL eqn for $F$ itself would be $1=0$.]\nAnyway, getting back to the original question, often the words \"Cauchy-Schwarz\" appear when relating $\\int f^2$ to $\\int f$.\nIgnoring that, and looking just at EL equations, consider minimizing/maximizing the two functionals $\\int F^2 ds$ and $\\int F ds$ (with the same parameter and bcs), where $F = F(x(s),\\dot{x}(s))$. When are these two problems equivalent (or at least, one implies the other)?\nThe EL eqns for the two cases are generally different (cf counterexample above), but one condition for equivalence is $dF/ds = 0$ (when evaluated on a solution to either of the two EL eqns).\nWe also have the Beltrami identities for each case, which are first integrals of the EL eqns (cf energy conservation): for $F$ we have $\\dot{x}_i\\frac{\\partial F}{\\partial \\dot{x}_i} - F = c_1$ and for $F^2$ we have $\\dot{x}_i\\frac{\\partial (F^2)}{\\partial \\dot{x}_i} - F^2 = c_2$ (*).\nRestricting to the problem of geodesics on some surface, we have an integrand of the form $F = \\sqrt{g_{ij}(x)\\dot{x}^i\\dot{x}^j}$ and this satisfies $\\dot{x}_i \\frac{\\partial F}{\\partial \\dot{x}_i} = F$ (identically), and also satisfies $\\dot{x}_i \\frac{\\partial (F^2)}{\\partial \\dot{x}_i} = 2F^2$ (+).\nLet's suppose we have a solution to the EL eqn for $F^2$, and thus to the Beltrami identity $()$ for $F^2$. Then () and (+) together give $F^2 = c_2$ i.e. $F$ is constant when evaluated on our solution.\n[this is essentially point 9 of <PERSON>'s answer] Hence the equivalence condition mentioned above ($dF/ds = 0$) is satisfied, and so the EL eqn for $F$ is also satisfied.\nThe converse doesn't hold in general since the <PERSON> identity for such an $F$ is satisfied identically (with $c_1 = 0$), so does not give anything \"extra\".", "374" ] ]

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[ [ "Proof of Strong Duality Via <PERSON>\nI am trying to prove what is often titled the strong duality theorem. There is a hint in the book that I'm following, and I want to follow the method they have outlined for me. I will outline the problem:\nLet A.1: $\\, \\, $Minimize $c^tX$ subject to $AX\\, \\ge\\, b,\\, X \\ge\\, 0$\nLet A.2(Dual): $ Maximize\\, Y^tb\\, subject\\, to\\, A^tY \\le\\, c,\\, Y \\ge \\, 0$\n<PERSON> states: Given the matrix D and the row vector d, either there exists a column vector v such that Dv $\\le\\, 0$ and the scalar dv is strictly positive or there exists a non-negative row vector w such that wD = d, but not both.\nThe strong duality theorem states: If a linear program has a finite optimal solution, then so does it's dual, and the optimal values of the objective functions are equal.\nProve this using the following hint: If it is false, then there cannot be any solutions to\nAX $\\ge$ b, $A^tY\\, \\le\\, c,\\, X\\, \\ge\\, 0,\\, Y\\ge\\, 0,\\, and\\,c^tX\\, \\le\\, Y^tb $.\nMy attempt at a solution picking up from the hint.", "563" ], [ "If someone will help me complete the proof, I want it to follow my line of reasoning. I know there are many other proofs of this out there.\nLet X' be optimal for A.1, and let $c^tX'$ = $\\lambda$\nAssume for contradiction that the hypothesis is wrong.\n$\\begin{bmatrix} A^t & -c\\ 0 & -1 \\end{bmatrix}$ * $\\begin{bmatrix} Y\\1\\end{bmatrix}$ $\\le$ $\\begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 0 \\end{bmatrix}$, $\\begin{bmatrix} b^t & -\\lambda\\end{bmatrix}$ * $\\begin{bmatrix} Y\\1\\end{bmatrix} \\ge\\, 0$ is unsolvable.\nBy <PERSON>, we know the following system is solvable:\n$\\begin{bmatrix} X & w_2\\end{bmatrix}$ * $\\begin{bmatrix} A^t & -c\\0 & -1\\end{bmatrix}$ $\\ge$ $\\begin{bmatrix} b^t & -\\lambda\\end{bmatrix}$ Where X, $w_2$ are $\\ge$ 0.\nNow, from the system above, we may write $XA^t\\, \\ge\\, b^t$, and Xc $\\le$ $\\lambda\\, -\\, w_2$.\nIf $w_2$ is greater than 0, then we have found a contradiction with the assumption that X' was optimal for A.1. However, one cannot reach that conclusion is $w_2$ is exactly 0.\nI feel like I can't be that far off from a correct complete proof as I've followed exactly the hint, and the use of <PERSON> which was explained on the previous page. If someone could help me finish\\correct the proof, I'd be greatly appreciative.", "768" ] ]

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[ [ "To locate possible mineral resources, geologists inspect rock outcrops, surface characteristics, and geological formations in the field. They hunt for obvious indicators of mineralization, such as mineral veins, altered rock formations, or surface mineral samples, by analyzing the mineralogy, texture, and structure of rocks. Geologists can identify patterns and correlations between geological features and the occurrence of minerals by documenting these findings and producing precise geological maps.\nBy analyzing the chemical make-up of rocks, soils, and water, geochemical analysis is essential to mineral prospecting. Geologists gather field samples and analyze them in the lab to ascertain the presence and quantities of particular elements or minerals. Geochemical anomalies, which are elevated concentrations of certain elements or mineral assemblages, provide valuable indications of potential mineral deposits. By studying the distribution of these anomalies, geologists can narrow down areas where mineralization is likely to occur.\nGeophysical methods are used to detect subsurface features and anomalies associated with mineral deposits. Variations in these properties can indicate the presence of geological structures, mineralized zones, or other subsurface features that may contain minerals.", "362" ], [ "Geophysical surveys can cover large areas and provide valuable information for further exploration.\nAdditionally, geologists rely on knowledge of specific geological environments and models of ore deposits to guide their search for minerals. Different minerals tend to form under specific geological conditions and environments. For example, certain metallic ores are associated with particular rock types or geological processes like volcanic activity or hydrothermal systems. By understanding these relationships and conducting targeted exploration in regions with similar geological characteristics, geologists can improve the chances of discovering mineral deposits.\nFurthermore, historical data, including records of previous mining activities and geological surveys, offer valuable insights for mineral exploration. By studying past mining operations and their success in specific areas, geologists can identify patterns and geological features associated with mineral deposits. This historical information aids geologists in their hunt for fresh mineral deposits when paired with contemporary exploration techniques.\nIn conclusion, geologists use a variety of techniques to identify regions where minerals are likely to be discovered, including field observations, geological mapping, remote sensing, geochemical analysis, geophysical approaches, and knowledge of geological settings. Geologists can better target their exploration efforts using these multidisciplinary methods to geology, increasing the likelihood of finding mineral resources that are economically feasible.", "685" ] ]

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[ [ "Out of universe answer\nIn very early drafts of the script to the original Star Wars, <PERSON> used the phrase \"May the Force of Others be with you\". This was intended to be a common greeting, a reference to a shared religion that was common in many inhibitants of the galaxy he was just starting to build ideas about at the time.", "42" ], [ "In the original rough draft of the script, the phrase is used by several characters: both the King and Queen of \"Aquilae\" (a world which seems to have become merged with Alderaan during later revisions, as they are <PERSON>'s parents), \"General\" <PERSON> (an elderly Jedi), <PERSON> (his old friend) and <PERSON> (<PERSON>'s son), <PERSON> (an anthropologist...) and <PERSON> (a random rebel with only 3 other lines).\nIt was this phrase that inspired him to develop the ideas about what the \"Force of Others\" actually was (shortening the name to just \"the Force\" along the way, probably just because it sounds better like that -- <PERSON> is very driven by the way things sound in his writing), and what the Jedi (or Jedi-Bendu as they were called in early drafts) actually did.\nAlong the way, he changed his ideas about the background of the galaxy, and followers of the Force became rare, almost extinct (although it doesn't seem he had yet figured out exactly why: I think he was just trying to highlight <PERSON> character as being exotic, and explain why <PERSON> had never encountered the ideas behind the Force before), but I suspect he simply didn't have the will to completely remove that line from the script -- I suspect he loved the sound of it, and it had a personal link for him to the history of how he'd developed the story -- so he left it in, even though it wasn't entirely logical for it to be used in that context, at least according to the ideas he was developing at the time.\nOf course, later justifications were added, but as of the moment the final Star Wars script was written, it didn't make much sense. But <PERSON> didn't expect Star Wars to be the commercial success it was, he wasn't expecting to develop it into a full 6 movie series, and he certainly wasn't expecting the huge extended universe or other additions that came later. So he let a slightly illogical line stand, because he wanted it to be there.\n(This is, of course, just a theory: <PERSON>'s statements about the actual process by which Star Wars was developed are self contradictory and in places nonsensical, so a lot of this is based on supposition, but it seems reasonable)", "42" ] ]

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[ [ "Synchronized 2-Axis Motion With Variable Speed (Arduino + LEDs + 28BYJ-48)\nIntroduction: Synchronized 2-Axis Motion With Variable Speed (Arduino + LEDs + 28BYJ-48)\nThis tutorial shows how to move two stepper motors so they will synchronously arrive at defined destination point. There are many sophisticated solutions for doing this such as GRBL or Marlin. Using an Arduino, there are also dedicated “Multi Stepper” libraries that can support you. However, we will use a more basic approach here making it as easy as possible while adding a simple user interface using either three LEDs and some microswitches.\nSupplies\n* 1 Arduino Nano (or Uno, with 328P CPU)\n* 1 Breadboard (830 Holes)\n* 14 Jumper Cables (male-to-male, 10...20 cm)\n* 12 Jumper Cables (male to-female, 10...20 cm)\n* 2 LEDs (5mm, 20mA, around 2V)\n* 2 Resistors (220 Ohm)\n* 2 Microswitches\n* 1 Potentionmeter (5 or 10 kOhm)\n* 1 5V Power Supply\n* 2 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motors (5V Version) + ULN 2003 Driver Boards\nStep 1: Configure Your Breadboard\nSet-up your breadboard as shown in the pictures above:\n* Connect GND and 5V to the according rails of the breadboard.\n* Pins D2 to D5 of the Arduino go to In1 to In4 of the first ULN2003 board.\n* Pins D6 to D9 of the Arduino go to In1 to In4 of the second ULN2003 board.\n* Pin D10 of the Arduino goes to the + leg (longer leg) of the first LED (red). Connect the shorter leg (-) to a 220 Ω resistor and the other end of this resistor to the ground rail.\n* Connect D11 the same way to the second LED and its resistor.\n* Connect the Arduino pins A0, A1, and A2 to the microswitches. Connect the other side of the microswitches to GND. We will not use any pull-up resistors to avoid short circuits here, because we use the pull-up that are already integrated in the Arduino.\n* Connect the left leg of the potentiometer to ground, the right leg to 5V and the middle leg to A3 of the Arduino.\n* The Arduino itself will be powered through the USB port during the first tests. Nevertheless, the motors should not be powered through the USB port. Hence, connect a separated power supply to plus/ground rails on the other side of the breadboard.", "611" ], [ "Connect the + pin and - pins of each ULN2003 board to these plus/ground rails. As a last step, make a bridge between the both ground rails.\nStep 2: A First Test\nNow we can do a first test of our set-up and the included “user interface”.\nOpen the Arduino IDE and load the attached “Two_Steppers_-_First_Test.ino” file. It should compile without any additional libraries. Most of the code is pretty self-explanatory.\n* The setup() method is only defining which pins will be used for input and out actions and open the serial connection to the PC.\n* The loop() method now will continuously perform the following sequence:\n1. Read the value of the potentiometer from the analog input, scale for displaying values between 0 and 100%, read the buttons and print the status all input elements to the serial interface.\n2. Switch on one LED on and the other off.\n3. Using two for-loops, move each motor approximately a quarter of a full rotation (8 * 128 = 1,024 half-steps per quarter rotation; a full rotation is usually 4,076 half-steps for the 28BYJ-48 motors). During the every second run of loop(), the steps will be done in forward direction. During the other runs, the motors will go back to the initial position.\nThe core concept of moving stepper motors is to switch on and off the coils in the motors using the digital output pins. On the Arduino, they are represented by the PORTB and PORTD registers, where D2…5 (= motor 1) are the bits 2…5 of PORTD, D7…8 (first two wires that go to motor 2) are bits 6…7 of PORTD and D9…10 (second two wires of motor 2) are bits 0…1 of PORTB.", "991" ] ]

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[ [ "Lissajous Clock\nIntroduction: Lissajous Clock\nHaving previously made a couple of clock projects with different themes I wanted to retain the differentiation on the next clock themed project. Therefore, there would be no Neopixels or mechanical indicators and in this case elected to use an LCD display.\nYet another departure was with regard to the microcontroller which previously had been a Microbit and this was to use a Raspberry Pi Pico.\nHowever, not wanting to go for a classic numeric display the plan was to display the time using Lissajous figures in the style of a carriage clock, using wood, Acrylic and Brass.\nThe attached video shows 29 minutes compressed in to 27 seconds (Showing time from 21:09 to 21:38), to illustrate the changing figures.\nSupplies\nRaspberry Pi Pico Lipo\nPico Display Pack 2.0 (320 x 240) IPC LCD\nPico Omnibus (Dual Expander)\nRGB Encoder Breakout\nRV3028 Real Time Clock (RTC) Breakout\nSwitch - Momentary SPST\nSwitch - Rotary SPDT\nBrass sheet - 0.5mm\nAcrylic sheet Clear - 3mm\nAcrylic sheet Black - 5mm\nVent Grille Covers - 45mm\nStraight Pin Header 1 row x 36 way - Qty 5\nRight Angle Header 1 row x 36 way\nStraight PCB Socket 1 row x 10 way - Qty 16\nLiPo Battery 3.7V/500mAh\nStripboard\nJumper wires (socket to socket) - Qty 24\nJumper wires (socket to pin) - Qty 4\nHandle Bow type 110mm(L),x 22mm(H)\nDecking Plank 120mm(W) x 180mm(L) x 24mm(D) - Qty 2\nScrews - M2 x 16mm - Qty 6\nScrews - M2 x 8mm - Qty 10\nM4 Allen bolts 25mm - Qty 4\nM4 Allen bolts 50mm - Qty 4\nM4 Allen bolts 10mm - Qty 2\nM4 threaded insert nuts - 10mm(L) - Qty 10\nM4 screws contersunk 25mm - QTY 4\nStick on feet - Qty 4\nNo affiliation to any of the suppliers used in this project, feel free to use your preferred suppliers and substitute the elements were appropriate to your own preference or subject to supply.\nTools\nStep cone drill bit 4 to 12mm\n2mm drill bit\n5mm drill bit\n7mm drill bit\n9mm drill bit\nCounter sink bit 8mm\nCounter sink bit 10mm\nCounter sink bit 12mm\n2mm Allen Key\n4mm Allen Key\nSaw\nDrill\nOscillating Multitool\nCombination Square\nScribe\nMarker\nSoldering Iron\nSolder\nClamps\nSander\nKnow your tools and follow the recommended operational procedures and be sure to wear the appropriate PPE.\nStep 1: Lissajous Figures\nLissajous figures named after <PERSON> (Also known as Bowditch Curves after the initial work of <PERSON>), who devised a method to study compound vibrations. Originally employing pendulums, tuning forks and optical methods. Reflecting light from mirrors on two tuning forks vibrating at right angles will display <PERSON> figures as will other devices such as Harmonographs and Pantographs.\nDifferent patterns will be produced by the variation in frequency and phase between the two input stimuli.\nLisaajous figures are used in many areas Acoustics, Electronics and Communication to name a few areas.\nWe can forego the mechanical methods and produce them using mathmatical calculation.\nAssuming sinusoidal waveforms as they are applicable to both mechanical and electrical systems and simplify the mathematical and visual process.\nIf we use Excel as our display for our compound waveform.\nAssume two sinusoudal waveforms of the same amplitude, phase and frequency one assigned to the x axis and one to the y axis these representing our two tuning forks.\nX = sin(t) and Y = sin(t) as we can consider the period of a sinewave in relation to the circumference of a circle.\nWith one revolution equal to 2Pi radians or 360 degrees, sin(t) will range from -1 to +1.\nPlotted on an X-Y chart will produce a straight line with an angle of 45 degrees.\nIf the phase difference is 180 degrees than the straight line displayed will be at 135 degrees.\nIf we change the phase of one of the waveforms by 90 degrees.", "134" ] ]

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[ [ "See this diagram,\nNow, the slant appears to be the same for June and December Solstices, doesn't it? First thing, it is a wrong conception that Sun travels more \"perpendicular\" to horizon in the summers. It just reaches a higher point as you can see, not that the slant is more.\nWhere does the disparity come in?\nCivil Sunrise begins when the Sun is 6° below the horizon, Nautical Sunrise begins when it is 12° below the horizon and 18° for Astronomical Sunrise.\nSo, the Civil/Astronomical Disparity is due to the extra 12° of altitude that the Sun has to cover. Now, the diagram I have posted is better to explain the sunset, so let it be that way. It is just the same for our purpose.\nThe motion of the sun is uniform along the circles that you see. But these angles which decide our sunrise are measured perpendicular to the horizon, from the zenith. Are you aware of what happens when you project circular motion along a straight line?\nThat's right. You get a sinusoidal curve. The special thing about this curve is that it changes fast at some points and slow at others. Transit is the position when the Sun is highest in the sky. In the curve for equinox (as in Fig 1), if you assign 0° to that point, the Sun is at 90° at sunset and -90° at sunrise.", "204" ], [ "Both positions give you the peak of a sine curve and the change is lowest at that point. That might explain why you get the least difference at Equinox.\nNow, if you consider the curves for June/December solstice (as in Fig 1), the position for sunset/sunrise is a little off 90°, hence rate of change is faster there as compared to the equinox.\nThat should explain why the disparity is larger at solstices as compared to equinox. But what about the difference in June and Decemeber solstice?\nNow, my dear, you are entering dangerous territories. Let me remind you that the line/plane along which we are making our degree measurements is perpendicular to horizon. But the plane of circular motion is still at an angle to it. So, the sinusoidal curve has to go through another set of projections before you get the exact thing. On Equator, the disparity between the solstices vanish, yes, as the aforementioned two planes align.\nAnyway, I was hoping to give you a qualitative description just so you get the gist of it. Here are the equations if you need a mathematical idea\n$$\\cos a = \\sin \\delta \\sin \\phi + \\cos \\delta \\cos \\phi \\cos H$$,\n$a$ is (90+6)° for civil sunrise/set, and (90+18)° for astronomical sunrise/set,\n$\\delta$ is declination of Sun on that date. Google it.\n$\\phi$ is latitude of the place\nTo get the disparity, you need to find $H$ from the formula for two values of $a$ and get their difference. Remember to divide by 15 to convert from degrees to hours.\nHere is a graph showing disparity along declination(-23.5° to +23.5°)", "371" ] ]

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[ [ "If you want to go home sooner, stop standing around and do something\nI (27f) work at a small local food place. My other coworkers leave after the lunch rush, leaving me and a coworker (15f). I am scheduled until 3, she leaves whenever I decide I don't need her help anymore. I used to send her home once it was slow enough, but then noticed after she left that there was still things that needed to get stocked.\nSo recently, I've started making sure everything is fully stocked before sending her home.", "659" ], [ "You'd think she'd help instead of just watching me, but you'd be wrong. Everyday I walk around stocking and filling coolers and sauces and cutting veggies while she just...stands there. And then I say \"looks like everything is done, you're good to go\" hoping she'd get the hint. But she still continues just standing there.\nBonus context: she is homeschooled, stares at me all day, always cranky, has been cold to me ever since she found out I am an atheist and denied coming with her to a good Friday event, and will hide the tickets she wants to do under her arm while she washes her hands.", "659" ] ]

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[ [ "the MCU is an amalgamation of 616 universe and 1610 universe and the cap portrayed by <PERSON> gets his characteristic traits from 616 universe and his powers from 1610 universe, the evidences are, in the movie Winter soldier,\n1) right in the first scene after completing his jog, we see falcon (presumably a peak human or at least above average human in intense conditioning) drenched in sweat and panting like hell, but <PERSON> who completed the circuit in far lesser time and at greater speed didn't sweat a drop or pant a bit, this shows captain's super human stamina.\n2) in the climax fight in one of the drones, after winter soldier got struck under a huge metal beam (which looked like it could weigh at least a ton (2204 pounds) <PERSON> lifted that beam high and long enough so that <PERSON> can come out, this shows captains super human strength, saying this as MARVEL states the highest possible weight a peak human can lift is 500 kgs (1,110 lbs)\n3) <PERSON> got blasted through a bus from a flyover above (3 storey high) at considerably great speed (due to grenade impact on his shield) and he even jumped from the 30th storey of treskilion and landed on streets (but used his shield to cushion the fall but if you can jump from 30th floor with a heavy pillow or shield to cushion and you are still unharmed then fine !) these feats shows cap's super human durability as any other human in the above situation would have simply died due to severe body damage\n4) in the elevator scene <PERSON> got tased multiple times with the stun baton and was being tased continuously for 5 seconds and was still resisting it, whereas humans would get unconscious within a second of contact from a stun baton, super human durability right\n5) in a scene where falcon was carrying captain over the air he said \"you are heavier than you look\" which means due to super soldier serum his bones and muscles got denser and thus heavier, making him heavier than he looks, the end result his body is so many times durable and resilient to damage than human\n6) right from captain america 1 to cap 2 whenever <PERSON> punched or kicked a human they tend to fly several meters away in the air, this shows his super human strength (the kinda strength to send a fully grown man with his equipment several meters away in air with his strike power) and i haven't seen any peak human do that till now\n7) in captain america the first <PERSON> was shown chasing a car across the city and he was keeping his pace with the car and even managed to catch the car, which implies <PERSON> can run at a speed which is some where between 37 - 49 miles per hour, and that's a genuine super human speed", "569" ] ]

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[ [ "Spider-Man: Far from Home\nHello people on the internet, welcome back to the series where I connect movies to Cars 2. Tonight’s movie is the favorite of a good friend of mine, <PERSON>! (No it isn’t, he hates it)\nAlright, so the connection between Cars 2 and Spider-Man: Far From Home. As I said, very simple, very easy, the connection is England, but more specifically, both of these movies are sequels about the main character and friends going to Europe (Cars 2 also has Asia) with the climax taking place in England.", "672" ], [ "That’s about it. As I said, this was simple. Oh yeah also the red character gets an upgrade (<PERSON>’s paintjob & <PERSON> designing the new suit)\nList", "861" ] ]

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[ [ "The latest Last Night on Earth expansion comes in a smallish box, but it's crammed with a good amount of stuff; 4 scenarios, 5 counter sheets, 3 new decks of cards and about 8 each of new Hero and Zombie cards. My first impression is that the new scenarios, combined with the new mechanics, make this more of an \"advanced\" version of LNOE, moreso than Growing Hunger, but for a LNOE fan looking for some more depth and variety, that's a great thing. Here are some details...\nThere are 3 new decks, Survival Tactics and Unique Items (which benefit the Heroes) and Grave Weapons (for the Zombies). If a Hero rolls 5+ for movement, instead of Searching, they can draw either a Survival Tactics card or Unique Item card, depending what numbered building they're in (Unique Items = 1-3 or 1-2, Survival Tactics = 4-6 or 5-6, 3-4 = choice of either). So basically, any time you were going to search anyway, you'll have a 1 in 3 chance of getting one of those cards instead of the usual Hero card. And by and large, those are quite powerful...\nA few of the Survival Tactics cards...\nSeveral of the Survival Tactics cards are of the same type as other Hero cards, but the difference is that these cards, as well as the Unique Items and Grave Weapons, are never considered to be \"Hero\" or \"Zombie\" cards, and cannot be cancelled as such. And some of them include new elements like \"Duct Tape\", which allows you to combine two of your Items to gain the effect of both at the same time; \"Use the Sewers\", where you can add sewer tokens to the board to allow for faster movement (I'm glad that there is a counter provided for being \"in the sewer\" which is placed off the board and which requires one movement space; I didn't like the idea of teleporting across the board between sewers, which is how I thought it might work from the original description... I also like that the Zombies can use the sewers as well); \"Ammo Belt\", which lets you put 3 Ammo tokens on it and discard them instead of discarding a Gun, or to add +1 to a roll; and \"Barricade the Windows\", which gives additional barricade strength (more on barricades below).\nA few of the Unique Items...\nThe Unique Items offer some kind of bonus, and sometimes an additional bonus if a particular character has them. For example, <PERSON>'s Pendant allows its owner to discard it to cancel a wound, but also gives <PERSON> an extra Fight die if she has it.", "699" ], [ "<PERSON> Bible gives any other player his normal ability to take a wound to attempt to cancel any Zombie card on the roll of 3+, and if Father <PERSON> has that, then he automatically cancels a Zombie card if he takes a Wound. I'm a little disappointed that there aren't more examples of that in the Unique Deck than there are; from the earlier description of this, I expected there to be more character specific bonuses like that, but a lot of characters aren't represented in this way and not all of these cards offer that kind of thing. Presumably, we'll see more character-specific Unique Items with future LNOE expansions.\nOne of the Grave Weapons cards...\nThe Grave Weapons cards may be drawn by the Zombie player instead of spawning 2 normal zombies, and they give a specific zombie a particular ability, per the example above. I really love these, because much as I like LNOE, one criticism I have is that the Zombies don't seem to have as much character or as many tactical choices as the Heroes. This improves both of those things. Survival of the Fittest provides tokens (see the counter sheet above) to place under zombies with Grave Weapons, but having played the game now with the tokens, the value of having the miniature set became apparent, because it can be a real PITA to move around all of the Zombies with the markers. I am disappointed that while the mini set includes a new Grave Weapon type (Crawling Torso), it does not include two of the existing types (Recently Dead and Explosive), so you still have to use markers for those. But that's more of a complaint against that set and not against SOTF itself.\nBarricades\nSOTF includes several new or updated \"dot\" mechanics in the rulebook, and probably the most significant of those (and long-awaited by LNOE fans) is for Barricades. Basically, when you are in a building, instead of searching, if your movement roll was 4 or higher, you can either erect a barricade or reinforce one. A Hero can also take a wound at the end of a Move Phase to build or reinforce a barricade.", "728" ] ]

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[ [ "That bird is the mockingjay! OMG, you didn't know that that bird is the very bird that symbolized rebellion, the very bird that <PERSON> wore on a pin as her token? It is the very symbol of the series! And now with a calmer tone, I explain to you that that bird is a result of a female mocking bird, a natural animal, making babies with a male jabberjay, a muttation (still don't know why they add the extra t) spawned in the labs of the Capitol as a weapon against the Districts during the first rebellion. The Capitol released the birds when they found out that they were ineffective, as the rebels just sent them home with lies. The Capitol had underestimated a creature's desire to live, so thus mockingjays became. They are a creature that the Capitol never planned on existing, and it is like <PERSON> and her sparking the rebellion. They never wanted that. And that is also why <PERSON> is the Mockingjay in the book, which is fittingly titled Mockingjay.\nThe mockingjay is a species of bird that was created through the accidental mating of jabberjays and mockingbirds.", "247" ], [ "Black in color with white patches on the undersides of their wings, Mockingjays are famous for their ability to mimic a wide range of sounds produced by humans. When <PERSON> wore a pin bearing an image of this bird in the 74th Hunger Games, it angered the Capitol; the bird's very existence was a result of a mistake on the Capitol's part, and it represented a slight against them. This association with the bird later caused <PERSON> to be dubbed \"The Mockingjay\", the symbol and leader of the Second Rebellion\nMockingjays have a certain level of symbolism in Panem, though the nature of that symbolism can vary significantly. <PERSON> refers to the birds as \"something of a slap in the face to the Capitol\". Interestingly, this musing came before the 74th Hunger Games competition actually began, which suggests that the \"rebellious\" symbolism of the mockingjay was already established - or at least implied - before <PERSON> even arrived on the scene. For <PERSON> herself, they are a reminder of her father, and later of <PERSON>.\nThe mockingjays are not actually gold, that's just the pin that <PERSON> gave <PERSON>. Just to let you know, because you call it a \"golden bird.\" And the pin originally belonged to <PERSON>'s aunt.", "247" ] ]

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[ [ "Has old <PERSON> observed several different cycles?\n[SPOILERS FOR DARK SEASON 3 EPISODE 8]\nAfter (re)watching <PERSON> and <PERSON>'s conversation, one part of it seems confusing to me.\nClaudia claims that there had been infinite cycles (= time loops), and that <PERSON> tried to destroy the knot (= kill pregnant <PERSON>) infinite amount of times. She also claims that their current conversation is happening for the first time ever.\nAnother confusing thing is how she even knows about the Origin world (well, she claims that she figured it out in 33 years, but there's a problem with that, see below).\nA little bit of elaboration on what I mean by \"different cycles\": we now know that it's possible to change the timeline in the few seconds during the apocalypse and we also know that <PERSON> uses this opportunity to create the point at which the twin worlds diverge.\nIn any case we know that the last cycle was different from the previous one, because <PERSON> remembers finding herself shot by <PERSON>'s hand, which doesn't happen. It's possible that infinite small changes occured during the apocalypse, and not just the huge <PERSON> meeting/not meeting the alt!Martha split. Something else must have changed to give <PERSON> the insight into the origin, which she didn't have in previous cycles.\nI know this question got confusing, but that's because I am indeed confused.\nI guess, the more concrete wording of the question would be: did <PERSON> remember several different cycles, which could be distinguished by small changes, or did she only observe the two available(') to <PERSON> and <PERSON>?\n(') I should say the versions of <PERSON> and <PERSON> from the last / second to last cycle. If my theory about different cycles is even correct.\nEdit: Wait, I also forgot about old <PERSON> that <PERSON> killed.", "663" ], [ "Which didn't happen. I'm not sure at which point in her personal timeline she came to <PERSON> to have that conversation. It probably was before she was supposed to be killed.\nAlso, her behaviour before she was killed doesn't make much sense. The <PERSON> that was killed couldn't have known about the origin world, because if she had, then she would have gone to <PERSON> to tell him about it. But she hadn't. She couldn't have gone to get killed after the conversation with <PERSON>, because then there wouldn't have been a <PERSON> to kill her.", "865" ] ]

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[ [ "The Arecibo Message\nIntroduction: The Arecibo Message\nHistory:\nThe Arecibo message is an interstellar radio message which carries basic information about humanity and earth. It was sent to globular star cluster M13 (25,000 light years from earth) in 1974. It will take almost 25,000 years to arrive there.\nIt is intended for any extraterrestrial life form if present there. It was also a way to demonstrate human technological advancement. The message was broadcast into space by the Arecibo observatory.\nThe Arecibo message really fascinates me, as it's really interesting to write a message in a way that anyone in the universe can understand it, removing the language barrier.", "173" ], [ "One such attempt was the Arecibo message. I decided to make the Arecibo message even to celebrate humanity's technological advancement.\nStep 1: Supplies\n* Cardboard\n* Scissor\n* Pencil\n* Glue (Adhesive)\n* White paper\n* Black colour paper\n* Red colour paper\n* Violet colour paper\n* Blue colour paper\n* Green colour paper\n* Dark sketch pen\nStep 2: Sticking Black Colour Paper on Cardboard\n* Take the cardboard & the black colour paper.\n* Apply glue on the colour paper.\n* Stick the colour paper on the cardboard.\n* Similarly stick more black colour paper such that the cardboard is vertically filled.\n* Don't leave gap while sticking the colour papers, take your time & stick carefully.\nStep 3: Cutting Out the Remaining Portion\nNow cut out the remaining piece of cardboard with scissor after successfully pasting the black colour paper on the cardboard.\nStep 4: Time to Measure\n* The arecibo message consist of 1679 bits, arranged into 73 rows and 23 coloumn.\n* The size of your rectangular board doesn't really matter, until it has 79 rows and 23 coloumn.\n* Measure the length and breadth of your rectangular board.\n* Let's say the length is x cm and it's breadth is y cm.\n* Now your length that is x cm divide it by 73.\n* Take the breadth that is y cm of the board and divide it by 23.\n* Now what you have got is the length of the side of your smallest unit.\nStep 5: Drawing Rows and Coloumn\n* Now once you are set with your measurements, start with measuring and marking the gap between two consecutive lines.\n* First, I started with marking the gap between 23 coloumn lines.\n* Then use the scale and pencil to make the 23 coloumn, try as best as possible to make straight lines, take your time and do it accurately.\n* Now, I marked the gap between 72 row lines.\n* Then draw 73 rows, it has to be neat. One thing required is patience, yes it will take time to draw 73 row lines, be patient & draw as accurately as possible.\nStep 6: 1st Code: the Basic Numbers.\nNow, starts the most important task, that is sticking on the codes. I would suggest you to refer to the Wikipedia image of the Arecibo message in order to get the right spots of the codes. Different colors are used in arecibo message in order to differentiate codes and this colour information is not present in the actual message that was sent.\n* The first code represents the basic numbers, that is from 1 to 10 as indicated in the image above.\n* First refer to the Wikipedia Image and mark the spots with 'W' which indicates White, you can use your own symbols.\n* Now, draw small units as per your measurement on a white colour paper.\n* Then cut out your small units from white sheet.\n* Apply glue on them.\n* Then stick on the spots marked with 'W' (White)\n* Now first code of basic numbers are ready.\nStep 7: 2nd Code: DNA Structure & DNA Double Helix\n* Similarly now first use the violet colour paper to cut out small units and stick it accordingly at the right place. This code indicates, the atomic number of elements which are present in DNA that are Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen & Phosphorus respectively.\n* The next code gives the chemical formulas for DNA building blocks using atoms defined above, also representing the nitrogen bases (base pairs), Adenine, Guanine, Thymine & Cytosine.\n* The last code of the DNA part represents the helical structure of DNA.\n* Be patient and cut the small units correctly and stick it slowly on the marked position, yes it is time consuming but later will end up as a masterpiece.\nStep 8: 3rd Code: the Human\n* The third code indicates the figure of a human.\n* The element on the left coded to show the human height.", "294" ] ]

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[ [ "Shiny Stars Night Light\nIntroduction: Shiny Stars Night Light\nHey guys, today I made a Shiny Stars Night Light that you can put on your table or in your kid's room and the best thing about it is that it has a lot of shiny stars embedded in it.\nI also added a beautiful line in the middle, but that's completely optional. It looks so lovely in darkness. All the stars shines so brightly because all the stars are actually blue LEDs.\nYou can place this on your, or your kid's bedside and have a peaceful sleep. they are not excessively bright and that makes them a perfect nightlight.\nSupplies\nYou will need,\nOne black A4 paper and One Blue A4 paper\nOne white A4 sheet\nOne cardboard A4 size\nGlue\nLots of blue LEDs\nSome White LEDs\nWires\n6v Battery holder (4 cell)\nSome more cardboard\nThe Tools that you will need-\nPliers\nscissors\npencil\nscale\nsoldering iron\nglue gun\nwire cutter\nwire striper\nStep 1: Take Both the Black and Blue A4 Sheets\nTake both the blue and black A4 sheets and for now keep the blue sheet away but in reach.\nNow with the black sheet. Mark one inch from all sides and then make straight lines forming a border all around the sheet.\nStep 2: Make the Space for the Quote\nNow from the bottom left side, mark 10cm up on the left side.\nFrom the bottom right side, mark 20cm up on the right side.\nNow mark 10 cm above both of those points.\nJoin both the lower points of either side together.\nJust like that also join both the points on the upper side of either side.\nStep 3: Cut Out\nNow take a paper cutter and cut the two shapes above and below our quote area.\nYour finished cut out should look like the last picture.\nStep 4: Now Write Your Quote\nNow take a pencil and write whatever quote or line you want to write on your night lamp.\nI prefer making some lines first and then writing between those lines. Like writing on a ruled notebook. It will look more neat.\nStep 5: Now Cut Out Your Quote\nNow cut out all the letter in your quote.\nIf you cannot cut out all the letter in your quote, because I know it is very hard, and you can still make a lot of mistakes.", "31" ], [ "What I advise you to do is to cut a whole rectangle out and then stick a piece of white paper on it and write your quote on it with a marker such that the whole background is filled with black and the words are white.\nThat way you can get the same effect but with less effort and mistake.\nI was able to cut out every single letter, so I did just that.\nStep 6:\nNow it's time to get out the blue paper and mark our quote area on it.\nRemember, I said the quote area, not the quote. The blue paper is supposed to go behind the black paper. So we need to make sure that the letters in our quote can be illuminated from behind, so for that. We need to cut that area out on the blue paper.\nOnce you've marked the area, cut it out with a paper cutter.\nStep 7: Glue All of Them Together\nThe end product should look like the first picture. They are not glued yet. I have just placed them on top of one another to see how they should be glued. You should do the same and check before actually glueing them together.\nOnce you're sure about the order, glue all of them together.\nWhite stays on the bottom, then blue and on top of everything else the black one.\nIf you cut out all the letters separately, make sure that you glue all the little things in them.\nStep 8: Cut the Cardboard\nNow take the A4 size cardboard and mark our quote area on this as well.\nAnd then cut it out.\nStep 9: Glue Our Paper on the Cardboard\nNow take the papers from before and glue them on the cardboard.\nStep 10: Mark Holes for White Led\nNow take a cardboard piece to cover the exposed back side of the papers.\nOn this cardboard mark holes for white LEDs.\nStep 11: Now Insert LEDs\nNow make holes on those marked areas and insert White LEDs in them.\nMake sure to bend the leads of the leds.\nStep 12: Now Solder All LEDs in Parallel\nNow once you've bent the leads of LED glue them in place and solder all of them together in parallel.\nStep 13: Time to Add Our Stars\nOnce our quote area lights are done now move on to the stars.\nMark holes for the stars on the blue paper area. Once you've marked them, make holes with scissors or something else.", "6" ] ]

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[ [ "Dynamic path planning and waypoint sorting\nGood evening everyone,\nI have a question that I am having a bit of trouble formulating properly and thus it is making it complicated to look up literature on the subject. What I am looking for is a name for a more general problem of the same nature, and I think it will have something to do with the title of this question, dynamic path planning and sorting.\nBefore getting into the details, I'll try to summarize the question as best as I possibly can:\nAttempted Summary\nIn a complete and weighted graph, which algorithm(s) should be used to continuously obtain a path which maximizes the reward obtained from visiting vertices if the rewards are dynamic and thus constantly changing?\nAnd now, a bit more context.\nProblem Statement\nSuppose we have a robot:\n* The robot is capable of autonomous movement\n* It is fitted with several sensors\n* The robot must patrol a set of locations L and gather data using its sensors at all of the li ∈ L\n* Some locations are more interesting than others, and may be worth visiting more frequently. What makes these locations \"more interesting\" is that data taken from these locations have a higher variance than the data taken from other locations. Also, it is important to take into account the time since the location was last visited. The longer it has been, the more desirable it will become to visit.\nThe goal is to properly schedule the order in which the different locations should be visited so that we can both maximize the information gain and minimize the energy expended by the robot, e.g: the distance traveled. We can assume the robot can move freely from any point and to any location, not just from location to location.", "103" ], [ "Also, the robot must gather data continuously for a period of time T, so the scheduling has to be done more than once.\nMy view\nTo me, it looks like this problem can be modeled as a graph. The vertices represent each of the locations that the robot must visit, and the edges have a cost associated to them which represent the distance that must be traveled. I believe the robot itself can also be modeled as a vertex in this graph, which has edges connecting it to every single other location. We can assume all locations are also fully connected between each other, since the robot can go from li to lj such that ∀ i, j ∈ L, however some of these pairs will not be desirable given the distance.\nSo we are trying to minimize energy expenditure while maximizing information gain. This part sounds like an optimization problem. If I can model the information gain or \"reward\" obtained from visiting each vertex, taking into account factors such as arbitrary importance of the vertex and variance, it might make sense to use a classical pathfinding algorithm, however I am not too sure how these algorithms behave when used against vertices whose rewards change over time (the overall reward of a vertex will be affected by the amount of time that has passed since it was last visited).\nI have also thought about modeling this as a linear programming problem, however I am not quite sure how to obtain a sorted set using this approach (of course I can get the best and worst locations to visit, but what about the order of the rest?)\nThank you for your suggestions.", "835" ] ]

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[ [ "You can use meet-in-the-middle to reduce the running time to $O(n^{\\lceil k/2 \\rceil})$.\nFor simplicity, let me assume that $k$ is even.\nThe idea is as follows:\n* Partition $A$ into two parts.\n* For each part, compute a sorted list of sums of $k/2$ elements from the part.\n* For each $k/2$-sum in the first part, use binary search to find the best $k/2$-sum in the second part which conforms to the constraints.\nAs stated, there are several problems with the idea:\n1. It assumes that the optimal solution contains exactly $k/2$ summands out of each part.\n2. It runs in time $O(n^{k/2} \\log n)$.\n3. It uses $O(n^{k/2})$ memory.\nTo handle the first difficulty, there are several options. We could just repeat the entire algorithm $\\sqrt{k}$ times. Alternatively, there might be deterministic ways to achieve the same goal.", "743" ], [ "Here is a hybrid solution:\n* Randomly partition $A$ into $k^3$ parts $P_1,\\ldots,P_{k^3}$ (anything substantially larger than $k^2$ would work). With high probability, each element of the optimal solution is in its own part.\n* Consider all possible partitions of $A$ into two parts of the form $P_1,\\ldots,P_i$ and $P_{i+1},\\ldots,P_{k^3}$. One of these will contain exactly $k/2$ elements of the optimal solution.\nTo handle the second difficulty, we need to be slightly more careful in implementation. Using merging (the familiar subroutine from mergesort), it should be possible to compute the $k/2$-sums of each part in $O(n^{k/2})$. The final step can be implemented in $O(n^{k/2})$ using a classic two-pointer technique (the first pointer goes up on the first half, the second one goes down on the second half).\nThere are tricks to reduce the memory required from $O(n^{k/2})$ to $O(n^{k/4})$: further divide each part into two sub-parts. You can easily go over all $k/2$-sums in the first part by considering all pairs of $k/4$-sums in its subparts. Binary search on the second part can then be implemented using the two-pointer technique.", "743" ] ]

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[ [ "Colorful Message With Grove Beginner Kit and RGB Led Matrix\nIntroduction: Colorful Message With Grove Beginner Kit and RGB Led Matrix\nToday, I'd like to share how to create a colorful message displayed on the RGB led matrix by Grove Beginner Kit For Arduino from Seeedstudio. In this project, the led matrix background and letter colors can be customized base on the Grove Beginner Kit built-in sensors.\nLet's getting started.\nStep 1: Supplies\nMain components are as follows:\n* 1 x Grove Beginner Kit for Arduino.\n* 320 x 5mm Common Anode RGB LEDs.\n* 16 x A1013 Transistors.\n* 2 x Shift Register 74HC595N.\n* 9 x Power Logic 8-Bit Shift Register TPIC6B595N.\n* 12 x 0.1uF Decoupling Capacitors.\n* 100 x 100Ω Resistors.\n* 16 x 1kΩ Resistors.\n* 1 x Single-Side Copper Prototype PCB Size A4.\n* 1 x Proto Shield for Arduino.\n* 2 x Clear Acrylic Plate Size A4.\n* 2 x Male & Female 40pin 2.54mm Header.\n* 1 x Power Supply 5V.\n* 1 x DC Power Supply Male & Female Socket.\n* 1 x DC Power Supply Screw Type.\n* 8 x Copper Standoff Spacers 20mm.\n* 2 meter x Rainbow Color Flat Ribbon Cable.\nStep 2: Grove Beginner Kit for Arduino\nThe Grove Beginner Kit for Arduino® is powered by one Arduino UNO compatible Board (ATmega320p based Seeeduino Lotus) together with 10 additional Grove Arduino sensors all in one piece of the board.\nAll modules are pre-wired, no breadboard and jumper cables required.\nYou can go to SeeedStudio wiki page, there are full of tutorials and codes for getting started.\nStep 3: Idea\nI have built one RGB led table 16x20 which was controlled by SPI protocol, and reserved 4 control pins for future applications as follow:\n* DATA PIN\n* CLOCK PIN\n* LATCH PIN\n* BLANK PIN\nYou can check how I built this led matrix at: https://www.instructables.com/ATtiny85-Spectrum-A...\nMy idea is to combine this led board and Grove Beginner Kit to display information and make color customizations based on Grove Beginner Kit built-in sensors.\nStep 4: Schematic\nYou can download the project schematic in PDF format HERE.\nThe components for controlling a RGB led matrix 16x20 via SPI:\n* Columns (cathodes) scanning: including 3 groups of TPIC6B595N to control 20 columns, each group includes 3 x TPIC6B595N for 3 colors: Red, Green & Blue.\n* Rows (anodes) scanning: including 2 x 74HC595N and 16 x A1013 transistor to control 16 rows.\nThe connection between Led Matrix 16x20 and ATmega320p based Seeeduino Lotus on the Grove Beginner Kit is as follow:\n* DATA_PIN: connect to Seeeduino Lotus pin D11 (MOSI).\n* CLOCK_PIN: connect to Seeeduino Lotus pin D13 (SCK).\n* LATCH_PIN: connect to Seeeduino Lotus pin D2.\n* BLANK_PIN: connect to Seeeduino Lotus pin D7.\nStep 5: Soldering and Assembling Works\n* Soldering a RGB Led Matrix 16x20: I reused this led matrix from previous project. You can check detail at:\nhttps://www.instructables.com/ATtiny85-Spectrum-An...\n* Soldering 4 SPI pins male header on a Proto Shield for Arduino.\n* Proto Shield for Arduino was plugged on the Seeeduino Lotus and Grove Beginner Kit was mounted on the backside of led matrix.", "769" ], [ "Then I connected 5VDC power supply and SPI connection to Grove Beginner Kit.\n* Ready for programming.\nStep 6: Programming\nThe project code is available at my GitHub:\nhttps://github.com/tuenhidiy/GROVE-BEGINNER-KIT-MA...\nStep 7: How It Works\nIn this project, I used Rotary Potentiometer and 3-Axis Acceleration Sensor to determine the colors of scrolling message, for both letter & background. Details are as follows:\n1. Led matrix background color is decided by 3-Axis Acceleration Sensors on the Grove Begginer Kit. For each different pose of led table, it will show a different color.", "991" ] ]

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[ [ "3D Printing Puzzle Repair\nIntroduction: 3D Printing Puzzle Repair\nIf you own or have access to a 3D printer, then you'll no longer need to fear buying a used puzzle from a garage sale! Or, perhaps you already have a puzzle you'd like to save from from a fate of forever being incomplete.\nFollow along with my simple instructions and there will never need to be another unfinished puzzle again!\nSupplies\nAny 3D printer\nPaper + pencil/pen\nComputer scanner\nVector software (Inkscape, Illustrator, Affinity Design)\nCalipers\n3D software (I used TinkerCAD)\nPaint!\nStep 1: Copying the Missing Pieces\nI went pretty low tech with this technique and stuck with the tried and true pencil and paper to trace the outlines.\nTip: A mechanical pencil works best as the straight and thin graphite gets the closest and most accurate edge.\nJust slide a standard size piece of paper under the missing piece gap. Using a standard sized paper allows you to double check your scale when it's pulled into software. I used the same piece of paper for all the different pieces and I just made sure not to overlap them. You can see that I messed up tracing a piece; I simply crossed it out, moved the paper over, and tried again.\nTip: Using a standard sized paper allows you to double check your scale when it's pulled into software\nPop that paper into a scanner and we'll pull that digital copy into our vector software for the next step!\nThere are other ways you could make this work without a scanner such as: taking a very accurate and level picture with a camera with some sort of measurement guide or scanning the cluster of puzzle pieces that surround the missing piece gap directly without the tracing step.\nStep 2: Digitally Create Your Pieces!\nAfter opening your scanned image into a vector software (Inkscape, Illustrator, Affinity Designer) you'll want to lock the layer of the image and then create a second top layer to trace your lines. I don't kill yourself with accuracy here, just eyeball it and follow the lines the best that you can. I tend to follow the outside of the line so you can see what you are doing and because you lose a little of the edge in the tracing process. My quick video should help explain my process the best. You could try to do an image trace/raster trace/bitmap trace but I find that makes the pieces a lot more lumpy. This process isn't flawless, but it always ends with the pieces fitting pretty well for me.\nAfter tracing the individual pieces I bring them together into a much more uniform cluster. Turn the scanned image layer invisible, and export as an .SVG.\nI use TinkerCAD because it is quick and easy, especially since it just needs to be extruded.", "110" ], [ "There are many other CAD/ 3D printing softwares out there that can do the same.\nNo matter what I do, when I import my files into TinkerCAD they are never the right size. All of your pieces are now grouped together so if you highlight your full grouping in the vector software you should see the correct width and height. Manually correct these in TinkerCAD and you'll know your pieces will be the correct size.\nDon't forget to measure the thickness of the puzzle for your new pieces! Calipers come in handy for this. Use that measurement to set the height of your extrusion. Now you can export your new 3D files as a .STL!\nOne last software, I promise....just load it up into your preferred 3D printing slicer.\nI printed the pieces solid at 100% infill, PLA, normal .175 detail.\nStep 3: 3d Print!\nThe satisfaction of a quick but useful print!\nMy technique is a little sloppy and can lead to some tiny gaps but it always fits well enough that it will only fit in the position and place it is supposed to.\nStep 4: Paint!\nBefore you stress out about getting your new puzzle piece perfectly painted, know that professional restoration artists usually loosely block out any missing areas of paint so as to not detract from the original artists work. Enough to trick the eye and fill out the painting instead of trying to flawlessly replicate the original art. Even if your color is off or your pattern is a little sloppy, it'll still make the puzzle look more complete than a gaping hole. Strive for complete, not perfect!\nI spend about 30-45min painting each piece. I enjoy the challenge of trying to match the colors and see how close I can get it. They look great at a distance and sometimes can completely disappear! Up close and under scrutiny its obvious which ones I've manufactured. So...don't give up if you don't feel artistic enough, it takes very little to fool the eye at a glance.", "110" ] ]

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[ [ "Not without handwavium\nThe video of the water levitation thing is actually a pretty cool physics effect, but it's predicated on sound wave pressure zones. Note how the water only hovers in little areas? It's because there are literal sound waves keeping them there. When droplets get too large, they rupture. I won't go into too much detail because I'll inevitably derail, but in order to use that, you'd have to make a very low pitch tone, and make it very loud. You wouldn't have the 'upside down ocean' effect, either. You'd just have a big hovering dewdrop.\nAnother solution would be to have something under the water that buoys it up. Unfortunately, gases are out; the highest density gases, according to the brains in Chem SE, clock in at only $13 \\frac{kg}{m^3}$, while water is an even $1000\\frac{kg}{m^3}$. That solution is out.\nWater isn't especially ferrous, so you couldn't just pop a huge (electro)magnet on the ceiling and call it good. Even if you used ferrofluid instead of water (ooh, imagine black rivers!) you'd get the telltale signs of magnetic fields on the surface of the lake, which would spoil the effect.\nAs for the other three fundamental forces...", "580" ], [ "Well, the weak force is weak, the strong force isn't strong enough, and gravity defines the idea of 'ceiling' for <PERSON>.\nThere goes hard science. Time for...\nA dash of handwavium\nReally, see ShadoCat's answer for this one. Basically, you could use biology to put ceiling growing life down that appears to be a lake on the ceiling.\nThe other approach is to fudge some of the properties of water and use an answer from the 'no handwavium' section.\nUnfortunately, these both suffer from one key issue in your vision: liquid going from a stream in the floor and dumping into the sky. This one isn't really possible without magic, because physics would use an inverse square law sort of approach to your effect (meaning that the water would become a vapor as it approached before finally transitioning to a stream on the ceiling) and biology would use tentacles or feelers or something to suck up water.\nLots of handwavium\nMagic is now on the table. With magic comes area effects and effects that only target certain classes of items. Now you have a lake on the ceiling. Congratulations.\nPostscript\nThere's one more trick you can use for the lake on the ceiling thing. Mushrooms. Specifically, hallucinogenic spore release combined with subliminal priming could initiate a lucid dream state wherein <PERSON> believes he's encountered all the wonders you've described, but is actually tripping out and getting dissolved by a plant monster. Ah, the wonders of drugs!", "227" ] ]

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[ [ "Easy Makey Makey & Scratch\nIntroduction: Easy Makey Makey & Scratch\nThis is my first instructable! I am going to explain how to integrate Scratch (programming language) with Makey Makey, I will make a cat Meow and walk in an easy to follow steps.\nThe best practice I use, is to do all the programming in Scratch then change it to Makey Makey. I hope this will help you with your projects.\nSupplies\n* Scratch\n* Makey Makey\nStep 1: Let Us Get Scratch\n* You can work with Scratch online. You don't need to join Scratch and have an account to start creating, just hit \"Start Creating\" and you are ready to start. Make sure to save your project into your computer, otherwise you will loose it.\n* Or you can work offline by downloading Scratch. I prefer the offline version because I don't have reliable Internet connection. Scratch is available for Windows, Mac, ChromeOS and Android.\nStep 2: Setting Up the Stage\nSprite: The default sprite used in Scratch is the lovely cat !\nYou can change this by selecting a new sprite, click the cat face to the right lower corner and choose\n* The library (click Choose a Sprite)\n* Draw your own (click Paint)\n* Upload one from your computer (Upload Sprite).\nI am going to stay with the cat.\nBackground: You can choose different backgrounds from the library, draw your own or upload from your computer.\nI will choose from the library the \"Colourful City\" background.\nStep 3: Let's Make the Cat Say Hello!\nNow, let's make our cat say something. You need to make sure that you are selecting the cat sprite before placing your code.\nDrag a \"When space key pressed\" block from Events, and a \"Say Hello for 2 sec\" block from Looks to your workspace. What this will do is that it will make the cat say hello for 2 seconds.\nNote that you can change the phrase and the time duration as you like.\nStep 4: Give Your Cat a Sound\nDrag a \"Play sound until done\" block from sound and place it before the \"Say hello\" block. You can change the sounds by going to the \"Sounds\" tab, you can even record your sound!\nStep 5: Let's Walk in the City\nIt gets a little bit tricky here. Don't worry !\nLet's get back to math for a second, we have two axis.", "141" ], [ "X axis is the horizontal and Y axis is the vertical. If we go to right from the zero on the X axis, it will increase X (Positive X). If we go to the left of zero, it will decrease X (Negative X). The same will apply to our cat! if we want it to go to the right then we move it by a positive step and if we want it to go to the left, we move it by negative step.\nTo do this:\nDrag two \"When space key pressed\" blocks to your workspace, to change the space to the arrow keys (right and left) press the drop down menu and select accordingly. Attach a \"Move 10 steps\" to the \"When right key pressed\" and \"Move -10 steps\" to the \"When left key pressed\", you can find the move step block in Motion. Now, change the 10 steps to 5, we don't want it to be super fast.\nDoes it look like walking? Apparently not! in order to fix that, you need one more step. Drag \"Next Costume\" block from looks and place it before the move steps block to make your cat looks like walking, try it on!\nStep 6: Finally Makey Makey\nAll what you need now is to connect your Makey Makey. You need to use the space, right arrow and left arrow in your Makey Makey.\nTo Programm it in Scratch, add the Makey Makey extension and you will see new blocks appear. Replace the \"When space key pressed\", \"When right arrow key pressed\" and \"When left arrow key pressed\" with the ones from Makey Makey blocks. Enjoy!", "149" ] ]

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[ [ "Maker Wallet - Fully 3D Printable\nIntroduction: Maker Wallet - Fully 3D Printable\nThis project has been designed in collaboration with BuildBee, the all-in-one 3D printing solution to design, monitor and print from the cloud.\nLearn more about BuildBee: https://buildbee.com/flowalistik\n---\nThe Maker Wallet is a fully 3D printable wallet.\nDownload the STL files which are ready to print or the STEP file if you want tu customize or remix the design.\nStep 1: Features\nThis design is meant to be as accessible as possible. These are the design's features:\n* Up to 5 standard-size cards\n* Room for bills and other small objects\n* Lock mechanism\n* Customizable back and front\n* Fully 3D printable\n* 15-second assembly\nStep 2: 3D Printing Tips\nYou can use any FDM 3D printer you want. You just need some PLA filament. Some 3D printing tips:\n* Use a 0.4mm nozzle\n* Print settings: 3 perimeters and 0.2mm layer height\n* Loose lock mechanism? Play with the slicer’s tolerances settings to fix it\n* Adhesives are not required, but you can add some glue where the lid and lever connect for increased rigidity\nStep 3: Assembly\nPrint all the parts with the flat part facing down and remove any strings or surface imperfections, especially on the main body and lever files.\n1. Place the lever in the main body. You should be able to move it with your hand.", "116" ], [ "If it's a bit loose don't worry as that part will stay in place.\n2. Slide the container in place from the top part. It should hold in place. If it still slides you can use a bit of glue. You can also re-print the part using a different tolerance setting.\n3. Connect the lid to the main body and make sure the top part slides properly and connects to the container undercut.\nIf the lock mechanism isn't properly working, check the tolerances settings on your slicer and re-print the container and lid 3D models.\nStep 4: Customization\nThe STEP file of the Maker Wallet is available for download and you can easily customize the front or back with your name or logo.", "646" ] ]

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[ [ "How to use numerical analysis to calculate the motion of any planet?\nI have just started reading the <PERSON> lectures and in chapter 9, he explains how one might use numerical analysis to calculate the motion of a spring which can be extended to calculate the motion of earth around the sun ( assuming the sun is fixed ).\n<PERSON> states that one may calculate the motion of Neptune or Jupiter or whatever even if the sun is not taken to be stationary. These are the equations he states:\nNow let us see how we can calculate the motion of Neptune, Jupiter, Uranus, or any other planet. If we have a great many planets, and let the sun move too, can we do the same thing? Of course we can. We calculate the force on a particular planet, let us say planet number i, which has a position $x_i,y_i,z_i$ (i=1 may represent the sun, i=2 Mercury, i=3 Venus, and so on).", "319" ], [ "We must know the positions of all the planets. The force acting on one is due to all the other bodies which are located, let us say, at positions $x_j,y_j,z_j$. Therefore the equations are: \\begin{align} m_i\\,\\frac{dv_{ix}}{dt}&= \\sum_{j=1}^N-\\frac{Gm_im_j(x_i-x_j)}{r_{ij}^3},\\notag\\ \\label{Eq:I:9:18} m_i\\,\\frac{dv_{iy}}{dt}&= \\sum_{j=1}^N-\\frac{Gm_im_j( y_i- y_j )}{r_{ij}^3},\\ m_i\\,\\frac{dv_{iz}}{dt}&= \\sum_{j=1}^N-\\frac{Gm_im_j( z_i- z_j )}{r_{ij}^3}.\\notag \\end{align} Where \\begin{equation} \\label{Eq:I:9:19} r_{ij}=\\sqrt{(x_i-x_j)^2+(y_i-y_j)^2+(z_i-z_j)^2}. \\end{equation}\nThen he states that,\"Then when we have all initial positions and velocities we can calculate all the accelerations by first calculating all the distances\". Alright, if we do have all initial velocities and distances of all the planets, how do we use that to calculate all future positions and velocities of planet $i$ as the positions and velocities of planet $j$ will be affected by planet $i$ as well! ?\nHere is the link to the chapter:http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_09.html", "766" ] ]

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[ [ "This answer might not make a lot of sense without a little background on quantum computing\nA QCNN (https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.03787) is a type of quantum model that the authors in this paper use to model quantum data. At the core it is just a quantum circuit acting on a set of qubits in order to model quantum data that is on those qubits. The authors use it to predict a particular property of their quantum data. Here is a piece from the paper where they explain the architecture at a high level:\nThe circuit's input is an unknown quantum state $\\rho_{\\text{in}}$. A convolution layer applies a single quasi-local unitary ($U_i$) in a translationally-invariant manner for finite depth. For pooling, a fraction of qubits are measured, and their outcomes determine unitary rotations ($V_j$) applied to nearby qubits. Hence, nonlinearities in QCNN arise from reducing the number of degrees of freedom.", "915" ], [ "Convolution and pooling layers are performed until the system size is sufficiently small; then, a fully connected layer is applied as a unitary $F$ on the remaining qubits. Finally, the outcome of the circuit is obtained by measuring a fixed number of output qubits. As in the classical case, circuit structures (i.e. QCNN hyperparameters) such as the number of convolution and pooling layers are fixed, and the unitaries themselves are learned.\nTo contrast this a little bit with the classical CNN: The QCNN is best used when dealing with quantum data that you wouldn't normally be able to deal with (easily) classically. The authors made a very smart choice here in choosing to model data that could be prepared on a quantum computer, data which might be harder for a classical computer to prepare. If you have classical data (like MNIST or CIFAR) then the CNN is still your best bet over the QCNN for performance. If you have quantum data on a quantum computer the QCNN has a much stronger case.\nIf you've been using TensorFlow Quantum, one of the tutorials shows this exact performance comparison where a quantum computer modelling classical data has a really hard time keeping up with the scaling of the classical computer (https://www.tensorflow.org/quantum/tutorials/mnist).\nWe are hoping to use TensorFlow Quantum to better understand quantum data and it's not too likely any QCNNs are going to pop up in serious classical ML pipelines for NLP or Image classification at scale that are going to drastically improve performance..... yet :P", "740" ] ]

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[ [ "CO2 Sensor for Schools\nIntroduction: CO2 Sensor for Schools\nBackground\nThe scientific understanding of COVID-19 transmission has turned away from the early, highly-publicized measures of fomites (touchable objects that can have the virus on them) and is now focused on aerosols (small, airborne particles that may not drop onto surfaces). Detailed reading here.\nSimply put, perhaps your biggest concern regarding COVID transmission should be clean air.\nIf you are breathing air that has already been exhaled, you could potentially be breathing in aerosols containing the virus. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a great indicator of the amount of previously respired air in a room - the air we exhale is 4-5% CO2 which is 100 times the amount of CO2 in air we inhale. So CO2 will build up in a room with poor ventilation, just as COVID-containing aerosols will.\nWith schools, and other places of business, returning to in-person activities, it is challenging to know the air quality in a room. CO2 sensors are a pretty good way to indicate how dense the amount of previously-respired air in a space is, and therefore how much potential COVID could be in the air.\nThere are good CO2 sensors on the market (We like the Aranet4), as well as quite a few bad ones. General tip: make sure to spend the money on an NDIR-based sensor. We can also make our own for about half of the price! This project comes in around $70-$80 in supplies vs. $150 or more for reliable, 'store-bought' NDIR CO2 sensors.\nCreated by the Innovation Lab at La Jolla Country Day School, La Jolla, CA, USA.\nSupplies\nNote: We link to Adafruit when possible because we believe in their company philosophy. You can order these same parts at other places.\nArduino Nano Every - With headers attached if you want to have minimal soldering required.\nSensirion SDC30 CO2 sensor board ($50-60) - This is a highly accurate and reliable board utilizing NDIR technology.", "152" ], [ "We think it is the best in class and has useful documentation from SparkFun. You will have to purchase and solder your own headers on to the sensor. Otherpurchasingsites.\nHeaders - Any headers (plug to plug) will work! Need 7 to solder to your SDC30 Sensor.\nRGB LED - We use an RGB LED to indicate the CO2 levels via color. Possible to use three, individual colored LED's instead!\nSunfounder LCD1602 - Many LCD Screens *could* work, but the code and pinouts are specifically designed to be used with this style. Note: The LCD takes a lot of power, so not recommended for battery power.\nHalf-size Breadboard\nPlug-to-Plug (M/M) 75mm Jumper wires\nDepending on what USB ports your computer has pick one:\nUSB Cable - USB A - Micro - (*Most* computers feature at least 1 USB-A port)\nUSB Cable - USB-C - Micro - (Newer computers have more USB-C. Since 2019, MacBook's have been exclusively USB-C ports.)\nEquipment Needed\nSoldering Iron. The CO2 sensor does not come with headers attached. Learn to solder.\nOptional: Laser Cutter or 3D printer for a housing.\nStep 1: Assemble\nWhile assembling the circuit, please be mindful of a few things:\n* The wiring for the RGB LED can be a little bit tricky to place the legs into the correct slots as shown in the photo. There's enough space to bend the legs and get them in the right slots without having any of the 4 legs touch, but it's always a good idea to have a couple extra LEDs in case the legs end up getting too bent :)\n* Your Arduino and SCD30 may not have the slots labeled exactly as they are in this diagram, so make sure that you're plugging from the TX/SCL port on the arduino (The image shows a4 but the pin does both!), to the TX/SCL pin on the sensor, and similarly for the RX/SDA pins.\n* On the topic of labels being slightly different, the farthest left pin (VDD or VIN) is where you want your power for the sensor to route to.\n* Specifically this is set up for a 16 x 2 LCD screen that uses a 4 pin I2C backpack (as pictured and as linked in supply!)\n* Make sure you power the LCD screen with 5V, and the Sensor with 3.3v! If you try to power the screen with only 3.3v you're going to have some problems :)\n* Don't forget about the brightness adjustment on the back of the LCD Screen!", "611" ] ]

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[ [ "Knit Hat With a Loom\nIntroduction: Knit Hat With a Loom\nIn this Instructable you will be learning how to make a neat knitted hat.\nFirst we will make the hat with a circle shaped loom.\nSupplies\n* Knifty Knitter\n* Yarn\n* Scissors\nThat's it,\nfor your yarn, if you want a big fluffy hat, you can use one strand of bulky yarn, like I am using, But if you want a nice thin silky hat, you can use four or five strands of thin yarn, so that there are only small holes in you hat.\nStep 1: Wrapping Around Your Loom\nClick the photos for descriptions /\\\nStart off by making a slip knot with your yarn, and put it onto the peg that is sticking out of the loom. This peg is called the \"Holding Peg\". You can also just wrap your yarn around the peg a few times.\nIf you look to the left of your Holding Peg, there is a peg that is called the Starting Peg, and to the right, is the Ending Peg.\nTake your yarn and, going counter clockwise around the Starting Peg, wrap it around once, as shown.\ncontinue wrapping around your loom until you get back to your Ending Peg.\nFrom here, push all the loops on the pegs down, then go around a second time, but note that this is the only time you will go around twice, because you do not yet have two rows (Also note that if the yarn between pegs is on the outside, you are doing it the wrong way).\nStep 2: Knitting Off\nNow that you have two strands around your loom, you are ready to knit off.\nStart by taking your picking tool (the tool with the metal rod that bends at the end) and place it in the bottom of the groove in the Starting Peg. take your pick, and grab the first row, or the one nearer to the loom.", "557" ], [ "pull it over the second row, and over the peg.\nContinue this process until you reach the ending peg once again. You have completed one row.\nStep 3: Making the Brim\nKeep Wrapping and knitting off until you have double as much length as you want your brim to be.\nNow flip the hat inside out, so that all the yarn is on the top side.\ntake your tail end from when you started, and pull it out and straight onto your holding peg, so that it is in between your starting peg and ending peg.\nNext, find the loops from your first row, and start putting them on your loom, starting from the one just left from your tail. This will fold the hat over itself, and make your brim.\nWhen you are finished, just knit off, because making the brim replaces the wrapping part.\nNow just keep making more rows like before, until you are ready to finish it.\nStep 4: Finishing the Hat\nOnce you are happy with your hat, it is time for the last few steps.\nOn your last knit off, don't pull the string down.\nFirst, cut off your yarn, making sure you have about a foot of tail.\nNext, wrap some more yarn three times around the loom, like so.\nCut the yarn, then fold it in half evenly, and put the folded part 4-5 pegs to the right from the starting peg, then put it around the loom, so that it is below the single string from your hat.\nNow, starting from the Starting Peg, take your single string, carry it over your double string, then back under the double string so that the single string is back to where it started.\nRepeat all the way through the loom, making sure not to miss any pegs, or the whole thing will come apart.\nOnce you come back to the loop you made with your double string, just take it off and continue until you have gone through every peg.\n\\/ A video of the knot \\/\nStep 5: Taking It Off the Loom\nnow you will see that you have three strings, two of them being from your double string that you wrapped around, the other one being from the end of your hat. take everything of the loom, making sure that the double string does not come undone\nlightly pull the two ends of the double string together, so that it makes the top of your hat.\nafter it is as tight as it can get, make a simple square knot with the two ends, then tie the single end to the two other ends.\nThat's it!", "694" ] ]

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[ [ "Feeling a bit stuck in hospitality\nHi hospitality friends. This post goes out to all the artists / musicians / writers out there who work in hotels.\nI'm a pretty young guy (26) and I've been working in hospitality for over four years now. As far as jobs go, I really like my position here and I feel that I'm quite good at it (concierge). I get to tell people about all my favorite places in town, live music, outdoor activities, and how to have fun in general. It definitely suits me and I don't want this to come off as a complaint post. A lot of people are stuck with jobs that they dread and I'm truly grateful that's not the case for me.\nBut I'm also a musician and it's what I've always dreamed of doing professionally. My band has made some great progress this year, and my hotel management has supported us a lot. Which is huge, because most jobs like this will not work around a musician's schedule. And although I don't dislike my job by any means, I'm still dreaming about the day that I don't need it and can put all my focus into my band's music and starting to establish a larger fan base. I'm just getting to the point now where I feel like there's no end in sight, and I'm scared that I'll just be at the same hotel into my 30's or something.", "203" ], [ "I know I'm projecting here, maybe it's just a mid 20's crisis (if that's a thing).\nThere's nothing wrong with keeping my job and remaining a local act. But I just want more, and I'm scared that I'll still be sitting at this desk when I'm 40 wondering what I should have done differently. I've seen a lot of posts in this sub where people come to vent about this industry, and people dismissively saying \"sounds like you're in the wrong line of work.\" We're just trying to work with what we've got here, there's no such thing as a \"dream job\" in the service industry if you ask me. There are good days and there are hard days, and the hard days make me scared that I'll never get out.\nI'd love to hear from the artists among us about your experience working in hospitality with creative aspirations. And if you are an artist, musician, writer, whatever: don't stop. Keep going. I don't know you but I support you. Don't let anyone tell you that your job at the hotel is more important than your dreams.\nI know there may not be much of a \"tale\" involved in this post, so apologies if this wasn't the best place to post this. Feel free to keep scrolling. Love you all and thank you for sharing your thoughts. Hang in there everybody", "756" ] ]

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[ [ "Customer Always Right - NOT!!!\n“The customer is always right” is a nice sentiment, but there is nothing right about people who steal from us, lie to us, or abuse us!!!!!\nI had a real PSYCHO a few days ago! Our store is very busy; often I’m not able to get off the register for long periods. This woman came up, had a bunch of stuff in her cart, and I proceeded to scan her order, being polite and pleasant to her all along. I was nearly finished when she asked if we kept baby formula behind the counter. I told her no and which aisle is was on. I looked down to finish bagging the last of her items, and when I looked up again, she was nowhere to be found. Bear in mind we had people waiting in line behind her. This entitled <PERSON> believed that everybody waiting behind her should have to wait for her to go get her baby formula! I called out, “Ma’am, we have people waiting behind you.” She eventually came back with a container of baby formula, which I proceeded to scan and bag.", "931" ], [ "As I did so, she started telling me that I needed to work on my customer service. I kept on trying to be nice to her, in spite of the fact that she was obviously unhappy that I had reminded her that people were waiting in line behind her. Things just escalated from there, and she turned downright abusive! She called me a few unprintable names, including a c_nt, and then began THROWING the bags of things at me!!!! I mean, this grown woman was having a tantrum just like a toddler!!!!\nWe still aren’t sure we won’t get some repercussions from corporate about this - IF she actually had the nerve to contact them after the way she behaved! She should be embarrassed at her own behavior, but chances are, she’s not. (Also, she could have asked about the baby formula much sooner and would have had plenty of time to go get it while I kept scanning her order, but no, she waited till I had almost finished!)\nYou know, I really feel sorry for her. If she thinks it’s okay to act like that out in public and have a two-year-old tantrum, something is seriously wrong with her!!!!\nNeedless to say, I won’t bother pointing out the fact that there are people waiting ever again! If they aren’t considerate enough to care about those in line behind them, nothing anybody says or does will make them care. By the way, MOST people, if they’ve realized at the last minute that they need something else and there are people waiting behind them, will go ahead and pay for what they already have, put it in the car, and then come back in for whatever they need. They do NOT think they deserve to make others wait for them to finish shopping!", "931" ] ]

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[ [ "Do you think my restaurant is going to shut down?\nI’ve worked at said restaurant over a year and it’s slowly been declining. When I started we were short staffed and have never gotten fully staffed, we’ve had a help wanted sign for 6 months. I’ve trained and had 7 people quit in this timeframe. 7 people isn’t a lot but when the FOH consists of 3 people most days it seems excessive. Our kitchen staff has worked there over 10 years, they are all family and don’t seem to be going anywhere. I am one of two adults on the FOH staff the rest are 17 year old boys. The restaurant is dirty, no one cleans, no one polishes, I’m the only one who cleans the booths and tables. Almost daily I’m wiping off dirty tables that they already set up, removing crumbs, dirty dishes, sometimes hair. I never see anyone wash their hands. The kids have AirPods in their whole shift, eat in front of customers, play on their phone right in front of customers.\nI’ve seen a huge decline in regulars, people who used to come once a week haven’t been seen again.", "203" ], [ "Our reviews are terrible. It’s the type of restaurant that you eat at once and never come back. We’re in a trendy area but the restaurant is dim and hasn’t been decorated since 2010. The owner hides in his office. He expects me to discipline people and make sure they show up for their shifts, figure out schedule changes. The weirdest part is they opened another restaurant that is trendy and doing very well. It’s clean, fully staffed, professional, gets great reviews, and has a GM. We don’t even have a manager?\nIt feels like I’m expected to run the entire restaurant but I just feel embarrassed everyday at work by how shitty the place is. I give great service and try my best but when you have kids messing up stuff and being wildly unprofessional it’s hard. Obviously I should be looking for a new job but I make great money due to the area we’re in. What do you think, does it sound like a business on the verge of dying?", "203" ] ]

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[ [ "Lady <PERSON> received <PERSON>'s letter about witches' prophesy and became ambitious, immoral and a tempter. She did say\nUnsex me here\nBut this has nothing to do with her gender, a lot of times it has happened in history that women have played deceitfully, immorally and cruelly for example you can take <PERSON>, wife of <PERSON> and daughter of <PERSON>'s General <PERSON>, was cruel and ambitious too.\nThe only way for Lady <PERSON> to gain power is through <PERSON> using her rhetoric.\nThat was true, she rewired the brain of <PERSON> (which was already fighting with the ambitious Devil) and made him to do what he feared. But not only she used rhetoric but also showed masculinity by taking the blooded daggers from <PERSON> and placing it there. But again this rhetoric persuasion should not be related with gender, as we find in <PERSON>; <PERSON> persuaded <PERSON> with murderous thoughts.\nDo you think that the tragedy of Macbeth is the consequence of <PERSON> is being too sensitive to masculinity? What does Masculinity mean for <PERSON>?\n<PERSON> was not less masculine, in Act 1 Scene 2 he is depicted as:\nfor brave <PERSON> – well he deserves that name\nand he is considered violent too:\nHe unseamed him from the nave to th’chops\nbut it is unjust to think of his pure conscience as a sensitive masculine character, he after murdering the king <PERSON> expresses his inner voice as:\nI am afraid to think what I have done; Look on't again I dare not.\nSo, considering the above saying of <PERSON> and comparing it with \"He unseamed him from the nave to th’chops\" it doesn't seem that <PERSON> was afraid of blood, he was afraid of himself and Higher Self, even at his death his last words were\n.", "247" ], [ ". .my soul is clog’d with blood—\nI cannot rise! I dare not ask for mercy—\nIt is too late, he drags me down; I sink,\nI sink, — my soul is lost forever! — Oh! — Oh!\nHe thinks and worries about his soul, his feeling of guilt was overtaking him. The hallucination of <PERSON> was just another portrayal of how deeply <PERSON> was aware of his murderous sin.\nThere are some of the lines in Macbeth that do demonstrate gender hierarchy, <PERSON> said to Lady <PERSON>\nBring forth men-children only;\nFor thy undaunted mettle should compose nothing but males\nand Witches warned <PERSON>\n<PERSON>! be bloody, bold and resolute;\nlaugh to scorn the power of man;\nfor none of woman born shall harm <PERSON>.\nTo re-quote your question\nWhat does Masculinity mean for <PERSON>?\n<PERSON> was valor, and respected by whole men of <PERSON>. <PERSON> knew what sins always bring to the sinners at last, his extreme feeling of guilt and consequential hallucination was because of the transparency of his heart.", "773" ] ]

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[ [ "Effects\nThe fictional filmmakers in \"EFFECTS\" make a film called \"DUPED\"; and that's what must've happened to everyone rating this film 3 1/2 stars!!! The entire first hour (of this hour and 24 minute film) consists of a handful of -- I hesitate to call them actors -- meandering aimlessly about reciting inane, bland dialogue. Apparently, the script to this film WAS actually written but it sounds improvised (NOT a compliment). It's the misapprehension usually held by filmmakers who have seen too many Cassavettes films that improv is better than a well-crafted script; it's almost never true. The unbelievably dopey and boring dialogue is spoken by a cast with absolutely no screen presence inhabiting the roles of non-characters who are less developed than your average 30 seconds TV commercial. Sitting through scene after scene of the dumbest, dullest and most-unrealistic dialogue I've ever heard is seat-squirmingly embarrassing for all involved.\nI've seen \"EFFECTS\" described as a \"slow burn\" film; now, I love slow burn films but this is not one of them. This is a damp squib floating in a pan of used dishwater. Another comment about this film is that the characters are meant to be deliberately unlikeable. This is also not true.", "292" ], [ "In order to dislike a character, one must at least a mile interest in them; none of the characters evoke even the mildest interest on the viewer's part and, even when a character does something which is supposed to be unlikeable, they have registered on the viewer's consciousness so little as to only evoke a suppressed yawn.\nThe greatest sin a movie can commit is to be dull and \"EFFECTS\" is a film which is mind-numbingly dull for the entire first HOUR of it's short running time. There is a difference between slow-moving deliberation and a film devoid of all interest. \"EFFECTS\" is in the latter category. When something finally does happen after the one hour mark, the viewer is long past caring. The interesting premise of the \"twist\" in the final reel has been so ineptly set-up that the supposedly anticipated shock effect just isn't there. For a movie called \"EFFECTS\" with <PERSON> hanging around, the film has zero effects; except for one where the fictional filmmakers demonstrate a prop razor effect on a prop leg sitting on a table. And after all is said and done, the final event of the film is just downright silly -- not shocking or disturbing in any way. I actually laughed out loud (NOT a compliment); my laugh was only a disdainful scoff at a film premise so ineptly mishandled.", "292" ] ]

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[ [ "How powerful would an explosion have to be for its effects to be felt worldwide?\nIf an explosion were to occur at any point on earth, how powerful would that explosion have to be for it to be audible or otherwise detectable by every person on the planet? Detection could mean either seeing or hearing the blast or feeling the tremors created by the shock wave.\nBonus question: is any such explosion possible without it destroying the planet, the atmosphere or wiping out all life on earth?\nA rough estimate puts the average distance between most antipodes on land at just shy of 20 000 kilometres.\nThe largest nuclear bomb ever detonated, Tsar Bomba, had a yield of 50-58 megatons of TNT and was detectable almost a 1000 km away, according to Wikipedia:\nThe heat from the explosion could have caused third-degree burns 100 km (62 mi) away from ground zero. A shock wave was observed in the air at Dikson settlement 700 kilometres (430 mi) away; windowpanes were partially broken to distances of 900 kilometres (560 mi). Atmospheric focusing caused blast damage at even greater distances, breaking windows in Norway and Finland.", "922" ], [ "The seismic shock created by the detonation was measurable even on its third passage around the Earth.\nThe most powerful volcanic eruption known was that of Mount Tambora in 1815. Classified as Volcanic Explosivity Index 7 (note that it goes up to 8) with an estimated yield of 800 Mt, it was heard about 2 600 km away.\nOn 5 April 1815, a moderate-sized eruption occurred, followed by thunderous detonation sounds, heard in Makassar on Sulawesi 380 km (240 mi) away, Batavia (now Jakarta) on Java 1,260 km (780 mi) away, and Ternate on the Maluku Islands 1,400 km (870 mi) away. On the morning of 6 April, volcanic ash began to fall in East Java with faint detonation sounds lasting until 10 April. What was first thought to be the sound of firing guns was heard on 10 April on Sumatra island more than 2,600 km (1,600 mi) away.\nThe Wikipedia page on TNT equivalents list some interesting events but branches off into seismic and cosmic events after the entry for the Tsar Bomba.\nSo, is it possible to go bigger?", "287" ] ]

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[ [ "The Journey of Award-Winning Hong Kong Citizen Photojournalist <PERSON> · Global Voices\n<PERSON>'s photo of a protest incident on 8 December 2013 won the Best Online Photojournalism Award. A female protester dashed out into the road to attempt to stop the Chief Executive <PERSON> vehicle from leaving a district-level consultation meeting on the government annual budgetary report. The police carried her away and dropped her on the ground in the process. CC: AT-NC\nHong Kong In-Media, a NGO advocates citizen journalism, has organized E-Citizen Awards to promote original reporting, political comics, photography and commentary online. Contributing reporters from inmediahk.net, a online media sponsored by Hong Kong In-Media, have interviewed some of the award winners. Below is an interview with <PERSON>, the winner of the Best Online Photojournalism award. The Chinese article was written by <PERSON>, a contributing reporter from inmediahk.net, and published in Mingpao, a local printed newspapers on October 26. The English version below is translated by <PERSON>.\nThe interview took place in a bookstore in Mongkok, just one street away from one of the pro-democracy sit-in sites, a “high-risk” place as described by Hong Kong police. A few hours before the interview, another group of masked men carrying cutters among other metal tools came to remove the blockades set up by protesters. Text messages kept arriving with alerts during the interview that the “blue ribbons,” a group of police supporters, were likely to start trouble that evening. Conflicts between pro-Occupy and anti-Occupy groups seem to erupt anytime since October 3, when a group of pro-Beijing thugs attacked pro-democracy protesters in Mongkok.\nAs the Chinese saying goes, “People born in troubled times carry responsibilities.” The on-going Umbrella Movement relies on every protester's persistence. <PERSON>, a volunteer reporter at United Social Press (USP), an online media platform, believes it is his responsibility to record what's happening at the Mongkok protest site through his lens.\n<PERSON> has won Best Photojournalism of Hong Kong In-Media’s E-Citzen Awards. Before the interview, <PERSON> joked, “It is great to have this interview in Mongkok, because after we finish the interview, I can go directly to the street to take photos!” Since Occupy Mongkok began on September 29, <PERSON> went there almost everyday to shoot photos after he finished his day job.", "341" ], [ "He usually stayed till late at night and then went home, took a short rest and returned to work.\nAlthough his did not make any money from taking photos, <PERSON> was very satisfied with his work. “I feel honored to cover this movement as a citizen reporter, filing in the gaps left by the other media and presenting a full picture of the protest.”\nAll the frontline newspaper photojournalists know or have heard of USP, as USP’s volunteer reporters are present at nearly every protest. <PERSON> and another ten volunteers, with no salary nor insurance, formed the USP team in Hong Kong in the hope of helping the public understand the situation with their real-time news photos. <PERSON> believes, “The lens of the camera are the eyes of a reporter. The subject, the angle and even the light of a photograph reflect the view of the reporter.”\n<PERSON> started his journey to photojournalism with “street snaps.” “Two years ago, I was a typical Hong Konger working in the retail sector. Every day I worked long hours and didn’t care about society. Honestly speaking, back then I didn’t even know who [current Hong Kong Chief Executive] <PERSON> was or who [current Chinese Premier] <PERSON> was. My ‘street snaps’ were just empty displays of photographic skill.”\nOne day, <PERSON> became fed up with his mundane life and quit his job to study commercial photography for a year. Incidentally, he joined USP as a citizen reporter.\nPlacing people at the center\nWhat is the difference between photojournalism and street snaps? <PERSON> pondered for a moment and replied in a philosophical tone, “The difference lies in my completely different values and perspectives. The change in my life has given substance to the subjects I shoot.”\nHe likes the style of the war correspondent <PERSON>. What <PERSON> has captured throughout his career are the most shocking scenes of conflict. <PERSON>’s bio goes like this: “I have been a witness, and these pictures are. my testimony. The events I have recorded should.", "341" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Make a Garage Door (EASY!!!)\nIntroduction: How to Make a Garage Door (EASY!!!)\nThis is a EASY arduino project that you could create to impress your teacher and friends. This project is an IR sensor-controlled garage door. It uses 2 Servo motor's to move the garage door into an opened and closed orentation. The inferred sensor (IR) is effective and long range with a range of 1-5 meters. This project is great When paired with an arduino car project.\nSupplies\nElectronics:\n* 2 Servo Motor's\n* 1 Infarred Sensor (IR)\n* 1 Infarred Remote (IR) (any tv remote works)\n* 2 Resistors\n* 5-10 LED's (optional)\n* 1 Breadboard\n* 1 Arduino Uno\nAccessories:\n* Frame (wood, 3D printed)\n* Construction Paper (Garage door)\nTools:\n* 1 Wire Cutter\n* 1 Glue Gun\n* 1 Soldering Iron\nPower/Connections:\n* Wires\n* 2 9v Batteries\n* 1 battery cap (buckle connector)\n* 1 battery cap (male DC plug)\nStep 1: Research\nThere was a planning process before I started this project to figure out what to do. I wanted to create something unique that had never been done before, and I couldn't find anything on garage doors. So, right there, I confirmed my project idea. This section contains background information on the most important and intricate components.\nArduino:\n* Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that uses simple hardware and software to make it easy to use. Arduino boards can take inputs - such as light from a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and convert them to outputs - such as turning on an LED, triggering a motor, or publishing anything online. The arduino uses the format code of C++.\nInfarred Receiver (IR):\n* IR(Infrared) Receiver Extender cable, which consists of an IR receiver and a plug connected by a wire, is used to conveniently receive and amplify the infrared remote controller signal. The epoxy package and shell of an infrared receiver can filter out visual interference.\nServo Motor:\n* A servomotor (or servo motor) is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that can control angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration precisely. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a position feedback sensor.\nTransistor (NPN):\n* The NPN transistor is designed to pass electrons from the emitter to the collector (so conventional current flows from collector to emitter).", "769" ], [ "The emitter \"emits\" electrons into the base, which controls the number of electrons the emitter emits.\nStep 2: Wiring Part 1\nBefore Starting the wiring let me tell you what each wire color represents:\nBlack = Ground\nRed = Power\nGreen = Arduino Output To BredBoard\nBlue = Arduino Output To Component\nSteps:\n1. Connect power and ground from the arduino to the bredboard\n2. Connect the first servo to pin 11 on the arduino\n3. Connect the second servo to pin 3 on the arduino\nNote : connecting the servos to the arduino will allow it to send code straight to the servo\nStep 3: Wiring Part 2\nIn this wiring step, we will connect the IR receiver. The IR Reciver is the most important component in this project because it connects to a controller, which sends signals to the arduino and then to the servo to tell it to move up and down when pressed.\nSteps:\n1. Connect the IR Reciver to pin 7 on the arduino\n2. connect the IR Reciver to Power and Ground\nNote : For the IR Controller you will program that in the coding section. also make sure that the IR reciver in facing in the downwards direction of the bredboard\nStep 4: Wiring Part 3 (optional)\nThis step is optional; it simply adds a spark to the project by turning on a light when the garage opens and off when the garage closes. Instead of just one led, I soldered eight together to make a chandalier. Looking at the diagram, the inner circle connects to ground, while the outer circle connects to power.\nSteps:\n1. Connect Arduino pin 4 to the transistor's base (make sure the connection is through a 1k OHM resistor)\n2. Connect the LED's negative side to the emitter and positive side to power from the bredboard (make sure poweris connected thorugh a 330 OHM resistor)\n3. Connect the transistor's collector side to ground directly.\nStep 5: Code\nSimply copy and paste the code into the Arduino editor and connect your computer to the Arduino to upload it.", "991" ] ]

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[ [ "Fluid Art\nIntroduction: Fluid Art\nHello Everyone,\nThis colorful Instructable is about how to do Fluid art using various techniques. Its really cool way to play with colors even though you are an amateur or you don't like paint in conventional method using a brush or any hand tool. Just pour the colors together and be curious to know what you get as result.\nLittle theory about fluid art, this technique is also known as Pouring theory or art therapy. It soothes your mind, when the color gets to flow in different direction, its relaxes you. Beauty part is when you do same technique with different colors you get a different outcome, even slight changes in pattern will be there like human finger prints, looks same but everything will be unique in its own way.\nLet the fun begin\nStep 1: Supplies\n1) Canvas Board (6\"x 6\") - 6 Nos\nyou can also use wood, acrylic or even coasters.\n2) Fluid art acrylic colours - As per your choice\nI have taken White, Red, black, yellow, Neon yellow, Neon green, Neon Pink and Neon Orange\n3) Pouring medium\nRecommended brands are Brustro, Liquitex\n4) Paper cups (150 ml , 75 ml size)\n5) Hand gloves\n6) Apron to cover your dress as acrylic colour will stain your fabric, or wear old clothes while performing this art\n7) Weighing machine (not mandatory) for beginners\nStep 2: Make Mess But on Plastic Sheet\nSpread news paper on your desk and cover it will plastic sheet, plastic sheet are enough and once dried, you can peel off your earlier poured acrylic or even resin. But my plastic sheet was not big enough so, i added newspaper below. since this is 6 inch x 6 inch canvas board, so one paper cup will be enough to hold it in air. Set up all the six canvas board with sufficient distance between them.\nStep 3: Make It Fluid\nThere is difference between acrylic colour and fluid acrylic colours, for fluid art obviously you need fluid acrylic colours as they will have better flow rate, in order to make it more smooth flow, pouring medium is added. Clearly see your fluid color instruction. Certain acrylic fluid (brand) doesn't require pouring medium, they are thin and flow is smooth, adding pouring medium to it will spoil your paint as it be like water paint consistency.\nSo its important to know whether your brand requires it or not, then if it requires what is the ratio.", "1013" ], [ "for eg., my acrylic colour required pouring medium, their ratio where 2:1 for paint and pouring medium.\nAfter combining, you should have consistency that paint shouldn't drip like water nor like honey, somewhere in the middle. Consistency of fluid acrylic is the key to achieve best flow.\nStep 4: Prime Your Canvas\nPriming up your surface means, you are gonna make your surface ready for art therapy, it will really help allowing to flow the paint in the direction you want. Usually surface will be primed with white acrylic paint, you can choose your preferred color blue ,red, even pink totally your choice. If you wanna do professionally then you can use professional primer available in market. apply on the surface and leave it for 24 hours.\nStep 5: Smash Technique\nTrust me, this is one of the lazy as well cool technique, all you have to do is pour your colours on a cardboard enough to fill your canvas board. Take your primed canvas board and SMASH it. 3rd image is what left in cardboard after removing canvas board.\nStep 6: Your First Technique\nEven i didn't expect beautiful 3D branch results in pink colour, cool orange rose at the right top corner. It happened when i tried to pull it up. That's the beauty of this technique, you can create something without even seeing it.\nStep 7: Dirty Cup Mixing\nAdd your first colour (red) and in side, touching the ends of cup add another colour (yellow)\nTip: Connecting cup and pouring in the wall of the cup helps in reduction of bubble creation, Bubbles are enemy of your art here. As they will be intact and blows up before drying and creates a dent.\nStep 8: Dirty Pour Technique\nTake your final colour and place the cup ulta on the canvas board, let it lie for few seconds, take it the colour will take the course when you start tilting it\nStep 9: Rotate\nRotate directions in such a way that it covers the entire canvas board.\nTip to remember: Whatever colour your pouring first in your cup will be your canvas centre colour.\nIn this i added first red and too combination is 60% red & 40% yellow , so red is dominating. Remember to put your dark colour less than your light colours,\nits should have been 70% yellow and 30% red, i might even have got orange out of it.", "1013" ] ]

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[ [ "Let's do an as exaustive as possible list of what do you need in Space and during a war?\nVital need: The most obvious to begin. I suppose even if you have FTL communication, you won't use only unmaned craft. You will need to provide food and water to your troops. And your ennemy will need supplies to sustain planetary siege you will maybe provoke. Water and food sources as well trade routes (you will probably always use the shortest path, because the voyage without FTL to the closest star is at least 4 years long, see Proxima Centauri) will be real strategic points, if you don't want your troops and population to starve.\nExample of water sources: water rich asteroids, frozen moon (like Europa)...\nExample of food sources: habitable planet with vegetation and maybe animals, farm spacestation (like in the video game serie X), nebulae (some are believed to contain organic molecules, you could manage to synthetise food with them)...\nMilitary ressources: A bit more specific to war: ammo, spacecraft and fuel. Ammo will be plasma for plasma weapon, ion for ion cannon... Only laser will not need ammo (maybe replacement lens?). You will need to control ammunition factories and be able to supply them (trade routes, again and mines for metals, and various ressources you could need, you will found them in all kind of stellar object, it depend of the nature of the ressources). Same purpose for spacecraft, you need to control \"spacedockyard\" to be able to repair existing spaceship and building new ones. To fuel for vessels, assuming they are powered by fusion reactor, and not old fashion hydrazine (not efficient enough, too explosive and heavy), you will need hydrogen, to fuel the fusion reaction.\nEconomy and communication: Money is the sinews of war (and intel too). You will need to control trade routes and \"space docks\" to destroy the ennemy economy and prevent him to build new spaceship, enroll new troops... To gather intel, controlling ennemy communication and command centers is a good start. They will contain informations and will help you to decypher ennemy code (like with the Enigma machine).", "898" ], [ "It will prevent your ennemy to correctly communicate too, and disorganise his military organisation.\nSpace specific strategic point: Since the begining, this is the same kind of strategic point than on Earth. Now let's talk about space specific one. A spaceship is really greatly insulate (see vacuum insulated panel). It means your ship will generate many static electricity. It could be dangerous for the ship electronics (and the crew, maybe). You will need to discharge it sometimes if you don't want to be thunderstruck the next time you approach a planet (fun fact, you will be the source of the lightning). You can find this kind of issue with ion thruster (not at the same scale but I assume the activity on your warship will generate static electrecity, firing a ion cannon for example). Heat will be an other problem. You can't dissipate much heat in void, beacause of it's poor thermal conduction (see the begining of the paragraph). You will need to enter a fluid to dissipate heat quickly (a really low temperature liquid is the best of the best). You could dissipate the heat by irradiation to, but you will be really visible (and this is not a good during a war).\nPoint to discharge static electricity: point with opposite charge like planets or asteroid (if you're lucky)\nPoint to dissipate heat:where you can find fluids colder than your ship. Ocean on a planet, atmospher of a planet, nebulae...\nBut on this time and distance scale, war is close to be a none-sense. You could find all the place/ressource you need in another place, closer and more important safer.\nI hope you like my list! Thanks for the reading.", "898" ] ]

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[ [ "Two initial observations :\n1. Are the darts launched with the same speed or the same kinetic energy?\nWhen you specify that you use the same 'force' to launch both darts, it is not clear what you intend. Using the same force in Newtons over the same distance should result in the two darts acquiring the same kinetic energy but different speeds. However, as <PERSON> points out, your ability to launch objects is limited by the mass of your arm. If the mass of the arm is much larger than the mass of the dart, very little KE is imparted to the dart. All light-weight objects are launched with approximately the same speed, which is limited by size and strength of the arm and the technique used. See Physics of Overarm Throwing.\n1. The effect of gravity is a complicating factor here, so let us ignore it.\nIf there was gravity but no air resistance, the object launched with the greater speed would travel further.", "621" ], [ "The range of a projectile without drag is proportional to $v^2$ and is independent of mass. If there is both gravity and air resistance the situation becomes more complex, except when the objects are launched close to straight up or close to horizontal. Darts are usually launched close to horizontal.\nWith Air Resistance (Drag) but no Gravity\nFor the same shape and size of object, travelling at the same speed, the drag force $F$ caused by air resistance is the same. It depends on cross-sectional area but not mass. For thrown objects, drag force is approximately proportional to speed through the air : $F=-kv$.\nThe equation of motion is $a=F/m$ so that $\\frac{dv}{dt}=-(k/m)v$ which has the solution\n$v(t)=v_0e^{-bt}$\nwhere $b=k/m$. Integrating again we get\n$x(t)=(v_0/b)(1-e^{-bt})$.\nThe distance travelled after a long long time is\n$x(\\infty)=v_0/b=mv_0/k$.\nWhich dart travels further depends on the initial momentum $mv_0$.\n1. Launch with the same KE\nHere $\\frac12mV^2=\\frac12Mv^2$ (the lighter dart has higher velocity) so $V/v=\\sqrt{M/m}$. The ratio of distances is\n$x_M/x_m=Mv/mV=V/v=\\sqrt{M/m}$.\nThe heavier dart travels further, despite the fact that the lighter dart started with higher speed.\n1. Launch with the same Speed\nThe above result indicates that the heavier dart will travel further still, because the lighter dart starts with less KE.\nHere $V=v$ so the ratio of distances is\n$x_M/x_m=Mv/mV=M/m$.\nThe heavier dart travels further still than when the darts have the same KE.\nConclusion : In both scenarios the heavier dart travels further.", "512" ] ]

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[ [ "“THIS GAME IS A FELDIAN POINT SALAD.”\nWhat does that even mean? Well, it was designed by <PERSON>, so by definition it must be 'Feldian', right? And 'Point Salad'? I understand what is intended by that phrase. It's quite pithy. For some people a 'Point Salad' game is a generous game. It's a game that is always giving, and therefore gentle on the ego of players. For others a 'Point Salad' game is the equivalent of a school sports day where everyone gets a ribbon for taking part, regardless of placing.\nI hear something different. Something very different. When someone tells me that a game is 'Feldian' then my own personal dictionary substitutes the word 'sadistic'. When I hear 'Point Salad', I think 'deliberately opaque'.\nAquasphere is a Feldian Point Salad. It's sadistic and deliberately opaque.\nI don't understand any way of thinking about Feld that doesn't acknowledge the fact that he designs some of the most vicious games out there. Aquasphere is no different.\nIt's a core concept of game design to give the players difficult (i.e. meaningful) decisions. This can be generated by ensuring that the players have to manage limited resources (see almost every game ever made) and/or by forcing the players to compete with one another for limited actions (see almost every worker placement game ever made, except for unusual ones like Ninjatowhere taking an action doesn't block other players. Seriously, what's up with that?). Aquasphere embraces these fundamentals, as you'd expect from an experienced designer like <PERSON>. I want to move to this section and deploy a Submarine in this section, but I don't have enough Time to do both. I want to take this Research card and this Lab section and kill those Octopods, but another player might well be after one or more of those same things. This is vexing. This is good design. But this is not 'vexing' enough for Feld. This is not 'good design' enough for Feld. These alone do not make it 'Feldian'. No. For Feld, there has to be another source of conflict. For Feld, the game also has to pit the player against him or herself.", "118" ], [ "So let's program a Bot. But which program do you want? By saying 'Yes' to one program, you are also saying 'No' to another in an ever decreasing spiral of limitation. That's what makes this game 'Feldian'. For you, sir or madam, Mr. <PERSON> is happy to go the extra mile and design a game in which you are not just screwed over by it or by the other players, but you are also forced to screw yourself over. Repeatedly. Whether it's programming a Bot, or the <PERSON> action selection of Trajan, you are going to be your own worst enemy. You'll sit and take it, and you will like it.\nSo, to be 'Feldian' is to be sadistic. And to consume a 'Point Salad' is to immerse yourself in the 'deliberately opaque'.\nAquasphere has many moving parts. I counted at least a billion. And the value of these individual moving parts to your cause is not immediately obvious at any point in the game. In the early stages it is impossible to tell who is winning. Good. So you play on, oblivious. Then in later stages of the game it occurs to you that it is still impossible to tell who is winning. End game scoring makes a mockery of any attempts to bring your feeble mental computing power online, as does the unpredictability of the next five minutes.\nFor a new player who has no idea what he or she is doing, it's very easy to blunder along almost at random. Because you are always scoring points, or seemingly improving your game position, it's very difficult to tell whether or not you are actually playing well, or whether or not you are setting yourself up for a particularly brutal end game scoring experience. So many moving parts. So little feedback, except for the persistent internal nagging that accuses you of sub-optimal play at every step. The temptation is there to just sit back and let the flow of the game carry you along. Sure, you will lose, but you'll probably only lose by a handful of points. It's like plate-spinning in a hurricane. There's a small chance that the winds will howl just right and end up doing all your work for you, making you look like a legend for a short while, but the fickle nature of...errr...Nature also means that the very next second you could be picking shards of bone china out of your face. Feld does not design gentle, ego-massaging games. He designs nasty, complex slapping machines.", "118" ] ]

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[ [ "How to efficiently deorbit space junk\nSetting: Nearish future where corporate space ventures have had maybe a hundred years of launching satellites and missions and tourists into earth's orbit.\nIssue: Launching anything is difficult now because you've got to make it through a million bits of space junk. Picture that scene in Wall-E where <PERSON>'s ship has to smack its way through a bunch of junk in earth's atmosphere.\nPartial solution: Contractors are hired to go up into space in their ships and get rid of that trash so that things like communications satellites and manned missions don't get obliterated and rockets can be launched more easily.\nProblem with the partial solution: De-orbiting space junk takes fuel. Some of this stuff has a lot of Delta-V. Matching speed, docking, and deorbiting the space junk would take tons of fuel... more than is probably possible or efficient for removing the volume of junk that needs to be removed.", "199" ], [ "Blowing up the junk doesn't work, it just turns one big trash bullet into a thousand tiny trash bullets traveling at the same speed as before in a less predictable orbit.\nMy idea: A ship that interfaces with and steers a giant tunnel of an electromagnet onto space junk, then acts as a huge railgun and fires the junk either to escape velocity or back into earth's atmosphere. Is this feasible? Is there an easier solution? If you like this solution, how do you think something like this would work? I like it because the trash-moving method can be accomplished electronically and charged with solar cells... but I feel like there must be a less cumbersome solution that doesn't require a massive orbital railgun (very expensive for the space trash company)\nNo magic, no infinite fuel sources, and as cheap as possible for the most profit per bit of junk deorbited.\nEdit: I'm particularly interested in keeping my crew and their ship in space for as long as possible to avoid costly launch/reentry. Economy is a huge factor here - it needs to be cheap. Picture a company looking to make the most off of a low wage crew.", "199" ] ]

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[ [ "If you abstract enough, anything cam be considered as a computational device. The issue with doing this with cells is the sheer number of variables.\nFor any given cell, the following internal variables exist:\n* Internal ion concentrations for dozens of ions of importance importance\n* Internal concentrations of hundreds or thousands of various simple organic molecules, including \"raw\" internalised molecules, various steps in dozens or even hundreds of metabolic processes, and metabolic end-products and by-products.\n* Internal concentrations of hundreds or thousands of different proteins and other complex biological \"mechanical parts\", as well as the states of these \"parts\".\n* The physical state of the cell - stretched, contracted, relaxed, hot, cold, etc.\nThis list is not exhaustive.\nIt's also worth noting that the above variables may also exist for multiple separate \"compartments\" within the cell; vesicles, the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus being three which come to mind immediately.\nThe other issue is that cells do not exist in a vacuum; the external environment plays an important role in their functioning. The human body is at any one moment existing in direct contact and interaction with the following extracellular environments:\n* The atmosphere (Mainly, but not only, temperature exchange)\n* The air within the respiratory system, including nose and mouth\n* Stomach contents\n* Small intestine contents (which would need to be considered in several segements, since the nature of the interaction changes along the path of the small intestine.\n* Large intestine contents\n* Blood\n* Cerebrospinal fluid (Fluid found \"inside\" the brain)\n* Extracellular fluid, or \"tissue fluid\" (A separate compartment for each small swatch of tissue in the body)\n* Lymph\n* Pleural fluid (Fluid surrounding the lungs; a separate compartment for each lung)\n* Pericardial fluid (A small amount of fluid surrounding the heart)\n* Joint capsule contents (A separate compartment for each joint)\n...and the list goes on. Each of these compartments requires tracking of the same variables as individual cells.\nThis is yet further complicated by the fact that some of these compartments can't easily be considered as one big compartment, because of the importance of spatial relations. For example, the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations of blood (as well as the concentrations of other substances like alcohol) change centimeter-to-centimeter.", "279" ], [ "Yet another issue is the fact that cells are not static in terms of their relations to each other; red blood cells move with blood flow, and experience turbulence and other effects, and other cells (like macrophages) are capable of \"deliberate\" movement in the blood and in tissue.\nYou would also have to account for physical disturbances - things like a stab wound or even a pinprick are ludicrously complex at a cellular level.\nOf course, human beings are very complex organisms, and there exist much simpler organisms. You might be interested in OpenWorm, which is an attempt to computationally simulate Caenorhabditis elegans, a species of roundworm, at a cellular level. Doing so even for an organism as simple as C. elegans is a massive undertaking, as evidenced by the fact that even with the contributions of dozens of experts in their fields the project has been ongoing for some time and is yet to reach stage one.\nThe short version: Is it possible? Perhaps. Is it easy? Definitely not.", "225" ] ]

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[ [ "Critique on various ways to think about time reversal transformation on Schrodinger equation?\nPlease define how time-reversal symmetry act on <PERSON> equation $i \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle = H(t) |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle.$ (for general form: which can be relativistic such as Dirac theory or nonrelativistic.)\nBelow I present various ways to think about time reversal transformation on Schrodinger equation.\nCould you present your critique or criticism on which one make sense? What else is the correct way to do time reversal transformation on <PERSON> equation?\n1.\nThe <PERSON> equation governs the quantum system (regardless of relativistic or not) says: $$ i \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle = H(t) |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle. $$ It is easy to check the <PERSON> equation is time-reversal $T$ invariant if\n(1). $H(t)$ has no explicit time-dependent, or time-reversal symmetric, then $ H(-t)=H(t)=H$.\n(2).", "669" ], [ "Since we do not want to make $t=0$ becomes a special fixed point, we also require the time translational symmetry $H(t)=H(t+\\Delta)$ for some arbitrary time interval $\\Delta$.\n(3) Under time interval transformation, if we think from the perspective of assign the value of a statevctor $|\\Psi{}(-t) \\rangle$ (or its projected wavefunction) at $-t$ to a new statevector $|\\Psi'{}( t) \\rangle$ at $t$ following the classical mechanics approach advocated by <PERSON> https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/633205/42982, we get $$ |\\Psi{}( t) \\rangle \\overset{T}{\\to} |\\Psi'{}( t) \\rangle = |\\Psi{}(-t) \\rangle. \\tag{1} $$\nWe can do a time-reversal transformation on the whole equation acting on the state vector (a ray) in the Hilbert space, $$ T i \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle = T H(t) |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle $$ $$ =T i T^{-1} T\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle = T H(t) T^{-1} T|\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle $$ $$ =T i T^{-1} T\\lim_{\\Delta \\to 0}\\frac{ |\\Psi{}(t+\\Delta) \\rangle- |\\Psi{}(t) \\rangle}{\\Delta} = H(-t) |\\Psi{}(-t) \\rangle $$ Then we adopt and plug in eq.(1): $$=Ti T^{-1} \\lim_{\\Delta \\to 0}\\frac{ |\\Psi{}(-t-\\Delta) \\rangle- |\\Psi{}(-t) \\rangle}{\\Delta} = H(-t) |\\Psi{}(-t) \\rangle $$ $$ =T i T^{-1} (-)\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial \\tilde t} |\\Psi{}(\\tilde t) \\rangle \\Big \\vert_{\\tilde t = -t} = H(-t) |\\Psi{}(-t) \\rangle. $$\nAs I show, the <PERSON> equation is time-reversal $T$ invariant requiring that (1) $H(-t)=H(t)$ and (2) $$T i T^{-1} =-i$$ which is the case that the time-reversal is an antiuntiary and antilinear symmetry.\nThe above has a problem because we do only map $ |\\Psi{}( t) \\rangle \\overset{T}{\\to} |\\Psi'{}( t) \\rangle = |\\Psi{}(-t) \\rangle $ but do not really do a complex conjugation on the (complex valued) wavefunction.", "804" ] ]

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[ [ "Tunisia: Watching Arab Media on HIV/AIDS · Global Voices\n<PERSON> is a Tunisian doctor, blogger and activist, currently based in the United States, who is dedicated to fighting the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa. In September 2008 he started a blog called HIV in the Arab World [Ar], which monitors Arab media coverage of HIV/AIDS.\nA wide range of subjects are covered in the blog, such as an awareness-raising campaign [Ar] in Tunisia, reasons for the spread of AIDS in Iraq [Ar], and a Saudi religious scholar's opinion [Ar] on the permissibility of marrying a person with HIV/AIDS.\nIn this post, <PERSON> tells Global Voices Online about his work, and how it all began.\nAIDS Awareness Ribbon, by <PERSON> (used under Creative Commons License)\nWhat prompted your interest in working in the field of HIV/AIDS?\nA family member died of HIV/AIDS when I was 11. This was in the 80s and at that time there was nothing we can do. This event shaped my life and made HIV/AIDS become part of the issues that are dear to me. During my medical school, I joined the Tunisian Association Against AIDS (Association Tunisienne de Lutte Contre le Sida) and never left the HIV field ever since. I worked in Tunisia, Lebanon and Sudan so far and I’m looking forward to help my colleagues and friends in more countries.\nWhat are the greatest challenges for people living with HIV in the Arab world?\nStigma and discrimination is definitely on the top of the list. Stigma is partially due in my opinion to the fear-creating approach that our governments and activists adopted as a main prevention message. Fear is often paired with ignorance and stigma is a consequence of this mix. Stigma makes it more difficult to convince people to get tested, and hence to get treated. It also contributes in denying basic rights to those who are infected and does not allow them to have security regarding their future (work, family…).\nWhen did you start the HIV in the Arab World blog, and who are you aiming at?\nI believe in the power of media in changing behaviours and bringing awareness. For many years Arab media has been neglecting the issue of HIV/AIDS and during the last years I observed some changes in the way they framed HIV/AIDS. I created this to better follow the way Arab media reports about AIDS and to offer to those interested a webpage that collects all the articles that talk about this epidemic in the MENA [Middle East and North Africa] region.", "926" ], [ "It is also a way for me to keep connected with the MENA HIV news.\nYou also have a Facebook group associated with the HIV in the Arab World blog – who is it for?\nI left the region in 2007 and moved to the United States where I work for the department of Global Health at the University of Washington. This move made it difficult for me to keep in touch with my friends and colleagues from the region. I created this Facebook group to reconnect with my friends and to offer an opportunity for activists and HIV/AIDS professionals to meet and discuss about the issues that are important to them. It is a primarily a networking tool and also a forum where news and emerging issues are discussed. The group is open only to those who are working in the field and has already more than 42 members from all over the Arab world.\nHow many HIV-positive people are there in Tunisia? Can you describe the work of the Tunisian Association Against AIDS [fr]?\nTunisia’s HIV epidemic is relatively small (3000 estimated cases/10,000,000 inhabitants). We estimate the prevalence to be one of the lowest in the world. This is due to male circumcision, a good healthcare system, conservative sexual behaviours and the government/civil society’s work. There is however a lot that needs to be done in order to prevent the disease from spreading larger. These actions include a need to target vulnerable groups with better designed prevention interventions and more work on the policy and epidemiology level.\nI joined the Tunisian HIV association in 1997. This NGO is the largest and one of the most popular ones in Tunisia. We work in the areas of HIV prevention, care and support, and advocacy. We cover the Tunisian territory with more than 5 local offices and we participate in many international activities and networks that represent to us a source of funding and partnerships.", "803" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> symbols of semilog metric\nProblem 17.3a in <PERSON>'s \"A general relativity workbook\" requires to determine the only non-zero <PERSON> symbol for the 2D semilog pq coordinate system defined as $p=x$ and $q=e^{by}$. What puzzles me is that I found more than one non-zero <PERSON> symbol, and I wanted to ask you what am I doing wrong.\nFirst of all, I calculated the metric $g_{\\mu\\nu}'$ of the coordinate system as $$ g_{\\mu\\nu}' =\\frac{\\partial x^\\alpha}{\\partial {x^\\mu}'}\\frac{\\partial x^\\beta}{\\partial {x^\\nu}'}g_{\\alpha\\beta} =\\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial {x^\\mu}'}\\frac{\\partial x}{\\partial {x^\\nu}'} + \\frac{\\partial y}{\\partial {x^\\mu}'}\\frac{\\partial y}{\\partial {x^\\nu}'} $$ given that $g_{\\alpha\\beta}$ for the 2D Euclidean plane is the identity matrix. Calculating this, I got $$ g_{\\mu\\nu}'= \\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & \\frac{1}{p^2 b^2} \\end{bmatrix} $$ Is this correct?\nOnce this is done, I calculated the <PERSON> symbols by comparing the geodesic equation expressed in terms of the metric elements $0=\\frac{d}{d\\tau}\\left(g_{\\mu\\nu}\\frac{dx^\\nu}{d\\tau}\\right)-\\frac{1}{2}\\partial_\\mu g_{\\alpha\\beta}\\frac{dx^\\alpha}{d\\tau}\\frac{dx^\\beta}{d\\tau}$ with the same equation expressed via the Christoffel symbols $0=\\frac{d^2x^\\mu}{d\\tau^2}+\\Gamma^\\mu_{\\alpha\\beta}\\frac{dx^\\alpha}{d\\tau}\\frac{dx^\\beta}{d\\tau}$.", "818" ], [ "If we set $\\mu=p$ in the first equation we get $$ 0=\\frac{d}{d\\tau}\\left(g_{p\\nu}\\frac{dx^\\nu}{d\\tau}\\right)-\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{\\partial g_{\\alpha\\beta}}{\\partial p}\\frac{dx^\\alpha}{d\\tau}\\frac{dx^\\beta}{d\\tau}=\\ =\\frac{d^2p}{d\\tau^2} - \\frac{1}{2}\\frac{\\partial g_{qq}}{\\partial p}\\left(\\frac{dq}{d\\tau}\\right)^2=\\ =\\frac{d^2p}{d\\tau^2} + \\frac{1}{b^2p^3}\\left(\\frac{dq}{d\\tau}\\right)^2 $$ Setting $\\mu=p$ in the <PERSON> version of the geodesic equation, we then can conclude that $\\Gamma^p_{pp}=\\Gamma^p_{pq}=\\Gamma^p_{qp}=0$, while $\\Gamma^p_{qq}=\\frac{1}{b^2p^3}$. By doing the same procedure with $\\mu=q$, I got that $\\Gamma^q_{pp}=\\Gamma^q_{qq}=0$ and that $\\Gamma^q_{pq}=\\Gamma^q_{qp}=-\\frac{1}{p}$.\nThis means that three <PERSON> symbols are non-zero, in opposition with the text of the exercise. Am I missing something, or is the text wrong?", "394" ] ]

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[ [ "Iron Ant: the First Crossover (Crochet and 3D Printing).\nIntroduction: Iron Ant: the First Crossover (Crochet and 3D Printing).\nHi everybody!\nThis is a very special project to me and I wanted to share it with you because I think it has a lot of potential in different areas.\nI am a Theory of knowledge teacher for the IB program in a school here in Colombia. So I am always encouraging my students to find those areas where knowledge cross but nobody has ever stood a foot on them.\nThis project has the same flavor. My wife just recently started with crochet and I have a few year working with 3D printing. So one day, checking instructables I saw a post for how to make a crochet ant: https://www.instructables.com/Simple-Crochet-Ant/ and I was hooked. (Please visit this instructable if you like crochet, its well explained and the final product is awesome. I was able to easily follow the procedure and the results I wanted). All the credits for my inspiration to https://www.instructables.com/member/zoerainbows/.\nContinuing with the story, something exploded in my head, what if we mix crochet and 3D printing. My mind raged for two continuous days and I finally decided to ask my wife a crochet lesson.\nThis project has two objectives:\n1) Take crochet to a new level, along with its creativity.\n2) Connect groups of people that are not that need to be connected in our time (girls and STEM, and Classic mothers with current kids).\nI would like to know if you think the same about this project too. I would love feedback.\nI also need you to know the following:\n1) Since this is a draft, I wont get in too much details. If you like this project, please let me know and next one would be as detailed as I can do it.\n2) The materials are the ones that I had in hand, so they may not be the optimum ones for the job, but they work just fine.\nSo with everything clear lets move to the instructable, enjoy!\nSupplies\n- Everything you need to crochet (please visit the post of zoerainbows).\n- Wires (enough to make a couple of connections for 3 LEDs).\n- Any transparent PLA (with a 3D printer).", "812" ], [ "https://shop.fillamentum.com/products/pla-extrafil...\n- 3 LED´s (any color you want or have available).\n- 3 1K Ohms resistors.\n- Paint (all that you need to do it).\n- Electrical tape\n- Switch\n- Superglue (or UHU glue, or epoxy glue).\n- A small log or branch.\n- Drill\n- A sharp knife or razor blade.\n- Sand paper.\n- A 9V jack female connector and the proper charger.\nStep 1: Start Crocheting!\nI just decided which part would be crochet and which other would be 3D printed. At the end I imagined the head, two legs, one arm and the abdomen. The chest, one arm and the other two legs would be 3D printed. taking advantage of the Crystal PLA, I could use LEDs to make it shine (Ironman style).\nSo please follow <PERSON> and her Instructables to crochet everything:\nhttps://www.instructables.com/Simple-Crochet-Ant/\nStep 2: 3D Printed Parts Design.\nNext, I used Tinkecad to design the 3D parts. I find Tinkercad a very useful tool and robust enough to create powerfull designs.\nI just used every option available to create the chest, the legs and the antenna. I leave you guys here the public design for you to check it:\nhttps://www.tinkercad.com/things/f5Ewi5P2kX1.\nThe most important part here is that I made them hollow to be able to put an LED inside. Since the crystal PLA is transparent it will glow really nice. This is very cool for kids.\nI used connectors from the connectors library in Tinkercad to give the arm a bit of mobility. This parts can be easily added to any project and they come with the right dimensions to fit effectively one with the other.\nIf you want me to explain the design process in a detail manner, please leave a comment below.\nStep 3: Paint the 3D Printed Parts\nFirst sand everything and be sure that all parts fit together\nI used white as primer. Then aplied a second coat of light gray. Finally, I used dark gray and black to make the \"movable parts\" look like they are worn out due to the Ant´s hardwork.\nThe painting was very basic, and there are ways to do this better.", "733" ] ]

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[ [ "Customer yelled at me because they didn't know how tax works for greenhouse items\nI started work at a small retail store a few months ago. I learned so much, but one day, I had to get a rude customer who wouldn't even listen to me as I knew what to do.\nA lady approached my manual checkout with a hanging plant basket that we sell at $24.99. You can scan the barcode on the plant or use a three-digit code on a piece of paper at our checkouts for greenhouse items. I used the code as either one will come up with the same price. It has rung up to $24.99, but here is the catch: we have a tax for greenhouse stuff. It added the tax of $1.50, so it has rung up to $26.49, as we always do when it is time to check out. We said, \"Your total is (price).\" I did that, and the lady gave me an angry look. Saying That isn't right, it should be $24.99!?\" I calmly explained to the lady that we have a tax for greenhouses and pointed to the 2nd monitor mounted to our lampost that there was a tax, but the lady wasn't buying.\nNow, with our Rules and regulations, we can't stand there and argue with the customer.", "468" ], [ "We have to leave it to the manager on shift. I went to the customer service desk as the lady followed with the plant in hand, thinking I was grabbing the book or flyer we have for the greenhouse. However, I already knew the prices by now; my manager for the shift was sitting doing the lottery. I called out as I walked over. I explained that hanging baskets are $24.99. He confirmed it. The lady that followed behind said to him that the plants were $24.99 and were wrong on my checkout. He needed clarification and went to my checkout. I explained to my manager that it was $24.99 plus tax, and the manager was like yeah, your total is $26.49 I even asked him if I was right, and he said yeah, the lady left with the plant all paid to give me a look that I was in the wrong and that I scammed them, I don't get people sometimes 🤷🏻‍♂️\n​\nah yes, customer service, you either like them or hate them", "468" ] ]

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[ [ "On Drawing Hong Kong’s Umbrella Revolution as a Comic Strip · Global Voices\nHong Kong's Admiralty protest site in 2014. PHOTO: <PERSON>\nEditor's note: This article is written by <PERSON>, the cartoonist behind “Add Oil Comics“. In it, he reflects upon how he was inspired by the discussion surrounding Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution, a series of protests demanding genuinely democratic elections. The thing that makes <PERSON>'s work different from other satirical comics is their use of images to communicate the stories of social events to ordinary people—the comics’ conversational style invites non-activists to join in the discussion. That's the reason they sometimes go viral after inmediahk.net releases them on its Facebook page. This is the first in a series of articles reflecting on this experiment in creating a new genre of political cartoons.\nWe were entering the second month of Occupy Hong Kong. Throngs of students and adults were camped out in high-traffic neighborhoods, waging a long battle for a more open and democratic process around the election of the city’s highest-ranking government official, the Chief Executive.\nDespite occupying a four-lane highway downtown and key intersections elsewhere, the protesters had yet to persuade the government to change its plans for electoral reform. They had the numbers—over 100,000 people joined the protest at its peak. They had the world’s attention—Occupy Hong Kong graced the cover of Time magazine not once, but twice. And they were asking nicely—the protests remained peaceful despite police and gang incursions). What more could the protesters do to convince the government to change its mind?\nI supported the protests, and I wanted to help. But as an outsider to the world of politics, I wasn’t sure what I could do. For many nights in a row, my friend <PERSON> and I had been showing up at the protest site down by the highway to show our support. It was electrifying to be part of the movement, but as the weeks wore on it began to feel disempowering. Our numbers were thinning, and the government seemed content to sit back and wait for us to tire ourselves out.", "341" ], [ "The atmosphere on the ground was tense. Nobody knew what was going to happen next.\nLike many others around me during this period, I was glued to the news. Scanning the headlines one day, I came across an article on Inmediahk—a local independent Chinese-language news site—by a young teacher-in-training about her struggles at home. The piece was powerfully written, poetic in its succinctness, and described a common problem faced by many of the student protesters. The author writes about the tense situation that existed between her, an avid supporter of the protests, and her mother, who thought of the protesters as entitled brats. She ends the piece with a plea to her mother, asking the latter to look at the broken system around her, rather than simply rely on biased reports in the local mainstream media.\nReading the article, I found myself subconsciously imagining what it would look like as a comic strip. By the time I reached the end the cartoonist in me had decided that it would make a great comic. But to make sure my instincts weren’t completely off the mark, I checked in with <PERSON>. I sent him an email and asked, “What about turning this letter into a comic like this — can do Chinese and English versions?” “I love the idea!” he replied.\n1st draft of the comic.\nAfter several days of drawing, re-drawing and coloring, I was at last satisfied with the end result. I released the comic online: on Tumblr, Twitter and the Inmediahk website. The comic received some traction on Tumblr and Twitter (35 and 50 reblogs and retweets, respectively) but failed to elicit much of a response on Inmediahk (1–2 paltry comments). It wasn’t a stellar response, though I didn’t have any expectations at the time. Turning the article into a comic was as much an act of self-expression as it was an experiment in internet publishing and awareness raising.\nRead the original, Chinese version of this comic:\nA few days later, <PERSON> and I spoke to the team at Inmediahk about publishing the comic on their Facebook page. We figured it couldn’t hurt to ask, as we ourselves didn’t have access to Inmediahk’s core audience of Hong Kong-based, Chinese-speaking students and professionals. (Tumblr and Twitter do not have much reach here, for example.) After some back and forth, they agreed to publish it.\nA few hours later, it went viral.\nThe comments poured in.", "341" ] ]

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[ [ "COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects digital rights in the Balkans · Global Voices\nIllustration: <PERSON>. Used with permission of SHARE Foundation.\nCheck out Global Voices’ special coverage of the global impact of COVID-19.\nCases of arbitrary arrests, surveillance, phone tapping, privacy breaches and other digital rights violations have drastically increased in Central and Southeast Europe as governments started imposing emergency legislation to combat the COVID-19 outbreak. Belgrade-based Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) and the digital rights organization SHARE Foundation have started a blog titled ”Digital Rights in the Time of COVID-19” documenting these developments.\nIn response to the coronavirus pandemic, some governments are enhancing surveillance, increasing censorship, and restricting the free flow of information. In many cases, the government-imposed restrictions flouted human rights standards.\n<PERSON>, SHARE Foundation policy researcher. Courtesy photo, used with his permission.\nThe BIRN and SHARE blog also includes a feature inviting the public to submit reports of incidents to their database. <PERSON>, policy researcher at the SHARE Foundation, wrote a summary of their findings, noting the following:\nDosadašnja saznanja dve organizacije pokazuju da su najproblematičniji višestruki problemi sa privatnošću osoba u karantinu, širenje dezinformacija i opasnih zabluda u vezi sa virusom u onlajn medijima i putem društvenih mreža, kao i povećanje internet prevara.\nThe information gathered by the two organizations so far shows that the most problematic [violations] are multiple issues involving the privacy of people who are put under quarantine, spread of disinformation and dangerous misconceptions regarding the virus in the online media and via social networks, as well as the increase of internet scams.\nThe data gathered by the two organizations through the blog's database feature indicate that in just over the last two weeks, 80 people have been arrested, some of them jailed, for spreading fake news and disinformation, with the most draconian examples in Turkey, Serbia, Hungary and Montenegro.\nGovernments in Montenegro and Moldova made public the personal health data of people infected with COVID-19, while official websites and hospital computer systems suffered cyber-attacks in Croatia and Romania. Some countries like Slovakia are considering lifting rights enshrined under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), while Serbia imposed surveillance and phone tracking to limit freedom of movement.\nPotentially infected citizens have been obliged to submit to new forms of control by law.", "463" ], [ "In Serbia since the declaration of a state of emergency was declared and all citizens arriving from abroad must undergo quarantine. During a March 19 press conference, President <PERSON> stated that the police is “following” Italian telephone numbers, checking which citizens use roaming and constantly tracking their locations. This was specifically aimed at members of Serbian diaspora who returned from Italy and are supposed to self-isolate in their homes. He also warned the people who leave their phones behind that the state has “another way” of tracking them if they violate quarantine, but didn't explain the method.\nIn neighboring Montenegro, the National Coordination Body for Infectious Diseases decided to publish the names and surnames of people who must undergo quarantine online, after it determined that certain persons violated the measure, and as a result “exposing the whole Montenegro to risk.” Civic alliance challenged this measure through a complaint submitted to the Constitutional Court of Montenegro.\nIn Croatia, concerned citizens developed a website samoizolacija.hr (meaning “Self-isolation”), which allegedly enabled anyone to anonymously report quarantine violators to the police. The site was been subsequently shut down, and the Ministry of Interior initiated criminal investigations against suspected violators of privacy rights.\nCrisis Headquarters of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued a recommendation on how to publish the personal data of citizens who violate the prevention measures, as government institutions at cantonal and local level started publishing data about people in isolation and self-isolation, including lists of people identified as infected by the coronavirus. In response, on March 24, the Personal Data Protection Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued a decision forbidding the publication of personal data of citizens tested positive for the coronavirus or those subjected to isolation and self-isolation measures.\nThe above cases of publication of health data online involve direct violation of the laws that designate them as protected at the highest legal level.\n<PERSON> also raised the issue of whether these measures are effective, in particular because this puts people in danger. In Montenegro, infected people whose identities were revealed on social networks, have been subjected to hate speech.", "609" ] ]

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[ [ "Maglite 2AA Conversion to a White LED\nIntroduction: Maglite 2AA Conversion to a White LED\nThis project retrofits the incandescent bulb version of the Maglite 2AA flashlight with a white LED.\nThe 2-AA Mini-Maglite's official specification are:\n14 Lumens total light output\n2305 mcd maximum beam intensity\n5.25 hour operating time\nThere is a lot of controversy on the actual light output of the Maglite 2AA. The bulb darkens over time, which decreases the light output. Additionally, the light output falls rapidly, while the light’s color temperature shifts to the red, as the battery drains down. Figure 1 shows the darkening of the bulb. Figure 2 shows the bulb current and power vs. the battery voltage. The opinion of several flashlight forums is that a 4 to 5 lumen specification is more realistic.\nWhile there are LED replacements for Maglite 2AA, they concentrate on increasing the light intensity output to 30 to 175 lumens. At the lower lumen output the battery life may be increased by 2 to 3 times while at the higher lumen outputs the battery life is reduced\nThe goal for this project is a LED conversion that will maximize battery life with a LED retrofit that has a light output close to the 4 to 5 lumen level.\nThere are several low cost white LEDs and LED driver chips are\navailable. The driver chips are switching regulators design to provide a constant current to the LED, which offers the benefit of a constant light output independent of the battery voltage. An additional benefit is that LEDs are a more efficient light source and the battery life will be significantly longer for the same light output.\nSupplies\nTools that are required:\nFine tip soldering iron\nsolder paste or liquid flux and 30GA solder\ntweezers\npliers and wire cutters\nPCB holder\nVoltmeter\nMagnifying glass or headset\nsurface mount component soldering skill\nBill of Material\nSee the file: BOM_Maglite_2AA_Conversion.pdf\nStep 1: LED Selection\nFigure 3 shows a disassembled Maglite 2AA.\nTo use the existing focus control of the flashlight, the LED will\nneed a wide angle output and its beam intensity will have to be in the range of 2300 mcd. or more. A second criteria I used is no modifications to the components of the flashlight other then replacing the incandescent bulb.\nFigure 4 is a picture of the hole, in the back of the reflector, for the bulb. Its diameter is 0.128” (3.25mm), which limits the diameter of the LED to a T1 size (a 3mm diameter).", "134" ], [ "After reviewing the selection of T1 white LEDs available from several distributors the Vishay part number VLHW4100 was chosen because the combination of 7150 mcd Luminous Intensity and a viewing angle of 45 degrees provided the greatest total light output of about 3.5 lumens. Figures 5 and 6 are dimensional drawings of the bulb and the LED. The LED’s maximum diameter is smaller then the diameter of hole in the reflector. No modifications of the reflector are required.\nThe specifications for constant current boost regulators, for driving white LEDs, were evaluated. The CAT4137TD, from ON Semiconductor, was selected. It is designed to drive LEDs with a constant current up to 30mA from a 2 to 5 volt supply and is available in a SOT23-5 package.\nStep 2: PCB Design\nPCB Considerations:\nThe bulb socket and switch assembly in this flashlight is 0.560 inches diameter. This determines the size of the PCB. Figure 7 is a picture of the switch plate with dimensions. The PCB will have two pins that connect to the battery power through the switch plate on the same side as the LED driver circuit, while the white LED is mounted on the opposite side of the PCB from the power pins. The PCB is assembled into the flashlight assembly between the pressure switch plate and the reflector.\nFigures 8 and 9 are the schematic and PCB image for this circuit. The Eagle Cad 7.7 schematic and PCB files are ML_2AA_Conversion_02.sch and ML_2AA_Conversion_02.brd. The PCB can be purchased through www.oshpark.com under the project title ML_2AA_Conversion_02.\nWhile the PCB design is a 2 layer board, it can be fabricated as a single layer board and assembled with the installation of the wire jumper J1.\nStep 3: Assembling the PCB\nFigure 10 shows the PCB and the SMD components that will be soldered\nto it. Figure 11 shows solder paste applied to the SMD pads, and Figure 12 shows the components soldered to the PCB.\nThe two pieces of uninsulated 24 gauge wire, 0.", "635" ] ]

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[ [ "Over engineering in the search for automated perfection thought of everything except the simplest of things.\nYour technicians are aware of the protocol when there are no tasks to solve and since it is looming, like the whole y2k thing, they started looking over the source code. And while everything looks solid, one person noticed a simple oversight in conditional logic. Obfuscated, naturally, it appeared innocuous. A minor synchronization routine in place to keep all servers on current status hadn't factored in the condition of there being no tasks when the system updates. If a sync routine had begun the update process and was provided an empty queue it would time out and be subject to the automated termination, restart protocol for rogue applications. Normally this would be no problem as it is part of the design of the system. But because the sync routine was developed back when an empty queue was inconceivable, the update process condition for empty queue was left out. A simple comment in the code saying \"continue update\" was left in place, but no protocol defined. The update was not complete. When the service restarts, it hits an incomplete update. An error is logged, and the system falls back into the automated termination protocol. This one server in a cluster of millions is bricked.\nThis would pose no real threat except the scale of the system as a whole was built off efficiency and distribution. The load is sent in chunks to appropriate places in data sets such that no one service would single handedly complete a task. It is distributed, and distributed rapidly.", "115" ], [ "A queue could go from 7 million tasks to 0 in a matter of milliseconds. In the final queue, a mass distribution of an empty task would trigger a cloud wide incomplete update routine that bricks every server in the service. Preposterous notion to the engineers, but they have not been responsible for the maintenance of the system in decades. If they had to reinstall any part of the system they would need access to some central source and that, by this point, may be difficult to find.\nWhile a resolution is not impossible, the threat of the whole system, or even the majority of the system going down for even one minute could cause a cascade failure in the automations the AI was responsible for. Something simple like the cooling procedure for a power source on an assembly line freezing the production of food for hundreds of thousands. The lack of cooling caused a rapid heating failure that melds the high friction components, requiring replacement. Just to name one. And the AI was appointed authority of so much that the act of restarting the system manually would require more knowledgable manpower than we as a comfortable society have to offer. Suddenly we need to be able to think again.\nThis idea came to me when I was fixing my 3D printer. The interface had an option to reset to factory defaults. However, a bug is known where if you reset to the factory conditions while the system is in reset mode by the automated software, it corrupts the installation and bricks the machine. Seems like a pretty stupid oversight to me, but it is possible. How possible on a distributed system, I don't know for sure, but it's all code. It does what it is told to do. Maybe someone just forgot to plug in a simple condition and thus, the end of society as we know it.", "115" ] ]

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[ [ "I think the author's ability to help the reader suspend disbelief is important and that reader's will overlook \"bad writing\" if the over all story is good. The actual language used by an author can pull the reader out of the story. If sentences are awkward or dialog stilted that will distract the mind's eye causing the audience to focus on the actual device (words) as opposed to the story. When that happens readers may dismiss an author as a \"bad\" writer.\nGood stories need to be \"realistic\" enough that the audience can suspend disbelief; even in fantasy or science fiction. Even the hidden magic world of Harry Potter followed conventional \"muggle\" rules.", "805" ], [ "There was the typical governing bureaucracy, kids still had to go to school, witches stayed hidden.\nPersonally, I got tired of <PERSON> because I felt like all his books are essentially the same and it really irked me that they all began with <PERSON> having a nightmare and being awakened by some authority figure. I thought <PERSON> books were well-written in terms of accessible language but felt it obvious that he \"borrowed\" his overall plot points from already established works. The one that springs immediately to mind is <PERSON> Dragonrider books. Adults who criticize the writing in Children's lit probably forget the language needs to be geared to kids and most times will have simple sentences and be less sophisticated.\nI also notice the books listed in the original question enjoyed a great deal of commercial success. I've known people who are mildly pretentious and think any book that has mass appeal is not good writing because its not literary (I say artsy) enough.\nIn the end I'd say defining Good writing is like defining Art: \"I don't know what it is, but I know it when I see it.\" Yes, that is subjective and ignores the \"technical\" execution like good grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure but in the end I think we all tend to label books we like as good writing and books we don't like or fail to \"get into\" as bad writing.", "460" ] ]

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[ [ "Determine velocity vector on sloped surface\nA golf ball is launched at a speed v and launch angle, β . At some point the ball is located on the rim of a hole. The view from above looks as follows:\nVector v can be expressed in two components, vx and vy\n$$ v_y = v \\cdot \\cos(\\beta) $$\nand\n$$ v_x = v \\cdot \\sin(\\beta) $$\nIf we look at the surface from a different angle, we see that the surface has a slope.", "1002" ], [ "The slope of the green is equal to φ (along the y-axis).\nvv(ertical) is perpendicular to the y-axis. As a result:\n$$ v_v = v \\cdot \\cos(\\beta) \\cdot \\sin(\\varphi) $$\nLet's assume now there is no slope across the y-axis (φ=0), but there is a slope across the x-axis, θ.\nFollowing the same logic vv is perpendicular to the x-axis. As a result:\n$$ v_v = -1 \\cdot v \\cdot \\sin(\\beta) \\cdot \\sin(\\theta) $$\nWhat is the formula of vv expressed in terms of both φ and θ? So, in the case that the surface is sloped/inclined across both the x- and y-axis?", "1002" ] ]

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