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gem-squad_v2-train-115900 | 5a8dcde2df8bba001a0f9c5c | Richard_Feynman | Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression". | What was his reasoning in helping destroy the atomic bomb? | What was his reasoning in helping destroy the atomic bomb? | [
"What was his reasoning in helping destroy the atomic bomb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115901 | 5a8dcde2df8bba001a0f9c5d | Richard_Feynman | Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression". | What disorder was Feynman falsely diagnosed with? | What disorder was Feynman falsely diagnosed with? | [
"What disorder was Feynman falsely diagnosed with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115902 | 5a8dcde2df8bba001a0f9c5e | Richard_Feynman | Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression". | What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Spain had been defeated? | What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Spain had been defeated? | [
"What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Spain had been defeated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115903 | 572e843cc246551400ce42a8 | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD? | Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD? | [
"Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?"
] | {
"text": [
"University of Wisconsin–Madison"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115904 | 572e843cc246551400ce42a9 | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom? | Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom? | [
"Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dean Mark Ingraham"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115905 | 572e843cc246551400ce42aa | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Which year did Feyman complete his PhD? | Which year did Feyman complete his PhD? | [
"Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?"
] | {
"text": [
"1942"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115906 | 572e843cc246551400ce42ab | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW? | Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW? | [
"Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manhattan project"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115907 | 5a8dce63df8bba001a0f9c63 | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Where did Feynman get rejected for a job after getting his PhD? | Where did Feynman get rejected for a job after getting his PhD? | [
"Where did Feynman get rejected for a job after getting his PhD?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115908 | 5a8dce63df8bba001a0f9c64 | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Who told Feynman to never return to teaching? | Who told Feynman to never return to teaching? | [
"Who told Feynman to never return to teaching?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115909 | 5a8dce63df8bba001a0f9c65 | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Which year did Feynman lose his PhD? | Which year did Feynman lose his PhD? | [
"Which year did Feynman lose his PhD?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115910 | 5a8dce63df8bba001a0f9c66 | Richard_Feynman | Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me." | Where was Feynman a senior professor of physics in 1942? | Where was Feynman a senior professor of physics in 1942? | [
"Where was Feynman a senior professor of physics in 1942?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115911 | 572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d079 | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | At which college did Feyman turn down a job? | At which college did Feyman turn down a job? | [
"At which college did Feyman turn down a job?"
] | {
"text": [
"Institute for Advanced Study"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115912 | 572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07a | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Where did Feyman accept a job after the war? | Where did Feyman accept a job after the war? | [
"Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cornell University"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115913 | 572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07b | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell? | Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell? | [
"Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hans Bethe"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115914 | 572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07c | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Why did Feynman go through a depression? | Why did Feynman go through a depression? | [
"Why did Feynman go through a depression?"
] | {
"text": [
"destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115915 | 572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07d | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what? | His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what? | [
"His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nobel Prize–winning work"
],
"answer_start": [
767
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115916 | 5a8dcededf8bba001a0f9c6b | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Which college did Feynman always have a job in? | Which college did Feynman always have a job in? | [
"Which college did Feynman always have a job in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115917 | 5a8dcededf8bba001a0f9c6c | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Where did Feynman turn down a job after the war? | Where did Feynman turn down a job after the war? | [
"Where did Feynman turn down a job after the war?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115918 | 5a8dcededf8bba001a0f9c6d | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Which colleague did Feynman avoid at Cornell? | Which colleague did Feynman avoid at Cornell? | [
"Which colleague did Feynman avoid at Cornell?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115919 | 5a8dcededf8bba001a0f9c6e | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | Why was Feynman immune to depression? | Why was Feynman immune to depression? | [
"Why was Feynman immune to depression?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115920 | 5a8dcededf8bba001a0f9c6f | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities. | What did Feynman's work make him hated for? | What did Feynman's work make him hated for? | [
"What did Feynman's work make him hated for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115921 | 572e85a3cb0c0d14000f123e | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study? | Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study? | [
"Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?"
] | {
"text": [
"no teaching duties"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115922 | 572e85a3cb0c0d14000f123f | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | Where did Feynman receive much inspiration? | Where did Feynman receive much inspiration? | [
"Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?"
] | {
"text": [
"students"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115923 | 572e85a3cb0c0d14000f1240 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | The Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position? | The Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position? | [
"The Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?"
] | {
"text": [
"Princeton University"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115924 | 572e85a3cb0c0d14000f1241 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college? | Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college? | [
"Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?"
] | {
"text": [
"California Institute of Technology"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115925 | 572e85a3cb0c0d14000f1242 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains? | In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains? | [
"In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ithaca"
],
"answer_start": [
758
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115926 | 5a8dcf75df8bba001a0f9c75 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | Why did Feynman decide to accept all offers from the Institute of Advanced Study? | Why did Feynman decide to accept all offers from the Institute of Advanced Study? | [
"Why did Feynman decide to accept all offers from the Institute of Advanced Study?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115927 | 5a8dcf75df8bba001a0f9c76 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | Where did Feynman receive no inspiration? | Where did Feynman receive no inspiration? | [
"Where did Feynman receive no inspiration?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115928 | 5a8dcf75df8bba001a0f9c77 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | What university forbid Feynman from being on campus? | What university forbid Feynman from being on campus? | [
"What university forbid Feynman from being on campus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115929 | 5a8dcf75df8bba001a0f9c78 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | What college did Feynman end up living in? | What college did Feynman end up living in? | [
"What college did Feynman end up living in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115930 | 5a8dcf75df8bba001a0f9c79 | Richard_Feynman | Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca. | Which city did Feynman get lost in after affixing tire chains? | Which city did Feynman get lost in after affixing tire chains? | [
"Which city did Feynman get lost in after affixing tire chains?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115931 | 572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0a9 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | Which nickname did Feynman receive? | Which nickname did Feynman receive? | [
"Which nickname did Feynman receive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Great Explainer"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115932 | 572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0aa | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what? | Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what? | [
"Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?"
] | {
"text": [
"fully understood"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115933 | 572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0ab | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist? | In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist? | [
"In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"antiparticles"
],
"answer_start": [
966
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115934 | 572e86b8dfa6aa1500f8d0ac | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what? | Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what? | [
"Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?"
] | {
"text": [
"light cone"
],
"answer_start": [
1082
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115935 | 5a8dd290df8bba001a0f9c7f | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | Which nickname did Feynman lose? | Which nickname did Feynman lose? | [
"Which nickname did Feynman lose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115936 | 5a8dd290df8bba001a0f9c80 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | What did Feynman suggest can't exist in a lecture? | What did Feynman suggest can't exist in a lecture? | [
"What did Feynman suggest can't exist in a lecture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115937 | 5a8dd290df8bba001a0f9c81 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | What unknown teacher was considered the "Great Explainer"? | What unknown teacher was considered the "Great Explainer"? | [
"What unknown teacher was considered the \"Great Explainer\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115938 | 5a8dd290df8bba001a0f9c82 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone". | What did Feynman think were static and could never spin? | What did Feynman think were static and could never spin? | [
"What did Feynman think were static and could never spin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115939 | 572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0cb | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time? | What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time? | [
"What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Feynman diagrams"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115940 | 572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0cc | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons? | What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons? | [
"What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?"
] | {
"text": [
"positrons"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115941 | 572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0cd | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | Where did Feynman paint his diagrams? | Where did Feynman paint his diagrams? | [
"Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?"
] | {
"text": [
"his van"
],
"answer_start": [
667
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115942 | 572e87bedfa6aa1500f8d0ce | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do? | What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do? | [
"What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115943 | 5a8dd80bdf8bba001a0f9c87 | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | What did Feynman steal that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time? | What did Feynman steal that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time? | [
"What did Feynman steal that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115944 | 5a8dd80bdf8bba001a0f9c88 | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | What is the name of the antiparticle part of electrons? | What is the name of the antiparticle part of electrons? | [
"What is the name of the antiparticle part of electrons?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115945 | 5a8dd80bdf8bba001a0f9c89 | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | Where did Feynman code his diagrams? | Where did Feynman code his diagrams? | [
"Where did Feynman code his diagrams?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115946 | 5a8dd80bdf8bba001a0f9c8a | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | What did Feynman diagrams allow nobody to do? | What did Feynman diagrams allow nobody to do? | [
"What did Feynman diagrams allow nobody to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115947 | 5a8dd80bdf8bba001a0f9c8b | Richard_Feynman | He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van. | What diagrams did Feynman put on the exterior of his truck? | What diagrams did Feynman put on the exterior of his truck? | [
"What diagrams did Feynman put on the exterior of his truck?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115948 | 572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d3 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop? | What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop? | [
"What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?"
] | {
"text": [
"quark model"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115949 | 572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d4 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model? | What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model? | [
"What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?"
] | {
"text": [
"parton model"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115950 | 572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d5 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s? | Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s? | [
"Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?"
] | {
"text": [
"not real particles"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115951 | 572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d6 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold? | Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold? | [
"Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ernest Rutherford"
],
"answer_start": [
946
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115952 | 572e88aadfa6aa1500f8d0d7 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist? | After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist? | [
"After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"sixth quark"
],
"answer_start": [
1817
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115953 | 5a8dd8dbdf8bba001a0f9c91 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | What model did Murray Gell-Mann oppose? | What model did Murray Gell-Mann oppose? | [
"What model did Murray Gell-Mann oppose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115954 | 5a8dd8dbdf8bba001a0f9c92 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | What model did Feynman produce to go against the quark model? | What model did Feynman produce to go against the quark model? | [
"What model did Feynman produce to go against the quark model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115955 | 5a8dd8dbdf8bba001a0f9c93 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | What were quarks thought of in the 1990s? | What were quarks thought of in the 1990s? | [
"What were quarks thought of in the 1990s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115956 | 5a8dd8dbdf8bba001a0f9c94 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of silver? | Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of silver? | [
"Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of silver?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115957 | 5a8dd8dbdf8bba001a0f9c95 | Richard_Feynman | From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death. | What was discovered after the seventh quark? | What was discovered after the seventh quark? | [
"What was discovered after the seventh quark?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115958 | 572e89d0c246551400ce4302 | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity | Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity | [
"Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity"
] | {
"text": [
"quantum electrodynamics"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115959 | 572e89d0c246551400ce4303 | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity? | What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity? | [
"What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?"
] | {
"text": [
"consequences of a free massless spin 2 field"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115960 | 572e89d0c246551400ce4304 | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | What equation did Feyman derive? | What equation did Feyman derive? | [
"What equation did Feyman derive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Einstein field equation of general relativity"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115961 | 572e89d0c246551400ce4305 | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | What did Feynman's discoveries help explain? | What did Feynman's discoveries help explain? | [
"What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yang–Mills theories"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115962 | 572e89d0c246551400ce4306 | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain? | Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain? | [
"Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?"
] | {
"text": [
"QCD and the electro-weak theory"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115963 | 5a8dd95fdf8bba001a0f9c9b | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | Where did Feynman find failure before moving to quantum gravity? | Where did Feynman find failure before moving to quantum gravity? | [
"Where did Feynman find failure before moving to quantum gravity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115964 | 5a8dd95fdf8bba001a0f9c9c | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | What did Feynman ignore while working on quantum gravity? | What did Feynman ignore while working on quantum gravity? | [
"What did Feynman ignore while working on quantum gravity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115965 | 5a8dd95fdf8bba001a0f9c9d | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | What equation did Feynman steal? | What equation did Feynman steal? | [
"What equation did Feynman steal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115966 | 5a8dd95fdf8bba001a0f9c9e | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | What did Feynman's discoveries hurt the explanation of? | What did Feynman's discoveries hurt the explanation of? | [
"What did Feynman's discoveries hurt the explanation of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115967 | 5a8dd95fdf8bba001a0f9c9f | Richard_Feynman | After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory. | Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman dispel? | Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman dispel? | [
"Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman dispel?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115968 | 572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d101 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | Which society was Feynman elected to? | Which society was Feynman elected to? | [
"Which society was Feynman elected to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Royal Society"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115969 | 572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d102 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce? | After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce? | [
"After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Feynman Lectures on Physics"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115970 | 572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d103 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book? | Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book? | [
"Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?"
] | {
"text": [
"connections to drugs and rock and roll"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115971 | 572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d104 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument? | In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument? | [
"In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?"
] | {
"text": [
"drums"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115972 | 572e8b9edfa6aa1500f8d105 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter? | What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter? | [
"What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter"
],
"answer_start": [
1111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115973 | 5a8ddafbdf8bba001a0f9ca5 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | Which society was Feynman kicked out of? | Which society was Feynman kicked out of? | [
"Which society was Feynman kicked out of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115974 | 5a8ddafbdf8bba001a0f9ca6 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | What lectures did Feynman lose credit for after 3 years at Caltech? | What lectures did Feynman lose credit for after 3 years at Caltech? | [
"What lectures did Feynman lose credit for after 3 years at Caltech?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115975 | 5a8ddafbdf8bba001a0f9ca7 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | Why did the publisher remove the cover picture on Feynman's book? | Why did the publisher remove the cover picture on Feynman's book? | [
"Why did the publisher remove the cover picture on Feynman's book?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115976 | 5a8ddafbdf8bba001a0f9ca8 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | What instrument was Feynman unable to play in his book? | What instrument was Feynman unable to play in his book? | [
"What instrument was Feynman unable to play in his book?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115977 | 5a8ddafbdf8bba001a0f9ca9 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation. | What was the name of the book Feynman wrote about the dark and nothingness? | What was the name of the book Feynman wrote about the dark and nothingness? | [
"What was the name of the book Feynman wrote about the dark and nothingness?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115978 | 572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f1288 | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech? | In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech? | [
"In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?"
] | {
"text": [
"1974"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115979 | 572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f1289 | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around? | Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around? | [
"Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?"
] | {
"text": [
"cargo cult science"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115980 | 572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f128a | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | What is cargo cult science? | What is cargo cult science? | [
"What is cargo cult science?"
] | {
"text": [
"pseudoscience"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115981 | 572e8c7dcb0c0d14000f128b | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves? | What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves? | [
"What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?"
] | {
"text": [
"fool yourself"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115982 | 5a8ddb86df8bba001a0f9caf | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | Which year did Feynman miss the Caltech commencement speech? | Which year did Feynman miss the Caltech commencement speech? | [
"Which year did Feynman miss the Caltech commencement speech?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115983 | 5a8ddb86df8bba001a0f9cb0 | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech avoid? | Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech avoid? | [
"Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech avoid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115984 | 5a8ddb86df8bba001a0f9cb1 | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | What is the science Feynman understood best considered? | What is the science Feynman understood best considered? | [
"What is the science Feynman understood best considered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115985 | 5a8ddb86df8bba001a0f9cb2 | Richard_Feynman | In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that." | What did Feynman tell the class that they must do to themselves? | What did Feynman tell the class that they must do to themselves? | [
"What did Feynman tell the class that they must do to themselves?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115986 | 572e8d5bc246551400ce4332 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s? | What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s? | [
"What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?"
] | {
"text": [
"parallel computer"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115987 | 572e8d5bc246551400ce4333 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech? | Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech? | [
"Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?"
] | {
"text": [
"Stephen Wolfram"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115988 | 572e8d5bc246551400ce4334 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers? | Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers? | [
"Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?"
] | {
"text": [
"His son Carl"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115989 | 572e8d5bc246551400ce4335 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | What specifically did his son work on? | What specifically did his son work on? | [
"What specifically did his son work on?"
] | {
"text": [
"software"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115990 | 572e8d5bc246551400ce4336 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | What did Feyman do while his son worked on software? | What did Feyman do while his son worked on software? | [
"What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?"
] | {
"text": [
"influencing the interconnects"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115991 | 5a8ddc2bdf8bba001a0f9cb7 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | What did Feynman help find in the 1970s? | What did Feynman help find in the 1970s? | [
"What did Feynman help find in the 1970s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115992 | 5a8ddc2bdf8bba001a0f9cb8 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | Who did Feynman work with on computers at Yale? | Who did Feynman work with on computers at Yale? | [
"Who did Feynman work with on computers at Yale?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115993 | 5a8ddc2bdf8bba001a0f9cb9 | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | Who else worked with Feynman on developing planes? | Who else worked with Feynman on developing planes? | [
"Who else worked with Feynman on developing planes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115994 | 5a8ddc2bdf8bba001a0f9cba | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | What specifically did Feynman's daughter work on? | What specifically did Feynman's daughter work on? | [
"What specifically did Feynman's daughter work on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115995 | 5a8ddc2bdf8bba001a0f9cbb | Richard_Feynman | In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software. | What was Feynman doing while his daughter worked on software? | What was Feynman doing while his daughter worked on software? | [
"What was Feynman doing while his daughter worked on software?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115996 | 572e8ddfc246551400ce433c | Richard_Feynman | Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics. | What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain? | What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain? | [
"What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?"
] | {
"text": [
"string theory and M-theory"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115997 | 572e8ddfc246551400ce433d | Richard_Feynman | Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics. | The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape? | The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape? | [
"The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?"
] | {
"text": [
"tubes"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115998 | 572e8ddfc246551400ce433e | Richard_Feynman | Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics. | What angst did Feynman have against string theorists? | What angst did Feynman have against string theorists? | [
"What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?"
] | {
"text": [
"they don't check their ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115999 | 572e8ddfc246551400ce433f | Richard_Feynman | Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics. | Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents? | Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents? | [
"Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?"
] | {
"text": [
"'Well, it still might be true.'\""
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
Subsets and Splits