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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Unit_Testing

The Art of Unit Testing

["1 Reception","2 References","3 External links"]

2009 book by Roy Osherove The Art of Unit testing First editionAuthorRoy OsheroveLanguageEnglishGenreEducationalPublished2013PublisherManning PublicationsPublication placeUSA The Art of Unit Testing is a 2009 book by Roy Osherove which covers unit test writing for software. It's written with .NET Framework examples, but the fundamentals can be applied by any developer. The second edition was published in 2013. It has two additional chapters, as well as reorganization and updating of chapters from the first edition. The second edition is still in print and is available at the Manning Publications website. Reception Reviews of both editions have been largely positive. Slashdot book review says that "Osherove's book has something for all readers, regardless of their experience with unit testing.". Ward Bell wrote "It just arrived and I read it in one sitting. I am so pleased that I did. I’ll quarrel with it... but do not let that deter you from rushing to buy your own copy." References ^ "The Art of Unit Testing". Slashdot. February 10, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2017. ^ Bell, Ward (August 14, 2009). "The Art of Unit Testing". Never in Doubt. Retrieved June 5, 2017. External links The Art of Unit Testing book site, which contains free sample chapters and additional reading and resources. This article about a computer book or series of books is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".NET Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"}],"text":"The Art of Unit Testing is a 2009 book by Roy Osherove which covers unit test writing for software. It's written with .NET Framework examples, but the fundamentals can be applied by any developer.The second edition was published in 2013. It has two additional chapters, as well as reorganization and updating of chapters from the first edition. The second edition is still in print and is available at the Manning Publications website.","title":"The Art of Unit Testing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slashdot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slashdot-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wardbell-2"}],"text":"Reviews of both editions have been largely positive.Slashdot book review says that \"Osherove's book has something for all readers, regardless of their experience with unit testing.\".[1]\nWard Bell wrote \"It just arrived and I read it in one sitting. I am so pleased that I did. I’ll quarrel with it... but do not let that deter you from rushing to buy your own copy.\"[2]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona_Observatory

Altona Observatory

["1 History","1.1 Foundation","1.2 Schumacher's death","2 Telescopes","3 See also","4 References"]

ObservatoryAltona ObservatoryThe house (center) behind which Heinrich Christian Schumacher constructed the original Altona Observatory (photo c. 1890)Observatory code 527 LocationPalmaille, Altona, Hamburg, GermanyCoordinates53°32′42.1″N 9°56′35.2″E / 53.545028°N 9.943111°E / 53.545028; 9.943111Established1823Closed1871Location of Altona Observatory The Altona Observatory (German: Sternwarte Altona) was an astronomical observatory situated in the Palmaille, in Altona, Hamburg. The observatory was founded by Heinrich Christian Schumacher in 1823 and continued to operate until 1871, 21 years after his death. It closed due to funding being cut off following the cession of the 'Elbe Duchies' of Schleswig, Holstein, and Saxe-Lauenburg by Denmark to Austria and Prussia following the Second Schleswig War. The Astronomische Nachrichten journal was founded at the observatory by Schumacher and was edited there until the observatory's closure. History Foundation In 1815 Heinrich Christian Schumacher initiated a large-scale geodetic survey of Jutland, stretching from Skagen to Lauenberg. To connect the Danish measurements with the greater European geodetic network, Schumacher involved Carl Friedrich Gauss, who in 1818 began his own survey of the Kingdom of Hanover. To connect both networks, a fundamental station was needed in Altona. Heinrich Christian Schumacher, lithograph by Otto Speckter (1853) In 1821 Schumacher acquired a house situated in the Palmaille, in Altona, Hamburg, which was then under Danish administration. In the garden plot behind it, which fell steeply towards the Elbe river and allowed a wide view of the area, he erected the Altona Observatory to house the necessary fundamental station. The royal administration agreed to provide the observatory with an annual budget, under the condition that Schumacher would live and work in Altona until his death. From the windows of the house several survey markers in the south, as well as the tower of St. Michael's Church in the east, could be sighted. A friend of Schumacher's, Johann Georg Repsold, set up a meridian circle in the observatory. In 1823, at the suggestion of the Danish Prime Minister Johan Sigismund von Møsting, Schumacher founded the Astronomische Nachrichten journal, one of the first scientific journals in the field of astronomy. Contributions by well-respected astronomers such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Friedrich Bessel, and William Herschel made the journal, which still publishes to this day, the mouthpiece of the astronomical community. In the 1840s, the Altona-Kiel Railway Company established a 105 km railway line between Altona and the port city of Kiel. It was found, however, that the endpoints of the lines had a time difference in exact astronomical time of about 40 seconds due to their distance. Depending on what time was adopted a train between Altona and Kiel could be considered to have arrived nearly a minute too early or too late, even if it was really on time. To address this problem, the railway, in collaboration with the Altona Observatory and Schumacher, developed an artificial medium time for its timetable, reducing the maximum variation from true geographic time to 20 seconds, which was considerably less noticeable. This issue appeared with all railways as travel distances and speeds increased, eventually leading to the convening of the International Meridian Conference in October 1884 in Washington, D. C., which agreed to adopt a universal day for astronomical purposes, leading to the world being split into time zones independent of precise astronomical time. The observatory continued to make observations throughout the 1840s, with Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt sighting many astronomical objects in the constellation of Virgo, and Adolph Cornelius Petersen, who later became director, sighting NGC 2194, among others, in 1849. The comet 23P/Brorsen–Metcalf was discovered by Theodor Brorsen at the observatory on 20 July 1847. Schumacher's death During the First Schleswig War, the home of Schumacher, who was a royalist Danish official, was surrounded by soldiers and he was placed under house arrest. He died 2 years later, at the end of 1850. Immediately following Schumacher's death, the financial department of Kiel intended to close the observatory. The University of Kiel planned to establish its own observatory and the Hamburg Observatory already existed nearby, making the Altona Observatory redundant. Furthermore, air pollution from factories that were springing up throughout Altona was affecting observations. A lack of funds saw much of the observatory's equipment being sold to the University of Copenhagen and to the University of Kiel, as well as to the navy. Its library went to a Berlin antiquarian, although some works were later repurchased. Map showing the Palmaille c. 1890 Schumacher's long-time colleague Adolph Cornelius Petersen was appointed as a temporary director while it was being decided what course of action should be taken. Petersen notably lacked any foreign language skills and struggled to deal with the upkeep of the Astronomische Nachrichten journal, which published material from all over Europe. He took language lessons but died shortly after his rise to directorship, in 1854. Finally, a Danish commission decided that the observatory should continue to operate for the time being. In 1854 Christian August Friedrich Peters, who had previous experience working at the Hamburg, Pulkovo, and Königsberg observatories, was appointed as the new director. He continued to publish Astronomische Nachrichten, with 58 volumes appearing during his time. Its quality, however, dropped significantly. Peters disliked Russian astronomers and frequently quarrelled with his German counterparts, leading to the journal being shunned by the greater astronomical community. In 1864 the 'Elbe Duchies' of Schleswig, Holstein, and Saxe-Lauenburg were ceded by Denmark to Austria and Prussia following the Second Schleswig War. The new rulers cut off financial support to the observatory and it was decided that it should be abandoned in favour of constructing a new observatory at Kiel. In 1871 construction plans and surveys were completed and Peters moved with his family to Kiel. Work began in the spring of 1874 and, following an unusually hasty construction, was completed by October of the same year. Most of the instruments of the Altona Observatory were transferred to the new building. The home behind which the original observatory was built was destroyed in 1941 during a World War II bombing raid. Today, the German Federal Research Center for Fisheries stands in its place. Telescopes Meridian circle with 10.38 cm aperture The Altona meridian circle was constructed around 1822 by a company owned by T. L. Ertel and Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach. It is of the same size as the ones supplied to the Königsberg and Tartu observatories, which were established around the same period. Repsold telescope with an equatorial mount Refracting telescope with 11.7 cm aperture and 1.95 m focal length built in 1865 See also Geodesy List of astronomical observatories References ^ a b c d e f g h Hoffman, Gerd; Nerkamp, Karl-Heinz (2009). Heinrich Christian Schumacher – Der Altonaer Astronom und die Vermessung (PDF) (in German). Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Landesbetrieb Geoinformation und Vermessung. ^ a b c Repsold, Joh. A. (1918). "H. C. Schumacher". Astronomische Nachrichten. 208 (2–3): 17–34. Bibcode:1918AN....208...17R. doi:10.1002/asna.19182080202. ISSN 0004-6337. ^ Steinicke, Wolfgang (2010-08-19). Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139490108. ^ "23P/Brorsen-Metcalf". cometography.com. Retrieved 2018-12-01. ^ Christian, August Friedrich Peters (1856). "Notizen über den auf der Altonaer Sternwarte befindlichen Meridiankreis" . Astronomische Nachrichten. 45 (5): 65–74. Bibcode:1857AN.....45...65. Portals: Germany Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Education Science

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronomical observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"Palmaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaille"},{"link_name":"Altona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Christian Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Second Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"Astronomische Nachrichten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten"}],"text":"The Altona Observatory (German: Sternwarte Altona) was an astronomical observatory situated in the Palmaille, in Altona, Hamburg. The observatory was founded by Heinrich Christian Schumacher in 1823 and continued to operate until 1871, 21 years after his death. It closed due to funding being cut off following the cession of the 'Elbe Duchies' of Schleswig, Holstein, and Saxe-Lauenburg by Denmark to Austria and Prussia following the Second Schleswig War.The Astronomische Nachrichten journal was founded at the observatory by Schumacher and was edited there until the observatory's closure.","title":"Altona Observatory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heinrich Christian Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"geodetic survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"Skagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen"},{"link_name":"Lauenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"geodetic network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_control_network"},{"link_name":"Carl Friedrich Gauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"fundamental station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher,_von_Otto_Speckter_1853.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Christian Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Otto Speckter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Speckter"},{"link_name":"Palmaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmaille"},{"link_name":"Altona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Repsold-1918-2"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"survey markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_marker"},{"link_name":"St. Michael's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Repsold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Repsold"},{"link_name":"meridian circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_circle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Repsold-1918-2"},{"link_name":"Johan Sigismund von Møsting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Sigismund_von_M%C3%B8sting"},{"link_name":"Astronomische Nachrichten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten"},{"link_name":"scientific journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Bessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel"},{"link_name":"William Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"},{"link_name":"Altona-Kiel Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona-Kiel_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"International Meridian Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Meridian_Conference"},{"link_name":"Washington, D. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D._C."},{"link_name":"time zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Julius_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"NGC 2194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_2194"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"23P/Brorsen–Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23P/Brorsen%E2%80%93Metcalf"},{"link_name":"Theodor Brorsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Brorsen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"In 1815 Heinrich Christian Schumacher initiated a large-scale geodetic survey of Jutland, stretching from Skagen to Lauenberg. To connect the Danish measurements with the greater European geodetic network, Schumacher involved Carl Friedrich Gauss, who in 1818 began his own survey of the Kingdom of Hanover. To connect both networks, a fundamental station was needed in Altona.[1]Heinrich Christian Schumacher, lithograph by Otto Speckter (1853)In 1821 Schumacher acquired a house situated in the Palmaille, in Altona, Hamburg, which was then under Danish administration.[2] In the garden plot behind it, which fell steeply towards the Elbe river and allowed a wide view of the area, he erected the Altona Observatory to house the necessary fundamental station. The royal administration agreed to provide the observatory with an annual budget, under the condition that Schumacher would live and work in Altona until his death. From the windows of the house several survey markers in the south, as well as the tower of St. Michael's Church in the east, could be sighted. A friend of Schumacher's, Johann Georg Repsold, set up a meridian circle in the observatory.[1][2]In 1823, at the suggestion of the Danish Prime Minister Johan Sigismund von Møsting, Schumacher founded the Astronomische Nachrichten journal, one of the first scientific journals in the field of astronomy. Contributions by well-respected astronomers such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Friedrich Bessel, and William Herschel made the journal, which still publishes to this day, the mouthpiece of the astronomical community.[1]In the 1840s, the Altona-Kiel Railway Company established a 105 km railway line between Altona and the port city of Kiel. It was found, however, that the endpoints of the lines had a time difference in exact astronomical time of about 40 seconds due to their distance. Depending on what time was adopted a train between Altona and Kiel could be considered to have arrived nearly a minute too early or too late, even if it was really on time. To address this problem, the railway, in collaboration with the Altona Observatory and Schumacher, developed an artificial medium time for its timetable, reducing the maximum variation from true geographic time to 20 seconds, which was considerably less noticeable.This issue appeared with all railways as travel distances and speeds increased, eventually leading to the convening of the International Meridian Conference in October 1884 in Washington, D. C., which agreed to adopt a universal day for astronomical purposes, leading to the world being split into time zones independent of precise astronomical time.The observatory continued to make observations throughout the 1840s, with Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt sighting many astronomical objects in the constellation of Virgo, and Adolph Cornelius Petersen, who later became director, sighting NGC 2194, among others, in 1849.[3] The comet 23P/Brorsen–Metcalf was discovered by Theodor Brorsen at the observatory on 20 July 1847.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Repsold-1918-2"},{"link_name":"University of Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Hamburg Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Observatory"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg-Altona_Palmaille1890.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"},{"link_name":"Christian August Friedrich Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August_Friedrich_Peters"},{"link_name":"Pulkovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulkovo_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenigsberg_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Second Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-2009-1"}],"sub_title":"Schumacher's death","text":"During the First Schleswig War, the home of Schumacher, who was a royalist Danish official, was surrounded by soldiers and he was placed under house arrest. He died 2 years later, at the end of 1850.[2]Immediately following Schumacher's death, the financial department of Kiel intended to close the observatory. The University of Kiel planned to establish its own observatory and the Hamburg Observatory already existed nearby, making the Altona Observatory redundant. Furthermore, air pollution from factories that were springing up throughout Altona was affecting observations. A lack of funds saw much of the observatory's equipment being sold to the University of Copenhagen and to the University of Kiel, as well as to the navy. Its library went to a Berlin antiquarian, although some works were later repurchased.[1]Map showing the Palmaille c. 1890Schumacher's long-time colleague Adolph Cornelius Petersen was appointed as a temporary director while it was being decided what course of action should be taken. Petersen notably lacked any foreign language skills and struggled to deal with the upkeep of the Astronomische Nachrichten journal, which published material from all over Europe. He took language lessons but died shortly after his rise to directorship, in 1854.[1]Finally, a Danish commission decided that the observatory should continue to operate for the time being. In 1854 Christian August Friedrich Peters, who had previous experience working at the Hamburg, Pulkovo, and Königsberg observatories, was appointed as the new director. He continued to publish Astronomische Nachrichten, with 58 volumes appearing during his time. Its quality, however, dropped significantly. Peters disliked Russian astronomers and frequently quarrelled with his German counterparts, leading to the journal being shunned by the greater astronomical community.[1]In 1864 the 'Elbe Duchies' of Schleswig, Holstein, and Saxe-Lauenburg were ceded by Denmark to Austria and Prussia following the Second Schleswig War. The new rulers cut off financial support to the observatory and it was decided that it should be abandoned in favour of constructing a new observatory at Kiel. In 1871 construction plans and surveys were completed and Peters moved with his family to Kiel. Work began in the spring of 1874 and, following an unusually hasty construction, was completed by October of the same year. Most of the instruments of the Altona Observatory were transferred to the new building.[1]The home behind which the original observatory was built was destroyed in 1941 during a World War II bombing raid.[1] Today, the German Federal Research Center for Fisheries stands in its place.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"},{"link_name":"Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_von_Reichenbach"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"equatorial mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_mount"},{"link_name":"focal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length"}],"text":"Meridian circle with 10.38 cm aperture\nThe Altona meridian circle was constructed around 1822 by a company owned by T. L. Ertel and Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach. It is of the same size as the ones supplied to the Königsberg and Tartu observatories, which were established around the same period.[5]\nRepsold telescope with an equatorial mount\nRefracting telescope with 11.7 cm aperture and 1.95 m focal length built in 1865","title":"Telescopes"}]

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[{"title":"Geodesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy"},{"title":"List of astronomical observatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_observatories"}]

[{"reference":"Hoffman, Gerd; Nerkamp, Karl-Heinz (2009). Heinrich Christian Schumacher – Der Altonaer Astronom und die Vermessung (PDF) (in German). Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Landesbetrieb Geoinformation und Vermessung.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/2836222/393cc7cbe73c9785bf4c65fad938736e/data/d-geschichte-schumacher-altona.pdf","url_text":"Heinrich Christian Schumacher – Der Altonaer Astronom und die Vermessung"}]},{"reference":"Repsold, Joh. A. (1918). \"H. C. Schumacher\". Astronomische Nachrichten. 208 (2–3): 17–34. Bibcode:1918AN....208...17R. doi:10.1002/asna.19182080202. ISSN 0004-6337.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/2414509","url_text":"\"H. C. Schumacher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1918AN....208...17R","url_text":"1918AN....208...17R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.19182080202","url_text":"10.1002/asna.19182080202"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6337","url_text":"0004-6337"}]},{"reference":"Steinicke, Wolfgang (2010-08-19). Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139490108.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWjVWYWoO8C","url_text":"Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139490108","url_text":"9781139490108"}]},{"reference":"\"23P/Brorsen-Metcalf\". cometography.com. Retrieved 2018-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://cometography.com/pcomets/023p.html","url_text":"\"23P/Brorsen-Metcalf\""}]},{"reference":"Christian, August Friedrich Peters (1856). \"Notizen über den auf der Altonaer Sternwarte befindlichen Meridiankreis\" [Notes about the meridian circle at the Altona Observatory]. Astronomische Nachrichten. 45 (5): 65–74. Bibcode:1857AN.....45...65.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August_Friedrich_Peters","url_text":"Christian, August Friedrich Peters"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9KEEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA66","url_text":"\"Notizen über den auf der Altonaer Sternwarte befindlichen Meridiankreis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten","url_text":"Astronomische Nachrichten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1857AN.....45...65.","url_text":"1857AN.....45...65."}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans

NetBeans

["1 History","2 NetBeans IDE","3 Other products","4 Integrated modules","4.1 NetBeans Profiler","4.2 GUI design tool","4.3 NetBeans JavaScript editor","5 NetBeans IDE download bundles","5.1 NetBeans IDE Bundle for Web and Java EE","5.2 NetBeans IDE Bundle for PHP","5.3 NetBeans IDE Complete Bundle","6 Localization","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Integrated development environment software for software development NetBeans IDEScreenshot Apache NetBeans 12.2 in Arch LinuxOriginal author(s)Roman StaněkDeveloper(s)Apache Software FoundationOracle CorporationStable release22  / 29 May 2024; 16 days ago (29 May 2024) Repositorygitbox.apache.org/repos/asf?p=netbeans.gitWritten inJavaOperating systemWindows, macOS, Linux, Solaris; feature-limited OS independent version availablePlatformJava SE, Java EE, JavaFXAvailable in28 languagesList of languagessee § LocalizationTypeIDELicenseApache License 2.0 (previously CDDL or GPLv2 with classpath exception)Websitenetbeans.apache.org NetBeans is an integrated development environment (IDE) for Java. NetBeans allows applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules. NetBeans runs on Windows, macOS, Linux and Solaris. In addition to Java development, it has extensions for other languages like PHP, C, C++, HTML5, and JavaScript. Applications based on NetBeans, including the NetBeans IDE, can be extended by third party developers. History NetBeans began in 1996 as Xelfi (word play on Delphi), a Java IDE student project under the guidance of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology at Charles University in Prague. In 1997, Roman Staněk formed a company around the project and produced commercial versions of the NetBeans IDE until it was bought by Sun Microsystems in 1999. Sun open-sourced the NetBeans IDE in June of the following year. Since then, the NetBeans community has continued to grow. In 2010, Sun (and thus NetBeans) was acquired by Oracle Corporation. Under Oracle, NetBeans had to find some synergy with JDeveloper, a freeware IDE that has historically been a product of the company, by 2012 both IDEs were rebuilt around a shared codebase - the NetBeans Platform. In September 2016, Oracle submitted a proposal to donate the NetBeans project to The Apache Software Foundation, stating that it was "opening up the NetBeans governance model to give NetBeans constituents a greater voice in the project's direction and future success through the upcoming release of Java 9 and NetBeans 9 and beyond". The move was endorsed by Java creator James Gosling. The project entered the Apache Incubator in October 2016. NetBeans IDE NetBeans IDE is an open-source integrated development environment. NetBeans IDE supports development of all Java application types (Java SE (including JavaFX), Java ME, web, EJB and mobile applications) out of the box. Among other features are an Ant-based project system, Maven support, refactorings, version control (supporting CVS, Subversion, Git, Mercurial and Clearcase). Modularity: All the functions of the IDE are provided by modules. Each module provides a well-defined function, such as support for the Java language, editing, or support for the CVS versioning system, and SVN. NetBeans contains all the modules needed for Java development in a single download, allowing the user to start working immediately. Modules also allow NetBeans to be extended. New features, such as support for other programming languages, can be added by installing additional modules. For instance, Sun Studio, Sun Java Studio Enterprise, and Sun Java Studio Creator from Sun Microsystems are all based on the NetBeans IDE. License: The IDE is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. Previously, from July 2006 through 2007, NetBeans IDE was licensed under Sun's Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL), a license based on the Mozilla Public License (MPL). In October 2007, Sun announced that NetBeans would henceforth be offered under a dual license of the CDDL and the GPL version 2 licenses, with the GPL linking exception for GNU Classpath. Oracle has donated NetBeans Platform and IDE to the Apache Foundation where it underwent incubation and graduated as a top level project in April 2019. Other products In an October 2016 interview with Gabriela Motroc, Oracle Vice President Bill Pataky stated that Oracle has a number of products that depend on NetBeans. Oracle Developer Studio, a commercial C, C++, Fortran and Java development environment is 100% based on NetBeans Oracle JDeveloper, an end-to-end development for Oracle's technology stack takes major subsystems from NetBeans Oracle JavaScript Extension Toolkit, a modular, open source toolkit based on modern JavaScript, CSS3 and HTML5 design and development principles uses NetBeans as its preferred IDE NetBeans 6.0 installation disc Integrated modules These modules are part of the NetBeans IDE: NetBeans Profiler The NetBeans Profiler is a tool for the monitoring of Java applications: It helps developers find memory leaks and optimize speed. Formerly downloaded separately, it is integrated into the core IDE since version 6.0. The Profiler is based on a Sun Laboratories research project that was named JFluid. That research uncovered specific techniques that can be used to lower the overhead of profiling a Java application. One of those techniques is dynamic bytecode instrumentation, which is particularly useful for profiling large Java applications. Using dynamic bytecode instrumentation and additional algorithms, the NetBeans Profiler is able to obtain runtime information on applications that are too large or complex for other profilers. NetBeans also support Profiling Points that let you profile precise points of execution and measure execution time. GUI design tool NetBeans GUI Builder Formerly known as project Matisse, the GUI design-tool enables developers to prototype and design Swing GUIs by dragging and positioning GUI components. The GUI builder has built-in support for JSR 295 (Beans Binding technology), but the support for JSR 296 (Swing Application Framework) was removed in 7.1. NetBeans JavaScript editor The NetBeans JavaScript editor provides extended support for JavaScript, Ajax, and CSS. JavaScript editor features comprise syntax highlighting, refactoring, code completion for native objects and functions, generation of JavaScript class skeletons, generation of Ajax callbacks from a template; and automatic browser compatibility checks. CSS editor features comprise code completion for styles names, quick navigation through the navigator panel, displaying the CSS rule declaration in a List View and file structure in a Tree View, sorting the outline view by name, type or declaration order (List & Tree), creating rule declarations (Tree only), refactoring a part of a rule name (Tree only). The NetBeans 7.4 and later uses the new Nashorn JavaScript engine developed by Oracle. NetBeans IDE download bundles Users can choose to download NetBeans IDE bundles tailored to specific development needs. Users can also download and install all other features at a later date directly through the NetBeans IDE. NetBeans IDE Bundle for Web and Java EE The NetBeans IDE Bundle for Web & Java EE provides complete tools for all the latest Java EE 6 standards, including the new Java EE 6 Web Profile, Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs), servlets, Java Persistence API, web services, and annotations. NetBeans also supports the JSF 2.0 (Facelets), JavaServer Pages (JSP), Hibernate, Spring, and Struts frameworks, and the Java EE 5 and J2EE 1.4 platforms. It includes GlassFish and Apache Tomcat. Some of its features with Java EE include: Improved support for CDI, REST services and Java Persistence New support for Bean Validation Support for JSF component libraries, including bundled PrimeFaces library Improved editing for Expression Language in JSF, including code completion, refactoring and hints NetBeans IDE Bundle for PHP NetBeans supports PHP since version 5.6. The bundle for PHP includes: syntax highlighting, code completion, occurrence highlighting, error highlighting, CVS version control semantic analysis with highlighting of parameters and unused local variables PHP code debugging with xdebug PHP Unit testing with PHPUnit and Selenium Code coverage Symfony framework support (since version 6.8) Zend Framework support (since version 6.9) Yii Framework support (since version 7.3) PHP 5.3 namespace and closure support (since version 6.8) Code Folding for Control Structures (since version 7.2 dev) NetBeans IDE Complete Bundle Oracle also releases a version of NetBeans that includes all of the features of the above bundles. This bundle includes: NetBeans Base IDE Java SE, JavaFX Web and Java EE Java ME C/C++ PHP (Version 5.5 and later) asd Apache Groovy GlassFish Apache Tomcat Official Ruby support was removed with the release of 7.0. Localization NetBeans IDE is translated into the following languages: Brazilian Portuguese (BR), as of 5.5 Japanese (JP), as of 3.4 Simplified Chinese (ZH-CN) Community translations of the IDE are also available in the following languages: Community translations Language Platform Java SE(IDE) All Afrikaans As of 6.9 No No Albanian As of 5.5 No No Azerbaijani No No No Catalan As of 6.7.1 As of 6.7.1 As of 6.9.1 Czech As of 6.0 No No Dutch Yes Yes No Filipino As of 6.9 No No French Yes Yes No Galician Yes Yes As of 6.8 German As of 5.5 As of 5.5 No Greek As of 6.9 No No Hindi As of 6.9 No No Indonesian As of 5.5 No No Italian Yes Yes No Korean As of 5.0 As of 5.0 No Lithuanian As of 6.9 No No Romanian As of 6.8 No No Russian As of 5.0 As of 6.9.1 Serbian As of 6.9 No No Spanish As of 5.5 As of 5.5 No Swedish Yes Yes No Traditional Chinese Yes Yes No Turkish Yes Yes No Vietnamese As of 6.9 No No See also Free and open-source software portalComputer programming portal Comparison of integrated development environments Eclipse IDE JetBrains IntelliJ Oracle JDeveloper Oracle Developer Studio Sun Microsystems List of NetBeans-based software References ^ " Apache NetBeans 22 Released". May 29, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024. ^ "NetBeans IDE Dual License Header and License Notice". Netbeans.org. April 1, 1989. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved 2013-07-18. ^ "HTML5 Web Development Support". netbeans.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2017. ^ "NetBeans MOVED". platform.netbeans.org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2017. ^ "original Xelfi homepage". Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2008. ^ "Happy Birthday NetBeans - interview with Jaroslav "Yarda" Tulach". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2008. ^ "A Brief History of NetBeans IDE". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2008. ^ "Java founder James Gosling endorses Apache takeover of NetBeans Java IDE". InfoWorld. September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016. ^ "NetBeans Incubation Status". Retrieved August 4, 2017. ^ "Why GPL v2 Frequently Asked Questions". netbeans.org. Archived from the original on February 11, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2017. ^ "The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache NetBeans as a Top-Level Project". blogs.apache.org. April 24, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019. ^ a b c d Motroc, Gabriela (October 5, 2016). "Oracle developers will be involved in at least two Apache NetBeans releases". Jaxenter. Retrieved 2016-10-07. ^ "Profiler". Netbeans.org. Retrieved May 17, 2008. ^ "Swing GUI Builder (formerly Project Matisse)". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2008. ^ "Javascript". Netbeans wiki. March 31, 2007. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-19. ^ "Java Web Applications". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2008. ^ "Web & Java EE". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008. ^ "Netbeans Bugzilla - Bug 186731". Retrieved May 23, 2012. ^ "TFL10nCommunityStatus - NetBeans Wiki". Wiki.netbeans.org. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2013. ^ "Catalan localization group at OpenSolaris". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2017. ^ "NetBeans.org Community News: Go Multilingual with NetBeans IDE 5.5.1!". Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2017. ^ "NetBeans Community News". netbeans.org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2017. Further reading Boudreau, Tim; Glick, Jesse; Greene, Simeon; Woehr, Jack; Spurlin, Vaughn (October 15, 2002). NetBeans: The Definitive Guide (First ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 672. ISBN 0-596-00280-7. Heffelfinger, David (October 31, 2008). Java EE 5 Development with NetBeans 6 (First ed.). Packt Publishing. p. 400. ISBN 978-1-84719-546-3. Myatt, Adam (February 21, 2008). Pro Netbeans IDE 6 Rich Client Platform Edition (First ed.). Apress. p. 491. ISBN 978-1-59059-895-5. Archived from the original on January 12, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2009. Keegan, Patrick; Champenois, Ludovic; Crawley, Gregory; Hunt, Charlie; Webster, Christopher (May 9, 2006). NetBeans IDE Field Guide: Developing Desktop, Web, Enterprise, and Mobile Applications (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-13-239552-6. Böck, Heiko (July 1, 2009). The Definitive Guide to NetBeans Platform (First ed.). Apress. p. 450. ISBN 978-1-4302-2417-4. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2010. Petri, Jürgen (August 11, 2010). NetBeans Platform 6.9 Developer's Guide (First ed.). Packt Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-84951-176-6. Böck, Heiko (December 28, 2011). The Definitive Guide to NetBeans Platform 7 (First ed.). Apress. p. 592. ISBN 978-1-4302-4101-0. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2012. Wexbridge, Jason; Nyland, Walter (March 25, 2014). NetBeans Platform for Beginners (Second ed.). Leanpub. p. 361. 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NetBeans allows applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules. NetBeans runs on Windows, macOS, Linux and Solaris. In addition to Java development, it has extensions for other languages like PHP, C, C++, HTML5,[3] and JavaScript. Applications based on NetBeans, including the NetBeans IDE, can be extended by third party developers.[4]","title":"NetBeans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(software)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Mathematics_and_Physics,_Charles_University"},{"link_name":"Charles University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"was acquired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_acquisition_by_Oracle"},{"link_name":"Oracle Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"JDeveloper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDeveloper"},{"link_name":"The Apache Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"James Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gosling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iw-oracleapachenetbeans-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-incubator-9"}],"text":"NetBeans began in 1996 as Xelfi (word play on Delphi),[5][6] a Java IDE student project under the guidance of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology at Charles University in Prague. In 1997, Roman Staněk formed a company around the project and produced commercial versions of the NetBeans IDE until it was bought by Sun Microsystems in 1999. Sun open-sourced the NetBeans IDE in June of the following year. Since then, the NetBeans community has continued to grow.[7] In 2010, Sun (and thus NetBeans) was acquired by Oracle Corporation. Under Oracle, NetBeans had to find some synergy with JDeveloper, a freeware IDE that has historically been a product of the company, by 2012 both IDEs were rebuilt around a shared codebase - the NetBeans Platform. In September 2016, Oracle submitted a proposal to donate the NetBeans project to The Apache Software Foundation, stating that it was \"opening up the NetBeans governance model to give NetBeans constituents a greater voice in the project's direction and future success through the upcoming release of Java 9 and NetBeans 9 and beyond\". The move was endorsed by Java creator James Gosling.[8] The project entered the Apache Incubator in October 2016.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Java SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition"},{"link_name":"JavaFX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaFX"},{"link_name":"Java ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Platform,_Micro_Edition"},{"link_name":"web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"},{"link_name":"EJB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EJB"},{"link_name":"mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDlet"},{"link_name":"Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Ant"},{"link_name":"Maven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Maven"},{"link_name":"refactorings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactoring"},{"link_name":"version control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_system"},{"link_name":"CVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System"},{"link_name":"Subversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Subversion"},{"link_name":"Git","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git"},{"link_name":"Mercurial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial"},{"link_name":"Clearcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearcase"},{"link_name":"Java language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"CVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System"},{"link_name":"Sun Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Studio_Compiler_Suite"},{"link_name":"Sun Java Studio Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Java_Studio_Creator"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Apache License 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0"},{"link_name":"Common Development and Distribution License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License"},{"link_name":"Mozilla Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License"},{"link_name":"dual license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_license"},{"link_name":"GPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL"},{"link_name":"GPL linking exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_linking_exception"},{"link_name":"GNU Classpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Classpath"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"NetBeans IDE is an open-source integrated development environment. NetBeans IDE supports development of all Java application types (Java SE (including JavaFX), Java ME, web, EJB and mobile applications) out of the box. Among other features are an Ant-based project system, Maven support, refactorings, version control (supporting CVS, Subversion, Git, Mercurial and Clearcase).Modularity: All the functions of the IDE are provided by modules. Each module provides a well-defined function, such as support for the Java language, editing, or support for the CVS versioning system, and SVN. NetBeans contains all the modules needed for Java development in a single download, allowing the user to start working immediately. Modules also allow NetBeans to be extended. New features, such as support for other programming languages, can be added by installing additional modules. For instance, Sun Studio, Sun Java Studio Enterprise, and Sun Java Studio Creator from Sun Microsystems are all based on the NetBeans IDE.License: The IDE is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. Previously, from July 2006 through 2007, NetBeans IDE was licensed under Sun's Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL), a license based on the Mozilla Public License (MPL). In October 2007, Sun announced that NetBeans would henceforth be offered under a dual license of the CDDL and the GPL version 2 licenses, with the GPL linking exception for GNU Classpath.[10] Oracle has donated NetBeans Platform and IDE to the Apache Foundation where it underwent incubation and graduated as a top level project in April 2019.[11]","title":"NetBeans IDE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montroc-12"},{"link_name":"Oracle Developer Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"Fortran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montroc-12"},{"link_name":"Oracle JDeveloper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDeveloper"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montroc-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-montroc-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NetBeans_6.0_installation_disc.jpg"}],"text":"In an October 2016 interview with Gabriela Motroc, Oracle Vice President Bill Pataky stated that Oracle has a number of products that depend on NetBeans.[12]Oracle Developer Studio, a commercial C, C++, Fortran and Java development environment is 100% based on NetBeans[12]\nOracle JDeveloper, an end-to-end development for Oracle's technology stack takes major subsystems from NetBeans[12]\nOracle JavaScript Extension Toolkit, a modular, open source toolkit based on modern JavaScript, CSS3 and HTML5 design and development principles uses NetBeans as its preferred IDE[12]NetBeans 6.0 installation disc","title":"Other products"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These modules are part of the NetBeans IDE:","title":"Integrated modules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"memory leaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_leak"},{"link_name":"Profiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiler_(computer_science)"}],"sub_title":"NetBeans Profiler","text":"The NetBeans Profiler[13] is a tool for the monitoring of Java applications: It helps developers find memory leaks and optimize speed. Formerly downloaded separately, it is integrated into the core IDE since version 6.0.\nThe Profiler is based on a Sun Laboratories research project that was named JFluid. That research uncovered specific techniques that can be used to lower the overhead of profiling a Java application. One of those techniques is dynamic bytecode instrumentation, which is particularly useful for profiling large Java applications. Using dynamic bytecode instrumentation and additional algorithms, the NetBeans Profiler is able to obtain runtime information on applications that are too large or complex for other profilers. NetBeans also support Profiling Points that let you profile precise points of execution and measure execution time.","title":"Integrated modules"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netbeans_8.0_GUI_builder.png"},{"link_name":"GUI design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder"},{"link_name":"prototype and design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder"},{"link_name":"Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(Java)"},{"link_name":"GUIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Swing Application Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Application_Framework"}],"sub_title":"GUI design tool","text":"NetBeans GUI BuilderFormerly known as project Matisse, the GUI design-tool enables developers to prototype and design Swing GUIs by dragging and positioning GUI components.[14]The GUI builder has built-in support for JSR 295 (Beans Binding technology), but the support for JSR 296 (Swing Application Framework) was removed in 7.1.","title":"Integrated modules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"CSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"syntax highlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_highlighting"},{"link_name":"refactoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_refactoring"},{"link_name":"code completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocomplete"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming)"},{"link_name":"callbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callback_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"browser compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript#Compatibility_considerations"},{"link_name":"code completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocomplete"},{"link_name":"Nashorn JavaScript engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashorn_(JavaScript_engine)"}],"sub_title":"NetBeans JavaScript editor","text":"The NetBeans JavaScript editor provides extended support for JavaScript, Ajax, and CSS.[15][16]JavaScript editor features comprise syntax highlighting, refactoring, code completion for native objects and functions, generation of JavaScript class skeletons, generation of Ajax callbacks from a template; and automatic browser compatibility checks.CSS editor features comprise code completion for styles names, quick navigation through the navigator panel, displaying the CSS rule declaration in a List View and file structure in a Tree View, sorting the outline view by name, type or declaration order (List & Tree), creating rule declarations (Tree only), refactoring a part of a rule name (Tree only).The NetBeans 7.4 and later uses the new Nashorn JavaScript engine developed by Oracle.","title":"Integrated modules"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Users can choose to download NetBeans IDE bundles tailored to specific development needs. Users can also download and install all other features at a later date directly through the NetBeans IDE.","title":"NetBeans IDE download bundles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"GlassFish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlassFish"},{"link_name":"Apache Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Tomcat"}],"sub_title":"NetBeans IDE Bundle for Web and Java EE","text":"The NetBeans IDE Bundle for Web & Java EE[17] provides complete tools for all the latest Java EE 6 standards, including the new Java EE 6 Web Profile, Enterprise Java Beans (EJBs), servlets, Java Persistence API, web services, and annotations.\nNetBeans also supports the JSF 2.0 (Facelets), JavaServer Pages (JSP), Hibernate, Spring, and Struts frameworks, and the Java EE 5 and J2EE 1.4 platforms. It includes GlassFish and Apache Tomcat.Some of its features with Java EE include:Improved support for CDI, REST services and Java Persistence\nNew support for Bean Validation\nSupport for JSF component libraries, including bundled PrimeFaces library\nImproved editing for Expression Language in JSF, including code completion, refactoring and hints","title":"NetBeans IDE download bundles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"xdebug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xdebug"},{"link_name":"PHPUnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPUnit"},{"link_name":"Selenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_(software)"},{"link_name":"Symfony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfony"},{"link_name":"Zend Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend_Framework"},{"link_name":"Yii Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yii_Framework"},{"link_name":"Code Folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_folding"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Netbeans_Bugzilla_-_Bug_186731-18"}],"sub_title":"NetBeans IDE Bundle for PHP","text":"NetBeans supports PHP since version 5.6. The bundle for PHP includes:syntax highlighting, code completion, occurrence highlighting, error highlighting, CVS version control\nsemantic analysis with highlighting of parameters and unused local variables\nPHP code debugging with xdebug\nPHP Unit testing with PHPUnit and Selenium\nCode coverage\nSymfony framework support (since version 6.8)\nZend Framework support (since version 6.9)\nYii Framework support (since version 7.3)\nPHP 5.3 namespace and closure support (since version 6.8)\nCode Folding for Control Structures (since version 7.2 dev)[18]","title":"NetBeans IDE download bundles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Apache Groovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Groovy"},{"link_name":"GlassFish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlassFish"},{"link_name":"Apache Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"}],"sub_title":"NetBeans IDE Complete Bundle","text":"Oracle also releases a version of NetBeans that includes all of the features of the above bundles. This bundle includes:NetBeans Base IDE\nJava SE, JavaFX\nWeb and Java EE\nJava ME\nC/C++\nPHP (Version 5.5 and later)\nasd\nApache Groovy\nGlassFish\nApache TomcatOfficial Ruby support was removed with the release of 7.0.","title":"NetBeans IDE download bundles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazilian Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese"}],"text":"NetBeans IDE is translated into the following languages:Brazilian Portuguese (BR), as of 5.5\nJapanese (JP), as of 3.4\nSimplified Chinese (ZH-CN)Community translations of the IDE are also available in the following languages:","title":"Localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NetBeans: The Definitive Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oreilly.com/catalog/9780596002800/"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-596-00280-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00280-7"},{"link_name":"Java EE 5 Development with NetBeans 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.packtpub.com/java-ee5-development-with-netbeans-6/book"},{"link_name":"Packt Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84719-546-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84719-546-3"},{"link_name":"Pro Netbeans IDE 6 Rich Client Platform Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110112151556/http://apress.com/book/view/9781590598955"},{"link_name":"Apress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apress"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59059-895-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-895-5"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.apress.com/book/view/9781590598955"},{"link_name":"NetBeans IDE Field Guide: Developing Desktop, Web, Enterprise, and Mobile Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0131876201"},{"link_name":"Prentice Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-239552-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-239552-6"},{"link_name":"The Definitive Guide to NetBeans Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120402061809/http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430224177"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4302-2417-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-2417-4"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.apress.com/book/view/1430224177"},{"link_name":"NetBeans Platform 6.9 Developer's Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.packtpub.com/netbeans-platform-6-8-developers-guide/book"},{"link_name":"Packt Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84951-176-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84951-176-6"},{"link_name":"The Definitive Guide to NetBeans Platform 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160313034012/http://www.apress.com/9781430241010"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4302-4101-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-4101-0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.apress.com/9781430241010"},{"link_name":"NetBeans Platform for Beginners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//leanpub.com/nbp4beginners"}],"text":"Boudreau, Tim; Glick, Jesse; Greene, Simeon; Woehr, Jack; Spurlin, Vaughn (October 15, 2002). NetBeans: The Definitive Guide (First ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 672. ISBN 0-596-00280-7.\nHeffelfinger, David (October 31, 2008). Java EE 5 Development with NetBeans 6 (First ed.). Packt Publishing. p. 400. ISBN 978-1-84719-546-3.\nMyatt, Adam (February 21, 2008). Pro Netbeans IDE 6 Rich Client Platform Edition (First ed.). Apress. p. 491. ISBN 978-1-59059-895-5. Archived from the original on January 12, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2009.\nKeegan, Patrick; Champenois, Ludovic; Crawley, Gregory; Hunt, Charlie; Webster, Christopher (May 9, 2006). NetBeans IDE Field Guide: Developing Desktop, Web, Enterprise, and Mobile Applications (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-13-239552-6.\nBöck, Heiko (July 1, 2009). The Definitive Guide to NetBeans Platform (First ed.). Apress. p. 450. ISBN 978-1-4302-2417-4. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2010.\nPetri, Jürgen (August 11, 2010). NetBeans Platform 6.9 Developer's Guide (First ed.). Packt Publishing. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-84951-176-6.\nBöck, Heiko (December 28, 2011). The Definitive Guide to NetBeans Platform 7 (First ed.). Apress. p. 592. ISBN 978-1-4302-4101-0. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2012.\nWexbridge, Jason; Nyland, Walter (March 25, 2014). NetBeans Platform for Beginners (Second ed.). Leanpub. p. 361.","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"reference":"\"[ANNOUNCE] Apache NetBeans 22 Released\". May 29, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://netbeans.apache.org/front/main/blogs/entry/announce-apache-netbeans-22-released/","url_text":"\"[ANNOUNCE] Apache NetBeans 22 Released\""}]},{"reference":"\"NetBeans IDE Dual License Header and License Notice\". Netbeans.org. April 1, 1989. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved 2013-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191102063542/https://netbeans.org/cddl-gplv2.html","url_text":"\"NetBeans IDE Dual License Header and License Notice\""},{"url":"https://netbeans.org/cddl-gplv2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HTML5 Web Development Support\". netbeans.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161224203918/http://netbeans.org/features/html5/index.html","url_text":"\"HTML5 Web Development Support\""},{"url":"https://netbeans.org/features/html5/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NetBeans MOVED\". platform.netbeans.org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515001531/https://platform.netbeans.org/tutorials/","url_text":"\"NetBeans MOVED\""},{"url":"http://platform.netbeans.org/tutorials/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"original Xelfi homepage\". Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424032110/http://www.xelfi.cz/","url_text":"\"original Xelfi homepage\""},{"url":"http://www.xelfi.cz/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Birthday NetBeans - interview with Jaroslav \"Yarda\" Tulach\". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517021908/http://www.netbeans.org/community/articles/interviews/yarda-tulach.html","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday NetBeans - interview with Jaroslav \"Yarda\" Tulach\""},{"url":"https://netbeans.org/community/articles/interviews/yarda-tulach.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of NetBeans IDE\". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130831063145/https://netbeans.org/about/history.html","url_text":"\"A Brief History of NetBeans IDE\""},{"url":"https://netbeans.org/about/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Java founder James Gosling endorses Apache takeover of NetBeans Java IDE\". InfoWorld. September 13, 2016. 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Retrieved July 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.apache.org/foundation/entry/the-apache-software-foundation-announces51","url_text":"\"The Apache Software Foundation Announces Apache NetBeans as a Top-Level Project\""}]},{"reference":"Motroc, Gabriela (October 5, 2016). \"Oracle developers will be involved in at least two Apache NetBeans releases\". Jaxenter. Retrieved 2016-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://jaxenter.com/oracle-involved-in-apache-netbeans-releases-129483.html","url_text":"\"Oracle developers will be involved in at least two Apache NetBeans releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profiler\". Netbeans.org. Retrieved May 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://profiler.netbeans.org/","url_text":"\"Profiler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swing GUI Builder (formerly Project Matisse)\". Netbeans.org. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. 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Retrieved January 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313034012/http://www.apress.com/9781430241010","url_text":"The Definitive Guide to NetBeans Platform 7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-4101-0","url_text":"978-1-4302-4101-0"},{"url":"http://www.apress.com/9781430241010","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wexbridge, Jason; Nyland, Walter (March 25, 2014). NetBeans Platform for Beginners (Second ed.). Leanpub. p. 361.","urls":[{"url":"https://leanpub.com/nbp4beginners","url_text":"NetBeans Platform for Beginners"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_power

Power of a test

["1 Notation","2 Description","3 Power analysis","3.1 Rule of thumb","4 Background","5 Factors influencing power","6 Interpretation","7 A priori vs. post hoc analysis","8 Application","9 Example","10 Extension","10.1 Bayesian power","10.2 Predictive probability of success","11 Software for power and sample size calculations","12 See also","13 References","14 Sources","15 External links"]

Term in statistical hypothesis testing In statistics, the power of a binary hypothesis test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis ( H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} ) when a specific alternative hypothesis ( H 1 {\displaystyle H_{1}} ) is true. It is commonly denoted by 1 − β {\displaystyle 1-\beta } , and represents the chances of a true positive detection conditional on the actual existence of an effect to detect. Statistical power ranges from 0 to 1, and as the power of a test increases, the probability β {\displaystyle \beta } of making a type II error by wrongly failing to reject the null hypothesis decreases. Notation Main article: Type I and type II errors This article uses the following notation: β = probability of a Type II error, known as a "false negative" 1 − β = probability of a "true positive", i.e., correctly rejecting the null hypothesis. "1 − β" is also known as the power of the test. α = probability of a Type I error, known as a "false positive" 1 − α = probability of a "true negative", i.e., correctly not rejecting the null hypothesis Significance Level (α) and Power (1-β) H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} is True H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} is False Probability to reject H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} α 1-β Probability to accept (not to reject) H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} 1-α β Description Illustration of the power and the significance level of a statistical test, given the null hypothesis (sampling distribution 1) and the alternative hypothesis (sampling distribution 2). For a type II error probability of β, the corresponding statistical power is 1 − β. For example, if experiment E has a statistical power of 0.7, and experiment F has a statistical power of 0.95, then there is a stronger probability that experiment E had a type II error than experiment F. This reduces experiment E's sensitivity to detect significant effects. However, experiment E is consequently more reliable than experiment F due to its lower probability of a type I error. It can be equivalently thought of as the probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis ( H 1 {\displaystyle H_{1}} ) when it is true – that is, the ability of a test to detect a specific effect, if that specific effect actually exists. Thus, power = Pr ( reject  H 0 ∣ H 0  is false ) . {\displaystyle {\text{power}}=\Pr {\big (}{\text{reject }}H_{0}\mid H_{0}{\text{ is false}}{\big )}.} If H 1 {\displaystyle H_{1}} is not an equality but rather simply the negation of H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} (so for example with H 0 : μ = 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu =0} for some unobserved population parameter μ , {\displaystyle \mu ,} we have simply H 1 : μ ≠ 0 {\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu \neq 0} ) then power cannot be calculated unless probabilities are known for all possible values of the parameter that violate the null hypothesis. Thus one generally refers to a test's power against a specific alternative hypothesis. As the power increases, there is a decreasing probability of a type II error, also called the false negative rate (β) since the power is equal to 1 − β. A similar concept is the type I error probability, also referred to as the false positive rate or the level of a test under the null hypothesis. In the context of binary classification, the power of a test is called its statistical sensitivity, its true positive rate, or its probability of detection. Power analysis A related concept is "power analysis". Power analysis can be used to calculate the minimum sample size required so that one can be reasonably likely to detect an effect of a given size. For example: "How many times do I need to toss a coin to conclude it is rigged by a certain amount?" Power analysis can also be used to calculate the minimum effect size that is likely to be detected in a study using a given sample size. In addition, the concept of power is used to make comparisons between different statistical testing procedures: for example, between a parametric test and a nonparametric test of the same hypothesis. Rule of thumb Lehr's (rough) rule of thumb says that the sample size n {\displaystyle n} (each group) for a two-sided two-sample t-test with power 80% ( β = 0.2 {\displaystyle \beta =0.2} ) and significance level α = 0.05 {\displaystyle \alpha =0.05} should be: n ≈ 16 s 2 d 2 , {\displaystyle n\approx 16{\frac {s^{2}}{d^{2}}},} where s 2 {\displaystyle s^{2}} is an estimate of the population variance and d = μ 1 − μ 2 {\displaystyle d=\mu _{1}-\mu _{2}} the to-be-detected difference in the mean values of both samples. For a one sample t-test 16 is to be replaced with 8. The advantage of the rule of thumb is that it can be memorized easily and that it can be rearranged for d {\displaystyle d} . However, a full power analysis should always be performed to confirm and refine this estimate. In a more general sense, one obtains: n = 2 ( z ( 1 − α ) + z ( 1 − β ) ) 2 s 2 δ 2 {\displaystyle n=2\left(z(1-\alpha )+z(1-\beta )\right)^{2}{\frac {s^{2}}{\delta ^{2}}}} , with z ( α ) {\displaystyle z(\alpha )} being the z-Score for the significance level α {\displaystyle \alpha } . E.g., z ( 1 − α ) = z ( 0.95 ) = 1.96 {\displaystyle z(1-\alpha )=z(0.95)=1.96} and z ( 1 − β ) = z ( 0.8 ) = 0.84 {\displaystyle z(1-\beta )=z(0.8)=0.84} , thus as above n = 15.6 s 2 δ 2 . {\displaystyle n=15.6{\frac {s^{2}}{\delta ^{2}}}.} Background Statistical tests use data from samples to assess, or make inferences about, a statistical population. In the concrete setting of a two-sample comparison, the goal is to assess whether the mean values of some attribute obtained for individuals in two sub-populations differ. For example, to test the null hypothesis that the mean scores of men and women on a test do not differ, samples of men and women are drawn, the test is administered to them, and the mean score of one group is compared to that of the other group using a statistical test such as the two-sample z-test. The power of the test is the probability that the test will find a statistically significant difference between men and women, as a function of the size of the true difference between those two populations. Factors influencing power Statistical power may depend on a number of factors. Some factors may be particular to a specific testing situation, but at a minimum, power nearly always depends on the following three factors: the statistical significance criterion used in the test the magnitude of the effect of interest in the population the sample size used to detect the effect A significance criterion is a statement of how unlikely a positive result must be, if the null hypothesis of no effect is true, for the null hypothesis to be rejected. The most commonly used criteria are probabilities of 0.05 (5%, 1 in 20), 0.01 (1%, 1 in 100), and 0.001 (0.1%, 1 in 1000). If the criterion is 0.05, the probability of the data implying an effect at least as large as the observed effect when the null hypothesis is true must be less than 0.05, for the null hypothesis of no effect to be rejected. One easy way to increase the power of a test is to carry out a less conservative test by using a larger significance criterion, for example 0.10 instead of 0.05. This increases the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis (obtaining a statistically significant result) when the null hypothesis is false; that is, it reduces the risk of a type II error (false negative regarding whether an effect exists). But it also increases the risk of obtaining a statistically significant result (rejecting the null hypothesis) when the null hypothesis is not false; that is, it increases the risk of a type I error (false positive). The magnitude of the effect of interest in the population can be quantified in terms of an effect size, where there is greater power to detect larger effects. An effect size can be a direct value of the quantity of interest, or it can be a standardized measure that also accounts for the variability in the population. For example, in an analysis comparing outcomes in a treated and control population, the difference of outcome means Y ¯ − X ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {Y}}-{\bar {X}}} would be a direct estimate of the effect size, whereas ( Y ¯ − X ¯ ) / σ {\displaystyle ({\bar {Y}}-{\bar {X}})/\sigma } would be an estimated standardized effect size, where σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is the common standard deviation of the outcomes in the treated and control groups. If constructed appropriately, a standardized effect size, along with the sample size, will completely determine the power. An unstandardized (direct) effect size is rarely sufficient to determine the power, as it does not contain information about the variability in the measurements. An example of how sample size affects power levels The sample size determines the amount of sampling error inherent in a test result. Other things being equal, effects are harder to detect in smaller samples. Increasing sample size is often the easiest way to boost the statistical power of a test. How increased sample size translates to higher power is a measure of the efficiency of the test – for example, the sample size required for a given power. The precision with which the data are measured also influences statistical power. Consequently, power can often be improved by reducing the measurement error in the data. A related concept is to improve the "reliability" of the measure being assessed (as in psychometric reliability). The design of an experiment or observational study often influences the power. For example, in a two-sample testing situation with a given total sample size n, it is optimal to have equal numbers of observations from the two populations being compared (as long as the variances in the two populations are the same). In regression analysis and analysis of variance, there are extensive theories and practical strategies for improving the power based on optimally setting the values of the independent variables in the model. Interpretation Although there are no formal standards for power (sometimes referred to as π ), most researchers assess the power of their tests using π = 0.80 as a standard for adequacy. This convention implies a four-to-one trade off between β-risk and α-risk. (β is the probability of a type II error, and α is the probability of a type I error; 0.2 and 0.05 are conventional values for β and α). However, there will be times when this 4-to-1 weighting is inappropriate. In medicine, for example, tests are often designed in such a way that no false negatives (type II errors) will be produced. But this inevitably raises the risk of obtaining a false positive (a type I error). The rationale is that it is better to tell a healthy patient "we may have found something—let's test further," than to tell a diseased patient "all is well." Power analysis is appropriate when the concern is with the correct rejection of a false null hypothesis. In many contexts, the issue is less about determining if there is or is not a difference but rather with getting a more refined estimate of the population effect size. For example, if we were expecting a population correlation between intelligence and job performance of around 0.50, a sample size of 20 will give us approximately 80% power (α = 0.05, two-tail) to reject the null hypothesis of zero correlation. However, in doing this study we are probably more interested in knowing whether the correlation is 0.30 or 0.60 or 0.50. In this context we would need a much larger sample size in order to reduce the confidence interval of our estimate to a range that is acceptable for our purposes. Techniques similar to those employed in a traditional power analysis can be used to determine the sample size required for the width of a confidence interval to be less than a given value. Many statistical analyses involve the estimation of several unknown quantities. In simple cases, all but one of these quantities are nuisance parameters. In this setting, the only relevant power pertains to the single quantity that will undergo formal statistical inference. In some settings, particularly if the goals are more "exploratory", there may be a number of quantities of interest in the analysis. For example, in a multiple regression analysis we may include several covariates of potential interest. In situations such as this where several hypotheses are under consideration, it is common that the powers associated with the different hypotheses differ. For instance, in multiple regression analysis, the power for detecting an effect of a given size is related to the variance of the covariate. Since different covariates will have different variances, their powers will differ as well. Any statistical analysis involving multiple hypotheses is subject to inflation of the type I error rate if appropriate measures are not taken. Such measures typically involve applying a higher threshold of stringency to reject a hypothesis in order to compensate for the multiple comparisons being made (e.g. as in the Bonferroni method). In this situation, the power analysis should reflect the multiple testing approach to be used. Thus, for example, a given study may be well powered to detect a certain effect size when only one test is to be made, but the same effect size may have much lower power if several tests are to be performed. It is also important to consider the statistical power of a hypothesis test when interpreting its results. A test's power is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false; a test's power is influenced by the choice of significance level for the test, the size of the effect being measured, and the amount of data available. A hypothesis test may fail to reject the null, for example, if a true difference exists between two populations being compared by a t-test but the effect is small and the sample size is too small to distinguish the effect from random chance. Many clinical trials, for instance, have low statistical power to detect differences in adverse effects of treatments, since such effects may be rare and the number of affected patients small. A priori vs. post hoc analysis Further information: Post hoc analysis Power analysis can either be done before (a priori or prospective power analysis) or after (post hoc or retrospective power analysis) data are collected. A priori power analysis is conducted prior to the research study, and is typically used in estimating sufficient sample sizes to achieve adequate power. Post-hoc analysis of "observed power" is conducted after a study has been completed, and uses the obtained sample size and effect size to determine what the power was in the study, assuming the effect size in the sample is equal to the effect size in the population. Whereas the utility of prospective power analysis in experimental design is universally accepted, post hoc power analysis is fundamentally flawed. Falling for the temptation to use the statistical analysis of the collected data to estimate the power will result in uninformative and misleading values. In particular, it has been shown that post-hoc "observed power" is a one-to-one function of the p-value attained. This has been extended to show that all post-hoc power analyses suffer from what is called the "power approach paradox" (PAP), in which a study with a null result is thought to show more evidence that the null hypothesis is actually true when the p-value is smaller, since the apparent power to detect an actual effect would be higher. In fact, a smaller p-value is properly understood to make the null hypothesis relatively less likely to be true. Application Funding agencies, ethics boards and research review panels frequently request that a researcher perform a power analysis, for example to determine the minimum number of animal test subjects needed for an experiment to be informative. In frequentist statistics, an underpowered study is unlikely to allow one to choose between hypotheses at the desired significance level. In Bayesian statistics, hypothesis testing of the type used in classical power analysis is not done. In the Bayesian framework, one updates his or her prior beliefs using the data obtained in a given study. In principle, a study that would be deemed underpowered from the perspective of hypothesis testing could still be used in such an updating process. However, power remains a useful measure of how much a given experiment size can be expected to refine one's beliefs. A study with low power is unlikely to lead to a large change in beliefs. Example The following is an example that shows how to compute power for a randomized experiment: Suppose the goal of an experiment is to study the effect of a treatment on some quantity, and compare research subjects by measuring the quantity before and after the treatment, analyzing the data using a paired t-test. Let A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} and B i {\displaystyle B_{i}} denote the pre-treatment and post-treatment measures on subject i {\displaystyle i} , respectively. The possible effect of the treatment should be visible in the differences D i = B i − A i , {\displaystyle D_{i}=B_{i}-A_{i},} which are assumed to be independently distributed, all with the same expected mean value and variance. The effect of the treatment can be analyzed using a one-sided t-test. The null hypothesis of no effect will be that the mean difference will be zero, i.e. H 0 : μ D = 0. {\displaystyle H_{0}:\mu _{D}=0.} In this case, the alternative hypothesis states a positive effect, corresponding to H 1 : μ D > 0. {\displaystyle H_{1}:\mu _{D}>0.} The test statistic is: T n = D ¯ n − 0 σ ^ D / n , {\displaystyle T_{n}={\frac {{\bar {D}}_{n}-0}{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}},} where D ¯ n = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n D i , {\displaystyle {\bar {D}}_{n}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}D_{i},} n is the sample size and σ ^ D / n {\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}} is the standard error. The test statistic under the null hypothesis follows a Student t-distribution with the additional assumption that the data is identically distributed N ( μ D , σ D 2 ) {\displaystyle N(\mu _{D},\sigma _{D}^{2})} . Furthermore, assume that the null hypothesis will be rejected at the significance level of α = 0.05 . {\displaystyle \alpha =0.05\,.} Since n is large, one can approximate the t-distribution by a normal distribution and calculate the critical value using the quantile function Φ − 1 {\displaystyle \Phi ^{-1}} , the inverse of the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. It turns out that the null hypothesis will be rejected if T n > 1.64 . {\displaystyle T_{n}>1.64\,.} Now suppose that the alternative hypothesis is true and μ D = θ {\displaystyle \mu _{D}=\theta } . Then, the power is B ( θ ) = Pr ( T n > 1.64   |   μ D = θ ) = Pr ( D ¯ n − 0 σ ^ D / n > 1.64   |   μ D = θ ) = Pr ( D ¯ n − θ + θ σ ^ D / n > 1.64   |   μ D = θ ) = Pr ( D ¯ n − θ σ ^ D / n > 1.64 − θ σ ^ D / n   |   μ D = θ ) = 1 − Pr ( D ¯ n − θ σ ^ D / n < 1.64 − θ σ ^ D / n   |   μ D = θ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B(\theta )&=\Pr \left(T_{n}>1.64~{\big |}~\mu _{D}=\theta \right)\\&=\Pr \left({\frac {{\bar {D}}_{n}-0}{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}>1.64~{\Big |}~\mu _{D}=\theta \right)\\&=\Pr \left({\frac {{\bar {D}}_{n}-\theta +\theta }{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}>1.64~{\Big |}~\mu _{D}=\theta \right)\\&=\Pr \left({\frac {{\bar {D}}_{n}-\theta }{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}>1.64-{\frac {\theta }{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}~{\Big |}~\mu _{D}=\theta \right)\\&=1-\Pr \left({\frac {{\bar {D}}_{n}-\theta }{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}<1.64-{\frac {\theta }{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}~{\Big |}~\mu _{D}=\theta \right)\\\end{aligned}}} For large n, D ¯ n − θ σ ^ D / n {\displaystyle {\frac {{\bar {D}}_{n}-\theta }{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}} approximately follows a standard normal distribution when the alternative hypothesis is true, the approximate power can be calculated as B ( θ ) ≈ 1 − Φ ( 1.64 − θ σ ^ D / n ) . {\displaystyle B(\theta )\approx 1-\Phi \left(1.64-{\frac {\theta }{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}/{\sqrt {n}}}}\right).} According to this formula, the power increases with the values of the parameter θ . {\displaystyle \theta .} For a specific value of θ {\displaystyle \theta } a higher power may be obtained by increasing the sample size n. It is not possible to guarantee a sufficient large power for all values of θ , {\displaystyle \theta ,} as θ {\displaystyle \theta } may be very close to 0. The minimum (infimum) value of the power is equal to the confidence level of the test, α , {\displaystyle \alpha ,} in this example 0.05. However, it is of no importance to distinguish between θ = 0 {\displaystyle \theta =0} and small positive values. If it is desirable to have enough power, say at least 0.90, to detect values of θ > 1 , {\displaystyle \theta >1,} the required sample size can be calculated approximately: B ( 1 ) ≈ 1 − Φ ( 1.64 − n σ ^ D ) > 0.90 , {\displaystyle B(1)\approx 1-\Phi \left(1.64-{\frac {\sqrt {n}}{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}}}\right)>0.90,} from which it follows that Φ ( 1.64 − n σ ^ D ) < 0.10 . {\displaystyle \Phi \left(1.64-{\frac {\sqrt {n}}{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}}}\right)<0.10\,.} Hence, using the quantile function n σ ^ D > 1.64 − z 0.10 = 1.64 + 1.28 ≈ 2.92 or n > 8.56 σ ^ D 2 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {n}}{{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}}}>1.64-z_{0.10}=1.64+1.28\approx 2.92\qquad {\text{or}}\qquad n>8.56{\hat {\sigma }}_{D}^{2},} where z 0.10 {\displaystyle z_{0.10}} is a standard normal quantile; refer to the Probit article for an explanation of the relationship between Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } and z-values. Extension Bayesian power In the frequentist setting, parameters are assumed to have a specific value which is unlikely to be true. This issue can be addressed by assuming the parameter has a distribution. The resulting power is sometimes referred to as Bayesian power which is commonly used in clinical trial design. Predictive probability of success Both frequentist power and Bayesian power use statistical significance as the success criterion. However, statistical significance is often not enough to define success. To address this issue, the power concept can be extended to the concept of predictive probability of success (PPOS). The success criterion for PPOS is not restricted to statistical significance and is commonly used in clinical trial designs. Software for power and sample size calculations Numerous free and/or open source programs are available for performing power and sample size calculations. These include G*Power (https://www.gpower.hhu.de/) WebPower Free online statistical power analysis (https://webpower.psychstat.org) Free and open source online calculators (https://powerandsamplesize.com) PowerUp! provides convenient excel-based functions to determine minimum detectable effect size and minimum required sample size for various experimental and quasi-experimental designs. PowerUpR is R package version of PowerUp! and additionally includes functions to determine sample size for various multilevel randomized experiments with or without budgetary constraints. R package pwr R package WebPower Python package statsmodels (https://www.statsmodels.org/) See also Mathematics portal Cohen's h – Measure of distance between two proportions Effect size – Statistical measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon Efficiency – Quality measure of a statistical method Neyman–Pearson lemma – Theorem in statistical testing Sample size – Statistical way of determining the sample size of a populationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Uniformly most powerful test – Hypothesis test References ^ "Statistical power and underpowered statistics — Statistics Done Wrong". www.statisticsdonewrong.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ Robert Lehr (1992), "SixteenS-squared overD-squared: A relation for crude sample size estimates", Statistics in Medicine (in German), vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1099–1102, doi:10.1002/sim.4780110811, ISSN 0277-6715 ^ van Belle, Gerald (2008-08-18). Statistical Rules of Thumb, Second Edition. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-37796-3. ^ Sample Size Estimation in Clinical Research From Randomized Controlled Trials to Observational Studies, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.010, Xiaofeng Wang, PhD; and Xinge Ji, MS pdf ^ Everitt, Brian S. (2002). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge University Press. p. 321. ISBN 0-521-81099-X. ^ Ellis, Paul D. (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: An Introduction to Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis and the Interpretation of Research Results. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ^ Ellis, Paul (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis, and the Interpretation of Research Results. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0521142465. ^ Tsang, R.; Colley, L.; Lynd, L.D. (2009). "Inadequate statistical power to detect clinically significant differences in adverse event rates in randomized controlled trials". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 62 (6): 609–616. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.08.005. PMID 19013761. ^ a b c Hoenig; Heisey (2001). "The Abuse of Power". The American Statistician. 55 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1198/000313001300339897. ^ Thomas, L. (1997). "Retrospective power analysis" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 11 (1): 276–280. Sources Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-8058-0283-5. Aberson, C.L. (2010). Applied Power Analysis for the Behavioral Science. ISBN 1-84872-835-2. External links StatQuest: P-value pitfalls and power calculations on YouTube vteStatistics Outline Index Descriptive statisticsContinuous dataCenter Mean Arithmetic Arithmetic-Geometric Cubic Generalized/power Geometric Harmonic Heronian Heinz Lehmer Median Mode Dispersion Average absolute deviation Coefficient of variation Interquartile range Percentile Range Standard deviation Variance Shape Central limit theorem Moments Kurtosis L-moments Skewness Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Contingency table Frequency distribution Grouped data Dependence Partial correlation Pearson product-moment correlation Rank correlation Kendall's τ Spearman's ρ Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q–Q plot Radar chart Run chart Scatter plot Stem-and-leaf display Violin plot Data collectionStudy design Effect size Missing data Optimal design Population Replication Sample size determination Statistic Statistical 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"hypothesis test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis_test"},{"link_name":"null hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"alternative hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"true positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_positive"},{"link_name":"type II error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors#Type_II_error"}],"text":"In statistics, the power of a binary hypothesis test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}}\n \n) when a specific alternative hypothesis (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}}\n \n) is true. It is commonly denoted by \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-\\beta }\n \n, and represents the chances of a true positive detection conditional on the actual existence of an effect to detect. Statistical power ranges from 0 to 1, and as the power of a test increases, the probability \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n of making a type II error by wrongly failing to reject the null hypothesis decreases.","title":"Power of a test"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This article uses the following notation:β = probability of a Type II error, known as a \"false negative\"\n1 − β = probability of a \"true positive\", i.e., correctly rejecting the null hypothesis. \"1 − β\" is also known as the power of the test.\nα = probability of a Type I error, known as a \"false positive\"\n1 − α = probability of a \"true negative\", i.e., correctly not rejecting the null hypothesis","title":"Notation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statistical_test,_significance_level,_power.png"},{"link_name":"false negative rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors#False_negative_rate"},{"link_name":"type I error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_error"},{"link_name":"binary classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_classification"},{"link_name":"statistical sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity"}],"text":"Illustration of the power and the significance level of a statistical test, given the null hypothesis (sampling distribution 1) and the alternative hypothesis (sampling distribution 2).For a type II error probability of β, the corresponding statistical power is 1 − β. For example, if experiment E has a statistical power of 0.7, and experiment F has a statistical power of 0.95, then there is a stronger probability that experiment E had a type II error than experiment F. This reduces experiment E's sensitivity to detect significant effects. However, experiment E is consequently more reliable than experiment F due to its lower probability of a type I error. It can be equivalently thought of as the probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}}\n \n) when it is true – that is, the ability of a test to detect a specific effect, if that specific effect actually exists. Thus,power\n \n =\n Pr\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n reject \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n ∣\n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n \n  is false\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{power}}=\\Pr {\\big (}{\\text{reject }}H_{0}\\mid H_{0}{\\text{ is false}}{\\big )}.}If \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}}\n \n is not an equality but rather simply the negation of \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}}\n \n (so for example with \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n :\n μ\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}:\\mu =0}\n \n for some unobserved population parameter \n \n \n \n μ\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu ,}\n \n we have simply \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n :\n μ\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}:\\mu \\neq 0}\n \n) then power cannot be calculated unless probabilities are known for all possible values of the parameter that violate the null hypothesis. Thus one generally refers to a test's power against a specific alternative hypothesis.As the power increases, there is a decreasing probability of a type II error, also called the false negative rate (β) since the power is equal to 1 − β. A similar concept is the type I error probability, also referred to as the false positive rate or the level of a test under the null hypothesis.In the context of binary classification, the power of a test is called its statistical sensitivity, its true positive rate, or its probability of detection.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sample size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size"},{"link_name":"size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"parametric test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_statistics"},{"link_name":"nonparametric test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric_test"}],"text":"A related concept is \"power analysis\". Power analysis can be used to calculate the minimum sample size required so that one can be reasonably likely to detect an effect of a given size. For example: \"How many times do I need to toss a coin to conclude it is rigged by a certain amount?\"[1] Power analysis can also be used to calculate the minimum effect size that is likely to be detected in a study using a given sample size. In addition, the concept of power is used to make comparisons between different statistical testing procedures: for example, between a parametric test and a nonparametric test of the same hypothesis.","title":"Power analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rule of thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb"},{"link_name":"two-sample t-test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-sample_t-test"},{"link_name":"significance level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_level"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"z-Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Score"}],"sub_title":"Rule of thumb","text":"Lehr's[2][3] (rough) rule of thumb says that the sample size \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n (each group) for a two-sided two-sample t-test with power 80% (\n \n \n \n β\n =\n 0.2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta =0.2}\n \n) and significance level \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 0.05\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =0.05}\n \n should be:n\n ≈\n 16\n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\approx 16{\\frac {s^{2}}{d^{2}}},}s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s^{2}}d\n =\n \n μ\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n μ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d=\\mu _{1}-\\mu _{2}}one sample t-testd\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}In a more general sense, one obtains:[4] \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n z\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n )\n +\n z\n (\n 1\n −\n β\n )\n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n δ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=2\\left(z(1-\\alpha )+z(1-\\beta )\\right)^{2}{\\frac {s^{2}}{\\delta ^{2}}}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n z\n (\n α\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z(\\alpha )}\n \n being the z-Score for the significance level \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n. E.g., \n \n \n \n z\n (\n 1\n −\n α\n )\n =\n z\n (\n 0.95\n )\n =\n 1.96\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z(1-\\alpha )=z(0.95)=1.96}\n \n and \n \n \n \n z\n (\n 1\n −\n β\n )\n =\n z\n (\n 0.8\n )\n =\n 0.84\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z(1-\\beta )=z(0.8)=0.84}\n \n, thus as above \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 15.6\n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n δ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=15.6{\\frac {s^{2}}{\\delta ^{2}}}.}","title":"Power analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statistical tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_test"},{"link_name":"samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"inferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference"},{"link_name":"statistical population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population"},{"link_name":"mean values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_values"},{"link_name":"mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean"},{"link_name":"scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"z-test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-test"}],"text":"Statistical tests use data from samples to assess, or make inferences about, a statistical population. In the concrete setting of a two-sample comparison, the goal is to assess whether the mean values of some attribute obtained for individuals in two sub-populations differ. For example, to test the null hypothesis that the mean scores of men and women on a test do not differ, samples of men and women are drawn, the test is administered to them, and the mean score of one group is compared to that of the other group using a statistical test such as the two-sample z-test. The power of the test is the probability that the test will find a statistically significant difference between men and women, as a function of the size of the true difference between those two populations.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistical significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance"},{"link_name":"sample size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size"},{"link_name":"type II error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors"},{"link_name":"type I error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors"},{"link_name":"effect size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sample_Sizes_Effect_on_Power.png"},{"link_name":"sampling error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_error"},{"link_name":"efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everitt2002-5"},{"link_name":"psychometric reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(psychometric)"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments"},{"link_name":"analysis of variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance"}],"text":"Statistical power may depend on a number of factors. Some factors may be particular to a specific testing situation, but at a minimum, power nearly always depends on the following three factors:the statistical significance criterion used in the test\nthe magnitude of the effect of interest in the population\nthe sample size used to detect the effectA significance criterion is a statement of how unlikely a positive result must be, if the null hypothesis of no effect is true, for the null hypothesis to be rejected. The most commonly used criteria are probabilities of 0.05 (5%, 1 in 20), 0.01 (1%, 1 in 100), and 0.001 (0.1%, 1 in 1000). If the criterion is 0.05, the probability of the data implying an effect at least as large as the observed effect when the null hypothesis is true must be less than 0.05, for the null hypothesis of no effect to be rejected. One easy way to increase the power of a test is to carry out a less conservative test by using a larger significance criterion, for example 0.10 instead of 0.05. This increases the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis (obtaining a statistically significant result) when the null hypothesis is false; that is, it reduces the risk of a type II error (false negative regarding whether an effect exists). But it also increases the risk of obtaining a statistically significant result (rejecting the null hypothesis) when the null hypothesis is not false; that is, it increases the risk of a type I error (false positive).The magnitude of the effect of interest in the population can be quantified in terms of an effect size, where there is greater power to detect larger effects. An effect size can be a direct value of the quantity of interest, or it can be a standardized measure that also accounts for the variability in the population. For example, in an analysis comparing outcomes in a treated and control population, the difference of outcome means \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Y\n ¯\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n X\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Y}}-{\\bar {X}}}\n \n would be a direct estimate of the effect size, whereas \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n Y\n ¯\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n X\n ¯\n \n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\bar {Y}}-{\\bar {X}})/\\sigma }\n \n would be an estimated standardized effect size, where \n \n \n \n σ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma }\n \n is the common standard deviation of the outcomes in the treated and control groups. If constructed appropriately, a standardized effect size, along with the sample size, will completely determine the power. An unstandardized (direct) effect size is rarely sufficient to determine the power, as it does not contain information about the variability in the measurements.An example of how sample size affects power levelsThe sample size determines the amount of sampling error inherent in a test result. Other things being equal, effects are harder to detect in smaller samples. Increasing sample size is often the easiest way to boost the statistical power of a test. How increased sample size translates to higher power is a measure of the efficiency of the test – for example, the sample size required for a given power.[5]The precision with which the data are measured also influences statistical power. Consequently, power can often be improved by reducing the measurement error in the data. A related concept is to improve the \"reliability\" of the measure being assessed (as in psychometric reliability).The design of an experiment or observational study often influences the power. For example, in a two-sample testing situation with a given total sample size n, it is optimal to have equal numbers of observations from the two populations being compared (as long as the variances in the two populations are the same). In regression analysis and analysis of variance, there are extensive theories and practical strategies for improving the power based on optimally setting the values of the independent variables in the model.","title":"Factors influencing power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"estimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_theory"},{"link_name":"correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_product-moment_correlation_coefficient"},{"link_name":"nuisance parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance_parameter"},{"link_name":"regression analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"link_name":"multiple hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons"},{"link_name":"Bonferroni method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni_method"},{"link_name":"t-test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"adverse effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Although there are no formal standards for power (sometimes referred to as π [citation needed]), most researchers assess the power of their tests using π = 0.80 as a standard for adequacy. This convention implies a four-to-one trade off between β-risk and α-risk. (β is the probability of a type II error, and α is the probability of a type I error; 0.2 and 0.05 are conventional values for β and α). However, there will be times when this 4-to-1 weighting is inappropriate. In medicine, for example, tests are often designed in such a way that no false negatives (type II errors) will be produced. But this inevitably raises the risk of obtaining a false positive (a type I error). The rationale is that it is better to tell a healthy patient \"we may have found something—let's test further,\" than to tell a diseased patient \"all is well.\"[6]Power analysis is appropriate when the concern is with the correct rejection of a false null hypothesis. In many contexts, the issue is less about determining if there is or is not a difference but rather with getting a more refined estimate of the population effect size. For example, if we were expecting a population correlation between intelligence and job performance of around 0.50, a sample size of 20 will give us approximately 80% power (α = 0.05, two-tail) to reject the null hypothesis of zero correlation. However, in doing this study we are probably more interested in knowing whether the correlation is 0.30 or 0.60 or 0.50. In this context we would need a much larger sample size in order to reduce the confidence interval of our estimate to a range that is acceptable for our purposes. Techniques similar to those employed in a traditional power analysis can be used to determine the sample size required for the width of a confidence interval to be less than a given value.Many statistical analyses involve the estimation of several unknown quantities. In simple cases, all but one of these quantities are nuisance parameters. In this setting, the only relevant power pertains to the single quantity that will undergo formal statistical inference. In some settings, particularly if the goals are more \"exploratory\", there may be a number of quantities of interest in the analysis. For example, in a multiple regression analysis we may include several covariates of potential interest. In situations such as this where several hypotheses are under consideration, it is common that the powers associated with the different hypotheses differ. For instance, in multiple regression analysis, the power for detecting an effect of a given size is related to the variance of the covariate. Since different covariates will have different variances, their powers will differ as well.Any statistical analysis involving multiple hypotheses is subject to inflation of the type I error rate if appropriate measures are not taken. Such measures typically involve applying a higher threshold of stringency to reject a hypothesis in order to compensate for the multiple comparisons being made (e.g. as in the Bonferroni method). In this situation, the power analysis should reflect the multiple testing approach to be used. Thus, for example, a given study may be well powered to detect a certain effect size when only one test is to be made, but the same effect size may have much lower power if several tests are to be performed.It is also important to consider the statistical power of a hypothesis test when interpreting its results. A test's power is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false; a test's power is influenced by the choice of significance level for the test, the size of the effect being measured, and the amount of data available. A hypothesis test may fail to reject the null, for example, if a true difference exists between two populations being compared by a t-test but the effect is small and the sample size is too small to distinguish the effect from random chance.[7] Many clinical trials, for instance, have low statistical power to detect differences in adverse effects of treatments, since such effects may be rare and the number of affected patients small.[8]","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post hoc analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_analysis"},{"link_name":"estimating sufficient sample sizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimating_sample_sizes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"p-value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH1-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: Post hoc analysisPower analysis can either be done before (a priori or prospective power analysis) or after (post hoc or retrospective power analysis) data are collected. A priori power analysis is conducted prior to the research study, and is typically used in estimating sufficient sample sizes to achieve adequate power. Post-hoc analysis of \"observed power\" is conducted after a study has been completed, and uses the obtained sample size and effect size to determine what the power was in the study, assuming the effect size in the sample is equal to the effect size in the population. Whereas the utility of prospective power analysis in experimental design is universally accepted, post hoc power analysis is fundamentally flawed.[9][10] Falling for the temptation to use the statistical analysis of the collected data to estimate the power will result in uninformative and misleading values. In particular, it has been shown that post-hoc \"observed power\" is a one-to-one function of the p-value attained.[9] This has been extended to show that all post-hoc power analyses suffer from what is called the \"power approach paradox\" (PAP), in which a study with a null result is thought to show more evidence that the null hypothesis is actually true when the p-value is smaller, since the apparent power to detect an actual effect would be higher.[9] In fact, a smaller p-value is properly understood to make the null hypothesis relatively less likely to be true.[citation needed]","title":"A priori vs. post hoc analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequentist statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist_statistics"},{"link_name":"Bayesian statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics"}],"text":"Funding agencies, ethics boards and research review panels frequently request that a researcher perform a power analysis, for example to determine the minimum number of animal test subjects needed for an experiment to be informative. In frequentist statistics, an underpowered study is unlikely to allow one to choose between hypotheses at the desired significance level. In Bayesian statistics, hypothesis testing of the type used in classical power analysis is not done. In the Bayesian framework, one updates his or her prior beliefs using the data obtained in a given study. In principle, a study that would be deemed underpowered from the perspective of hypothesis testing could still be used in such an updating process. However, power remains a useful measure of how much a given experiment size can be expected to refine one's beliefs. A study with low power is unlikely to lead to a large change in beliefs.","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"t-test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-test"},{"link_name":"test statistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_statistic"},{"link_name":"Student t-distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_t-distribution"},{"link_name":"significance level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_level"},{"link_name":"critical value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_value_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"quantile function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_function"},{"link_name":"cumulative distribution function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function"},{"link_name":"normal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution"},{"link_name":"infimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infimum"},{"link_name":"Probit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit"}],"text":"The following is an example that shows how to compute power for a randomized experiment: Suppose the goal of an experiment is to study the effect of a treatment on some quantity, and compare research subjects by measuring the quantity before and after the treatment, analyzing the data using a paired t-test. Let \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{i}}\n \n denote the pre-treatment and post-treatment measures on subject \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n, respectively. The possible effect of the treatment should be visible in the differences \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n B\n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D_{i}=B_{i}-A_{i},}\n \n which are assumed to be independently distributed, all with the same expected mean value and variance.The effect of the treatment can be analyzed using a one-sided t-test. The null hypothesis of no effect will be that the mean difference will be zero, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n :\n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}:\\mu _{D}=0.}\n \n In this case, the alternative hypothesis states a positive effect, corresponding to \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 1\n \n \n :\n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n >\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{1}:\\mu _{D}>0.}\n \n The test statistic is:T\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n −\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{n}={\\frac {{\\bar {D}}_{n}-0}{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}},}whereD\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n D\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {D}}_{n}={\\frac {1}{n}}\\sum _{i=1}^{n}D_{i},}n is the sample size and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}\n \n is the standard error. The test statistic under the null hypothesis follows a Student t-distribution with the additional assumption that the data is identically distributed \n \n \n \n N\n (\n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n ,\n \n σ\n \n D\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N(\\mu _{D},\\sigma _{D}^{2})}\n \n. Furthermore, assume that the null hypothesis will be rejected at the significance level of \n \n \n \n α\n =\n 0.05\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =0.05\\,.}\n \n Since n is large, one can approximate the t-distribution by a normal distribution and calculate the critical value using the quantile function \n \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi ^{-1}}\n \n, the inverse of the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. It turns out that the null hypothesis will be rejected ifT\n \n n\n \n \n >\n 1.64\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{n}>1.64\\,.}Now suppose that the alternative hypothesis is true and \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{D}=\\theta }\n \n. Then, the power isB\n (\n θ\n )\n \n \n \n =\n Pr\n \n (\n \n \n T\n \n n\n \n \n >\n 1.64\n  \n \n \n |\n \n \n  \n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n θ\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n Pr\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n −\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n >\n 1.64\n  \n \n \n |\n \n \n  \n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n θ\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n Pr\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n −\n θ\n +\n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n >\n 1.64\n  \n \n \n |\n \n \n  \n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n θ\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n Pr\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n −\n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n >\n 1.64\n −\n \n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n |\n \n \n  \n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n θ\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n −\n Pr\n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n −\n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n <\n 1.64\n −\n \n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n  \n \n \n |\n \n \n  \n \n μ\n \n D\n \n \n =\n θ\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}B(\\theta )&=\\Pr \\left(T_{n}>1.64~{\\big |}~\\mu _{D}=\\theta \\right)\\\\&=\\Pr \\left({\\frac {{\\bar {D}}_{n}-0}{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}>1.64~{\\Big |}~\\mu _{D}=\\theta \\right)\\\\&=\\Pr \\left({\\frac {{\\bar {D}}_{n}-\\theta +\\theta }{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}>1.64~{\\Big |}~\\mu _{D}=\\theta \\right)\\\\&=\\Pr \\left({\\frac {{\\bar {D}}_{n}-\\theta }{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}>1.64-{\\frac {\\theta }{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}~{\\Big |}~\\mu _{D}=\\theta \\right)\\\\&=1-\\Pr \\left({\\frac {{\\bar {D}}_{n}-\\theta }{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}<1.64-{\\frac {\\theta }{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}~{\\Big |}~\\mu _{D}=\\theta \\right)\\\\\\end{aligned}}}For large n, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n −\n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {{\\bar {D}}_{n}-\\theta }{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}}\n \n approximately follows a standard normal distribution when the alternative hypothesis is true, the approximate power can be calculated asB\n (\n θ\n )\n ≈\n 1\n −\n Φ\n \n (\n \n 1.64\n −\n \n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(\\theta )\\approx 1-\\Phi \\left(1.64-{\\frac {\\theta }{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}/{\\sqrt {n}}}}\\right).}According to this formula, the power increases with the values of the parameter \n \n \n \n θ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta .}\n \n For a specific value of \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n a higher power may be obtained by increasing the sample size n.It is not possible to guarantee a sufficient large power for all values of \n \n \n \n θ\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta ,}\n \n as \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n may be very close to 0. The minimum (infimum) value of the power is equal to the confidence level of the test, \n \n \n \n α\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha ,}\n \n in this example 0.05. However, it is of no importance to distinguish between \n \n \n \n θ\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta =0}\n \n and small positive values. If it is desirable to have enough power, say at least 0.90, to detect values of \n \n \n \n θ\n >\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta >1,}\n \n the required sample size can be calculated approximately:B\n (\n 1\n )\n ≈\n 1\n −\n Φ\n \n (\n \n 1.64\n −\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n >\n 0.90\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B(1)\\approx 1-\\Phi \\left(1.64-{\\frac {\\sqrt {n}}{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}}}\\right)>0.90,}from which it follows thatΦ\n \n (\n \n 1.64\n −\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n <\n 0.10\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi \\left(1.64-{\\frac {\\sqrt {n}}{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}}}\\right)<0.10\\,.}Hence, using the quantile functionn\n \n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n \n >\n 1.64\n −\n \n z\n \n 0.10\n \n \n =\n 1.64\n +\n 1.28\n ≈\n 2.92\n \n \n or\n \n \n n\n >\n 8.56\n \n \n \n \n σ\n ^\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\sqrt {n}}{{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}}}>1.64-z_{0.10}=1.64+1.28\\approx 2.92\\qquad {\\text{or}}\\qquad n>8.56{\\hat {\\sigma }}_{D}^{2},}where \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n 0.10\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{0.10}}\n \n is a standard normal quantile; refer to the Probit article for an explanation of the relationship between \n \n \n \n Φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi }\n \n and z-values.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequentist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist"},{"link_name":"clinical trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"}],"sub_title":"Bayesian power","text":"In the frequentist setting, parameters are assumed to have a specific value which is unlikely to be true. This issue can be addressed by assuming the parameter has a distribution. The resulting power is sometimes referred to as Bayesian power which is commonly used in clinical trial design.","title":"Extension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frequentist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist"},{"link_name":"predictive probability of success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_probability_of_success"},{"link_name":"clinical trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"}],"sub_title":"Predictive probability of success","text":"Both frequentist power and Bayesian power use statistical significance as the success criterion. However, statistical significance is often not enough to define success. To address this issue, the power concept can be extended to the concept of predictive probability of success (PPOS). The success criterion for PPOS is not restricted to statistical significance and is commonly used in clinical trial designs.","title":"Extension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G*Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G*Power"},{"link_name":"https://www.gpower.hhu.de/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gpower.hhu.de/"},{"link_name":"https://webpower.psychstat.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webpower.psychstat.org"},{"link_name":"https://powerandsamplesize.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//powerandsamplesize.com"},{"link_name":"https://www.statsmodels.org/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.statsmodels.org/"}],"text":"Numerous free and/or open source programs are available for performing power and sample size calculations. These includeG*Power (https://www.gpower.hhu.de/)\nWebPower Free online statistical power analysis (https://webpower.psychstat.org)\nFree and open source online calculators (https://powerandsamplesize.com)\nPowerUp! provides convenient excel-based functions to determine minimum detectable effect size and minimum required sample size for various experimental and quasi-experimental designs.\nPowerUpR is R package version of PowerUp! and additionally includes functions to determine sample size for various multilevel randomized experiments with or without budgetary constraints.\nR package pwr\nR package WebPower\nPython package statsmodels (https://www.statsmodels.org/)","title":"Software for power and sample size calculations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cohen, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Cohen_(statistician)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8058-0283-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-0283-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84872-835-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84872-835-2"}],"text":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-8058-0283-5.\nAberson, C.L. (2010). Applied Power Analysis for the Behavioral Science. ISBN 1-84872-835-2.","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"Illustration of the power and the significance level of a statistical test, given the null hypothesis (sampling distribution 1) and the alternative hypothesis (sampling distribution 2).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Statistical_test%2C_significance_level%2C_power.png/220px-Statistical_test%2C_significance_level%2C_power.png"},{"image_text":"An example of how sample size affects power levels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sample_Sizes_Effect_on_Power.png/220px-Sample_Sizes_Effect_on_Power.png"}]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Cohen's h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen%27s_h"},{"title":"Effect size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size"},{"title":"Efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_(statistics)"},{"title":"Neyman–Pearson lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyman%E2%80%93Pearson_lemma"},{"title":"Sample size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size"},{"title":"Uniformly most powerful test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformly_most_powerful_test"}]

[{"reference":"\"Statistical power and underpowered statistics — Statistics Done Wrong\". www.statisticsdonewrong.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/power.html","url_text":"\"Statistical power and underpowered statistics — Statistics Done Wrong\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Lehr (1992), \"SixteenS-squared overD-squared: A relation for crude sample size estimates\", Statistics in Medicine (in German), vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1099–1102, doi:10.1002/sim.4780110811, ISSN 0277-6715","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsim.4780110811","url_text":"10.1002/sim.4780110811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0277-6715","url_text":"0277-6715"}]},{"reference":"van Belle, Gerald (2008-08-18). Statistical Rules of Thumb, Second Edition. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-37796-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470377963","url_text":"Statistical Rules of Thumb, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-37796-3","url_text":"978-0-470-37796-3"}]},{"reference":"Everitt, Brian S. (2002). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge University Press. p. 321. ISBN 0-521-81099-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81099-X","url_text":"0-521-81099-X"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Paul D. (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: An Introduction to Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis and the Interpretation of Research Results. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ellis, Paul (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis, and the Interpretation of Research Results. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0521142465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521142465","url_text":"978-0521142465"}]},{"reference":"Tsang, R.; Colley, L.; Lynd, L.D. (2009). \"Inadequate statistical power to detect clinically significant differences in adverse event rates in randomized controlled trials\". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 62 (6): 609–616. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.08.005. PMID 19013761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclinepi.2008.08.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.08.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19013761","url_text":"19013761"}]},{"reference":"Hoenig; Heisey (2001). \"The Abuse of Power\". The American Statistician. 55 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1198/000313001300339897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Statistician","url_text":"The American Statistician"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1198%2F000313001300339897","url_text":"10.1198/000313001300339897"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, L. (1997). \"Retrospective power analysis\" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 11 (1): 276–280.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/00000417/01/ThomasCB1997.pdf","url_text":"\"Retrospective power analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Biology_(journal)","url_text":"Conservation Biology"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-8058-0283-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Cohen_(statistician)","url_text":"Cohen, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-0283-5","url_text":"0-8058-0283-5"}]},{"reference":"Aberson, C.L. (2010). Applied Power Analysis for the Behavioral Science. ISBN 1-84872-835-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84872-835-2","url_text":"1-84872-835-2"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell

Almquist shell

["1 History","2 Dash","2.1 Adoption in Debian and Ubuntu","2.2 Embedded Linux","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Lightweight Unix shell Almquist shellDeveloper(s)Kenneth AlmquistInitial releaseMay 30, 1989; 35 years ago (1989-05-30)Written inCOperating systemUnix-likePlatformCross-platformTypeUnix shellWebsitewww.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/ash/  Almquist shell (also known as A Shell, ash and sh) is a lightweight Unix shell originally written by Kenneth Almquist in the late 1980s. Initially a clone of the System V.4 variant of the Bourne shell, it replaced the original Bourne shell in the BSD versions of Unix released in the early 1990s. History ash was first released via a posting to the comp.sources.unix Usenet news group, approved and moderated by Rich Salz on 30 May 1989. It was described as "a reimplementation of the System V shell most features of that shell, plus some additions". Fast, small, and virtually compatible with the POSIX standard's specification of the Unix shell, ash did not provide line editing or command history mechanisms, because Almquist felt that such functionality should be moved into the terminal driver. However, current variants support it. The following is extracted from the ash package information from Slackware v14: ash (Kenneth Almquist's ash shell)A lightweight (92K) Bourne compatible shell. Great for machines with low memory, but does not provide all the extras of shells like bash, tcsh, and zsh. Runs most shell scripts compatible with the Bourne shell. Note that under Linux, most scripts seem to use at least some bash-specific syntax. The Slackware setup scripts are a notable exception, since ash is the shell used on the install disks. NetBSD uses ash as its /bin/sh. Myriad forks have been produced from the original ash release. These derivatives of ash are installed as the default shell (/bin/sh) on FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, MINIX, and in some Linux distributions. MINIX 3.2 used the original ash version, whose test feature differed from POSIX. That version of the shell was replaced in MINIX 3.3. Android used ash until Android 4.0, at which point it switched to mksh. Dash Debian Almquist shell (DASH)Developer(s)Herbert XuInitial releaseJuly 15, 1997; 26 years ago (1997-07-15)Written inCOperating systemLinux, AndroidTypeUnix shellLicense3-clause BSD license with mksignames under GNU GPLWebsitegondor.apana.org.au/~herbert/dash/ In 1997 Herbert Xu ported ash from NetBSD to Debian Linux. In September 2002, with release 0.4.1, this port was renamed to Dash (Debian Almquist shell). Xu's main priorities are POSIX conformance and slim implementation. Like its predecessor, Dash implements support for neither internationalization and localization nor multi-byte character encoding (both required in POSIX). Line editing and history support based on GNU Readline is optional (--with-libedit). Adoption in Debian and Ubuntu Because of its slimness, Ubuntu decided to adopt Dash as the default /bin/sh in 2006. The reason for using Dash is faster shell script execution, especially during startup of the operating system, compared to previous versions of Debian and Ubuntu that used Bash for this purpose, although Bash is still the default login shell for interactive use. Dash became the default /bin/sh in Ubuntu starting with the 6.10 release in October 2006. Dash replaced Bash and became the default /bin/sh in Debian 6 (Squeeze). A result of the shift is that many shell scripts were found making use of Bash-specific functionalities ("bashisms") without properly declaring it in the shebang line. The problem was first spotted in Ubuntu and the Ubuntu maintainers decided to make all the scripts comply with the POSIX standard. The changes were later upstreamed to Debian, which soon adopted Dash as its default /bin/sh too. As a result, all /bin/sh scripts in Debian and Ubuntu are guaranteed to be POSIX-compliant, save for the extensions merged into Dash for convenience (local, echo -n, test -a / -o). A similar transition has happened in Slackware Linux, although their version of ash is only partially based on Dash. Embedded Linux Ash (mainly the Dash fork) is also fairly popular in embedded Linux systems. Dash version 0.3.8-5 was incorporated into BusyBox, the catch-all executable often employed in this area, and is used in distributions like DSLinux, Alpine Linux, Tiny Core Linux and Linux-based router firmware such as OpenWrt, Tomato and DD-WRT. See also Comparison of command shells References ^ Almquist, Kenneth (May 30, 1989). Rich Salz (ed.). "v19i001: A reimplementation of the System V shell, Part01/08". Usenet newsgroup, comp.sources.unix. ^ a b c Mascheck, Sven. "Ash (Almquist Shell) Variants". www.in-ulm.de. ^ Thomas E. Dickey (2015). "TEST versus Portability". Retrieved March 1, 2020. ^ Elliott Hughes (2018-06-20). "Android's shell and utilities". Retrieved 2020-02-29. ^ Xu, Herbert. "COPYING". The Linux Kernel Archives. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ a b "Non-interactive Shell". Debian Wiki. 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-02-29. ^ a b "Dash as /bin/sh". Ubuntu Wiki. 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2020-02-29. ^ Neal Krawetz (2011). Ubuntu: Powerful Hacks and Customizations. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178. ISBN 9781118080382. ^ Christopher Negus; Francois Caen (2011). Ubuntu Linux Toolbox. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 9781118079140. ^ Egil Hasting (2006-09-20). "Script that are using bash could be broken with the new symlink". Launchpad. Retrieved 2020-02-29. ^ comotion (2007-09-21). "dash as #!/bin/sh introduces countless incompatibilities". Launchpad. Retrieved 2020-02-29. ^ "10. Files". Debian Policy Manual v4.5.0.2. ^ checkbashisms(1) – Linux General Commands Manual External links Official website dash(1) – Linux User Manual – User Commands dash(1) – Debian General Commands Manual dash(1) – FreeBSD General Commands Manual sh(1) – NetBSD General Commands Manual vteUnix shells Almquist Bash Bourne csh fish Hamilton Korn PowerShell PWB Qshell rc sash tcsh Thompson Wish Zsh Comparison of command shells

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unix shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Almquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Almquist&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"System V.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVR4"},{"link_name":"Bourne shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell"},{"link_name":"BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution"}],"text":"Almquist shell (also known as A Shell, ash and sh) is a lightweight Unix shell originally written by Kenneth Almquist in the late 1980s. Initially a clone of the System V.4 variant of the Bourne shell, it replaced the original Bourne shell in the BSD versions of Unix released in the early 1990s.","title":"Almquist shell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp.*_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"Rich Salz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Salz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"link_name":"line editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_editor"},{"link_name":"command history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_history"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver"},{"link_name":"Slackware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware"},{"link_name":"bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)"},{"link_name":"tcsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh"},{"link_name":"zsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsh"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"NetBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vars-2"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"NetBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD"},{"link_name":"DragonFly BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSD"},{"link_name":"MINIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX"},{"link_name":"Linux distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution"},{"link_name":"test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Android 4.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"mksh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KornShell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"ash was first released via a posting to the comp.sources.unix Usenet news group, approved and moderated by Rich Salz on 30 May 1989. It was described as \"a reimplementation of the System V shell [with] most features of that shell, plus some additions\".[1]Fast, small, and virtually compatible[citation needed] with the POSIX standard's specification of the Unix shell, ash did not provide line editing or command history mechanisms, because Almquist felt that such functionality should be moved into the terminal driver. However, current variants support it.The following is extracted from the ash package information from Slackware v14:ash (Kenneth Almquist's ash shell)A lightweight (92K) Bourne compatible shell. Great for machines with low memory, but does not provide all the extras of shells like bash, tcsh, and zsh. Runs most shell scripts compatible with the Bourne shell. Note that under Linux, most scripts seem to use at least some bash-specific syntax. The Slackware setup scripts are a notable exception, since ash is the shell used on the install disks. NetBSD uses ash as its /bin/sh.Myriad forks have been produced from the original ash release.[2] These derivatives of ash are installed as the default shell (/bin/sh) on FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, MINIX, and in some Linux distributions. MINIX 3.2 used the original ash version, whose test feature differed from POSIX.[3] That version of the shell was replaced in MINIX 3.3. Android used ash until Android 4.0, at which point it switched to mksh.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debian Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vars-2"},{"link_name":"internationalization and localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization"},{"link_name":"multi-byte character encoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-width_encoding"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"GNU Readline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Readline"}],"text":"In 1997 Herbert Xu ported ash from NetBSD to Debian Linux. In September 2002, with release 0.4.1, this port was renamed to Dash (Debian Almquist shell). Xu's main priorities are POSIX conformance and slim implementation.[2]Like its predecessor, Dash implements support for neither internationalization and localization nor multi-byte character encoding (both required in POSIX).[citation needed] Line editing and history support based on GNU Readline is optional (--with-libedit).","title":"Dash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubuntu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debian-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ubuntu-7"},{"link_name":"shell script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ubuntu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ubuntu-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debian-6"},{"link_name":"shell scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script"},{"link_name":"Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)"},{"link_name":"shebang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deb-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vars-2"}],"sub_title":"Adoption in Debian and Ubuntu","text":"Because of its slimness, Ubuntu decided to adopt Dash as the default /bin/sh[6][7] in 2006. The reason for using Dash is faster shell script execution,[8] especially during startup of the operating system, compared to previous versions of Debian and Ubuntu that used Bash for this purpose, although Bash is still the default login shell for interactive use.[9] Dash became the default /bin/sh in Ubuntu starting with the 6.10 release in October 2006.[7] Dash replaced Bash and became the default /bin/sh in Debian 6 (Squeeze).[6]A result of the shift is that many shell scripts were found making use of Bash-specific functionalities (\"bashisms\") without properly declaring it in the shebang line.[10][11] The problem was first spotted in Ubuntu and the Ubuntu maintainers decided to make all the scripts comply with the POSIX standard. The changes were later upstreamed to Debian, which soon adopted Dash as its default /bin/sh too. As a result, all /bin/sh scripts in Debian and Ubuntu are guaranteed to be POSIX-compliant, save for the extensions merged into Dash for convenience (local, echo -n, test -a / -o).[12][13] A similar transition has happened in Slackware Linux, although their version of ash is only partially based on Dash.[2]","title":"Dash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"embedded Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Linux"},{"link_name":"BusyBox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox"},{"link_name":"Alpine Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux"},{"link_name":"Tiny Core Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Core_Linux"},{"link_name":"router","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"OpenWrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWrt"},{"link_name":"Tomato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_(firmware)"},{"link_name":"DD-WRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD-WRT"}],"sub_title":"Embedded Linux","text":"Ash (mainly the Dash fork) is also fairly popular in embedded Linux systems. Dash version 0.3.8-5 was incorporated into BusyBox, the catch-all executable often employed in this area, and is used in distributions like DSLinux, Alpine Linux, Tiny Core Linux and Linux-based router firmware such as OpenWrt, Tomato and DD-WRT.","title":"Dash"}]

[]

[{"title":"Comparison of command shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_command_shells"}]

[{"reference":"Almquist, Kenneth (May 30, 1989). Rich Salz (ed.). \"v19i001: A reimplementation of the System V shell, Part01/08\". Usenet newsgroup, comp.sources.unix.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Salz","url_text":"Rich Salz"},{"url":"https://groups.google.com/d/topic/comp.sources.unix/A6cnyKX-Gq4/discussion","url_text":"\"v19i001: A reimplementation of the System V shell, Part01/08\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet","url_text":"Usenet"}]},{"reference":"Mascheck, Sven. \"Ash (Almquist Shell) Variants\". www.in-ulm.de.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/ash/","url_text":"\"Ash (Almquist Shell) Variants\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas E. Dickey (2015). \"TEST versus Portability\". Retrieved March 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://invisible-island.net/autoconf/portability-test.html","url_text":"\"TEST versus Portability\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott Hughes (2018-06-20). \"Android's shell and utilities\". Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/shell_and_utilities/README.md","url_text":"\"Android's shell and utilities\""}]},{"reference":"Xu, Herbert. \"COPYING\". The Linux Kernel Archives. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dash/dash.git/tree/COPYING?h=v0.5.12","url_text":"\"COPYING\""}]},{"reference":"\"Non-interactive Shell\". Debian Wiki. 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.debian.org/Shell","url_text":"\"Non-interactive Shell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian","url_text":"Debian"}]},{"reference":"\"Dash as /bin/sh\". Ubuntu Wiki. 2017-12-16. Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DashAsBinSh","url_text":"\"Dash as /bin/sh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)","url_text":"Ubuntu"}]},{"reference":"Neal Krawetz (2011). Ubuntu: Powerful Hacks and Customizations. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178. ISBN 9781118080382.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zclqESvu8C&pg=PT178","url_text":"Ubuntu: Powerful Hacks and Customizations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118080382","url_text":"9781118080382"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Negus; Francois Caen (2011). Ubuntu Linux Toolbox. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 9781118079140.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L_IXUtw_w-AC&pg=PA49","url_text":"Ubuntu Linux Toolbox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118079140","url_text":"9781118079140"}]},{"reference":"Egil Hasting (2006-09-20). \"Script that are using bash could be broken with the new symlink\". Launchpad. Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/dash/+bug/61463","url_text":"\"Script that are using bash could be broken with the new symlink\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launchpad_(website)","url_text":"Launchpad"}]},{"reference":"comotion (2007-09-21). \"dash as #!/bin/sh introduces countless incompatibilities\". Launchpad. Retrieved 2020-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/dash/+bug/141481","url_text":"\"dash as #!/bin/sh introduces countless incompatibilities\""}]},{"reference":"\"10. Files\". Debian Policy Manual v4.5.0.2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-files.html#scripts","url_text":"\"10. Files\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/ash/","external_links_name":"www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/ash/"},{"Link":"http://gondor.apana.org.au/~herbert/dash/","external_links_name":"gondor.apana.org.au/~herbert/dash/"},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/d/topic/comp.sources.unix/A6cnyKX-Gq4/discussion","external_links_name":"\"v19i001: A reimplementation of the System V shell, Part01/08\""},{"Link":"https://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/ash/","external_links_name":"\"Ash (Almquist Shell) Variants\""},{"Link":"https://invisible-island.net/autoconf/portability-test.html","external_links_name":"\"TEST versus Portability\""},{"Link":"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/shell_and_utilities/README.md","external_links_name":"\"Android's shell and utilities\""},{"Link":"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dash/dash.git/tree/COPYING?h=v0.5.12","external_links_name":"\"COPYING\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.debian.org/Shell","external_links_name":"\"Non-interactive Shell\""},{"Link":"https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DashAsBinSh","external_links_name":"\"Dash as /bin/sh\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h_zclqESvu8C&pg=PT178","external_links_name":"Ubuntu: Powerful Hacks and Customizations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L_IXUtw_w-AC&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"Ubuntu Linux Toolbox"},{"Link":"https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/dash/+bug/61463","external_links_name":"\"Script that are using bash could be broken with the new symlink\""},{"Link":"https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/dash/+bug/141481","external_links_name":"\"dash as #!/bin/sh introduces countless incompatibilities\""},{"Link":"https://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-files.html#scripts","external_links_name":"\"10. Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.mankier.com/1/checkbashisms","external_links_name":"checkbashisms(1)"},{"Link":"https://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/ash/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://manned.org/dash.1","external_links_name":"dash(1)"},{"Link":"https://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=dash&sektion=1","external_links_name":"dash(1)"},{"Link":"https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dash&sektion=1","external_links_name":"dash(1)"},{"Link":"https://man.netbsd.org/sh.1","external_links_name":"sh(1)"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Geophysical_Society

German Geophysical Society

["1 External links","2 Sources"]

German Geophysical SocietyDeutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG)FormationOctober 19, 1922; 101 years ago (1922-10-19)Founded atLeipzigTypeNonprofit, Registered associationHeadquartersHamburgLeaderBodo LehmannWebsitedgg-online.de The German Geophysical Society (German: Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft, DGG) is a german scientific association with the aim of promoting geophysics in research, teaching and application. It was founded in Leipzig in 1922 on the initiative of seismology professor Emil Wiechert, initially under the name German Seismological Society. It was renamed to its current name at the annual conference in 1924. In addition to promoting geophysical knowledge in research, teaching and application, its main tasks include geophysical public relations work, cooperation with neighboring disciplines and the promotion of young scientists. The society represents German geophysics in national and international committees and gives out various awards. Its former role as the official representative of Germany in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was transferred to the National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics, which was founded around 1970. Most members are professional geophysicists; however, everybody who supports the aims of the society can become a member. Membership is terminated by resignation at the end of the calendar, in justified cases, members can be voted out by the board. External links The DGG website (German) Sources ^ a b "Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft". www.spektrum.de. Lexikon der Physik (in German). Spektrum der Wissenschaften. Retrieved 2024-05-27. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other IdRef This article about an organisation based in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_interface

Interface (computing)

["1 Hardware interfaces","2 Software interfaces","2.1 In practice","2.2 In object-oriented languages","2.3 Programming to the interface","3 User interfaces","4 See also","5 References"]

Shared boundary between elements of a computing system This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Interface" computing – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices, such as a touchscreen, can both send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse or microphone may only provide an interface to send data to a given system. Hardware interfaces Hardware interfaces of a laptop computer: Ethernet network socket (center), to the left a part of the VGA port, to the right (upper) a display port socket, to the right (lower) a USB-A socket. Main article: Hardware interface Hardware interfaces exist in many components, such as the various buses, storage devices, other I/O devices, etc. A hardware interface is described by the mechanical, electrical, and logical signals at the interface and the protocol for sequencing them (sometimes called signaling). A standard interface, such as SCSI, decouples the design and introduction of computing hardware, such as I/O devices, from the design and introduction of other components of a computing system, thereby allowing users and manufacturers great flexibility in the implementation of computing systems. Hardware interfaces can be parallel with several electrical connections carrying parts of the data simultaneously or serial where data are sent one bit at a time. Software interfaces See also: Application binary interface and Application programming interface A software interface may refer to a wide range of different types of interfaces at different "levels". For example, an operating system may interface with pieces of hardware. Applications or programs running on the operating system may need to interact via data streams, filters, and pipelines. In object oriented programs, objects within an application may need to interact via methods. In practice A key principle of design is to prohibit access to all resources by default, allowing access only through well-defined entry points, i.e., interfaces. Software interfaces provide access to computer resources (such as memory, CPU, storage, etc.) of the underlying computer system; direct access (i.e., not through well-designed interfaces) to such resources by software can have major ramifications—sometimes disastrous ones—for functionality and stability. Interfaces between software components can provide constants, data types, types of procedures, exception specifications, and method signatures. Sometimes, public variables are also defined as part of an interface. The interface of a software module A is deliberately defined separately from the implementation of that module. The latter contains the actual code of the procedures and methods described in the interface, as well as other "private" variables, procedures, etc. Another software module B, for example the client to A, that interacts with A is forced to do so only through the published interface. One practical advantage of this arrangement is that replacing the implementation of A with another implementation of the same interface should not cause B to fail—how A internally meets the requirements of the interface is not relevant to B, which is only concerned with the specifications of the interface. (See also Liskov substitution principle.) In object-oriented languages Main articles: Interface (object-oriented programming) and Concept (generic programming) In some object-oriented languages, especially those without full multiple inheritance, the term interface is used to define an abstract type that acts as an abstraction of a class. It contains no data, but defines behaviours as method signatures. A class having code and data for all the methods corresponding to that interface and declaring so is said to implement that interface. Furthermore, even in single-inheritance-languages, one can implement multiple interfaces, and hence can be of different types at the same time. An interface is thus a type definition; anywhere an object can be exchanged (for example, in a function or method call) the type of the object to be exchanged can be defined in terms of one of its implemented interfaces or base-classes rather than specifying the specific class. This approach means that any class that implements that interface can be used. For example, a dummy implementation may be used to allow development to progress before the final implementation is available. In another case, a fake or mock implementation may be substituted during testing. Such stub implementations are replaced by real code later in the development process. Usually, a method defined in an interface contains no code and thus cannot itself be called; it must be implemented by non-abstract code to be run when it is invoked. An interface called "Stack" might define two methods: push() and pop(). It can be implemented in different ways, for example, FastStack and GenericStack—the first being fast, working with a data structure of fixed size, and the second using a data structure that can be resized, but at the cost of somewhat lower speed. Though interfaces can contain many methods, they may contain only one or even none at all. For example, the Java language defines the interface Readable that has the single read() method; various implementations are used for different purposes, including BufferedReader, FileReader, InputStreamReader, PipedReader, and StringReader. Marker interfaces like Serializable contain no methods at all and serve to provide run-time information to generic processing using Reflection. Programming to the interface The use of interfaces allows for a programming style called programming to the interface. The idea behind this approach is to base programming logic on the interfaces of the objects used, rather than on internal implementation details. Programming to the interface reduces dependency on implementation specifics and makes code more reusable. Pushing this idea to the extreme, inversion of control leaves the context to inject the code with the specific implementations of the interface that will be used to perform the work. User interfaces Main article: User interface A user interface is a point of interaction between a computer and humans; it includes any number of modalities of interaction (such as graphics, sound, position, movement, etc.) where data is transferred between the user and the computer system. See also Abstraction inversion Application binary interface Application programming interface Business Interoperability Interface Computer bus Hard disk drive interface Implementation (computer science) Implementation inheritance Interoperability Inheritance semantics Modular programming Software componentry Virtual inheritance References ^ Hookway, B. (2014). "Chapter 1: The Subject of the Interface". Interface. MIT Press. pp. 1–58. ISBN 9780262525503. ^ IEEE 100 - The Authoritative Dictionary Of IEEE Standards Terms. NYC, NY, USA: IEEE Press. 2000. pp. 574–575. ISBN 9780738126012. ^ a b Blaauw, Gerritt A.; Brooks, Jr., Frederick P. (1997), "Chapter 8.6, Device Interfaces", Computer Architecture-Concepts and Evolution, Addison-Wesley, pp. 489–493, ISBN 0-201-10557-8 See also: Patterson, David A.; Hennessey, John L. (2005), "Chapter 8.5, Interfacing I/O Devices to the Processor, Memory and Operating System", Computer Organization and Design - The Hardware/Software Interface, Third Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 588–596, ISBN 1-55860-604-1 ^ Govindarajalu, B. (2008). "3.15 Peripheral Interfaces and Controllers - OG". IBM PC And Clones: Hardware, Troubleshooting And Maintenance. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. pp. 142–144. ISBN 9780070483118. Retrieved 15 June 2018. ^ Buyya, R. (2013). Mastering Cloud Computing. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 2.13. ISBN 9781259029950. ^ Poo, D.; Kiong, D.; Ashok, S. (2008). "Chapter 2: Object, Class, Message and Method". Object-Oriented Programming and Java. Springer-Verlag. pp. 7–15. ISBN 9781846289637. ^ Bill Venners (2005-06-06). "Leading-Edge Java: Design Principles from Design Patterns: Program to an interface, not an implementation - A Conversation with Erich Gamma, Part III". artima developer. Archived from the original on 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2011-08-03. Once you depend on interfaces only, you're decoupled from the implementation. That means the implementation can vary, and that is a healthy dependency relationship. For example, for testing purposes you can replace a heavy database implementation with a lighter-weight mock implementation. Fortunately, with today's refactoring support you no longer have to come up with an interface up front. You can distill an interface from a concrete class once you have the full insights into a problem. The intended interface is just one 'extract interface' refactoring away. ... ^ Patterson, D.A.; Hennessy, J.L. (7 August 2004). Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface (3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 656. ISBN 9780080502571. ^ "What Is an Interface". The Java Tutorials. Oracle. Archived from the original on 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2012-05-01. ^ "Interfaces". The Java Tutorials. Oracle. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-05-01. ^ "Performance improvement techniques in Serialization". Precise Java. Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-08-04. We will talk initially about Serializable interface. This is a marker interface and does not have any methods. ^ Gamma; Helm; Johnson; Vlissides (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison Wesley. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780201633610. Authority control databases: National Germany Israel Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_system"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"computer hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"peripheral devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HookwayInterface14-1"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In computing, an interface is a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of a computer system exchange information. The exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and combinations of these.[1] Some computer hardware devices, such as a touchscreen, can both send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse or microphone may only provide an interface to send data to a given system.[2]","title":"Interface (computing)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RJ-45_Ethernet_socket_on_Lenovo_T410_Laptop.jpg"},{"link_name":"laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"VGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array"},{"link_name":"display port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_port"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"},{"link_name":"buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"storage devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage"},{"link_name":"I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87Blaauw-3"},{"link_name":"SCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI"},{"link_name":"I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87Blaauw-3"},{"link_name":"parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_communication"},{"link_name":"serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communication"},{"link_name":"bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovindarajaluIBM08-4"}],"text":"Hardware interfaces of a laptop computer: Ethernet network socket (center), to the left a part of the VGA port, to the right (upper) a display port socket, to the right (lower) a USB-A socket.Hardware interfaces exist in many components, such as the various buses, storage devices, other I/O devices, etc. A hardware interface is described by the mechanical, electrical, and logical signals at the interface and the protocol for sequencing them (sometimes called signaling).[3] A standard interface, such as SCSI, decouples the design and introduction of computing hardware, such as I/O devices, from the design and introduction of other components of a computing system, thereby allowing users and manufacturers great flexibility in the implementation of computing systems.[3] Hardware interfaces can be parallel with several electrical connections carrying parts of the data simultaneously or serial where data are sent one bit at a time.[4]","title":"Hardware interfaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Application binary interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface"},{"link_name":"Application programming interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"},{"link_name":"streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuyyaMastering13-5"},{"link_name":"object oriented programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PooObject08-6"}],"text":"See also: Application binary interface and Application programming interfaceA software interface may refer to a wide range of different types of interfaces at different \"levels\". For example, an operating system may interface with pieces of hardware. Applications or programs running on the operating system may need to interact via data streams, filters, and pipelines.[5] In object oriented programs, objects within an application may need to interact via methods.[6]","title":"Software interfaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"data types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine"},{"link_name":"exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling"},{"link_name":"method signatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_signature"},{"link_name":"variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(programming)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PattersonComputer04-8"},{"link_name":"implementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(computing)"},{"link_name":"is only concerned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns"},{"link_name":"Liskov substitution principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskov_substitution_principle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"In practice","text":"A key principle of design is to prohibit access to all resources by default, allowing access only through well-defined entry points, i.e., interfaces.[7] Software interfaces provide access to computer resources (such as memory, CPU, storage, etc.) of the underlying computer system; direct access (i.e., not through well-designed interfaces) to such resources by software can have major ramifications—sometimes disastrous ones—for functionality and stability.[citation needed]Interfaces between software components can provide constants, data types, types of procedures, exception specifications, and method signatures. Sometimes, public variables are also defined as part of an interface.[8]The interface of a software module A is deliberately defined separately from the implementation of that module. The latter contains the actual code of the procedures and methods described in the interface, as well as other \"private\" variables, procedures, etc. Another software module B, for example the client to A, that interacts with A is forced to do so only through the published interface. One practical advantage of this arrangement is that replacing the implementation of A with another implementation of the same interface should not cause B to fail—how A internally meets the requirements of the interface is not relevant to B, which is only concerned with the specifications of the interface. (See also Liskov substitution principle.)[citation needed]","title":"Software interfaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"object-oriented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented"},{"link_name":"multiple inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance"},{"link_name":"abstract type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_data_type"},{"link_name":"abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dummy implementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"fake or mock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development#Fakes,_mocks_and_integration_tests"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_stub"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(data_structure)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Marker interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_interface_pattern"},{"link_name":"Reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"In object-oriented languages","text":"In some object-oriented languages, especially those without full multiple inheritance, the term interface is used to define an abstract type that acts as an abstraction of a class. It contains no data, but defines behaviours as method signatures. A class having code and data for all the methods corresponding to that interface and declaring so is said to implement that interface.[9] Furthermore, even in single-inheritance-languages, one can implement multiple interfaces, and hence can be of different types at the same time.[10]An interface is thus a type definition; anywhere an object can be exchanged (for example, in a function or method call) the type of the object to be exchanged can be defined in terms of one of its implemented interfaces or base-classes rather than specifying the specific class. This approach means that any class that implements that interface can be used.[citation needed] For example, a dummy implementation may be used to allow development to progress before the final implementation is available. In another case, a fake or mock implementation may be substituted during testing. Such stub implementations are replaced by real code later in the development process.Usually, a method defined in an interface contains no code and thus cannot itself be called; it must be implemented by non-abstract code to be run when it is invoked.[citation needed] An interface called \"Stack\" might define two methods: push() and pop(). It can be implemented in different ways, for example, FastStack and GenericStack—the first being fast, working with a data structure of fixed size, and the second using a data structure that can be resized, but at the cost of somewhat lower speed.Though interfaces can contain many methods, they may contain only one or even none at all. For example, the Java language defines the interface Readable that has the single read() method; various implementations are used for different purposes, including BufferedReader, FileReader, InputStreamReader, PipedReader, and StringReader. Marker interfaces like Serializable contain no methods at all and serve to provide run-time information to generic processing using Reflection.[11]","title":"Software interfaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"inversion of control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_of_control"}],"sub_title":"Programming to the interface","text":"The use of interfaces allows for a programming style called programming to the interface. The idea behind this approach is to base programming logic on the interfaces of the objects used, rather than on internal implementation details. Programming to the interface reduces dependency on implementation specifics and makes code more reusable.[12]Pushing this idea to the extreme, inversion of control leaves the context to inject the code with the specific implementations of the interface that will be used to perform the work.","title":"Software interfaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality_(human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)"},{"link_name":"interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interaction"}],"text":"A user interface is a point of interaction between a computer and humans; it includes any number of modalities of interaction (such as graphics, sound, position, movement, etc.) where data is transferred between the user and the computer system.","title":"User interfaces"}]

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[{"title":"Abstraction inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_inversion"},{"title":"Application binary interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface"},{"title":"Application programming interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface"},{"title":"Business Interoperability Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Interoperability_Interface"},{"title":"Computer bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bus"},{"title":"Hard disk drive interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_interface"},{"title":"Implementation (computer science)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_(computer_science)"},{"title":"Implementation inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_inheritance"},{"title":"Interoperability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability"},{"title":"Inheritance semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_semantics"},{"title":"Modular programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_programming"},{"title":"Software componentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_componentry"},{"title":"Virtual inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_inheritance"}]

[{"reference":"Hookway, B. (2014). \"Chapter 1: The Subject of the Interface\". Interface. MIT Press. pp. 1–58. ISBN 9780262525503.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BQM_AwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Interface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262525503","url_text":"9780262525503"}]},{"reference":"IEEE 100 - The Authoritative Dictionary Of IEEE Standards Terms. NYC, NY, USA: IEEE Press. 2000. pp. 574–575. ISBN 9780738126012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738126012","url_text":"9780738126012"}]},{"reference":"Blaauw, Gerritt A.; Brooks, Jr., Frederick P. (1997), \"Chapter 8.6, Device Interfaces\", Computer Architecture-Concepts and Evolution, Addison-Wesley, pp. 489–493, ISBN 0-201-10557-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-10557-8","url_text":"0-201-10557-8"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, David A.; Hennessey, John L. (2005), \"Chapter 8.5, Interfacing I/O Devices to the Processor, Memory and Operating System\", Computer Organization and Design - The Hardware/Software Interface, Third Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 588–596, ISBN 1-55860-604-1","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558606043/page/588","url_text":"Computer Organization and Design - The Hardware/Software Interface, Third Edition"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558606043/page/588","url_text":"588–596"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-604-1","url_text":"1-55860-604-1"}]},{"reference":"Govindarajalu, B. (2008). \"3.15 Peripheral Interfaces and Controllers - OG\". IBM PC And Clones: Hardware, Troubleshooting And Maintenance. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. pp. 142–144. ISBN 9780070483118. Retrieved 15 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hyl8SA1eHzIC&pg=PA142","url_text":"\"3.15 Peripheral Interfaces and Controllers - OG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070483118","url_text":"9780070483118"}]},{"reference":"Buyya, R. (2013). Mastering Cloud Computing. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 2.13. ISBN 9781259029950.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VSDZAgAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA13","url_text":"Mastering Cloud Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781259029950","url_text":"9781259029950"}]},{"reference":"Poo, D.; Kiong, D.; Ashok, S. (2008). \"Chapter 2: Object, Class, Message and Method\". Object-Oriented Programming and Java. Springer-Verlag. pp. 7–15. ISBN 9781846289637.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-1-84628-963-7","url_text":"Object-Oriented Programming and Java"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846289637","url_text":"9781846289637"}]},{"reference":"Bill Venners (2005-06-06). \"Leading-Edge Java: Design Principles from Design Patterns: Program to an interface, not an implementation - A Conversation with Erich Gamma, Part III\". artima developer. Archived from the original on 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2011-08-03. Once you depend on interfaces only, you're decoupled from the implementation. That means the implementation can vary, and that is a healthy dependency relationship. For example, for testing purposes you can replace a heavy database implementation with a lighter-weight mock implementation. Fortunately, with today's refactoring support you no longer have to come up with an interface up front. You can distill an interface from a concrete class once you have the full insights into a problem. The intended interface is just one 'extract interface' refactoring away. ...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artima.com/lejava/articles/designprinciples.html","url_text":"\"Leading-Edge Java: Design Principles from Design Patterns: Program to an interface, not an implementation - A Conversation with Erich Gamma, Part III\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110805191904/http://www.artima.com/lejava/articles/designprinciples.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, D.A.; Hennessy, J.L. (7 August 2004). Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface (3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 656. ISBN 9780080502571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080502571","url_text":"9780080502571"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is an Interface\". The Java Tutorials. Oracle. Archived from the original on 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2012-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/interface.html","url_text":"\"What Is an Interface\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120412093619/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/interface.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Interfaces\". The Java Tutorials. Oracle. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html","url_text":"\"Interfaces\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120526080117/http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/createinterface.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Performance improvement techniques in Serialization\". Precise Java. Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-08-04. We will talk initially about Serializable interface. This is a marker interface and does not have any methods.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.precisejava.com/javaperf/j2se/Serialization.htm","url_text":"\"Performance improvement techniques in Serialization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824150046/http://www.precisejava.com/javaperf/j2se/Serialization.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gamma; Helm; Johnson; Vlissides (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison Wesley. pp. 17–18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_5

iOS 5

["1 History","1.1 Introduction and initial release","2 System features","2.1 Notifications","2.2 iCloud","2.3 Wireless updates","2.4 Twitter integration","2.5 Multitasking","2.6 Keyboard","2.7 Siri","3 App features","3.1 Photos and Camera","3.2 Messages","3.3 Mail","3.4 Reminders","3.5 Newsstand","3.6 Music and Videos","4 Problems","4.1 Initial upgrade issues","4.2 iPhone 4S battery life","4.3 Wi-Fi connectivity drops","4.4 SIM card failure","4.5 Phone call echo","5 Reception","6 Supported devices","6.1 iPhone","6.2 iPod Touch","6.3 iPad","6.4 Apple TV","7 Version history","8 References","9 External links"]

2011 mobile operating system Operating system iOS 5Version of the iOS operating systemiOS 5 home screen running on an iPhone 4DeveloperApple Inc.Source modelClosed, with open source componentsInitial releaseOctober 12, 2011; 12 years ago (2011-10-12)Latest release5.1.1 / May 25, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-05-25)Update methodSoftware UpdatePackage managerApp StorePlatformsiPhone iPhone 3GS iPhone 4 iPhone 4s iPod Touch iPod Touch (3rd generation) iPod Touch (4th generation) iPad iPad (1st generation) iPad 2 iPad (3rd generation) Kernel typeHybrid (XNU)LicenseProprietary EULA except for open-source componentsPreceded byiOS 4Succeeded byiOS 6Official websiteApple - iOS 5 - 200+ new features for iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch. at the Wayback Machine (archived September 10, 2012)TaglineWe've taken iOS to a whole new level.Support statusObsolete, unsupported. iOS 5 is the fifth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 4. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 6, 2011, and was released on October 12, 2011. It was succeeded by iOS 6 on September 19, 2012. iOS 5 revamped notifications, adding temporary banners that appear at the top of the screen and introducing the Notification Center, a central location for all recent notifications. iOS 5 also added iCloud, Apple's cloud storage service for synchronization of content and data across iCloud-enabled devices, and iMessage, Apple's instant messaging service. For the first time, software updates could be installed wirelessly, without requiring a computer and iTunes. iOS 5 also featured deep integration with Twitter, introduced multitasking gestures on iPads, and added an easily accessible camera shortcut from the lock screen. iOS 5 was the subject of criticism for iPhone 4s users, as the initial release had poor battery life, failures of SIM cards, and echoes during phone calls. These problems were fixed in subsequent releases. iOS 5 is the last version of iOS that supports the third-generation iPod Touch and first-generation iPad. History Further information: iOS version history § iOS 5 Introduction and initial release iOS 5 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 6, 2011, with a beta version available for developers later that day. iOS 5 was officially released on October 12, 2011. System features Notifications In previous iOS versions, notifications popped up on the screen as dialog boxes, interrupting the current activity. In iOS 5, notifications are revamped, and show up as a temporary banner at the top of the screen. Recent notifications can also be accessed by pulling a "Notification Center" down from the top of the screen. Users who prefer the old notification system can keep it by choosing the appropriate option in the Settings menu. iCloud iOS 5 introduces iCloud, Apple's cloud storage service. The new service allows users to synchronize their music, photos, videos, and application data across all of their iCloud-enabled devices for free. Wireless updates iOS 5 enables wireless system updates on supported devices, meaning a computer and iTunes aren't necessary to update devices. Both activation of new devices and updates can be done wirelessly. Twitter integration iOS 5 features deep Twitter integration. Users are able to sign in to Twitter directly from the Settings menu. Photos can be "tweeted" directly from the Photos or Camera apps, and users are also able to tweet from the Safari, YouTube, and Google Maps apps. Multitasking Multitasking gestures debut on the iPad with the release of iOS 5. Multitasking allows users to jump between apps without double-tapping the home button or first going to the home screen. Multitasking gestures were only available on the iPad 2. Keyboard The iPad keyboard could be undocked from the bottom of the screen, and could be split into two half-keyboards. Siri Siri, Apple's voice assistant, is supported on the iPhone 4s only. It was later extended to other devices (such as the iPhone 5) in iOS 6 and expanded further with each new major software release. App features Photos and Camera The first iOS 5 release allowed the Camera app to be easily accessed from the lock screen for the first time. If users double-clicked the home button, a camera icon would appear next to the "slide to unlock" message, and users would click on it to directly access the camera. The iOS 5.1 update streamlined this process by removing the home button double-click procedure, and replacing it with a process requiring users to swipe up the camera icon. For security purposes when the device is locked with a passcode, this method of accessing the camera only allows access to the Camera app, and no other features of the device. Pressing the volume-up button allows the user to take a picture. Messages iMessage, a new instant messaging service built into the Messages app, allowed anyone with an iOS 5 device to send both basic and multimedia messages to anyone else with a compatible iOS 5 device. In contrast to SMS, messages sent through iMessage use the Internet rather than regular cellular texting, but also in contrast to regular SMS, Android and BlackBerry devices are not compatible with the service. iMessages are synchronized across the user's devices, and are color-coded blue, with regular SMS in green. Mail The Mail app included rich text formatting, better indent control, flagging of messages, and the ability to drag addresses between To, CC, and BCC lines. Reminders Reminders allows users to create lists of tasks with alerts that can either be date-based or location-based. Newsstand Newsstand does not act as a native app, but rather a special folder. When selected, it shows icons for all of the periodicals that the user has subscribed to, such as newspapers and magazines. New issues are downloaded automatically. Music and Videos The iPod app was replaced by separate Music and Videos apps on the iPhone, as with the iPod Touch. Problems Initial upgrade issues The initial October 2011 release of iOS 5 saw significant upgrade issues, with errors during installation and Apple server overload. iPhone 4S battery life Following user complaints, Apple officially confirmed that iOS 5 had poor battery life for some iPhone 4s users, and stated that an upcoming software update would fix the issues. The iOS 5.0.1 update fixed bugs related to battery issues. Wi-Fi connectivity drops In November 2011, Engadget reported that the iOS 5 update caused Wi-Fi connection drops for some users. The report also wrote that "The recent iOS 5.0.1 update certainly hasn't fixed the matter, either", and questioned whether the events were unrelated or part of a larger issue. SIM card failure Some iPhone 4s users reported issues with the SIM card in iOS 5, being given error messages about "Invalid SIM" and "SIM Failure". Apple released a second software build of the 5.0.1 update designed to fix SIM card issues. Phone call echo Some iPhone 4s users reported the random appearance of echoes during phone calls made with earphones in the initial release of iOS 5. The other party in the call was sometimes unable to hear the conversation due to this problem. Reception Many aspects of iOS 5 received positive reviews, including the new notification center, the ability to sync and update wirelessly, iMessage, and more. Richmond Shane of Telegraph said "iOS 5 is a brilliant upgrade to an already brilliant operating system. Different people look for different things in a mobile operating system. That's why some people prefer BlackBerry, Android or Windows Mobile. I value ease of use and attention to detail in design. With iOS 5, Apple continues to deliver the best user experience available." Richard Goodwin of Know Your Mobile said "All in all, we reckon iOS 5 is everything it needs to be a more. We can't wait to get our teeth stuck into it as soon as it's released in the Autumn of 2011." Supported devices iPhone iPhone 3GS iPhone 4 iPhone 4s iPod Touch iPod Touch (3rd generation) iPod Touch (4th generation) iPad iPad (1st generation) iPad 2 iPad (3rd generation) Apple TV Apple TV (2nd generation) Apple TV (3rd generation) Version history Version Build Codename Release date Notes Update type 5.0 9A334 Telluride October 12, 2011 Initial release on iPhone 4s Introduces iCloud Devices can be set up, activated, and configured with Setup Assistant without iTunes System updates can now be installed via Settings, not requiring iTunes Music, Photos, Documents, Apps, Contacts, and more can be synced in iCloud Find My iPhone allows users to track their iPhones running iOS 5 Apps and Books now have purchase history and can be automatically updated Introduces the Notification Center Notifications now briefly appear at the top of the screen Notifications can be viewed from Lock Screen Slide notifications on Lock Screen right to go to the app Introduces iMessage Other iOS 5 users can send and receive unlimited text, photo, and video messages with other iOS 5 users iMessages can track delivery and read receipts All messages are encrypted Support for group messages iMessage works over Wi-Fi and cellular Integrates Twitter into Settings Adds a Camera shortcut to a sleeping device Double-click the home button to open the Camera app Volume Up takes a picture Overlays grid lines to better line up shots Pinch to zoom is added to the preview screen Red-eye removal, crop and rotate, and one-tap enhance edit features have been added to Photos Text in Mail can be formatted with bold, italic, or underlines Text can be indented Personal photos can be used for Game Center profiles Adds Multitasking Gestures to the iPad 2 Use 4 or 5 fingers to pinch to the home screen Swipe left or right to switch between apps Improves Accessibility features LED flash can be lit when receiving a call or an alert on iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S Highlighted text can be spoken aloud Fixes a bug that allowed a user's Apple ID password to be logged to a local file Fixes a bug that allowed remote attackers to reset a device Fixes a bug that allowed local attackers to reset a device Fixes a bug that allowed local attackers to recover the parental controls passcode Initial Release 5.0.1 9A405 November 10, 2011 Fixes a bug that caused iPhone battery life to deplete rapidly Adds Multitasking Gestures to the iPad 1 Fixes a bug that caused Documents to fail to sync to iCloud Improves voice recognition for Australian users Fixes a bug that allowed an application to execute unsigned code Fixes a bug that allowed local attackers to access user data on a locked iPad 2 Bug Fixes 9A406 December 12, 2011 Fixes an issue that caused iPhone 4s users' phones to report "No SIM" or "No Service" when a valid, active SIM was inserted Bug Fixes 5.1 9B1769B179 Hoodoo March 7, 2012 Initial release on iPad (3rd generation) Adds Japanese support for Siri Photos can be deleted from Photo Stream The Camera shortcut is now always visible on Lock Screen for iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4s, and iPod Touch (4th generation) Camera face detection now highlights all faces The camera app has been redesigned for iPad 2 Adds Genius Mixes and Genius Playlists for iTunes Match subscribers Audio for TV shows and movies is tweaked to sound louder and clearer for iPad Adds playback speed and a 30-second rewind option for Podcasts on iPad Improves battery life Updates the AT&T network indicator Fixes a bug that caused audio to drop for outgoing phone calls Increases App Store app download limit over 3G to 50MB, from 20MB Fixes a bug where applications could bypass their sandbox Fixes a lock screen bypass Fixes a bug that caused web browsing history to be recorded in Private Browsing Feature Update 5.1.1 9B206 May 7, 2012 Improves reliability of HDR photos being taken using the Lock Screen Camera shortcut Fixes a bug that caused the iPad 2 to fail to switch between 2G and 3G networks Fixes a bug that affected AirPlay video playback from working correctly Fixes an issue where "Unable to Purchase" displayed after a successful App Store purchase Fixes a bug that allowed a maliciously crafted website to spoof the currently loaded website link Bug Fixes 9B208 May 25, 2012 ^ a b iPhone 4s only ^ iPhone 4 (GSM) only References ^ Tam, Donna (September 12, 2012). 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Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Caldwell, Serenity (October 12, 2011). "Up close with iOS 5: iMessage". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Kim, Arnold (June 7, 2011). "Walkthrough of Apple's iMessage in iOS 5". MacRumors. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Profis, Sharon (October 13, 2011). "How to use the new Mail app in iOS 5". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Frakes, Dan (October 13, 2011). "Up close with iOS 5: Mail's changes". Macworld. International Data Group. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Cipriani, Jason (September 13, 2011). "How to use the iOS 5 Reminders app". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Friedman, Lex (October 13, 2011). "Up close with iOS 5: Reminders". 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Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Cheng, Jacqui (November 2, 2011). "Apple: iPhone 4S battery issues due to iOS 5 bugs, update coming". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Bonnington, Christina (November 1, 2011). "Apple confirms battery life problems are iOS 5 related". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Parr, Ben (November 10, 2011). "Apple Fixes Critical iPhone Battery Issues With iOS 5.0.1". Mashable. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Lutz, Zachary (November 21, 2011). "Thanks to iOS 5, some users lose WiFi connectivity". Engadget. AOL. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Hughes, Neil (November 17, 2011). "Users report SIM card issues with Apple's iPhone 4S and iOS 5.0.1". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ "New iOS build meant to fix iPhone 4S SIM card issues". AppleInsider. December 16, 2011. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Epstein, Zach (November 1, 2011). "Audio echo bug plagues iPhone 4S owners during voice calls". BGR. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ Mack, Eric (November 17, 2011). "iPhone 4S owners complain of persistent echo". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2017. ^ Richmond, Shane (October 12, 2011). "Apple iOS 5 review - Telegraph". Telegraph Media Group Limited. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2012. ^ Goodwin, Richard (June 7, 2011). "Apple iOS 5 review round up - Reviews - Know Your Mobile". Dennis Publishing. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2012. 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It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 6, 2011, and was released on October 12, 2011. It was succeeded by iOS 6 on September 19, 2012.[1]iOS 5 revamped notifications, adding temporary banners that appear at the top of the screen and introducing the Notification Center, a central location for all recent notifications. iOS 5 also added iCloud, Apple's cloud storage service for synchronization of content and data across iCloud-enabled devices, and iMessage, Apple's instant messaging service. For the first time, software updates could be installed wirelessly, without requiring a computer and iTunes. iOS 5 also featured deep integration with Twitter, introduced multitasking gestures on iPads, and added an easily accessible camera shortcut from the lock screen.iOS 5 was the subject of criticism for iPhone 4s users, as the initial release had poor battery life, failures of SIM cards, and echoes during phone calls. These problems were fixed in subsequent releases.iOS 5 is the last version of iOS that supports the third-generation iPod Touch and first-generation iPad.","title":"iOS 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iOS version history § iOS 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_version_history#iOS_5"}],"text":"Further information: iOS version history § iOS 5","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple Worldwide Developers Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference"},{"link_name":"beta version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_version"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Introduction and initial release","text":"iOS 5 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 6, 2011, with a beta version available for developers later that day.[2][3]iOS 5 was officially released on October 12, 2011.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_World_5_features-7"}],"sub_title":"Notifications","text":"In previous iOS versions, notifications popped up on the screen as dialog boxes, interrupting the current activity. In iOS 5, notifications are revamped, and show up as a temporary banner at the top of the screen. Recent notifications can also be accessed by pulling a \"Notification Center\" down from the top of the screen. Users who prefer the old notification system can keep it by choosing the appropriate option in the Settings menu.[6][7]","title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_World_5_features-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"iCloud","text":"iOS 5 introduces iCloud, Apple's cloud storage service. The new service allows users to synchronize their music, photos, videos, and application data across all of their iCloud-enabled devices for free.[7][8]","title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_World_5_features-7"}],"sub_title":"Wireless updates","text":"iOS 5 enables wireless system updates on supported devices, meaning a computer and iTunes aren't necessary to update devices.[9] Both activation of new devices and updates can be done wirelessly.[7]","title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Google Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps_(app)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Twitter integration","text":"iOS 5 features deep Twitter integration. Users are able to sign in to Twitter directly from the Settings menu. Photos can be \"tweeted\" directly from the Photos or Camera apps, and users are also able to tweet from the Safari, YouTube, and Google Maps apps.[10][11]","title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"iPad 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iMore_review-13"}],"sub_title":"Multitasking","text":"Multitasking gestures debut on the iPad with the release of iOS 5. Multitasking allows users to jump between apps without double-tapping the home button or first going to the home screen.[12] Multitasking gestures were only available on the iPad 2.[13]","title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iMore_review-13"}],"sub_title":"Keyboard","text":"The iPad keyboard could be undocked from the bottom of the screen, and could be split into two half-keyboards.[13]","title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri"},{"link_name":"iPhone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_5"}],"sub_title":"Siri","text":"Siri, Apple's voice assistant, is supported on the iPhone 4s only. It was later extended to other devices (such as the iPhone 5) in iOS 6 and expanded further with each new major software release.","title":"System features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"App features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNET_camera-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRumors_camera-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNET_camera-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_World_5_features-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRumors_camera-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Photos and Camera","text":"The first iOS 5 release allowed the Camera app to be easily accessed from the lock screen for the first time. If users double-clicked the home button, a camera icon would appear next to the \"slide to unlock\" message, and users would click on it to directly access the camera.[14][15][16] The iOS 5.1 update streamlined this process by removing the home button double-click procedure, and replacing it with a process requiring users to swipe up the camera icon.[14] For security purposes when the device is locked with a passcode, this method of accessing the camera only allows access to the Camera app, and no other features of the device.[7]Pressing the volume-up button allows the user to take a picture.[16][17]","title":"App features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Messages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages_(software)"},{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"BlackBerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_OS"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PC_World_5_features-7"}],"sub_title":"Messages","text":"iMessage, a new instant messaging service built into the Messages app, allowed anyone with an iOS 5 device to send both basic and multimedia messages to anyone else with a compatible iOS 5 device. In contrast to SMS, messages sent through iMessage use the Internet rather than regular cellular texting, but also in contrast to regular SMS, Android and BlackBerry devices are not compatible with the service.[18][19] iMessages are synchronized across the user's devices, and are color-coded blue, with regular SMS in green.[7]","title":"App features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_(Apple)"},{"link_name":"rich text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_text"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Mail","text":"The Mail app included rich text formatting, better indent control, flagging of messages, and the ability to drag addresses between To, CC, and BCC lines.[20][21]","title":"App features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reminders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Reminders","text":"Reminders allows users to create lists of tasks with alerts that can either be date-based or location-based.[22][23]","title":"App features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newsstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsstand_(software)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Newsstand","text":"Newsstand does not act as a native app, but rather a special folder. When selected, it shows icons for all of the periodicals that the user has subscribed to, such as newspapers and magazines. New issues are downloaded automatically.[24]","title":"App features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iMore_review-13"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Music and Videos","text":"The iPod app was replaced by separate Music and Videos apps on the iPhone, as with the iPod Touch.[13][25]","title":"App features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Initial upgrade issues","text":"The initial October 2011 release of iOS 5 saw significant upgrade issues, with errors during installation and Apple server overload.[26][27][28]","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"iPhone 4S battery life","text":"Following user complaints, Apple officially confirmed that iOS 5 had poor battery life for some iPhone 4s users, and stated that an upcoming software update would fix the issues.[29][30] The iOS 5.0.1 update fixed bugs related to battery issues.[31]","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Wi-Fi connectivity drops","text":"In November 2011, Engadget reported that the iOS 5 update caused Wi-Fi connection drops for some users. The report also wrote that \"The recent iOS 5.0.1 update certainly hasn't fixed the matter, either\", and questioned whether the events were unrelated or part of a larger issue.[32]","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"SIM card failure","text":"Some iPhone 4s users reported issues with the SIM card in iOS 5, being given error messages about \"Invalid SIM\" and \"SIM Failure\".[33] Apple released a second software build of the 5.0.1 update designed to fix SIM card issues.[34]","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Phone call echo","text":"Some iPhone 4s users reported the random appearance of echoes during phone calls made with earphones in the initial release of iOS 5. The other party in the call was sometimes unable to hear the conversation due to this problem.[35][36]","title":"Problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnowYourMobile-38"}],"text":"Many aspects of iOS 5 received positive reviews, including the new notification center, the ability to sync and update wirelessly, iMessage, and more. Richmond Shane of Telegraph said \"iOS 5 is a brilliant upgrade to an already brilliant operating system. Different people look for different things in a mobile operating system. That's why some people prefer BlackBerry, Android or Windows Mobile. I value ease of use and attention to detail in design. With iOS 5, Apple continues to deliver the best user experience available.\"[37]Richard Goodwin of Know Your Mobile said \"All in all, we reckon iOS 5 is everything it needs to be a more. We can't wait to get our teeth stuck into it as soon as it's released in the Autumn of 2011.\"[38]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOS_5&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"iPhone 3GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_3GS"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4s"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOS_5&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch (3rd generation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch_(3rd_generation)"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch (4th generation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch_(4th_generation)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOS_5&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"iPad (1st generation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_(1st_generation)"},{"link_name":"iPad 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2"},{"link_name":"iPad (3rd generation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_(3rd_generation)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOS_5&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"Apple TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV"},{"link_name":"Apple TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV"}],"text":"iPhone[edit]\niPhone 3GS\niPhone 4\niPhone 4s\n\n\n\n\niPod Touch[edit]\niPod Touch (3rd generation)\niPod Touch (4th generation)\n\n\n\n\niPad[edit]\niPad (1st generation)\niPad 2\niPad (3rd generation)\n\n\n\n\nApple TV[edit]\nApple TV (2nd generation)\nApple TV (3rd generation)","title":"Supported devices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iphone4s_39-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iphone4s_39-1"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4s"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4"}],"text":"^ a b iPhone 4s only\n\n^ iPhone 4 (GSM) only","title":"Version history"}]

[]

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[Updated]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165655/https://thenextweb.com/news/apples-ios-5-upgrade-servers-are-slammed-causing-3200-or-internal-error-update-issues","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/updating-to-ios-5-2011-10","external_links_name":"\"Updating To iOS 5 Has Been A Massive Headache\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165646/https://www.businessinsider.com/updating-to-ios-5-2011-10","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/12/apple_ios_update_woes","external_links_name":"\"iOS update woes prompt gnashing of teeth for Apple fans\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514171238/https://www.theregister.com/2011/10/12/apple_ios_update_woes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/11/apple-iphone-4s-battery-issues-due-to-ios-5-bugs-update-coming/","external_links_name":"\"Apple: iPhone 4S battery issues due to iOS 5 bugs, update coming\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165718/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/11/apple-iphone-4s-battery-issues-due-to-ios-5-bugs-update-coming/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2011/11/iphone-4s-battery-issues/","external_links_name":"\"Apple confirms battery life problems are iOS 5 related\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165835/https://www.wired.com/2011/11/iphone-4s-battery-issues/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2011/11/10/apple-fixes-critical-iphone-battery-issues-with-ios-5-0-1/","external_links_name":"\"Apple Fixes Critical iPhone Battery Issues With iOS 5.0.1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165723/https://mashable.com/2011/11/10/apple-fixes-critical-iphone-battery-issues-with-ios-5-0-1/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2011/11/21/thanks-to-ios-5-some-users-lose-wifi-connectivity/","external_links_name":"\"Thanks to iOS 5, some users lose WiFi connectivity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165732/https://www.engadget.com/2011-11-21-thanks-to-ios-5-some-users-lose-wifi-connectivity.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://appleinsider.com/articles/11/11/17/users_report_sim_card_issues_with_apples_iphone_4s_and_ios_5_0_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Users report SIM card issues with Apple's iPhone 4S and iOS 5.0.1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165735/https://appleinsider.com/articles/11/11/17/users_report_sim_card_issues_with_apples_iphone_4s_and_ios_5_0_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://appleinsider.com/articles/11/12/16/new_ios_build_meant_to_fix_iphone_4s_sim_card_issues.html","external_links_name":"\"New iOS build meant to fix iPhone 4S SIM card issues\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165803/https://appleinsider.com/articles/11/12/16/new_ios_build_meant_to_fix_iphone_4s_sim_card_issues.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bgr.com/2011/11/01/audio-echo-bug-plagues-iphone-4s-owners-during-voice-calls/","external_links_name":"\"Audio echo bug plagues iPhone 4S owners during voice calls\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514171251/https://bgr.com/general/audio-echo-bug-plagues-iphone-4s-owners-during-voice-calls-110511/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-4s-owners-complain-of-persistent-echo/","external_links_name":"\"iPhone 4S owners complain of persistent echo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210514165854/https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-4s-owners-complain-of-persistent-echo/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8820808/Apple-iOS-5-review.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple iOS 5 review - Telegraph\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8820808/Apple-iOS-5-review.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.knowyourmobile.com/appleiphone/iphone-reviews/931601/apple_ios_5_reviews_round_up.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple iOS 5 review round up - Reviews - Know Your Mobile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210428033556/https://www.knowyourmobile.com/phones/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910202035/http://www.apple.com/ios/","external_links_name":"iOS 5"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_trading

Open outcry

["1 History","1.1 Conversion to electronic trading","2 Hand signals","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Communication method on the trading floors of stock exchanges Until 2009, trades on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange always involved a face-to-face interaction. There is one podium/desk on the trading floor for each of the exchange's three thousand or so stocks. The New York stock exchange trading floor in September 1963, before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens Open outcry "pit" at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) in 1993 CBOT "The Pit" in 1908 Open outcry is a method of communication between professionals on a stock exchange or futures exchange, typically on a trading floor. It involves shouting and the use of hand signals to transfer information primarily about buy and sell orders. The part of the trading floor where this takes place is called a pit. In an open outcry auction, bids and offers must be made out in the open market, giving all participants a chance to compete for the order with the best price. New bids or offers would be made if better than previous pricing for efficient price discovery. Exchanges also value positions marked to these public market prices on a daily basis. In contrast, over-the-counter markets are where bids and offers are negotiated privately between principals. Since the development of the stock exchange in the 17th century in Amsterdam, open outcry was the main method used to communicate among traders. This started changing in the latter half of the 20th century, first through the use of telephone trading, and then starting in the 1980s with electronic trading systems. As of 2021, a few exchanges still had floor trading using open outcry. The supporters of electronic trading claim that it is faster, cheaper, more efficient for users, and less prone to manipulation by market makers and broker/dealers. However, many traders still advocate for the open outcry system on the basis that the physical contact allows traders to speculate as to a buyer/seller's motives or intentions and adjust their positions accordingly. As of 2010, most stocks and futures contracts were no longer traded using open outcry due to the lower cost of the aforementioned technological advances. As of 2017, open outcry in the United States was very limited, such as in a much more stream-lined form at the Chicago Board of Trade owned by the CME Group. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Since the 1980s, the open outcry systems have been steadily replaced by electronic trading systems (such as CATS and Globex). Floor trading is the meeting of traders or stockbrokers at a specific venue referred to as a trading floor or pit to buy and sell financial instruments using open outcry method to communicate with each other. These venues are typically stock exchanges or futures exchanges and transactions are executed by members of such an exchange using specific language or hand signals. During the 1980s and 1990s, phone and electronic trading replaced physical floor trading in most exchanges around the world. As of 2007, few exchanges still have floor trading. One example is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which still executes a small percentage of its trades on the floor. That means that the traders actually form a group around the post on the floor of the market for the specialist, someone that works for one of the NYSE member firms and handles the stock. As in an auction, there are shouts from those that want to sell and those that want to buy. The specialist facilitates in the match and centralizing the trades. On 24 January 2007, the NYSE went from being strictly an auction market to a hybrid market that encompassed both the auction method and an electronic trading method that immediately makes the trade electronically. A small group of extremely high-priced stocks is not on this trading system and is still auctioned on the trading floor. Even though over 82 percent of the trades take place electronically, the action on the floor of the stock exchange still has its place. While electronic trading is faster and provides for anonymity, there is more opportunity to improve the price of a share if it goes to the floor. Investors maintain the right to select the method they want to use. The London Metal Exchange is the last open outcry exchange in Europe. It utilises short periods of face-to-face "ring trading" for price discovery, with further trades taking place electronically. Conversion to electronic trading The London Stock Exchange moved to electronic trading in 1986. The Borsa Italiana, Italy's stock market, located in Milan, moved to electronic trading in 1994. The Bombay Stock Exchange, Mumbai, embraced electronic trading in 1995 by introducing the BSE Online Trading (BOLT) System on 14 March 1995. The Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) adopted the fully online trading and reporting system C-STAR (CSE Screen Based Trading and Reporting) on April 4, 1997. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) adopted electronic trading on 7 June 1996. The Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) adopted electronic trading (The Automated Trading System (ATS)) in 1997. The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) adopted electronic trading in 1997. The Korea Exchange (KRX) adopted electronic trading in 1997. International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) moved to electronic trading in 2005. Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGEX) moved to electronic trading in 2008. New York Stock Exchange, 2006–2007, under John Thain New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex), 2006. Frankfurt Stock Exchange, 2011, all trading moved to Xetra (trading system), ending the possibility to execute orders via open outcry on the floor. Market makers, however, continue to operate on the floor as "Xetra-Specialists", providing liquidity. Since the 1980s, Nymex had a virtual monopoly on 'open market' oil futures trading, but the electronically based IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) began trading oil contracts that were extremely similar to Nymex's in the early 2000s and Nymex began to lose market share almost immediately. The pit-traders at Nymex had been resisting the electronic move for decades, but the executives believed the exchange had to move to the electronic format, or it would cease to exist as a viable business. The executives introduced CME's Globex system into Nymex in 2006. In 2016, NYMEX ceased all open outcry trading, leaving only open outcry at its sister exchange the Chicago Board of Trade. Hand signals Main article: Hand signaling (open outcry) Hand signalling on the floor of the Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange Society Floor hand signals are used to communicate buy and sell information in an open outcry trading environment. The system is used at futures exchanges such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Traders usually flash the signals quickly across a room to make a sale or a purchase. Signals that occur with palms facing out and hands away from the body are an indication the gesturer wishes to sell. When traders face their palms in and hold their hands up, they are gesturing to buy. Numbers one through five are gestured on one hand, and six through ten are gestured in the same way only held sideways at a 90-degree angle (index finger out sideways is six, two fingers is seven, and so on). Numbers gestured from the forehead are blocks of ten, and blocks of hundreds and thousands can also be displayed. The signals can otherwise be used to indicate months, specific trade or option combinations, or additional market information. These rules may vary among exchanges or even among floors within the same exchange; however, the purpose of the gestures remains the same. See also Trading jacket References ^ https://www.nyse.com/pdfs/Next_Generation_Model.pdf Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine NYSE Next Generation Model fact sheet, 2008 ^ "The Art of Hand Signals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. floor trading hand signals ( 455 KiB) ^ a b ""Open outcry" is in retreat but futures and options trading-volumes surge". The Economist. 5 January 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. ^ "Trading". TSX.com. Retrieved 7 August 2018. ^ 딱딱이 없으면 주식거래 못했던 시절…전자시세판 등장은 '충격'이었다 (in Korean). Retrieved 14 April 2020. ^ Stevenson, Rachel (8 March 2005). "Petroleum exchange silences open outcry". Independent, The (London). Retrieved 13 December 2008. ^ Kelsey, Eric (October 2008). "Grain Exchange to Stop Open Outcry". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2008. ^ Technology squeezes out real, live traders, Adam Shell, USA Today, 2007 7 11 ^ "Frankfurter Börse: Klassischer Parketthandel endet". May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2022. ^ The Asylum, Leah McGrath Goodman, 2011, Harper Collins External links New York Times Open Outcry Table TradingPitHistory.com - Trading Pit Hand Signals Gallery and Archive vteFinancial marketsTypes of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker Floor broker Inter-dealer broker Broker-dealer Market maker Trader Floor trader Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Investor Hedger Speculator Arbitrager Scalper Regulator Trading venues Exchange List of stock exchanges Trading hours Over-the-counter (off-exchange) Alternative Trading System (ATS) Multilateral trading facility (MTF) Electronic communication network (ECN) Direct market access (DMA) Straight-through processing (STP) Dark pool (private exchange) Crossing network Liquidity aggregator Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) Beta Buffett indicator (Cap-to-GDP) Book value (BV) Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) Capital market line (CML) Dividend discount model (DDM) Dividend yield Earnings yield EV/EBITDA Fed model Net asset value (NAV) Security characteristic line Security market line (SML) T-model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Dollar cost averaging Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory (MPT) Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT) Random walk hypothesis (RMH) Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value averaging Value investing Related terms Bid–ask spread Block trade Cross listing Dividend Dual-listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Financial law Flight-to-quality Government bond Greenspan put Haircut Initial public offering (IPO) Long Mandatory offer Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Order book Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns-based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Squeeze-out Stock dilution Stock exchange Stock market index Stock split Stock swap Trade Tender offer Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield Authority control databases: National Germany

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Market makers, however, continue to operate on the floor as \"Xetra-Specialists\", providing liquidity.[9]Since the 1980s, Nymex had a virtual monopoly on 'open market' oil futures trading, but the electronically based IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) began trading oil contracts that were extremely similar to Nymex's in the early 2000s and Nymex began to lose market share almost immediately. The pit-traders at Nymex had been resisting the electronic move for decades, but the executives believed the exchange had to move to the electronic format, or it would cease to exist as a viable business. The executives introduced CME's Globex system into Nymex in 2006.[10] In 2016, NYMEX ceased all open outcry trading, leaving only open outcry at its sister exchange the Chicago Board of Trade.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Gold_and_Silver_Exchange_Society_hand_signals.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Gold_and_Silver_Exchange_Society"},{"link_name":"futures exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_exchange"},{"link_name":"Chicago Mercantile Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange"}],"text":"Hand signalling on the floor of the Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange SocietyFloor hand signals are used to communicate buy and sell information in an open outcry trading environment. The system is used at futures exchanges such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.Traders usually flash the signals quickly across a room to make a sale or a purchase. Signals that occur with palms facing out and hands away from the body are an indication the gesturer wishes to sell. When traders face their palms in and hold their hands up, they are gesturing to buy.Numbers one through five are gestured on one hand, and six through ten are gestured in the same way only held sideways at a 90-degree angle (index finger out sideways is six, two fingers is seven, and so on). Numbers gestured from the forehead are blocks of ten, and blocks of hundreds and thousands can also be displayed. The signals can otherwise be used to indicate months, specific trade or option combinations, or additional market information.These rules may vary among exchanges or even among floors within the same exchange; however, the purpose of the gestures remains the same.","title":"Hand signals"}]

[{"image_text":"Until 2009,[1] trades on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange always involved a face-to-face interaction. There is one podium/desk on the trading floor for each of the exchange's three thousand or so stocks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NYSE-floor.jpg/220px-NYSE-floor.jpg"},{"image_text":"The New York stock exchange trading floor in September 1963, before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/220px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Open outcry \"pit\" at the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) in 1993","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chicago_bot.jpg/220px-Chicago_bot.jpg"},{"image_text":"CBOT \"The Pit\" in 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Life_and_character_of_William_Taylor_Baker%2C_president_of_the_World%27s_Columbian_exposition_and_of_the_Chicago_Board_of_trade_%281908%29_%2814784557132%29.jpg/220px-Life_and_character_of_William_Taylor_Baker%2C_president_of_the_World%27s_Columbian_exposition_and_of_the_Chicago_Board_of_trade_%281908%29_%2814784557132%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hand signalling on the floor of the Chinese Gold and Silver Exchange Society","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chinese_Gold_and_Silver_Exchange_Society_hand_signals.jpg/220px-Chinese_Gold_and_Silver_Exchange_Society_hand_signals.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Trading jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_jacket"}]

[{"reference":"\"The Art of Hand Signals\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205014100/http://www.oxfordfutures.com/docs/Handsignals.pdf","url_text":"\"The Art of Hand Signals\""},{"url":"http://www.oxfordfutures.com/docs/Handsignals.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Open outcry\" is in retreat but futures and options trading-volumes surge\". The Economist. 5 January 2017. ISSN 0013-0613.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2017/01/05/open-outcry-is-in-retreat-but-futures-and-options-trading-volumes-surge","url_text":"\"\"Open outcry\" is in retreat but futures and options trading-volumes surge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","url_text":"0013-0613"}]},{"reference":"\"Trading\". TSX.com. Retrieved 7 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsx.com/trading","url_text":"\"Trading\""}]},{"reference":"딱딱이 없으면 주식거래 못했던 시절…전자시세판 등장은 '충격'이었다 (in Korean). Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hankyung.com/finance/article/2018102693131","url_text":"딱딱이 없으면 주식거래 못했던 시절…전자시세판 등장은 '충격'이었다"}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Rachel (8 March 2005). \"Petroleum exchange silences open outcry\". Independent, The (London). Retrieved 13 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/petroleum-exchange-silences-open-outcry-527625.html","url_text":"\"Petroleum exchange silences open outcry\""}]},{"reference":"Kelsey, Eric (October 2008). \"Grain Exchange to Stop Open Outcry\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194709/http://www.tcbmag.com/dailydevelopments/dailydevelopments/106186p1.aspx","url_text":"\"Grain Exchange to Stop Open Outcry\""},{"url":"http://www.tcbmag.com/dailydevelopments/dailydevelopments/106186p1.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frankfurter Börse: Klassischer Parketthandel endet\". May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fr.de/wirtschaft/frankfurter-boerse-klassischer-parketthandel-endet-11397224.html","url_text":"\"Frankfurter Börse: Klassischer Parketthandel endet\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Li

Robin Li

["1 Early life and education","2 RankDex","3 Baidu","4 Recognition","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]

Chinese software engineer and billionaire internet entrepreneur (born 1968) In this Chinese name, the family name is Li (李). Robin Li李彦宏Li in 2020Born (1968-11-17) 17 November 1968 (age 55)Yangquan, Shanxi, ChinaEducationPeking University (BMgt)University at Buffalo (MS)Occupation(s)Software engineer, internet entrepreneurTitleCo-founder and CEO of BaiduChairman of iQIYIBoard member ofEducation & Technology Group Inc.SpouseDongmin MaChildren4Chinese nameSimplified Chinese李彦宏Traditional Chinese李彥宏TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLǐ YànhóngGwoyeu RomatzyhLii YannhorngWade–GilesLi YenhungIPA Robin Li Yanhong (Chinese: 李彦宏; pinyin: Lǐ Yànhóng; born 17 November 1968) is a Chinese software engineer and billionaire internet entrepreneur who is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Chinese multinational technology company Baidu. As of June 2023, his net worth was estimated at US$8.6 billion by Forbes. Li studied information management at Peking University and computer science at the University at Buffalo. In 1996, he created RankDex. In 2000, he founded Baidu with Eric Xu. Li has been CEO of Baidu since January 2004. The company was listed on NASDAQ on August 5, 2005. Li is a member of the 12th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. During his tenure as CEO of Baidu, Li has been criticized for a number of controversies, including the death of Wei Zexi, advertising of unqualified hospitals on Tieba, and ad fraud. Early life and education Li was born in Yangquan, Shanxi Province, where he spent most of his childhood. Both of his parents were factory workers. Li was the fourth of five children, and the only boy. He earned a Bachelor of Management with a major in information management from Peking University. In the fall 1991, Li went to the University at Buffalo in New York to study for a doctorate in computer science. He left the doctoral program with a master's degree in 1994. RankDex In 1994, Li joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey division of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped develop a software program for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal. He also worked on improving algorithms for search engines. He remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997. In 1996, while at IDD, Li created the Rankdex site-scoring algorithm for search engine page ranking. Google filed a patent for a search algorithm two years later in 1998. Google founder Larry Page helped create PageRank. Li later used his Rankdex technology for the Baidu search engine. Baidu Li worked as a staff engineer for Infoseek, a pioneer internet search engine company, from July 1997 to December 1999. An achievement of his was the picture search function used by Go.com. Since founding Baidu in January 2000, Li has turned the company into the largest Chinese search engine, with over 80% market share by search query, and the second largest independent search engine in the world. On 5 August 2005, Baidu completed its IPO on NASDAQ, and in 2007 was included in the NASDAQ-100 Index. Recognition In 2001, he was named one of the "Chinese Top Ten Innovative Pioneers". In 2002 and 2003, he was named one of the "IT Ten Famous Persons". In April 2004, he was named in the second session of "Chinese Software Ten Outstanding Young Persons". In December 2005, he was named one of the "CCTV 2005 Chinese Economic Figures of The Year". In August 2014, Li was appointed by the United Nations Secretary General as co-chair of the Independent Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for Sustainable Development. Personal life Li is married to Dongmin Ma, who also works for Baidu. They have four children and live in Beijing, China. References ^ Campbell, Charlie (2023-09-07). "Robin Li CEO, Chairman and Co-Founder, Baidu". Time. Retrieved 2024-06-12. ^ a b "Forbes profile: Robin Li". Forbes. Retrieved 18 March 2022. ^ a b "About: RankDex", rankdex.com; accessed 3 May 2014. ^ "Baidu mesmerizes Wall Street - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 7 August 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2017. ^ "The Ultimate List Of 15 Asian Scientists To Watch – Robin Li". AsianScientist.com. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011. ^ 政协委员李彦宏:高薪挖著名教授成为不了优秀大学. China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2016. ^ Huang, Zheping (2016-05-02). "Baidu, China's version of Google, is "evil," a growing number of users say". Quartz. Retrieved 2023-06-10. ^ a b 李彦宏 - MBA智库百科 (in Chinese). Wiki.mbalib.com. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012. ^ "Robin Li's vision powers Baidu's Internet search dominance - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 17 September 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2017. ^ Greenberg, Andy, "The Man Who's Beating Google", Forbes magazine, October 05, 2009 ^ Yanhong Li, "Toward a Qualitative Search Engine," IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 24–29, July/August 1998, doi:10.1109/4236.707687 ^ USPTO, "Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method", US Patent number: 5920859A, Inventor: Yanhong Li, Filing date: 5 February 1997, Issue date: 6 July 1999 ^ "Baidu Vs Google: The Twins Of Search Compared". FourWeekMBA. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ Altucher, James (March 18, 2011). "10 Unusual Things About Google". Forbes. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ "Method for node ranking in a linked database". Google Patents. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015. ^ Watts, Jonathan (8 December 2005). "The man behind China's answer to Google: accused by critics of piracy and censorship". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2017. ^ CNN Money, June 2007, "50 people who matter now", cnn.com; accessed 3 May 2014. ^ "中国十大创业新锐"80后"李想上榜". Archived from the original on 2006-05-30. ^ 2006年中国IT十大风云人物 任正非当选年度人物-搜狐IT. it.sohu.com. ^ 爱好者日报. www.baiduer.com.cn. ^ "中国经济界奥斯卡奖的"ＣＣＴＶ２００５中国经济年度人物评选"各个奖项揭晓-中国知识产权报---要闻回顾". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. ^ "UN Secretary-General's Data Revolution expert group". undatarevolution.org. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2017. ^ "Baidu focuses on AI as founder hires new management team". scmp.com. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017. ^ "She has been a partner of Robin Li, now return to Baidu as a special assistant". www.bestchinanews.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2017. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Robin Li. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robin Li. "NEWSMAKER-Baidu founder rules China's Web with pragmatism" by Melanie Lee, Reuters, 19 January 2010. Robin Li profile Archived 2014-09-08 at the Wayback Machine, ir.baidu.com; accessed 3 May 2014. Robin Li delivers lecture at Stanford University's Entrepreneurship Corner Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, September 2009; accessed 3 May 2014. Asia.com; accessed 3 May 2014. vteBaiduPeople Robin Li Li Mingyuan Lu Qi Service Baidu Search Engine Baidu News Baidu MP3 Baidu Images Baidu Video Baidu Tieba Baidu Zhidao Baidu Maps Baidu Space Baidu Baike Baidu Scholar (Academic Search Engine) Baidu Hi (Instant Messenger) Baidu Guoxue Baidu Toolbar Baidu Fanyi Baidu Patents Baidu Raven Baidu Youa (Online Shopping) Baifubao (Mobile Wallet) Baidu 500 Hao123 Baidu Wenku (File Sharing) Baidu Yi Baidu Music Ernie Bot Event Death of Wei Zexi Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Poland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Li (李)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(surname_%E6%9D%8E)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"technology company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_company"},{"link_name":"Baidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes_profile-2"},{"link_name":"information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"Peking University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"RankDex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RankDex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankdex-3"},{"link_name":"Eric Xu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Xu"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"death of Wei Zexi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Wei_Zexi"},{"link_name":"Tieba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu_Tieba"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Li (李).Robin Li Yanhong (Chinese: 李彦宏; pinyin: Lǐ Yànhóng; born 17 November 1968) is a Chinese software engineer and billionaire internet entrepreneur who is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Chinese multinational technology company Baidu.[1] As of June 2023, his net worth was estimated at US$8.6 billion by Forbes.[2]Li studied information management at Peking University and computer science at the University at Buffalo. In 1996, he created RankDex.[3] In 2000, he founded Baidu with Eric Xu. Li has been CEO of Baidu since January 2004. The company was listed on NASDAQ on August 5, 2005.[4][5]Li is a member of the 12th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[6]During his tenure as CEO of Baidu, Li has been criticized for a number of controversies, including the death of Wei Zexi, advertising of unqualified hospitals on Tieba, and ad fraud.[7]","title":"Robin Li"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yangquan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangquan"},{"link_name":"Shanxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbalib1-8"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Management"},{"link_name":"information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"Peking University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbalib1-8"}],"text":"Li was born in Yangquan, Shanxi Province, where he spent most of his childhood. Both of his parents were factory workers. Li was the fourth of five children, and the only boy.[8]He earned a Bachelor of Management with a major in information management from Peking University. In the fall 1991, Li went to the University at Buffalo in New York to study for a doctorate in computer science. He left the doctoral program with a master's degree in 1994.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_and_Company"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rankdex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankdex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rankdex-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Larry Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page"},{"link_name":"PageRank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 1994, Li joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey division of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped develop a software program for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal.[9] He also worked on improving algorithms for search engines. He remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997. In 1996, while at IDD, Li created the Rankdex site-scoring algorithm for search engine page ranking.[3][10][11][12][13] Google filed a patent for a search algorithm two years later in 1998.[14] Google founder Larry Page helped create PageRank.[15] Li later used his Rankdex technology for the Baidu search engine.","title":"RankDex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infoseek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infoseek"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Li worked as a staff engineer for Infoseek, a pioneer internet search engine company, from July 1997 to December 1999. An achievement of his was the picture search function used by Go.com.[16] Since founding Baidu in January 2000, Li has turned the company into the largest Chinese search engine, with over 80% market share by search query, and the second largest independent[vague] search engine in the world. On 5 August 2005, Baidu completed its IPO on NASDAQ, and in 2007 was included in the NASDAQ-100 Index.[17]","title":"Baidu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"United Nations Secretary General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 2001, he was named one of the \"Chinese Top Ten Innovative Pioneers\".[18] In 2002 and 2003, he was named one of the \"IT Ten Famous Persons\".[19] In April 2004, he was named in the second session of \"Chinese Software Ten Outstanding Young Persons\".[20] In December 2005, he was named one of the \"CCTV 2005 Chinese Economic Figures of The Year\".[21]In August 2014, Li was appointed by the United Nations Secretary General as co-chair of the Independent Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for Sustainable Development.[22]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes_profile-2"}],"text":"Li is married to Dongmin Ma, who also works for Baidu.[23][24] They have four children and live in Beijing, China.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Campbell, Charlie (2023-09-07). \"Robin Li CEO, Chairman and Co-Founder, Baidu\". Time. Retrieved 2024-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/collection/time100-ai/6310648/robin-li/","url_text":"\"Robin Li CEO, Chairman and Co-Founder, Baidu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes profile: Robin Li\". Forbes. Retrieved 18 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/profile/robin-li/","url_text":"\"Forbes profile: Robin Li\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baidu mesmerizes Wall Street - Taipei Times\". www.taipeitimes.com. 7 August 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2005/08/07/2003266803","url_text":"\"Baidu mesmerizes Wall Street - Taipei Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ultimate List Of 15 Asian Scientists To Watch – Robin Li\". AsianScientist.com. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asianscientist.com/","url_text":"\"The Ultimate List Of 15 Asian Scientists To Watch – Robin Li\""}]},{"reference":"政协委员李彦宏:高薪挖著名教授成为不了优秀大学. China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305010441/http://news.china.com.cn/2013lianghui/2013-03/05/content_28139169.htm","url_text":"政协委员李彦宏:高薪挖著名教授成为不了优秀大学"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center","url_text":"China Internet Information Center"},{"url":"http://news.china.com.cn/2013lianghui/2013-03/05/content_28139169.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Huang, Zheping (2016-05-02). \"Baidu, China's version of Google, is \"evil,\" a growing number of users say\". Quartz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeopleMover_(Magic_Kingdom)

PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom)

["1 Ride experience","2 History","2.1 Wedway PeopleMover (1975–1994)","2.2 Tomorrowland Transit Authority (1994–2009)","2.3 Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover (2009–2022)","2.4 PeopleMover (2022–present)","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 28°25′06″N 81°34′45″W / 28.41833°N 81.57917°W / 28.41833; -81.57917Attraction at Walt Disney World "WEDway PeopleMover" redirects here. For the former attraction at Disneyland, see PeopleMover (Disneyland). For the generic type, see WEDway. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "PeopleMover" Magic Kingdom – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PeopleMoverThe TTA PeopleMover's double-track section at the entrance to Space Mountain in July 30, 2007.Magic KingdomAreaTomorrowlandCoordinates28°25′06″N 81°34′45″W / 28.41833°N 81.57917°W / 28.41833; -81.57917StatusOperatingOpening dateJuly 1, 1975; 48 years ago (July 1, 1975) Ride statisticsAttraction typePeople moverManufacturerWalt Disney ImagineeringDesignerWED EnterprisesLength5,484 ft (1,672 m)Speed6.84 mph (11.01 km/h)Vehicles32Riders per vehicle30Rows2Riders per row3Duration10:00Host Jack Wagner (1975–1985) ORAC-1 Commuter Computer (Ronnie Schell) (1985–1994) TTA Central Announcer (Pete Renaday) (1994–October 2009) Mike Brassell (October 2009–July 2022) B.J. Ward (safety voice) (October 2009–present) ORAC-5 (Stephen Stanton) (July 2022–present) PropulsionLinear induction motors embedded in trackPlatform speed1.84 mphMotor count629Previous namesWEDway PeopleMover (July 1, 1975 – June 11, 1994)Tomorrowland Transit Authority (June 12, 1994 – August 4, 2010)Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover (August 5, 2010 – August 25, 2022; name still used on WDW website, Magic Kingdom guide maps, and some old signage)SponsorEnterprise Rent-A-Car Closed captioning available The PeopleMover is an attraction in Tomorrowland in the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida just outside of Orlando, Florida. Designed as an urban mass-transit system of the future, vehicles take passengers on a grand circle tour of the realm of Tomorrowland that provides elevated views of several other attractions. Ride experience The early concept model for Epcot seen during the ride The attraction has a single station, which resides in the center of Rocket Tower Plaza and beneath the Astro Orbiter. Passing the queue, passengers step onto the Speedramp (inclined moving walkway) to the second level. They then step onto a moving platform which matches the speed of the PeopleMover trains, and board before they depart the station. Leaving the Rocket Tower Plaza Station, the trains make a sharp left turn, followed by a sweeping turn over the plaza. The track then makes a right-hand turn, running along the outside of the northern show building and above the former queue for Stitch's Great Escape! and passing by the Tomorrowland main entrance at Central Plaza. The track enters a tunnel through the northern show building and passes a large diorama containing a portion of the Progress City/"Epcot" model, which originally resided in the upper level of the Carousel of Progress at the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965 and at Disneyland starting in 1967-1973, before encountering a diorama of two robots and crossing the Star Traders shop. Leaving the northern show building, the ride passes over the walkway to Fantasyland, the Tomorrowland Speedway, and access to the Tron Lightcycle Power Run. Afterwards, the ride crosses the Walt Disney World Railroad tracks and pass through a switch, which leads to the ride's storage and maintenance bays as they make a right turn to enter Space Mountain. Inside Space Mountain, the trains then make a left turn and pass in between the lift hills of the roller coaster tracks. The vehicles then pass two lighted signs reading "Starport: Seven Five" (an oblique reference to the opening year of the attraction), before open space to the left allows a view down into the post-show dioramas. After the view of the post-show, the track makes a right turn, wrapping around the Omega track's loading station, and travels along the back side of the building, which is in complete pitch black darkness. It is possible to look up and see the projections from the ride and the tracks. The trains make a sharp S-turn to merge with the storage track, and run along the outside of the building perimeter to return to the railroad bridge. The Space Mountain segment of the PeopleMover has gained heavy notoriety among park guests for offering the only accessible view of Space Mountain when the interior work lights are on. Because the two attractions have separate operating systems, the PeopleMover does not have to stop during Space Mountain breakdowns, so guests riding the PeopleMover when the work lights are on get a rare illuminated look at the roller coaster tracks. After crossing the railroad tracks again, the trains backtrack to a point above the Tomorrowland Speedway before turning south. After passing over Space Mountain's entrance plaza, the former Skyway terminal and the restrooms, the track travels along the exterior of Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress, before crossing over the former Galaxy Palace Theater entrance and entering the south show building. Entering the building, guests pass a diorama of a futuristic salon and then get a view down into Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin, similar to the one given of Star Traders. Exiting the tunnel, the ride travels along the side of the south show building, and passing by Main Street U.S.A., the Tomorrowland sign entrance and the Cinderella Castle again, and above the queue line for Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor, and the queue line for Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin. The ride then returns to Rocket Tower Plaza, where guests disembark and unload. History Wedway PeopleMover (1975–1994) Main article: PeopleMover A TTA PeopleMover ride vehicle The Wedway PeopleMover opened on July 1, 1975, based on the PeopleMover attraction at Disneyland in California (WED for Walter Elias Disney). Because the system did not utilize the rotating Goodyear tires used as propulsion in the initial version of the transportation mode, instead relying on Linear induction motors, Goodyear had no involvement in the East Coast version. The Edison Electric Institute was the original institutional patron of the attraction. Instead of an open track with covered cars, as designed for Disneyland, the trains were designed were built as open-air cars that traveled under a permanent roof over the guideway. The engineering and design of the track itself were also reworked. While Disneyland's version regularly changed elevation, especially during the outdoor portions, the version for Walt Disney World was designed to remain at the same elevation from start to finish. The original narration was provided by longtime Disney announcer, Jack Wagner. In June 1985, his narration was replaced by the voice of ORAC One – "The Commuter Computer" voiced by actor Ronnie Schell, which was used until June 11, 1994, when the attraction received a makeover for the New Tomorrowland. At that time the WEDWay Peoplemover passed through the attractions that occupied Tomorrowland during that time, including Mission to Mars, If You Had Wings, and others. Originally, the tunnel through the south show building (now home to Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin) had three windows; one and two on the trains' right, three to the trains' left. This building first housed If You Had Wings, and the windows were carefully placed to look down into the Mexico, Jamaica, and Trinidad show scenes in such a way as to hide all projectors, lights and other show support equipment. When If You Had Wings (renamed If You Could Fly) was closed in January 1989 and remodeled into Delta Dreamflight, the windows no longer lined up correctly with show scenes. The first window was replaced with backlit panels depicting the ride's barnstormer scene. Window two looked into the Parisian Excursion scene, from a viewpoint which heavily distorted the tableau's forced perspective. The third window would have had riders looking directly into an extremely bright light and so was completely obscured with plywood and black fabric. Tomorrowland Transit Authority (1994–2009) vteTomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover Legend Storage facility(not open to public) Space Mountain Steam train transfer(via short walk inside park) Tomorrowland Maintenance facility(not open to public) In the spring of 1994, Tomorrowland underwent a massive refurbishment that changed the theme of the land from being a showcase of future technology to a working city of the future. The WEDway PeopleMover received new physical theming as the track structure along the north and south show buildings as well as Rocket Tower Plaza was updated from smooth Googie-esque white forms to boldly colored metallic structures. The section of track linking the north show building to Space Mountain, and the section from Space Mountain to the Carousel of Progress, which was not changed. It was during this refurbishment that the attraction's name changed from the Wedway PeopleMover to Tomorrowland Transit Authority. A new narration was added, with the tour led by Pete Renaday broadcasting from TTA Central. The new name and narration debuted on June 12, 1994. This 1994 recording remained largely unaltered until October 2, 2009, which came shortly after the ride had reopened following a five-month down period during the refurbishment of Space Mountain. The TTA's backstory in the 1994–2009 version of the ride made reference to the Transit Authority's three different "lines": the Blue Line, the Red Line, and the Green Line. The Blue Line, which constitutes the actual ride, was Tomorrowland's intra-city elevated train system. The Red Line took riders 'off-planet' to other destinations in the galaxy, while the Green Line provided local transportation to Tomorrowland's "Hover-Burbs." There was a diorama of a hub station where all three lines intersect located on the second floor of the north show building (Interplanetary Convention Center). Other services provided by the Transit Authority (interstate highway maintenance and long-distance space travel) were alluded to in the ride's narration. Changes made in the 1994 narration over its 15 years of use included the following: The replacement of the narration for the south show building in 1996 when Delta Dreamflight became Take Flight. This narration was replaced again when Take Flight was turned into Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin in 1998. The 1994 narration for Space Mountain said, "Now arriving in Space Mountain, Tomorrowland's gateway to the Galaxy, Presented by Federal Express," noting Space Mountain's sponsorship by FedEx. When FedEx dropped sponsorship in 2004, the narration was altered to cut off after "Galaxy." A narration was played upon leaving the south show building tunnel mentioning The Timekeeper from 1994 to 2006 when The Timekeeper closed, wherein the narration on the TTA mentioning it was removed. Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover (2009–2022) The Tomorrowland Transit Authority closed on April 19, 2009, in line with a major refurbishment of Space Mountain, and reopened on September 12, 2009. The closure was necessary due to extensive construction work planned for the roller coaster, and the inherent safety risks such activity would pose to Transit Authority riders. During the refurbishment, the beamway was enhanced with new multicolored LED lighting that moves in time with the music being played in Tomorrowland. Other enhancements included freshly re-painted trackway and infrastructure, as well as new speakers for the ride audio system. On October 2, 2009, the ride received a new narration featuring the voice of Mike Brassell, with safety spiels provided by B. J. Ward, who provided the main narration for Disneyland's PeopleMover from 1982 to 1995. The new narration is similar to the original WEDway Peoplemover narration and includes segments introducing all attractions in Tomorrowland, including attractions that had opened after the last update to the narration, such as Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin and the Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor. The narration also includes brief audio clips from characters represented by the various attractions: Buzz Lightyear can be heard when passing Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin, Roz is heard when passing Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor, Mickey Mouse can be heard when passing above the Mickey's Star Traders store before the rebranding to Star Traders in 2019, and Stitch, also known as "Experiment 626", was previously heard when passing Stitch's Great Escape!. In addition, a female voice paging for Mr. Tom Morrow can be heard shortly after traveling past the lift hill in Space Mountain, which in the 1994 narration happened over Carousel of Progress. The PeopleMover name was revived in the new narration, which refers to the attraction vehicle as the "Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover," in place of the previous "TTA Metroliner" name introduced after the attraction's 1994 refurbishment. On August 5, 2010, it was announced that the name "PeopleMover" would officially be re-instated into the ride's name, effectively changing it to Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover. Ride signage was changed around the track to reflect the name change. On March 12, 2020, it was announced that Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover would close for refurbishment. On October 26, 2020, since Walt Disney World reopened after being temporarily closed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Walt Disney World announced that they once again extended the Tomorrowland PeopleMover refurbishment. The refurbishment continues to follow along with the theme park hours posted the furthest into the future, in this case April 4, 2021. On March 31, 2021, Walt Disney World announced yet another extension to the PeopleMover refurbishment, this time set to reopen May 2021. The ride soft-opened on April 25, 2021, and officially reopened the next day. PeopleMover (2022–present) On July 1, 2022, the narration was updated to feature an entirely new narration by ORAC-5 (a reference to the original narrator character of ORAC One), replacing the narration done by Mike Brassell. The safety spiel was also updated to make references to aliens and other sci-fi tropes. While much of the dialogue is still the same, just with a new voice, the narration now features references to past iterations of the PeopleMover's narration, as well as references to defunct rides and attractions from Tomorrowland's history, such as If You Had Wings, The Timekeeper, and the song "The Best Time of Your Life" from the 1975 version of The Carousel of Progress. The three-note musical chime heard throughout the 1994-2009 narration has also been restored. There is also narration referencing the new Tron Lightcycle Run. References to Stitch have been removed, as has the cameo by Monster Inc.'s Roz, with only Buzz Lightyear's cameo remaining. See also Disney portalTrains portalFlorida portal Magic Kingdom attraction and entertainment history Omnimover Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Subway (George Bush Intercontinental Airport) Notes ^ Formerly known as the WEDway PeopleMover from 1975 until 1994, the Tomorrowland Transit Authority from 1994 until 2010, and Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover from 2010 until (except on the Walt Disney World website and on Magic Kingdom guide maps) 2022. ^ Stitch's Great Escape! permanently closed after January 6, 2018 and is now a meet-and-greet space called Stitch's Alien Encounter Character Greeting!. References ^ a b c d "Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover | Magic Kingdom Park". Disney Parks, Experiences and Products. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ a b Jex, Shaun (January 22, 2018). "Four Facts About the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover's History". Celebrations. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ "Magic Kingdom Park Operational Updates". Retrieved 2009-04-20. ^ Video of the Tomorrowland Transit Authority with new narration ^ Herbst, Dave (August 5, 2010). "'PeopleMover' is Coming Back at Walt Disney World". DisneyParks.com. ^ "PeopleMover Remains Closed for Fifth Straight Day at Magic Kingdom". 13 March 2020. ^ "PeopleMover's Closure Extended for the Fifth Time in Disney World". AllEars.Net. 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2021-02-24. ^ "Tomorrowland PeopleMover Refurbishment Extended to January 9, 2021 at Magic Kingdom". 26 October 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover. Official website vteMagic KingdomAttractionsMain Street U.S.A. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PeopleMover (Disneyland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeopleMover_(Disneyland)"},{"link_name":"WEDway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEDway"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park_attraction"},{"link_name":"Tomorrowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(Disney_Parks)"},{"link_name":"Magic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Bay Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Lake,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"}],"text":"Attraction at Walt Disney World\"WEDway PeopleMover\" redirects here. For the former attraction at Disneyland, see PeopleMover (Disneyland). For the generic type, see WEDway.The PeopleMover[a] is an attraction in Tomorrowland in the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida just outside of Orlando, Florida. Designed as an urban mass-transit system of the future, vehicles take passengers on a grand circle tour of the realm of Tomorrowland that provides elevated views of several other attractions.","title":"PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Progress_City_(29420427613).jpg"},{"link_name":"Astro Orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Orbiter"},{"link_name":"moving walkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_walkway"},{"link_name":"moving platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_platform_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Stitch's Great Escape!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch%27s_Great_Escape!"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tomorrowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(Disney_Parks)"},{"link_name":"Epcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Prototype_Community_of_Tomorrow_(concept)"},{"link_name":"Carousel of Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_of_Progress"},{"link_name":"Tomorrowland Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Tron Lightcycle Power Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_Lightcycle_Power_Run"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Space Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Mountain_(Magic_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"post-show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-show"},{"link_name":"Skyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyway_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Carousel_of_Progress"},{"link_name":"Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear_attractions"},{"link_name":"Main Street U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc._(franchise)#Monsters,_Inc._Laugh_Floor"}],"text":"The early concept model for Epcot seen during the rideThe attraction has a single station, which resides in the center of Rocket Tower Plaza and beneath the Astro Orbiter. Passing the queue, passengers step onto the Speedramp (inclined moving walkway) to the second level. They then step onto a moving platform which matches the speed of the PeopleMover trains, and board before they depart the station.Leaving the Rocket Tower Plaza Station, the trains make a sharp left turn, followed by a sweeping turn over the plaza. The track then makes a right-hand turn, running along the outside of the northern show building and above the former queue for Stitch's Great Escape![b] and passing by the Tomorrowland main entrance at Central Plaza. The track enters a tunnel through the northern show building and passes a large diorama containing a portion of the Progress City/\"Epcot\" model, which originally resided in the upper level of the Carousel of Progress at the New York World's Fair of 1964-1965 and at Disneyland starting in 1967-1973, before encountering a diorama of two robots and crossing the Star Traders shop.Leaving the northern show building, the ride passes over the walkway to Fantasyland, the Tomorrowland Speedway, and access to the Tron Lightcycle Power Run. Afterwards, the ride crosses the Walt Disney World Railroad tracks and pass through a switch, which leads to the ride's storage and maintenance bays as they make a right turn to enter Space Mountain. Inside Space Mountain, the trains then make a left turn and pass in between the lift hills of the roller coaster tracks. The vehicles then pass two lighted signs reading \"Starport: Seven Five\" (an oblique reference to the opening year of the attraction), before open space to the left allows a view down into the post-show dioramas. After the view of the post-show, the track makes a right turn, wrapping around the Omega track's loading station, and travels along the back side of the building, which is in complete pitch black darkness. It is possible to look up and see the projections from the ride and the tracks. The trains make a sharp S-turn to merge with the storage track, and run along the outside of the building perimeter to return to the railroad bridge. The Space Mountain segment of the PeopleMover has gained heavy notoriety among park guests for offering the only accessible view of Space Mountain when the interior work lights are on. Because the two attractions have separate operating systems, the PeopleMover does not have to stop during Space Mountain breakdowns, so guests riding the PeopleMover when the work lights are on get a rare illuminated look at the roller coaster tracks.After crossing the railroad tracks again, the trains backtrack to a point above the Tomorrowland Speedway before turning south. After passing over Space Mountain's entrance plaza, the former Skyway terminal and the restrooms, the track travels along the exterior of Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress, before crossing over the former Galaxy Palace Theater entrance and entering the south show building. Entering the building, guests pass a diorama of a futuristic salon and then get a view down into Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin, similar to the one given of Star Traders. Exiting the tunnel, the ride travels along the side of the south show building, and passing by Main Street U.S.A., the Tomorrowland sign entrance and the Cinderella Castle again, and above the queue line for Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor, and the queue line for Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin. The ride then returns to Rocket Tower Plaza, where guests disembark and unload.","title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WEDWay_Peoplemover_(7767818330).jpg"},{"link_name":"PeopleMover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeopleMover"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Walter Elias Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Elias_Disney"},{"link_name":"Linear induction motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_induction_motor"},{"link_name":"Goodyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Jack Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Wagner_(announcer)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Schell"},{"link_name":"Mission to Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_to_Mars_(attraction)"},{"link_name":"If You Had Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Had_Wings"},{"link_name":"If You Had Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Had_Wings"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"If You Could Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Could_Fly"},{"link_name":"Delta Dreamflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Dreamflight"},{"link_name":"barnstormer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorming"},{"link_name":"Parisian Excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"forced perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_perspective"}],"sub_title":"Wedway PeopleMover (1975–1994)","text":"A TTA PeopleMover ride vehicleThe Wedway PeopleMover opened on July 1, 1975, based on the PeopleMover attraction at Disneyland in California (WED for Walter Elias Disney). Because the system did not utilize the rotating Goodyear tires used as propulsion in the initial version of the transportation mode, instead relying on Linear induction motors, Goodyear had no involvement in the East Coast version.The Edison Electric Institute was the original institutional patron of the attraction. Instead of an open track with covered cars, as designed for Disneyland, the trains were designed were built as open-air cars that traveled under a permanent roof over the guideway.The engineering and design of the track itself were also reworked. While Disneyland's version regularly changed elevation, especially during the outdoor portions, the version for Walt Disney World was designed to remain at the same elevation from start to finish.The original narration was provided by longtime Disney announcer, Jack Wagner. In June 1985, his narration was replaced by the voice of ORAC One – \"The Commuter Computer\" voiced by actor Ronnie Schell, which was used until June 11, 1994, when the attraction received a makeover for the New Tomorrowland. At that time the WEDWay Peoplemover passed through the attractions that occupied Tomorrowland during that time, including Mission to Mars, If You Had Wings, and others. Originally, the tunnel through the south show building (now home to Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin) had three windows; one and two on the trains' right, three to the trains' left. This building first housed If You Had Wings, and the windows were carefully placed to look down into the Mexico, Jamaica, and Trinidad show scenes in such a way as to hide all projectors, lights and other show support equipment. When If You Had Wings (renamed If You Could Fly) was closed in January 1989 and remodeled into Delta Dreamflight, the windows no longer lined up correctly with show scenes. The first window was replaced with backlit panels depicting the ride's barnstormer scene. Window two looked into the Parisian Excursion scene, from a viewpoint which heavily distorted the tableau's forced perspective. The third window would have had riders looking directly into an extremely bright light and so was completely obscured with plywood and black fabric.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomorrowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(Disney_Parks)"},{"link_name":"Googie-esque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googie"},{"link_name":"Pete Renaday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Renaday"},{"link_name":"backstory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-story"},{"link_name":"elevated train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_train"},{"link_name":"Hover-Burbs.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Delta Dreamflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Dreamflight"},{"link_name":"Federal Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"The Timekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timekeeper"}],"sub_title":"Tomorrowland Transit Authority (1994–2009)","text":"In the spring of 1994, Tomorrowland underwent a massive refurbishment that changed the theme of the land from being a showcase of future technology to a working city of the future. The WEDway PeopleMover received new physical theming as the track structure along the north and south show buildings as well as Rocket Tower Plaza was updated from smooth Googie-esque white forms to boldly colored metallic structures. The section of track linking the north show building to Space Mountain, and the section from Space Mountain to the Carousel of Progress, which was not changed.It was during this refurbishment that the attraction's name changed from the Wedway PeopleMover to Tomorrowland Transit Authority. A new narration was added, with the tour led by Pete Renaday broadcasting from TTA Central. The new name and narration debuted on June 12, 1994. This 1994 recording remained largely unaltered until October 2, 2009, which came shortly after the ride had reopened following a five-month down period during the refurbishment of Space Mountain.The TTA's backstory in the 1994–2009 version of the ride made reference to the Transit Authority's three different \"lines\": the Blue Line, the Red Line, and the Green Line. The Blue Line, which constitutes the actual ride, was Tomorrowland's intra-city elevated train system. The Red Line took riders 'off-planet' to other destinations in the galaxy, while the Green Line provided local transportation to Tomorrowland's \"Hover-Burbs.\" There was a diorama of a hub station where all three lines intersect located on the second floor of the north show building (Interplanetary Convention Center). Other services provided by the Transit Authority (interstate highway maintenance and long-distance space travel) were alluded to in the ride's narration.Changes made in the 1994 narration over its 15 years of use included the following:The replacement of the narration for the south show building in 1996 when Delta Dreamflight became Take Flight. This narration was replaced again when Take Flight was turned into Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin in 1998.\nThe 1994 narration for Space Mountain said, \"Now arriving in Space Mountain, Tomorrowland's gateway to the Galaxy, Presented by Federal Express,\" noting Space Mountain's sponsorship by FedEx. When FedEx dropped sponsorship in 2004, the narration was altered to cut off after \"Galaxy.\"\nA narration was played upon leaving the south show building tunnel mentioning The Timekeeper from 1994 to 2006 when The Timekeeper closed, wherein the narration on the TTA mentioning it was removed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"B. J. Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Ward_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc._Laugh_Floor"},{"link_name":"Buzz Lightyear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear"},{"link_name":"Roz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Monsters,_Inc._characters#Roz"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Stitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitch_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover (2009–2022)","text":"The Tomorrowland Transit Authority closed on April 19, 2009, in line with a major refurbishment of Space Mountain, and reopened on September 12, 2009.[3] The closure was necessary due to extensive construction work planned for the roller coaster, and the inherent safety risks such activity would pose to Transit Authority riders.During the refurbishment, the beamway was enhanced with new multicolored LED lighting that moves in time with the music being played in Tomorrowland. Other enhancements included freshly re-painted trackway and infrastructure, as well as new speakers for the ride audio system.On October 2, 2009, the ride received a new narration featuring the voice of Mike Brassell, with safety spiels provided by B. J. Ward, who provided the main narration for Disneyland's PeopleMover from 1982 to 1995. The new narration is similar to the original WEDway Peoplemover narration and includes segments introducing all attractions in Tomorrowland, including attractions that had opened after the last update to the narration, such as Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin and the Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor. The narration also includes brief audio clips from characters represented by the various attractions: Buzz Lightyear can be heard when passing Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin, Roz is heard when passing Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor, Mickey Mouse can be heard when passing above the Mickey's Star Traders store before the rebranding to Star Traders in 2019, and Stitch, also known as \"Experiment 626\", was previously heard when passing Stitch's Great Escape!. In addition, a female voice paging for Mr. Tom Morrow can be heard shortly after traveling past the lift hill in Space Mountain, which in the 1994 narration happened over Carousel of Progress. The PeopleMover name was revived in the new narration, which refers to the attraction vehicle as the \"Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover,\" in place of the previous \"TTA Metroliner\" name introduced after the attraction's 1994 refurbishment.[4]On August 5, 2010, it was announced that the name \"PeopleMover\" would officially be re-instated into the ride's name, effectively changing it to Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover.[5] Ride signage was changed around the track to reflect the name change.On March 12, 2020, it was announced that Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover would close for refurbishment. [6]On October 26, 2020, since Walt Disney World reopened after being temporarily closed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Walt Disney World announced that they once again extended the Tomorrowland PeopleMover refurbishment. The refurbishment continues to follow along with the theme park hours posted the furthest into the future, in this case April 4, 2021.[7][8] On March 31, 2021, Walt Disney World announced yet another extension to the PeopleMover refurbishment, this time set to reopen May 2021. The ride soft-opened on April 25, 2021, and officially reopened the next day.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"If You Had Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Had_Wings"},{"link_name":"The Timekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timekeeper"},{"link_name":"The Best Time of Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Time_of_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"The Carousel of Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carousel_of_Progress"},{"link_name":"Tron Lightcycle Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_Lightcycle_Power_Run"}],"sub_title":"PeopleMover (2022–present)","text":"On July 1, 2022, the narration was updated to feature an entirely new narration by ORAC-5 (a reference to the original narrator character of ORAC One), replacing the narration done by Mike Brassell. The safety spiel was also updated to make references to aliens and other sci-fi tropes. While much of the dialogue is still the same, just with a new voice, the narration now features references to past iterations of the PeopleMover's narration, as well as references to defunct rides and attractions from Tomorrowland's history, such as If You Had Wings, The Timekeeper, and the song \"The Best Time of Your Life\" from the 1975 version of The Carousel of Progress. The three-note musical chime heard throughout the 1994-2009 narration has also been restored. There is also narration referencing the new Tron Lightcycle Run. References to Stitch have been removed, as has the cameo by Monster Inc.'s Roz, with only Buzz Lightyear's cameo remaining.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTAPeopleMover-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Formerly known as the WEDway PeopleMover from 1975 until 1994, the Tomorrowland Transit Authority from 1994 until 2010, and Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover from 2010 until (except on the Walt Disney World website[1] and on Magic Kingdom guide maps) 2022.\n\n^ Stitch's Great Escape! permanently closed after January 6, 2018 and is now a meet-and-greet space called Stitch's Alien Encounter Character Greeting!.","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_and_mortar_business

Brick and mortar

["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Decline","4 Benefits","5 Drawbacks","5.1 New businesses and fixed costs","5.2 Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles","5.3 Expensive and luxury products","5.4 Wider stock availability online","5.5 Queues","6 E-government","7 See also","8 References"]

Class of organisations or businesses This article is about the e-commerce concept. For brick and mortar construction, see Brickwork. For other uses, see Brick and mortar (disambiguation). Look up brick and mortar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Brick and mortar retail shops on Marylebone High Street, London Brick and mortar (or B&M) is an organization or business with a physical presence in a building or other structure. The term brick-and-mortar business is often used to refer to a company that possesses or leases retail shops, factory production facilities, or warehouses for its operations. More specifically, in the jargon of e-commerce businesses in the 2000s, brick-and-mortar businesses are companies that have a physical presence (e.g., a retail shop in a building) and offer face-to-face customer experiences. This term is usually used to contrast with a transitory business or an Internet-only presence, such as fully online shops, which have no physical presence for shoppers to visit, talk with staff in person, touch and handle products, or buy from the firm in person. However, such online businesses normally have non-public physical facilities from which they either run business operations (e.g., the company headquarters and back office facilities), and/or warehouses for storing and distributing products. Concerns such as foot traffic, storefront visibility, and appealing interior design apply to brick-and-mortar businesses rather than online ones. An online-only business needs to have an attractive, well-designed website, a reliable e-commerce system for payment, a good delivery or shipping service, and effective online marketing tactics to drive web traffic to the site. Governments are also adopting e-government approaches, which is the use of online services for citizens to enable them to fill out government forms, pay tax bills, and register for government programs online; these services aim to cut bricks-and-mortar costs (building leasing/purchase and staff costs) and improve services to citizens (by offering 24/7 access to information and services). Etymology The name is a metonym derived from the traditional building materials associated with physical buildings: bricks and mortar, however, it is applicable to all stores with a physical storefront, not just those built out of bricks and mortar. The term was originally used by 19th century American novelist Herman Melville in the book Moby Dick (chapter 96). The term brick-and-mortar businesses is also a retronym, in that most shops had a physical presence before the advent of the Internet. The term is also applicable in a pre-Internet era, when contrasting businesses with physical retail presence with those that operated strictly in an order-by-mail capacity pre-Internet. History The Galanterie-, Kurz- und Spielwaren-Laden store in Uetersen, Germany in 1901 The history of brick-and-mortar businesses cannot be dated precisely, but it existed in the earliest vendor stalls in the first towns (as early as 7500 BC), where merchants brought their agricultural produce, clay pots and handmade clothing to sell in a village market. Bricks and mortar businesses remain important in the 2010s, though many shops and services, ranging from consumer electronics shops to clothing shops and even grocery shops have begun offering online shopping. This physical presence, either of a retail shop, a customer service location with staff, where clients can go in person to ask questions about a product or service, or a service center or repair facility where customers can bring their products, has played a crucial role in providing goods and services to consumers throughout history. A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan. All large retailers in the 19th and the early to mid-20th century started off with a smaller brick-and-mortar presence, which increased as the businesses grew. A prime example of this is McDonald's, a company that started with one small restaurant and now has nearly 36,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and plans to grow further; this shows the importance of having a physical presence. For many small businesses, their business model is mostly limited to a bricks and mortar model, such as a diner restaurant or a dry cleaning service. Nevertheless, even service-based businesses can use websites and "apps" to reach new customers or improve their services. For example, a dry cleaning service could use a website to let customers know of the hours and location(s) of their bricks and mortar stores. Decline Main article: Retail apocalypse Netflix, an online movie streaming website founded in 1997, is an example of how an online business has affected a B&M businesses such as video rental stores. After Netflix and similar companies became popular, traditional DVD rental stores such as Blockbuster LLC went out of business. Customers preferred to be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows using "streaming", without having to go to a physical rental store to rent a DVD, and then return to the store to give the DVD back. "The rapid rise of online film streaming offered by the likes of Lovefilm and Netflix made Blockbuster's video and DVD business model practically obsolete.' There has been an increase in online retailers in the 2000s, as people are using e-commerce (online sales) to fulfill basic needs ranging from grocery shopping to book purchases. Sales through mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones have also risen in the 2000s: "While total online sales rose 18% year-on-year in December to £11.1 , according to the latest figures from e-tail industry body IMRG and advisory firm Capgemini, sales via mobile devices doubled to £3 .' The increase in households where both adults work outside the home, combined with the convenience of shopping for and buying products and services online, has decreased the number of customers going to retail outlets, as consumers can access the same information about products and services without paying for gas, parking and other costs, thus saving them time and money. "Today’s consumers lead busy lives and shopping takes time. Often it is a task. Consumers find researching and shopping on the Web far more convenient than brick-and-mortar visits." Brick and mortar businesses are not limited to having a physical presence only, they may also have an online presence such as Tesco, who offer an online grocery service as well as a brick-and-mortar retail presence. Benefits Bricks and mortar retail shops along the Fredrikinkatu street in the center of Helsinki, Finland The presence of brick-and-mortar establishments may bring many benefits to businesses; Customer service: face-to-face customer service can be a big contributor into increasing sales of a business and improving customer satisfaction. When customers can take a product back to the store to ask staff questions or help them learn to use it, it can make customers feel more satisfied with their purchase. Research has shown that 86% of customers will pay more for a product if they have received great customer service. Face-to-face interaction: Many consumers prefer to be able to touch products, and experience and test them out before they buy. This is often attributed to Baby Boomers, older Generation X customers and the elderly being used to a more traditional in-person approach when it comes to shopping and preferring to have a demonstration of products or services, especially when buying new technology . Other studies show, given equal prices, a 90% preference for the in-person shopping experience, including among teens, who combine social interaction with shopping. On the other hand, many of these consumers engage in showrooming: trying on clothes or otherwise examining merchandise in-store, and then buying online at cheaper prices. Trust: Online commerce presents an increased risk of internet fraud, and thus some consumers may be averse to it. Drawbacks The brick-and-mortar approach also has various drawbacks. New businesses and fixed costs Fixed costs are a serious challenge for B&M businesses. Fixed costs are payments that a business has to make for elements such as rent of a store and monthly payments for services such as a security alarm. Fixed costs stay the same for a business even if it ramps up its operations or winds down its operations during a slow period. In contrast, variable costs change as a business ramps its operations up or down. Variable costs include wages (for employees paid by the hour) and electricity for operating machinery used by the business during its operating hours. If a business increases its hours of operation, its hourly wages and electricity bill will rise, but its rent and security alarm costs will stay the same (assuming that the business does not add additional locations). Start-up companies and other small businesses typically find it hard to pay all of the fixed costs that are part of their venture. Research shows that 70% of new start up businesses fail within the first 10 years. Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles People have busier lifestyles in the 2010s, with more families having both adults working, and therefore they find it harder to find the time to physically go and shop at stores and services. As well, in many cities traffic jams and congestion on roads have made it more stressful and time-consuming to drive to physical locations to shop. Online shopping and online services, which consumers can access from an Internet-connected laptop or smartphone are more convenient for these people. Expensive and luxury products B&M increases the fixed cost for any business, therefore the products sold in physical shops tend to be more expensive compared to online shops. For stores selling expensive products or services in a B&M format, customers expect beautiful window displays, fine decorating in the establishment and well-dressed salespeople who earn high commission on their sales. Some high-end hair salons and luxury car stores even offer conveniences such as free espresso and bottled water, all of which add to the overhead of selling these products and services. Online shops, even those for luxury goods, do not have to pay for high-end retail stores and salespeople. Nevertheless, high-end online stores typically incur higher costs for their online presence, because they need to have leading edge Web 2.0 functions on their website, a professionally designed site, and in some cases, staff available to respond to phone calls, e-mails and online "chat" questions. Wider stock availability online Products may be out stock in relatively small brick-and-mortar retail stores and due to limited space in small business retail stores, these establishments may only be able to carry a few types of each product. Online shops are able to have a huge amount of stock in numerous large warehouses (e.g., Amazon.com has warehouses in numerous locations from which it ships its products) which it can quickly ship out. An online store may be able to order up products from a large number of geographically dispersed warehouses, even warehouses owned and operated by third parties (e.g., smaller companies), which are connected to the large company via the Internet. Queues Queues (lineups and waiting rooms) are part and parcel of B&M retail businesses, due to physical constraints and the limitations on how many staff the business can afford to hire. A physical store may only have a few salespeople to serve customers, so many customers may have to wait in line during the busiest hours. To lessen the stress of waiting, some B&M stores provide big-screen TVs with cable TV, free coffee and newspapers; while these niceties improve the customer experience, they add to the costs of operating a B&M establishment. On the other hand, an online virtual store in which customers select their own purchases in a virtual "shopping cart" and pay for them using e-commerce approaches may be able to serve thousands of customers at the same time. E-government Main article: E-government Beginning in the 1990s and early 2000s, many governments in industrialised countries began to offer e-government services to citizens. Online government services are offered by a range of government departments and agencies, ranging from departments of motor vehicles (online car registration), police (paying speeding tickets online), city services (paying parking tickets online or requesting that a pothole be filled) and social services (registering for social assistance or unemployment insurance) and tax departments (paying a tax bill or submitting a tax return online). Many governments use e-services to provide online information to citizens (e.g., "help" guides, Frequently Asked Question lists, manuals for government program applicants, etc.), thus saving on the need for call centers where citizens can call to ask questions or physical service locations where citizens can come in person to ask about government forms or services. These online government services aim at two goals: reducing costs to governments and improving client service. By offering these services and information online, governments save money, because they do not have to offer as many bricks and mortar client service centers where citizens can come and fill in these forms and pay government bills. Governments offering e-services can also operate with less civil servants and thus less salary and benefits costs, as the citizens using online services are generally doing all of the administrative tasks (e.g., downloading a form, filling in a form, looking up guidance in an online "help" manual, paying fees) themselves using their home computer. E-government services also improve service for citizens who have access to a computer, Internet and an online payment method (e.g., a credit card or PayPal), because these citizens are not limited by the 9 am-5 pm or 8 am-4 pm business hours of most physical government offices, and citizens do not have to incur the costs of transportation (e.g., bus tickets, gas, parking, etc.) associated with going to a bricks and mortar location. Nevertheless, government e-services do not help all citizens, due to the digital divide; citizens who are in poverty, who are homeless or who live in rural or remote regions may not have access to high speed Internet. These citizens, as well as those who are not comfortable with computers or those who do not understand how to use them, which in practice means elderly people, are not able to benefit from e-services. See also Showrooming Bricks and clicks Retail apocalypse Storefront Online shopping References ^ "What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning". Investorwords.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2012-11-03. ^ "What is bricks and mortar? definition and meaning". Businessdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2012-11-03. ^ Chalabi, Mona (17 July 2013). "McDonald's 34,492 restaurants: where are they?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Anon (12 December 2013). "Blockbuster to close remaining stores". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Butler, Sarah (15 January 2014). "Shopping by smartphone and tablet in UK increases by 18%". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014. ^ Walker, Brian. "Retail In Crisis: These Are The Changes Brick-And-Mortar Stores Must Make". Forbes. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Anon. "Improve customer service, Increase sales". Sage.co.uk. Sage. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Anon. "High Street V Online". Intersperience.com. Intersperience. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ "On Solid Ground: Brick-and-Mortar Is the Foundation of Omnichannel Retailing". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017. ^ Agnihotri, Arpita (2015). "Can Brick-and-Mortar Retailers Successfully Become Multichannel Retailers?". Journal of Marketing Channels. 22: 62–73. doi:10.1080/1046669X.2015.978702. S2CID 154915558. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ Shane, Scott (28 April 2008). Illusions of Entrepreneurship: The Costly Myths that Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Policy Makers Live By. p. 99. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Lawson, Alex (15 September 2014). "Shoppers 'hit the high streets with purpose' as footfall drops but spending rises". www.standard.co.uk. London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. ^ Brownell, Matt. "5 Products You Shouldn't Buy Online". TheStreet Inc. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.

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Governments are also adopting e-government approaches, which is the use of online services for citizens to enable them to fill out government forms, pay tax bills, and register for government programs online; these services aim to cut bricks-and-mortar costs (building leasing/purchase and staff costs) and improve services to citizens (by offering 24/7 access to information and services).","title":"Brick and mortar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonym"},{"link_name":"bricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Moby Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick"},{"link_name":"retronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"order-by-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"text":"The name is a metonym derived from the traditional building materials associated with physical buildings: bricks and mortar, however, it is applicable to all stores with a physical storefront, not just those built out of bricks and mortar. The term was originally used by 19th century American novelist Herman Melville in the book Moby Dick (chapter 96). The term brick-and-mortar businesses is also a retronym, in that most shops had a physical presence before the advent of the Internet. The term is also applicable in a pre-Internet era, when contrasting businesses with physical retail presence with those that operated strictly in an order-by-mail capacity pre-Internet.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uetersen, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uetersen,_Germany"},{"link_name":"first towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_city"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(place)"},{"link_name":"consumer electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics"},{"link_name":"grocery shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocery_shop"},{"link_name":"customer service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"small businesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"},{"link_name":"diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diner"},{"link_name":"dry cleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaning"}],"text":"The Galanterie-, Kurz- und Spielwaren-Laden store in Uetersen, Germany in 1901The history of brick-and-mortar businesses cannot be dated precisely, but it existed in the earliest vendor stalls in the first towns (as early as 7500 BC), where merchants brought their agricultural produce, clay pots and handmade clothing to sell in a village market. Bricks and mortar businesses remain important in the 2010s, though many shops and services, ranging from consumer electronics shops to clothing shops and even grocery shops have begun offering online shopping. This physical presence, either of a retail shop, a customer service location with staff, where clients can go in person to ask questions about a product or service, or a service center or repair facility where customers can bring their products, has played a crucial role in providing goods and services to consumers throughout history.A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan.All large retailers in the 19th and the early to mid-20th century started off with a smaller brick-and-mortar presence, which increased as the businesses grew. A prime example of this is McDonald's, a company that started with one small restaurant and now has nearly 36,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and plans to grow further; this shows the importance of having a physical presence.[3] For many small businesses, their business model is mostly limited to a bricks and mortar model, such as a diner restaurant or a dry cleaning service. Nevertheless, even service-based businesses can use websites and \"apps\" to reach new customers or improve their services. For example, a dry cleaning service could use a website to let customers know of the hours and location(s) of their bricks and mortar stores.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"movie streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_streaming"},{"link_name":"video rental stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_rental_store"},{"link_name":"Blockbuster LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_LLC"},{"link_name":"online film streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"Lovefilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovefilm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"},{"link_name":"tablet computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"}],"text":"Netflix, an online movie streaming website founded in 1997, is an example of how an online business has affected a B&M businesses such as video rental stores. After Netflix and similar companies became popular, traditional DVD rental stores such as Blockbuster LLC went out of business. Customers preferred to be able to instantly watch movies and TV shows using \"streaming\", without having to go to a physical rental store to rent a DVD, and then return to the store to give the DVD back. \"The rapid rise of online film streaming offered by the likes of Lovefilm and Netflix made Blockbuster's video and DVD [rental] business model practically obsolete.'[4]There has been an increase in online retailers in the 2000s, as people are using e-commerce (online sales) to fulfill basic needs ranging from grocery shopping to book purchases. Sales through mobile devices such as tablet computers and smartphones have also risen in the 2000s: \"While total online sales rose 18% year-on-year in December to £11.1 [B], according to the latest figures [January 2014] from e-tail industry body IMRG and advisory firm Capgemini, sales via mobile devices doubled to £3 [B].'[5]The increase in households where both adults work outside the home, combined with the convenience of shopping for and buying products and services online, has decreased the number of customers going to retail outlets, as consumers can access the same information about products and services without paying for gas, parking and other costs, thus saving them time and money. \"Today’s consumers lead busy lives and [Bricks and Mortar] shopping takes time. Often it is a [challenging] task. Consumers find researching and shopping on the Web far more convenient than brick-and-mortar visits.\"[6] Brick and mortar businesses are not limited to having a physical presence only, they may also have an online presence such as Tesco, who offer an online grocery service as well as a brick-and-mortar retail presence.","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fredrikinkatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrikinkatu"},{"link_name":"Helsinki, Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Customer service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baby Boomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Boomer"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"showrooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrooming"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"internet fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_fraud"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bricks and mortar retail shops along the Fredrikinkatu street in the center of Helsinki, FinlandThe presence of brick-and-mortar establishments may bring many benefits to businesses;Customer service: face-to-face customer service can be a big contributor into increasing sales of a business and improving customer satisfaction. When customers can take a product back to the store to ask staff questions or help them learn to use it, it can make customers feel more satisfied with their purchase. Research has shown that 86% of customers will pay more for a product if they have received great customer service.[7]\nFace-to-face interaction: Many consumers prefer to be able to touch products, and experience and test them out before they buy. This is often attributed to Baby Boomers, older Generation X customers and the elderly being used to a more traditional in-person approach when it comes to shopping and preferring to have a demonstration of products or services, especially when buying new technology .[8] Other studies show, given equal prices, a 90% preference for the in-person shopping experience, including among teens, who combine social interaction with shopping. On the other hand, many of these consumers engage in showrooming: trying on clothes or otherwise examining merchandise in-store, and then buying online at cheaper prices.[9]\nTrust: Online commerce presents an increased risk of internet fraud, and thus some consumers may be averse to it.[10]","title":"Benefits"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The brick-and-mortar approach also has various drawbacks.","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fixed costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_costs"},{"link_name":"rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renting"},{"link_name":"security alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_alarm"},{"link_name":"variable costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_costs"},{"link_name":"wages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wages"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"Start-up companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-up_company"},{"link_name":"small businesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"New businesses and fixed costs","text":"Fixed costs are a serious challenge for B&M businesses. Fixed costs are payments that a business has to make for elements such as rent of a store and monthly payments for services such as a security alarm. Fixed costs stay the same for a business even if it ramps up its operations or winds down its operations during a slow period. In contrast, variable costs change as a business ramps its operations up or down. Variable costs include wages (for employees paid by the hour) and electricity for operating machinery used by the business during its operating hours. If a business increases its hours of operation, its hourly wages and electricity bill will rise, but its rent and security alarm costs will stay the same (assuming that the business does not add additional locations). Start-up companies and other small businesses typically find it hard to pay all of the fixed costs that are part of their venture. Research shows that 70% of new start up businesses fail within the first 10 years.[11]","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traffic jams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_jam"},{"link_name":"congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"laptop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop"},{"link_name":"smartphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Inconvenient for customers with busy lifestyles","text":"People have busier lifestyles in the 2010s, with more families having both adults working, and therefore they find it harder to find the time to physically go and shop at stores and services. As well, in many cities traffic jams and congestion on roads have made it more stressful and time-consuming to drive to physical locations to shop. Online shopping and online services, which consumers can access from an Internet-connected laptop or smartphone are more convenient for these people.[12]","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)"},{"link_name":"espresso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espresso"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Web 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"}],"sub_title":"Expensive and luxury products","text":"B&M increases the fixed cost for any business, therefore the products sold in physical shops tend to be more expensive compared to online shops. For stores selling expensive products or services in a B&M format, customers expect beautiful window displays, fine decorating in the establishment and well-dressed salespeople who earn high commission on their sales. Some high-end hair salons and luxury car stores even offer conveniences such as free espresso and bottled water, all of which add to the overhead of selling these products and services. Online shops, even those for luxury goods, do not have to pay for high-end retail stores and salespeople.[13] Nevertheless, high-end online stores typically incur higher costs for their online presence, because they need to have leading edge Web 2.0 functions on their website, a professionally designed site, and in some cases, staff available to respond to phone calls, e-mails and online \"chat\" questions.","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"small business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"}],"sub_title":"Wider stock availability online","text":"Products may be out stock in relatively small brick-and-mortar retail stores and due to limited space in small business retail stores, these establishments may only be able to carry a few types of each product. Online shops are able to have a huge amount of stock in numerous large warehouses (e.g., Amazon.com has warehouses in numerous locations from which it ships its products) which it can quickly ship out. An online store may be able to order up products from a large number of geographically dispersed warehouses, even warehouses owned and operated by third parties (e.g., smaller companies), which are connected to the large company via the Internet.","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lineups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_area"},{"link_name":"waiting rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_room"},{"link_name":"e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"}],"sub_title":"Queues","text":"Queues (lineups and waiting rooms) are part and parcel of B&M retail businesses, due to physical constraints and the limitations on how many staff the business can afford to hire. A physical store may only have a few salespeople to serve customers, so many customers may have to wait in line during the busiest hours. To lessen the stress of waiting, some B&M stores provide big-screen TVs with cable TV, free coffee and newspapers; while these niceties improve the customer experience, they add to the costs of operating a B&M establishment. On the other hand, an online virtual store in which customers select their own purchases in a virtual \"shopping cart\" and pay for them using e-commerce approaches may be able to serve thousands of customers at the same time.","title":"Drawbacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"e-government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government"},{"link_name":"speeding tickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeding_ticket"},{"link_name":"parking tickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_ticket"},{"link_name":"pothole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothole"},{"link_name":"social assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_assistance"},{"link_name":"unemployment insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_insurance"},{"link_name":"tax return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_return"},{"link_name":"Frequently Asked Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Question"},{"link_name":"call centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_center"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"online payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_payment"},{"link_name":"credit card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card"},{"link_name":"PayPal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal"},{"link_name":"business hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_hours"},{"link_name":"digital divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"homeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"text":"Beginning in the 1990s and early 2000s, many governments in industrialised countries began to offer e-government services to citizens. Online government services are offered by a range of government departments and agencies, ranging from departments of motor vehicles (online car registration), police (paying speeding tickets online), city services (paying parking tickets online or requesting that a pothole be filled) and social services (registering for social assistance or unemployment insurance) and tax departments (paying a tax bill or submitting a tax return online). Many governments use e-services to provide online information to citizens (e.g., \"help\" guides, Frequently Asked Question lists, manuals for government program applicants, etc.), thus saving on the need for call centers where citizens can call to ask questions or physical service locations where citizens can come in person to ask about government forms or services.These online government services aim at two goals: reducing costs to governments and improving client service. By offering these services and information online, governments save money, because they do not have to offer as many bricks and mortar client service centers where citizens can come and fill in these forms and pay government bills. Governments offering e-services can also operate with less civil servants and thus less salary and benefits costs, as the citizens using online services are generally doing all of the administrative tasks (e.g., downloading a form, filling in a form, looking up guidance in an online \"help\" manual, paying fees) themselves using their home computer. E-government services also improve service for citizens who have access to a computer, Internet and an online payment method (e.g., a credit card or PayPal), because these citizens are not limited by the 9 am-5 pm or 8 am-4 pm business hours of most physical government offices, and citizens do not have to incur the costs of transportation (e.g., bus tickets, gas, parking, etc.) associated with going to a bricks and mortar location. Nevertheless, government e-services do not help all citizens, due to the digital divide; citizens who are in poverty, who are homeless or who live in rural or remote regions may not have access to high speed Internet. These citizens, as well as those who are not comfortable with computers or those who do not understand how to use them, which in practice means elderly people, are not able to benefit from e-services.","title":"E-government"}]

[{"image_text":"Brick and mortar retail shops on Marylebone High Street, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Marylebone_High_Street_12_Sept._2015.JPG/220px-Marylebone_High_Street_12_Sept._2015.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Galanterie-, Kurz- und Spielwaren-Laden store in Uetersen, Germany in 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg/220px-Uetersen_Wientapper_1901.jpg"},{"image_text":"A fruit stand at a village market in Afghanistan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg/220px-Afghan_fruit_stall_2-4-09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bricks and mortar retail shops along the Fredrikinkatu street in the center of Helsinki, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg/220px-Freda_Uudenmk_rist_150708.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Showrooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrooming"},{"title":"Bricks and clicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricks_and_clicks"},{"title":"Retail apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_apocalypse"},{"title":"Storefront","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storefront"},{"title":"Online shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Lal_Shimpi

Anand Lal Shimpi

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Publications","4 References","5 External References"]

American technology journalist and founder of AnandTech This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Anand Lal Shimpi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Parts of this article (those related to no updates in 7 years?) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anand Lal ShimpiBorn (1982-06-26) June 26, 1982 (age 41)OccupationEmployee of Apple Founder and former CEO of AnandTechAlma materWilliam G. Enloe High SchoolNorth Carolina State UniversityGenreTechnology journalism Anand Lal Shimpi (born June 26, 1982) is a former tech journalist and American businessman who is the founder of the technology website AnandTech, a hardware news/review site. He retired at the age of 32 from the publishing industry to join the hardware division at Apple Inc. He wrote a book in 2001, titled "The Anandtech Guide to PC Gaming Hardware". Shimpi started AnandTech when he was 15 years old. The site originally focused on motherboard reviews, and was hosted on GeoCities. Over a period of 17 years, the site grew to be one of the most respected sites for tech reviews. Early life Anand was born to Lalchand Shimpi, an Indian-born computer science professor at St Augustine's University, and Razieh Shimpi, an Iranian-born teacher in Raleigh, NC. When Shimpi was in third grade, his father enrolled him in a computer course. He built his first PC in sixth grade and soon began building PCs for others. He is a graduate of William G. Enloe GT/IB Center for the Humanities, Sciences, and the Arts and North Carolina State University with a degree in Computer Engineering with emphasis on microprocessor architecture and design. Career Anand started AnandTech in 1997 at the age of 15. He called it Anand's Hardware Tech Page. He first started reviewing motherboards; later he would go on to review CPUs, hard drives, RAM, and other computer components. His tech reviews were in-depth and thorough, making it the preferred site for hardware engineers and enthusiasts, receiving praise from spokespersons at AMD and Intel. He served as its editor-in-chief from 1997 to 2014. AnandTech grew from a small GeoCities website in 1997 to a 50 million page view per month publication as of July 2005. AnandTech started as a site that mainly reviewed motherboards and soon added CPUs, video cards, cases, notebooks, Macs, smartphones, tablets and other hardwares. He reportedly was able to get his hands on an AMD K6-III before any other reviewers. In 2013 he was named as an expert in the BBC's coverage of the Xbox One and PlayStation 4. On August 30, 2014, he announced his decision to retire from the technology publishing industry to work at Apple's hardware technologies division, and named longtime AnandTech editor Ryan Smith as his successor. On February 15, 2020, Bloomberg reported that Anand sent confidential documents to Gerard Williams III after the latter had left Apple to form NUVIA. Publications Anand is the author of the book The AnandTech Guide to PC Gaming Hardware (ISBN 0-7897-2626-2) and has a regular column in Computer Power user (CPU) Magazine called Anand's Corner. References ^ "Anand Shimpi". computerhope.com. Computer Hope. Retrieved February 18, 2016. ^ "Anand Lal Shimpi". www.amazon.ca. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ a b c d e Banker, Stephen (December 1, 1999). "The Web Kid Anand Lal Shimpi is a typical high schooler--except for his megahot computer-review site. - December 1, 1999". money.cnn.com. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "AnandTech Founder Anand Lal Shimpi Retires From Writing". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "AnandTech Founder Anand Lal Shimpi Retires From Writing". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ "Anand Shimpi • Electrical and Computer Engineering". Electrical and Computer Engineering. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "Meet The Guy From North Carolina That Silicon Valley Is Drooling Over". HuffPost. July 27, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2024. ^ a b Savov, Vlad (August 31, 2014). "AnandTech founder Anand Shimpi retires from journalism to join Apple". The Verge. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ Heaton, Jeff (June 2006). Build a Computer from Scratch. Heaton Research, Inc. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-9773206-2-2. Retrieved May 8, 2011. ^ a b Shimpi, Anand Lal. "The Road Ahead". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ Kelion, Leo (November 15, 2013). "PlayStation 4 v Xbox One: Experts on next-gen battle". BBC News. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ Paczkowski, John (August 31, 2014). "Veteran Tech Journalist Anand Shimpi Headed to Apple". Re/code. Retrieved August 31, 2014. ^ Axon, Samuel (November 7, 2018). "Apple walks Ars through the iPad Pro's A12X system on a chip". Ars Technica. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "Apple Accused by Ex-Exec It's Suing of Poaching His Staff". www.bloomberg.com. February 15, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "Anand Lal Shimpi Books - Biography and List of Works - Author of 'The Anandtech Guide To Pc Gaming Hardware'". www.biblio.com. Retrieved May 14, 2021. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States External References The Road Ahead by Anand Lal Shimpi

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)

Robert Burton

["1 Early life and education","1.1 Family and grammar school","1.2 Oxford education","1.3 Early writings and plays","2 Appointments and the Anatomy","2.1 Offices at St Thomas's, Walesby, and Seagrave","2.2 University life","2.3 Publication of the Anatomy","3 Death","4 The Anatomy of Melancholy","5 Philosophaster","6 Personal life","6.1 Character","6.2 Religious views","6.3 Library","7 Reputation and legacy","8 Notes","9 References","10 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]

English scholar and author (1577–1640) For other people named Robert Burton, see Robert Burton (disambiguation). Portrait of Robert Burton by Gilbert Jackson, 1635 Robert Burton (8 February 1577 – 25 January 1640) was an English author and fellow of Oxford University, known for his encyclopedic The Anatomy of Melancholy. Born in 1577 to a comfortably well-off family of the landed gentry, Burton attended two grammar schools and matriculated into Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1593, age 15. Burton's education at Oxford was unusually lengthy, possibly drawn out by an affliction of melancholy, and saw an early transfer to Christ Church. Burton received an MA and BD, and by 1607 was qualified as a tutor. As early as 1603, Burton indulged his early literary creations at Oxford, including some Latin poems, a now-lost play performed before and panned by King James I himself, and his only surviving play: an academic satire called Philosophaster. This work, though less well regarded than Burton's masterpiece, has "received more attention than most of the other surviving examples of university drama". Sometime after obtaining his MA in 1605, Burton made some attempts to leave the university. Though he never fully succeeded, he managed to obtain the living of St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford, through the university, and external patronage for the benefice of Walesby and the rectorship of Seagrave. As a fellow of Oxford, he served in many minor administrative roles and as the librarian of Christ Church Library, from 1624 until his death. Over time he came to accept his "sequestered" existence in the libraries of Oxford, speaking highly of his alma mater throughout the Anatomy. Burton's most famous work and greatest achievement was The Anatomy of Melancholy. First published in 1621, it was reprinted with additions from Burton no fewer than five times. A digressive and labyrinthine work, Burton wrote as much to alleviate his own melancholy as to help others. The final edition totalled more than 500,000 words. The book is permeated by quotations from and paraphrases of many authorities, both classical and contemporary, the culmination of a lifetime of erudition. Burton died in 1640. In the university, his death was (probably falsely) rumoured to be have been a suicide. His large personal library was divided between the Bodleian and Christ Church. The Anatomy was perused and plagiarised by many authors during his lifetime and after his death, but entered a lull in popularity through the 18th century. It was only the revelation of Laurence Sterne's plagiarism that revived interest in Burton's work into the 19th century, especially among the Romantics. The Anatomy received more academic attention in the 20th and 21st centuries. Whatever his popularity, Burton has always attracted distinguished readers, including Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, John Keats, William Osler, and Samuel Beckett. Early life and education Family and grammar school Lindley Hall, the Burton family manor, as depicted in a stylised frontispiece to William Burton's Description of Leicestershire (1622). The manor was a medieval foundation, inherited affinially by the Burton family, and torn down in the 17th century. Robert Burton was born on 8 February 1577, to Ralph Burton (1547–1619) and his wife, Dorothy (née Faunt; 1560–1629), in Lindley, Leicestershire. Burton believed himself to have been conceived on 9 PM on 25 May 1576, a fact he often used in his astrological calculations. He was the second of four sons and fourth of ten children; his elder brother, William, is the only other member of the family for whom we know more than minor biographical details, as he later became a noted antiquarian and topographer. Both his parents' families were members of the landed gentry, with the Burtons from an old, if undistinguished, pedigree. Robert may have inherited his medical interest; in the Anatomy, he writes of his mother's "excellent skill in chirurgery". William states a member of their mother's family, Anthony Faunt, was said to have died from "the passion of melancholy", and speaks fondly the family's maternal relation to Arthur Faunt, a Jesuit controversialist and uncle to William and Robert. Burton probably attended two grammar schools, the King Edward VI Grammar School, Nuneaton and Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield. Burton wrote in the Anatomy that students "think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that of a Grammar Scholar", which some writers have taken as suggestion that he was an unhappy schoolboy. More modern biographers, such as R. L. Nochimson and Michael O'Connell, have regarded it as Burton merely presenting what was a popular sentiment, rather than hinting at any personal dislike or source of childhood melancholy. Oxford education John Bancroft, Burton's tutor at Christ Church, and a lifelong friend. In the left corner is a view of Bancroft's palace near Oxford, Cuddesdon, which Burton praised in the Anatomy, suggesting he was a frequent visitor to his old tutor's estate. In July 1593, aged 15, Burton matriculated into Brasenose College, Oxford, where his elder brother was already attending. Burton did not receive his Bachelor's until 30 June 1602, and only after he migrated to Christ Church College in 1599. For the time between his matriculation and his transfer, almost nothing is known of Burton. According to Anthony à Wood, Burton "made considerable progress in logic and philosophy" at Brasenose, though the college left an impression sufficiently weak that Burton himself made no mention of Brasenose in his corpus. Most Oxford students would have completed their education at nineteen, but by 1602, Burton was twenty-six. Some biographers, such as Michael O'Connell and J. B. Bamborough, have cited this as evidence Burton suffered some lengthy illness while a student, possibly melancholy. Record has been found of one "Robart Burton of 20 yeres", a patient of London doctor and astrologist Simon Forman, who was treated for melancholy over a period of five months in 1597. Indeed, 1596 and 1597 are the only years of Burton's maturity in which he seems to have purchased no new books. When he entered Christ Church in 1599, Wood reports Burton was assigned as tutor John Bancroft, "for form sake, tho' he wanted not a tutor"; though Bancroft was only three years his senior, he was six or seven years ahead of Burton in his studies, and was well-connected within the church, later becoming the Bishop of Oxford. It seems some friendship developed between the two; Burton praised Bancroft's construction at Cuddesdon in the Anatomy, implying he was a frequent visitor. At Christ Church, Burton proceeded to an MA on 9 June 1605, and a BD in May 1614. Simultaneously, Burton rose through the college ranks, attaining disciplus in 1599, philosophus secundi vicenarii in 1603, and philosophus primi vicenarii in 1607, the last of which qualified him as a tutor. Sometime after he obtained his MA, Bamborough considers it likely Burton was attempting to leave the university. The college statutes required Burton to take a BD after his MA, but Burton chose not to proceed to DD. Early writings and plays While at Oxford, Burton indulged his literary interests alongside these academic ones. In 1603, on the accession of James I, Burton contributed a short Latin verse celebrating the event to a commemorative Oxford volume; he made similar offering of twenty-one poems upon James's royal Oxford visit in 1605. On this visit, Burton took active part in the "praeparation for the Kinges cominge", including a play he composed for the occasion. This play, since lost, has been identified with Alba, a pastoral comedy with a mythological subject matter, probably written in Latin. The play was performed before James I on 27 August 1605. According to a witness of the events, Philip Stringer, Burton's play was poorly received by James and his court. The queen consort and her ladies took offence at several "almost naked" male actors, probably portraying satyrs, and the king was so displeased by the production that the chancellors of both Oxford and Cambridge had to plead for him to stay, as otherwise he "would have gone before half the Comedy had been ended". However Burton reacted to this royal pan, he was already at work on another play by 1606. This play, Philosophaster—which is fully extant across three manuscripts—was finished by 1615, by which time Burton was revising and correcting it. Burton speaks briefly of Philosophaster in the Anatomy, mentioning that it was performed at Christ Church on 16 February 1617, during the Shrovetide festivities. The play was acted by the students alongside three local townsmen. Burton likely took a view towards pleasing the administration in this production. The play cast the son of John King, then Dean of Christ Church, in a leading role, and departed from Alba's controversial mythological themes for the less contentious ones of an academic satire. Appointments and the Anatomy Offices at St Thomas's, Walesby, and Seagrave Burton's arms above the gable of the south porch, at St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford. Burton initially struggled to find any patrons for promotion out of the university, but after some time, he managed to obtain an ecclesiastical office in the living of St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford, located in the western suburb of Oxford. He was nominated to this by the dean and chapter of Christ Church on 29 November 1616. He was licensed to preach on 3 December 1618. Burton held this vicarage at St Thomas's, until his death; he was responsible for the building or rebuilding of the church's south porch in 1621, where his arms were placed on the gable. In 1624, Lady Frances Cecil, dowager Countess of Exeter presented Burton to the Lincolnshire benefice of Walesby. Burton was perhaps the tutor of Frances' son, Robert Smith. Burton chose not to reside in Walesby, though he probably visited it at some point. He took little interest in the daily affairs of the parish—all the parish records were signed by his curate, Thomas Benson—but did win for it nine acres of land which had been taken by Frances's predecessor. Burton resigned from this post in 1631. In the 1632 edition of the Anatomy, appended below a mention of his Walesby appointment, Burton tersely added: "Lately resigned for some special reasons". After his resignation, Lady Frances temporarily turned over the duty to appoint Burton's successor to her friend, the first Earl of Middlesex, suggesting that Burton resigned over Middlesex's pressure to appoint his own favourite. In 1632, shortly after this resignation from Walesby, Burton was presented to a much more valuable office by his patron, Lord Berkeley: the rectorship of Seagrave. Berkeley had been a patron of Burton since at least 1621, when Burton dedicated the Anatomy to Lord Berkeley. Their relationship may have begun even earlier, in 1619, when Berkeley matriculated from Christ Church, and perhaps entered the tutelage of Burton. In any case, on 3 September 1624, Lord Berkeley granted Burton the advowson (i.e. the right to decide the next occupant) of the wealthy living of Seagrave. This right necessitated that the holder of the advowson pick a candidate other than himself, but three days later Burton assigned three of his family members to this position, so he could procure his own future appointment. On 15 June 1632, promptly after the previous incumbent was buried, the relatives presented him to the office. Burton did not cultivate much of a reputation as a preacher while at Seagrave, choosing not to publish any of his sermons, but discharged the pastoral and charitable roles of the rectory dutifully and punctually. Burton probably visited Lindley often while at Seagrave, as the villages were only 20 miles apart. The office was the most valuable Burton ever held; in 1650, the rectory was valued at £100. University life Other than that afforded to him by the Countess of Exeter and Lord Berkeley, Burton received little preferment. Because of this, even as he received appointments outside the university, Burton remained an Oxford student for the rest of his life. Burton seems to have been, at first, unhappy with this situation; in the 1621 edition of the Anatomy, Burton wrote that his "hopes were still frustrate, and I left behind, as a Dolphin on shore, confined to my Colledge, as Diogenes to his tubbe". This exasperation seems to have been passing; by the Anatomy's final edition, he had revised the passage in praise of his "monastick life sequestered from those tumults & troubles of the world", unindebted for his lack of preferment. Bamborough has gone as far as to claim it is unlikely Burton ever truly wanted to leave the college he spoke so highly of as the "most flourishing College of Europe", one which "can brag with Jovius, almost, in that splendor of Vaticanish retirement, confined to the company of the distinguished". The 1602 reopening of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, which by 1620 held over 16,000 volumes, gave some truth to Burton's proud comparison of the scholarship at Oxford to that of Jovius's Vatican. Burton did not spend all his time in this "Vaticanish retirement" as a scholar. He held various minor offices in Oxford. On three occasions–in 1615, 1617, and 1618–Burton was chosen to be the clerk of the Market, one of two MA students tasked with regulating the various goods of Oxford's markets. Now a sinecure, the office was an important institution in Burton's time. This occupation has been cited by two biographers, O'Connell and Nochimson, to suggest, contrary to the bookish image given by his Anatomy, Burton had some knowledge of the day-to-day affairs of Oxford. Perhaps more befitting his image, on 27 August 1624, Burton became the librarian of Christ Church Library. The office was a recent creation—the first librarian was appointed in 1599, and library had been founded only a half-century earlier—but a recent donation by an Otho Nicholson had ensured it was a profitable one, tripling the incumbent's wages to 10s a term. The duties, however, were sparse—limited to enforcing the loose regulations of the institution, and opening and closing it at the appropriate times—probably allowing Burton more than enough time to accumulate the erudition exhibited in the Anatomy. Burton held this position until his death. In 1635, painter Gilbert Jackson produced an oil portrait of Burton; this painting is now held at Brasenose College, with a copy at Christ Church. Publication of the Anatomy Bibliographical information on Burton's Anatomy. Date Edition Binding Location Words 1621 1st 4to Oxford 353,369 1624 2nd fo Oxford 423,983 1628 3rd fo Oxford 476,855 1632 4th fo Oxford 505,592 1638 5th fo Oxford 514,116 1651 6th fo Oxford 516,384 1660 7th fo London 516,384 1676 8th fo London 516,384 Whatever other activities he engaged in, composing the Anatomy was the most important pursuit and accomplishment of Burton's life. Burton, as he claims in the preface, was "as desirous to suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theirs", but admits that melancholy is the subject upon which he is "fatally driven", and so he was compelled to compose the work. Burton left no record of when he began his work on the Anatomy. O'Connell speculates the project grew piecemeal, with research begun in his twenties, and the work well on its way by his thirties. Burton explicitly states that the study of melancholy was a lifelong fascination of his, and regularly "deducted from the main channel of my studies". However long the work took, he had certainly concluded it by 5 December 1620, aged 43, when he signed the "Conclusion to the Reader". Engraving of Burton, under the name Democritus Junior, in the frontispiece to his Anatomy of Melancholy. This engraving is from the 1628 edition. The book was printed in 1621 and, despite Burton's indication in the Anatomy of troubles finding a publisher, it quickly sold well. Wood wrote that the publisher, Henry Cripps, made such a "great profit" off the book that he "got an estate by it". Burton's subject was well chosen; similar treatises by Timothie Bright and Thomas Wright had gone through several editions soon after their publication. Though Burton never divulged the extent of his profits, the size of his estate and library at death suggests they were considerable. Burton printed the Anatomy under the pseudonym of "Democritus Junior", alluding to the Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, Democritus, sometimes known as the Laughing Philosopher. The use of an established classical figure in a pseudonym was common practice in Burton's time, used to ensure the reader held no negative preconceptions about the author. Burton did not resolutely stick to this pseudonymity; the first edition betrayed it as he signed the "Conclusion to the Reader" with his real name, and though this was removed in later editions, the portrait of Burton added from the third edition onwards hardly preserved his anonymity. Burton did not rest on his laurels after the first printing, continually editing and improving the work throughout his life. The first edition of Burton's Anatomy was, with marginalia, over 350,000 words long; by his final edition this count came to over 500,000. The additions were largest for the second and third editions; the original quarto volume had to be expanded to a folio for the second edition (1624) to accommodate the expansions. For the third edition (1628), an allegorical frontispiece was added, engraved by Christian Le Blon, with a portrait of Burton atop his moniker "Democritus Junior". After these two additions, Burton vowed: "Ne quid nimis . I will not hereafter add, alter, or retract; I have done." However, once again, Burton returned to the Anatomy, producing two more editions in 1634 and 1638. Shortly before his death in 1640, Burton entrusted an annotated copy of the Anatomy to his publisher, which was published posthumously in 1651. In total, Burton made contributions to six editions. Two more reprints of the Anatomy were made before the end of the century. Death Burton's monument in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. Burton drew up his will on 15 August 1639. Five months later, aged 62 and on 25 January 1640, he was dead. The will divided his inherited estates up amongst his elder brother, William, and William's heirs. Outside of his family, his largest bequests went, unsurprisingly, to the Bodleian and Christ Church libraries, with gifts of £100 each, and Burton's large library split between the institutions. He also laid out several smaller monetary donations: those to his servants; the servants at Christ Church; the poor in Seagrave, Nuneaton, and Higham; the library at Brasenose; and various friends and colleagues, including John Bancroft. Burton was buried in the north aisle of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, on 27 January. William erected a monument to Robert Burton in the cathedral: a coloured effigy of Robert, flanked by an astrological representation of his nativity and geometric instruments, with a short Latin epitaph below, said to have been composed by Burton. Writing near the close of the 17th century, John Aubrey records a rumour circulated among Oxford students, asserting that Burton took his own life. Writing around the same time, Wood reports a similar rumour that Burton had "sent up his soul to heaven thro' a noose about his neck", adding that Burton was supposed to have done this so his date of death would fit his exact astrological calculations. This rumour is dubious, and has been largely rejected by biographers as far back as Wood. Angus Gowland, in his 2006 study of Burton, is among the few who take the allegation seriously, though he admits it is "no more than a melancholy rumour". Burton rejected the endorsements of suicide by classical authors in the Anatomy, and if the rumours were taken to have any veracity after his death, Burton would not have been buried in Christ Church cathedral. Gowland counters this evidence, citing the charity shown by Burton in the Anatomy for those tempted by suicide, and conjecturing a conspiracy of the "notoriously close-knit College" to keep Burton's suicide secret. The Anatomy of Melancholy Main article: The Anatomy of Melancholy Frontispiece of the 1628 edition of The Anatomy of Melancholy Though Burton wrote elsewhere, Bamborough regards Burton's one truly great work as The Anatomy of Melancholy. Ostensibly a three-part treatise on depression and its treatment, the book consists of quotations from, paraphrases of and commentary on numerous authors, from many fields of learning, and ranging from classical times to his contemporaries, in a "tangled web of opinion and authority". According to Wood, Burton was apparently famed at Oxford employing this prose style in his speech, effortlessly recalling passages as he spoke. The Anatomy is digressive and confusing in its structure; Burton himself apologetically admitted to "bring forth this confused lump", excusing himself over a shortage of time. Over the five editions, he did little to amend this confusion, preferring to append more to the labyrinthine text. The book is the fruit of a lifetime's worth of learning, though Burton makes a point throughout the Anatomy to claim that erudition is ultimately pointless, and that it is perhaps better to remain ignorant. Nonetheless, he was of the opinion that if one had knowledge, one better display it. And he was not able to resist his impulse "to have an Oare in every mans Boat", that is, to know something of every topic. Burton wrote The Anatomy of Melancholy largely to write himself out of being a lifelong sufferer from depression. As he described his condition in the preface "Democritus Junior to the Reader", "a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be unladen of and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this ... I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, no better cure than business". In his view, melancholy was "a disease so frequent ... in our miserable times, as few there are that feele not the smart of it", and he said he compiled his book "to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universall a malady, an Epidemicall disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind". For Burton, "melancholy" describes a range of mental abnormalities, from obsession to delusion to what we would now call clinical depression. Burton at once gives a multitude of remedies for melancholy, and warns they are all ultimately useless, in characteristic self-contradiction. Philosophaster Main article: Philosophaster Title page of the manuscript of Burton's Philosophaster. Philosophaster is a play, satirising on the 17th-century university, composed in Latin during Burton's time as an Oxford student. The plot of Philosophaster follows the university of Osuna in Andalusia, recently founded by one Desiderius, Duke of Osuna, in hope of attracting scholars. However, the university actually attracts a crowd of philosophasters—pseudo-philosophers, Jesuits, and prostitutes—who con the Duke and townspeople into believing their disguises, capitalising on their naivete in a series of farcical scenes. Amidst this chaos, two true philosophers, Polumathes and Philobiblos (their names literally meaning "Much-Learned" and "Lover of Books") appear and unmask the philosophasters. The resultant controversy among the townspeople nearly causes the Duke to close the university, but he is persuaded otherwise by Polumathes. In the comic climax, the fraudsters are branded and exiled, two characters marry, and the play concludes with a "hymn in praise of philosophy to the tune of Bonny Nell". As Connie McQuillen has put it, the distinguishing quality Philosophaster is the "patchwork of borrowings" with which it was written. Stylistically, Philosophaster is declared on the title page to be a Comoedia Nova (or New Comedy) a satirical genre Kathryn Murphy describes as "in the tradition of Plautus and Terence." Burton borrowed many elements from these Roman comedies: the tendency of characters to burst into song; the character of the clever slave; the love between a high-born man and low-born girl, who is later revealed to be of noble birth. Burton also borrows episodes from contemporary academic satires—dealing with the perennial feuds between town and gown, the distinction between "true" and "false" scholars, the ridicule of pedants—and characters from humanist satirists, chiefly Erasmus and Giovanni Pontano. The play's depiction of alchemy bears some passing resemblance to Ben Jonson's play The Alchemist, but Burton takes strains to point out in the introduction to a manuscript that his play was written before the first staging of Jonson's play, in 1610. In interpreting the Philosophaster, many authors have understood it solely in relation to the Anatomy, as an academic satire on the excesses of university life, especially that of Oxford. Angus Gowland, describing the University of Osuna as a "thinly disguised Oxford", asserts that "the purpose of the play was to ridicule contemporary scholarship and provoke reform", in anticipation of the Anatomy's satirical themes. As O'Connell put it more succinctly, the play's "main satiric thrust, that pseudolearned charlatans find a ready haven in a university, is meant to find its general target in Oxford". This much is obvious in certain characters—such as Theanus, an elderly college administrator who has forgotten all his scholarship, but still earns an exorbitant salary tutoring the sons of the gentry—whom the audience were expected to be familiar with within academia. However, critic Kathryn Murphy has pointed out that Philosophaster contains a significant, and often underappreciated, undercurrent of anti-Catholicism. Burton's philosophasters are joined by the representatives of Roman Catholicism, including scholastics and Jesuits, in their mockery of philosophy and the university. Murphy has suggested these themes reflect the pervading cultural influence of the Gunpowder Plot in Burton's lifetime, which took place a year before the play was set. Personal life Character Known to few, unknown to fewer, here lies Democritus Junior, to whom Melancholy gave both life and death. —Burton's epitaph in Christ Church Cathedral, said to have been composed by himself. Burton has often been portrayed as something of a recluse, especially by those authors influenced by the Romantic view of Burton. Early 20th-century critic Floyd Dell imagined Burton "hedged within his cloister, his heart yearn after the romance of adventure". Later biographers have been keen to dispel this image, and emphasise that Burton had a life outside of his books. He was no doubt an active part in the non-academic daily life of Oxford, through his university-appointed roles in its church and market life, and Bamborough adds that in his day he "was known as a mathematician and as both an astrologer and an astronomer, and even had some reputation as a surveyor". Wood also notes that Burton's unsurpassed skill at including "verses from the poets or sentences from classical authors" in his everyday speech, "then all the fashion in the university", allowed him some popularity. However, Burton's "most significant occupations during his life were reading and writing", and his large library is evidence enough of this prodigious bookishness. Burton's melancholy is the most widely acknowledged feature of his life and character. Wood reported that "he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, a melancholy and humorous person", yet his peers found his company "very merry". He wrote the Anatomy in part to relieve this melancholy, but this enterprise was not wholly successful. Bishop Kennett, writing somewhat later in the 18th century, recorded that Burton could flit between "interval of vapours", in which he was lively and social, and periods of isolation in his college chambers where his peers worried he was suicidal. Kennett hands down that later in his life Burton could arouse himself from these periods of depression only by "going down to the Bridge-foot in Oxford, and hearing the barge-men scold and storm and swear at one another, at which he would set his hands to his sides, and laugh most profusely." Religious views Gowland has suggested the Burton family had some Catholic sympathies, because of their close relation to Jesuit Arthur Faunt. Faunt's godson and Burton's brother, William, spoke admiringly of Faunt as "a man of great learning, gravity and wisdome"; William was a vigorous supporter of Laudian reforms in his home county, siding with High Church Anglicanism, which was sometimes seen as Catholic-sympathising and at St Thomas's, Burton was apparently one of the last few 17th-century Church of England priests to use unleavened wafers in the Communion, an outmoded Laudian practice. However, as an Oxford scholar, Burton could have taken a personal dislike to Archbishop Laud; as the Chancellor there from 1630 to 1641, Laud was in perpetual squabbles with its body of scholars, which would not endear him to Burton. Burton was an apparent supporter of James I's anti-Catholic measures, listed among those at Christ Church who took his Oath of Allegiance. The anti-Catholic portions of Philosophaster were revised shortly after James released the Oath, possibly to satirise the ensuing Catholic backlash. As Adam Kitzes put it, Burton "makes no bones about his allegiance to the king and the Church of England". Burton also claimed part of his reasoning in not proceeding to a DD (Doctor of Divinity) was his reluctance to participate in the endless argument surrounding religion, for which he "saw no such great neede". Library Robert Burton's library in Christ Church Library, 1907, after Osler's efforts to reorganise the bequest. According to Bamborough, "to describe Burton as 'bookish' can only be called ridiculous understatement". Burton owned 1738 books in total, tenfold the library of a typical Oxford don, though not as vast as those of some other contemporary humanist scholars. He accumulated the collection over a forty-six year period, from 1594 to 1640. The profits from the Anatomy probably funded most of the library, larger than his modest academic and ecclesiastical income would have been able to cover. The majority of the library's contents was in Latin, but the number of English volumes was untypically large. Burton seems to have been uncomfortable reading outside these two primary languages; he owned only a handful of titles in Italian, German, Spanish, and Hebrew, and none in Greek, the last despite his humanist reputation and the recurring Grecian references in the Anatomy. Again despite this reputation, the majority of Burton's library was contemporary. He owned hundreds of cheap pamphlets, satires, and popular plays: all works which had been excluded from the recently founded Bodleian Library, perhaps why Burton felt the need to purchase them. Though religious works composed the largest category in his library (about one quarter), the remaining three quarters were made up by an eclectic collection of literary, historical, medical, and geographical volumes, testifying to Burton's broad scholarship. Burton was an avid annotator of books, with marginal notes in around one-fifth of his books, from the tangential to the bluntly hostile. Burton's library was divided between the Bodleian and Christ Church libraries after his death. In the early 20th century, Oxford Regius Professor of Medicine William Osler, an enthusiast for Burton, found Burton's bequests "scattered indiscriminately" throughout the two libraries, and, from 1907 to 1908, set about having them gathered together in one collection, rediscovering over a thousand of Burton's volumes. In Christ Church Library, Osler set up an elaborate display of these books surrounding a copy of the Brasenose Portrait of Burton. Osler delivered an address on the contents of Burton's library the following year. In 1964, Christ Church Library disassembled Osler's Burton collection, moving the books to the Archiva Superiora on the second floor. This collection comprises 1530 of the 1738 books and two manuscripts owned by Burton. The remaining 210 were distributed to either various acquaintances of Burton; gifted or traded to other libraries or bookshops; or by selling duplicates, some of which are unrecorded. Of the 140 books yet to be located, it is thought that around half of these are extant. Christ Church Library has referred to Burton's library as "one of the most important surviving English private libraries from the period before the Civil War". Reputation and legacy The first, second, and third editions, tells us, "were suddenly gone, eagerly read." Five editions appeared in his lifetime and three more within a generation of his death. If one may judge by the frequency of publication, The Anatomy of Melancholy was almost three times as popular as Shakespeare's plays. Bergen Evans and George Mohr Burton's Anatomy was an extremely popular work in Burton's lifetime, and throughout the 17th century, going through eight editions from 1621 to 1676. As early as 1662, Thomas Fuller was awed that "any book of philology in our land hath in so short a time passed so many editions". Its readers interpreted and employed it to varied, personal ends. Wood wrote that the Anatomy, as "a Book so full of variety of reading", prompted hack authors to borrow shamelessly from the work. Some authors, "who have lost their time and are put to a push for invention" poached his numerous classical quotations. In the 18th century, George Steevens retrospectively noted it as "a book once the favourite of the learned and witty, and a source of surreptitious learning". Certainly, scholars copied and emulated the Anatomy to their own ends: William Vaughan repurposed Burton's critique of court patronage towards an anti-Catholic end in The Golden Fleece (1626); Nathanael Carpenter imitated Burton's intimate articulation of his own melancholy and defence of scholarship for his Geography delineated forth (1625); and Richard Whitlock, in his Zootomia (1654), plagiarised Burton's defence of scholarship wholesale in defending the university from contemporary Puritan attacks. For the dramatists such as John Ford, Burton's treatise "was virtually an authoritative psychiatric textbook", used as a reference work for their depictions of melancholy. Richard Holdsworth, when Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1637–43), recommended it as a comprehensive digest to "serve for delight and ornament" of young gentlemen, bestowing that learning expected of a gentleman rather than that of a serious scholar. The earliest biography of Burton appeared in 1662, as part of Fuller's Worthies of England; this was followed by Anthony à Wood in his 1692 volume of Athenae Oxonienses. Samuel Johnson was among the few 18th-century readers to recognise Burton's Anatomy. Into the 18th century, Burton experienced something of a lull in popularity. The Anatomy did still obtain a few distinguished readers in this period. Samuel Johnson, himself a melancholic, was an avid reader of Burton; Boswell's Life of Johnson reports that Johnson remarked the Anatomy was "the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise". Though no American edition was published until 1836, Burton's work procured a few prominent readers in early America. One such reader was American Founding Father Benjamin Franklin, who marvelled to a friend "that, in the last Century, a Folio, Burton on Melancholy, went through six Editions in about twenty years. We have, I believe, more Readers now, but not such huge Books." Burton's influence during this period was chiefly as reservoir of quotes and anecdotes for less sophisticated authors to borrow from. One such borrower was Laurence Sterne, who shamelessly incorporated passages of Burton throughout his Tristram Shandy (1759), an act of plagiarism which was not revealed for nearly thirty years, until the publication of John Ferriar's Illustrations of Sterne (1798). After Ferriar made this influence known, Burton and his work experienced a revival of interest. A new edition, the first in over a century, was published in 1800; more than forty were published throughout the 19th century. The Romantics, especially Charles Lamb and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, admired the work as an erudite curiosity. Lamb illustrated Burton in his "Detached Thoughts on Books and Reading" (1833) as "that fantastic great old man", creating the image of Burton as an eccentric and erudite academic which has since stuck, for whatever truth it possessed. The Anatomy was among John Keats's favourite books, and was used as a major source for the plot of his poem "Lamia" (1820). Burton's prose style wasn't universally appreciated, appearing pedantic and pretentious to some 19th-century critics. The Victorian poet and literary critic T. E. Brown disparaged the Anatomy as "the sweepings of the medieval dustbin" or some "enormous labyrinthine joke". William Osler, the father of modern medicine and a lifelong enthusiast of Burton, whose influence made an important contribution to the revival of interest in the Anatomy in the 20th century. Into the early 20th century, this romantic view transitioned into the more academic study of Burton's masterpiece. William Osler—widely regarded as the father of modern medicine—was a lifelong devotee of Burton and described the Anatomy as "the greatest medical treatise written by a layman". According to one scholar, "the revival of critical interest in The Anatomy of Melancholy owes not a little to Osler's direct influence". Following Osler's influence, Burtonian studies were primarily bibliographical in the early 20th century, with the exception of an influential essay by critic Morris Croll on the "Senecan style" in Burton's late Renaissance prose. By the middle of the 20th century, psychoanalytic critics of the Anatomy emerged, regarding Burton's masterpiece as a work of psychological autobiography. In The Psychiatry of Robert Burton (1944), for instance, critic Bergen Evans and psychiatrist George Mohr combed the Anatomy for references to mothers in an attempt to reconstruct Burton's own relationship with his mother. This psychoanalytic tendency has been criticised by more modern biographers of Burton, especially by R. L. Nochimson, who dedicated an article to amending the "amazing carelessness" with which Burton's literary and real personae have been confused. Stanley Fish's 1972 monograph Self-Consuming Artifacts inaugurated the postmodern interpretation of Burton's Anatomy, which alternatingly saw it as a satirical indictment of humanistic encyclopedism, or a desperate suppression of Burton's anxiety over the immensity of his subject matter. However, in total, Burton's Anatomy only accrued a small handful of monographs in the second half of the 20th century. The most detailed study of this period was a French monograph by Jean Robert Simon, a fact which, according to one scholar, "speaks volumes about the marginalization of the Anatomy in Anglophone early modern studies ." Burton earned a new generation of enthusiasts in the 20th and 21st centuries. As journalist Nick Lezard observed in 2000, though not often reprinted, "Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy survives among the cognoscenti". Samuel Beckett drew influence from Burton's Anatomy, both in the misogynistic depiction of women in his early fiction, and the Latin quotations (via Burton) found throughout in his work. The eminent literary critic Northrop Frye was an admirer of the Anatomy; he characterized it as "an enormous survey of human life" which "ranks with Chaucer and Dickens, except the characters are books rather than people". Psychiatrist and historian of ideas Jacques Barzun held up Burton as "the first systematic psychiatrist", praising him for the collection of "widely scattered case histories" of melancholia for his Anatomy, and treating the mentally ill with a "tender sympathy" uncharacteristic of subsequent psychiatrists. American writer Alexander Theroux has named Burton as one of his influences, and sometimes imitates his style. English novelist Philip Pullman praised the work in a 2005 article for The Telegraph as a "glorious and intoxicating and endlessly refreshing reward for reading". For Pullman, it is "one of the indispensable books; for my money, it is the best of all." Australian singer/songwriter Nick Cave listed Burton's Anatomy as one of his favourite books. Though Burton's legacy lies almost exclusively in his authorship of the Anatomy, his Philosophaster has increasingly been examined alongside it. As Murphy observed, Philosophaster "has received more attention than most of the other surviving examples of university drama." Since its first, mid-19th-century publication in Latin, it has been published three more times, twice with original translations into English. In 1930, it was even performed at the University of California. The play has received a mixed reception from modern scholars. Literary critic Martin Spevack dismissed it as "an obvious and elementary string of transparent sketches". O'Connell has, however, described it as "perhaps the most appealing of Burton's Latin works", he notes that the "liveliness in its representation of university life" redeems the "weak plotting and flat characterization." The 19th-century critic of Elizabethan drama Arthur Henry Bullen wrote of it that the philosophasters "are portrayed with considerable humour and skill, and the lyrical portions of the play are written with a light hand". Bamborough summed it up as "not without genuine merit, particularly in the satirical portraits of pretenders to learning." Notes ^ Ralph, and later his son William Burton, recorded the names and birthdates of ten Burton children: Elizabeth (b. 7 July 1573), Anne (b. 5 July 1574), William (b. 24 August 1575), Robert (b. 8 February 1577), Mary (b. 13 July 1578), George (b. 28 August 1579), Jane (b. 17 October 1580), Ralph (b. 3 July 1582), Catherine (b. 22 October 1584), and Dorothy (who died in infancy). ^ According to Michael O'Connell: "'Chirurgery' here does not have quite our modern sense of surgery had still its etymological sense of medicine practised by the hands and would include such things as bone-setting and the treatment of sprains and lacerations." ^ In the Anatomy, Burton indicated he studied at Sutton Coldfield, while his will states he was a "Grammar Scholar" at Nuneaton. The biographer Jean Robert Simon first identified the schools as those above, but admits that neither has Burton's name in their archives. ^ "Robart Burton"'s connection to the scholar Burton is suggested not only by the "coincidence of name and age", but by Burton's later familiarity towards London, and the indication he was closely acquainted with Foreman from Burton's astrological notebooks. In these notebooks, Burton attributes a test for virginity used in judicial astrology to Foreman, a test which Foreman never published, suggesting Burton knew Foreman personally. ^ John was the nephew of Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London and later Archbishop of Canterbury. As Archbishop, Richard ensured his nephew's political advancement, granting him various sinecures, and aiding his election to the Mastership of University College. ^ Adjusting for inflation, equivalent to £17,414 in 2023. ^ Otho Nicholson was a wealthy lawyer of the Court of Chancery, who made a large donation to the library in the early 17th century: £800 for the building and £100 for books. ^ Some aspersions have been cast over Gilbert's authorship of the Burton portrait (alongside a Wadham College portrait of Warden, William Smyth) by British historian Reginald Lane Poole because–as Gilbert's biographer Arianne Burnette has put it–the portraits exhibit an unusually "flat, archaic handling and lack of characterization" when compared with Gilbert's other work. ^ Various minor additions were added to the frontispiece over the course of its printing, including in a skull cap added to Burton's portrait in the fifth edition. This last addition has caused some academic consternation over its possible significance. ^ Though he ultimately rejects it, Simon entertains the possibility of Burton's suicide, as Burton described himself as "at this present in perfect health of Bodie and Mind" in his will, five months before his supposedly natural death. Nochimson reconciles this by pointing out that this was a generic formulation in English wills, rather than any specific reference to Burton's health, and it was more common for wills be composed when the author felt themselves close to death. ^ Such a University of Osuna exists, founded in 1548. ^ According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, New Comedy was genre of Greek drama satirising Athenian society, which was later "mainly known through the works of the Roman dramatists Plautus and Terence, who translated and adapted them, along with other stock plots and characters of Greek New Comedy, for the Roman stage. Revived during the Renaissance, New Comedy influenced European drama down to the 18th century." ^ The supposed selection of Osuna by Burton as a transparent substitute for Oxford, held by Burtonian scholar Paul Jordan-Smith as well as Gowland, has been challenged by Kathryn Murphy. As she points out, Osuna "is not an imaginary place, and Burton repeatedly reminds his audience exactly where it is: a small town near Seville in Andalusia, where a university had been founded in 1548"; additionally the real Duke of Osuna (Pedro Téllez-Girón) was internationally known and may have even visited the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in 1604, and "dear old Oxford" is otherwise mentioned, and satirised, by name in the play. ^ The original epitaph is in Latin, and reads: "paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, hic jacet Democritus Junior cui vitam dedit et mortem melancholia". There is some academic uncertainty as to the meaning of this epitaph: whether it suggests suicide, whether Burton meant here to separate his literary persona (and its separate life and death) from his own, and whether the "Melancholy" referred to is the condition or Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. ^ Burton certainly took an interest in these measures, as he purchased several pamphlets dealing with the international debate over the Oath. ^ The scholar and occultist John Dee (1527–1608), for instance, held a library totalling over 3000 books and 1000 manuscripts. ^ The four editions are: Burton, Robert (1862). Buckley, William (ed.). Philosophaster, comoedia: nunc primum in lucem producta (in Latin). Hertford: Roxburghe Club. Burton, Robert (1931). Robert Burton's Philosophaster: with an English translation of the same; together with his other minor writings in prose and verse (in Latin and English). Translated by Jordan-Smith, Paul. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Burton, Robert (1984). Spevack, Martin (ed.). Philosophaster (1606) (in Latin). Hildesheim/New York: G. Olms. Burton, Robert (1993). Philosophaster (in Latin and English). Translated by McQuillen, Connie. Binghamton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. References ^ a b Murphy 2009, par. 1. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 4–5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Bamborough 2009. ^ a b c d Nochimson 1974, p. 87. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 2. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 3–4. ^ a b O'Connell 1986, p. 5. ^ a b c Gowland 2006, p. 5. ^ a b Nochimson 1974, p. 88. ^ Nochimson 1974, pp. 88–89. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 6–7. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 9. ^ a b CCEd, Robert Burton. ^ Nochimson 1974, p. 89. ^ a b Traister 1976, p. 66. ^ a b c d Wood 1815. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 8. ^ Traister 1976, pp. 66–67, 69. ^ Traister 1976, p. 68. ^ Bamborough 1981, p. 280. ^ Sununu 1987, p. 244. ^ Bamborough 2012, p. 14. ^ Nochimson 1974, pp. 91–92. ^ Cranfield 2008. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 9–10. ^ a b Nochimson 1974, p. 92. ^ a b O'Connell 1986, p. 10. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 11, 110. ^ a b c O'Connell 1986, p. 11. ^ Nochimson 1970, p. 326. ^ Nochimson 1974, p. 97. ^ Nochimson 1970, p. 328. ^ a b c d e f Nochimson 1974, p. 98. ^ McQuillen 1993, p. 6. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 12. ^ a b VCH, City of Oxford, "Churches" 1974, par. 254. ^ a b O'Connell 1986, p. 21. ^ a b c d Nochimson 1974, p. 93. ^ Holtgen 1976, pp. 130–131. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 21–22. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 24. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ Holtgen 1976, p. 133. ^ Burton 1927, p. 13. ^ a b O'Connell 1986, p. 16. ^ a b c Nochimson 1974, pp. 96–97. ^ a b c d O'Connell 1986, p. 20. ^ a b c Christ Church, "History of the Library". ^ Scadding 1874, pp. 600–601. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 15. ^ Butler 1909, p. 16. ^ Burnette 2010. ^ Duff 1923, pp. 81–82. ^ a b Blair, Faulkner & Kiessling 1989, p. xxxviii. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 24–25. ^ a b Burton 1927, p. 27. ^ a b c O'Connell 1986, p. 25. ^ a b Nochimson 1974, pp. 99–100. ^ a b Nochimson 1974, p. 100. ^ Nochimson 1974, pp. 100–101. ^ Dewey 1970, p. 3–4. ^ Nicol 1948, p. 200. ^ a b Duff 1923, p. 82. ^ a b Mueller 1949, p. 1074. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 1. ^ Duff 1923, p. 81. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 30–31. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 31. ^ a b c d Nochimson 1974, p. 109. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 33. ^ a b O'Connell 1986, pp. 31–32. ^ Nochimson 1974, p. 107–108. ^ a b c d Bullen 1886. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 30. ^ a b Nochimson 1974, p. 108. ^ Gowland 2006, p. 300–301. ^ Gowland 2006, p. 301. ^ a b c d Birch 2009. ^ a b Edwards 2010, p. 3481. ^ Nardo 1991, p. 140. ^ Bamborough 2012, p. 15. ^ Burton 1927, p. 16. ^ Gowland 2006, p. 77. ^ Burton 1927, pp. 101–102. ^ McQuillen 1993, pp. 1–2. ^ Murphy 2009, par. 4. ^ a b Murphy 2009, par. 2. ^ Kitzes 2017, p. 1. ^ McQuillen 1993, p. 3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "New Comedy". ^ McQuillen 1993, p. 2. ^ McQuillen 1993, p. 2–5. ^ Murphy 2009, par. 1, 3. ^ Murphy 2009, par. 3–4. ^ Gowland 2006, p. 7. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 92–93. ^ Murphy 2009, par. 3. ^ a b c d Kitzes 2017, p. 5. ^ Murphy 2009, par. 24. ^ Dell 1927, p. xi. ^ Wood quoted in Bamborough 2009, with Bamborough's insertions. ^ Dewey 1970, p. 19. ^ William Burton quoted in Gowland 2006, p. 5 ^ a b Milton 2009. ^ VCH, City of Oxford, "Churches" 1974, par. 247. ^ a b Murphy 2009, par. 15. ^ Dewey 1969, p. 2247. ^ a b c Kiessling 1988, pp. v–xxxviii. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 15–16. ^ "The lost library of John Dee". Royal College of Physicians. 14 December 2015. ^ a b O'Connell 1986, p. 17. ^ Gowland 2006, p. 8. ^ Osler quoted in Dewey 1969, p. 2248 ^ Murray 2012, p. 40. ^ a b Dewey 1969, p. 2248. ^ a b Wing 2012, pp. 19–20. ^ Evans & Mohr 1972, p. vii. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 34. ^ Gowland 2006, pp. 296–297. ^ a b c d Gowland 2006, p. 297. ^ Bentley 1969, p. 89. ^ Bentley 1969, p. 88. ^ Gowland 2006, p. 296. ^ O'Connell 1986, pp. 119–120. ^ a b c d O'Connell 1986, p. 35. ^ Heventhal 1969, p. 174. ^ Heventhal 1969, p. 171. ^ Heventhal 1969, p. 172. ^ a b Bamborough 2012, p. 18. ^ White 2018, p. 537. ^ Quoted in Bamborough 2012, p. 18 ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 36. ^ Calabrese 2005, p. 245. ^ Dewey 1969, p. 2246. ^ Shirilan 2016, pp. 5–7. ^ Shirilan 2016, p. 7. ^ Nochimson 1974, p. 85. ^ Nochimson quoted in Sununu 1987, p. 243 ^ Sununu 1987, p. 243. ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 121. ^ Shirilan 2016, p. 8-9. ^ Shirilan 2016, p. 8. ^ Lezard 2000. ^ Kim 2017, pp. 115–116. ^ Denham 2011, p. 215. ^ Barzun 2000, pp. 221–222. ^ See Burton entry in the index to Steven Moore, Alexander Theroux: A Fan's Notes (Zerogram Press, 2020). ^ Pullman 2005. ^ Far Out Staff 2019. ^ Murphy 2009, par. 1, fn. 3. ^ Quoted in Murphy 2009, par. 24 ^ O'Connell 1986, p. 92. Sources Barzun, Jacques (2000). From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life: 1500 to the Present (1st ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-017586-3. OCLC 316245041. Bamborough, J. B. (August 1981). "Robert Burton's Astrological Notebook". The Review of English Studies. New Series. 32 (127): 267–285. doi:10.1093/res/XXXII.127.267. JSTOR 515163. Bamborough, J. B. (8 October 2009). "Burton, Robert (1577–1640), writer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4137. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Bamborough, J. B. (2012). "Robert Burton: Christ Church, the Melancholy Librarian and the Birth of a Book" (PDF). Christ Church Library Newsletter. 9: 14–19. ISSN 1756-6800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020. Bentley, Christopher (1969). "The Anatomy of Melancholy and Richard Whitlock's Zootomia". Renaissance and Modern Studies. 13 (1): 88–105. doi:10.1080/14735786909391455. PMID 11618020. Birch, Delia, ed. (2009). "Anatomy of Melancholy, The". The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280687-1. Retrieved 8 February 2021. Bullen, Arthur Henry (1886). "Burton, Robert (1577-1640)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Burnette, Arianne (23 September 2010). "Jackson, Gilbert (fl. 1621–1643), portrait painter". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68331. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Burton, Robert (1927). Dell, Floyd; Jordan-Smith, Paul (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. New York: Tudor Publishing Company. OCLC 713809426. Dell, Floyd (1927). "Introduction". In Dell, Floyd; Jordan-Smith, Paul (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. pp. ix–xiv. Burton, Robert (1989). Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (eds.). Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-812448-1. Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (1989). "Textual Introduction". In Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (eds.). Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy. Vol. 1. pp. xxxvii–lx. Burton, Robert (1993). McQuillen, Connie (ed.). Philosophaster. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. Vol. 103. Translated by McQuillen, Connie. Albany, New York: State University of New York. ISBN 978-0-86698-123-1. OCLC 185525199. McQuillen, Connie (1993). "Introduction". In McQuillen, Connie (ed.). Philosophaster. pp. 1–20. Butler, A. J. (1909). "The College Pictures". Brasenose College Quartercentenray Monographs, Vol. 1: General. Oxford Historical Society. Vol. LII. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–35. OCLC 1040555119. Calabrese, L. H. (May 2005). "Sir William Osler Then and Now: Thoughts for the Osteopathic Profession". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 105 (5): 245–249. PMID 16027478. "Burton, Robert (1609–1635)". Clergy of the Church of England database (CCEd). Retrieved 7 December 2019. "History of the Library". Christ Church. Retrieved 3 February 2020. Chance, Eleanor; Colvin, Christina; Cooper, Janet; Day, C. J.; Hassall, T. G.; Selwyn, Nesta (1979). "Churches". In Crossley, Alan; Elrington, C.R. (eds.). A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 4: The City of Oxford. Victoria County History (VCH). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 369–412. ISBN 978-0-19-722714-5. OCLC 927026560. Cranfield, Nicholas W. S. (24 May 2008). "Bancroft, John (1574–1641), bishop of Oxford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1270. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Denham, Robert D. (2011). "Frye and Robert Burton" (PDF). Essays on Northrop Frye (Online ed.). Emory, Virginia: Iron Mountain Press. pp. 215–227. Dewey, Nicholas (22 December 1969). "Sir William Osler and Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy". JAMA. 210 (12): 2245–2250. doi:10.1001/jama.1969.03160380059014. PMID 4902643. Dewey, Nicholas (Winter 1970). ""Democritus Junior," alias Robert Burton". The Princeton University Library Chronicle. 31 (2): 103–121. doi:10.2307/26403977. JSTOR 26403977. PMID 11635553. Duff, E. G. (1 September 1923). "The Fifth Edition of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy". The Library. 4th ser. IV (2): 81–101. doi:10.1093/library/s4-iv.2.81. Edwards, M. (2010). "Mad world: Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy". Brain. 133 (11): 3480–3482. doi:10.1093/brain/awq282. "New Comedy". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 March 2019. Evans, Bergen; Mohr, George J. (1972). The Psychiatry of Robert Burton. New York: Octagon Books. ISBN 978-0-374-92638-0. OCLC 329063. Far Out Staff (17 July 2019). "A list of Nick Cave's favourite books and authors". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Gowland, Angus (2006). The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: Robert Burton in Context. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86768-9. OCLC 723451183. Heventhal, Charles Jr. (1969). "Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy in Early America". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 63 (3): 157–175. doi:10.1086/pbsa.63.3.24301906. JSTOR 24301906. S2CID 163973190. Holtgen, Karl Josef (1976). "Robert Burton and the Rectory of Seagrave". The Review of English Studies. 27 (106): 129–136. doi:10.1093/res/xxvii.106.129. Kiessling, Nicolas (1988). The Library of Robert Burton. Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society. ISBN 9780901420428. OCLC 906631732. Kim, Rina (2017). ""Melancholy Matters": Robert Burton and Samuel Beckett". In Marshall, Simon Celine; Cusack, Carole M. (eds.). The Medieval Presence in the Modernist Aesthetic: Unattended Moments. Studies in Religion and the Arts. Vol. 11. Brill. pp. 115–133. doi:10.1163/9789004357020_009. ISBN 978-90-04-35702-0. OCLC 1010747325. Kitzes, Adam H. (22 September 2017). "Burton, Robert". In Stewart, A. J. A.; Sullivan, G. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature (online ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118297353.wbeerlb043. ISBN 978-1-118-29735-3. Lezard, Nick (16 September 2000). "Classics of the future: What is the secret of a book's enduring popularity? Why do great books disappear into obscurity while lesser works survive? According to one critic, the secret boils down to a couple of simple rules. Nick Lezard is not so sure". The Guardian. ISSN 1756-3224. Retrieved 14 March 2020. Lund, Mary Ann (2010). Melancholy, Medicine and Religion in Early Modern England: Reading The Anatomy of Melancholy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-65996-4. OCLC 1120781936. Milton, Anthony (21 May 2009). "Laud, William (1573–1645), archbishop of Canterbury". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16112. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Mueller, W. R. (1949). "Robert Burton's Frontispiece". PMLA. 64 (5): 1074–1088. doi:10.2307/459551. JSTOR 459551. Murphy, Kathryn (2009). "Jesuits and Philosophasters: Robert Burton's Response to the Gunpowder Plot". Journal of the Northern Renaissance. 1: 109–128. ISSN 1759-3085. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020. Murray, T. Jock (23 April 2012). "Osler and "The Greatest Medical Treatise Written by a Layman"" (PDF). 42nd Annual Meeting of the American Osler Society. American Osler Society: 40. Nardo, Anna K. (1991). "Robert Burton's Play Therapy for a Melancholy Age". The Ludic Self in Seventeenth-Century English Literature. The Margins of Literature. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 139–158. ISBN 978-0-7914-0721-9. OCLC 231284901. Nicol, W. D. (April 1948). "Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy" (PDF). Postgrad Med J. 24 (270): 199–206. doi:10.1136/pgmj.24.270.199. PMC 2529731. PMID 18914845. Nochimson, Richard L. (August 1970). "Robert Burton's Authorship of Alba: A Lost Letter Recovered". The Review of English Studies. 21 (83): 325–331. doi:10.1093/res/XXI.83.325. JSTOR 512742. Nochimson, Richard L. (1974). "Studies in the Life of Robert Burton". The Yearbook of English Studies. 4: 85–111. doi:10.2307/3506685. JSTOR 3506685. O'Connell, Michael (1986). Robert Burton. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-6919-7. OCLC 563059617. Pullman, Philip (10 April 2005). "Reasons to be cheerful: First published in 1621, The Anatomy of Melancholy remains a humorous and humane stimulant for the soul". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Scadding, Henry (April 1874). "Leaves They Have Touched". The Canadian Journal. New ser. LXXXV: 73–124, 145–160, 315–347, 479–545, 597–634. ISSN 0381-8624. Shirilan, Stephanie (2016). Robert Burton and the Transformative Powers of Melancholy. Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity. Oxford/New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1701-5. OCLC 1047868647. Sununu, Andrea (Spring 1987). "Recent Studies in Burton and Walton". English Literary Renaissance. 17 (2): 243–255. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1987.tb00935.x. JSTOR 43447220. S2CID 145810557. Traister, B. H. (1976). "New Evidence about Burton's Melancholy?". Renaissance Quarterly. 29 (1): 66–70. doi:10.2307/2859991. JSTOR 2859991. PMID 11615595. S2CID 33995848. White, R. S. (2018). "Review: John Keats in Context / John Keats: Reimagining History". European Romantic Review. 29 (4): 535–540. doi:10.1080/10509585.2018.1487627. S2CID 150320538. Wing, John (2012). "Digging for Burton in the Library: An Eminent Archaeologist's First Job" (PDF). Christ Church Library Newsletter. 9: 19–20. ISSN 1756-6800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020. Wood, Anthony à (1815). "Robert Burton". In Bliss, Philip (ed.). Athenae Oxonienses. Vol. 2. London. pp. 652–653. OCLC 847943279. Further reading Burton, Robert (1989–2000). Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K.; Blair, Rhonda L.; Bamborough, J. B.; Dodsworth, Martin (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (6 vols.) — First three volumes are the Anatomy's text, next three are a chapter-by-chapter commentary by Bamborough and Dodsworth. Gowland, Angus (2006). The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: Robert Burton in Context. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86768-9. Babb, Lawrence (1959). Sanity in Bedlam: A Study of Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. O'Connell, Michael (1986). Robert Burton. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-6919-7. Mueller, William R. (1952). The Anatomy of Robert Burton's England. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Simon, Jean Robert (1964). Robert Burton (1577–1640) et l'Anatomie de la mélancolie (in French). Paris: Didier. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Burton (scholar). Wikiquote has quotations related to Robert Burton. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Burton, Robert". Review and quotes at Complete Review Entry at the Columbia Encyclopedia The BBC's "In Our Time" discusses The Anatomy of Melancholy. Online texts Works by or about Robert Burton at Wikisource Works by Robert Burton at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Robert Burton at Internet Archive Works by Robert Burton at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Burton (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burton_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Burton_by_Gilbert_Jackson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"The Anatomy of Melancholy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy"},{"link_name":"landed gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landed_gentry"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"melancholy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"King James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"Philosophaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._1-1"},{"link_name":"living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas_the_Martyr%27s_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"Walesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walesby,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"rectorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Seagrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrave"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Library"},{"link_name":"the Bodleian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bodleian"},{"link_name":"Laurence Sterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Sterne"},{"link_name":"Romantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"John Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"William Osler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Osler"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"}],"text":"For other people named Robert Burton, see Robert Burton (disambiguation).Portrait of Robert Burton by Gilbert Jackson, 1635Robert Burton (8 February 1577 – 25 January 1640) was an English author and fellow of Oxford University, known for his encyclopedic The Anatomy of Melancholy.Born in 1577 to a comfortably well-off family of the landed gentry, Burton attended two grammar schools and matriculated into Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1593, age 15. Burton's education at Oxford was unusually lengthy, possibly drawn out by an affliction of melancholy, and saw an early transfer to Christ Church. Burton received an MA and BD, and by 1607 was qualified as a tutor. As early as 1603, Burton indulged his early literary creations at Oxford, including some Latin poems, a now-lost play performed before and panned by King James I himself, and his only surviving play: an academic satire called Philosophaster. This work, though less well regarded than Burton's masterpiece, has \"received more attention than most of the other surviving examples of university drama\".[1]Sometime after obtaining his MA in 1605, Burton made some attempts to leave the university. Though he never fully succeeded, he managed to obtain the living of St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford, through the university, and external patronage for the benefice of Walesby and the rectorship of Seagrave. As a fellow of Oxford, he served in many minor administrative roles and as the librarian of Christ Church Library, from 1624 until his death. Over time he came to accept his \"sequestered\" existence in the libraries of Oxford, speaking highly of his alma mater throughout the Anatomy.Burton's most famous work and greatest achievement was The Anatomy of Melancholy. First published in 1621, it was reprinted with additions from Burton no fewer than five times. A digressive and labyrinthine work, Burton wrote as much to alleviate his own melancholy as to help others. The final edition totalled more than 500,000 words. The book is permeated by quotations from and paraphrases of many authorities, both classical and contemporary, the culmination of a lifetime of erudition.Burton died in 1640. In the university, his death was (probably falsely) rumoured to be have been a suicide. His large personal library was divided between the Bodleian and Christ Church. The Anatomy was perused and plagiarised by many authors during his lifetime and after his death, but entered a lull in popularity through the 18th century. It was only the revelation of Laurence Sterne's plagiarism that revived interest in Burton's work into the 19th century, especially among the Romantics. The Anatomy received more academic attention in the 20th and 21st centuries. Whatever his popularity, Burton has always attracted distinguished readers, including Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, John Keats, William Osler, and Samuel Beckett.","title":"Robert Burton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burton_family_house,_Lindley,_from_William_Burton%27s_Description_of_Leicestershire.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19864%E2%80%935-2"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Lindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley,_Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197487-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19862-5"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burton_(antiquary,_died_1645)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197487-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"landed gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landed_gentry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197487-4"},{"link_name":"chirurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chirurgery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19865-8"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland20065-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197487-4"},{"link_name":"Arthur Faunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Faunt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland20065-10"},{"link_name":"King Edward VI Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VI_College,_Nuneaton"},{"link_name":"Nuneaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuneaton"},{"link_name":"Bishop Vesey's Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Vesey%27s_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Sutton Coldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197488-11"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197488%E2%80%9389-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19866%E2%80%937-14"}],"sub_title":"Family and grammar school","text":"Lindley Hall, the Burton family manor, as depicted in a stylised frontispiece to William Burton's Description of Leicestershire (1622). The manor was a medieval foundation, inherited affinially by the Burton family, and torn down in the 17th century.[2]Robert Burton was born on 8 February 1577, to Ralph Burton (1547–1619) and his wife, Dorothy (née Faunt; 1560–1629), in Lindley, Leicestershire.[3][4] Burton believed himself to have been conceived on 9 PM on 25 May 1576, a fact he often used in his astrological calculations.[5] He was the second of four sons and fourth of ten children; his elder brother, William, is the only other member of the family for whom we know more than minor biographical details, as he later became a noted antiquarian and topographer.[4][a] Both his parents' families were members of the landed gentry, with the Burtons from an old, if undistinguished, pedigree.[3][4] Robert may have inherited his medical interest; in the Anatomy, he writes of his mother's \"excellent skill in chirurgery\".[7][b] William states a member of their mother's family, Anthony Faunt, was said to have died from \"the passion of melancholy\",[8][4] and speaks fondly the family's maternal relation to Arthur Faunt, a Jesuit controversialist and uncle to William and Robert.[8]Burton probably attended two grammar schools, the King Edward VI Grammar School, Nuneaton and Bishop Vesey's Grammar School, Sutton Coldfield.[9][c] Burton wrote in the Anatomy that students \"think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that of a Grammar Scholar\", which some writers have taken as suggestion that he was an unhappy schoolboy. More modern biographers, such as R. L. Nochimson and Michael O'Connell, have regarded it as Burton merely presenting what was a popular sentiment, rather than hinting at any personal dislike or source of childhood melancholy.[10][11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Bancroft_with_a_View_of_Cuddesdon_Rectory,_17th_century,_University_College.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bancroft_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Cuddesdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddesdon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19869-15"},{"link_name":"matriculated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculated"},{"link_name":"Brasenose College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCEd,_Robert_Burton-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197489-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraister197666-18"},{"link_name":"Anthony à Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_%C3%A0_Wood"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1815-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19868-20"},{"link_name":"J. B. Bamborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Bamborough"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraister197666-18"},{"link_name":"Simon Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Forman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraister197666%E2%80%9367,_69-21"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough201214-26"},{"link_name":"John Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bancroft_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197491%E2%80%9392-27"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1815-19"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cuddesdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddesdon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19869%E2%80%9310-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197492-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198610-32"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"}],"sub_title":"Oxford education","text":"John Bancroft, Burton's tutor at Christ Church, and a lifelong friend. In the left corner is a view of Bancroft's palace near Oxford, Cuddesdon, which Burton praised in the Anatomy, suggesting he was a frequent visitor to his old tutor's estate.[12]In July 1593, aged 15, Burton matriculated into Brasenose College, Oxford,[13] where his elder brother was already attending. Burton did not receive his Bachelor's until 30 June 1602, and only after he migrated to Christ Church College in 1599.[14][3] For the time between his matriculation and his transfer, almost nothing is known of Burton.[15] According to Anthony à Wood, Burton \"made considerable progress in logic and philosophy\" at Brasenose,[16] though the college left an impression sufficiently weak that Burton himself made no mention of Brasenose in his corpus.[17] Most Oxford students would have completed their education at nineteen, but by 1602, Burton was twenty-six. Some biographers, such as Michael O'Connell and J. B. Bamborough, have cited this as evidence Burton suffered some lengthy illness while a student, possibly melancholy.[15] Record has been found of one \"Robart Burton of 20 yeres\", a patient of London doctor and astrologist Simon Forman, who was treated for melancholy over a period of five months in 1597.[18][d] Indeed, 1596 and 1597 are the only years of Burton's maturity in which he seems to have purchased no new books.[22]When he entered Christ Church in 1599, Wood reports Burton was assigned as tutor John Bancroft, \"for form sake, tho' he wanted not a tutor\";[3][23][16] though Bancroft was only three years his senior, he was six or seven years ahead of Burton in his studies, and was well-connected within the church,[e] later becoming the Bishop of Oxford. It seems some friendship developed between the two; Burton praised Bancroft's construction at Cuddesdon in the Anatomy, implying he was a frequent visitor.[25] At Christ Church, Burton proceeded to an MA on 9 June 1605, and a BD in May 1614.[3][26] Simultaneously, Burton rose through the college ranks, attaining disciplus in 1599, philosophus secundi vicenarii in 1603, and philosophus primi vicenarii in 1607, the last of which qualified him as a tutor.[27] Sometime after he obtained his MA, Bamborough considers it likely Burton was attempting to leave the university. The college statutes required Burton to take a BD after his MA, but Burton chose not to proceed to DD.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accession of James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198611,_110-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198611-34"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1970326-35"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198611-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197497-36"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady-in-waiting"},{"link_name":"satyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrs"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198611-34"},{"link_name":"chancellors of both Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1970328-37"},{"link_name":"Shrovetide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrovetide"},{"link_name":"John King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_King_(bishop_of_London)"},{"link_name":"Dean of Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197498-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuillen19936-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198612-40"}],"sub_title":"Early writings and plays","text":"While at Oxford, Burton indulged his literary interests alongside these academic ones. In 1603, on the accession of James I, Burton contributed a short Latin verse celebrating the event to a commemorative Oxford volume; he made similar offering of twenty-one poems upon James's royal Oxford visit in 1605.[28] On this visit, Burton took active part in the \"praeparation for the Kinges cominge\", including a play he composed for the occasion.[29][30] This play, since lost, has been identified with Alba, a pastoral comedy with a mythological subject matter, probably written in Latin.[29] The play was performed before James I on 27 August 1605.[31] According to a witness of the events, Philip Stringer, Burton's play was poorly received by James and his court. The queen consort and her ladies took offence at several \"almost naked\" male actors, probably portraying satyrs,[29] and the king was so displeased by the production that the chancellors of both Oxford and Cambridge had to plead for him to stay, as otherwise he \"would have gone before half the Comedy had been ended\".[32]However Burton reacted to this royal pan, he was already at work on another play by 1606. This play, Philosophaster—which is fully extant across three manuscripts—was finished by 1615, by which time Burton was revising and correcting it. Burton speaks briefly of Philosophaster in the Anatomy, mentioning that it was performed at Christ Church on 16 February 1617, during the Shrovetide festivities. The play was acted by the students alongside three local townsmen. Burton likely took a view towards pleasing the administration in this production. The play cast the son of John King, then Dean of Christ Church, in a leading role, and departed from Alba's controversial mythological themes for the less contentious ones of an academic satire.[33][34][35]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appointments and the Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_porch_date_stone_at_St_Thomas_the_Martyr%27s_Church,_Oxford.jpg"},{"link_name":"gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"porch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch"},{"link_name":"St Thomas the Martyr's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas_the_Martyr%27s_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Thomas_the_Martyr%27s_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"dean and chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dean_and_chapter"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVCH,_City_of_Oxford,_%22Churches%221974[httpswwwbritish-historyacukvchoxonvol4pp369-412p254_par._254]-41"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECCEd,_Robert_Burton-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197492-31"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVCH,_City_of_Oxford,_%22Churches%221974[httpswwwbritish-historyacukvchoxonvol4pp369-412p254_par._254]-41"},{"link_name":"Frances Cecil, dowager Countess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Cecil,_Countess_of_Exeter_(died_1663)"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Walesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walesby,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198621-42"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198621-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197493-43"},{"link_name":"first Earl of Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Cranfield,_1st_Earl_of_Middlesex"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197493-43"},{"link_name":"Lord Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berkeley,_1st_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton"},{"link_name":"rectorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Seagrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198610-32"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltgen1976130%E2%80%93131-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198621%E2%80%9322-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198624-46"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltgen1976133-49"}],"sub_title":"Offices at St Thomas's, Walesby, and Seagrave","text":"Burton's arms above the gable of the south porch, at St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford.Burton initially struggled to find any patrons for promotion out of the university,[3] but after some time, he managed to obtain an ecclesiastical office in the living of St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford, located in the western suburb of Oxford. He was nominated to this by the dean and chapter of Christ Church on 29 November 1616.[36][3] He was licensed to preach on 3 December 1618.[13][26] Burton held this vicarage at St Thomas's, until his death; he was responsible for the building or rebuilding of the church's south porch in 1621, where his arms were placed on the gable.[36]In 1624, Lady Frances Cecil, dowager Countess of Exeter presented Burton to the Lincolnshire benefice of Walesby. Burton was perhaps the tutor of Frances' son, Robert Smith.[3] Burton chose not to reside in Walesby, though he probably visited it at some point. He took little interest in the daily affairs of the parish—all the parish records were signed by his curate, Thomas Benson—but did win for it nine acres of land which had been taken by Frances's predecessor.[37] Burton resigned from this post in 1631.[3] In the 1632 edition of the Anatomy, appended below a mention of his Walesby appointment, Burton tersely added: \"Lately resigned for some special reasons\".[37][38] After his resignation, Lady Frances temporarily turned over the duty to appoint Burton's successor to her friend, the first Earl of Middlesex, suggesting that Burton resigned over Middlesex's pressure to appoint his own favourite.[38]In 1632, shortly after this resignation from Walesby, Burton was presented to a much more valuable office by his patron, Lord Berkeley: the rectorship of Seagrave.[3] Berkeley had been a patron of Burton since at least 1621, when Burton dedicated the Anatomy to Lord Berkeley. Their relationship may have begun even earlier, in 1619, when Berkeley matriculated from Christ Church, and perhaps entered the tutelage of Burton.[3][27] In any case, on 3 September 1624, Lord Berkeley granted Burton the advowson (i.e. the right to decide the next occupant) of the wealthy living of Seagrave. This right necessitated that the holder of the advowson pick a candidate other than himself, but three days later Burton assigned three of his family members to this position, so he could procure his own future appointment. On 15 June 1632, promptly after the previous incumbent was buried, the relatives presented him to the office.[39][40] Burton did not cultivate much of a reputation as a preacher while at Seagrave, choosing not to publish any of his sermons, but discharged the pastoral and charitable roles of the rectory dutifully and punctually.[41] Burton probably visited Lindley often while at Seagrave, as the villages were only 20 miles apart.[3] The office was the most valuable Burton ever held; in 1650, the rectory was valued at £100.[f][43]","title":"Appointments and the Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"Diogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197493-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197493-43"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"Jovius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Giovio"},{"link_name":"Vaticanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton192713-50"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198616-51"},{"link_name":"sinecure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinecure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197496%E2%80%9397-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198620-53"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197496%E2%80%9397-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198620-53"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198615-57"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist_Church,_%22History_of_the_Library%22-54"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler190916-58"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"University life","text":"Other than that afforded to him by the Countess of Exeter and Lord Berkeley, Burton received little preferment. Because of this, even as he received appointments outside the university, Burton remained an Oxford student for the rest of his life. Burton seems to have been, at first, unhappy with this situation;[3] in the 1621 edition of the Anatomy, Burton wrote that his \"hopes were still frustrate, and I left behind, as a Dolphin on shore, confined to my Colledge, as Diogenes to his tubbe\".[38] This exasperation seems to have been passing; by the Anatomy's final edition, he had revised the passage in praise of his \"monastick life [...] sequestered from those tumults & troubles of the world\", unindebted for his lack of preferment.[38] Bamborough has gone as far as to claim it is unlikely Burton ever truly wanted to leave the college he spoke so highly of[3] as the \"most flourishing College of Europe\", one which \"can brag with Jovius, almost, in that splendor of Vaticanish retirement, confined to the company of the distinguished\".[44] The 1602 reopening of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, which by 1620 held over 16,000 volumes, gave some truth to Burton's proud comparison of the scholarship at Oxford to that of Jovius's Vatican.[45]Burton did not spend all his time in this \"Vaticanish retirement\" as a scholar. He held various minor offices in Oxford. On three occasions–in 1615, 1617, and 1618–Burton was chosen to be the clerk of the Market, one of two MA students tasked with regulating the various goods of Oxford's markets. Now a sinecure, the office was an important institution in Burton's time.[3][46][47] This occupation has been cited by two biographers, O'Connell and Nochimson, to suggest, contrary to the bookish image given by his Anatomy, Burton had some knowledge of the day-to-day affairs of Oxford.[46][47] Perhaps more befitting his image, on 27 August 1624, Burton became the librarian of Christ Church Library.[3] The office was a recent creation—the first librarian was appointed in 1599, and library had been founded only a half-century earlier—but a recent donation by an Otho Nicholson[g] had ensured it was a profitable one, tripling the incumbent's wages to 10s a term. The duties, however, were sparse—limited to enforcing the loose regulations of the institution, and opening and closing it at the appropriate times—probably allowing Burton more than enough time to accumulate the erudition exhibited in the Anatomy.[50][48] Burton held this position until his death.[3] In 1635, painter Gilbert Jackson produced an oil portrait of Burton; this painting is now held at Brasenose College, with a copy at Christ Church.[51][h]","title":"Appointments and the Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198624%E2%80%9325-63"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197498-38"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton192727-64"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198625-65"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton192727-64"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198625-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Democritus_Junior_in_Burton%27s_Anatomy_of_Melancholy,_1628,_2nd_edition.jpg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197499%E2%80%93100-66"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1815-19"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198625-65"},{"link_name":"Timothie Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothie_Bright"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974100-67"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974100%E2%80%93101-68"},{"link_name":"Democritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus"},{"link_name":"the Laughing Philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_philosophers"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewey19703%E2%80%934-69"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1948200-70"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197498-38"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairFaulknerKiessling1989xxxviii-62"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197498-38"},{"link_name":"quarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto"},{"link_name":"folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff192382-71"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller19491074-72"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19861-74"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff192382-71"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197498-38"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff192381-75"}],"sub_title":"Publication of the Anatomy","text":"Whatever other activities he engaged in, composing the Anatomy was the most important pursuit and accomplishment of Burton's life.[55][33] Burton, as he claims in the preface, was \"as desirous to suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theirs\", but admits that melancholy is the subject upon which he is \"fatally driven\", and so he was compelled to compose the work.[56] Burton left no record of when he began his work on the Anatomy. O'Connell speculates the project grew piecemeal, with research begun in his twenties, and the work well on its way by his thirties.[57] Burton explicitly states that the study of melancholy was a lifelong fascination of his, and regularly \"deducted from the main channel of my studies\".[56] However long the work took, he had certainly concluded it by 5 December 1620, aged 43, when he signed the \"Conclusion to the Reader\".[57]Engraving of Burton, under the name Democritus Junior, in the frontispiece to his Anatomy of Melancholy. This engraving is from the 1628 edition.The book was printed in 1621 and, despite Burton's indication in the Anatomy of troubles finding a publisher, it quickly sold well.[58] Wood wrote that the publisher, Henry Cripps, made such a \"great profit\" off the book that he \"got an estate by it\".[16][57] Burton's subject was well chosen; similar treatises by Timothie Bright and Thomas Wright had gone through several editions soon after their publication.[59] Though Burton never divulged the extent of his profits, the size of his estate and library at death suggests they were considerable.[60] Burton printed the Anatomy under the pseudonym of \"Democritus Junior\", alluding to the Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, Democritus, sometimes known as the Laughing Philosopher. The use of an established classical figure in a pseudonym was common practice in Burton's time, used to ensure the reader held no negative preconceptions about the author.[61] Burton did not resolutely stick to this pseudonymity; the first edition betrayed it as he signed the \"Conclusion to the Reader\" with his real name, and though this was removed in later editions, the portrait of Burton added from the third edition onwards hardly preserved his anonymity.[62]Burton did not rest on his laurels after the first printing, continually editing and improving the work throughout his life.[33] The first edition of Burton's Anatomy was, with marginalia, over 350,000 words long; by his final edition this count came to over 500,000.[54] The additions were largest for the second and third editions;[33] the original quarto volume had to be expanded to a folio for the second edition (1624) to accommodate the expansions.[63] For the third edition (1628), an allegorical frontispiece was added, engraved by Christian Le Blon, with a portrait of Burton atop his moniker \"Democritus Junior\".[64][i] After these two additions, Burton vowed: \"Ne quid nimis [do not do too much]. I will not hereafter add, alter, or retract; I have done.\" However, once again, Burton returned to the Anatomy, producing two more editions in 1634 and 1638. Shortly before his death in 1640, Burton entrusted an annotated copy of the Anatomy to his publisher, which was published posthumously in 1651.[65] In total, Burton made contributions to six editions.[63][33] Two more reprints of the Anatomy were made before the end of the century.[66]","title":"Appointments and the Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Burton,_Christ_Church_Cathedral,_An_Inventory_of_the_Historical_Monuments_in_the_City_of_Oxford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198630%E2%80%9331-76"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198631-77"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974109-78"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198633-79"},{"link_name":"John Aubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubrey"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198631%E2%80%9332-80"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974107%E2%80%93108-81"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullen1886-82"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006300%E2%80%93301-86"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198631%E2%80%9332-80"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974108-84"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006301-87"}],"text":"Burton's monument in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford.Burton drew up his will on 15 August 1639. Five months later, aged 62 and on 25 January 1640, he was dead. The will divided his inherited estates up amongst his elder brother, William, and William's heirs. Outside of his family, his largest bequests went, unsurprisingly, to the Bodleian and Christ Church libraries, with gifts of £100 each, and Burton's large library split between the institutions. He also laid out several smaller monetary donations: those to his servants; the servants at Christ Church; the poor in Seagrave, Nuneaton, and Higham; the library at Brasenose; and various friends and colleagues, including John Bancroft.[67] Burton was buried in the north aisle of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, on 27 January.[68] William erected a monument to Robert Burton in the cathedral: a coloured effigy of Robert, flanked by an astrological representation of his nativity and geometric instruments, with a short Latin epitaph below, said to have been composed by Burton.[69][70]Writing near the close of the 17th century, John Aubrey records a rumour circulated among Oxford students, asserting that Burton took his own life. Writing around the same time, Wood reports a similar rumour that Burton had \"sent up his soul to heaven thro' a noose about his neck\", adding that Burton was supposed to have done this so his date of death would fit his exact astrological calculations.[71][72][73] This rumour is dubious, and has been largely rejected by biographers as far back as Wood.[j] Angus Gowland, in his 2006 study of Burton, is among the few who take the allegation seriously, though he admits it is \"no more than a melancholy rumour\".[76] Burton rejected the endorsements of suicide by classical authors in the Anatomy, and if the rumours were taken to have any veracity after his death, Burton would not have been buried in Christ Church cathedral.[71][75] Gowland counters this evidence, citing the charity shown by Burton in the Anatomy for those tempted by suicide, and conjecturing a conspiracy of the \"notoriously close-knit College\" to keep Burton's suicide secret.[77]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Burton%27s_Anatomy_of_Melancholy,_1626,_2nd_edition.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Anatomy of Melancholy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009-88"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20103481-89"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197499%E2%80%93100-66"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards20103481-89"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENardo1991140-90"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009-88"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough201215-91"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton192716-92"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland200677-93"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1927101%E2%80%93102-94"},{"link_name":"clinical depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depression"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009-88"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2009-88"}],"text":"Frontispiece of the 1628 edition of The Anatomy of MelancholyThough Burton wrote elsewhere, Bamborough regards Burton's one truly great work as The Anatomy of Melancholy.[3] Ostensibly a three-part treatise on depression and its treatment, the book consists of quotations from, paraphrases of and commentary on numerous authors, from many fields of learning, and ranging from classical times to his contemporaries,[78] in a \"tangled web of opinion and authority\".[79] According to Wood, Burton was apparently famed at Oxford employing this prose style in his speech, effortlessly recalling passages as he spoke.[58][79] The Anatomy is digressive and confusing in its structure; Burton himself apologetically admitted to \"bring[ing] forth this confused lump\", excusing himself over a shortage of time. Over the five editions, he did little to amend this confusion, preferring to append more to the labyrinthine text.[80] The book is the fruit of a lifetime's worth of learning, though Burton makes a point throughout the Anatomy to claim that erudition is ultimately pointless, and that it is perhaps better to remain ignorant.[78] Nonetheless, he was of the opinion that if one had knowledge, one better display it. And he was not able to resist his impulse \"to have an Oare in every mans Boat\", that is, to know something of every topic.[81]Burton wrote The Anatomy of Melancholy largely to write himself out of being a lifelong sufferer from depression. As he described his condition in the preface \"Democritus Junior to the Reader\", \"a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be unladen of and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this ... I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, no better cure than business\".[82] In his view, melancholy was \"a disease so frequent ... in our miserable times, as few there are that feele not the smart of it\", and he said he compiled his book \"to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universall a malady, an Epidemicall disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind\".[83][84] For Burton, \"melancholy\" describes a range of mental abnormalities, from obsession to delusion to what we would now call clinical depression.[78] Burton at once gives a multitude of remedies for melancholy, and warns they are all ultimately useless, in characteristic self-contradiction.[78]","title":"The Anatomy of Melancholy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Burton,_Philosophaster,_1617,_MS_Thr_10,_front_page.jpg"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuillen19931%E2%80%932-95"},{"link_name":"Osuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osuna"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"philosophasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/philosophaster"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Bonny Nell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonny_Nell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._2-98"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzes20171-99"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuillen19933-100"},{"link_name":"New Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Plautus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plautus"},{"link_name":"Terence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._2-98"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuillen19932-103"},{"link_name":"town and gown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_gown"},{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Pontano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pontano"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcQuillen19932%E2%80%935-104"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"The Alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_(play)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._1,_3-105"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland20067-108"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198692%E2%80%9393-109"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._3-110"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzes20175-111"},{"link_name":"scholastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastics"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzes20175-111"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._24-112"}],"text":"Title page of the manuscript of Burton's Philosophaster.Philosophaster is a play, satirising on the 17th-century university, composed in Latin during Burton's time as an Oxford student.[85] The plot of Philosophaster follows the university of Osuna in Andalusia,[k] recently founded by one Desiderius, Duke of Osuna, in hope of attracting scholars. However, the university actually attracts a crowd of philosophasters—pseudo-philosophers, Jesuits, and prostitutes—who con the Duke and townspeople into believing their disguises, capitalising on their naivete in a series of farcical scenes. Amidst this chaos, two true philosophers, Polumathes and Philobiblos (their names literally meaning \"Much-Learned\" and \"Lover of Books\") appear and unmask the philosophasters. The resultant controversy among the townspeople nearly causes the Duke to close the university, but he is persuaded otherwise by Polumathes. In the comic climax, the fraudsters are branded and exiled, two characters marry, and the play concludes with a \"hymn in praise of philosophy [...] to the tune of Bonny Nell\".[87][88]As Connie McQuillen has put it, the distinguishing quality Philosophaster is the \"patchwork of borrowings\" with which it was written.[89] Stylistically, Philosophaster is declared on the title page to be a Comoedia Nova (or New Comedy) a satirical genre Kathryn Murphy describes as \"in the tradition of Plautus and Terence.\"[l][87] Burton borrowed many elements from these Roman comedies: the tendency of characters to burst into song; the character of the clever slave; the love between a high-born man and low-born girl, who is later revealed to be of noble birth.[91] Burton also borrows episodes from contemporary academic satires—dealing with the perennial feuds between town and gown, the distinction between \"true\" and \"false\" scholars, the ridicule of pedants—and characters from humanist satirists, chiefly Erasmus and Giovanni Pontano.[92] The play's depiction of alchemy bears some passing resemblance to Ben Jonson's play The Alchemist, but Burton takes strains to point out in the introduction to a manuscript that his play was written before the first staging of Jonson's play, in 1610.[3]In interpreting the Philosophaster, many authors have understood it solely in relation to the Anatomy, as an academic satire on the excesses of university life, especially that of Oxford.[93] Angus Gowland, describing the University of Osuna as a \"thinly disguised Oxford\",[m] asserts that \"the purpose of the play was to ridicule contemporary scholarship and provoke reform\", in anticipation of the Anatomy's satirical themes.[95] As O'Connell put it more succinctly, the play's \"main satiric thrust, that pseudolearned charlatans find a ready haven in a university, is meant to find its general target in Oxford\".[96] This much is obvious in certain characters—such as Theanus, an elderly college administrator who has forgotten all his scholarship, but still earns an exorbitant salary tutoring the sons of the gentry—whom the audience were expected to be familiar with within academia.[97] However, critic Kathryn Murphy has pointed out that Philosophaster contains a significant, and often underappreciated, undercurrent of anti-Catholicism.[98] Burton's philosophasters are joined by the representatives of Roman Catholicism, including scholastics and Jesuits, in their mockery of philosophy and the university. Murphy has suggested these themes reflect the pervading cultural influence of the Gunpowder Plot in Burton's lifetime, which took place a year before the play was set.[98][99]","title":"Philosophaster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974109-78"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"Floyd Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Dell"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDell1927xi-114"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198620-53"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197496%E2%80%9397-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198620-53"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1815-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197498-38"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Bishop Kennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Kennett"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullen1886-82"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewey197019-116"}],"sub_title":"Character","text":"Known to few, unknown to fewer, here lies Democritus Junior, to whom Melancholy gave both life and death.[n]\n\n\n—Burton's epitaph in Christ Church Cathedral, said to have been composed by himself.[69]Burton has often been portrayed as something of a recluse, especially by those authors influenced by the Romantic view of Burton.[3] Early 20th-century critic Floyd Dell imagined Burton \"hedged within his cloister, his heart yearn[ing] after the romance of adventure\".[100] Later biographers have been keen to dispel this image, and emphasise that Burton had a life outside of his books.[3][47] He was no doubt an active part in the non-academic daily life of Oxford, through his university-appointed roles in its church and market life,[46][47] and Bamborough adds that in his day he \"was known as a mathematician and as both an astrologer and an astronomer, and even had some reputation as a surveyor\".[3] Wood also notes that Burton's unsurpassed skill at including \"verses from the poets or sentences from classical authors\" in his everyday speech, \"then all the fashion in the university\", allowed him some popularity.[16] However, Burton's \"most significant occupations during his life were reading and writing\",[33] and his large library is evidence enough of this prodigious bookishness.[3]Burton's melancholy is the most widely acknowledged feature of his life and character. Wood reported that \"he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, a melancholy and humorous [i.e., moody] person\", yet his peers found his company \"very merry\".[101] He wrote the Anatomy in part to relieve this melancholy, but this enterprise was not wholly successful. Bishop Kennett, writing somewhat later in the 18th century, recorded that Burton could flit between \"interval[s] of vapours\", in which he was lively and social, and periods of isolation in his college chambers where his peers worried he was suicidal. Kennett hands down that later in his life Burton could arouse himself from these periods of depression only by \"going down to the Bridge-foot in Oxford, and hearing the barge-men scold and storm and swear at one another, at which he would set his hands to his sides, and laugh most profusely.\"[73][102]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Faunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Faunt"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Laudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudian"},{"link_name":"High Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Church"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2009-118"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland20065-10"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVCH,_City_of_Oxford,_%22Churches%221974[httpswwwbritish-historyacukvchoxonvol4pp369-412p247_par._247]-119"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Laud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Laud"},{"link_name":"Chancellor there","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2009-118"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzes20175-111"},{"link_name":"Oath of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_of_James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._15-120"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitzes20175-111"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"}],"sub_title":"Religious views","text":"Gowland has suggested the Burton family had some Catholic sympathies, because of their close relation to Jesuit Arthur Faunt. Faunt's godson and Burton's brother, William, spoke admiringly of Faunt as \"a man of great learning, gravity and wisdome\";[103] William was a vigorous supporter of Laudian reforms in his home county, siding with High Church Anglicanism, which was sometimes seen as Catholic-sympathising[104][8] and at St Thomas's, Burton was apparently one of the last few 17th-century Church of England priests to use unleavened wafers in the Communion, an outmoded Laudian practice.[105] However, as an Oxford scholar, Burton could have taken a personal dislike to Archbishop Laud; as the Chancellor there from 1630 to 1641, Laud was in perpetual squabbles with its body of scholars, which would not endear him to Burton.[104][98]Burton was an apparent supporter of James I's anti-Catholic measures, listed among those at Christ Church who took his Oath of Allegiance. The anti-Catholic portions of Philosophaster were revised shortly after James released the Oath, possibly to satirise the ensuing Catholic backlash.[106][o] As Adam Kitzes put it, Burton \"makes no bones about his allegiance to the king and the Church of England\".[98] Burton also claimed part of his reasoning in not proceeding to a DD (Doctor of Divinity) was his reluctance to participate in the endless argument surrounding religion, for which he \"saw no such great neede\".[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Burton%27s_library,_Christ_Church_Library,_Oxford,_Cushing%27s_Life_of_William_Osler.png"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewey19692247-122"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiessling1988v%E2%80%93xxxviii-123"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198615%E2%80%9316-124"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiessling1988v%E2%80%93xxxviii-123"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974100-67"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198616-51"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198617-127"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198617-127"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland20068-128"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Medicine_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"William Osler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Osler"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray201240-130"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewey19692248-131"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWing201219%E2%80%9320-132"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWing201219%E2%80%9320-132"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiessling1988v%E2%80%93xxxviii-123"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist_Church,_%22History_of_the_Library%22-54"}],"sub_title":"Library","text":"Robert Burton's library in Christ Church Library, 1907, after Osler's efforts to reorganise the bequest.[107]According to Bamborough, \"to describe Burton as 'bookish' can only be called ridiculous understatement\".[3] Burton owned 1738 books in total,[108] tenfold the library of a typical Oxford don, though not as vast as those of some other contemporary humanist scholars.[3][109][p] He accumulated the collection over a forty-six year period, from 1594 to 1640.[108] The profits from the Anatomy probably funded most of the library, larger than his modest academic and ecclesiastical income would have been able to cover.[59] The majority of the library's contents was in Latin, but the number of English volumes was untypically large. Burton seems to have been uncomfortable reading outside these two primary languages; he owned only a handful of titles in Italian, German, Spanish, and Hebrew, and none in Greek, the last despite his humanist reputation and the recurring Grecian references in the Anatomy.[45] Again despite this reputation, the majority of Burton's library was contemporary. He owned hundreds of cheap pamphlets, satires, and popular plays: all works which had been excluded from the recently founded Bodleian Library, perhaps why Burton felt the need to purchase them.[111] Though religious works composed the largest category in his library (about one quarter), the remaining three quarters were made up by an eclectic collection of literary, historical, medical, and geographical volumes, testifying to Burton's broad scholarship.[111] Burton was an avid annotator of books, with marginal notes in around one-fifth of his books, from the tangential to the bluntly hostile.[112]Burton's library was divided between the Bodleian and Christ Church libraries after his death. In the early 20th century, Oxford Regius Professor of Medicine William Osler, an enthusiast for Burton, found Burton's bequests \"scattered indiscriminately\"[113] throughout the two libraries, and, from 1907 to 1908, set about having them gathered together in one collection, rediscovering over a thousand of Burton's volumes. In Christ Church Library, Osler set up an elaborate display of these books surrounding a copy of the Brasenose Portrait of Burton. Osler delivered an address on the contents of Burton's library the following year.[114][115][116] In 1964, Christ Church Library disassembled Osler's Burton collection, moving the books to the Archiva Superiora on the second floor.[116] This collection comprises 1530 of the 1738 books and two manuscripts owned by Burton. The remaining 210 were distributed to either various acquaintances of Burton; gifted or traded to other libraries or bookshops; or by selling duplicates, some of which are unrecorded. Of the 140 books yet to be located, it is thought that around half of these are extant.[108] Christ Church Library has referred to Burton's library as \"one of the most important surviving English private libraries from the period before the Civil War\".[48]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansMohr1972vii-133"},{"link_name":"Bergen Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Evans"},{"link_name":"George Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mohr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198634-134"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fuller"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullen1886-82"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006296%E2%80%93297-135"},{"link_name":"George Steevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steevens"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006297-136"},{"link_name":"William Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vaughan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"anti-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholic"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006297-136"},{"link_name":"Nathanael Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006297-136"},{"link_name":"Richard Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Whitlock_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006297-136"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley196989-137"},{"link_name":"John Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley196988-138"},{"link_name":"Richard Holdsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holdsworth"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowland2006296-139"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1986119%E2%80%93120-140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Boswell"},{"link_name":"Life of Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198635-141"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeventhal1969174-142"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeventhal1969171-143"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeventhal1969172-144"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198635-141"},{"link_name":"Laurence Sterne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Sterne"},{"link_name":"Tristram Shandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristram_Shandy"},{"link_name":"John Ferriar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ferriar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough201218-145"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198635-141"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198635-141"},{"link_name":"Romantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"},{"link_name":"John Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(poem)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2018537-146"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough201218-145"},{"link_name":"T. E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Brown"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Osler_c1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Osler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Osler"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198636-148"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalabrese2005245-149"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewey19692246-150"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewey19692248-131"},{"link_name":"Morris Croll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_Croll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Senecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirilan20165%E2%80%937-151"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirilan20167-152"},{"link_name":"Bergen Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Evans"},{"link_name":"George Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mohr"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197485-153"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESununu1987243-155"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1986121-156"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fish"},{"link_name":"Self-Consuming Artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Consuming_Artifacts"},{"link_name":"postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirilan20168-9-157"},{"link_name":"Jean Robert Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Robert_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirilan20168-158"},{"link_name":"Nick Lezard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lezard"},{"link_name":"cognoscenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cognoscenti"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELezard2000-159"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2017115%E2%80%93116-160"},{"link_name":"Northrop Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickens"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenham2011215-161"},{"link_name":"Jacques Barzun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarzun2000221%E2%80%93222-162"},{"link_name":"Alexander Theroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Theroux"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Philip Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Pullman"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPullman2005-164"},{"link_name":"Nick Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFar_Out_Staff2019-165"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._1-1"},{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._1,_fn._3-167"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198692-169"},{"link_name":"Arthur Henry Bullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Bullen"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullen1886-82"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough2009-3"}],"text":"The first, second, and third editions, [Burton] tells us, \"were suddenly gone, eagerly read.\" Five editions appeared in his lifetime and three more within a generation of his death. If one may judge by the frequency of publication, The Anatomy of Melancholy was almost three times as popular as Shakespeare's plays.[117]\n\n\nBergen Evans and George MohrBurton's Anatomy was an extremely popular work in Burton's lifetime, and throughout the 17th century, going through eight editions from 1621 to 1676.[3][118] As early as 1662, Thomas Fuller was awed that \"any book of philology in our land hath in so short a time passed so many editions\".[73] Its readers interpreted and employed it to varied, personal ends. Wood wrote that the Anatomy, as \"a Book so full of variety of reading\", prompted hack authors to borrow shamelessly from the work. Some authors, \"who have lost their time and are put to a push for invention\" poached his numerous classical quotations.[119] In the 18th century, George Steevens retrospectively noted it as \"a book once the favourite of the learned and witty, and a source of surreptitious learning\".[120] Certainly, scholars copied and emulated the Anatomy to their own ends: William Vaughan repurposed Burton's critique of court patronage towards an anti-Catholic end in The Golden Fleece (1626);[120] Nathanael Carpenter imitated Burton's intimate articulation of his own melancholy and defence of scholarship for his Geography delineated forth (1625);[120] and Richard Whitlock, in his Zootomia (1654), plagiarised Burton's defence of scholarship wholesale in defending the university from contemporary Puritan attacks.[120][121] For the dramatists such as John Ford, Burton's treatise \"was virtually an authoritative psychiatric textbook\", used as a reference work for their depictions of melancholy.[122] Richard Holdsworth, when Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge (1637–43), recommended it as a comprehensive digest to \"serve for [the] delight and ornament\" of young gentlemen, bestowing that learning expected of a gentleman rather than that of a serious scholar.[123] The earliest biography of Burton appeared in 1662, as part of Fuller's Worthies of England; this was followed by Anthony à Wood in his 1692 volume of Athenae Oxonienses.[124]Samuel Johnson was among the few 18th-century readers to recognise Burton's Anatomy.Into the 18th century, Burton experienced something of a lull in popularity. The Anatomy did still obtain a few distinguished readers in this period.[3] Samuel Johnson, himself a melancholic, was an avid reader of Burton; Boswell's Life of Johnson reports that Johnson remarked the Anatomy was \"the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise\".[125] Though no American edition was published until 1836, Burton's work procured a few prominent readers in early America.[126] One such reader was American Founding Father Benjamin Franklin,[127] who marvelled to a friend \"that, in the last Century, a Folio, Burton on Melancholy, went through six Editions in about twenty years. We have, I believe, more Readers now, but not such huge Books.\"[128] Burton's influence during this period was chiefly as reservoir of quotes and anecdotes for less sophisticated authors to borrow from.[125] One such borrower was Laurence Sterne, who shamelessly incorporated passages of Burton throughout his Tristram Shandy (1759), an act of plagiarism which was not revealed for nearly thirty years, until the publication of John Ferriar's Illustrations of Sterne (1798).[3][129][125]After Ferriar made this influence known, Burton and his work experienced a revival of interest. A new edition, the first in over a century, was published in 1800; more than forty were published throughout the 19th century.[125] The Romantics, especially Charles Lamb and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, admired the work as an erudite curiosity. Lamb illustrated Burton in his \"Detached Thoughts on Books and Reading\" (1833) as \"that fantastic great old man\", creating the image of Burton as an eccentric and erudite academic which has since stuck, for whatever truth it possessed.[3] The Anatomy was among John Keats's favourite books, and was used as a major source for the plot of his poem \"Lamia\" (1820).[130] Burton's prose style wasn't universally appreciated, appearing pedantic and pretentious to some 19th-century critics.[129] The Victorian poet and literary critic T. E. Brown disparaged the Anatomy as \"the sweepings of the medieval dustbin\" or some \"enormous labyrinthine joke\".[131]William Osler, the father of modern medicine and a lifelong enthusiast of Burton, whose influence made an important contribution to the revival of interest in the Anatomy in the 20th century.Into the early 20th century, this romantic view transitioned into the more academic study of Burton's masterpiece.[132] William Osler—widely regarded as the father of modern medicine[133]—was a lifelong devotee of Burton and described the Anatomy as \"the greatest medical treatise written by a layman\".[134] According to one scholar, \"the revival of critical interest in The Anatomy of Melancholy owes not a little to Osler's direct influence\".[115] Following Osler's influence, Burtonian studies were primarily bibliographical in the early 20th century, with the exception of an influential essay by critic Morris Croll on the \"Senecan style\" in Burton's late Renaissance prose.[135] By the middle of the 20th century, psychoanalytic critics of the Anatomy emerged, regarding Burton's masterpiece as a work of psychological autobiography.[136] In The Psychiatry of Robert Burton (1944), for instance, critic Bergen Evans and psychiatrist George Mohr combed the Anatomy for references to mothers in an attempt to reconstruct Burton's own relationship with his mother.[137] This psychoanalytic tendency has been criticised by more modern biographers of Burton, especially by R. L. Nochimson, who dedicated an article to amending the \"amazing carelessness\"[138] with which Burton's literary and real personae have been confused.[139][140] Stanley Fish's 1972 monograph Self-Consuming Artifacts inaugurated the postmodern interpretation of Burton's Anatomy, which alternatingly saw it as a satirical indictment of humanistic encyclopedism, or a desperate suppression of Burton's anxiety over the immensity of his subject matter.[141] However, in total, Burton's Anatomy only accrued a small handful of monographs in the second half of the 20th century. The most detailed study of this period was a French monograph by Jean Robert Simon, a fact which, according to one scholar, \"speaks volumes about the marginalization of the Anatomy in Anglophone early modern studies [of that period].\"[142]Burton earned a new generation of enthusiasts in the 20th and 21st centuries. As journalist Nick Lezard observed in 2000, though not often reprinted, \"Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy survives among the cognoscenti\".[143] Samuel Beckett drew influence from Burton's Anatomy, both in the misogynistic depiction of women in his early fiction, and the Latin quotations (via Burton) found throughout in his work.[144] The eminent literary critic Northrop Frye was an admirer of the Anatomy; he characterized it as \"an enormous survey of human life\" which \"ranks with Chaucer and Dickens, except the characters are books rather than people\".[145] Psychiatrist and historian of ideas Jacques Barzun held up Burton as \"the first systematic psychiatrist\", praising him for the collection of \"widely scattered case histories\" of melancholia for his Anatomy, and treating the mentally ill with a \"tender sympathy\" uncharacteristic of subsequent psychiatrists.[146] American writer Alexander Theroux has named Burton as one of his influences, and sometimes imitates his style.[147] English novelist Philip Pullman praised the work in a 2005 article for The Telegraph as a \"glorious and intoxicating and endlessly refreshing reward for reading\". For Pullman, it is \"one of the indispensable books; for my money, it is the best of all.\"[148] Australian singer/songwriter Nick Cave listed Burton's Anatomy as one of his favourite books.[149]Though Burton's legacy lies almost exclusively in his authorship of the Anatomy, his Philosophaster has increasingly been examined alongside it. As Murphy observed, Philosophaster \"has received more attention than most of the other surviving examples of university drama.\"[1] Since its first, mid-19th-century publication in Latin, it has been published three more times, twice with original translations into English.[q] In 1930, it was even performed at the University of California.[150] The play has received a mixed reception from modern scholars. Literary critic Martin Spevack dismissed it as \"an obvious and elementary string of transparent sketches\".[151] O'Connell has, however, described it as \"perhaps the most appealing of Burton's Latin works\", he notes that the \"liveliness in its representation of university life\" redeems the \"weak plotting and flat characterization.\"[152] The 19th-century critic of Elizabethan drama Arthur Henry Bullen wrote of it that the philosophasters \"are portrayed with considerable humour and skill, and the lyrical portions of the play are written with a light hand\".[73] Bamborough summed it up as \"not without genuine merit, particularly in the satirical portraits of pretenders to learning.\"[3]","title":"Reputation and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19863%E2%80%934-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell19865-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Jean Robert Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Robert_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson197488-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraister197668-22"},{"link_name":"judicial astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_astrology"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamborough1981280-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESununu1987244-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Richard Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bancroft"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Mastership of University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastership_of_University_College"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECranfield2008-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"Court of Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist_Church,_%22History_of_the_Library%22-54"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScadding1874600%E2%80%93601-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Wadham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warden_of_Wadham_College"},{"link_name":"William Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smyth_(academic_administrator)"},{"link_name":"Reginald Lane Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Lane_Poole"},{"link_name":"handling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/handling"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette2010-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"skull cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skullcap"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller19491074-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell198630-83"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974108-84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"University of Osuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Osuna"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._4-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_Britannica,_%22New_Comedy%22-101"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"Paul Jordan-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jordan-Smith"},{"link_name":"Pedro Téllez-Girón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_T%C3%A9llez-Gir%C3%B3n,_3rd_Duke_of_Osuna"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._3%E2%80%934-106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-113"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974109-78"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENochimson1974109-78"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy2009par._15-120"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-126"},{"link_name":"John Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-166"},{"link_name":"Buckley, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Jordan-Smith, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jordan-Smith"}],"text":"^ Ralph, and later his son William Burton, recorded the names and birthdates of ten Burton children: Elizabeth (b. 7 July 1573), Anne (b. 5 July 1574), William (b. 24 August 1575), Robert (b. 8 February 1577), Mary (b. 13 July 1578), George (b. 28 August 1579), Jane (b. 17 October 1580), Ralph (b. 3 July 1582), Catherine (b. 22 October 1584), and Dorothy (who died in infancy).[6]\n\n^ According to Michael O'Connell: \"'Chirurgery' here does not have quite our modern sense of surgery [...] [it] had still its etymological sense of medicine practised by the hands and would include such things as bone-setting and the treatment of sprains and lacerations.\"[7]\n\n^ In the Anatomy, Burton indicated he studied at Sutton Coldfield, while his will states he was a \"Grammar Scholar\" at Nuneaton. The biographer Jean Robert Simon first identified the schools as those above, but admits that neither has Burton's name in their archives.[9]\n\n^ \"Robart Burton\"'s connection to the scholar Burton is suggested not only by the \"coincidence of name and age\", but by Burton's later familiarity towards London,[19] and the indication he was closely acquainted with Foreman from Burton's astrological notebooks. In these notebooks, Burton attributes a test for virginity used in judicial astrology to Foreman, a test which Foreman never published, suggesting Burton knew Foreman personally.[20][21]\n\n^ John was the nephew of Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London and later Archbishop of Canterbury. As Archbishop, Richard ensured his nephew's political advancement, granting him various sinecures, and aiding his election to the Mastership of University College.[24]\n\n^ Adjusting for inflation, equivalent to £17,414 in 2023.[42]\n\n^ Otho Nicholson was a wealthy lawyer of the Court of Chancery, who made a large donation to the library in the early 17th century: £800 for the building and £100 for books.[48][49]\n\n^ Some aspersions have been cast over Gilbert's authorship of the Burton portrait (alongside a Wadham College portrait of Warden, William Smyth) by British historian Reginald Lane Poole because–as Gilbert's biographer Arianne Burnette has put it–the portraits exhibit an unusually \"flat, archaic handling and lack of characterization\" when compared with Gilbert's other work.[52]\n\n^ Various minor additions were added to the frontispiece over the course of its printing, including in a skull cap added to Burton's portrait in the fifth edition. This last addition has caused some academic consternation over its possible significance.[64]\n\n^ Though he ultimately rejects it, Simon entertains the possibility of Burton's suicide, as Burton described himself as \"at this present [...] in perfect health of Bodie and Mind\" in his will, five months before his supposedly natural death. Nochimson reconciles this by pointing out that this was a generic formulation in English wills, rather than any specific reference to Burton's health, and it was more common for wills be composed when the author felt themselves close to death.[74][75]\n\n^ Such a University of Osuna exists, founded in 1548.[86]\n\n^ According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, New Comedy was genre of Greek drama satirising Athenian society, which was later \"mainly known through the works of the Roman dramatists Plautus and Terence, who translated and adapted them, along with other stock plots and characters of Greek New Comedy, for the Roman stage. Revived during the Renaissance, New Comedy influenced European drama down to the 18th century.\"[90]\n\n^ The supposed selection of Osuna by Burton as a transparent substitute for Oxford, held by Burtonian scholar Paul Jordan-Smith as well as Gowland, has been challenged by Kathryn Murphy. As she points out, Osuna \"is not an imaginary place, and Burton repeatedly reminds his audience exactly where it is: a small town near Seville in Andalusia, where a university had been founded in 1548\"; additionally the real Duke of Osuna (Pedro Téllez-Girón) was internationally known and may have even visited the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in 1604, and \"dear old Oxford\" is otherwise mentioned, and satirised, by name in the play.[94]\n\n^ The original epitaph is in Latin, and reads: \"paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, hic jacet Democritus Junior cui vitam dedit et mortem melancholia\".[69] There is some academic uncertainty as to the meaning of this epitaph: whether it suggests suicide, whether Burton meant here to separate his literary persona (and its separate life and death) from his own, and whether the \"Melancholy\" referred to is the condition or Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy.[69]\n\n^ Burton certainly took an interest in these measures, as he purchased several pamphlets dealing with the international debate over the Oath.[106]\n\n^ The scholar and occultist John Dee (1527–1608), for instance, held a library totalling over 3000 books and 1000 manuscripts.[110]\n\n^ The four editions are:\nBurton, Robert (1862). Buckley, William (ed.). Philosophaster, comoedia: nunc primum in lucem producta (in Latin). Hertford: Roxburghe Club.\nBurton, Robert (1931). Robert Burton's Philosophaster: with an English translation of the same; together with his other minor writings in prose and verse (in Latin and English). Translated by Jordan-Smith, Paul. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.\nBurton, Robert (1984). Spevack, Martin (ed.). Philosophaster (1606) (in Latin). Hildesheim/New York: G. Olms.\nBurton, Robert (1993). Philosophaster (in Latin and English). Translated by McQuillen, Connie. Binghamton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barzun, Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun"},{"link_name":"From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life: 1500 to the Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fromdawntodecade00jacq"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-017586-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-017586-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"316245041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/316245041"},{"link_name":"Bamborough, J. 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B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bamborough"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4137"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"Bamborough, J. B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bamborough"},{"link_name":"\"Robert Burton: Christ Church, the Melancholy Librarian and the Birth of a Book\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230522231146/https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Christ%20Church%20Library%20Newsletter-Vol%209_0(1)_0.pdf#page=14"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Library Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Library_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1756-6800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-6800"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Christ%20Church%20Library%20Newsletter-Vol%209_0(1)_0.pdf#page=14"},{"link_name":"Renaissance and Modern 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Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2859991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2859991"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2859991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2859991"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11615595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11615595"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33995848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33995848"},{"link_name":"European Romantic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Romantic_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/10509585.2018.1487627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F10509585.2018.1487627"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"150320538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150320538"},{"link_name":"\"Digging for Burton in the Library: An Eminent Archaeologist's First Job\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230522231146/https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Christ%20Church%20Library%20Newsletter-Vol%209_0(1)_0.pdf#page=19"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Library Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Library_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1756-6800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-6800"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Christ%20Church%20Library%20Newsletter-Vol%209_0(1)_0.pdf#page=19"},{"link_name":"Wood, Anthony à","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wood_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"\"Robert Burton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/athenaeoxoniense02wooduoft/page/331"},{"link_name":"Bliss, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bliss_(academic)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"847943279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/847943279"}],"text":"Barzun, Jacques (2000). From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life: 1500 to the Present (1st ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-017586-3. OCLC 316245041.\nBamborough, J. B. (August 1981). \"Robert Burton's Astrological Notebook\". The Review of English Studies. New Series. 32 (127): 267–285. doi:10.1093/res/XXXII.127.267. JSTOR 515163.\nBamborough, J. B. (8 October 2009). \"Burton, Robert (1577–1640), writer\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4137. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nBamborough, J. B. (2012). \"Robert Burton: Christ Church, the Melancholy Librarian and the Birth of a Book\" (PDF). Christ Church Library Newsletter. 9: 14–19. ISSN 1756-6800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.\nBentley, Christopher (1969). \"The Anatomy of Melancholy and Richard Whitlock's Zootomia\". Renaissance and Modern Studies. 13 (1): 88–105. doi:10.1080/14735786909391455. PMID 11618020.\nBirch, Delia, ed. (2009). \"Anatomy of Melancholy, The\". The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280687-1. Retrieved 8 February 2021.\nBullen, Arthur Henry (1886). \"Burton, Robert (1577-1640)\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co.\nBurnette, Arianne (23 September 2010). \"Jackson, Gilbert (fl. 1621–1643), portrait painter\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68331. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nBurton, Robert (1927). Dell, Floyd; Jordan-Smith, Paul (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. New York: Tudor Publishing Company. OCLC 713809426.\nDell, Floyd (1927). \"Introduction\". In Dell, Floyd; Jordan-Smith, Paul (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. pp. ix–xiv.\nBurton, Robert (1989). Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (eds.). Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-812448-1.\nBlair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (1989). \"Textual Introduction\". In Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (eds.). Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy. Vol. 1. pp. xxxvii–lx.\nBurton, Robert (1993). McQuillen, Connie (ed.). Philosophaster. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. Vol. 103. Translated by McQuillen, Connie. Albany, New York: State University of New York. ISBN 978-0-86698-123-1. OCLC 185525199.\nMcQuillen, Connie (1993). \"Introduction\". In McQuillen, Connie (ed.). Philosophaster. pp. 1–20.\nButler, A. J. (1909). \"The College Pictures\". Brasenose College Quartercentenray Monographs, Vol. 1: General. Oxford Historical Society. Vol. LII. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–35. OCLC 1040555119.\nCalabrese, L. H. (May 2005). \"Sir William Osler Then and Now: Thoughts for the Osteopathic Profession\". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 105 (5): 245–249. PMID 16027478.\n\"Burton, Robert (1609–1635)\". Clergy of the Church of England database (CCEd). Retrieved 7 December 2019.\n\"History of the Library\". Christ Church. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\nChance, Eleanor; Colvin, Christina; Cooper, Janet; Day, C. J.; Hassall, T. G.; Selwyn, Nesta (1979). \"Churches\". In Crossley, Alan; Elrington, C.R. (eds.). A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 4: The City of Oxford. Victoria County History (VCH). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 369–412. ISBN 978-0-19-722714-5. OCLC 927026560.\nCranfield, Nicholas W. S. (24 May 2008). \"Bancroft, John (1574–1641), bishop of Oxford\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1270. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nDenham, Robert D. (2011). \"Frye and Robert Burton\" (PDF). Essays on Northrop Frye (Online ed.). Emory, Virginia: Iron Mountain Press. pp. 215–227.\nDewey, Nicholas (22 December 1969). \"Sir William Osler and Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy\". JAMA. 210 (12): 2245–2250. doi:10.1001/jama.1969.03160380059014. PMID 4902643.\nDewey, Nicholas (Winter 1970). \"\"Democritus Junior,\" alias Robert Burton\". The Princeton University Library Chronicle. 31 (2): 103–121. doi:10.2307/26403977. JSTOR 26403977. PMID 11635553.\nDuff, E. G. (1 September 1923). \"The Fifth Edition of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy\". The Library. 4th ser. IV (2): 81–101. doi:10.1093/library/s4-iv.2.81.\nEdwards, M. (2010). \"Mad world: Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy\". Brain. 133 (11): 3480–3482. doi:10.1093/brain/awq282.\n\"New Comedy\". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 March 2019.\nEvans, Bergen; Mohr, George J. (1972). The Psychiatry of Robert Burton. New York: Octagon Books. ISBN 978-0-374-92638-0. OCLC 329063.\nFar Out Staff (17 July 2019). \"A list of Nick Cave's favourite books and authors\". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 29 February 2020.\nGowland, Angus (2006). The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: Robert Burton in Context. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86768-9. OCLC 723451183.\nHeventhal, Charles Jr. (1969). \"Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy in Early America\". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 63 (3): 157–175. doi:10.1086/pbsa.63.3.24301906. JSTOR 24301906. S2CID 163973190.\nHoltgen, Karl Josef (1976). \"Robert Burton and the Rectory of Seagrave\". The Review of English Studies. 27 (106): 129–136. doi:10.1093/res/xxvii.106.129.\nKiessling, Nicolas (1988). The Library of Robert Burton. Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society. ISBN 9780901420428. OCLC 906631732.\nKim, Rina (2017). \"\"Melancholy Matters\": Robert Burton and Samuel Beckett\". In Marshall, Simon Celine; Cusack, Carole M. (eds.). The Medieval Presence in the Modernist Aesthetic: Unattended Moments. Studies in Religion and the Arts. Vol. 11. Brill. pp. 115–133. doi:10.1163/9789004357020_009. ISBN 978-90-04-35702-0. OCLC 1010747325.\nKitzes, Adam H. (22 September 2017). \"Burton, Robert\". In Stewart, A. J. A.; Sullivan, G. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature (online ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118297353.wbeerlb043. ISBN 978-1-118-29735-3.\nLezard, Nick (16 September 2000). \"Classics of the future: What is the secret of a book's enduring popularity? Why do great books disappear into obscurity while lesser works survive? According to one critic, the secret boils down to a couple of simple rules. Nick Lezard is not so sure\". The Guardian. ISSN 1756-3224. Retrieved 14 March 2020.\nLund, Mary Ann (2010). Melancholy, Medicine and Religion in Early Modern England: Reading The Anatomy of Melancholy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-65996-4. OCLC 1120781936.\nMilton, Anthony (21 May 2009). \"Laud, William (1573–1645), archbishop of Canterbury\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16112. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nMueller, W. R. (1949). \"Robert Burton's Frontispiece\". PMLA. 64 (5): 1074–1088. doi:10.2307/459551. JSTOR 459551.\nMurphy, Kathryn (2009). \"Jesuits and Philosophasters: Robert Burton's Response to the Gunpowder Plot\". Journal of the Northern Renaissance. 1: 109–128. ISSN 1759-3085. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020.\nMurray, T. Jock (23 April 2012). \"Osler and \"The Greatest Medical Treatise Written by a Layman\"\" (PDF). 42nd Annual Meeting of the American Osler Society. American Osler Society: 40.\nNardo, Anna K. (1991). \"Robert Burton's Play Therapy for a Melancholy Age\". The Ludic Self in Seventeenth-Century English Literature. The Margins of Literature. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 139–158. ISBN 978-0-7914-0721-9. OCLC 231284901.\nNicol, W. D. (April 1948). \"Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy\" (PDF). Postgrad Med J. 24 (270): 199–206. doi:10.1136/pgmj.24.270.199. PMC 2529731. PMID 18914845.\nNochimson, Richard L. (August 1970). \"Robert Burton's Authorship of Alba: A Lost Letter Recovered\". The Review of English Studies. 21 (83): 325–331. doi:10.1093/res/XXI.83.325. JSTOR 512742.\nNochimson, Richard L. (1974). \"Studies in the Life of Robert Burton\". The Yearbook of English Studies. 4: 85–111. doi:10.2307/3506685. JSTOR 3506685.\nO'Connell, Michael (1986). Robert Burton. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-6919-7. OCLC 563059617.\nPullman, Philip (10 April 2005). \"Reasons to be cheerful: First published in 1621, The Anatomy of Melancholy remains a humorous and humane stimulant for the soul\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 February 2020.\nScadding, Henry (April 1874). \"Leaves They Have Touched\". The Canadian Journal. New ser. LXXXV: 73–124, 145–160, 315–347, 479–545, 597–634. ISSN 0381-8624.\nShirilan, Stephanie (2016). Robert Burton and the Transformative Powers of Melancholy. Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity. Oxford/New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-1701-5. OCLC 1047868647.\nSununu, Andrea (Spring 1987). \"Recent Studies in Burton and Walton\". English Literary Renaissance. 17 (2): 243–255. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1987.tb00935.x. JSTOR 43447220. S2CID 145810557.\nTraister, B. H. (1976). \"New Evidence about Burton's Melancholy?\". Renaissance Quarterly. 29 (1): 66–70. doi:10.2307/2859991. JSTOR 2859991. PMID 11615595. S2CID 33995848.\nWhite, R. S. (2018). \"Review: John Keats in Context / John Keats: Reimagining History\". European Romantic Review. 29 (4): 535–540. doi:10.1080/10509585.2018.1487627. S2CID 150320538.\nWing, John (2012). \"Digging for Burton in the Library: An Eminent Archaeologist's First Job\" (PDF). Christ Church Library Newsletter. 9: 19–20. ISSN 1756-6800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.\nWood, Anthony à (1815). \"Robert Burton\". In Bliss, Philip (ed.). Athenae Oxonienses. Vol. 2. London. pp. 652–653. OCLC 847943279.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-86768-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86768-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8057-6919-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-6919-7"}],"text":"Burton, Robert (1989–2000). Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K.; Blair, Rhonda L.; Bamborough, J. B.; Dodsworth, Martin (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (6 vols.) — First three volumes are the Anatomy's text, next three are a chapter-by-chapter commentary by Bamborough and Dodsworth.\nGowland, Angus (2006). The Worlds of Renaissance Melancholy: Robert Burton in Context. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86768-9.\nBabb, Lawrence (1959). Sanity in Bedlam: A Study of Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.\nO'Connell, Michael (1986). Robert Burton. Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-6919-7.\nMueller, William R. (1952). The Anatomy of Robert Burton's England. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.\nSimon, Jean Robert (1964). Robert Burton (1577–1640) et l'Anatomie de la mélancolie (in French). Paris: Didier.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Portrait of Robert Burton by Gilbert Jackson, 1635","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Robert_Burton_by_Gilbert_Jackson.jpg/250px-Robert_Burton_by_Gilbert_Jackson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lindley Hall, the Burton family manor, as depicted in a stylised frontispiece to William Burton's Description of Leicestershire (1622). The manor was a medieval foundation, inherited affinially by the Burton family, and torn down in the 17th century.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burton_family_house%2C_Lindley%2C_from_William_Burton%27s_Description_of_Leicestershire.jpg/220px-Burton_family_house%2C_Lindley%2C_from_William_Burton%27s_Description_of_Leicestershire.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Bancroft, Burton's tutor at Christ Church, and a lifelong friend. In the left corner is a view of Bancroft's palace near Oxford, Cuddesdon, which Burton praised in the Anatomy, suggesting he was a frequent visitor to his old tutor's estate.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/John_Bancroft_with_a_View_of_Cuddesdon_Rectory%2C_17th_century%2C_University_College.jpg/220px-John_Bancroft_with_a_View_of_Cuddesdon_Rectory%2C_17th_century%2C_University_College.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burton's arms above the gable of the south porch, at St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/South_porch_date_stone_at_St_Thomas_the_Martyr%27s_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg/220px-South_porch_date_stone_at_St_Thomas_the_Martyr%27s_Church%2C_Oxford.jpg"},{"image_text":"Engraving of Burton, under the name Democritus Junior, in the frontispiece to his Anatomy of Melancholy. This engraving is from the 1628 edition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portrait_of_Democritus_Junior_in_Burton%27s_Anatomy_of_Melancholy%2C_1628%2C_2nd_edition.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Democritus_Junior_in_Burton%27s_Anatomy_of_Melancholy%2C_1628%2C_2nd_edition.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burton's monument in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Robert_Burton%2C_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_An_Inventory_of_the_Historical_Monuments_in_the_City_of_Oxford.jpg/150px-Robert_Burton%2C_Christ_Church_Cathedral%2C_An_Inventory_of_the_Historical_Monuments_in_the_City_of_Oxford.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frontispiece of the 1628 edition of The Anatomy of Melancholy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Robert_Burton%27s_Anatomy_of_Melancholy%2C_1626%2C_2nd_edition.jpg/220px-Robert_Burton%27s_Anatomy_of_Melancholy%2C_1626%2C_2nd_edition.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page of the manuscript of Burton's Philosophaster.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Robert_Burton%2C_Philosophaster%2C_1617%2C_MS_Thr_10%2C_front_page.jpg/220px-Robert_Burton%2C_Philosophaster%2C_1617%2C_MS_Thr_10%2C_front_page.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robert Burton's library in Christ Church Library, 1907, after Osler's efforts to reorganise the bequest.[107]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Robert_Burton%27s_library%2C_Christ_Church_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_Cushing%27s_Life_of_William_Osler.png/220px-Robert_Burton%27s_library%2C_Christ_Church_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_Cushing%27s_Life_of_William_Osler.png"},{"image_text":"Samuel Johnson was among the few 18th-century readers to recognise Burton's Anatomy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg/220px-Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Osler, the father of modern medicine and a lifelong enthusiast of Burton, whose influence made an important contribution to the revival of interest in the Anatomy in the 20th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/William_Osler_c1912.jpg/220px-William_Osler_c1912.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Burton, Robert (1862). Buckley, William (ed.). Philosophaster, comoedia: nunc primum in lucem producta (in Latin). Hertford: Roxburghe Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Buckley","url_text":"Buckley, William"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Robert (1931). Robert Burton's Philosophaster: with an English translation of the same; together with his other minor writings in prose and verse (in Latin and English). Translated by Jordan-Smith, Paul. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jordan-Smith","url_text":"Jordan-Smith, Paul"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Robert (1984). Spevack, Martin (ed.). Philosophaster (1606) (in Latin). Hildesheim/New York: G. Olms.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burton, Robert (1993). Philosophaster (in Latin and English). Translated by McQuillen, Connie. Binghamton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"\"The lost library of John Dee\". Royal College of Physicians. 14 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/lost-library-john-dee","url_text":"\"The lost library of John Dee\""}]},{"reference":"Barzun, Jacques (2000). From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life: 1500 to the Present (1st ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-017586-3. OCLC 316245041.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Barzun","url_text":"Barzun, Jacques"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromdawntodecade00jacq","url_text":"From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life: 1500 to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-017586-3","url_text":"978-0-06-017586-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316245041","url_text":"316245041"}]},{"reference":"Bamborough, J. B. (August 1981). \"Robert Burton's Astrological Notebook\". The Review of English Studies. New Series. 32 (127): 267–285. doi:10.1093/res/XXXII.127.267. JSTOR 515163.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bamborough","url_text":"Bamborough, J. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Review_of_English_Studies","url_text":"The Review of English Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2FXXXII.127.267","url_text":"10.1093/res/XXXII.127.267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/515163","url_text":"515163"}]},{"reference":"Bamborough, J. B. (8 October 2009). \"Burton, Robert (1577–1640), writer\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bamborough","url_text":"Bamborough, J. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4137","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4137"}]},{"reference":"Bamborough, J. B. (2012). \"Robert Burton: Christ Church, the Melancholy Librarian and the Birth of a Book\" (PDF). Christ Church Library Newsletter. 9: 14–19. ISSN 1756-6800. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bamborough","url_text":"Bamborough, J. B."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230522231146/https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Christ%20Church%20Library%20Newsletter-Vol%209_0(1)_0.pdf#page=14","url_text":"\"Robert Burton: Christ Church, the Melancholy Librarian and the Birth of a Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Library_Newsletter","url_text":"Christ Church Library Newsletter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1756-6800","url_text":"1756-6800"},{"url":"https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Christ%20Church%20Library%20Newsletter-Vol%209_0(1)_0.pdf#page=14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Christopher (1969). \"The Anatomy of Melancholy and Richard Whitlock's Zootomia\". Renaissance and Modern Studies. 13 (1): 88–105. doi:10.1080/14735786909391455. PMID 11618020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_and_Modern_Studies","url_text":"Renaissance and Modern Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14735786909391455","url_text":"10.1080/14735786909391455"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618020","url_text":"11618020"}]},{"reference":"Birch, Delia, ed. (2009). \"Anatomy of Melancholy, The\". The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280687-1. Retrieved 8 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192806871.001.0001/acref-9780192806871-e-235","url_text":"\"Anatomy of Melancholy, The\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_English_Literature","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to English Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280687-1","url_text":"978-0-19-280687-1"}]},{"reference":"Bullen, Arthur Henry (1886). \"Burton, Robert (1577-1640)\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Bullen","url_text":"Bullen, Arthur Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Burton,_Robert_(1577-1640)","url_text":"\"Burton, Robert (1577-1640)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Burnette, Arianne (23 September 2010). \"Jackson, Gilbert (fl. 1621–1643), portrait painter\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/68331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68331","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/68331"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Robert (1927). Dell, Floyd; Jordan-Smith, Paul (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. New York: Tudor Publishing Company. OCLC 713809426.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Dell","url_text":"Dell, Floyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jordan-Smith","url_text":"Jordan-Smith, Paul"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.191105","url_text":"The Anatomy of Melancholy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713809426","url_text":"713809426"}]},{"reference":"Dell, Floyd (1927). \"Introduction\". In Dell, Floyd; Jordan-Smith, Paul (eds.). The Anatomy of Melancholy. pp. ix–xiv.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Dell","url_text":"Dell, Floyd"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.191105/page/n6","url_text":"\"Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Dell","url_text":"Dell, Floyd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jordan-Smith","url_text":"Jordan-Smith, Paul"}]},{"reference":"Burton, Robert (1989). Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (eds.). Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-812448-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C64iQVqCm3MC","url_text":"Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-812448-1","url_text":"978-0-19-812448-1"}]},{"reference":"Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (1989). \"Textual Introduction\". In Blair, Rhonda L.; Faulkner, Thomas C.; Kiessling, Nicolas K. (eds.). Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy. Vol. 1. pp. xxxvii–lx.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burton, Robert (1993). McQuillen, Connie (ed.). Philosophaster. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. Vol. 103. Translated by McQuillen, Connie. Albany, New York: State University of New York. ISBN 978-0-86698-123-1. OCLC 185525199.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/philosophaster0000burt","url_text":"Philosophaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-123-1","url_text":"978-0-86698-123-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185525199","url_text":"185525199"}]},{"reference":"McQuillen, Connie (1993). \"Introduction\". In McQuillen, Connie (ed.). Philosophaster. pp. 1–20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Butler, A. J. (1909). \"The College Pictures\". Brasenose College Quartercentenray Monographs, Vol. 1: General. Oxford Historical Society. Vol. LII. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–35. 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Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1270.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1270","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/1270"}]},{"reference":"Denham, Robert D. (2011). \"Frye and Robert Burton\" (PDF). Essays on Northrop Frye (Online ed.). Emory, Virginia: Iron Mountain Press. pp. 215–227.","urls":[{"url":"https://macblog.mcmaster.ca/fryeblog/fryebook/18.Frye%20and%20Robert%20Burton.pdf","url_text":"\"Frye and Robert Burton\""}]},{"reference":"Dewey, Nicholas (22 December 1969). \"Sir William Osler and Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy\". JAMA. 210 (12): 2245–2250. doi:10.1001/jama.1969.03160380059014. 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IV (2): 81–101. doi:10.1093/library/s4-iv.2.81.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_(journal)","url_text":"The Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs4-iv.2.81","url_text":"10.1093/library/s4-iv.2.81"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, M. (2010). \"Mad world: Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy\". Brain. 133 (11): 3480–3482. doi:10.1093/brain/awq282.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawq282","url_text":"\"Mad world: Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_(journal)","url_text":"Brain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawq282","url_text":"10.1093/brain/awq282"}]},{"reference":"\"New Comedy\". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 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S2CID 163973190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Papers_of_the_Bibliographical_Society_of_America","url_text":"The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fpbsa.63.3.24301906","url_text":"10.1086/pbsa.63.3.24301906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24301906","url_text":"24301906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163973190","url_text":"163973190"}]},{"reference":"Holtgen, Karl Josef (1976). \"Robert Burton and the Rectory of Seagrave\". The Review of English Studies. 27 (106): 129–136. doi:10.1093/res/xxvii.106.129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Review_of_English_Studies","url_text":"The Review of English Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2Fxxvii.106.129","url_text":"10.1093/res/xxvii.106.129"}]},{"reference":"Kiessling, Nicolas (1988). The Library of Robert Burton. Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society. ISBN 9780901420428. OCLC 906631732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780901420428","url_text":"9780901420428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906631732","url_text":"906631732"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Rina (2017). \"\"Melancholy Matters\": Robert Burton and Samuel Beckett\". In Marshall, Simon Celine; Cusack, Carole M. (eds.). The Medieval Presence in the Modernist Aesthetic: Unattended Moments. Studies in Religion and the Arts. Vol. 11. Brill. pp. 115–133. doi:10.1163/9789004357020_009. ISBN 978-90-04-35702-0. OCLC 1010747325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004357020_009","url_text":"10.1163/9789004357020_009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35702-0","url_text":"978-90-04-35702-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1010747325","url_text":"1010747325"}]},{"reference":"Kitzes, Adam H. (22 September 2017). \"Burton, Robert\". In Stewart, A. J. A.; Sullivan, G. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature (online ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118297353.wbeerlb043. 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OCLC 1120781936.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65996-4","url_text":"978-1-107-65996-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1120781936","url_text":"1120781936"}]},{"reference":"Milton, Anthony (21 May 2009). \"Laud, William (1573–1645), archbishop of Canterbury\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16112","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/16112"}]},{"reference":"Mueller, W. R. (1949). \"Robert Burton's Frontispiece\". PMLA. 64 (5): 1074–1088. doi:10.2307/459551. JSTOR 459551.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publications_of_the_Modern_Language_Association_of_America","url_text":"PMLA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F459551","url_text":"10.2307/459551"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/459551","url_text":"459551"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Kathryn (2009). \"Jesuits and Philosophasters: Robert Burton's Response to the Gunpowder Plot\". Journal of the Northern Renaissance. 1: 109–128. ISSN 1759-3085. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. 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American Osler Society: 40.","urls":[{"url":"http://cms.cws.net/content/americanosler.org/files/Past%20Programs/42nd-Annual-Meeting-Program-2012-Chapel-Hill.pdf","url_text":"\"Osler and \"The Greatest Medical Treatise Written by a Layman\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osler_Society","url_text":"American Osler Society"}]},{"reference":"Nardo, Anna K. (1991). \"Robert Burton's Play Therapy for a Melancholy Age\". The Ludic Self in Seventeenth-Century English Literature. The Margins of Literature. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 139–158. ISBN 978-0-7914-0721-9. 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OCLC 1047868647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1701-5","url_text":"978-1-4724-1701-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1047868647","url_text":"1047868647"}]},{"reference":"Sununu, Andrea (Spring 1987). \"Recent Studies in Burton and Walton\". English Literary Renaissance. 17 (2): 243–255. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1987.tb00935.x. JSTOR 43447220. 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OCLC 847943279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wood_(antiquary)","url_text":"Wood, Anthony à"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/athenaeoxoniense02wooduoft/page/331","url_text":"\"Robert Burton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bliss_(academic)","url_text":"Bliss, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/847943279","url_text":"847943279"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_subgroup

Normal subgroup

["1 Definitions","1.1 Equivalent conditions","2 Examples","3 Properties","3.1 Lattice of normal subgroups","4 Normal subgroups, quotient groups and homomorphisms","5 See also","5.1 Operations taking subgroups to subgroups","5.2 Subgroup properties complementary (or opposite) to normality","5.3 Subgroup properties stronger than normality","5.4 Subgroup properties weaker than normality","5.5 Related notions in algebra","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Subgroup invariant under conjugation "Invariant subgroup" redirects here. Not to be confused with Fully invariant subgroup. Algebraic structure → Group theoryGroup theory Basic notions Subgroup Normal subgroup Quotient group (Semi-)direct product Group homomorphisms kernel image direct sum wreath product simple finite infinite continuous multiplicative additive cyclic abelian dihedral nilpotent solvable action Glossary of group theory List of group theory topics Finite groups Cyclic group Zn Symmetric group Sn Alternating group An Dihedral group Dn Quaternion group Q Cauchy's theorem Lagrange's theorem Sylow theorems Hall's theorem p-group Elementary abelian group Frobenius group Schur multiplier Classification of finite simple groups cyclic alternating Lie type sporadic Discrete groupsLattices Integers ( Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } ) Free group Modular groups PSL(2, Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } )SL(2, Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } ) Arithmetic group Lattice Hyperbolic group Topological and Lie groups Solenoid Circle General linear GL(n) Special linear SL(n) Orthogonal O(n) Euclidean E(n) Special orthogonal SO(n) Unitary U(n) Special unitary SU(n) Symplectic Sp(n) G2 F4 E6 E7 E8 Lorentz Poincaré Conformal Diffeomorphism Loop Infinite dimensional Lie group O(∞)SU(∞)Sp(∞) Algebraic groups Linear algebraic group Reductive group Abelian variety Elliptic curve vte In abstract algebra, a normal subgroup (also known as an invariant subgroup or self-conjugate subgroup) is a subgroup that is invariant under conjugation by members of the group of which it is a part. In other words, a subgroup N {\displaystyle N} of the group G {\displaystyle G} is normal in G {\displaystyle G} if and only if g n g − 1 ∈ N {\displaystyle gng^{-1}\in N} for all g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} and n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in N} . The usual notation for this relation is N ◃ G {\displaystyle N\triangleleft G} . Normal subgroups are important because they (and only they) can be used to construct quotient groups of the given group. Furthermore, the normal subgroups of G {\displaystyle G} are precisely the kernels of group homomorphisms with domain G {\displaystyle G} , which means that they can be used to internally classify those homomorphisms. Évariste Galois was the first to realize the importance of the existence of normal subgroups. Definitions A subgroup N {\displaystyle N} of a group G {\displaystyle G} is called a normal subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} if it is invariant under conjugation; that is, the conjugation of an element of N {\displaystyle N} by an element of G {\displaystyle G} is always in N {\displaystyle N} . The usual notation for this relation is N ◃ G {\displaystyle N\triangleleft G} . Equivalent conditions For any subgroup N {\displaystyle N} of G {\displaystyle G} , the following conditions are equivalent to N {\displaystyle N} being a normal subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} . Therefore, any one of them may be taken as the definition. The image of conjugation of N {\displaystyle N} by any element of G {\displaystyle G} is a subset of N {\displaystyle N} , i.e., g N g − 1 ⊆ N {\displaystyle gNg^{-1}\subseteq N} for all g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} . The image of conjugation of N {\displaystyle N} by any element of G {\displaystyle G} is equal to N , {\displaystyle N,} i.e., g N g − 1 = N {\displaystyle gNg^{-1}=N} for all g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} . For all g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} , the left and right cosets g N {\displaystyle gN} and N g {\displaystyle Ng} are equal. The sets of left and right cosets of N {\displaystyle N} in G {\displaystyle G} coincide. Multiplication in G {\displaystyle G} preserves the equivalence relation "is in the same left coset as". That is, for every g , g ′ , h , h ′ ∈ G {\displaystyle g,g',h,h'\in G} satisfying g N = g ′ N {\displaystyle gN=g'N} and h N = h ′ N {\displaystyle hN=h'N} , we have ( g h ) N = ( g ′ h ′ ) N {\displaystyle (gh)N=(g'h')N} . There exists a group on the set of left cosets of N {\displaystyle N} where multiplication of any two left cosets g N {\displaystyle gN} and h N {\displaystyle hN} yields the left coset ( g h ) N {\displaystyle (gh)N} (this group is called the quotient group of G {\displaystyle G} modulo N {\displaystyle N} , denoted G / N {\displaystyle G/N} ). N {\displaystyle N} is a union of conjugacy classes of G {\displaystyle G} . N {\displaystyle N} is preserved by the inner automorphisms of G {\displaystyle G} . There is some group homomorphism G → H {\displaystyle G\to H} whose kernel is N {\displaystyle N} . There exists a group homomorphism ϕ : G → H {\displaystyle \phi :G\to H} whose fibers form a group where the identity element is N {\displaystyle N} and multiplication of any two fibers ϕ − 1 ( h 1 ) {\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}(h_{1})} and ϕ − 1 ( h 2 ) {\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}(h_{2})} yields the fiber ϕ − 1 ( h 1 h 2 ) {\displaystyle \phi ^{-1}(h_{1}h_{2})} (this group is the same group G / N {\displaystyle G/N} mentioned above). There is some congruence relation on G {\displaystyle G} for which the equivalence class of the identity element is N {\displaystyle N} . For all n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in N} and g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} . the commutator [ n , g ] = n − 1 g − 1 n g {\displaystyle =n^{-1}g^{-1}ng} is in N {\displaystyle N} . Any two elements commute modulo the normal subgroup membership relation. That is, for all g , h ∈ G {\displaystyle g,h\in G} , g h ∈ N {\displaystyle gh\in N} if and only if h g ∈ N {\displaystyle hg\in N} . Examples For any group G {\displaystyle G} , the trivial subgroup { e } {\displaystyle \{e\}} consisting of only the identity element of G {\displaystyle G} is always a normal subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} . Likewise, G {\displaystyle G} itself is always a normal subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} (if these are the only normal subgroups, then G {\displaystyle G} is said to be simple). Other named normal subgroups of an arbitrary group include the center of the group (the set of elements that commute with all other elements) and the commutator subgroup [ G , G ] {\displaystyle } . More generally, since conjugation is an isomorphism, any characteristic subgroup is a normal subgroup. If G {\displaystyle G} is an abelian group then every subgroup N {\displaystyle N} of G {\displaystyle G} is normal, because g N = { g n } n ∈ N = { n g } n ∈ N = N g {\displaystyle gN=\{gn\}_{n\in N}=\{ng\}_{n\in N}=Ng} . More generally, for any group G {\displaystyle G} , every subgroup of the center Z ( G ) {\displaystyle Z(G)} of G {\displaystyle G} is normal in G {\displaystyle G} (in the special case that G {\displaystyle G} is abelian, the center is all of G {\displaystyle G} , hence the fact that all subgroups of an abelian group are normal). A group that is not abelian but for which every subgroup is normal is called a Hamiltonian group. A concrete example of a normal subgroup is the subgroup N = { ( 1 ) , ( 123 ) , ( 132 ) } {\displaystyle N=\{(1),(123),(132)\}} of the symmetric group S 3 {\displaystyle S_{3}} , consisting of the identity and both three-cycles. In particular, one can check that every coset of N {\displaystyle N} is either equal to N {\displaystyle N} itself or is equal to ( 12 ) N = { ( 12 ) , ( 23 ) , ( 13 ) } {\displaystyle (12)N=\{(12),(23),(13)\}} . On the other hand, the subgroup H = { ( 1 ) , ( 12 ) } {\displaystyle H=\{(1),(12)\}} is not normal in S 3 {\displaystyle S_{3}} since ( 123 ) H = { ( 123 ) , ( 13 ) } ≠ { ( 123 ) , ( 23 ) } = H ( 123 ) {\displaystyle (123)H=\{(123),(13)\}\neq \{(123),(23)\}=H(123)} . This illustrates the general fact that any subgroup H ≤ G {\displaystyle H\leq G} of index two is normal. As an example of a normal subgroup within a matrix group, consider the general linear group G L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} of all invertible n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrices with real entries under the operation of matrix multiplication and its subgroup S L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} of all n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrices of determinant 1 (the special linear group). To see why the subgroup S L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} is normal in G L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} , consider any matrix X {\displaystyle X} in S L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} and any invertible matrix A {\displaystyle A} . Then using the two important identities det ( A B ) = det ( A ) det ( B ) {\displaystyle \det(AB)=\det(A)\det(B)} and det ( A − 1 ) = det ( A ) − 1 {\displaystyle \det(A^{-1})=\det(A)^{-1}} , one has that det ( A X A − 1 ) = det ( A ) det ( X ) det ( A ) − 1 = det ( X ) = 1 {\displaystyle \det(AXA^{-1})=\det(A)\det(X)\det(A)^{-1}=\det(X)=1} , and so A X A − 1 ∈ S L n ( R ) {\displaystyle AXA^{-1}\in \mathrm {SL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} as well. This means S L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} is closed under conjugation in G L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} , so it is a normal subgroup. In the Rubik's Cube group, the subgroups consisting of operations which only affect the orientations of either the corner pieces or the edge pieces are normal. The translation group is a normal subgroup of the Euclidean group in any dimension. This means: applying a rigid transformation, followed by a translation and then the inverse rigid transformation, has the same effect as a single translation. By contrast, the subgroup of all rotations about the origin is not a normal subgroup of the Euclidean group, as long as the dimension is at least 2: first translating, then rotating about the origin, and then translating back will typically not fix the origin and will therefore not have the same effect as a single rotation about the origin. Properties If H {\displaystyle H} is a normal subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} , and K {\displaystyle K} is a subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} containing H {\displaystyle H} , then H {\displaystyle H} is a normal subgroup of K {\displaystyle K} . A normal subgroup of a normal subgroup of a group need not be normal in the group. That is, normality is not a transitive relation. The smallest group exhibiting this phenomenon is the dihedral group of order 8. However, a characteristic subgroup of a normal subgroup is normal. A group in which normality is transitive is called a T-group. The two groups G {\displaystyle G} and H {\displaystyle H} are normal subgroups of their direct product G × H {\displaystyle G\times H} . If the group G {\displaystyle G} is a semidirect product G = N ⋊ H {\displaystyle G=N\rtimes H} , then N {\displaystyle N} is normal in G {\displaystyle G} , though H {\displaystyle H} need not be normal in G {\displaystyle G} . If M {\displaystyle M} and N {\displaystyle N} are normal subgroups of an additive group G {\displaystyle G} such that G = M + N {\displaystyle G=M+N} and M ∩ N = { 0 } {\displaystyle M\cap N=\{0\}} , then G = M ⊕ N {\displaystyle G=M\oplus N} . Normality is preserved under surjective homomorphisms; that is, if G → H {\displaystyle G\to H} is a surjective group homomorphism and N {\displaystyle N} is normal in G {\displaystyle G} , then the image f ( N ) {\displaystyle f(N)} is normal in H {\displaystyle H} . Normality is preserved by taking inverse images; that is, if G → H {\displaystyle G\to H} is a group homomorphism and N {\displaystyle N} is normal in H {\displaystyle H} , then the inverse image f − 1 ( N ) {\displaystyle f^{-1}(N)} is normal in G {\displaystyle G} . Normality is preserved on taking direct products; that is, if N 1 ◃ G 1 {\displaystyle N_{1}\triangleleft G_{1}} and N 2 ◃ G 2 {\displaystyle N_{2}\triangleleft G_{2}} , then N 1 × N 2 ◃ G 1 × G 2 {\displaystyle N_{1}\times N_{2}\;\triangleleft \;G_{1}\times G_{2}} . Every subgroup of index 2 is normal. More generally, a subgroup, H {\displaystyle H} , of finite index, n {\displaystyle n} , in G {\displaystyle G} contains a subgroup, K , {\displaystyle K,} normal in G {\displaystyle G} and of index dividing n ! {\displaystyle n!} called the normal core. In particular, if p {\displaystyle p} is the smallest prime dividing the order of G {\displaystyle G} , then every subgroup of index p {\displaystyle p} is normal. The fact that normal subgroups of G {\displaystyle G} are precisely the kernels of group homomorphisms defined on G {\displaystyle G} accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups; they are a way to internally classify all homomorphisms defined on a group. For example, a non-identity finite group is simple if and only if it is isomorphic to all of its non-identity homomorphic images, a finite group is perfect if and only if it has no normal subgroups of prime index, and a group is imperfect if and only if the derived subgroup is not supplemented by any proper normal subgroup. Lattice of normal subgroups Given two normal subgroups, N {\displaystyle N} and M {\displaystyle M} , of G {\displaystyle G} , their intersection N ∩ M {\displaystyle N\cap M} and their product N M = { n m : n ∈ N  and  m ∈ M } {\displaystyle NM=\{nm:n\in N\;{\text{ and }}\;m\in M\}} are also normal subgroups of G {\displaystyle G} . The normal subgroups of G {\displaystyle G} form a lattice under subset inclusion with least element, { e } {\displaystyle \{e\}} , and greatest element, G {\displaystyle G} . The meet of two normal subgroups, N {\displaystyle N} and M {\displaystyle M} , in this lattice is their intersection and the join is their product. The lattice is complete and modular. Normal subgroups, quotient groups and homomorphisms If N {\displaystyle N} is a normal subgroup, we can define a multiplication on cosets as follows: ( a 1 N ) ( a 2 N ) := ( a 1 a 2 ) N {\displaystyle \left(a_{1}N\right)\left(a_{2}N\right):=\left(a_{1}a_{2}\right)N} This relation defines a mapping G / N × G / N → G / N {\displaystyle G/N\times G/N\to G/N} . To show that this mapping is well-defined, one needs to prove that the choice of representative elements a 1 , a 2 {\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2}} does not affect the result. To this end, consider some other representative elements a 1 ′ ∈ a 1 N , a 2 ′ ∈ a 2 N {\displaystyle a_{1}'\in a_{1}N,a_{2}'\in a_{2}N} . Then there are n 1 , n 2 ∈ N {\displaystyle n_{1},n_{2}\in N} such that a 1 ′ = a 1 n 1 , a 2 ′ = a 2 n 2 {\displaystyle a_{1}'=a_{1}n_{1},a_{2}'=a_{2}n_{2}} . It follows that a 1 ′ a 2 ′ N = a 1 n 1 a 2 n 2 N = a 1 a 2 n 1 ′ n 2 N = a 1 a 2 N {\displaystyle a_{1}'a_{2}'N=a_{1}n_{1}a_{2}n_{2}N=a_{1}a_{2}n_{1}'n_{2}N=a_{1}a_{2}N} where we also used the fact that N {\displaystyle N} is a normal subgroup, and therefore there is n 1 ′ ∈ N {\displaystyle n_{1}'\in N} such that n 1 a 2 = a 2 n 1 ′ {\displaystyle n_{1}a_{2}=a_{2}n_{1}'} . This proves that this product is a well-defined mapping between cosets. With this operation, the set of cosets is itself a group, called the quotient group and denoted with G / N . {\displaystyle G/N.} There is a natural homomorphism, f : G → G / N {\displaystyle f:G\to G/N} , given by f ( a ) = a N {\displaystyle f(a)=aN} . This homomorphism maps N {\displaystyle N} into the identity element of G / N {\displaystyle G/N} , which is the coset e N = N {\displaystyle eN=N} , that is, ker ⁡ ( f ) = N {\displaystyle \ker(f)=N} . In general, a group homomorphism, f : G → H {\displaystyle f:G\to H} sends subgroups of G {\displaystyle G} to subgroups of H {\displaystyle H} . Also, the preimage of any subgroup of H {\displaystyle H} is a subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} . We call the preimage of the trivial group { e } {\displaystyle \{e\}} in H {\displaystyle H} the kernel of the homomorphism and denote it by ker ⁡ f {\displaystyle \ker f} . As it turns out, the kernel is always normal and the image of G , f ( G ) {\displaystyle G,f(G)} , is always isomorphic to G / ker ⁡ f {\displaystyle G/\ker f} (the first isomorphism theorem). In fact, this correspondence is a bijection between the set of all quotient groups of G {\displaystyle G} , G / N {\displaystyle G/N} , and the set of all homomorphic images of G {\displaystyle G} (up to isomorphism). It is also easy to see that the kernel of the quotient map, f : G → G / N {\displaystyle f:G\to G/N} , is N {\displaystyle N} itself, so the normal subgroups are precisely the kernels of homomorphisms with domain G {\displaystyle G} . See also Operations taking subgroups to subgroups Normalizer Conjugate closure Normal core Subgroup properties complementary (or opposite) to normality Malnormal subgroup Contranormal subgroup Abnormal subgroup Self-normalizing subgroup Subgroup properties stronger than normality Characteristic subgroup Fully characteristic subgroup Subgroup properties weaker than normality Subnormal subgroup Ascendant subgroup Descendant subgroup Quasinormal subgroup Seminormal subgroup Conjugate permutable subgroup Modular subgroup Pronormal subgroup Paranormal subgroup Polynormal subgroup C-normal subgroup Related notions in algebra Ideal (ring theory) Semigroup ideal Notes ^ In other language: det {\displaystyle \det } is a homomorphism from G L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} to the multiplicative subgroup R × {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} ^{\times }} , and S L n ( R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} _{n}(\mathbf {R} )} is the kernel. Both arguments also work over the complex numbers, or indeed over an arbitrary field. References ^ Bradley 2010, p. 12. ^ a b c Cantrell 2000, p. 160. ^ Dummit & Foote 2004. ^ a b c d Hungerford 2003, p. 41. ^ Fraleigh 2003, p. 141. ^ Robinson 1996, p. 16. ^ Hungerford 2003, p. 45. ^ Hall 1999, p. 138. ^ Hall 1999, p. 32. ^ Hall 1999, p. 190. ^ Judson 2020, Section 10.1. ^ Bergvall et al. 2010, p. 96. ^ Thurston 1997, p. 218. ^ Hungerford 2003, p. 42. ^ Robinson 1996, p. 17. ^ Robinson 1996, p. 28. ^ Robinson 1996, p. 402. ^ Hungerford 2013, p. 290. ^ a b Hall 1999, p. 29. ^ a b Hungerford 2003, p. 46. ^ Robinson 1996, p. 36. ^ Dõmõsi & Nehaniv 2004, p. 7. ^ Hungerford 2003, pp. 42–43. ^ Hungerford 2003, p. 44. ^ Robinson 1996, p. 20. ^ Hall 1999, p. 27. Bibliography Bergvall, Olof; Hynning, Elin; Hedberg, Mikael; Mickelin, Joel; Masawe, Patrick (16 May 2010). "On Rubik's Cube" (PDF). KTH. Cantrell, C.D. (2000). Modern Mathematical Methods for Physicists and Engineers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59180-5. Dõmõsi, Pál; Nehaniv, Chrystopher L. (2004). Algebraic Theory of Automata Networks. SIAM Monographs on Discrete Mathematics and Applications. SIAM. Dummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (2004). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-43334-9. Fraleigh, John B. (2003). A First Course in Abstract Algebra (7th ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-15608-2. Hall, Marshall (1999). The Theory of Groups. Providence: Chelsea Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8218-1967-8. Hungerford, Thomas (2003). Algebra. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer. Hungerford, Thomas (2013). Abstract Algebra: An Introduction. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. Judson, Thomas W. (2020). Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications. Robinson, Derek J. S. (1996). A Course in the Theory of Groups. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 80 (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-4612-6443-9. Zbl 0836.20001. Thurston, William (1997). Levy, Silvio (ed.). Three-dimensional geometry and topology, Vol. 1. Princeton Mathematical Series. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08304-9. Bradley, C. J. (2010). The mathematical theory of symmetry in solids : representation theory for point groups and space groups. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958258-7. OCLC 859155300. Further reading I. N. Herstein, Topics in algebra. Second edition. Xerox College Publishing, Lexington, Mass.-Toronto, Ont., 1975. xi+388 pp. External links Weisstein, Eric W. "normal subgroup". MathWorld. Normal subgroup in Springer's Encyclopedia of Mathematics Robert Ash: Group Fundamentals in Abstract Algebra. The Basic Graduate Year Timothy Gowers, Normal subgroups and quotient groups John Baez, What's a Normal Subgroup?

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fully invariant subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_invariant_subgroup"},{"link_name":"abstract algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley201012-1"},{"link_name":"subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup"},{"link_name":"invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_automorphism"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"quotient groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group"},{"link_name":"kernels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_of_a_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"group homomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"Évariste Galois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_Galois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrell2000160-2"}],"text":"\"Invariant subgroup\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Fully invariant subgroup.In abstract algebra, a normal subgroup (also known as an invariant subgroup or self-conjugate subgroup)[1] is a subgroup that is invariant under conjugation by members of the group of which it is a part. In other words, a subgroup \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n of the group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n g\n n\n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ∈\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gng^{-1}\\in N}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n g\n ∈\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\in G}\n \n and \n \n \n \n n\n ∈\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\in N}\n \n. The usual notation for this relation is \n \n \n \n N\n ◃\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\triangleleft G}\n \n.Normal subgroups are important because they (and only they) can be used to construct quotient groups of the given group. Furthermore, the normal subgroups of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n are precisely the kernels of group homomorphisms with domain \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, which means that they can be used to internally classify those homomorphisms.Évariste Galois was the first to realize the importance of the existence of normal subgroups.[2]","title":"Normal subgroup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup"},{"link_name":"conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_automorphism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDummitFoote2004-3"}],"text":"A subgroup \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n of a group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is called a normal subgroup of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n if it is invariant under conjugation; that is, the conjugation of an element of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n by an element of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is always in \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n.[3] The usual notation for this relation is \n \n \n \n N\n ◃\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\triangleleft G}\n \n.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_equivalence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200341-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200341-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200341-4"},{"link_name":"cosets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coset"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200341-4"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)"},{"link_name":"conjugacy classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugacy_class"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrell2000160-2"},{"link_name":"inner automorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_automorphism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraleigh2003141-5"},{"link_name":"group homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrell2000160-2"},{"link_name":"congruence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_relation"},{"link_name":"equivalence class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_class"},{"link_name":"identity element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element"},{"link_name":"commutator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Equivalent conditions","text":"For any subgroup \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, the following conditions are equivalent to \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n being a normal subgroup of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n. Therefore, any one of them may be taken as the definition.The image of conjugation of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n by any element of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is a subset of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n,[4] i.e., \n \n \n \n g\n N\n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ⊆\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gNg^{-1}\\subseteq N}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n g\n ∈\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\in G}\n \n.\nThe image of conjugation of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n by any element of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is equal to \n \n \n \n N\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N,}\n \n[4] i.e., \n \n \n \n g\n N\n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gNg^{-1}=N}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n g\n ∈\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\in G}\n \n.\nFor all \n \n \n \n g\n ∈\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\in G}\n \n, the left and right cosets \n \n \n \n g\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gN}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Ng}\n \n are equal.[4]\nThe sets of left and right cosets of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n coincide.[4]\nMultiplication in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n preserves the equivalence relation \"is in the same left coset as\". That is, for every \n \n \n \n g\n ,\n \n g\n ′\n \n ,\n h\n ,\n \n h\n ′\n \n ∈\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g,g',h,h'\\in G}\n \n satisfying \n \n \n \n g\n N\n =\n \n g\n ′\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gN=g'N}\n \n and \n \n \n \n h\n N\n =\n \n h\n ′\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle hN=h'N}\n \n, we have \n \n \n \n (\n g\n h\n )\n N\n =\n (\n \n g\n ′\n \n \n h\n ′\n \n )\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (gh)N=(g'h')N}\n \n.\nThere exists a group on the set of left cosets of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n where multiplication of any two left cosets \n \n \n \n g\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gN}\n \n and \n \n \n \n h\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle hN}\n \n yields the left coset \n \n \n \n (\n g\n h\n )\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (gh)N}\n \n (this group is called the quotient group of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n modulo \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n, denoted \n \n \n \n G\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G/N}\n \n).\n\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is a union of conjugacy classes of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n.[2]\n\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is preserved by the inner automorphisms of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n.[5]\nThere is some group homomorphism \n \n \n \n G\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\to H}\n \n whose kernel is \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n.[2]\nThere exists a group homomorphism \n \n \n \n ϕ\n :\n G\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi :G\\to H}\n \n whose fibers form a group where the identity element is \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n and multiplication of any two fibers \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n h\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi ^{-1}(h_{1})}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n h\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi ^{-1}(h_{2})}\n \n yields the fiber \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n h\n \n 1\n \n \n \n h\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi ^{-1}(h_{1}h_{2})}\n \n (this group is the same group \n \n \n \n G\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G/N}\n \n mentioned above).\nThere is some congruence relation on \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n for which the equivalence class of the identity element is \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n.\nFor all \n \n \n \n n\n ∈\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\in N}\n \n and \n \n \n \n g\n ∈\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\in G}\n \n. the commutator \n \n \n \n [\n n\n ,\n g\n ]\n =\n \n n\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n n\n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [n,g]=n^{-1}g^{-1}ng}\n \n is in \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n.[citation needed]\nAny two elements commute modulo the normal subgroup membership relation. That is, for all \n \n \n \n g\n ,\n h\n ∈\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g,h\\in G}\n \n, \n \n \n \n g\n h\n ∈\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gh\\in N}\n \n if and only if \n \n \n \n h\n g\n ∈\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle hg\\in N}\n \n.[citation needed]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199616-6"},{"link_name":"center of the group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"commutator subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutator_subgroup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200345-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1999138-8"},{"link_name":"characteristic subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_subgroup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall199932-9"},{"link_name":"abelian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1999190-10"},{"link_name":"symmetric group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudson2020Section_10.1-11"},{"link_name":"matrix group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_group"},{"link_name":"general linear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group"},{"link_name":"determinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"special linear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rubik's Cube group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube_group"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergvallHynningHedbergMickelin201096-13"},{"link_name":"translation group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_group"},{"link_name":"Euclidean group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurston1997218-14"},{"link_name":"rotations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation"}],"text":"For any group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, the trivial subgroup \n \n \n \n {\n e\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{e\\}}\n \n consisting of only the identity element of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is always a normal subgroup of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n. Likewise, \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n itself is always a normal subgroup of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n (if these are the only normal subgroups, then \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is said to be simple).[6] Other named normal subgroups of an arbitrary group include the center of the group (the set of elements that commute with all other elements) and the commutator subgroup \n \n \n \n [\n G\n ,\n G\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [G,G]}\n \n.[7][8] More generally, since conjugation is an isomorphism, any characteristic subgroup is a normal subgroup.[9]If \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is an abelian group then every subgroup \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is normal, because \n \n \n \n g\n N\n =\n {\n g\n n\n \n }\n \n n\n ∈\n N\n \n \n =\n {\n n\n g\n \n }\n \n n\n ∈\n N\n \n \n =\n N\n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gN=\\{gn\\}_{n\\in N}=\\{ng\\}_{n\\in N}=Ng}\n \n. More generally, for any group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, every subgroup of the center \n \n \n \n Z\n (\n G\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(G)}\n \n of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n (in the special case that \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is abelian, the center is all of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, hence the fact that all subgroups of an abelian group are normal). A group that is not abelian but for which every subgroup is normal is called a Hamiltonian group.[10]A concrete example of a normal subgroup is the subgroup \n \n \n \n N\n =\n {\n (\n 1\n )\n ,\n (\n 123\n )\n ,\n (\n 132\n )\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N=\\{(1),(123),(132)\\}}\n \n of the symmetric group \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{3}}\n \n, consisting of the identity and both three-cycles. In particular, one can check that every coset of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is either equal to \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n itself or is equal to \n \n \n \n (\n 12\n )\n N\n =\n {\n (\n 12\n )\n ,\n (\n 23\n )\n ,\n (\n 13\n )\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (12)N=\\{(12),(23),(13)\\}}\n \n. On the other hand, the subgroup \n \n \n \n H\n =\n {\n (\n 1\n )\n ,\n (\n 12\n )\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H=\\{(1),(12)\\}}\n \n is not normal in \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{3}}\n \n since \n \n \n \n (\n 123\n )\n H\n =\n {\n (\n 123\n )\n ,\n (\n 13\n )\n }\n ≠\n {\n (\n 123\n )\n ,\n (\n 23\n )\n }\n =\n H\n (\n 123\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (123)H=\\{(123),(13)\\}\\neq \\{(123),(23)\\}=H(123)}\n \n.[11] This illustrates the general fact that any subgroup \n \n \n \n H\n ≤\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H\\leq G}\n \n of index two is normal.As an example of a normal subgroup within a matrix group, consider the general linear group \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n of all invertible \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times n}\n \n matrices with real entries under the operation of matrix multiplication and its subgroup \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n of all \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times n}\n \n matrices of determinant 1 (the special linear group). To see why the subgroup \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n, consider any matrix \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n in \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n and any invertible matrix \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n. Then using the two important identities \n \n \n \n det\n (\n A\n B\n )\n =\n det\n (\n A\n )\n det\n (\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(AB)=\\det(A)\\det(B)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n det\n (\n \n A\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n det\n (\n A\n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(A^{-1})=\\det(A)^{-1}}\n \n, one has that \n \n \n \n det\n (\n A\n X\n \n A\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n det\n (\n A\n )\n det\n (\n X\n )\n det\n (\n A\n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n det\n (\n X\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(AXA^{-1})=\\det(A)\\det(X)\\det(A)^{-1}=\\det(X)=1}\n \n, and so \n \n \n \n A\n X\n \n A\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n S\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AXA^{-1}\\in \\mathrm {SL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n as well. This means \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n is closed under conjugation in \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n, so it is a normal subgroup.[a]In the Rubik's Cube group, the subgroups consisting of operations which only affect the orientations of either the corner pieces or the edge pieces are normal.[12]The translation group is a normal subgroup of the Euclidean group in any dimension.[13] This means: applying a rigid transformation, followed by a translation and then the inverse rigid transformation, has the same effect as a single translation. By contrast, the subgroup of all rotations about the origin is not a normal subgroup of the Euclidean group, as long as the dimension is at least 2: first translating, then rotating about the origin, and then translating back will typically not fix the origin and will therefore not have the same effect as a single rotation about the origin.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200342-15"},{"link_name":"transitive relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_relation"},{"link_name":"dihedral group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199617-16"},{"link_name":"characteristic subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_subgroup"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199628-17"},{"link_name":"T-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1996402-18"},{"link_name":"direct product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups"},{"link_name":"semidirect product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidirect_product"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford2013290-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall199929-20"},{"link_name":"inverse images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_image"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall199929-20"},{"link_name":"direct products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200346-21"},{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"normal core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_core"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199636-22"},{"link_name":"simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C3%B5m%C3%B5siNehaniv20047-23"},{"link_name":"perfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_group"},{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_subgroup"},{"link_name":"imperfect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_group"},{"link_name":"derived subgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived_subgroup"}],"text":"If \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n is a normal subgroup of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is a subgroup of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n containing \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n is a normal subgroup of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n.[14]\nA normal subgroup of a normal subgroup of a group need not be normal in the group. That is, normality is not a transitive relation. The smallest group exhibiting this phenomenon is the dihedral group of order 8.[15] However, a characteristic subgroup of a normal subgroup is normal.[16] A group in which normality is transitive is called a T-group.[17]\nThe two groups \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n and \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n are normal subgroups of their direct product \n \n \n \n G\n ×\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\times H}\n \n.\nIf the group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is a semidirect product \n \n \n \n G\n =\n N\n ⋊\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G=N\\rtimes H}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, though \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n need not be normal in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n.\nIf \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n are normal subgroups of an additive group \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n G\n =\n M\n +\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G=M+N}\n \n and \n \n \n \n M\n ∩\n N\n =\n {\n 0\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M\\cap N=\\{0\\}}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n G\n =\n M\n ⊕\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G=M\\oplus N}\n \n.[18]\nNormality is preserved under surjective homomorphisms;[19] that is, if \n \n \n \n G\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\to H}\n \n is a surjective group homomorphism and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, then the image \n \n \n \n f\n (\n N\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(N)}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n.\nNormality is preserved by taking inverse images;[19] that is, if \n \n \n \n G\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\to H}\n \n is a group homomorphism and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n, then the inverse image \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n N\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f^{-1}(N)}\n \n is normal in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n.\nNormality is preserved on taking direct products;[20] that is, if \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n 1\n \n \n ◃\n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{1}\\triangleleft G_{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n 2\n \n \n ◃\n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{2}\\triangleleft G_{2}}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n N\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ◃\n \n \n G\n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{1}\\times N_{2}\\;\\triangleleft \\;G_{1}\\times G_{2}}\n \n.\nEvery subgroup of index 2 is normal. More generally, a subgroup, \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n, of finite index, \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n, in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n contains a subgroup, \n \n \n \n K\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K,}\n \n normal in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n and of index dividing \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n!}\n \n called the normal core. In particular, if \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is the smallest prime dividing the order of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, then every subgroup of index \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is normal.[21]\nThe fact that normal subgroups of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n are precisely the kernels of group homomorphisms defined on \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups; they are a way to internally classify all homomorphisms defined on a group. For example, a non-identity finite group is simple if and only if it is isomorphic to all of its non-identity homomorphic images,[22] a finite group is perfect if and only if it has no normal subgroups of prime index, and a group is imperfect if and only if the derived subgroup is not supplemented by any proper normal subgroup.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order)"},{"link_name":"subset inclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subset_inclusion"},{"link_name":"least element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_element"},{"link_name":"greatest element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_element"},{"link_name":"meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_(lattice_theory)"},{"link_name":"join","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(lattice_theory)"},{"link_name":"complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_lattice"},{"link_name":"modular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_lattice"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200346-21"}],"sub_title":"Lattice of normal subgroups","text":"Given two normal subgroups, \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n and \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n, of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, their intersection \n \n \n \n N\n ∩\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\cap M}\n \n and their product \n \n \n \n N\n M\n =\n {\n n\n m\n :\n n\n ∈\n N\n \n \n  and \n \n \n m\n ∈\n M\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle NM=\\{nm:n\\in N\\;{\\text{ and }}\\;m\\in M\\}}\n \n are also normal subgroups of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n.The normal subgroups of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n form a lattice under subset inclusion with least element, \n \n \n \n {\n e\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{e\\}}\n \n, and greatest element, \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n. The meet of two normal subgroups, \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n and \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n, in this lattice is their intersection and the join is their product.The lattice is complete and modular.[20]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quotient group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group"},{"link_name":"homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200342%E2%80%9343-24"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic"},{"link_name":"first isomorphism theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_isomorphism_theorem"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHungerford200344-25"},{"link_name":"up to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_to"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199620-26"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall199927-27"}],"text":"If \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is a normal subgroup, we can define a multiplication on cosets as follows:(\n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n N\n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n N\n \n )\n \n :=\n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(a_{1}N\\right)\\left(a_{2}N\\right):=\\left(a_{1}a_{2}\\right)N}G\n \n /\n \n N\n ×\n G\n \n /\n \n N\n →\n G\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G/N\\times G/N\\to G/N}a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2}}a\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ∈\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n N\n ,\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n ∈\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1}'\\in a_{1}N,a_{2}'\\in a_{2}N}n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ∈\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{1},n_{2}\\in N}a\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n =\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1}'=a_{1}n_{1},a_{2}'=a_{2}n_{2}}a\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n ′\n \n N\n =\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n N\n =\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n N\n =\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1}'a_{2}'N=a_{1}n_{1}a_{2}n_{2}N=a_{1}a_{2}n_{1}'n_{2}N=a_{1}a_{2}N}N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}normaln\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ∈\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{1}'\\in N}n\n \n 1\n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{1}a_{2}=a_{2}n_{1}'}With this operation, the set of cosets is itself a group, called the quotient group and denoted with \n \n \n \n G\n \n /\n \n N\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G/N.}\n \n There is a natural homomorphism, \n \n \n \n f\n :\n G\n →\n G\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:G\\to G/N}\n \n, given by \n \n \n \n f\n (\n a\n )\n =\n a\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(a)=aN}\n \n. This homomorphism maps \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n into the identity element of \n \n \n \n G\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G/N}\n \n, which is the coset \n \n \n \n e\n N\n =\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle eN=N}\n \n,[23] that is, \n \n \n \n ker\n ⁡\n (\n f\n )\n =\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ker(f)=N}\n \n.In general, a group homomorphism, \n \n \n \n f\n :\n G\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:G\\to H}\n \n sends subgroups of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n to subgroups of \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n. Also, the preimage of any subgroup of \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n is a subgroup of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n. We call the preimage of the trivial group \n \n \n \n {\n e\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{e\\}}\n \n in \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n the kernel of the homomorphism and denote it by \n \n \n \n ker\n ⁡\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ker f}\n \n. As it turns out, the kernel is always normal and the image of \n \n \n \n G\n ,\n f\n (\n G\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G,f(G)}\n \n, is always isomorphic to \n \n \n \n G\n \n /\n \n ker\n ⁡\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G/\\ker f}\n \n (the first isomorphism theorem).[24] In fact, this correspondence is a bijection between the set of all quotient groups of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, \n \n \n \n G\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G/N}\n \n, and the set of all homomorphic images of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n (up to isomorphism).[25] It is also easy to see that the kernel of the quotient map, \n \n \n \n f\n :\n G\n →\n G\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:G\\to G/N}\n \n, is \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n itself, so the normal subgroups are precisely the kernels of homomorphisms with domain \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n.[26]","title":"Normal subgroups, quotient groups and homomorphisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"}],"text":"^ In other language: \n \n \n \n det\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det }\n \n is a homomorphism from \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n to the multiplicative subgroup \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n ×\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {R} ^{\\times }}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n L\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SL} _{n}(\\mathbf {R} )}\n \n is the kernel. Both arguments also work over the complex numbers, or indeed over an arbitrary field.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"On Rubik's Cube\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//people.kth.se/~boij/kandexjobbVT11/Material/rubikscube.pdf"},{"link_name":"KTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Modern Mathematical Methods for Physicists and Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/modernmathematic0000cant"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-59180-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59180-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-43334-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-43334-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-321-15608-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-15608-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8218-1967-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-1967-8"},{"link_name":"Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//abstract.ups.edu/aata/aata.html"},{"link_name":"Springer-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4612-6443-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-6443-9"},{"link_name":"Zbl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0836.20001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0836.20001"},{"link_name":"Thurston, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thurston"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-08304-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08304-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-958258-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958258-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"859155300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/859155300"}],"text":"Bergvall, Olof; Hynning, Elin; Hedberg, Mikael; Mickelin, Joel; Masawe, Patrick (16 May 2010). \"On Rubik's Cube\" (PDF). KTH.\nCantrell, C.D. (2000). Modern Mathematical Methods for Physicists and Engineers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59180-5.\nDõmõsi, Pál; Nehaniv, Chrystopher L. (2004). Algebraic Theory of Automata Networks. SIAM Monographs on Discrete Mathematics and Applications. SIAM.\nDummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (2004). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-43334-9.\nFraleigh, John B. (2003). A First Course in Abstract Algebra (7th ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-15608-2.\nHall, Marshall (1999). The Theory of Groups. Providence: Chelsea Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8218-1967-8.\nHungerford, Thomas (2003). Algebra. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer.\nHungerford, Thomas (2013). Abstract Algebra: An Introduction. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.\nJudson, Thomas W. (2020). Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.\nRobinson, Derek J. S. (1996). A Course in the Theory of Groups. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 80 (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-4612-6443-9. Zbl 0836.20001.\nThurston, William (1997). Levy, Silvio (ed.). Three-dimensional geometry and topology, Vol. 1. Princeton Mathematical Series. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08304-9.\nBradley, C. J. (2010). The mathematical theory of symmetry in solids : representation theory for point groups and space groups. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958258-7. OCLC 859155300.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I. N. Herstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._N._Herstein"}],"text":"I. N. Herstein, Topics in algebra. Second edition. Xerox College Publishing, Lexington, Mass.-Toronto, Ont., 1975. xi+388 pp.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_MT-32

Roland MT-32

["1 Features","2 MT-32 models","2.1 MT-32 (old)","2.2 MT-32 (new)","3 MT-32 compatible models","4 Sound quality problems","4.1 Digital overflow","4.2 A third-party solution","5 Compatibility problems","6 Music for PC games","7 Emulation","8 References","9 External links"]

Roland MT-32 Multi-Timbre Sound Module This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Roland MT-32Front view of MT-32DeveloperRoland CorporationTypeMIDI ROMpler/hybrid synthesizerRelease date1987 (1987)Introductory priceUS$695 (equivalent to $1,860 in 2023)PlatformX68000, X1, Amiga, Apple IIGS, Atari ST, IBM PC, PC-88, PC-98, MSX, FM Towns, Tandy 1000, Commodore 64, MacintoshSuccessorRoland SC-55 The Roland MT-32 Multi-Timbre Sound Module is a MIDI synthesizer module first released in 1987 by Roland Corporation. It was originally marketed to amateur musicians as a budget external synthesizer with an original list price of $695. However, it became more famous along with its compatible modules as an early de facto standard in computer music. Since it was made prior to the release of the General MIDI standard, it uses its own proprietary format for MIDI file playback. Within Roland's family of linear arithmetic (LA) synthesizers, the multitimbral MT-32 series constitutes the budget prosumer line for computer music at home, the multitimbral D-5, D-10, D-20 and D-110 models constitute the professional line for general studio use, and the high-end bitimbral D-50 and D-550 models are for sophisticated multi-track studio work. It was the first product in Roland's Myuujikun (ミュージくん) line of Desktop Music System (DTM) packages in Japan. Features Like the Roland D-50 Linear Synthesizer, it uses linear arithmetic synthesis, a form of sample-based synthesis combined with subtractive synthesis, to produce its sounds. Samples are used for attacks and drums, while traditional synthesis assures the sustain phase of the sounds. The original MT-32 comes with a preset library of 128 synth and 30 rhythm sounds, playable on 8 melodic channels and one rhythm channel. It also features a digital reverberation effect. Successors (see below) added a library of 33 sound effects. Because of the absence of a piano attack sample, it cannot play a convincing acoustic piano sound. Sounds are created from up to 4 partials which can be combined in various ways (including ring modulation). With 32 partials available overall, polyphony depends on the tonal complexity of the music, and 8 to 32 notes can be played simultaneously. The MT-32 by default assigns its parts 1~8 and R(hythm) to respond on input MIDI channels 2~9 and 10 respectively. By consequence, MIDI files using the popular channel 1 or the other channels 11~16 cannot have those parts played on the MT-32. However, the MT-32's melodic parts can be shifted down to respond to channels 1~8 using a button combination or through MIDI system exclusive messages, enabling improved compatibility with non-MT-32-specific MIDI sequences. Additionally, in 1993 Roland released the "GM2MT" SysEx pack, which can be used to reprogram the MT-32 and compatibles to match General MIDI specifications as closely as possible. 64 of the 128 patches (the limit of possible variations) are completely new or modified sounds, with additional sounds having been added to drum channel 10. Despite this, compatibility with GM is still limited by the lack of parts (9 on the MT-32, 16 per GM specification) and reversed panpot compared to MMA MIDI specifications. The utility was predated by a pack called "MT32GS", released by Mike Cornelius in 1992. The CM-Panion, by Gajits Music Software, was an Amiga editor which worked with the MT-32. MT-32 models Two major revisions of the MT-32 were produced. Roland refers to them as MT-32 (Old / Without headphones) and MT-32 (New / With headphones). Back view of MT-32 (Old) Top view of MT-32 with cover removed (Old, Rev. 1 PCB) MT-32 (old) The LA32 sound generation chip is an 80-pin PGA. The control CPU is an Intel C8095-90 in ceramic DIP-48 package. The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a Burr-Brown PCM54; the input signal having a resolution of 15 bits (see below). Line-outs are unbalanced 1/4″ TS phone connector (separate left and right channels.) No headphone jack. MT-32 with revision 0 PCB, used in units up to serial number 851399. The PGA LA32 chip is later replaced with a 100-pin QFP type. MT-32 with "old-type" revision 1 PCB, used in units with serial numbers 851400 - 950499. Back view of MT-32 (New) MT-32 (new) The control CPU is an Intel P8098. Same Digital-to-analog converter (DAC), but with 16 bits of input signal resolution (see below). A stereo 1/4″ TRS headphones jack is added. MT-32 with "new-type" revision 1 PCB, used in units with serial numbers 950500 and up. Roland MT-100: Combination of MT-32 and Roland PR-100 (Sequencer and 2.8" Quick-Disk). While it uses a MT-32 (New) PCB, the chassis is different. MT-32 (Old) that have had the mainboard replaced by Roland because of a repair can contain the MT-32 (New) mainboard, with the headphone jack removed. MT-32 compatible models To target computer users, Roland released a number of CM (Computer Music) modules. They came without an LCD display and had most buttons removed. Most of these CM modules aside from the CM-32P and CM-300 are compatible with the MT-32 but feature 33 additional sound effect samples which many games took advantage of. These sound effects cannot be heard on an MT-32. Early models share a similar design to MT-32 (New). Control CPU is an Intel P8098 and DAC is a Burr-Brown PCM54. Roland CM-32L: Released in 1989, this Roland CM has only a volume knob, a MIDI message and a power-on indicator as external controls. Roland CM-64: A combination of the CM-32L and the CM-32P, a cut-down "computer music" version of the Roland U-110. Like the CM-32P, the CM-64 can be expanded with a Roland SN-U110 sound library card (compared to four on the U-110.) The CM-32P part plays on MIDI channels 11-16 which are not used by the CM-32L part. Roland LAPC-I: ISA bus expansion card for IBM PCs and compatibles. Includes the MPU-401 interface. In later models, the DAC is a Burr-Brown PCM55, and vibrato is noticeably faster. Roland CM-32LN: Sound module for the NEC PC-98 series notebook computers, featuring a special connector for direct connection to the computer's 110-pin expansion port. Released in Japan only. Roland CM-500: A combination of the CM-32LN with the Roland GS-compatible Roland CM-300, the "computer music" version of the Roland SC-55. Released around 1992. Roland LAPC-N: C-Bus expansion card for the NEC PC-98 series of computers. Released in Japan only. Roland RA-50: LA unit with CM-32L ROM (but not all CM-32L samples): Requires software work around or hardware modification to work 100% as a MT-32. Sound quality problems Given the MT-32 was intended to be a relatively low-cost prosumer product, many corners were cut in the design of its DAC output. For example, the circuitry needed to properly calibrate the DACs was omitted, resulting in distortion of the analog signal. Despite having the capabilities of a professional synthesizer module, the noisy output of the MT-32 caused it to be generally considered unsuitable for professional studio use, although it was considered sufficient for use as the sound engine within other Roland prosumer products of the period. For example, the E-20 keyboard internally contains a partially unpopulated MT-32 (New) motherboard, while the RA-50 Realtime Arranger uses a highly modified one. However, an aftermarket modification was available from Real World Interfaces to improve the MT-32's sound quality and generally increase its suitability for professional use. Digital overflow The MT-32 and compatible modules use a parallel 16-bit DAC at a sampling rate of 32000 Hz. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio without investing in higher-quality components, the volume of the digital signal fed into the DAC is doubled by shifting all 15 non-sign-carrying data bits to the left, which amounts to multiplying the amplitude by two while keeping the noise floor constant at the analogue output. However, if this doubled amplitude exceeds the amount that can be represented with 16 bits, an arithmetic overflow occurs, audible as a very loud popping or cracking noise that occurs whenever the original signal crosses +16384/-16384 (the value of bit 14 lost in the bit shift). This bit shift is implemented differently between module generations. In first-generation modules, this bit shift is performed at the connection between the data bus and DAC: Original (non-shifted) data bit # Connection -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Output of LA32 synthesizer chip 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Input to reverberation chip 15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00—input to DAC | | | +- most significant data-carrying bit +- sign bit This means that the reverberation chip will not "see" the overflow noise and thus not reverberate it. However, since bit 14 is dropped completely, the effective resolution is reduced to 15 bits, and since the DAC's least significant bit is not connected at all and thus not changing with the sign, additional one-bit noise is produced, audible at low signal levels. In second-generation modules, the bit shift is performed at the connection between the LA32 sound generation chip and the data bus: Original (non-shifted) data bit # Connection -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 14 output of LA32 synthesizer chip 15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 14 input to reverberation chip 15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 14 input to DAC | | | +- most significant data-carrying bit +- sign bit This means that the reverberation chip will "see" the overflow noise and thus reverberate it. However, since the DAC's least significant bit is connected and does change with the sign, the sound quality is improved slightly over the earlier implementation. To prevent digital signal overflow and its audible result, the digital output volume must be kept low enough so that bit 14 will never be used. On the first generation MT-32, this can simply be done by selecting a lower main volume on the unit's front panel, which directly controls the software main volume setting, which in turn directly translates into the amplitude of the digital output signal. On later generation units, this does not work, as the main volume knob and the software main volume setting only modify the volume of the analogue output using voltage-controlled amplifiers and have little effect on the amplitude of the digital signal. To prevent signal overflow, each individual part's volume (controller #7) must be kept low instead. A third-party solution In the period of 1989 to 1993, Robin Whittle of Real World Interfaces offered aftermarket modifications to the MT-32 to address its sound quality issues, as well as improve the functionality of the reverberation unit, provide discrete analog outputs for the internal reverb send and reverb return, and provide battery backup of the MT-32's settings. According to documentation written in 1990, these modifications were only available for the first-generation MT-32, and not the later "headphone" model or any of the other MT-32 derivatives. Note that the RWI modifications were intended for those using the MT-32 professionally, and may cause some minor compatibility issues with video game soundtracks intended for a stock MT-32. In particular the changes to the reverb unit functionality will likely cause an RWI modified MT-32 to render reverberation differently from what was intended, with possibly detrimental effects. Additionally an article in the Elektor magazine of December 1990 titled "Digitally controlled mute circuit" by A. Ferndown detailed a mute circuit specially designed for use with the Roland MT-32 module. Article abstract mentions "The mute circuit presented here Is specially designed for use with the Roland MT-32 module, although with some small alterations it should be suitable for use with other makes of expander er synthesizer. lt is intended to eliminate the noise that the expander produces after a note-off. This noise, which remains audible, becomes pretty irritating after a while when the expander is used at home. For studio use a noise gate is, of course, used". Compatibility problems First generation units, having control ROM versions below 2.00, require a 40 millisecond delay between system exclusive messages. Some computer games which were programmed to work with the compatible modules (see above) or later ROM versions that do not require this delay, fail to work with these units, producing incorrect sounds or causing the firmware to lock up due to a buffer overflow bug, requiring turning the unit off and on. However, some games were designed to exploit errors in earlier units, causing incorrect sound on later revisions. Also, some games were written to use instruments not found in the MT-32 models, and require a compatible module, such as a CM-32L, for proper sound playback. Music for PC games Despite its original purpose as a companion to other professional MIDI equipment, the MT-32 became one of several de facto standards for PC computer game publishers. Sierra On-Line, a leading PC game publisher of the time, took an interest in the sound-design of its PC games. Sierra secured a distribution deal to sell the MT-32 in the US, and invested heavily in giving its game titles (at the time) state-of-the-art sound by hiring professional composers to write in-game music. King's Quest IV, released in 1988, was the first Sierra title with a complete musical soundtrack scored on the MT-32. The MT-32 with a necessary MPU-401 interface cost $550.00 to purchase from Sierra when it first sold the device. Although the MT-32's high price prevented it from dominating the end-user market of players, other PC publishers quickly followed Sierra's lead, expanding the role of music in their own game titles with Roland supporting the industry by releasing CM modules for computer users. The MT-32 remained popular for musical composition well into the early 1990s, when the game-industry began to shift toward CD Audio. For a time, it was described as providing "the most realistic sound available in computer gaming today". The proliferation of the General MIDI standard, along with competition from less expensive "wavetable" sample-based soundcards, led to the decline of musical soundtracks using the MT-32's proprietary features. Games that played General MIDI tracks on the MT-32 initialized the MT-32's sound bank to approximate the General MIDI Level 1 (GM1) specification, but avoided any of the MT-32's hallmark music-synthesis features, adhering to GM1's rather limited set of controllers. Emulation Due to the popularity of the MT-32 as a music playback device for computer games, many modern sound cards provide a simple "MT-32 emulation mode", usually realized by way of a sound mapping comprised either of General MIDI instruments rearranged to roughly represent the MT-32's preset sound bank, or of samples directly recorded from the original unit. Later modules like most of the Roland Sound Canvas series, Yamaha MU-series and the Kawai GMega feature such limited MT-32 backwards compatibility modes. Results are often considered poor, as the sampling technology used can not reflect the pitch- and time-variable characteristics of the original synthesizer technology, and programming of custom sounds (see above) is not being supported at all. One exception is the Orchid SoundWave 32 card released by Orchid Technology in 1994, whose on-board digital signal processor (DSP) allowed for a more faithful reproduction of the original sound characteristics. More recently, there have been attempts at emulating the LA synthesizer technology in software using images of the original PCM and control ROMs. The most notable of these emulators is the open-source project Munt, which emulates the MT-32 hardware by way of a virtual device driver for Microsoft Windows, or a virtual MIDI device for OS X, BSD and Linux. It is also incorporated into ScummVM, an open-source adventure game interpreter, as of version 0.7.0. Munt is based on an earlier MT-32 Emulation Project, which was the source of a short-lived legal argument over distribution of the original ROM images with Roland Corporation, who manufactured the MT-32 and claims copyright on the ROM's data. The Raspberry Pi Single-board computer has an Open-source software emulator called the mt-32 pi. This project allows for Hardware emulation of the mt-32 by use of additional hardware. The project originally started as an emulation solution for the Roland MT-32 synth module, using the open-source Munt emulation core. Roland offers emulation of classic synthesizers via the Roland Cloud subscription service. Support for the D-50 was notably added in June 2017. References ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2010-09-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) MT-32 Owner's Manual. ^ http://cms.rolandus.com/assets/media/exe/MT2GM.EXE ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2015-08-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Cock-up corner". Amiga Shopper. No. 7. October 1991. p. 11. ISSN 0961-7302. OCLC 925243798. ^ a b Roland Corporation: MT-32 Service Notes, Second Edition. January 1988. ^ "List of roland mt-32 compatible hardware? \ VOGONS". ^ a b c d http://anotherunknowntime.com/music/rwi-mt-32-mod.pdf http://www.pdf-archive.com/2012/12/18/roland-mt-32-rwi-mod/ ^ "E-20 Voice Board / MT-32 \ VOGONS". www.vogons.org. Retrieved 2022-07-18. ^ Roland Corporation: MT-32 Service Notes, Third Edition. October 1988. ^ "Robin Whittle's CV". ^ "Real World Interfaces". Retrieved 2016-12-29. ^ "Digitally controlled mute circuit". ^ "Re-Sounding Personal Computers" by Rich Heimlich, Computer Gaming World Issue 12/1990, pg. 60pp ^ "Munt". 20 May 2023. ^ "MT-32 Emulation Project". Archived from the original on 2012-02-01. Retrieved 2016-12-29. ^ "mt-32 pi". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-01-12. ^ "Munt source homepage". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-01-12. ^ "mt-32 pi wiki". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-01-12. ^ "D-50 Linear Synthesizer Software Synthesizer". Retrieved 2017-12-13. ^ "Roland Releases D-50 Synth (In Roland Cloud)". Retrieved 2017-12-13. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roland MT-32. List of MT-32-compatible computer games Roland MT-32 MIDI Implementation Munt (MT-32/CM-32L emulator) mp3 samples from SynthMania Polynominal MT 32 advanced programming, audio test, manual and schematics Digitally controlled mute circuit vtePC sound cardsIBM compatible standards Tandy 3-Voice (1983) MPU-401 (1984) IBM Music Feature Card (1987) AdLib (1987) Covox (1987) Roland MT-32 (1987) Roland LAPC-I (1989) Sound Blaster (1989) SSI-2001 (1989) General MIDI (1991) Pro AudioSpectrum (1991) Roland GS (1991) Roland Sound Canvas (1991) Roland SC-55 (1991) TBC Multisound (1991) Windows Sound System (1992) Gravis Ultrasound (1992) Ensoniq Soundscape S-2000 (1994) Yamaha XG (1994) Aztech WaveRider (1995) Aureal Semiconductor Vortex (1997) AC'97 (1997) ESS AudioDrive (1997) Ensoniq AudioPCI (1997) Sound Blaster Live! (1998) Terratec Audiosystem EWS64 (1998) General MIDI Level 2 (1999) Environmental Audio Extensions (2001) Intel High Definition Audio (2004) Other standards MML (1978) SFG-01 (1983) SFG-02 (1984) Tandy (1984) MSX-Audio (1984) MSX-Music (1987) Related PC speaker Wave Blaster MIDI Comparison of MIDI standards vteRoland CorporationSynthesizers Alpha Juno D-50 D-70 E-20 GR-1 GR-300 GR-500 JD-800 JD-XA JP-8000 Juno-60 Juno-106 Juno-D Juno-G Juno-Gi Jupiter-4 Jupiter-6 Jupiter-8 Jupiter-80 Jupiter-50 JX-3P JX-8P JX-10 JX-305 MC-202 RS-202 S-10 S-50 S-220 SH-01 Gaia SH-101 SH-201 SH-1000 SH-3A System 100 System-100M System 700 TB-303 U-20 Roland VK-7 Roland VK-8 V-Synth VP-330 XP-30 Electronic drums CR-78  DDR-30  HandSonic Octapad R-5  R-8  TR-606 TR-808  TR-909  TR-707 / TR-727 TR-505 V-Drums Keytars AX-7  AX-Synth  AX-Edge Roland keytars  Grooveboxes D2 MC-303  MC-307 MC-505 MC-808 MC-909 SP-808 Samplers DJ-70 MS-1 S-10 S-50 S-220 SP-202 SP-303 SP-404 SP-505 SP-555 SP-606 SP-808 Workstations Fantom-X W-30 XP-50 XP-80 SP-202 SP-303 SP-404 SP-505 SP-555 SP-606 SP-808 Sequencers MC-4 MC-8 MIDI interfaces MPU-401 Modules JD-990 JV-1080 JV-2080 MKS-80  MT-32  SC-55 SC-8850 U-110 U-220 Software Roland Cloud Amplifiers Jazz Chorus Effects units Space Echo Organs VK-7  VK-8 Boss effects DS-1 HM-2 Founder Ikutaro Kakehashi Other D-Beam Tadao Kikumoto Boss V-MODA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Roland Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"General MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_MIDI"},{"link_name":"linear arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_arithmetic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"multitimbral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbrality"},{"link_name":"prosumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2"},{"link_name":"D-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_D-5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_D-10&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_D-20&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D-110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_D-110&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"high-end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_goods"},{"link_name":"bitimbral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbrality"},{"link_name":"D-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_D-50"},{"link_name":"D-550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_D-550&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Roland MT-32 Multi-Timbre Sound Module is a MIDI synthesizer module first released in 1987 by Roland Corporation. It was originally marketed to amateur musicians as a budget external synthesizer with an original list price of $695. However, it became more famous along with its compatible modules as an early de facto standard in computer music. Since it was made prior to the release of the General MIDI standard, it uses its own proprietary format for MIDI file playback.Within Roland's family of linear arithmetic (LA) synthesizers, the multitimbral MT-32 series constitutes the budget prosumer line for computer music at home, the multitimbral D-5, D-10, D-20 and D-110 models constitute the professional line for general studio use, and the high-end bitimbral D-50 and D-550 models are for sophisticated multi-track studio work. It was the first product in Roland's Myuujikun (ミュージくん) line of Desktop Music System (DTM) packages in Japan.","title":"Roland MT-32"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland D-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_D-50"},{"link_name":"linear arithmetic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_arithmetic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"sample-based synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis"},{"link_name":"subtractive synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractive_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis"},{"link_name":"attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_(music)"},{"link_name":"sustain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT-32_Owner's_Manual-1"},{"link_name":"reverberation effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation_effect"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT-32_Owner's_Manual-1"},{"link_name":"ring modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_modulation"},{"link_name":"polyphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony_and_monophony_in_instruments"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MT-32_Owner's_Manual-1"},{"link_name":"MIDI files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI#Standard_MIDI_files"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI_Manufacturers_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gajits Music Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajits_Music_Software"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASoct1991-4"}],"text":"Like the Roland D-50 Linear Synthesizer, it uses linear arithmetic synthesis, a form of sample-based synthesis combined with subtractive synthesis, to produce its sounds. Samples are used for attacks and drums, while traditional synthesis assures the sustain phase of the sounds.The original MT-32 comes with a preset library of 128 synth and 30 rhythm sounds, playable on 8 melodic channels and one rhythm channel.[1] It also features a digital reverberation effect.[1] Successors (see below) added a library of 33 sound effects. Because of the absence of a piano attack sample, it cannot play a convincing acoustic piano sound.Sounds are created from up to 4 partials which can be combined in various ways (including ring modulation). With 32 partials available overall, polyphony depends on the tonal complexity of the music, and 8 to 32 notes can be played simultaneously.[1]The MT-32 by default assigns its parts 1~8 and R(hythm) to respond on input MIDI channels 2~9 and 10 respectively. By consequence, MIDI files using the popular channel 1 or the other channels 11~16 cannot have those parts played on the MT-32. However, the MT-32's melodic parts can be shifted down to respond to channels 1~8 using a button combination or through MIDI system exclusive messages, enabling improved compatibility with non-MT-32-specific MIDI sequences.Additionally, in 1993 Roland released the \"GM2MT\" SysEx pack, which can be used to reprogram the MT-32 and compatibles to match General MIDI specifications as closely as possible.[2] 64 of the 128 patches (the limit of possible variations) are completely new or modified sounds, with additional sounds having been added to drum channel 10. Despite this, compatibility with GM is still limited by the lack of parts (9 on the MT-32, 16 per GM specification) and reversed panpot compared to MMA MIDI specifications. The utility was predated by a pack called \"MT32GS\", released by Mike Cornelius in 1992.[3] The CM-Panion, by Gajits Music Software, was an Amiga editor which worked with the MT-32.[4]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MT-32_f_gen.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roland_MT-32_Oldtype_Revision_1_PCB_View.jpg"}],"text":"Two major revisions of the MT-32 were produced. Roland refers to them as MT-32 (Old / Without headphones) and MT-32 (New / With headphones).Back view of MT-32 (Old)Top view of MT-32 with cover removed (Old, Rev. 1 PCB)","title":"MT-32 models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_grid_array"},{"link_name":"Intel C8095-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-96"},{"link_name":"DIP-48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_package"},{"link_name":"digital-to-analog converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter"},{"link_name":"Burr-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr-Brown_Corporation"},{"link_name":"1/4″ TS phone connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)"},{"link_name":"PCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"QFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_Flat_Package"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MT-32_s_gen.svg"}],"sub_title":"MT-32 (old)","text":"The LA32 sound generation chip is an 80-pin PGA. The control CPU is an Intel C8095-90 in ceramic DIP-48 package. The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a Burr-Brown PCM54; the input signal having a resolution of 15 bits (see below). Line-outs are unbalanced 1/4″ TS phone connector (separate left and right channels.) No headphone jack.MT-32 with revision 0 PCB, used in units up to serial number 851399.The PGA LA32 chip is later replaced with a 100-pin QFP type.MT-32 with \"old-type\" revision 1 PCB, used in units with serial numbers 851400 - 950499.Back view of MT-32 (New)","title":"MT-32 models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intel P8098","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MCS-96"},{"link_name":"Digital-to-analog converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter"},{"link_name":"1/4″ TRS headphones jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)"},{"link_name":"Roland MT-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_MT-100&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland PR-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_PR-100&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roland_Corporation_1988-5"}],"sub_title":"MT-32 (new)","text":"The control CPU is an Intel P8098. Same Digital-to-analog converter (DAC), but with 16 bits of input signal resolution (see below). A stereo 1/4″ TRS headphones jack is added.MT-32 with \"new-type\" revision 1 PCB, used in units with serial numbers 950500 and up.\nRoland MT-100: Combination of MT-32 and Roland PR-100 (Sequencer and 2.8\" Quick-Disk). While it uses a MT-32 (New) PCB, the chassis is different.MT-32 (Old) that have had the mainboard replaced by Roland because of a repair can contain the MT-32 (New) mainboard, with the headphone jack removed.[5]","title":"MT-32 models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roland CM-32L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_CM-32L&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland CM-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_CM-64&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland U-110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_U-110"},{"link_name":"Roland LAPC-I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_LAPC-I"},{"link_name":"ISA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture"},{"link_name":"MPU-401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPU-401"},{"link_name":"vibrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato"},{"link_name":"Roland CM-32LN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_CM-32LN&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NEC PC-98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-9800_series"},{"link_name":"Roland CM-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_CM-500&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_GS"},{"link_name":"Roland CM-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_CM-300&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roland SC-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SC-55"},{"link_name":"Roland LAPC-N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_LAPC-I"},{"link_name":"Roland RA-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roland_RA-50&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"To target computer users, Roland released a number of CM (Computer Music) modules. They came without an LCD display and had most buttons removed. Most of these CM modules aside from the CM-32P and CM-300 are compatible with the MT-32 but feature 33 additional sound effect samples which many games took advantage of. These sound effects cannot be heard on an MT-32. \nEarly models share a similar design to MT-32 (New). Control CPU is an Intel P8098 and DAC is a Burr-Brown PCM54.Roland CM-32L: Released in 1989, this Roland CM has only a volume knob, a MIDI message and a power-on indicator as external controls.\nRoland CM-64: A combination of the CM-32L and the CM-32P, a cut-down \"computer music\" version of the Roland U-110. Like the CM-32P, the CM-64 can be expanded with a Roland SN-U110 sound library card (compared to four on the U-110.) The CM-32P part plays on MIDI channels 11-16 which are not used by the CM-32L part.\nRoland LAPC-I: ISA bus expansion card for IBM PCs and compatibles. Includes the MPU-401 interface.In later models, the DAC is a Burr-Brown PCM55, and vibrato is noticeably faster.Roland CM-32LN: Sound module for the NEC PC-98 series notebook computers, featuring a special connector for direct connection to the computer's 110-pin expansion port. Released in Japan only.\nRoland CM-500: A combination of the CM-32LN with the Roland GS-compatible Roland CM-300, the \"computer music\" version of the Roland SC-55. Released around 1992.\nRoland LAPC-N: C-Bus expansion card for the NEC PC-98 series of computers. Released in Japan only.\nRoland RA-50: LA unit with CM-32L ROM (but not all CM-32L samples): Requires software work around or hardware modification to work 100% as a MT-32.[6]","title":"MT-32 compatible models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anotherunknowntime.com-7"},{"link_name":"E-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_E-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anotherunknowntime.com-7"}],"text":"Given the MT-32 was intended to be a relatively low-cost prosumer product, many corners were cut in the design of its DAC output. For example, the circuitry needed to properly calibrate the DACs was omitted, resulting in distortion of the analog signal.[7]Despite having the capabilities of a professional synthesizer module, the noisy output of the MT-32 caused it to be generally considered unsuitable for professional studio use, although it was considered sufficient for use as the sound engine within other Roland prosumer products of the period. For example, the E-20 keyboard internally contains a partially unpopulated MT-32 (New) motherboard,[8] while the RA-50 Realtime Arranger uses a highly modified one. However, an aftermarket modification was available from Real World Interfaces to improve the MT-32's sound quality and generally increase its suitability for professional use.[7]","title":"Sound quality problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sampling rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)#Sampling_rate"},{"link_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"arithmetic overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_overflow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roland_Corporation_1988-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"voltage-controlled amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-gain_amplifier"}],"sub_title":"Digital overflow","text":"The MT-32 and compatible modules use a parallel 16-bit DAC at a sampling rate of 32000 Hz. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio without investing in higher-quality components, the volume of the digital signal fed into the DAC is doubled by shifting all 15 non-sign-carrying data bits to the left, which amounts to multiplying the amplitude by two while keeping the noise floor constant at the analogue output.However, if this doubled amplitude exceeds the amount that can be represented with 16 bits, an arithmetic overflow occurs, audible as a very loud popping or cracking noise that occurs whenever the original signal crosses +16384/-16384 (the value of bit 14 lost in the bit shift).This bit shift is implemented differently between module generations. In first-generation modules, this bit shift is performed at the connection between the data bus and DAC:[5]Original (non-shifted) data bit # Connection\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Output of LA32 synthesizer chip\n15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Input to reverberation chip\n15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00—input to DAC\n| |\n| +- most significant data-carrying bit\n+- sign bitThis means that the reverberation chip will not \"see\" the overflow noise and thus not reverberate it. However, since bit 14 is dropped completely, the effective resolution is reduced to 15 bits, and since the DAC's least significant bit is not connected at all and thus not changing with the sign, additional one-bit noise is produced, audible at low signal levels.In second-generation modules, the bit shift is performed at the connection between the LA32 sound generation chip and the data bus:[9]Original (non-shifted) data bit # Connection\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 14 output of LA32 synthesizer chip\n15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 14 input to reverberation chip\n15 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 14 input to DAC\n| |\n| +- most significant data-carrying bit\n+- sign bitThis means that the reverberation chip will \"see\" the overflow noise and thus reverberate it. However, since the DAC's least significant bit is connected and does change with the sign, the sound quality is improved slightly over the earlier implementation.To prevent digital signal overflow and its audible result, the digital output volume must be kept low enough so that bit 14 will never be used. On the first generation MT-32, this can simply be done by selecting a lower main volume on the unit's front panel, which directly controls the software main volume setting, which in turn directly translates into the amplitude of the digital output signal. On later generation units, this does not work, as the main volume knob and the software main volume setting only modify the volume of the analogue output using voltage-controlled amplifiers and have little effect on the amplitude of the digital signal. To prevent signal overflow, each individual part's volume (controller #7) must be kept low instead.","title":"Sound quality problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"aftermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermarket_(merchandise)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anotherunknowntime.com-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anotherunknowntime.com-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"A third-party solution","text":"In the period of 1989 to 1993,[10] Robin Whittle of Real World Interfaces[11] offered aftermarket modifications to the MT-32 to address its sound quality issues, as well as improve the functionality of the reverberation unit, provide discrete analog outputs for the internal reverb send and reverb return, and provide battery backup of the MT-32's settings.[7]According to documentation written in 1990,[7] these modifications were only available for the first-generation MT-32, and not the later \"headphone\" model or any of the other MT-32 derivatives.Note that the RWI modifications were intended for those using the MT-32 professionally, and may cause some minor compatibility issues with video game soundtracks intended for a stock MT-32. In particular the changes to the reverb unit functionality will likely cause an RWI modified MT-32 to render reverberation differently from what was intended, with possibly detrimental effects.\nAdditionally an article in the Elektor magazine of December 1990 titled \"Digitally controlled mute circuit\"[12] by A. Ferndown detailed a mute circuit specially designed for use with the Roland MT-32 module. Article abstract mentions \"The mute circuit presented here Is specially designed for use with the Roland MT-32 module, although with some small alterations it should be suitable for use with other makes of expander er synthesizer. lt is intended to eliminate the noise that the expander produces after a note-off. This noise, which remains audible, becomes pretty irritating after a while when the expander is used at home. For studio use a noise gate is, of course, used\".","title":"Sound quality problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"buffer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow"}],"text":"First generation units, having control ROM versions below 2.00, require a 40 millisecond delay between system exclusive messages. Some computer games which were programmed to work with the compatible modules (see above) or later ROM versions that do not require this delay, fail to work with these units, producing incorrect sounds or causing the firmware to lock up due to a buffer overflow bug, requiring turning the unit off and on. However, some games were designed to exploit errors in earlier units, causing incorrect sound on later revisions.Also, some games were written to use instruments not found in the MT-32 models, and require a compatible module, such as a CM-32L, for proper sound playback.","title":"Compatibility problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de facto standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"computer game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"King's Quest IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Quest_IV"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"sample-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-based_synthesis"}],"text":"Despite its original purpose as a companion to other professional MIDI equipment, the MT-32 became one of several de facto standards for PC computer game publishers. Sierra On-Line, a leading PC game publisher of the time, took an interest in the sound-design of its PC games. Sierra secured a distribution deal to sell the MT-32 in the US, and invested heavily in giving its game titles (at the time) state-of-the-art sound by hiring professional composers to write in-game music. King's Quest IV, released in 1988, was the first Sierra title with a complete musical soundtrack scored on the MT-32.The MT-32 with a necessary MPU-401 interface cost $550.00 to purchase from Sierra when it first sold the device. Although the MT-32's high price prevented it from dominating the end-user market of players, other PC publishers quickly followed Sierra's lead, expanding the role of music in their own game titles with Roland supporting the industry by releasing CM modules for computer users. The MT-32 remained popular for musical composition well into the early 1990s, when the game-industry began to shift toward CD Audio. For a time, it was described as providing \"the most realistic sound available in computer gaming today\".[13]The proliferation of the General MIDI standard, along with competition from less expensive \"wavetable\" sample-based soundcards, led to the decline of musical soundtracks using the MT-32's proprietary features. Games that played General MIDI tracks on the MT-32 initialized the MT-32's sound bank to approximate the General MIDI Level 1 (GM1) specification, but avoided any of the MT-32's hallmark music-synthesis features, adhering to GM1's rather limited set of controllers.","title":"Music for PC games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Roland Sound Canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Sound_Canvas"},{"link_name":"Yamaha MU-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_MU-series"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Orchid Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid_Technology"},{"link_name":"digital signal processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_image"},{"link_name":"ROMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_model"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X"},{"link_name":"BSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"ScummVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScummVM"},{"link_name":"adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Roland Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi"},{"link_name":"Single-board computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer"},{"link_name":"Open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hardware emulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_emulation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Due to the popularity of the MT-32 as a music playback device for computer games, many modern sound cards provide a simple \"MT-32 emulation mode\",[citation needed] usually realized by way of a sound mapping comprised either of General MIDI instruments rearranged to roughly represent the MT-32's preset sound bank, or of samples directly recorded from the original unit. Later modules like most of the Roland Sound Canvas series, Yamaha MU-series and the Kawai GMega feature such limited MT-32 backwards compatibility modes. Results are often considered poor, as the sampling technology used can not reflect the pitch- and time-variable characteristics of the original synthesizer technology, and programming of custom sounds (see above[clarification needed]) is not being supported at all. One exception is the Orchid SoundWave 32 card released by Orchid Technology in 1994, whose on-board digital signal processor (DSP) allowed for a more faithful reproduction of the original sound characteristics.[citation needed]More recently, there have been attempts at emulating the LA synthesizer technology in software using images of the original PCM and control ROMs. The most notable of these emulators is the open-source project Munt,[14] which emulates the MT-32 hardware by way of a virtual device driver for Microsoft Windows, or a virtual MIDI device for OS X, BSD and Linux. It is also incorporated into ScummVM, an open-source adventure game interpreter, as of version 0.7.0. Munt is based on an earlier MT-32 Emulation Project,[15] which was the source of a short-lived legal argument over distribution of the original ROM images with Roland Corporation, who manufactured the MT-32 and claims copyright on the ROM's data.The Raspberry Pi Single-board computer has an Open-source software emulator called the mt-32 pi.[16] This project allows for Hardware emulation of the mt-32 by use of additional hardware. The project originally started as an emulation solution for the Roland MT-32 synth module, using the open-source Munt [17] emulation core.[18]Roland offers emulation of classic synthesizers via the Roland Cloud subscription service. Support for the D-50[19] was notably added in June 2017.[20]","title":"Emulation"}]

[{"image_text":"Back view of MT-32 (Old)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MT-32_f_gen.svg/300px-MT-32_f_gen.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Top view of MT-32 with cover removed (Old, Rev. 1 PCB)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roland_MT-32_Oldtype_Revision_1_PCB_View.jpg/300px-Roland_MT-32_Oldtype_Revision_1_PCB_View.jpg"},{"image_text":"Back view of MT-32 (New)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MT-32_s_gen.svg/300px-MT-32_s_gen.svg.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2010-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715201114/http://media.rolandus.com/manuals/MT-32_OM.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://media.rolandus.com/manuals/MT-32_OM.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2015-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629075439/http://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/midi.songs/unsorted/M/mt32gs.doc","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/midi.songs/unsorted/M/mt32gs.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cock-up corner\". Amiga Shopper. No. 7. October 1991. p. 11. ISSN 0961-7302. OCLC 925243798.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Amiga_Shopper_Issue_07_1991-11_Future_Publishing_GB#page/n9/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"Cock-up corner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-7302","url_text":"0961-7302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/925243798","url_text":"925243798"}]},{"reference":"\"List of roland mt-32 compatible hardware? \\ VOGONS\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogons.org/viewtopic.php?t=52209","url_text":"\"List of roland mt-32 compatible hardware? \\ VOGONS\""}]},{"reference":"\"E-20 Voice Board / MT-32 \\ VOGONS\". www.vogons.org. Retrieved 2022-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogons.org/viewtopic.php?t=30910","url_text":"\"E-20 Voice Board / MT-32 \\ VOGONS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Whittle's CV\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstpr.com.au/robin/cv.html","url_text":"\"Robin Whittle's CV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real World Interfaces\". Retrieved 2016-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstpr.com.au/rwi/","url_text":"\"Real World Interfaces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digitally controlled mute circuit\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elektormagazine.com/magazine/elektor-199012/32272","url_text":"\"Digitally controlled mute circuit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Munt\". 20 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sourceforge.net/projects/munt/","url_text":"\"Munt\""}]},{"reference":"\"MT-32 Emulation Project\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-01. Retrieved 2016-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120201231449/http://www.artworxinn.com/alex","url_text":"\"MT-32 Emulation Project\""},{"url":"http://www.artworxinn.com/alex/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"mt-32 pi\". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi","url_text":"\"mt-32 pi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"Munt source homepage\". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/munt/munt","url_text":"\"Munt source homepage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"mt-32 pi wiki\". GitHub. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi","url_text":"\"mt-32 pi wiki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"\"D-50 Linear Synthesizer Software Synthesizer\". Retrieved 2017-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rolandcloud.com/catalog/legendary/d-50-linear-synthesizer","url_text":"\"D-50 Linear Synthesizer Software Synthesizer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roland Releases D-50 Synth (In Roland Cloud)\". Retrieved 2017-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ask.audio/articles/roland-releases-d50-synth-in-roland-cloud","url_text":"\"Roland Releases D-50 Synth (In Roland Cloud)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Kuznetsov

Maxim Kuznetsov

["1 Playing career","2 Career statistics","3 External links"]

Russian ice hockey player (born 1977) For the Russian swimmer, born in 1982, see Maxim Kuznetsov (swimmer). Ice hockey player Maxim KuznetsovBorn (1977-03-24) March 24, 1977 (age 47)Pavlodar, Kazakh SSR, Soviet UnionHeight 6 ft 5 in (196 cm)Weight 240 lb (109 kg; 17 st 2 lb)Position DefenceShot LeftPlayed for Traktor ChelyabinskVityaz ChekhovAvangard OmskSKA Saint PetersburgDynamo Moscow Los Angeles Kings (NHL) Detroit Red Wings (NHL)NHL draft 26th overall, 1995Detroit Red WingsPlaying career 1995–2008 Maxim Romanovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Максим Романович Кузнецов; born March 24, 1977) is a Kazakhstani-born Russian former professional ice hockey player. Kuznetsov was drafted in the 1st round (26th overall) by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career After the 1995 draft, Kuznetsov played for the Dynamo Moscow before making the trip to North America. For two games in the 96–97 season and until the end of the 98–99 season he played for the Detroit Red Wings' AHL affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings. He followed this with a single season playing for the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks before being called up to the NHL in the 00–01 season. Unfortunately, a knee injury suffered in a game against Vancouver caused him to miss much of the remaining season. The following year he found his place with the Wings as a true defenceman and bolstered the already deep blueline, helping the Wings to win the Stanley Cup. He played 39 regular season games, but did not play in the playoffs. His name was left off the Stanley Cup, because he was two games short of 41 minimum required to be engraved on the cup. However, Detroit did award Maxim with a Stanley Cup Ring. In the latter part of the 02–03 season, Kuznetsov was traded to the Los Angeles Kings along with Sean Avery and two draft picks for Mathieu Schneider. Upon his arrival with the Kings organization, he spent the majority of his playing time with the team's AHL affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs. On June 7, 2004 Kuznetsov signed as a free agent with Dynamo Moscow (due to the NHL lockout) once again. After playing only ten games for Moscow he was released and then signed as a free agent by SKA Saint Petersburg where he continued to contribute with his hard lined defensive play. Career statistics     Regular season   Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1993–94 Dynamo–2 Moscow RUS.2 32 4 4 8 62 — — — — — 1994–95 Dynamo Moscow IHL 11 0 0 0 8 — — — — — 1994–95 Dynamo–2 Moscow RUS.2 36 4 7 11 75 — — — — — 1995–96 Dynamo Moscow IHL 9 1 1 2 22 4 0 0 0 0 1995–96 Dynamo–2 Moscow RUS.2 28 6 7 13 28 — — — — — 1996–97 Dynamo Moscow RSL 23 0 2 2 16 — — — — — 1996–97 Dynamo–2 Moscow RUS.3 4 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 1996–97 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 2 0 1 1 6 2 0 0 0 0 1997–98 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 51 5 5 10 43 3 0 1 1 4 1998–99 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 60 0 4 4 30 3 0 0 0 0 1999–2000 Cincinnati Mighty Ducks AHL 47 2 9 11 36 — — — — — 2000–01 Detroit Red Wings NHL 25 1 2 3 23 — — — — — 2001–02 Detroit Red Wings NHL 39 1 2 3 40 — — — — — 2001–02 Cincinnati Mighty Ducks AHL 7 1 0 1 4 — — — — — 2002–03 Detroit Red Wings NHL 53 0 3 3 54 — — — — — 2002–03 Los Angeles Kings NHL 3 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 2003–04 Los Angeles Kings NHL 16 0 1 1 20 — — — — — 2003–04 Manchester Monarchs AHL 39 2 8 10 57 2 0 0 0 4 2004–05 Dynamo Moscow RSL 10 0 0 0 24 — — — — — 2004–05 SKA St. Petersburg RSL 34 4 6 10 72 — — — — — 2005–06 Avangard Omsk RSL 6 0 1 1 6 — — — — — 2005–06 Avangard–2 Omsk RUS.3 2 0 0 0 12 — — — — — 2005–06 SKA St. Petersburg RSL 15 1 0 1 26 3 0 0 0 4 2006–07 SKA St. Petersburg RSL 14 0 1 1 12 — — — — — 2006–07 SKA–2 St. Petersburg RUS.3 29 4 10 14 66 — — — — — 2007–08 Vityaz Chekhov RSL 31 2 1 3 67 — — — — — 2007–08 Vityaz–2 Podolsk RUS.3 9 2 2 4 4 — — — — — 2008–09 Traktor Chelyabinsk KHL 10 0 0 0 16 — — — — — RSL totals 133 7 11 18 223 3 0 0 0 4 AHL totals 206 10 27 37 176 10 0 1 1 8 NHL totals 136 2 8 10 137 — — — — — External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database Preceded byYan Golubovsky Detroit Red Wingsfirst round draft pick 1995 Succeeded byJesse Wallin

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxim Kuznetsov (swimmer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Kuznetsov_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"1995 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NHL_Entry_Draft"}],"text":"For the Russian swimmer, born in 1982, see Maxim Kuznetsov (swimmer).Ice hockey playerMaxim Romanovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Максим Романович Кузнецов; born March 24, 1977) is a Kazakhstani-born Russian former professional ice hockey player. Kuznetsov was drafted in the 1st round (26th overall) by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft.","title":"Maxim Kuznetsov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"AHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Mighty Ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Mighty_Ducks"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"Sean Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Avery"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Manchester Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Monarchs_(AHL)"}],"text":"After the 1995 draft, Kuznetsov played for the Dynamo Moscow before making the trip to North America. For two games in the 96–97 season and until the end of the 98–99 season he played for the Detroit Red Wings' AHL affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings. He followed this with a single season playing for the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks before being called up to the NHL in the 00–01 season. Unfortunately, a knee injury suffered in a game against Vancouver caused him to miss much of the remaining season. The following year he found his place with the Wings as a true defenceman and bolstered the already deep blueline, helping the Wings to win the Stanley Cup. He played 39 regular season games, but did not play in the playoffs. His name was left off the Stanley Cup, because he was two games short of 41 minimum required to be engraved on the cup. However, Detroit did award Maxim with a Stanley Cup Ring.In the latter part of the 02–03 season, Kuznetsov was traded to the Los Angeles Kings along with Sean Avery and two draft picks for Mathieu Schneider. Upon his arrival with the Kings organization, he spent the majority of his playing time with the team's AHL affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs.On June 7, 2004 Kuznetsov signed as a free agent with Dynamo Moscow (due to the NHL lockout) once again. After playing only ten games for Moscow he was released and then signed as a free agent by SKA Saint Petersburg where he continued to contribute with his hard lined defensive play.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]

[]

[]

[{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8462056","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=20554&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/k/kuznema01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=14463","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huahuiyuan_station

Huahuiyuan station

["1 Station structure","2 References"]

Rail station in China Huahuiyuan花卉园General informationLocationChongqingChinaOperated byChongqing Rail Transit Corp., LtdLine(s)     Line 6Platforms2 (1 island platform)ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundOther informationStation code6/13HistoryOpened28 September 2012; 11 years ago (2012-09-28)Services Preceding station Chongqing Rail Transit Following station Hongqihegoutowards Chayuan Line 6 Dalongshantowards Beibei Huahuiyuan is a station on Line 6 of Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing Municipality, China. It is located in Yubei District. It opened in 2012. Station structure B1Concourse Exits, Customer service, Vending machines B2Platforms      Line 6 to Beibei (Dalongshan) Island platform      Line 6 to Chayuan (Hongqihegou) References ^ a b "重庆轨道交通运营线网图". cqmetro.cn. ^ 重庆市轨道交通 Archived March 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Transportation in Chongqing vteChongqing Rail Transit stationsLine 6Main Chayuan Qiujiawan Changshengqiao Liujiaping Shangxinjie Loop Xiaoshizi 1 Grand Theater Jiangbeicheng 9 Wulidian 9 Loop Hongtudi 10 Huangnibang Hongqihegou 3 Huahuiyuan Dalongshan 5 Ranjiaba 5 Loop Guangdianyuan Dazhulin Kangzhuang Jiuquhe Lijia Jinshansi Caojiawan Caijia Xiangjiagang Longfengxi Zhuangyuanbei Southwest University Beibei InternationalExpo Branch Lijia Happy Valley Huangmaoping Gaoyikou International Expo Center Yuelai 10 Wangjiazhuang 10 Qingxihe Liujiayuanzi Siyuan Fuxing Hongyanping Shaheba Note: Stations in Italic are under construction. This article about a railway station in Chongqing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooding_Eyes

Brooding Eyes

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]

1926 film Brooding EyesDirected byEdward LeSaintWritten byPierre GendronMary Alice ScullyBased onThe Man with the Brooding Eyesby John Goodwin (pen name of Sidney Floyd Gowing)StarringLionel BarrymoreRuth CliffordRobert EllisProductioncompanyBanner ProductionsDistributed byHenry Ginsberg Distributing CompanyRelease date March 15, 1926 (1926-03-15) Running time60 min.CountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) Brooding Eyes is a 1926 American silent crime film directed by Edward LeSaint and starring Lionel Barrymore, Ruth Clifford, and Robert Ellis. Plot As described in a film magazine review, Slim Jim Carey, a titled nobleman who is also the leader of a band of crooks, is reported dead and leaves proof of his daughter’s claim to the estate with his henchmen. Not trusting them, he spies on them from behind his own portrait. With the aid of the man who loves his daughter, he frustrates their plots to get the money in the estate, and is caught by the police just as he is shot. Dying, he reveals his identity to the young man, but not to his daughter. Cast Lionel Barrymore as Slim Jim Carey Ruth Clifford as Joan Ayre Robert Ellis as Phillip Mott Montagu Love as Pat Callaghan William V. Mong as Slaney Lucien Littlefield as Bell John Miljan as Drummond Dot Farley as Marie De Costa Alma Bennett as Agnes De Costa References ^ Munden p. 94 ^ "New Pictures: Brooding Eyes". Exhibitors Herald. 24 (13). Chicago: Exhibitors Herald Co.: 66 March 13, 1926. Retrieved April 10, 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Bibliography Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997. External links Brooding Eyes at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Edward LeSaint Jim's Atonement (1912) Hearts in Conflict (1912) A Just Punishment (1914) His Father's Rifle (1914) Lord John's Journal (1915) Lord John in New York (1915) The Grey Sisterhood (1916) Three Fingered Jenny (1916) The League of the Future (1916) The Soul of Kura San (1916) The Three Godfathers (1916) The Jackals of a Great City (1916) The Honorable Friend (1916) Cupid's Round Up (1916) The Victoria Cross (1916) The Golden Fetter (1917) Each to His Kind (1917) Fighting Mad (1917) The Heir of the Ages (1917) The Lonesome Chap (1917) The Squaw Man's Son (1917) Painted Lips (1918) The Wolf and His Mate (1918) Nobody's Wife (1918) The Speed Maniac (1919) The Feud (1919) The Mother of His Children (1920) Merely Mary Ann (1920) Two Moons (1920) The Sleepwalker (1922) Only a Shop Girl (1922) More to Be Pitied Than Scorned (1923) Yesterday's Wife (1923) Temptation (1923) The Marriage Market (1923) Innocence (1923) Discontented Husbands (1924) Pal o' Mine (1924) Three Keys (1925) The Love Gamble (1925) Speed (1925) The Unwritten Law (1925) Brooding Eyes (1926) The Millionaire Policeman (1926) This article about a silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Language","4 Economics","5 History","6 Legacy","7 Works","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]

18th-century French philosopher Etienne Bonnot de CondillacEtienne Bonnot de CondillacBorn(1714-09-30)30 September 1714Grenoble, Kingdom of FranceDied2 August 1780(1780-08-02) (aged 65)Lailly-en-Val, Kingdom of FranceEraModern philosophy Age of Enlightenment RegionWestern philosophy French philosophy SchoolEmpiricismMain interestsPsychology, philosophy of mind, epistemology Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (UK: /ˌɛtiˈɛn ˈbɒnoʊ də ˈkɒndiæk/ ET-ee-EN BON-oh də KON-dee-ak, French: ; 30 September 1714 – 2 August or 3 August 1780) was a French philosopher, epistemologist, and Catholic priest, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind. Biography He was born at Grenoble into a legal family, the youngest of three brothers. His two older brothers Jean and Gabriel took names associated with one of the family's properties at Mably, Loire, and were each known as "Bonnot de Mably". Étienne identified with another property at Condillac, Drôme, was known as "Bonnot de Condillac". Like his brother Gabriel, Condillac took holy orders (1733–1740) at Saint-Sulpice church in Paris. He was appointed as Abbot of Mureau. Birthplace of de Condillac in 13 Grande Rue à Grenoble Condillac devoted his whole life, with the exception of an interval as a court-appointed tutor to the court of Parma, to speculative thought. His works are: Essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines (1746); Traité des systèmes (1749); Traité des sensations (1754); Traité des animaux (1755); a comprehensive Cours d'études (1767–1773) in 13 vols., written for the young Duke Ferdinand of Parma, a grandson of Louis XV; Le Commerce et le gouvernement, considérés relativement l'un a l'autre (1776); and two posthumous works, Logique (1781) and the unfinished Langue des calculs (1798). In Paris, Condillac was involved with the circle of Denis Diderot, the philosopher who was co-contributor to the Encyclopédie. He developed a friendship with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which lasted in some measure to the end of his life. It likely started when Rousseau was a tutor to two of his brother Jean's sons in Lyon—Jean Bonnot de Mably was then provost of the police and known as Monsieur de Mably. Together with his brother Gabriel, who became the well-known political writer known as Abbé de Mably, Condillac introduced Rousseau to an intellectual circle. Condillac's relations with unorthodox philosophers did not injure his career. He had already published several works when the French court sent him to Parma to educate the orphan duke, then a child of seven years. On his return from Italy, Condillac was elected to the Académie française in 1768. Contrary to the popular idea that he attended only one meeting, he was a frequent attendee until two years before his death. He spent his later years in retirement at Flux, a small property which he had purchased near Beaugency on the river Loire. He died there on 2 or 3 August 1780. Work Condillac is important both as a psychologist and as having established systematically in France the principles of John Locke. Voltaire had made the English philosopher fashionable. Condillac developed his concept of empirical sensationism, and demonstrated "lucidity, brevity, moderation, and an earnest striving after logical method." His first book, the Essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines, keeps close to his English master. He accepts with some reluctance Locke's deduction of our knowledge from two sources, sensation and reflection. He uses as his main principle of explanation the association of ideas. His next book, the Traité des systèmes, is a vigorous criticism of those modern systems which are based upon abstract principles or upon unsound hypotheses. His polemic, which is inspired throughout by Locke, is directed against the innate ideas of the Cartesians, Malebranche's faculty-psychology, Leibniz's monadism and pre-established harmony, and, above all, against the conception of substance set forth in the first part of the Ethics of Baruch Spinoza. By far the most important of his works is the Traité des sensations, in which Condillac treats psychology in his own characteristic way. He questioned Locke's doctrine that the senses give us intuitive knowledge of objects, that the eye, for example, naturally judges shapes, sizes, positions, and distances. He believed it was necessary to study the senses separately, to distinguish precisely what ideas are owed to each sense, to observe how the senses are trained, and how one sense aids another. He believed that the conclusion has to be that all human faculty and knowledge are transformed sensation only, to the exclusion of any other principle, such as reflection. The author imagines a statue organized inwardly like a man, animated by a soul which has never received an idea, into which no sense-impression has ever penetrated. He unlocks its senses one by one, beginning with smell, as the sense that contributes least to human knowledge. At its first experience of smell, the consciousness of the statue is entirely occupied by it; and this occupancy of consciousness is attention. The statue's smell-experience will produce pleasure or pain; and pleasure and pain will thenceforward be the master-principle which, determining all the operations of its mind, will raise it by degrees to all the knowledge of which it is capable. The next stage is memory, which is the lingering impression of the smell experience upon the attention: "memory is nothing more than a mode of feeling." From memory springs comparison: the statue experiences the smell, say, of a rose, while remembering that of a carnation; and "comparison is nothing more than giving one's attention to two things simultaneously." And "as soon as the statue has comparison it has judgment." Comparisons and judgments become habitual, are stored in the mind and formed into series, and thus arises the powerful principle of the association of ideas. From comparison of past and present experiences in respect of their pleasure-giving quality arises desire; it is desire that determines the operation of our faculties, stimulates the memory and imagination, and gives rise to the passions. The passions, also, are nothing but sensation transformed. These indications will suffice to show the general course of the argument in the first section of the Traité des sensations. He thoroughly developed this idea through the subsequent chapters: "Of the Ideas of a Man limited to the Sense of Smell," "Of a Man limited to the Sense of Hearing," "Of Smell and Hearing combined," "Of Taste by itself, and of Taste combined with Smell and Hearing," "Of a Man limited to the Sense of Sight." In the second section of the treatise, Condillac invests his statue with the sense of touch, which first informs it of the existence of external objects. In a very careful and elaborate analysis, he distinguishes the various elements in our tactile experiences-the touching of one's own body, the touching of objects other than one's own body, the experience of movement, the exploration of surfaces by the hands: he traces the growth of the statue's perceptions of extension, distance and shape. The third section deals with the combination of touch with the other senses. The fourth section deals with the desires, activities and ideas of an isolated man who enjoys possession of all the senses; and ends with observations on a "wild boy" who was found living among bears in the forests of Lithuania. The conclusion of the whole work is that in the natural order of things, everything has its source in sensation, and yet that this source is not equally abundant in all men; men differ greatly in the degree of vividness with which they feel. Finally, he says that man is nothing but what he has acquired; all innate faculties and ideas are to be swept away. Modern theories of evolution and heredity have differed from this. Condillac's work on politics and history, in his Cours d'études, is considered of less interest. In logic, on which he wrote extensively, he is far less successful than in psychology. He enlarges with much iteration on the supremacy of the analytic method; argues that reasoning consists in the substitution of one proposition for another which is identical with it; and lays it down that science is the same thing as a well-constructed language, a proposition which in his Langue des calculs, he tries to prove by the example of arithmetic. His logic is limited by his study of sensations and lack of knowledge of science other than mathematics. He rejects the medieval apparatus of the syllogism; but is precluded by his standpoint from understanding the active, spiritual character of thought; nor had he that interest in natural science and appreciation of inductive reasoning which form the chief merit of J. S. Mill. Some might claim that Condillac's anti-spiritual psychology, with its explanation of personality as an aggregate of sensations, leads straight to atheism and determinism. However, he denies both these consequences. What he says upon religion is always in harmony with his profession; and he vindicated the freedom of the will in a dissertation that has very little in common with the Traité des sensations to which it is appended. The common reproach of materialism should certainly not be made against him. He always asserts the substantive reality of the soul; and in the opening words of his Essai, "Whether we rise to heaven, or descend to the abyss, we never get outside ourselves—it is always our own thoughts that we perceive," we have the subjectivist principle that forms the starting-point of Berkeley. Language Condillac considered language as the vehicle by which senses and emotions were transformed into higher mental faculties. He believed that the structure of language reflects the structure of thought, and compared ideas to the sounds of a harpsichord. His theories had a major effect on the development of linguistics. Condillac promoted "sensationalism," a theory that says all knowledge comes from the senses and there are no innate ideas. Condillac promoted an expressionist theory of linguistic creation that anticipates the prime features of later thoughts about language by German theorist Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803). Economics Condillac's 'Le Commerce et le Gouvernement' (published in 1776, the same year as Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations) attempted to place economics in a coherent logical framework. He was a friend of François Quesnay – leader of the Physiocrats. Much of Condillac's work reflected mainstream Physiocrats, particularly his analysis of the structure of taxation and proposals for the revival of the economy, but he also proposed another line of argument, claiming that producers work to obtain utility. Most physiocrats rejected utility and the idea was ignored until his 'rediscovery' by Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger in 1871. In his theory of "vrai prix" , Condillac proposed a theory of human history divided into two phases: progress and decline. Progress is marked by a rational development and use of resources; decline is precipitated by bad behavior from the upper classes that then trickles down to the workers, encouraging excess, luxury, and false prices that harm the masses. Condillac saw the remedy to this as "vrai prix," a true price created by the unimpeded interaction of supply and demand, to be achieved by complete deregulation. People would be taught to work toward their best interest in an open market through a reshaping of their perceptions. By advocating of a free market economy in contrast to the prevailing contemporary policy of state control in France, Condillac influenced classical liberal economics. History Condillac's Histoire ancienne and Histoire moderne (1758–1767) demonstrated how the experience and observation of the past aided man. History was not a mere retelling of the past, but a source of information and inspiration as well. Reason and critical thinking can improve man's lot and destroy superstition and fanaticism. History thus served as a moral, political, and philosophical textbook which taught man to live better. Thus the two histories present the basic program of the Enlightenment in crystallized form. Legacy As was fitting to a disciple of Locke, Condillac's ideas have had most importance in their effect upon English thought. In matters connected with the association of ideas, the supremacy of pleasure and pain, and the general explanation of all mental contents as sensations or transformed sensations, his influence can be traced upon the Mills and upon Bain and Herbert Spencer. And, apart from any definite propositions, Condillac did a notable work in the direction of making psychology a science; it is a great step from the desultory, genial observation of Locke to the rigorous analysis of Condillac, short-sighted and defective as that analysis may seem to us in the light of fuller knowledge. His method, however, of imaginative reconstruction was by no means suited to English ways of thinking. In spite of his protests against abstraction, hypothesis and synthesis, his allegory of the statue is in the highest degree abstract, hypothetical and synthetic. James Mill, who stood more by the study of concrete realities, put Condillac into the hands of his youthful son with the warning that here was an example of what to avoid in the method of psychology. A modern historian has compared Condillac with Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and pre-evolutionary thinker Lord Monboddo, who had a similar fascination with abstraction and ideas. In France Condillac's doctrine, so congenial to the tone of 18th century philosophism, reigned in the schools for over fifty years, challenged only by a few who, like Maine de Biran, saw that it gave no sufficient account of volitional experience. Early in the 19th century, the romantic awakening of Germany had spread to France, and sensationism was displaced by the eclectic spiritualism of Victor Cousin. Condillac's collected works were published in 1798 (23 vols.) and two or three times subsequently; the last edition (1822) has an introductory dissertation by A. F. Théry. The Encyclopédie méthodique has a very long article on Condillac by Naigeon. Biographical details and criticism of the Traité des systèmes in J. P. Damiron's Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire de to philosophie au dixhuitieme siècle, tome iii.; a full criticism in V Cousin's Cours de l'histoire de la philosophie moderne, ser. i. tome iii. Consult also F Rethoré, Condillac ou l'empirisme et le rationalisme (1864); L Dewaule, Condillac et la psychologie anglaise contemporaine (1891); histories of philosophy. In Condillac's statue, a chapter in A Mind So Rare: The evolution of human consciousness, psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist Merlin Donald argues that Condillac was the first constructivist. In the short story "Condillac's Statue, or Wrens in his Head", science fiction writer R. A. Lafferty brings the allegory of Condillac's statue to life, having Condillac build the statue in a park in the French countryside, and then slowly turning the statue's senses on one at a time. Works M. l'Abbé de Condillac (1786). Le commerce et le gouvernement considérés relativement l'un à l'autre (in French). Amsterdam: Jombert & Cellot. Retrieved 5 March 2015. M. l'Abbé de Condillac (1780). La logique, ou Les premiers développements de l'art de penser (in French). Paris. Retrieved 5 March 2015. Condillac (1947–1951). Le Roy, Georges (ed.). Œuvres philosophiques de Condillac. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Etienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac (1987). Philosophical Writings of Etienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum. Notes ^ a b "Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1714-1780)". data.bnf.fr. ^ a b "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Etienne Bonnot de Condillac". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ a b Falkenstein, Lorne; Grandi, Giovanni (2017). "Étienne Bonnot de Condillac". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ a b Sturt 1911, p. 849. ^ Sturt 1911, pp. 849–850. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturt 1911, p. 850. ^ George Albert Wells, The Origin of Language: Aspects of the Discussion from Condillac to Wundt (1987) ^ Orain (2006) ^ Sturt 1911, pp. 850–851. ^ Hobbs, Catherine, Rhetoric on the Margin of Modernity, Vico, Condillac, Monboddo, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois (2002) ^ a b Sturt 1911, p. 851. ^ Donald, Merlin (2002). A mind so rare : the evolution of human consciousness. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32319-1. OCLC 53438156. References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Sturt, Henry (1911). "Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 849–851. Further reading Hine, Ellen McNiven (1979). A Critical Study of Condillac's Traité des Systèmes. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-94-009-9291-7. Knight, Isabel F. (1968). The Geometric Spirit: The Abbe de Condillac and the French Enlightenment. New Haven: Yale University Press. Orain, Arnaud. "Directing or Reforming Behaviors? A Discussion of Condillac's Theory of 'Vrai Prix'." History of Political Economy 2006 38(3): 497–530. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Étienne Bonnot de Condillac. Falkenstein, Lorne; Grandi, Giovanni. "Étienne Bonnot de Condillac". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Etienne Bonnot de Condillac" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, An Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge, Being a Supplement to Mr. Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, Translated by Thomas Nugent (London: J. Nourse, 1756). Facsimile ed., introd. Robert G. Weyant, 1971, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1090-5. Traité de l'art d'écrire correctement la langue française (Paris: Dufart, 1812) Media related to Étienne Bonnot de Condillac at Wikimedia Commons vteAcadémie française seat 31 Pierre de Boissat (1634) Antoine Furetière (1662) Jean de La Chapelle (1688) Pierre-Joseph Thoulier d'Olivet (1723) Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1768) Louis-Élisabeth de La Vergne de Tressan (1780) Jean Sylvain Bailly (1783) Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1803) Gérard de Lally-Tollendal (1816) Jean-Baptiste Sanson de Pongerville (1830) Xavier Marmier (1870) Henri de Bornier (1893) Edmond Rostand (1901) Joseph Bédier (1920) Jérôme Tharaud (1938) Jean Cocteau (1955) Jacques Rueff (1964) Jean Dutourd (1978) Michael Edwards (2013) vteAge of EnlightenmentTopics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Classicism Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Haskalah Humanism Human rights Individualism Liberalism Liberté, égalité, fraternité Lumières Methodological skepticism Midlands Modernity Natural philosophy Objectivity Progressivism Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Spanish America Universality Utopianism ThinkersEngland Addison Ashley-Cooper Bacon Bentham Collins Gibbon Godwin Harrington Hooke Johnson Locke Milton Newton Pope Price Priestley Reynolds Sidney Tindal Wollstonecraft France d'Alembert d'Argenson Bayle Beaumarchais Chamfort Châtelet Condillac Condorcet Descartes Diderot Fontenelle Gouges Helvétius d'Holbach Jaucourt La Mettrie Lavoisier Leclerc Mably Maréchal Meslier Montesquieu Morelly Pascal Quesnay Raynal Sade Turgot Voltaire Geneva Abauzit Bonnet Burlamaqui Prévost Rousseau Saussure Germany Goethe Herder Humboldt Kant Leibniz Lessing Lichtenberg Mendelssohn Pufendorf Schiller Thomasius Weishaupt Wieland Wolff Greece Farmakidis Feraios Kairis Korais Ireland Berkeley Boyle Burke Swift Toland Italy Beccaria Galiani Galvani Genovesi Pagano Verri Vico Netherlands Bekker de la Court Grotius Huygens Koerbagh Leeuwenhoek Mandeville Meyer Nieuwentyt Spinoza Swammerdam Poland Kołłątaj Konarski Krasicki Niemcewicz Poniatowski Śniadecki Staszic Wybicki Portugal Carvalho e Melo Romania Budai-Deleanu Maior Micu-Klein Șincai Russia Catherine II Fonvizin Kantemir Kheraskov Lomonosov Novikov Radishchev Vorontsova-Dashkova Serbia Obradović Mrazović Spain Cadalso Charles III Feijóo y Montenegro Moratín Jovellanos Villarroel Scotland Beattie Black Blair Boswell Burnett Burns Cullen Ferguson Hume Hutcheson Hutton Mill Newton Playfair Reid Smith Stewart United States Franklin Jefferson Madison Mason Paine Romanticism → Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain 2 France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/ˌɛtiˈɛn ˈbɒnoʊ də ˈkɒndiæk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"ET-ee-EN BON-oh də KON-dee-ak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[etjɛn bɔno də kɔ̃dijak]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bd-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newadvent.org-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanford-3"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"epistemologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemologist"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"philosophy of the mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind"}],"text":"Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (UK: /ˌɛtiˈɛn ˈbɒnoʊ də ˈkɒndiæk/ ET-ee-EN BON-oh də KON-dee-ak,[citation needed] French: [etjɛn bɔno də kɔ̃dijak]; 30 September 1714 – 2 August[1] or 3 August[2][3] 1780) was a French philosopher, epistemologist, and Catholic priest, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind.","title":"Étienne Bonnot de Condillac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble"},{"link_name":"Mably, Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mably,_Loire"},{"link_name":"Condillac, Drôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condillac,_Dr%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Saint-Sulpice church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sulpice_church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911849-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condillac,_13_Grand_Rue_-_Grenoble.JPG"},{"link_name":"court of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911849-4"},{"link_name":"Duke Ferdinand of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Denis Diderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot"},{"link_name":"Encyclopédie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911849%E2%80%93850-5"},{"link_name":"Abbé de Mably","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_de_Mably"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Beaugency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaugency"},{"link_name":"Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bd-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newadvent.org-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanford-3"}],"text":"He was born at Grenoble into a legal family, the youngest of three brothers. His two older brothers Jean and Gabriel took names associated with one of the family's properties at Mably, Loire, and were each known as \"Bonnot de Mably\". Étienne identified with another property at Condillac, Drôme, was known as \"Bonnot de Condillac\". Like his brother Gabriel, Condillac took holy orders (1733–1740) at Saint-Sulpice church in Paris. He was appointed as Abbot of Mureau.[4]Birthplace of de Condillac in 13 Grande Rue à GrenobleCondillac devoted his whole life, with the exception of an interval as a court-appointed tutor to the court of Parma, to speculative thought. His works are:[4]Essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines (1746);\nTraité des systèmes (1749);\nTraité des sensations (1754);\nTraité des animaux (1755);\na comprehensive Cours d'études (1767–1773) in 13 vols., written for the young Duke Ferdinand of Parma, a grandson of Louis XV;\nLe Commerce et le gouvernement, considérés relativement l'un a l'autre (1776); and two posthumous works,\nLogique (1781) and the unfinished Langue des calculs (1798).In Paris, Condillac was involved with the circle of Denis Diderot, the philosopher who was co-contributor to the Encyclopédie. He developed a friendship with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which lasted in some measure to the end of his life. It likely started when Rousseau was a tutor to two of his brother Jean's sons in Lyon[5]—Jean Bonnot de Mably was then provost of the police and known as Monsieur de Mably. Together with his brother Gabriel, who became the well-known political writer known as Abbé de Mably, Condillac introduced Rousseau to an intellectual circle.[citation needed]Condillac's relations with unorthodox philosophers did not injure his career. He had already published several works when the French court sent him to Parma to educate the orphan duke, then a child of seven years.[6]On his return from Italy, Condillac was elected to the Académie française in 1768. Contrary to the popular idea that he attended only one meeting, he was a frequent attendee until two years before his death. He spent his later years in retirement at Flux, a small property which he had purchased near Beaugency on the river Loire. He died there on 2[6][1] or 3[2][3] August 1780.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"John Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism"},{"link_name":"Cartesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes"},{"link_name":"Malebranche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche"},{"link_name":"Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"monadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadism"},{"link_name":"Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)"},{"link_name":"Baruch Spinoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"wild boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_child"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"syllogism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism"},{"link_name":"J. S. Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850-6"}],"text":"Condillac is important both as a psychologist and as having established systematically in France the principles of John Locke. Voltaire had made the English philosopher fashionable. Condillac developed his concept of empirical sensationism, and demonstrated \"lucidity, brevity, moderation, and an earnest striving after logical method.\"[6]His first book, the Essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines, keeps close to his English master. He accepts with some reluctance Locke's deduction of our knowledge from two sources, sensation and reflection. He uses as his main principle of explanation the association of ideas.[6]His next book, the Traité des systèmes, is a vigorous criticism of those modern systems which are based upon abstract principles or upon unsound hypotheses. His polemic, which is inspired throughout by Locke, is directed against the innate ideas of the Cartesians, Malebranche's faculty-psychology, Leibniz's monadism and pre-established harmony, and, above all, against the conception of substance set forth in the first part of the Ethics of Baruch Spinoza.[6]By far the most important of his works is the Traité des sensations, in which Condillac treats psychology in his own characteristic way. He questioned Locke's doctrine that the senses give us intuitive knowledge of objects, that the eye, for example, naturally judges shapes, sizes, positions, and distances. He believed it was necessary to study the senses separately, to distinguish precisely what ideas are owed to each sense, to observe how the senses are trained, and how one sense aids another. He believed that the conclusion has to be that all human faculty and knowledge are transformed sensation only, to the exclusion of any other principle, such as reflection.[6]The author imagines a statue organized inwardly like a man, animated by a soul which has never received an idea, into which no sense-impression has ever penetrated. He unlocks its senses one by one, beginning with smell, as the sense that contributes least to human knowledge. At its first experience of smell, the consciousness of the statue is entirely occupied by it; and this occupancy of consciousness is attention. The statue's smell-experience will produce pleasure or pain; and pleasure and pain will thenceforward be the master-principle which, determining all the operations of its mind, will raise it by degrees to all the knowledge of which it is capable. The next stage is memory, which is the lingering impression of the smell experience upon the attention: \"memory is nothing more than a mode of feeling.\" From memory springs comparison: the statue experiences the smell, say, of a rose, while remembering that of a carnation; and \"comparison is nothing more than giving one's attention to two things simultaneously.\" And \"as soon as the statue has comparison it has judgment.\" Comparisons and judgments become habitual, are stored in the mind and formed into series, and thus arises the powerful principle of the association of ideas. From comparison of past and present experiences in respect of their pleasure-giving quality arises desire; it is desire that determines the operation of our faculties, stimulates the memory and imagination, and gives rise to the passions. The passions, also, are nothing but sensation transformed.[6]These indications will suffice to show the general course of the argument in the first section of the Traité des sensations. He thoroughly developed this idea through the subsequent chapters: \"Of the Ideas of a Man limited to the Sense of Smell,\" \"Of a Man limited to the Sense of Hearing,\" \"Of Smell and Hearing combined,\" \"Of Taste by itself, and of Taste combined with Smell and Hearing,\" \"Of a Man limited to the Sense of Sight.\"[6]In the second section of the treatise, Condillac invests his statue with the sense of touch, which first informs it of the existence of external objects. In a very careful and elaborate analysis, he distinguishes the various elements in our tactile experiences-the touching of one's own body, the touching of objects other than one's own body, the experience of movement, the exploration of surfaces by the hands: he traces the growth of the statue's perceptions of extension, distance and shape. The third section deals with the combination of touch with the other senses. The fourth section deals with the desires, activities and ideas of an isolated man who enjoys possession of all the senses; and ends with observations on a \"wild boy\" who was found living among bears in the forests of Lithuania.[6]The conclusion of the whole work is that in the natural order of things, everything has its source in sensation, and yet that this source is not equally abundant in all men; men differ greatly in the degree of vividness with which they feel. Finally, he says that man is nothing but what he has acquired; all innate faculties and ideas are to be swept away. Modern theories of evolution and heredity have differed from this.[6]Condillac's work on politics and history, in his Cours d'études, is considered of less interest. In logic, on which he wrote extensively, he is far less successful than in psychology. He enlarges with much iteration on the supremacy of the analytic method; argues that reasoning consists in the substitution of one proposition for another which is identical with it; and lays it down that science is the same thing as a well-constructed language, a proposition which in his Langue des calculs, he tries to prove by the example of arithmetic. His logic is limited by his study of sensations and lack of knowledge of science other than mathematics. He rejects the medieval apparatus of the syllogism; but is precluded by his standpoint from understanding the active, spiritual character of thought; nor had he that interest in natural science and appreciation of inductive reasoning which form the chief merit of J. S. Mill. Some might claim that Condillac's anti-spiritual psychology, with its explanation of personality as an aggregate of sensations, leads straight to atheism and determinism. However, he denies both these consequences. What he says upon religion is always in harmony with his profession; and he vindicated the freedom of the will in a dissertation that has very little in common with the Traité des sensations to which it is appended. The common reproach of materialism should certainly not be made against him. He always asserts the substantive reality of the soul; and in the opening words of his Essai, \"Whether we rise to heaven, or descend to the abyss, we never get outside ourselves—it is always our own thoughts that we perceive,\" we have the subjectivist principle that forms the starting-point of Berkeley.[6]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sensationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensualism"},{"link_name":"Johann Gottfried Herder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Condillac considered language as the vehicle by which senses and emotions were transformed into higher mental faculties. He believed that the structure of language reflects the structure of thought, and compared ideas to the sounds of a harpsichord. His theories had a major effect on the development of linguistics.[citation needed]Condillac promoted \"sensationalism,\" a theory that says all knowledge comes from the senses and there are no innate ideas. Condillac promoted an expressionist theory of linguistic creation that anticipates the prime features of later thoughts about language by German theorist Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803).[7]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Wealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry_into_the_Nature_and_Causes_of_the_Wealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"François Quesnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay"},{"link_name":"Physiocrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiocrats"},{"link_name":"Stanley Jevons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Jevons"},{"link_name":"Carl Menger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Menger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"classical liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Condillac's 'Le Commerce et le Gouvernement' (published in 1776, the same year as Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations) attempted to place economics in a coherent logical framework. He was a friend of François Quesnay – leader of the Physiocrats. Much of Condillac's work reflected mainstream Physiocrats, particularly his analysis of the structure of taxation and proposals for the revival of the economy, but he also proposed another line of argument, claiming that producers work to obtain utility. Most physiocrats rejected utility and the idea was ignored until his 'rediscovery' by Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger in 1871.[citation needed]In his theory of \"vrai prix\" [true price], Condillac proposed a theory of human history divided into two phases: progress and decline. Progress is marked by a rational development and use of resources; decline is precipitated by bad behavior from the upper classes that then trickles down to the workers, encouraging excess, luxury, and false prices that harm the masses. Condillac saw the remedy to this as \"vrai prix,\" a true price created by the unimpeded interaction of supply and demand, to be achieved by complete deregulation. People would be taught to work toward their best interest in an open market through a reshaping of their perceptions. By advocating of a free market economy in contrast to the prevailing contemporary policy of state control in France, Condillac influenced classical liberal economics.[8]","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Condillac's Histoire ancienne and Histoire moderne (1758–1767) demonstrated how the experience and observation of the past aided man. History was not a mere retelling of the past, but a source of information and inspiration as well. Reason and critical thinking can improve man's lot and destroy superstition and fanaticism. History thus served as a moral, political, and philosophical textbook which taught man to live better. Thus the two histories present the basic program of the Enlightenment in crystallized form.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Herbert Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911850%E2%80%93851-9"},{"link_name":"James Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Scottish Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"pre-evolutionary thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolution"},{"link_name":"Lord Monboddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Monboddo"},{"link_name":"Maine de Biran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_de_Biran"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Victor Cousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cousin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911851-11"},{"link_name":"A. F. Théry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._F._Th%C3%A9ry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naigeon"},{"link_name":"J. P. Damiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Damiron"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturt1911851-11"},{"link_name":"Merlin Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Donald"},{"link_name":"constructivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(psychological_school)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"R. A. Lafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Lafferty"}],"text":"As was fitting to a disciple of Locke, Condillac's ideas have had most importance in their effect upon English thought. In matters connected with the association of ideas, the supremacy of pleasure and pain, and the general explanation of all mental contents as sensations or transformed sensations, his influence can be traced upon the Mills and upon Bain and Herbert Spencer. And, apart from any definite propositions, Condillac did a notable work in the direction of making psychology a science; it is a great step from the desultory, genial observation of Locke to the rigorous analysis of Condillac, short-sighted and defective as that analysis may seem to us in the light of fuller knowledge.[9]His method, however, of imaginative reconstruction was by no means suited to English ways of thinking. In spite of his protests against abstraction, hypothesis and synthesis, his allegory of the statue is in the highest degree abstract, hypothetical and synthetic. James Mill, who stood more by the study of concrete realities, put Condillac into the hands of his youthful son with the warning that here was an example of what to avoid in the method of psychology. A modern historian has compared[10] Condillac with Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and pre-evolutionary thinker Lord Monboddo, who had a similar fascination with abstraction and ideas. In France Condillac's doctrine, so congenial to the tone of 18th century philosophism, reigned in the schools for over fifty years, challenged only by a few who, like Maine de Biran, saw that it gave no sufficient account of volitional experience. Early in the 19th century, the romantic awakening of Germany had spread to France, and sensationism was displaced by the eclectic spiritualism of Victor Cousin.[11]Condillac's collected works were published in 1798 (23 vols.) and two or three times subsequently; the last edition (1822) has an introductory dissertation by A. F. Théry. The Encyclopédie méthodique has a very long article on Condillac by Naigeon. Biographical details and criticism of the Traité des systèmes in J. P. Damiron's Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire de to philosophie au dixhuitieme siècle, tome iii.; a full criticism in V Cousin's Cours de l'histoire de la philosophie moderne, ser. i. tome iii. Consult also F Rethoré, Condillac ou l'empirisme et le rationalisme (1864); L Dewaule, Condillac et la psychologie anglaise contemporaine (1891); histories of philosophy.[11]In Condillac's statue, a chapter in A Mind So Rare: The evolution of human consciousness, psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist Merlin Donald argues that Condillac was the first constructivist.[12]In the short story \"Condillac's Statue, or Wrens in his Head\", science fiction writer R. A. Lafferty brings the allegory of Condillac's statue to life, having Condillac build the statue in a park in the French countryside, and then slowly turning the statue's senses on one at a time.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. l'Abbé de Condillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Le commerce et le gouvernement considérés relativement l'un à l'autre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lecommerceetleg00condgoog"},{"link_name":"M. l'Abbé de Condillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"La logique, ou Les premiers développements de l'art de penser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k80138k"},{"link_name":"Condillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Œuvres philosophiques de Condillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oeuvresphilosoph0003cond"},{"link_name":"Etienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"M. l'Abbé de Condillac (1786). Le commerce et le gouvernement considérés relativement l'un à l'autre (in French). Amsterdam: Jombert & Cellot. Retrieved 5 March 2015.\nM. l'Abbé de Condillac (1780). La logique, ou Les premiers développements de l'art de penser (in French). Paris. Retrieved 5 March 2015.\nCondillac (1947–1951). Le Roy, Georges (ed.). Œuvres philosophiques de Condillac. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.\nEtienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac (1987). Philosophical Writings of Etienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bd_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bd_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1714-1780)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/en/11897507/etienne_bonnot_de_condillac/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newadvent.org_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newadvent.org_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Etienne Bonnot de Condillac\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newadvent.org/cathen/04210b.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stanford_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stanford_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Étienne Bonnot de Condillac\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plato.stanford.edu/entries/condillac/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911849_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911849_4-1"},{"link_name":"Sturt 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturt1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911849%E2%80%93850_5-0"},{"link_name":"Sturt 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturt1911"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850_6-10"},{"link_name":"Sturt 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturt1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911850%E2%80%93851_9-0"},{"link_name":"Sturt 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturt1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Monboddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monboddo"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911851_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturt1911851_11-1"},{"link_name":"Sturt 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSturt1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-32319-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32319-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53438156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53438156"}],"text":"^ a b \"Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1714-1780)\". data.bnf.fr.\n\n^ a b \"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Etienne Bonnot de Condillac\". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2 August 2020.\n\n^ a b Falkenstein, Lorne; Grandi, Giovanni (2017). \"Étienne Bonnot de Condillac\". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2 August 2020.\n\n^ a b Sturt 1911, p. 849.\n\n^ Sturt 1911, pp. 849–850.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sturt 1911, p. 850.\n\n^ George Albert Wells, The Origin of Language: Aspects of the Discussion from Condillac to Wundt (1987)\n\n^ Orain (2006)\n\n^ Sturt 1911, pp. 850–851.\n\n^ Hobbs, Catherine, Rhetoric on the Margin of Modernity, Vico, Condillac, Monboddo, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois (2002)\n\n^ a b Sturt 1911, p. 851.\n\n^ Donald, Merlin (2002). A mind so rare : the evolution of human consciousness. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32319-1. OCLC 53438156.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-94-009-9291-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-9291-7"},{"link_name":"The Geometric Spirit: The Abbe de Condillac and the French Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/geometricspirita0000knig"}],"text":"Hine, Ellen McNiven (1979). A Critical Study of Condillac's Traité des Systèmes. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-94-009-9291-7.\nKnight, Isabel F. (1968). The Geometric Spirit: The Abbe de Condillac and the French Enlightenment. New Haven: Yale University Press.\nOrain, Arnaud. \"Directing or Reforming Behaviors? A Discussion of Condillac's Theory of 'Vrai Prix'.\" History of Political Economy 2006 38(3): 497–530.","title":"Further reading"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokhmalne

Krokhmalne

["1 History","2 Demographics","3 References"]

Coordinates: 49°34′23″N 37°55′02″E / 49.573056°N 37.917222°E / 49.573056; 37.917222A village in Kharkiv Oblast Village in Kharkiv Oblast, UkraineKrokhmalne КрохмальнеVillageKrokhmalneLocation of Krokhmalne within UkraineShow map of Kharkiv OblastKrokhmalneKrokhmalne (Ukraine)Show map of UkraineCoordinates: 49°34′23″N 37°55′02″E / 49.573056°N 37.917222°E / 49.573056; 37.917222CountryUkraineOblastKharkiv OblastRaionKupiansk RaionHromadaPetropavlivka rural hromadaFounded1759Area • Total0.43 km2 (0.17 sq mi)Elevation129 m (423 ft)Population (2001 census) • Total41 • Density95/km2 (250/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code63742Area code+380 5742 Krokhmalne (Ukrainian: Крохмальне; Russian: Крахмальное) is a village in Kupiansk Raion (district) in Kharkiv Oblast of eastern Ukraine, at about 125.53 kilometres (78.00 mi) southeast by south (SEbS) of the centre of Kharkiv city. It belongs to Petropavlivka rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. History Krokhmalne was founded in 1759. In February 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the village was occupied by the Armed Forces of Russia. In autumn of the same year, during the counteroffensive of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in Kharkiv Oblast, the village was returned under Ukrainian control. In January 2024 the village was taken under control by Russian forces for the second time, after a failed Ukrainian counter-offensive. Demographics As of the 2001 Ukrainian census, the settlement had 41 inhabitants. Their native languages were 88.67% Ukrainian and 11.11% Russian. References ^ a b "All-Ukrainian population census". db.ukrcensus.gov.ua. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 21 January 2024. ^ "Russia takes village in Ukraine's Kharkiv region". reuters.com. Reuters. 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024. Russian forces have taken control of the village of Krokhmalne in Ukraine's Kharkiv region, Russia's Defence Ministry said on Sunday, and a Ukrainian military spokesman confirmed that Kyiv's forces had withdrawn. ^ Angelica Evans; Grace Mappes; Nicole Wolkov; Christina Harward; Riley Bailey; Frederick W. Kagan (21 January 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 21, 2024". understandingwar.org. ISW. Retrieved 23 January 2024. A prominent Kremlin-affiliated milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced southwest of Krokhmalne (northwest of Svatove) and approached the eastern outskirts of Berestove  (northwest of Svatove). This article about a location in Kharkiv Oblast is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Kupiansk Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupiansk_Raion"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"SEbS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_of_the_compass#32-wind_compass_rose"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Petropavlivka rural hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petropavlivka_rural_hromada_(Kharkiv_Oblast)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"}],"text":"A village in Kharkiv OblastVillage in Kharkiv Oblast, UkraineKrokhmalne (Ukrainian: Крохмальне; Russian: Крахмальное) is a village in Kupiansk Raion (district) in Kharkiv Oblast of eastern Ukraine, at about 125.53 kilometres (78.00 mi) southeast by south (SEbS) of the centre of Kharkiv city. It belongs to Petropavlivka rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.","title":"Krokhmalne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"village was occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"counteroffensive of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kharkiv_counteroffensive"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian counter-offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ukrainian_counteroffensive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_2024-01-21-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISW_2024-01-21-3"}],"text":"Krokhmalne was founded in 1759.In February 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the village was occupied by the Armed Forces of Russia. In autumn of the same year, during the counteroffensive of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in Kharkiv Oblast, the village was returned under Ukrainian control.In January 2024 the village was taken under control by Russian forces for the second time, after a failed Ukrainian counter-offensive.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 Ukrainian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrcensus-1"}],"text":"As of the 2001 Ukrainian census, the settlement had 41 inhabitants. Their native languages were 88.67% Ukrainian and 11.11% Russian.[1]","title":"Demographics"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"All-Ukrainian population census\". db.ukrcensus.gov.ua. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/MULT/Database/Census/databasetree_en.asp","url_text":"\"All-Ukrainian population census\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine","url_text":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia takes village in Ukraine's Kharkiv region\". reuters.com. Reuters. 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024. Russian forces have taken control of the village of Krokhmalne in Ukraine's Kharkiv region, Russia's Defence Ministry said on Sunday, and a Ukrainian military spokesman confirmed that Kyiv's forces had withdrawn.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-takes-control-village-kharkiv-region-defence-ministry-2024-01-21/","url_text":"\"Russia takes village in Ukraine's Kharkiv region\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Angelica Evans; Grace Mappes; Nicole Wolkov; Christina Harward; Riley Bailey; Frederick W. Kagan (21 January 2024). \"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 21, 2024\". understandingwar.org. ISW. Retrieved 23 January 2024. A prominent Kremlin-affiliated milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced southwest of Krokhmalne (northwest of Svatove) and approached the eastern outskirts of Berestove [uk] (northwest of Svatove).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-january-21-2024","url_text":"\"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 21, 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War","url_text":"ISW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin","url_text":"Kremlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milblog","url_text":"milblogger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatove","url_text":"Svatove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berestove,_Kharkiv_Oblast,_Kupiansk_Raion&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Berestove"},{"url":"https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)","url_text":"uk"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krokhmalne&params=49.573056_N_37.917222_E_type:city(41)_region:UA-63","external_links_name":"49°34′23″N 37°55′02″E / 49.573056°N 37.917222°E / 49.573056; 37.917222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krokhmalne&params=49.573056_N_37.917222_E_type:city(41)_region:UA-63","external_links_name":"49°34′23″N 37°55′02″E / 49.573056°N 37.917222°E / 49.573056; 37.917222"},{"Link":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/MULT/Database/Census/databasetree_en.asp","external_links_name":"\"All-Ukrainian population census\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-takes-control-village-kharkiv-region-defence-ministry-2024-01-21/","external_links_name":"\"Russia takes village in Ukraine's Kharkiv region\""},{"Link":"https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-january-21-2024","external_links_name":"\"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 21, 2024\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krokhmalne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpara_State_(Halar)

Rajpara State (Halar)

["1 History","2 Thakurs","3 See also","4 References","5 External links and sources"]

Indian village, in Gujarat Princely state Salute state British paramountcy Chamber of Princes Jagir Agencies of British India Residencies of British India‎ Doctrine of lapse Political pensioner Privy Purse Standstill agreement Instrument of Accession Individual residencies Hyderabad Indore (Holkar) Jammu and Kashmir Mysore (Maisur) Quilon Sikkim Agencies Bagelkhand Baluchistan Baroda and Gujarat States Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Bhopawar Bundelkhand Central India Deccan States Eastern States Gilgit Gwalior Residency Jaipur Residency Madras States Mahi Kantha Malwa Mewar (Udaipur) Residency and Western Rajputana Agency North-West Frontier Palanpur Punjab States Rajputana Rewa Kantha Western India States Lists States by region States by name Rajput States Maratha States vte Rajpara (originally Rajpura) is a village and former Hindu non-salute Rajput princely state (native state) on Saurashtra peninsula in Gujarat, western India. Coat of arms of Rajpura (Halar) History The Fifth Class Non-Salute Princely state and taluka, in Halar prant, was ruled by Jadeja Rajput Chieftains by primogeniture. It is an offshoot of the Kotda-Sangani State, whose first Thakur (title) Togujiraj, the founder of the house, the second son of Sangoji of Kotda-Sangani, received in appanage (jagir) with some other villages. The Rajpura fort. In 1901 it comprised twelve more villages, covering 39 square kilometers, with a combined population of 1,862 in 1901 (2,268 in 1921), yielding 13,654 Rupees state revenue (1903-4, mostly from land; later 27,000 Rs), paying 3,163 Rupees tribute, to the British and Junagadh State. The Emblem of Rajpura The Rajpura housed one of the most elegant houses in its time, the royal house, Rangmahel, having a scenic landscape surrounding itself, also served as the administrative office of the Taluka Rajpura. The Rangmahel Thakurs Togujiraj Sangojiraj , first Thakur Merujiraj Togujiraj, son of the above Asajiraj Merujiraj, son of the above Ladhajiraj Asajiraj, son of the above Waghjiraj Ladhajiraj, son of the above, died childless Bhimjiraj Ladhajiraj, brother of the above, -/1884 Asajiraj Bhimjiraj, born 1846, son of Bhimjiraj Ladhajiraj, succeeded 25 April 1884 T.S. Asājiraj Bhimjiraj Jadeja Lakhajiraj Asajiraj, born 30 July 1869, son of the above, succeeded 27 December 1903 T.S. Lakhajiraj Asājiraj Jadeja Prithvirajsinhji Lakhajiraj, son of above, succeeded throne in 1913 T.S. Prithviraj Lakhajiraj Jadeja Nirmalsinhji Prithvirajsinhji, grandson of the above (son of Yuvraj Saheb Prithvirajji Lakhajiraj) Present Rajvijaysinhji Shivbhadrasinhji, born on 9 March 1966 grandson of the above (son of Yuvraj Saheb Shivbhadrasinhji Nirmalsinhji) Present Yuvrajsaheb Kirtirajsinhji Rajvijaysinhji Jadeja, born 4 September 1991(son of above) present tikkasaheb yadoksharajsinhji kirtirajsinhji jadeja,born 7 November 2021(son of above) See also Rajpara State (Gohelwar) References ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 166 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". External links and sources History Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL.UChicago.edu - Kathiawar Indian Princely States on web.archive.org vtePrincely states of the Western India States Agency during the British Raj, by colonial (Sub)Agency and (in Kathiawar) by prantItalics = Thana's, jurisdictions grouping several petty statesGohelwar prant (Eastern Kathiawar) Akadia Alampur Babra Bhadli Bhandaria Bhavnagar Bhojavadar Bildi Bodanones Chamardi Chiroda Chitravav Chok Datha Dedarda Derdi-Janbai Dhola Gadhali Gadhoola Gandhol Iavej Itaria Jalia Amaraji Jalia Manaji Jasdan Juna Padar Kamadhia Kanjarda Kariana Katodia Khijadia Khijadia Dosaji Kotra Pitha Lathi Limbda Nilvala Pachhegam Pah Palitana Panchavada Rajpara (Gohelwar) Ramanka Randhia Ranigam Ratanpur Dhamanka Rohisala Vala Vankia Samadhiala Samadhiala (Chabharia) Samadhiala (Charan) Sanala Satanones Shevdivadar Songadh Toda Todi Vadal Vadod Vangadhra Vavdi Dharvala Vavdi Vachhani Vijanones Jhalawar prant (Eastern Kathiawar) Anandpur Ankevalia Bajana Bamanbore Bhadvana Bhalala Bhalgamda Bharejda Bhathan Bhimora Bhoika Chachana Chhalala Chobari Chotila Chuda Darod Dasada Devlia Dhrangadhra(-Halvad) Dudhrej Gedi Gundiali Jakhan Jamar Jhampodad Jhinjhuvada Kamalpur Kantharia Karmad Karol Kesria Khambhlav Khandia Kherali Lakhtar Laliyad Limbdi Matra Timba Mevasa Muli Munjpur Palali Paliyad Patdi Rai-Sankli Rajpur Ramparda Sahuka Samla Sanosra Sayla Sejakpur Sudamda-Dhandalpur Talsana Tavi Untdi Vana Vanala Vanod Vithalgadh Wadhwan Halar prant (Western Kathiawar) Amrapur Bhadva Bhalgam Baldhoi Dhrol Drafa (Drapha) Gadhka Gavridad Gondal Jalia Devani Kanksiali Kanpar Ishwaria Kharedi-Virpur Khirasra Kotda Nayani Kotda Sangani Kotharia Lodhika Makaji Bapu Na Meghpar Mali(y)a Mengni Morvi Mowa Mulila Deri Nawanagar (Navanagar) Pal Rajkot Rajpara (Halar) Satodad Vavdi Shahpur Sisang Chandli Vadali Virvao Wankaner Sorath prant (Western Kathiawar) Bagasra Bantva (Gidad) Bantva Manavadar Charkha Dahida Dedan Dholarva Gadhia Garmali Moti Garmali Nani Gigasaran Halaria Jafarabad Jamka Jetpur Junagadh Kaner Kathrota Khijadia Najani Kuba Lakhapadar Manavav Monvel Porbandar Silana Vaghvadi Vasavad Vekaria Vinchhavad Palanpur Agency (Banas Kantha Agency) Bhabhar Cutch Chadchat Deodar Kankrej (thana) estates Morwara Palanpur Radhanpur Santalpur Suigaon Terwara Tharad Warahi Wao Mahi Kantha Agency (Banas Kantha) Amliyara (Ambliara) Bavisi Thana Bhalusna Bolundra Chandap Dabha Dadhalia Danta Dedhrota Deloli Derol Gabat Gadhwara Thana Ghorasar Hadol Hapa Idar Ijpura Ilol Jher Kadoli Kasalpura Katosan State Katosan Thana Khadal Khedwada Kheravada Likhi Magodi Maguna Malpur Mansa Memadpura (Mahmadpura) Mohanpur Mota Kotarna Nirmali Palej Pethapur Pol (Vijaynagar) Punadra Prempur Ramas Rampura Ranasan Ranipura Rupal Santhal Sathamba Satlasna Sudasna Tajpuri Tejpura Timba Tunadar Umari Vakhtapur Valasna Varagam Varsoda Vasna (Wasna) Vatrak Kanthi Thana Virsoda Wadagam List of princely states of British India (alphabetical) Kathiawar Agency (combining Eastern - & Western K.) Cutch Agency Surat Agency

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It is an offshoot of the Kotda-Sangani State, whose first Thakur (title) Togujiraj, the founder of the house, the second son of Sangoji of Kotda-Sangani, received in appanage (jagir) with some other villages.The Rajpura fort.In 1901 it comprised twelve more villages, covering 39 square kilometers, with a combined population of 1,862 in 1901 (2,268 in 1921), yielding 13,654 Rupees state revenue (1903-4, mostly from land; later 27,000 Rs), paying 3,163 Rupees tribute, to the British and Junagadh State.[1]The Emblem of RajpuraThe Rajpura housed one of the most elegant houses in its time, the royal house, Rangmahel, having a scenic landscape surrounding itself, also served as the administrative office of the Taluka Rajpura.The Rangmahel","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T.S._As%C4%81jiraj_Bhimjiraj_Jadeja.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T.S._Lakhajiraj_As%C4%81jiraj_Jadeja.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T.S._Prithviraj_Lakhajiraj_Jadeja.png"}],"text":"Togujiraj Sangojiraj [Togaji], first Thakur\nMerujiraj Togujiraj, son of the above\nAsajiraj Merujiraj, son of the above\nLadhajiraj Asajiraj, son of the above\nWaghjiraj Ladhajiraj, son of the above, died childless\nBhimjiraj Ladhajiraj, brother of the above, -/1884\nAsajiraj Bhimjiraj, born 1846, son of Bhimjiraj Ladhajiraj, succeeded 25 April 1884T.S. Asājiraj Bhimjiraj JadejaLakhajiraj Asajiraj, born 30 July 1869, son of the above, succeeded 27 December 1903T.S. Lakhajiraj Asājiraj JadejaPrithvirajsinhji Lakhajiraj, son of above, succeeded throne in 1913T.S. Prithviraj Lakhajiraj JadejaNirmalsinhji Prithvirajsinhji, grandson of the above (son of Yuvraj Saheb Prithvirajji Lakhajiraj)\nPresent Rajvijaysinhji Shivbhadrasinhji, born on 9 March 1966 grandson of the above (son of Yuvraj Saheb Shivbhadrasinhji Nirmalsinhji)\nPresent Yuvrajsaheb Kirtirajsinhji Rajvijaysinhji Jadeja, born 4 September 1991(son of above)\npresent tikkasaheb yadoksharajsinhji kirtirajsinhji jadeja,born 7 November 2021(son of above)","title":"Thakurs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL.UChicago.edu - Kathiawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_172.gif"},{"link_name":"Indian Princely States on 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prant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohelwar"},{"link_name":"Akadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadia,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Alampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alampur_State"},{"link_name":"Babra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babra,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Bhadli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadli"},{"link_name":"Bhandaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhandaria_State"},{"link_name":"Bhavnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagar_State"},{"link_name":"Bhojavadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojavadar"},{"link_name":"Bildi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildi"},{"link_name":"Bodanones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodanones"},{"link_name":"Chamardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamardi_State"},{"link_name":"Chiroda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiroda"},{"link_name":"Chitravav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitravav"},{"link_name":"Chok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok_State"},{"link_name":"Datha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datha_State"},{"link_name":"Dedarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedarda_State"},{"link_name":"Derdi-Janbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derdi-Janbai"},{"link_name":"Dhola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhola_State"},{"link_name":"Gadhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadhali"},{"link_name":"Gadhoola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadhoola"},{"link_name":"Gandhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhol"},{"link_name":"Iavej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iavej"},{"link_name":"Itaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaria_State"},{"link_name":"Jalia Amaraji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalia_Amaraji"},{"link_name":"Jalia Manaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalia_Manaji"},{"link_name":"Jasdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasdan_State"},{"link_name":"Juna Padar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juna_Padar"},{"link_name":"Kamadhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadhia"},{"link_name":"Kanjarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjarda"},{"link_name":"Kariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariana_State"},{"link_name":"Katodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katodia"},{"link_name":"Khijadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khijadija_State"},{"link_name":"Khijadia Dosaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khijadia_Dosaji"},{"link_name":"Kotra Pitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotra_Pitha"},{"link_name":"Lathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathi_State"},{"link_name":"Limbda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbda"},{"link_name":"Nilvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilvala"},{"link_name":"Pachhegam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachhegam"},{"link_name":"Pah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pah_State"},{"link_name":"Palitana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitana_State"},{"link_name":"Panchavada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchavada"},{"link_name":"Rajpara (Gohelwar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpara_State_(Gohelwar)"},{"link_name":"Ramanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanka"},{"link_name":"Randhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randhia"},{"link_name":"Ranigam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranigam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ratanpur Dhamanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanpur_Dhamanka"},{"link_name":"Rohisala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohisala"},{"link_name":"Vala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_State"},{"link_name":"Vankia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vankia"},{"link_name":"Samadhiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samadhiala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samadhiala (Chabharia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samadhiala_(Chabharia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samadhiala (Charan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhiala_Charan"},{"link_name":"Sanala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Satanones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanones"},{"link_name":"Shevdivadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevdivadar"},{"link_name":"Songadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songadh"},{"link_name":"Toda Todi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda_Todi"},{"link_name":"Vadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadal,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Vadod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadod_State"},{"link_name":"Vangadhra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangadhra"},{"link_name":"Vavdi Dharvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavdi_Dharvala"},{"link_name":"Vavdi Vachhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavdi_Vachhani"},{"link_name":"Vijanones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijanones"},{"link_name":"Jhalawar prant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhalawar_prant"},{"link_name":"Anandpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anandpur_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ankevalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankevalia"},{"link_name":"Bajana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajana_State"},{"link_name":"Bamanbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamanbore"},{"link_name":"Bhadvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadvana"},{"link_name":"Bhalala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalala"},{"link_name":"Bhalgamda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalgamda"},{"link_name":"Bharejda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharejda"},{"link_name":"Bhathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhathan"},{"link_name":"Bhimora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimora"},{"link_name":"Bhoika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoika"},{"link_name":"Chachana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachana"},{"link_name":"Chhalala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhalala"},{"link_name":"Chobari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobari,_Chotila"},{"link_name":"Chotila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chotila_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuda_State"},{"link_name":"Darod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darod_State"},{"link_name":"Dasada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasada_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"Devlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlia"},{"link_name":"Dhrangadhra(-Halvad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhrangadhra_State"},{"link_name":"Dudhrej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhrej"},{"link_name":"Gedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedi_State"},{"link_name":"Gundiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundiali"},{"link_name":"Jakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakhan_State"},{"link_name":"Jamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamar_State"},{"link_name":"Jhampodad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhampodad"},{"link_name":"Jhinjhuvada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhinjhuvada"},{"link_name":"Kamalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamalpur_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kantharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantharia"},{"link_name":"Karmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmad"},{"link_name":"Karol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_State"},{"link_name":"Kesria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesria"},{"link_name":"Khambhlav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khambhlav"},{"link_name":"Khandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandia"},{"link_name":"Kherali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherali"},{"link_name":"Lakhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhtar_State"},{"link_name":"Laliyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laliyad"},{"link_name":"Limbdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbdi_State"},{"link_name":"Matra Timba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matra_Timba"},{"link_name":"Mevasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevasa"},{"link_name":"Muli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muli_State"},{"link_name":"Munjpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munjpur"},{"link_name":"Palali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palali_State"},{"link_name":"Paliyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliyad"},{"link_name":"Patdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patdi"},{"link_name":"Rai-Sankli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai-Sankli"},{"link_name":"Rajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpur_(Kahtiawar)"},{"link_name":"Ramparda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparda"},{"link_name":"Sahuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahuka"},{"link_name":"Samla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samla"},{"link_name":"Sanosra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanosra"},{"link_name":"Sayla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayla"},{"link_name":"Sejakpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejakpur,_Jhalawar"},{"link_name":"Sudamda-Dhandalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudamda-Dhandalpur"},{"link_name":"Talsana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talsana"},{"link_name":"Tavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavi_State"},{"link_name":"Untdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untdi"},{"link_name":"Vana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_State"},{"link_name":"Vanala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanala_State"},{"link_name":"Vanod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanod"},{"link_name":"Vithalgadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vithalgadh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wadhwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadhwan_State"},{"link_name":"Halar prant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halar"},{"link_name":"Amrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrapur_State"},{"link_name":"Bhadva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadva"},{"link_name":"Bhalgam Baldhoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhalgam_Baldhoi"},{"link_name":"Dhrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhrol_State"},{"link_name":"Drafa (Drapha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drafa_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gadhka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadhka"},{"link_name":"Gavridad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavridad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gondal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondal_State"},{"link_name":"Jalia Devani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalia_Devani"},{"link_name":"Kanksiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanksiali"},{"link_name":"Kanpar Ishwaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpar_Ishwaria"},{"link_name":"Kharedi-Virpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharedi-Virpur"},{"link_name":"Khirasra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khirasra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kotda Nayani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotda_Nayani"},{"link_name":"Kotda Sangani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotda_Sangani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kotharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotharia_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lodhika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lodhika&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Makaji Bapu Na Meghpar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaji_Meghpar"},{"link_name":"Mali(y)a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malia_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mengni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengni"},{"link_name":"Morvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvi_State"},{"link_name":"Mowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowa_State"},{"link_name":"Mulila Deri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulila_Deri"},{"link_name":"Nawanagar (Navanagar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawanagar_State"},{"link_name":"Pal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_State"},{"link_name":"Rajkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkot_State"},{"link_name":"Rajpara (Halar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Satodad Vavdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satodad_Vavdi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shahpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahpur_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sisang Chandli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisang_Chandli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vadali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadali_State"},{"link_name":"Virvao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virvao"},{"link_name":"Wankaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankaner_State"},{"link_name":"Sorath prant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorath_prant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bagasra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagasra"},{"link_name":"Bantva (Gidad)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantva_(Gidad)"},{"link_name":"Bantva Manavadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantva_Manavadar"},{"link_name":"Charkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charkha_State"},{"link_name":"Dahida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahida"},{"link_name":"Dedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedan_State"},{"link_name":"Dholarva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dholarva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gadhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadhia_State"},{"link_name":"Garmali Moti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmali_Moti"},{"link_name":"Garmali Nani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmali_Nani"},{"link_name":"Gigasaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigasaran"},{"link_name":"Halaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaria"},{"link_name":"Jafarabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafarabad_State"},{"link_name":"Jamka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamka_State"},{"link_name":"Jetpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jetpur_(princely_state)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Junagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh_State"},{"link_name":"Kaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaner_State"},{"link_name":"Kathrota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathrota"},{"link_name":"Khijadia Najani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khijadia_Najani"},{"link_name":"Kuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Lakhapadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhapadar"},{"link_name":"Manavav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manavav"},{"link_name":"Monvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monvel_State"},{"link_name":"Porbandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandar_State"},{"link_name":"Silana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silana,_Sorath"},{"link_name":"Vaghvadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaghvadi"},{"link_name":"Vasavad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasavad"},{"link_name":"Vekaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekaria_State"},{"link_name":"Vinchhavad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinchhavad"},{"link_name":"Palanpur Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanpur_Agency"},{"link_name":"Banas Kantha Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banas_Kantha_Agency"},{"link_name":"Bhabhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabhar_State"},{"link_name":"Cutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutch_State"},{"link_name":"Chadchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadchat"},{"link_name":"Deodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodar_State"},{"link_name":"Kankrej (thana) estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankrej_thana"},{"link_name":"Morwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morwara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanpur_State"},{"link_name":"Radhanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanpur_State"},{"link_name":"Santalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalpur_State"},{"link_name":"Suigaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suigam"},{"link_name":"Terwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tervada"},{"link_name":"Tharad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharad_State"},{"link_name":"Warahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahi,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Wao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wao_State"},{"link_name":"Mahi Kantha Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi_Kantha_Agency"},{"link_name":"Amliyara (Ambliara)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambliara_State"},{"link_name":"Bavisi Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavisi_Thana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bhalusna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhalusna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bolundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolundra_State"},{"link_name":"Chandap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandap"},{"link_name":"Dabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabha_State"},{"link_name":"Dadhalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadhalia_State"},{"link_name":"Danta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danta_State"},{"link_name":"Dedhrota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedhrota"},{"link_name":"Deloli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloli"},{"link_name":"Derol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derol"},{"link_name":"Gabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabat_State"},{"link_name":"Gadhwara Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadhwara_Thana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghorasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorasar"},{"link_name":"Hadol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadol_State"},{"link_name":"Hapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapa_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idar_State"},{"link_name":"Ijpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ijpura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilol_State"},{"link_name":"Jher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kadoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadoli_State"},{"link_name":"Kasalpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasalpura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katosan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katosan_State"},{"link_name":"Katosan Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katosan_Thana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadal_State"},{"link_name":"Khedwada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khedwada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kheravada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kheravada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Likhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhi_State"},{"link_name":"Magodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magodi_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguna"},{"link_name":"Malpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpur_State"},{"link_name":"Mansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa_State"},{"link_name":"Memadpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memadpura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohanpur_State"},{"link_name":"Mota Kotarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mota_Kotarna"},{"link_name":"Nirmali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmali_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palej_State"},{"link_name":"Pethapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethapur_State"},{"link_name":"Pol (Vijaynagar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_State"},{"link_name":"Punadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punadra_State"},{"link_name":"Prempur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempur"},{"link_name":"Ramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramas_State"},{"link_name":"Rampura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampura_State"},{"link_name":"Ranasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranasan_State"},{"link_name":"Ranipura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranipura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rupal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupal_State"},{"link_name":"Santhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhal_State"},{"link_name":"Sathamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathamba_State"},{"link_name":"Satlasna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satlasna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudasna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudasna_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tajpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajpuri_State"},{"link_name":"Tejpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejpura_State"},{"link_name":"Timba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timba_State"},{"link_name":"Tunadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunadar_State&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Umari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umari_State"},{"link_name":"Vakhtapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtapur_(Mahi_Kantha)"},{"link_name":"Valasna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valasna_State"},{"link_name":"Varagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varagam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varsoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsoda_State"},{"link_name":"Vasna (Wasna)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasna_State"},{"link_name":"Vatrak Kanthi Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatrak_Kanthi_Thana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virsoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virsoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wadagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadagam_State"},{"link_name":"List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"Kathiawar Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Agency"},{"link_name":"Cutch Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutch_Agency"},{"link_name":"Surat Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Agency"}],"text":"HistoryImperial Gazetteer, on DSAL.UChicago.edu - Kathiawar\nIndian Princely States on web.archive.orgvtePrincely states of the Western India States Agency during the British Raj, by colonial (Sub)Agency and (in Kathiawar) by prantItalics = Thana's, jurisdictions grouping several petty statesGohelwar prant (Eastern Kathiawar)\nAkadia\nAlampur\nBabra\nBhadli\nBhandaria\nBhavnagar\nBhojavadar\nBildi\nBodanones\nChamardi\nChiroda\nChitravav\nChok\nDatha\nDedarda\nDerdi-Janbai\nDhola\nGadhali\nGadhoola\nGandhol\nIavej\nItaria\nJalia Amaraji\nJalia Manaji\nJasdan\nJuna Padar\nKamadhia\nKanjarda\nKariana\nKatodia\nKhijadia\nKhijadia Dosaji\nKotra Pitha\nLathi\nLimbda\nNilvala\nPachhegam\nPah\nPalitana\nPanchavada\nRajpara (Gohelwar)\nRamanka\nRandhia\nRanigam\nRatanpur Dhamanka\nRohisala\nVala\nVankia\nSamadhiala\nSamadhiala (Chabharia)\nSamadhiala (Charan)\nSanala\nSatanones\nShevdivadar\nSongadh\nToda Todi\nVadal\nVadod\nVangadhra\nVavdi Dharvala\nVavdi Vachhani\nVijanones\nJhalawar prant (Eastern Kathiawar)\nAnandpur\nAnkevalia\nBajana\nBamanbore\nBhadvana\nBhalala\nBhalgamda\nBharejda\nBhathan\nBhimora\nBhoika\nChachana\nChhalala\nChobari\nChotila\nChuda\nDarod\nDasada\nDevlia\nDhrangadhra(-Halvad)\nDudhrej\nGedi\nGundiali\nJakhan\nJamar\nJhampodad\nJhinjhuvada\nKamalpur\nKantharia\nKarmad\nKarol\nKesria\nKhambhlav\nKhandia\nKherali\nLakhtar\nLaliyad\nLimbdi\nMatra Timba\nMevasa\nMuli\nMunjpur\nPalali\nPaliyad\nPatdi\nRai-Sankli\nRajpur\nRamparda\nSahuka\nSamla\nSanosra\nSayla\nSejakpur\nSudamda-Dhandalpur\nTalsana\nTavi\nUntdi\nVana\nVanala\nVanod\nVithalgadh\nWadhwan\nHalar prant (Western Kathiawar)\nAmrapur\nBhadva\nBhalgam Baldhoi\nDhrol\nDrafa (Drapha)\nGadhka\nGavridad\nGondal\nJalia Devani\nKanksiali\nKanpar Ishwaria\nKharedi-Virpur\nKhirasra\nKotda Nayani\nKotda Sangani\nKotharia\nLodhika\nMakaji Bapu Na Meghpar\nMali(y)a\nMengni\nMorvi\nMowa\nMulila Deri\nNawanagar (Navanagar)\nPal\nRajkot\nRajpara (Halar)\nSatodad Vavdi\nShahpur\nSisang Chandli\nVadali\nVirvao\nWankaner\nSorath prant (Western Kathiawar)\nBagasra\nBantva (Gidad)\nBantva Manavadar\nCharkha\nDahida\nDedan\nDholarva\nGadhia\nGarmali Moti\nGarmali Nani\nGigasaran\nHalaria\nJafarabad\nJamka\nJetpur\nJunagadh\nKaner\nKathrota\nKhijadia Najani\nKuba\nLakhapadar\nManavav\nMonvel\nPorbandar\nSilana\nVaghvadi\nVasavad\nVekaria\nVinchhavad\nPalanpur Agency (Banas Kantha Agency)\nBhabhar\nCutch\nChadchat\nDeodar\n Kankrej (thana) estates\nMorwara\nPalanpur\nRadhanpur\nSantalpur\nSuigaon\nTerwara\nTharad\nWarahi\nWao\nMahi Kantha Agency (Banas Kantha)\nAmliyara (Ambliara)\nBavisi Thana\nBhalusna\nBolundra\nChandap\nDabha\nDadhalia\nDanta\nDedhrota\nDeloli\nDerol\nGabat\nGadhwara Thana\nGhorasar\nHadol\nHapa\nIdar\nIjpura\nIlol\nJher\nKadoli\nKasalpura\nKatosan State\nKatosan Thana\nKhadal\nKhedwada\nKheravada\nLikhi\nMagodi\nMaguna\nMalpur\nMansa\nMemadpura (Mahmadpura)\nMohanpur\nMota Kotarna\nNirmali\nPalej\nPethapur\nPol (Vijaynagar)\nPunadra\nPrempur\nRamas\nRampura\nRanasan\nRanipura\nRupal\nSanthal\nSathamba\nSatlasna\nSudasna\nTajpuri\nTejpura\nTimba\nTunadar\nUmari\nVakhtapur\nValasna\nVaragam\nVarsoda\nVasna (Wasna)\nVatrak Kanthi Thana\nVirsoda\nWadagam\n\nList of princely states of British India (alphabetical)\nKathiawar Agency (combining Eastern - & Western K.)\nCutch Agency\nSurat Agency","title":"External links and sources"}]

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[{"title":"Rajpara State (Gohelwar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpara_State_(Gohelwar)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_insula

Insular cortex

["1 Structure","1.1 Connections","1.2 Cytoarchitecture","1.3 Development","2 Function","2.1 Multimodal sensory processing, sensory binding","2.2 Taste","2.3 Speech","2.4 Interoceptive awareness","2.5 Motor control","2.6 Homeostasis","2.7 Self","2.8 Social emotions","2.9 Emotions","2.10 Salience","2.11 Decision Making","2.12 Auditory perception","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Progressive expressive aphasia","3.2 Addiction","3.3 Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures","3.4 Other clinical conditions","4 History","5 Additional images","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Portion of the mammalian cerebral cortex Insular cortexRight insula, exposed by removing the opercula3D view of the insular cortexDetailsPart ofCerebral cortex of brainArteryMiddle cerebralIdentifiersLatincortex insularisMeSHD000087623NeuroNames111NeuroLex IDbirnlex_1117TA98A14.1.09.149 A12.2.07.053TA25502FMA67329Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain. The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include compassion, empathy, taste, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, interpersonal relationships, and awareness of homeostatic emotions such as hunger, pain and fatigue. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology. The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the anterior insula and the posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning lid). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Structure Connections The anterior part of the insula is subdivided by shallow sulci into three or four short gyri. The anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the central nucleus of the amygdala. In addition, the anterior insula itself projects to the amygdala. One study on rhesus monkeys revealed widespread reciprocal connections between the insular cortex and almost all subnuclei of the amygdaloid complex. The posterior insula projects predominantly to the dorsal aspect of the lateral and to the central amygdaloid nuclei. In contrast, the anterior insula projects to the anterior amygdaloid area as well as the medial, the cortical, the accessory basal magnocellular, the medial basal, and the lateral amygdaloid nuclei. The posterior part of the insula is formed by a long gyrus. The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the secondary somatosensory cortex and receives input from spinothalamically activated ventral posterior inferior thalamic nuclei. It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status, and sensual touch. A human neuroimaging study using diffusion tensor imaging revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe, opercular and orbitofrontal cortex, triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right hemisphere. The 'circular sulcus of insula' (or sulcus of Reil) is a semi-circular sulcus or fissure that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the operculum in the front, above, and behind. Cytoarchitecture The insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or cytoarchitecture, changing from granular in the posterior portion to agranular in the anterior portion. The insula also receives differential cortical and thalamic input along its length. The anterior insular cortex contains a population of spindle neurons (also called von Economo neurons), identified as characterising a distinctive subregion as the agranular frontal insula. Development The insular cortex is considered a separate lobe of the telencephalon by some authorities. Other sources see the insula as a part of the temporal lobe. It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a limbic lobe. As a paralimbic cortex, the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure. Function Multimodal sensory processing, sensory binding Functional imaging studies show activation of the insula during audio-visual integration tasks. Taste The anterior insula is part of the primary gustatory cortex. Research in rhesus monkeys has also reported that apart from numerous taste-sensitive neurons, the insular cortex also responds to non-taste properties of oral stimuli related to the texture (viscosity, grittiness) or temperature of food. Speech The sensory speech region, Wernicke’s area, and the motor speech region, Broca’s area, are interconnected by a large axonal fiber system known as the arcuate fasciculus which passes directly beneath the insular cortex. On account of this anatomical architecture, ischemic strokes in the insular region can disrupt the arcuate fasciculus. Functional imaging studies on the cerebral correlates of language production also suggest that the anterior insula forms part of the brain network of speech motor control. Moreover, electrical stimulation of the posterior insular can evoke speech disturbances such as speech arrest and reduced voice intensity. Lesion of the pre-central gyrus of the insula can also cause “pure speech apraxia” (i.e. the inability to speak with no apparent aphasic or orofacial motor impairments). This demonstrates that the insular cortex forms part of a critical circuit for the coordination of complex articulatory movements prior to and during the execution of the motor speech plans. Importantly, this specific cortical circuit is different from those that relate to the cognitive aspects of language production (e.g., Broca’s area on the inferior frontal gyrus). Subvocal, or silent, speech has also been shown to activate right insular cortex, further supporting the theory that the motor control of speech proceeds from the insula. Interoceptive awareness Further information: Interoception There is evidence that, in addition to its base functions, the insula may play a role in certain higher-level functions that operate only in humans and other great apes. The spindle neurons found at a higher density in the right frontal insular cortex are also found in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes. It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in cognitive-emotional processes that are specific to primates including great apes, such as empathy and metacognitive emotional feelings. This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right frontal insula is correlated with the ability to feel one's own heartbeat, or to empathize with the pain of others. It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the lower-level functions of the insula but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to consciousness. The right anterior insula is engaged in interoceptive awareness of homeostatic emotions such as thirst, pain and fatigue, and the ability to time one's own heartbeat. Moreover, greater right anterior insular gray matter volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body, and with negative emotional experience. It is also involved in the control of blood pressure, in particular during and after exercise, and its activity varies with the amount of effort a person believes he/she is exerting. The insular cortex also is where the sensation of pain is judged as to its degree. Lesion of the insula is associated with dramatic loss of pain perception and isolated insular infarction can lead to contralateral elimination of pinprick perception. Further, the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while thinking about their happening to one's own body. Those with irritable bowel syndrome have abnormal processing of visceral pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain. Physiological studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that neurons in the insula respond to skin stimulation. PET studies have also revealed that the human insula can also be activated by vibrational stimulation to the skin. Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful warmth or nonpainful coldness of a skin sensation. Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or abdominal distension. A full bladder also activates the insular cortex. One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived dyspnea is processed in the right human anterior insula and amygdala. The cerebral cortex processing vestibular sensations extends into the insula, with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of balance and vertigo. Other noninteroceptive perceptions include passive listening to music, laughter and crying, empathy and compassion, and language. Motor control In motor control, it contributes to hand-and-eye motor movement, swallowing, gastric motility, and speech articulation. It has been identified as a "central command” centre that ensures that heart rate and blood pressure increase at the onset of exercise. Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences. It is also involved in motor learning and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke. Homeostasis It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control. The insula controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It has a role in regulating the immune system. Self The insula has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self-awareness, sense of agency, and sense of body ownership. Social emotions The anterior insula processes a person's sense of disgust both to smells and to the sight of contamination and mutilation — even when just imagining the experience. This associates with a mirror neuron-like link between external and internal experiences. In social experience, it is involved in the processing of norm violations, emotional processing, empathy, and orgasms. The insula is active during social decision making. Tiziana Quarto et al. measured emotional intelligence (EI) (the ability to identify, regulate, and process emotions of themselves and of others) of sixty-three healthy subjects. Using fMRI EI was measured in correlation with left insular activity. The subjects were shown various pictures of facial expressions and tasked with deciding to approach or avoid the person in the picture. The results of the social decision task yielded that individuals with high EI scores had left insular activation when processing fearful faces. Individuals with low EI scores had left insular activation when processing angry faces. Emotions The insular cortex, in particular its most anterior portion, is considered a limbic-related cortex. The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience. In particular, Antonio Damasio has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience, giving rise to conscious feelings. This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of William James, who first proposed that subjective emotional experience (i.e., feelings) arise from our brain's interpretation of bodily states that are elicited by emotional events. This is an example of embodied cognition. In terms of function, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience. To be specific, the anterior insula is related more to olfactory, gustatory, viscero-autonomic, and limbic function, whereas the posterior insula is related more to auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor function. Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions, including anger, fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness. The anterior insular cortex (AIC) is believed to be responsible for emotional feelings, including maternal and romantic love, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, sexual arousal, disgust, aversion, unfairness, inequity, indignation, uncertainty, disbelief, social exclusion, trust, empathy, sculptural beauty, a ‘state of union with God’, and hallucinogenic states. Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is well-situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum, and the orbitofrontal cortex, as well as to motor cortices. A study using magnetic resonance imaging found that the right anterior insula is significantly thicker in people that meditate. Other research into brain activity and meditation has shown an increase in grey matter in areas of the brain including the insular cortex. Another study using voxel-based morphometry and MRI on experienced Vipassana meditators was done to extend the findings of Lazar et al., which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators. The strongest evidence against a causative role for the insula cortex in emotion comes from Damasio et al. (2012) which showed that a patient who suffered bilateral lesions of the insula cortex expressed the full complement of human emotions, and was fully capable of emotional learning. Salience Functional neuroimaging research suggests the insula is involved in two types of salience. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves, first, the anterior insular cortex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 33) and the anterior and posterior mid-cingulate cortices, and, second, a general salience network concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex. A related idea is that the anterior insula, as part of the salience network, interacts with the mid-posterior insula to combine salient stimuli with autonomic information, leading to a high state of physiological awareness of salient stimuli. An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the selective attention created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of arousal created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system). This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might fatigue and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into anxiety. Decision Making Studies have shown that damage or dysfunction in the insular cortex can impair decision-making, emotional regulation, and social behavior. The insula is considered a key brain structure in the neural circuitry underlying complex decision-making processes. It plays a significant role in integrating internal and external cues to facilitate adaptive choices. Auditory perception Recent research indicates that the insular cortex is involved in auditory perception. Responses to sound stimuli were obtained using intracranial EEG recordings acquired from patients with epilepsy. The posterior part of the insula showed auditory responses that resemble those observed in Heschl’s gyrus, whereas the anterior part responded to the emotional contents of the auditory stimuli. Clinical data additionally shows that bilateral damage to the insula after ischemic injury or trauma can lead to auditory agnosia. Functional magnetic resonance studies have also demonstrated that the insular cortex participates in many key auditory processes such as tuning into novel auditory stimuli and allocating auditory attention. Direct recordings from the posterior part of the insula showed responses to unexpected sounds within regular auditory streams, a process known as auditory deviance detection. Researchers observed a mismatch negativity (MMN) potential, a well known event related potential, as well as the high frequency activity signals originating from local neurons. Simple auditory illusions and hallucinations were elicited by electrical functional mapping. Clinical significance Progressive expressive aphasia Progressive expressive aphasia is the deterioration of normal language function that causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition. It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including Pick's disease, motor neuron disease, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. It is associated with hypometabolism and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex. Addiction A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug users are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings. This has been shown for a variety of drugs, including cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and nicotine. Despite these findings, the insula has been ignored within the drug addiction literature, perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesocortical dopamine system, which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction. Research published in 2007 has shown that cigarette smokers suffering damage to the insular cortex, from a stroke for instance, have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated. These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas. Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self-reported behavior changes such as quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury, quitting smoking with great ease, not smoking again after quitting, and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting. The study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes, which opens up the possibility that recall bias could have affected the results. More recent prospective studies, which overcome this limitation, have corroborated these findings This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to nicotine and other drugs, and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication. In addition, this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula, especially conscious feelings, may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction, although this view is not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject. A recent study in rats by Contreras et al. corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine conditioned place preference, an animal model of cue-induced drug craving. In this study, insula inactivation also disrupted "malaise" responses to lithium chloride injection, suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction. However, in this same study, the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine, suggesting that it is the immediate, pleasurable interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration, rather than the delayed, aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula. A model proposed by Naqvi et al. (see above) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use (e.g., the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that have previously been associated with drug use. A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of addictive psychoactive drugs. Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues, and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges. In the cue-exposure studies, insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body. Therefore, rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs, the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use, anticipation of these effects in the future, or both. Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body. This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug, and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use, according to this study. Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures A common quality in mystical experiences is a strong feeling of certainty which cannot be expressed in words. Fabienne Picard proposes a neurological explanation for this subjective certainty, based on clinical research of epilepsy. According to Picard, this feeling of certainty may be caused by a dysfunction of the anterior insula, a part of the brain which is involved in interoception, self-reflection, and in avoiding uncertainty about the internal representations of the world by "anticipation of resolution of uncertainty or risk". This avoidance of uncertainty functions through the comparison between predicted states and actual states, that is, "signaling that we do not understand, i.e., that there is ambiguity." Picard notes that "the concept of insight is very close to that of certainty," and refers to Archimedes' "Eureka!" Picard hypothesizes that during ecstatic seizures the comparison between predicted states and actual states no longer functions, and that mismatches between predicted state and actual state are no longer processed, blocking "negative emotions and negative arousal arising from predictive uncertainty," which will be experienced as emotional confidence. Picard concludes that "his could lead to a spiritual interpretation in some individuals." Other clinical conditions The insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders, emotion dysregulation, and anorexia nervosa. History The insula was first described by Johann Christian Reil while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexuses. Henry Gray in Gray's Anatomy is responsible for it being known as the Island of Reil. John Allman and colleagues showed that anterior insular cortex contains spindle neurons. Additional images Location and structure of the insular cortex Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons (Insula labeled at upper right) Horizontal section of left cerebral hemisphere Insular cortex highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images Insular cortex highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images Insular cortex highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images See also This article uses anatomical terminology. List of regions in the human brain References ^ MUFSON, E; MESULAM, M; PANDYA, D (1 July 1981). "Insular interconnections with the amygdala in the rhesus monkey". Neuroscience. 6 (7): 1231–1248. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90184-6. PMID 6167896. 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PMID 16055762. ^ Marco Contreras; Francisco Ceric; Fernando Torrealba (January 2007). "Inactivation of the Interoceptive Insula Disrupts Drug Craving and Malaise Induced by Lithium". Science. 318 (5850): 655–8. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..655C. doi:10.1126/science.1145590. hdl:10533/135157. PMID 17962567. S2CID 23499558. ^ Picard, Fabienne (2013), "State of belief, subjective certainty and bliss as a product of cortical dysfuntion", Cortex, 49 (9): 2494–2500, doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.006, PMID 23415878, S2CID 206984751 ^ Gschwind, Markus; Picard, Fabienne (2016), "Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: a glimpse into the multiple roles of the insula", Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10: 21, doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021, PMC 4756129, PMID 26924970 ^ Picard 2013, p.2496-2498 ^ Picard 2013, p.2497-2498 ^ See also satori in Japanese Zen ^ a b Picard 2013, p.2498 ^ Paulus MP, Stein MB (August 2006). "An insular view of anxiety". Biol. Psychiatry. 60 (4): 383–7. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042. PMID 16780813. S2CID 17889111. ^ Thayer JF, Lane RD (December 2000). "A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation". J Affect Disord. 61 (3): 201–16. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4. PMID 11163422. ^ Gaudio S, Wiemerslage L, Brooks SJ, Schiöth HB (2016). "A systematic review of resting-state functional-MRI studies in anorexia nervosa: Evidence for functional connectivity impairment in cognitive control and visuospatial and body-signal integration" (PDF). Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 71: 578–589. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.032. PMID 27725172. S2CID 16526824. ^ a b Binder DK, Schaller K, Clusmann H (November 2007). "The seminal contributions of Johann-Christian Reil to anatomy, physiology, and psychiatry". Neurosurgery. 61 (5): 1091–6, discussion 1096. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000303205.15489.23. PMID 18091285. S2CID 8152708. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insular cortex. Insular cortex in the Brede Database at the Technical University of Denmark. Location and literature citations for the insula synd/1212 at Who Named It? "Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07. Stained brain slice images which include the "insular cortex" at the BrainMaps project Thomas P. Naidicha; et al. (1 February 2004). "The Insula: Anatomic Study and MR Imaging Display at 1.5 T". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 25 (2): 222–32. PMC 7974606. PMID 14970021. Kakigia R, Nakataa H, Inuia K, Hiroea N, et al. (October 2005). "Intracerebral pain processing in a Yoga Master who claims not to feel pain during meditation". Eur J Pain. 9 (5): 581–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.12.006. PMID 16139187. S2CID 17598717. As for fMRI recording, there were remarkable changes in levels of activity in the...SII-insula (mainly the insula) vteAnatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brainFrontal lobeSuperolateralPrefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 4 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus: 11 47-Pars orbitalis Broca's area 44-Pars opercularis 45-Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial/inferiorPrefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 4 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule 4 Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex 4 Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobeSuperolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40-Supramarginal gyrus 39-Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial/inferior Paracentral lobule 1 2 3 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex 3, 1 and 2 Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobeSuperolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Occipital gyri Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial/inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobeSuperolateral Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex 41 and 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22/Wernicke's area (Planum temporale) Superior temporal sulcus Middle temporal gyrus 21 Medial/inferior Occipitotemporal sulcus Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Interlobarsulci/fissuresSuperolateral Central (frontal+parietal) Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal) Parieto-occipital Preoccipital notch Medial/inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate (frontal+cingulate) Collateral (temporal+occipital) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobeParahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex/gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Indusium griseum Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri. Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica 2

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"lateral sulcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_sulcus"},{"link_name":"temporal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"parietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe"},{"link_name":"frontal lobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_hemisphere"},{"link_name":"mammalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"emotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion"},{"link_name":"homeostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis"},{"link_name":"compassion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion"},{"link_name":"empathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy"},{"link_name":"taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste"},{"link_name":"perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"motor control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_control"},{"link_name":"self-awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness"},{"link_name":"cognitive functioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_function"},{"link_name":"interpersonal relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"},{"link_name":"homeostatic emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion"},{"link_name":"hunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger"},{"link_name":"pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue"},{"link_name":"psychopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(brain)"}],"text":"The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain.The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include compassion, empathy, taste, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, interpersonal relationships, and awareness of homeostatic emotions such as hunger, pain and fatigue. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology.The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the anterior insula and the posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning lid). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.","title":"Insular cortex"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ventral medial nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_nuclear_group"},{"link_name":"central nucleus of the amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nucleus_of_the_amygdala"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"secondary somatosensory cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_somatosensory_cortex"},{"link_name":"spinothalamically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"ventral posterior inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_nuclear_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"diffusion tensor imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_MRI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobotta's_Atlas_and_Text-book_of_human_anatomy_1909-4"},{"link_name":"sulcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobotta's_Atlas_and_Text-book_of_human_anatomy_1909-4"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(brain)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sobotta's_Atlas_and_Text-book_of_human_anatomy_1909-4"}],"sub_title":"Connections","text":"The anterior part of the insula is subdivided by shallow sulci into three or four short gyri.The anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the central nucleus of the amygdala. In addition, the anterior insula itself projects to the amygdala.One study on rhesus monkeys revealed widespread reciprocal connections between the insular cortex and almost all subnuclei of the amygdaloid complex. The posterior insula projects predominantly to the dorsal aspect of the lateral and to the central amygdaloid nuclei. In contrast, the anterior insula projects to the anterior amygdaloid area as well as the medial, the cortical, the accessory basal magnocellular, the medial basal, and the lateral amygdaloid nuclei.[1]The posterior part of the insula is formed by a long gyrus.The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the secondary somatosensory cortex and receives input from spinothalamically activated ventral posterior inferior thalamic nuclei. It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status, and sensual touch.[2]A human neuroimaging study using diffusion tensor imaging revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe, opercular and orbitofrontal cortex, triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right hemisphere.[3]The 'circular sulcus of insula' (or sulcus of Reil[4]) is a semi-circular sulcus or fissure[4] that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the operculum[5] in the front, above, and\nbehind.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cytoarchitecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoarchitecture"},{"link_name":"granular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell"},{"link_name":"posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior"},{"link_name":"cortical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"thalamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"spindle neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_neurons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Cytoarchitecture","text":"The insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or cytoarchitecture, changing from granular in the posterior portion to agranular in the anterior portion. The insula also receives differential cortical and thalamic input along its length. The anterior insular cortex contains a population of spindle neurons (also called von Economo neurons), identified as characterising a distinctive subregion as the agranular frontal insula.[6]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobes_of_the_brain"},{"link_name":"telencephalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"temporal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"limbic lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_lobe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The insular cortex is considered a separate lobe of the telencephalon by some authorities.[7] Other sources see the insula as a part of the temporal lobe.[8] It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a limbic lobe.[citation needed] As a paralimbic cortex, the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Multimodal sensory processing, sensory binding","text":"Functional imaging studies show activation of the insula during audio-visual integration tasks.[9][10]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gustatory cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_cortex"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Taste","text":"The anterior insula is part of the primary gustatory cortex.[11][12] Research in rhesus monkeys has also reported that apart from numerous taste-sensitive neurons, the insular cortex also responds to non-taste properties of oral stimuli related to the texture (viscosity, grittiness) or temperature of food.[13]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Speech","text":"The sensory speech region, Wernicke’s area, and the motor speech region, Broca’s area, are interconnected by a large axonal fiber system known as the arcuate fasciculus which passes directly beneath the insular cortex. On account of this anatomical architecture, ischemic strokes in the insular region can disrupt the arcuate fasciculus.[14] Functional imaging studies on the cerebral correlates of language production also suggest that the anterior insula forms part of the brain network of speech motor control.[15] Moreover, electrical stimulation of the posterior insular can evoke speech disturbances such as speech arrest and reduced voice intensity.[16]Lesion of the pre-central gyrus of the insula can also cause “pure speech apraxia” (i.e. the inability to speak with no apparent aphasic or orofacial motor impairments).[17] This demonstrates that the insular cortex forms part of a critical circuit for the coordination of complex articulatory movements prior to and during the execution of the motor speech plans.[17] Importantly, this specific cortical circuit is different from those that relate to the cognitive aspects of language production (e.g., Broca’s area on the inferior frontal gyrus).[17] Subvocal, or silent, speech has also been shown to activate right insular cortex, further supporting the theory that the motor control of speech proceeds from the insula.[18]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interoception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoception"},{"link_name":"great apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae"},{"link_name":"anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex"},{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"emotional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion"},{"link_name":"empathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy"},{"link_name":"metacognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacognition"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"interoceptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoception"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"heartbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"gray matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_matter"},{"link_name":"negative emotional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_emotion"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamb-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamb-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"irritable bowel syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome"},{"link_name":"visceral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"warmth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense#Temperature"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"abdominal distension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distension"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladder"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"dyspnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"vestibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrioception"},{"link_name":"vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Interoceptive awareness","text":"Further information: InteroceptionThere is evidence that, in addition to its base functions, the insula may play a role in certain higher-level functions that operate only in humans and other great apes. The spindle neurons found at a higher density in the right frontal insular cortex are also found in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes. It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in cognitive-emotional processes that are specific to primates including great apes, such as empathy and metacognitive emotional feelings. This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right frontal insula is correlated with the ability to feel one's own heartbeat, or to empathize with the pain of others. It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the lower-level functions of the insula but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to consciousness.[19][20] The right anterior insula is engaged in interoceptive awareness of homeostatic emotions such as thirst, pain and fatigue,[21] and the ability to time one's own heartbeat. Moreover, greater right anterior insular gray matter volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body, and with negative emotional experience.[22] It is also involved in the control of blood pressure,[23] in particular during and after exercise,[23] and its activity varies with the amount of effort a person believes he/she is exerting.[24][25]The insular cortex also is where the sensation of pain is judged as to its degree.[26] Lesion of the insula is associated with dramatic loss of pain perception and isolated insular infarction can lead to contralateral elimination of pinprick perception.[27] Further, the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while thinking about their happening to one's own body.[28] Those with irritable bowel syndrome have abnormal processing of visceral pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain.[29]Physiological studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that neurons in the insula respond to skin stimulation.[30] PET studies have also revealed that the human insula can also be activated by vibrational stimulation to the skin.[31]Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful warmth[32] or nonpainful coldness[33] of a skin sensation. Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or abdominal distension.[34][35] A full bladder also activates the insular cortex.[36]One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived dyspnea is processed in the right human anterior insula and amygdala.[37]The cerebral cortex processing vestibular sensations extends into the insula,[38] with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of balance and vertigo.[39]Other noninteroceptive perceptions include passive listening to music,[40] laughter and crying,[41] empathy and compassion,[42] and language.[43]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_physiology"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Motor control","text":"In motor control, it contributes to hand-and-eye motor movement,[44][45] swallowing,[46] gastric motility,[47] and speech articulation.[48][49] It has been identified as a \"central command” centre that ensures that heart rate and blood pressure increase at the onset of exercise.[50] Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences.[51] It is also involved in motor learning[52] and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke.[53]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Critchley-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Homeostasis","text":"It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control. The insula controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.[54][55] It has a role in regulating the immune system.[56][57][58]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Self","text":"The insula has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self-awareness,[59][60] sense of agency,[61] and sense of body ownership.[62]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disgust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgust"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wicker-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jabbi-65"},{"link_name":"mirror neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"emotional intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intelligence"},{"link_name":"fMRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"facial expressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_expression"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Social emotions","text":"The anterior insula processes a person's sense of disgust both to smells[63] and to the sight of contamination and mutilation[64] — even when just imagining the experience.[65] This associates with a mirror neuron-like link between external and internal experiences.In social experience, it is involved in the processing of norm violations,[66] emotional processing,[67] empathy,[68] and orgasms.[69]The insula is active during social decision making. Tiziana Quarto et al. measured emotional intelligence (EI) (the ability to identify, regulate, and process emotions of themselves and of others) of sixty-three healthy subjects. Using fMRI EI was measured in correlation with left insular activity. The subjects were shown various pictures of facial expressions and tasked with deciding to approach or avoid the person in the picture. The results of the social decision task yielded that individuals with high EI scores had left insular activation when processing fearful faces. Individuals with low EI scores had left insular activation when processing angry faces.[70]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limbic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic"},{"link_name":"Antonio Damasio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Damasio"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James"},{"link_name":"embodied cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition"},{"link_name":"Functional imaging experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI"},{"link_name":"pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain"},{"link_name":"emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions"},{"link_name":"anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger"},{"link_name":"fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear"},{"link_name":"disgust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgust"},{"link_name":"happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness"},{"link_name":"sadness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadness"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"ventral striatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_striatum"},{"link_name":"orbitofrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"motor cortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cortex"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"meditate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditate"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16272874-75"},{"link_name":"brain activity and meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_activity_and_meditation"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_48%E2%80%9373-76"},{"link_name":"Vipassana meditators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassana_meditation"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Emotions","text":"The insular cortex, in particular its most anterior portion, is considered a limbic-related cortex. The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience. In particular, Antonio Damasio has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience, giving rise to conscious feelings. This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of William James, who first proposed that subjective emotional experience (i.e., feelings) arise from our brain's interpretation of bodily states that are elicited by emotional events. This is an example of embodied cognition.In terms of function, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience. To be specific, the anterior insula is related more to olfactory, gustatory, viscero-autonomic, and limbic function, whereas the posterior insula is related more to auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor function. Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions, including anger, fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness.[71]The anterior insular cortex (AIC) is believed to be responsible for emotional feelings, including maternal and romantic love, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, sexual arousal, disgust, aversion, unfairness, inequity, indignation, uncertainty,[72] disbelief, social exclusion, trust, empathy, sculptural beauty, a ‘state of union with God’, and hallucinogenic states.[73]Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is well-situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from \"homeostatic afferent\" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum, and the orbitofrontal cortex, as well as to motor cortices.[74]A study using magnetic resonance imaging found that the right anterior insula is significantly thicker in people that meditate.[75] Other research into brain activity and meditation has shown an increase in grey matter in areas of the brain including the insular cortex.[76]Another study using voxel-based morphometry and MRI on experienced Vipassana meditators was done to extend the findings of Lazar et al., which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators.[77]The strongest evidence against a causative role for the insula cortex in emotion comes from Damasio et al. (2012) [78] which showed that a patient who suffered bilateral lesions of the insula cortex expressed the full complement of human emotions, and was fully capable of emotional learning.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Functional neuroimaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging"},{"link_name":"salience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience_(neuroscience)"},{"link_name":"pregenual anterior cingulate cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex"},{"link_name":"Brodmann area 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area_33"},{"link_name":"posterior mid-cingulate cortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cingulate_cortex"},{"link_name":"salience network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salience_network"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"selective attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_attention"},{"link_name":"arousal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arousal"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eckert-81"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(safety)"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eckert-81"}],"sub_title":"Salience","text":"Functional neuroimaging research suggests the insula is involved in two types of salience. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves, first, the anterior insular cortex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 33) and the anterior and posterior mid-cingulate cortices, and, second, a general salience network concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex.[79] A related idea is that the anterior insula, as part of the salience network, interacts with the mid-posterior insula to combine salient stimuli with autonomic information, leading to a high state of physiological awareness of salient stimuli.[80]An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the selective attention created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of arousal created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system).[81] This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might fatigue and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into anxiety.[81]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Decision Making","text":"Studies have shown that damage or dysfunction in the insular cortex can impair decision-making, emotional regulation, and social behavior. The insula is considered a key brain structure in the neural circuitry underlying complex decision-making processes.[82] It plays a significant role in integrating internal and external cues to facilitate adaptive choices.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auditory perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing"},{"link_name":"intracranial EEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoelectroencephalography"},{"link_name":"Heschl’s gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heschl%27s_gyrus"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"auditory deviance detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_negativity"},{"link_name":"mismatch negativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismatch_negativity"},{"link_name":"event related potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-related_potential"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-83"}],"sub_title":"Auditory perception","text":"Recent research indicates that the insular cortex is involved in auditory perception. Responses to sound stimuli were obtained using intracranial EEG recordings acquired from patients with epilepsy. The posterior part of the insula showed auditory responses that resemble those observed in Heschl’s gyrus, whereas the anterior part responded to the emotional contents of the auditory stimuli.[83] Clinical data additionally shows that bilateral damage to the insula after ischemic injury or trauma can lead to auditory agnosia.[84] Functional magnetic resonance studies have also demonstrated that the insular cortex participates in many key auditory processes such as tuning into novel auditory stimuli and allocating auditory attention.[85]Direct recordings from the posterior part of the insula showed responses to unexpected sounds within regular auditory streams, a process known as auditory deviance detection. Researchers observed a mismatch negativity (MMN) potential, a well known event related potential, as well as the high frequency activity signals originating from local neurons.[86]Simple auditory illusions and hallucinations were elicited by electrical functional mapping.[87][83]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expressive aphasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressive_aphasia"},{"link_name":"language function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_function"},{"link_name":"Pick's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"motor neuron disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuron_disease"},{"link_name":"corticobasal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"frontotemporal dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Progressive expressive aphasia","text":"Progressive expressive aphasia is the deterioration of normal language function that causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition. It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including Pick's disease, motor neuron disease, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. It is associated with hypometabolism[88] and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex.[89]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"opiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiates"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"cigarette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"recall bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_bias"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"conditioned place preference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditioned_place_preference"},{"link_name":"lithium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_chloride"}],"sub_title":"Addiction","text":"A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug users are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings. This has been shown for a variety of drugs, including cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and nicotine. Despite these findings, the insula has been ignored within the drug addiction literature, perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesocortical dopamine system, which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction. Research published in 2007[90] has shown that cigarette smokers suffering damage to the insular cortex, from a stroke for instance, have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated. These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas. Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self-reported behavior changes such as quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury, quitting smoking with great ease, not smoking again after quitting, and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting. The study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes, which opens up the possibility that recall bias could have affected the results.[91] More recent prospective studies, which overcome this limitation, have corroborated these findings[92][93] This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to nicotine and other drugs, and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication. In addition, this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula, especially conscious feelings, may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction, although this view is not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject.[94]A recent study in rats by Contreras et al.[95] corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine conditioned place preference, an animal model of cue-induced drug craving. In this study, insula inactivation also disrupted \"malaise\" responses to lithium chloride injection, suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction. However, in this same study, the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine, suggesting that it is the immediate, pleasurable interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration, rather than the delayed, aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula.A model proposed by Naqvi et al. (see above) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use (e.g., the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that have previously been associated with drug use. A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of addictive psychoactive drugs. Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues, and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges. In the cue-exposure studies, insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body. Therefore, rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs, the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use, anticipation of these effects in the future, or both. Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body. This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug, and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use, according to this study.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cannot be expressed in words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineffability"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"interoception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoception"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"negative emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_emotion"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Picard_2013,_p.2498-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Picard_2013,_p.2498-101"}],"sub_title":"Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures","text":"A common quality in mystical experiences is a strong feeling of certainty which cannot be expressed in words. Fabienne Picard proposes a neurological explanation for this subjective certainty, based on clinical research of epilepsy.[96][97]\nAccording to Picard, this feeling of certainty may be caused by a dysfunction of the anterior insula, a part of the brain which is involved in interoception, self-reflection, and in avoiding uncertainty about the internal representations of the world by \"anticipation of resolution of uncertainty or risk\". This avoidance of uncertainty functions through the comparison between predicted states and actual states, that is, \"signaling that we do not understand, i.e., that there is ambiguity.\"[98] Picard notes that \"the concept of insight is very close to that of certainty,\" and refers to Archimedes' \"Eureka!\"[99][100] Picard hypothesizes that during ecstatic seizures the comparison between predicted states and actual states no longer functions, and that mismatches between predicted state and actual state are no longer processed, blocking \"negative emotions and negative arousal arising from predictive uncertainty,\" which will be experienced as emotional confidence.[101] Picard concludes that \"[t]his could lead to a spiritual interpretation in some individuals.\"[101]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"anorexia nervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaudio2016-104"}],"sub_title":"Other clinical conditions","text":"The insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders,[102] emotion dysregulation,[103] and anorexia nervosa.[104]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Christian Reil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_Reil"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Binder-105"},{"link_name":"Henry Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gray"},{"link_name":"Gray's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Binder-105"},{"link_name":"John Allman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Allman"},{"link_name":"spindle neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_neurons"}],"text":"The insula was first described by Johann Christian Reil while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexuses.[105] Henry Gray in Gray's Anatomy is responsible for it being known as the Island of Reil.[105] John Allman and colleagues showed that anterior insular cortex contains spindle neurons.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insula_structure.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray717.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insular_cortex_coronal_sections.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insular_cortex_sagittal_sections.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insular_cortex_transversal_sections.gif"}],"text":"Location and structure of the insular cortex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoronal section of brain immediately in front of pons (Insula labeled at upper right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHorizontal section of left cerebral hemisphere\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInsular cortex highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInsular cortex highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInsular cortex highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images","title":"Additional images"}]

[]

[{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"List of regions in the human brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain"}]

[{"reference":"MUFSON, E; MESULAM, M; PANDYA, D (1 July 1981). \"Insular interconnections with the amygdala in the rhesus monkey\". Neuroscience. 6 (7): 1231–1248. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(81)90184-6. PMID 6167896. S2CID 46366616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0306-4522%2881%2990184-6","url_text":"10.1016/0306-4522(81)90184-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6167896","url_text":"6167896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46366616","url_text":"46366616"}]},{"reference":"Craig AD, Chen K, Bandy D, Reiman EM (2000). \"Thermosensory activation of insular cortex\". Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2): 184–90. doi:10.1038/72131. PMID 10649575. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_McAuley

Alphonso McAuley

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]

American actor Alphonso McAuleyBorn (1984-04-21) April 21, 1984 (age 40)New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.EducationCalifornia State University, Fullerton (BA)Occupation(s)Actor, comedianYears active2003–presentChildren1 Alphonso McAuley (born April 21, 1984) is an American actor and social media personality. McAuley played Cassius Sparks on Fox's comedy television series Breaking In and played Hutch in ABC's The Middle. Early life and education McAuley was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and raised in Chino, California . He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications and Afro-Ethnic studies from California State University, Fullerton. He has one daughter with longtime girlfriend Denise Nicole. Career McAuley played Bucky in the Fat Albert movie. He also played Orsten Artis in the 2006 film Glory Road, based on the true story of the Texas Western Miners, and Walt in the film Pride. He went on to co-star with Tatyana Ali in the sitcom Love That Girl!. He also voiced the rooster Drake in The Lion of Judah. He is featured in the music video for "Miracle" by Matisyahu. He also featured in the YouTube comedy series Merman King Mah-Doo, a story about an exiled merman king living on dry land, though this series appears to have currently been deleted or unavailable on the site. McAuley was popular on the social media app Vine, amassing over one million followers as of 2014. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2004 Fat Albert Bucky 2005 Reversal of Misfortune Teenage Driver 2006 Glory Road Orsten Artis 2007 Pride Walt 2007 Katt Williams: American Hustle Penguin 2008 Nim's Island Russell Uncredited 2011 Cat Run Julian Simms 2011 The Lion of Judah Drake Voice 2014 Walk of Shame Pookie 2014 Cat Run 2 Julian 2015 The Submarine Kid Paul 2017 Random Tropical Paradise Randy 2017 Maximum Impact Nathan Robinson Uncredited 2020 The Bellmen JJ 2021 Broken Diamonds Tolbert 2022 North of the 10 The Announcer 2022 The Hyperions Ansel Television Year Title Role Notes 2003 Joan of Arcadia DJ God Episode: "The Uncertainty Principle" 2006 The Jake Effect Cliff Johnson Episode: "Don't Mess with Sloppy" 2008 Chocolate News Ronnie Tucker 7 episodes 2010–2014 Love That Girl! Latrell Jones 43 episodes 2011 Glenn Martin, DDS Xiang-Bu Episode: "Date with Destiny" 2011–2012 Breaking In Calvin 'Cash' Sparks 20 episodes 2013–2018 The Middle Hutch 25 episodes 2015 Key & Peele Buddy #3 Episode: "MC Mom" 2016 Lele Pons and Hannah Stocking Therapist / Bach's Friend 2 episodes 2016–2018 King Bachelor's Pad Various roles 3 episodes 2017 Girlboss Dax 13 episodes 2017 Caught the Series Uber driver 3 episodes 2018 No Sleep 'Til Christmas Andy Television film 2019 Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History Various roles 2019–2020 Schooled Coop Dugan 18 episodes References ^ Bierly, Mandi (November 19, 2010). "Christian Slater will be 'Breaking In' to his first comedy series on Fox". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 30, 2010. ^ "Alphonso McAuley". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2022-07-25. ^ Schneider, Michael (2010) "TV One acquires 'Love That Girl'", Variety, January 4, 2010, retrieved 2010-02-09 ^ "Matisyahu - Miracle (Official Music Video)". YouTube. ^ "What Has Alphonso McAuley Been In Besides His Vines? His Humor Last Longer than 6 Seconds". Bustle. Retrieved 2022-07-25. External links Alphonso McAuley at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaynagar

Sanjaynagar

["1 Landmarks","2 References"]

Coordinates: 13°2′13.82″N 77°34′55.41″E / 13.0371722°N 77.5820583°E / 13.0371722; 77.5820583 Neighbourhood in Bangalore Urban, Karnataka, IndiaSanjaynagar SanjaynagaraNeighbourhoodRajamahal Vilas Extension 2nd StageNickname: Dollars ColonyCountryIndiaStateKarnatakaDistrictBangalore UrbanGovernment • BodyBruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara PalikeTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN560094Telephone code+91-80Vehicle registrationKA04 Sanjaynagar is a residential area located in North of Bangalore, India. Established in the late seventies, it is now a busy and sprawling locality in Bangalore. Located to the left side of NH 7, which leads to Kempegowda International Airport, Sanjaynagar comprises many colonies, established by the employees associations of N.G.E.F., HAL, CIL, Postal Colony and Siddhi Vinayaka Layout. Due to other prominent areas like R. T. Nagar and Sadashivanagar surrounding this area, it led to its rapid development. The presence of Ramaiah Institute of Technology hastened the development of Sanjaynagar's New BEL Road. Sanjaynagar is a residential area located in North of Bangalore, India. Established in the late seventies, it is now a busy and sprawling locality in Bangalore. Located to the left side of NH 7, which leads to Kempegowda International Airport, Sanjaynagar comprises many colonies, established by the employees associations of N.G.E.F., HAL, CIL, Postal Colony and Siddhi Vinayaka Layout. Due to other prominent areas like R. T. Nagar and Sadashivanagar surrounding this area, it led to its rapid development. The presence of Ramaiah Institute of Technology hastened the development of Sanjaynagar's New BEL Road. Landmarks Vaibhav Theatre is one of the landmarks of the area. References ^ a b c DHNS. "A bit of old and new Bengaluru". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ "It's good ol' Sanjaynagar for Anjum". The Hindu. 9 November 2011. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ archive, From our online (15 May 2012). "What they call a 'decent' place". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ "It's good ol' Sanjaynagar for Anjum". The Hindu. 9 November 2011. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 February 2024. ^ archive, From our online (15 May 2012). "What they call a 'decent' place". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 1 February 2024. 13°2′13.82″N 77°34′55.41″E / 13.0371722°N 77.5820583°E / 13.0371722; 77.5820583 vteBangaloreHistory Bangalore Cantonment Bangalore Fort Bengaluru Pete Chalukyas Hoysalas Kadambas Kempe Gowda Kingdom of Mysore Rashtrakutas Vijayanagara Western Gangas Tippu Sultan Geography Mysore Plateau Dodda Alada Mara Turahalli Forest Nandi Hills Kodachadri Hills Lakes Agara Lake Arekere Lake Bellandur Lake Hebbal lake Hesaraghatta Lake Madivala tank Puttenahalli Lake (JP Nagar) Puttenahalli Lake (Yelahanka) Sankey tank Sarakki lake Varthur Lake Vibhutipura Lake Yelahanka Lake Civil administration Bangalore Agenda Task Force City Police Bangalore Development Authority Metropolitan Region Development Authority TRAI Bangalore Regional Office Municipal elections 1989 1996 2001 2010 2015 2022 Municipal Corporation Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Mayor List of wards in Bangalore Wards Yelahanka Ward Chowdeshwari Ward Attur Ward Defunct List of wards in Bangalore (1989–1995) List of wards in Bangalore (1995–2006) List of wards in Bangalore (2010–2020) Buildings Attara Kacheri Bangalore Palace Bangalore Town Hall Central Prison Chinnaswamy Stadium Daly Memorial Hall Karnataka High Court K. R. Market Nehru Planetarium Utility Building Vidhana Soudha Visvesvaraya Museum World Trade Center Transport Bengaluru International Airport HAL Airport Bangalore City railway station Bangalore Cantonment railway station Yesvantpur Junction Krishnarajapuram railway station Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal Bengaluru Commuter Rail Namma Metro BMTC Kempegowda Bus Station Roads 100 Feet Road Avenue Road Bannerghatta Road (SH 87) Brigade Road Church Street Cunningham Road Hosur Road (NH 7) Inner Ring Road J C Road Kasturba Road Lavelle Road M.G. Road Mysore Road (SH 17) NICE Road Old Airport Road Outer Ring Road Peripheral Ring Road Tannery Road Places of worship Bull Temple Dodda Ganesha Temple Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple Halasuru Someshwara Temple ISKCON Kote Jalakantheshwara temple Kote Venkataramana Temple Naganatheshwara Temple Ragigudda Anjaneya Temple Ranganathaswamy Temple St. Mary's Basilica CulturePeriodic events Bangalore Fashion Week Bangalore International Film Festival Bangalore Karaga Japan Habba Cinemas Kannada films Sports Bangalore Raptors Bengaluru Bulls Bengaluru FC Royal Challengers Bangalore Others Bibliography of Bangalore Groups Bangalore Agenda Task Force Bangalore IT.in Linux User Group Birdwatchers' Field Club Parks Bannerghatta Biological Park Bugle Rock Cubbon Park Freedom Park Lal Bagh LocalitiesNorth Bengaluru Abbigere Babusapalya Bagalur Banaswadi Chikkabanavara Cooke Town Cox Town Devara Jeevanahalli Dollars Colony Frazer Town Ganganagar Hebbal Horamavu Hunasamaranahalli Jalahalli Jakkur Kalkere Kalyan Nagar Kammanahalli Kodigehalli Kothnur Lingarajapuram Malleswaram Mariyannapalya Mathikere Mathkur Muthyalanagar Palace Guttahalli R. T. Nagar Ramachandrapura Ramamurthy Nagar Sadashivanagar Sahakara Nagar Sanjaynagar Thanisandra Thindlu Vidyaranyapura Vyalikaval Yelahanka Yeswanthpur West Bengaluru Basaveshwaranagar Bharathnagar Dasarahalli Herohalli Kamakshipalya Kengeri Kumbalgodu Mahalakshmi Layout Milk Colony Nagarbhavi Nandini Layout Nayandahalli Peenya Rajajinagar Rajarajeshwari Nagar Ullalu Vijayanagar Central Bengaluru Austin Town Bangalore Cantonment Bangalore Central Business District Bengaluru Pete Chamarajapet Chickpet Gandhinagar Richmond Town Seshadripuram Shivajinagar Vasanth Nagar Vivek Nagar Wilson Garden East Bengaluru Baiyyappanahalli Belathur Bellandur B. M. Kaval Brookefield CV Raman Nagar Domlur Garudacharpalya G. M. Palya Halasuru Hoodi Immadihalli Indiranagar Jeevan Bhima Nagar Kadugodi Kaggadasapura Kodihalli Krishnarajapuram Kundalahalli Mahadevapura Marathahalli Murphy Town Murugeshpalya Varthur Vimanapura Whitefield Yemalur South Bengaluru Adugodi Agara Ananthnagar Anjanapura Arekere Banashankari Basavanagudi Begur Bilekahalli Bommanahalli Bommasandra BTM Layout Carmelaram Chandapura Chikkalasandra Dommasandra Ejipura Electronic City Girinagar Gottigere Hanumanthanagar Hebbagodi HSR Layout Hulimavu Ittamadu Jayanagar Jigani J. P. Nagar Kaggalipura Konanakunte Konappana Agrahara Koramangala Kumaraswamy Layout Madiwala Padmanabhanagar Puttenahalli Shikaripalya Singasandra Suddaguntepalya Ramanjaneyanagar Taverekere Thyagarajanagar Uttarahalli InstitutionsEducation List of schools in Bangalore Bangalore International School Bishop Cotton Boys' School Baldwin Boys High School KV Hebbal Mallya Aditi International School National Public School, Indiranagar St. Joseph's Indian High School St.Germain High School Venkat International Public School Higher education List of Bangalore colleges Acharya Institute of Technology Al-Ameen College of Law Bangalore University Bangalore Institute of Technology Bangalore Medical College B.M.S. College of Engineering Christ University Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering Indian Institute of Astrophysics Indian Institute of Management Bangalore Indian Institute of Science Indian Statistical Institute International Institute of Information Technology National Institute of Fashion Technology National Law School of India University National College National Centre for Software Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology University of Agricultural Sciences University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship Hospitals Apollo Hospitals Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals Fortis Hospitals HOSMAT Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology Minto eye hospital Narayana Hrudayalaya NCBS NIMHANS Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics SDS Tuberculosis Sanatorium St. John's Hospital Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital Victoria Hospital Industry List of Bangalore telecom companies Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Bangalore portal Famous people Central business district Bangalore Rural District List of cities known as Silicon Valleys Tourist attractions Lakes Chola temples in Bangalore Economy This article related to a location in Bangalore Urban district, Karnataka, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"N.G.E.F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGEF"},{"link_name":"HAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited"},{"link_name":"R. T. Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._T._Nagar"},{"link_name":"Sadashivanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadashivanagar"},{"link_name":"Ramaiah Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaiah_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"New BEL Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_BEL_Road"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"N.G.E.F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGEF"},{"link_name":"HAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited"},{"link_name":"R. T. Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._T._Nagar"},{"link_name":"Sadashivanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadashivanagar"},{"link_name":"Ramaiah Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaiah_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"New BEL Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_BEL_Road"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Bangalore Urban, Karnataka, IndiaSanjaynagar is a residential area located in North of Bangalore, India. Established in the late seventies,[1] it is now a busy and sprawling locality in Bangalore.[2] Located to the left side of NH 7, which leads to Kempegowda International Airport, Sanjaynagar comprises many colonies, established by the employees associations of N.G.E.F., HAL, CIL, Postal Colony and Siddhi Vinayaka Layout. Due to other prominent areas like R. T. Nagar and Sadashivanagar surrounding this area, it led to its rapid development. The presence of Ramaiah Institute of Technology hastened the development of Sanjaynagar's New BEL Road.[3]Sanjaynagar is a residential area located in North of Bangalore, India. Established in the late seventies,[1] it is now a busy and sprawling locality in Bangalore.[4] Located to the left side of NH 7, which leads to Kempegowda International Airport, Sanjaynagar comprises many colonies, established by the employees associations of N.G.E.F., HAL, CIL, Postal Colony and Siddhi Vinayaka Layout. Due to other prominent areas like R. T. Nagar and Sadashivanagar surrounding this area, it led to its rapid development. The presence of Ramaiah Institute of Technology hastened the development of Sanjaynagar's New BEL Road.[5]","title":"Sanjaynagar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Vaibhav Theatre is one of the landmarks of the area.[1]","title":"Landmarks"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_lock-in

Carbon lock-in

["1 Introduction","2 A Co-Evolutionary Process","3 Globalizing Carbon Lock-In","4 See also","5 Notes and references","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Carbon lock-in refers to the self-perpetuating inertia created by large fossil fuel-based energy systems that inhibits public and private efforts to introduce alternative energy technologies. Related to the concept of technological lock-in, the concept is most used in relation to the challenge of altering the current energy infrastructure to respond to global climate change. The concept and term was first coined by Gregory C. Unruh in a 1999 Fletcher School, Tufts University doctoral thesis entitled "Escaping Carbon Lock-In." It has since gained popularity in climate change policy discussions, especially those focused on preventing the globalization of carbon lock-in to rapidly industrializing countries like China and India. The source of carbon lock-in inertia in energy systems arises from the co-evolution of large interdependent technological networks and the social institutions and cultural practices that support and benefit from system growth. The growth of the system is fostered by increasing returns to scale. Introduction According to Unruh: …industrial economies have been locked into fossil fuel-based energy systems through a process of technological and institutional co-evolution driven by path-dependent increasing returns to scale. It is asserted that this condition, termed carbon lock-in, creates persistent market and policy failures that can inhibit the diffusion of carbon-saving technologies despite their apparent environmental and economic advantages.— Gregory C. Unruh, Understanding carbon lock-in (2000) The concept emerged in response to what is termed the "climate policy paradox," which recognizes that there is substantial scientific consensus that climate change is a real and present threat to humans and other species uniquely adapted to current climatic conditions. Similarly there is evidence that technologies exist which can lower the carbon intensity of economic activity in a cost-effective manner, including energy efficiency innovations as well as some renewable energy applications. The existence of these apparent "win-win" no-regrets opportunities for society to act on climate concerns creates a paradox. If such technologies exist, and they are cost effective and help minimize climate-forcing emissions, why aren't they diffusing more rapidly? The conjecture is that industrial economies have become locked into fossil fuel technologies by past investments and policy decisions, the effects of positive feedback on increasing returns, and the economic growth of energy infrastructure. A Co-Evolutionary Process Carbon lock-in emerges over time as energy and economic development in industrialized countries has proceeded. The carbon lock-in framework builds hierarchically from individual technological artifacts, usually manufactured by for-profit organizations, to technological systems of interdependent artifacts. As these systems grow, they begin to have important societal implications drawing in government regulation of the system’s growth and development. The government’s involvement with system management, be it for safety, universal service or other national interests, institutionalizes the system and signals the emergence of a techno-institutional complex. Over time consumers and the public adapt their lifestyles to the capabilities of the technology and the system becomes embedded in society. Examples of this process can be seen in the growth of automobile-based transportation systems and fossil-fuel powered energy systems. It is this co-evolutionary positive feedback development process that creates the lock-in condition and associated barriers to the diffusion of alternative technologies, even those with known superior environmental performance characteristics. A 2007 Oak Ridge National Laboratory report entitled “Carbon Lock-In: Barriers to Deploying Climate Change Mitigation Technologies” (sponsored by the U.S. Climate Change Technology Program, CCTP) classifies three major types of carbon lock-in barriers: cost effectiveness, financial/legal and intellectual property barriers. Escaping the lock-in condition requires overcoming these barriers. Globalizing Carbon Lock-In According to an assessment proposed by Erickson et al. (2015), coal power plants, because of long lifetime, gas power, which may soon be overbuilt, and vehicles with internal combustion engines, because of strong techno-institutional effects, over-commit the highest amounts of carbon. The carbon lock-in concept has gained more attention as China’s rapid industrial economic development has progressed. The concern is that if China pursues the same fossil-fuel driven economic development models of established industrial counties, building out extensive automobile-based infrastructures and fossil-fuel powered energy systems, they will lock-in persistent and growing greenhouse gas emissions well into the future. The same arguments can be extended to all rapidly industrializing countries including India. This concern is arising as scientific evidence is indicating that current emission growth must be stopped and global emissions reduced by upwards of 60% if humanity is to prevent substantial unwanted climate disruption. Recent studies by Steven J. Davis and co-authors have quantified the future CO2 emissions that can be expected to be produced by current energy infrastructure and the magnitude of lock-in related to power plants being built each year in China and elsewhere. See also Path dependence Notes and references General references Unruh, Gregory C. (October 2000). "Understanding carbon lock-in". Energy Policy. 28 (12): 817–830. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00070-7. Unruh, Gregory C. (March 2002). "Escaping carbon lock-in". Energy Policy. 30 (4): 317–325. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00098-2. Unruh, Gregory C.; Carrillo-Hermosilla, Javier (July 2006). "Globalizing carbon lock-in". Energy Policy. 34 (10): 1185–1197. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.10.013. Maréchal, Kevin; Lazaric, Nathalie (2010). "Overcoming inertia: insights from evolutionary economics into improved energy and climate policies". Climate Policy. 10 (1): 103–119. doi:10.3763/cpol.2008.0601. S2CID 14035332. Maréchal, Kevin (March 2010). "Not irrational but habitual: The importance of "behavioural lock-in" in energy consumption". Ecological Economics. 69 (5): 1104–1114. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.004. References ^ Brown, Marilyn C.; Chandlers, Jess; Lapse, Melissa V.; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (January 2008). "Carbon Lock-In: Barriers To Deploying Climate Change Mitigation Technologies" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 30 January 2017. ^ Erickson, Peter; Kartha, Sivan; Lazarus, Michael; Tempest, Kevin (25 August 2015). "Assessing carbon lock-in". Environmental Research Letters. 10 (8): 084023. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084023. ^ Davis, Steven J.; Caldeira, Ken; Matthews, H. Damon (2010). "Future CO2 Emissions and Climate Change from Existing Energy Infrastructure". Science. 329 (5997): 1330–1333. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1330D. doi:10.1126/science.1188566. PMID 20829483. S2CID 13330990. ^ Davis, Steven J.; Socolow, Robert H (2014). "Commitment accounting of CO2 emissions" (PDF). Environmental Research Letters. 9 (8): 1104–1114. Bibcode:2014ERL.....9h4018D. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084018. ^ Revkin, Andrew C (28 August 2014). "Accounting for the Expanding Carbon Shadow From Coal-Burning Plants". Dot Earth. New York Times. Retrieved 30 January 2017. Further reading Seto, Karen C.; Davis, Steven J.; Mitchell, Ronald B.; Stokes, Eleanor C.; Unruh, Gregory; Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana (January 2016). "Carbon Lock-In: Types, Causes, and Policy Implications". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 41: 425–452. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934. External links Addressing Carbon Lock-in through Carbon Capture and Storage How ready is ‘capture ready’? - Preparing the UK power sector for carbon capture and storage. Nils Markusson, Stuart Haszeldine. Commissioned independent report for WWF UK. May 2008. Carbon Lock-in and Policy Prospects for a global deal on climate change: Three European views. Archived 2019-01-09 at the Wayback Machine mckinsey.com Sustainability & Resource Productivity. March 2009. Halfway to Copenhagen. Phil England. The Ecologist. 2 July 2009. Road to Copenhagen - Part 2: Risky Business. William S. Becker. Huffington Post. 25 May 2011. Carbon Market Prepares for Ukraine Deal. Bridges Trade, BioRes News Digest. 12 June 2009. UNCTAD Report - Opportunities for trade and development. David Morgan. Global Arab Network - English News. 19 September 2009.

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Unruh in a 1999 Fletcher School, Tufts University doctoral thesis entitled \"Escaping Carbon Lock-In.\" It has since gained popularity in climate change policy discussions, especially those focused on preventing the globalization of carbon lock-in to rapidly industrializing countries like China and India.The source of carbon lock-in inertia in energy systems arises from the co-evolution of large interdependent technological networks and the social institutions and cultural practices that support and benefit from system growth. The growth of the system is fostered by increasing returns to scale.","title":"Carbon lock-in"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"co-evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-evolution"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy"},{"link_name":"climate policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change"},{"link_name":"scientific consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus"},{"link_name":"carbon intensity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_intensity"},{"link_name":"economic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_activity"},{"link_name":"energy efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use"},{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox"},{"link_name":"climate-forcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_forcing"},{"link_name":"investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"}],"text":"According to Unruh:…industrial economies have been locked into fossil fuel-based energy systems through a process of technological and institutional co-evolution driven by path-dependent increasing returns to scale. 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Escaping the lock-in condition requires overcoming these barriers.[1]","title":"A Co-Evolutionary Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EricksonEtAl_2015_AssessingCarbonLockin_EnvironmentalResearchLetters.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"industrial economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_economics"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"industrializing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization"},{"link_name":"scientific evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence"},{"link_name":"Steven J. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Davis_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to an assessment proposed by Erickson et al. (2015), coal power plants, because of long lifetime, gas power, which may soon be overbuilt, and vehicles with internal combustion engines, because of strong techno-institutional effects, over-commit the highest amounts of carbon.[2]The carbon lock-in concept has gained more attention as China’s rapid industrial economic development has progressed. The concern is that if China pursues the same fossil-fuel driven economic development models of established industrial counties, building out extensive automobile-based infrastructures and fossil-fuel powered energy systems, they will lock-in persistent and growing greenhouse gas emissions well into the future. The same arguments can be extended to all rapidly industrializing countries including India. This concern is arising as scientific evidence is indicating that current emission growth must be stopped and global emissions reduced by upwards of 60% if humanity is to prevent substantial unwanted climate disruption.Recent studies by Steven J. Davis and co-authors have quantified the future CO2 emissions that can be expected to be produced by current energy infrastructure [3] and the magnitude of lock-in related to power plants being built each year in China and elsewhere.[4][5]","title":"Globalizing Carbon Lock-In"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00070-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0301-4215%2800%2900070-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00098-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0301-4215%2801%2900098-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.enpol.2004.10.013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2004.10.013"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3763/cpol.2008.0601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3763%2Fcpol.2008.0601"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14035332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14035332"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2009.12.004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Carbon Lock-In: Barriers To Deploying Climate Change Mitigation Technologies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/policy/acsonthehill/briefings/solarenergy/report-carbon-lock-in.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Assessing carbon lock-in\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F10%2F8%2F084023"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F10%2F8%2F084023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Future CO2 Emissions and Climate Change from Existing Energy Infrastructure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//escholarship.org/uc/item/45b3k4t0"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2010Sci...329.1330D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...329.1330D"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.1188566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1188566"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20829483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20829483"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13330990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13330990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Davis, Steven J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Socolow"},{"link_name":"\"Commitment accounting of CO2 emissions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//escholarship.org/content/qt6z75172m/qt6z75172m.pdf?t=nqenrb"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2014ERL.....9h4018D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9h4018D"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F9%2F8%2F084018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Accounting for the Expanding Carbon Shadow From Coal-Burning Plants\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/accounting-for-the-expanding-carbon-shadow-from-coal-burning-plants"}],"text":"General referencesUnruh, Gregory C. (October 2000). \"Understanding carbon lock-in\". Energy Policy. 28 (12): 817–830. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00070-7.\nUnruh, Gregory C. (March 2002). \"Escaping carbon lock-in\". Energy Policy. 30 (4): 317–325. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00098-2.\nUnruh, Gregory C.; Carrillo-Hermosilla, Javier (July 2006). \"Globalizing carbon lock-in\". Energy Policy. 34 (10): 1185–1197. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.10.013.\nMaréchal, Kevin; Lazaric, Nathalie (2010). \"Overcoming inertia: insights from evolutionary economics into improved energy and climate policies\". Climate Policy. 10 (1): 103–119. doi:10.3763/cpol.2008.0601. S2CID 14035332.\nMaréchal, Kevin (March 2010). \"Not irrational but habitual: The importance of \"behavioural lock-in\" in energy consumption\". Ecological Economics. 69 (5): 1104–1114. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.004.References^ Brown, Marilyn C.; Chandlers, Jess; Lapse, Melissa V.; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (January 2008). \"Carbon Lock-In: Barriers To Deploying Climate Change Mitigation Technologies\" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 30 January 2017.\n\n^ Erickson, Peter; Kartha, Sivan; Lazarus, Michael; Tempest, Kevin (25 August 2015). \"Assessing carbon lock-in\". Environmental Research Letters. 10 (8): 084023. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084023.\n\n^ Davis, Steven J.; Caldeira, Ken; Matthews, H. Damon (2010). \"Future CO2 Emissions and Climate Change from Existing Energy Infrastructure\". Science. 329 (5997): 1330–1333. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1330D. doi:10.1126/science.1188566. PMID 20829483. S2CID 13330990.\n\n^ Davis, Steven J.; Socolow, Robert H (2014). \"Commitment accounting of CO2 emissions\" (PDF). Environmental Research Letters. 9 (8): 1104–1114. Bibcode:2014ERL.....9h4018D. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084018.\n\n^ Revkin, Andrew C (28 August 2014). \"Accounting for the Expanding Carbon Shadow From Coal-Burning Plants\". Dot Earth. New York Times. Retrieved 30 January 2017.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seto, Karen C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Seto"},{"link_name":"Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_%C3%9Crge-Vorsatz"},{"link_name":"\"Carbon Lock-In: Types, Causes, and Policy Implications\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-110615-085934"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-110615-085934"}],"text":"Seto, Karen C.; Davis, Steven J.; Mitchell, Ronald B.; Stokes, Eleanor C.; Unruh, Gregory; Ürge-Vorsatz, Diana (January 2016). \"Carbon Lock-In: Types, Causes, and Policy Implications\". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 41: 425–452. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085934.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"According to an assessment proposed by Erickson et al. (2015), coal power plants, because of long lifetime, gas power, which may soon be overbuilt, and vehicles with internal combustion engines, because of strong techno-institutional effects, over-commit the highest amounts of carbon.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EricksonEtAl_2015_AssessingCarbonLockin_EnvironmentalResearchLetters.jpg/440px-EricksonEtAl_2015_AssessingCarbonLockin_EnvironmentalResearchLetters.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Path dependence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_dependence"}]

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S2CID 13330990.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/45b3k4t0","url_text":"\"Future CO2 Emissions and Climate Change from Existing Energy Infrastructure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...329.1330D","url_text":"2010Sci...329.1330D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1188566","url_text":"10.1126/science.1188566"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20829483","url_text":"20829483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13330990","url_text":"13330990"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Steven J.; Socolow, Robert H (2014). \"Commitment accounting of CO2 emissions\" (PDF). Environmental Research Letters. 9 (8): 1104–1114. Bibcode:2014ERL.....9h4018D. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Socolow","url_text":"Davis, Steven J."},{"url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt6z75172m/qt6z75172m.pdf?t=nqenrb","url_text":"\"Commitment accounting of CO2 emissions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ERL.....9h4018D","url_text":"2014ERL.....9h4018D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F9%2F8%2F084018","url_text":"10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084018"}]},{"reference":"Revkin, Andrew C (28 August 2014). \"Accounting for the Expanding Carbon Shadow From Coal-Burning Plants\". Dot Earth. New York Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanpot_(Ice_Hockey)

Beanpot (ice hockey)

["1 Format","1.1 Overtime format","2 History","2.1 Boston University","2.2 Boston College","2.3 Harvard","2.4 Northeastern","3 Recent tournaments","3.1 2016","3.2 2017","3.3 2018","3.4 2019","3.5 2020","4 Women's Beanpot (ice hockey)","4.1 Northeastern","4.2 Harvard","4.3 Boston College","4.4 Boston University","4.5 Brown","5 Other Beanpots","6 All-time results","6.1 Winning Streaks","7 Team statistics","8 Individual awards","9 References","10 External links"]

Annual college ice hockey tournament in Boston The BeanpotSportIce hockeyFounded1952; 72 years ago (1952)No. of teams4Most recentchampion(s)Northeastern University (2024) The Beanpot is an annual men's and women's ice hockey tournament among the four major US college hockey teams of the Boston, Massachusetts area. The men's tournament is usually held during the first two Mondays in February at TD Garden and the women's tournament rotates hosts between the four schools. The four teams are the Boston University Terriers (men's 31 championships, women's 2), Boston College Eagles (men's 20 championships, women's 8), Harvard University Crimson (men's 11 championships, women's 15), and Northeastern University Huskies (men's 9 championships, women's 17). The men's tournament has been held annually since the 1952–53 season and has been held at its current location since 1996, except for 2021 when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Northeastern is the current men's Beanpot champion, having won the 2024 tournament. The women's tournament began in 1979, and Northeastern is the 2024 champion. Due to the success of the hockey tournament, numerous other "Beanpots" have been contested in a number of other sports over the years, usually involving teams from the same four schools. Format The competitors are: Boston University Terriers (55-time finalists, 31-time winners; last championship in 2022) Boston College Eagles (36-time finalists, 20-time winners; last championship in 2016) Harvard University Crimson (27-time finalists, 11-time winners; last championship in 2017) Northeastern University Huskies (23-time finalists, 9-time winners; last championship in 2024) The tournament lasts two rounds, with first-round opponents being rotated from year to year. The second round features the consolation game and the championship game. In addition to the tournament trophy, two individual awards are given out each year. The Eberly Trophy goes to the goaltender with the highest save percentage who plays in both of his team's games, while the Beanpot MVP is awarded to tournament's most valuable player. Overtime format In 2020, a rule change was made dictating how any overtime periods were to be handled. Traditionally, a tied score after the end of regulation time would be followed by continuous sudden-death play, in 20-minute intervals. However, due to NCAA regulations governing the way tournament games are factored into pairwise calculation (the formula for determining post-season seeding), a standardized format was required for all mid-season tournaments across collegiate hockey. From 2020 on, all Beanpot games with a tied score after regulation would commence with a 5-minute overtime period, after which if there is no sudden-death score, the game shall be officially ruled a tie. Play may be continued after this 5-minute interval, but any statistics accrued will not be considered official, and the end result of which will be solely for the purpose of determining tournament placement. The effects of this change were felt immediately, as two games went to the "2nd" overtime period in the 2020 iteration of the tournament. Boston College and Boston University played to a 4–4 tie after five minutes of overtime, and BU emerged victorious in the unofficial 2nd period. The same result and score occurred in that year's Championship match, as Northeastern and Boston University skated to a 4–4 tie after the initial overtime; the Huskies then defeated the Terriers to claim the title. In 2022, the third instance of the new overtime format came to be, as Boston College and Harvard tied 3–3 after five minutes of overtime in the Consolation game. However, the game was not continued to determine a 3rd-place winner, due to time constraints for the playing of the Championship game. In years prior, it would have been necessary to continue play indefinitely, but given the now-unofficial status of doing so, it was deemed no longer prudent. The game was ruled the first - and potentially only - official tie in tournament history. In 2023, the overtime rules were further amended to require the 5-minute overtime period to be played 3-on-3, rather than with the full 5-on-5 complement. Additionally, the rule was implemented that if matches ended in a tie after the 5-minute overtime, a three-round shootout would be used to determine the winner. The rule came into effect immediately in that year's title game, as Northeastern defeated Harvard 3–2 in a shootout to claim the Beanpot Championship. In summary, only three tournament games have an unofficial, or special status. The BC-BU first round meeting and the Northeastern-BU championship from the 2020 tournament both played beyond the 5-minute overtime. As a result, BU and Northeastern each have 1 unofficial goal counted in tournament statistics. Craig Pantano's Eberly Award stat line also includes saves from the additional overtime period of the title game. The only other game with special status was the 2022 Consolation game between BC and Harvard, which simply ended a tie after a scoreless 5-minute overtime. Play was not continued, so no unofficial statistics were recorded. After the 2023 introduction of the shootout to determine a winner for all games, this will be the only official tie in tournament history, barring a further change in the rules. History The first Beanpot was contested at Boston Arena in December 1952. No tournament was played during the 1953 calendar year. The next two tournaments were held in January (1954 and 1955). All subsequent Beanpot games have been played in February (except 1978; see below). The tournament quickly outgrew the 4,500 seating capacity of the Boston Arena and the second through 43rd Beanpots (1954 through 1995) were held at the old 14,000 seat Boston Garden. Since 1996, the Beanpot has been held at the Garden's replacement, the 17,500 seat TD Garden. The competition generally takes place on the first and second Mondays in February and often draws one of the largest crowds of the college hockey season outside of the Frozen Four. The 1978 Beanpot has taken a mythic place in Boston sports lore, as several hundred fans were stuck in the Garden for several days after the Blizzard of 1978 dumped more than two feet of snow during the night of the first-round games. The championship and consolation games were moved to Wednesday, March 1. Every championship game up until 2023 has featured either Boston College or Boston University. After 70 iterations of the tournament, the Northeastern Huskies and Harvard Crimson finally both emerged victorious in the Semifinal, and played each other for the title. The Huskies defeated the Crimson 3–2 in the tournament's first ever shootout to determine the game's winner, let alone a championship. Conversely, the first meeting between BC and BU in the consolation game occurred, with the Eagles taking the 3rd-place finish. None of the four competing teams have won the NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship without first winning the Beanpot trophy that season. With the exception of the 1949 Boston College Eagles (as the tournament had yet to be created), all five Boston University NCAA championships (1971, 1972, 1978, 1995, 2009), Boston College's four other NCAA championships (2001, 2008, 2010, 2012), and Harvard's sole 1989 NCAA championship, were all accompanied by a victory in the Beanpot title game. Northeastern has not yet won an NCAA championship. This phenomenon has led fans of the Beanpot schools to believe dreams for a national title hold water if they indeed succeed in February. Boston College head coach Jerry York has often referred to the beginning of February as "Trophy Season," in which the Beanpot title is the first of three trophies that he wishes his team to attain, the others being the Hockey East tournament trophy, and the NCAA tournament trophy. Since the Beanpots' 1952 inception, the team rosters, once dominated by New Englanders and Canadians, have gradually evolved to include a greater cross section of the United States as well as other countries. The 2020 Beanpot included players from Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Nevada, and Texas. Reflecting a trend across college hockey, where 117 European students were playing at the NCAA Division I level in 2020, the Boston University Terriers roster included Kasper Kotkansalo from Finland and Wilmer Skoog from Sweden who scored the winning goal in Boston University's overtime goal in their upset win against Boston College in the 2020 Beanpot semi-final. After the game, Skoog said "It was the biggest game of my life." Boston University Between 1966 and 2009, the Boston University Terriers historically dominated the Beanpot, winning 28 out of 43 titles. Owing to this phenomenon, fans have nicknamed the contest the "BU Invitational", an apt name as BU has made it to the title game 55 of 69 years (as of 2022), winning their most recent title in 2022. Despite historical dominance, recent years have been less successful for the Terriers, winning only twice out of eight championship appearances since 2009. The beginning of BU's Beanpot dominance was also the first year on the ice for Jack Parker. Parker won titles in each of the three years he played for the Terriers, and after taking over as head coach in 1973–74, Parker won 21 more championships. Boston College Boston College controlled the early years of the Beanpot, winning eight titles in the first thirteen tournaments. Following BU's dominance, the balance of power tipped back towards the Eagles for about a decade, when they won six titles in seven years between 2010 and 2016. During that stretch, BC won five consecutive titles from 2010 to 2014, losing out in the first round in 2015, and regaining the title in 2016. However, they have failed to secure a title in four consecutive seasons, and only once made the championship game during that time. Harvard Harvard shared some success with Boston College in the early years of the tournament, winning four titles in the first 10 years, as well as making the title game each of the first four tournaments and winning the very first title game. However, they have only seen sporadic success since, winning 11 titles in the tournament's history, most recently ending a 24-year championship drought in 2017. They had only made the title game three times since their previous victory in 1993: '94, '98, and '08. Northeastern Wayne Turner and David Archambault with 1980 Beanpot Northeastern, the only Beanpot team that has never won an NCAA hockey title, failed to win a Beanpot until 1980, when an overtime goal by Wayne Turner against Boston College gave the Huskies a win. Turner's wrist shot has often been called the most important goal in Northeastern history, and is generally considered a marquee sporting moment for the university. It is also known as the "Shot Heard Round the Beanpot". Northeastern won three more titles in the 1980s, but failed to capture the Beanpot for 30 years. The Huskies came close to winning their fifth title in 2005 when they rallied from a 2–0 goal deficit to tie BU, but fell in overtime when Chris Bourque scored the winning goal. They made it to championship game four times from 2011 to 2015 but fell each time, to Boston College in '11, '13, and '14 and to Boston University in '15. Northeastern won their drought-breaking championship in 2018 with a dominating 5–2 victory over BU, in a rare year where the Huskies were the strongest team in the field, having come into the tournament ranked highest in the pairwise over the other three Beanpot schools. This would be the case again in 2019, where Northeastern again won the championship with a 4–2 victory over BC. In 2020, the Huskies would win their third straight championship against BU in double overtime, solidifying their legacy as a 21st-century Beanpot dynasty and effectively ending their reputation as the underdogs of the tournament. Before 2018, the Huskies had been to only 17 title games, and won only 4 of those. Earning three championships in a row from 2018 to 2020 proved their newfound parity with their other Beanpot schools, where they hoped to continue their success in the coming years. In 2022, Northeastern lost their three-year streak to BU 1-0 after a long standoff BU scored the game winner with less than 5 mins remaining in the 3rd period. In 2023, 16th-ranked Northeastern recaptured the Beanpot title by beating 9th ranked Harvard 3–2 in the tournament's first ever shootout, after overtime rules were amended that season. In 2024, unranked Northeastern refaced #2 ranked BU, once again winning the Beanpot in a 4-3 overtime match. The title was the Huskies' 5th in a span of 6 straight tournament championship game appearances. Recent tournaments This section explains in detail the results of the previous five Beanpot tournaments as of February 2020. 2016 The 2016 Beanpot took place on February 1 and 8. The first round of the tournament saw Boston College defeat Harvard 3–2 and Boston University defeat Northeastern 3–1. Northeastern defeated Harvard 5–1 in the consolation game and, for the 22nd time in the history of the tournament, BC and BU competed for the Championship, with the Eagles winning a 1–0 overtime contest. This was BU's second consecutive title game and BC's first since winning five in a row from 2010 to 2014. Northeastern failed to make the title game for the first time since 2012, whereas Harvard had not been to the title game since 2008. The 1–0 Championship game was the first ever 1–0 result in the history of the tournament. The championship game was also the sixth of the previous eleven title games to go to overtime. 2017 The 2017 Beanpot took place on February 6 and 13. The first round of the tournament saw Harvard defeat Northeastern 4–3 and Boston University defeat Boston College 3–1. Northeastern defeated Boston College 4–2 in the consolation game and Harvard and BU competed for the Championship, with the Crimson winning their 11th title and first since 1993 by a score of 6–3. This was BU's third consecutive title game and Harvard's first since 2008. Boston College's loss to Northeastern placed them 4th for the first time since 1993 and was only their seventh 4th-place finish in tournament history. Harvard's victory also marked the first non-BC or BU title since Harvard's 1993 victory, a 24- year span. 2018 The 2018 Beanpot took place on February 5 and 12. The first round of the tournament saw Northeastern shutout Boston College 3–0 and BU defeat Harvard in double overtime, 3–2. Harvard defeated Boston College 5–4 in overtime of the consolation game and Northeastern met Boston University in the championship, with the Huskies ending their 30-year drought, winning their 5th title and first since 1988, by a score of 5–2. This was BU's fourth consecutive title game and Northeastern's first since going to three straight between 2013 and 2015. BC's loss to Harvard placed them 4th for the second consecutive year, an occurrence that only happened once before in tournament history between 1974 and 1975. The Huskies victory also marked a championship for each tournament school in consecutive years - BU in 2015, BC in 2016, Harvard in 2017, and Northeastern in 2018 - an occurrence that happened only once before between 1980 and 1983. 2019 The 2019 Beanpot took place on February 4 and 11. The first round of the tournament saw Boston College defeat Harvard 2–1 and Northeastern defeat Boston University 2–1 in overtime. Harvard defeated Boston University 5–2 in the consolation game, and Northeastern defeated Boston College 4–2 in the Championship for their second straight title and 6th overall. This was the second time Northeastern has won back-to-back titles, the first time being in 1984–85. Boston College made their 36th appearance in the Championship, but failed to capture their 21st title. Boston University finished 4th for just the 7th time in tournament history, with 4 of these having come in the last decade (2011, '13, '14 & '19). Their previous 3 last-place finishes occurred in 1961, '63 & '80. Combined with Harvard's victory in 2017, this also marked the first time in tournament history that three straight tournaments were not won by BU or BC. Two straight seasons without a BU or BC title occurred three times, in '80-'81, '84-'85, and '88-'89. 2020 The 2020 Beanpot took place on February 3 and 10. The first round of the tournament saw Northeastern defeat Harvard 3–1 and Boston University defeat Boston College 5–4 in double overtime.* Boston College defeated Harvard 7–2 in the consolation game, and Northeastern defeated Boston University 5–4 in double overtime* of the Championship for their third straight title and 7th overall. This was the first time in tournament history Northeastern won three straight titles. Boston University made their 54th title appearance, but failed to capture their 31st title. This year's result ties the second longest title drought for BU, having not won since 2015. They previously had a 5-year drought between 2010 and 2014 – when BC won five straight championships – however, their 7-year span during 1959-65 is the most years in a row the Terriers went without the Beanpot title. New NCAA rules put in place in 2020 meant all tournament games would have a new overtime format, in which a single 5-minute period would be played and then, if still scoreless, continual overtime with 20-minute periods would be played to determine tournament placement. If no score is reached before the 5-minute period ends, the game is considered a tie and all statistics recorded in the additional overtime periods are not counted. This was put in place to standardize tournament results (across the NCAA, not just the Beanpot) for use with the pairwise ranking system, which determines NCAA tournament seeding. Women's Beanpot (ice hockey) Starting in 1979, the Women's Beanpot takes place each year on the first two Tuesdays in February. The first tournament was hosted at Northeastern's Matthews Arena, where the Huskies won 3–1 against Boston College. Northeastern and Harvard have won the majority of tournaments, with 19 and 15 titles, respectively. Boston College follows with 8 championships, then Boston University with 2 and Brown with 1. The Northeastern Huskies are the most recent champions, defeating BU 2–1 in the 2024 tournament. The four competing schools rotate hosting the women's games. Northeastern The Northeastern Huskies have the most Women's Beanpot wins out of the four teams with 19, as of 2024. Out of the first 13 tournaments, they took home 10 championships, with an eight-win streak from 1984 to 1991. They most recently won the title in 2023, winning 2–1 against BC and sweeping both men's and women's tournaments for the Huskies. In January 2024, the Northeastern Huskies defeated Boston University 2-1. Harvard Harvard won their first Women's Beanpot title at the 4th tournament in 1982, defeating BU 2–1. From the first tournament in 1979 to 1993, Harvard advanced to the championship game 11 out of 15 times and won 4. Since the women's tournament started, 18 of the 43 championship games have been between Harvard and Northeastern. Of those, Harvard has won 7 and Northeastern has won 11. Harvard Crimson's most recently win was in 2022, defeating BC 5-4 and bringing their win total to 15. Boston College Boston College's first two women's championships did not come until the 2006 and 2007 Beanpots, winning back-to-back years against Harvard and BU, respectively. Since 2007, the BC Eagles have advanced to the championship round in 8 tournaments and won 6 more titles. BC has won the Beanpot 8 total times, with their most recent win coming in 2018. The 4–3 overtime win against BU finalized a three-win streak. Boston University BU Terriers have the fewest wins of the usual women's Beanpot teams at 2. Their first title came in 1981 against BC, and their second nearly four decades later in 2019 against Harvard. With their first win, BU defeated BC 4–0, winning the Beanpot while still playing as a club team. Their 3–2 overtime win against Harvard marked their first tournament win playing as a varsity team. Brown Brown University competed in and won their only Women's Beanpot in 1993, replacing Boston University, who dropped out for financial reasons. Brown defeated Northeastern in the championship game, winning 3–0. Other Beanpots The success of the men's ice hockey tournament has spawned "Beanpot" tournaments in other sports, including basketball, for 14 years ending in 1976, women's ice hockey, baseball (with the University of Massachusetts Amherst replacing Boston University, which does not offer varsity baseball), softball, men's and women's soccer, women's rowing (which also features MIT) and cycling. The final round of the baseball Beanpot is played at Fenway Park. A Beanpot for women's rowing was established in 2007, with the crews from Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University (Radcliffe), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Northeastern University competing. The first Men's Lacrosse Beanpot was held October 19, 2008 at Harvard University. Harvard's Men's Club Team hosted Boston University, Boston College and Northeastern University. There are also many non-athletic events attached to the Beanpot. These typically occur the same time of year as the hockey beanpot. There is a Concert Band Beanpot, Pep Band Beanpot, Beanpot of Comedy, and a Rice and Beanpot burrito-eating contest, sponsored by Qdoba. The Concert Band Beanpot and Beanpot of Comedy are non-competitive events. Also, there is the B-School Beanpot Competition, an annual case analysis competition held at Boston University's School of Management since 1996. Undergraduate business schools from the Greater Boston area participate for cash prizes. The Concert Band Beanpot and Rice and Beanpot participants are the same schools as the men's hockey tournament. The Beanpot of Comedy, hosted by NU & Improv'd of Northeastern University, features sketch and improvisational comedy groups from different schools each year. Past participants have included Boston College, Boston University, Salem State College, Suffolk University, Clark University, and Tufts University. The Business Beanpot participants are Babson College, Boston University, Bentley College, Northeastern University, and Suffolk University. Northeastern University has won ten of the twelve Business Beanpots since 1996, and has taken the top two spots four times. The most recent 1–2 sweep for Northeastern was in 2008. The Boston College Office of Undergraduate Admission and the Boston University Office of Undergraduate Admission also play in the annual Beancan softball tournament, usually held in July. On September 26, 2014, the BBC reported that Boston mayor Marty Walsh announced publicly during an official visit to Belfast (Boston's sister city since 2014) that he was supporting a bid to hold a future Beanpot tournament at Odyssey Arena in Belfast and that Walsh reportedly will be hosting a delegation from Belfast alongside representatives from the NCAA and the four beanpot schools in October 2014 to further discuss the possibility. However, after a large negative outcry from the Boston media, Walsh later stated that the idea of moving the tournament to a non-Boston venue was taken out of context, and that he only supported "the hosting of a 'Beanpot-like' tournament in Belfast that would feature Massachusetts colleges." All-time results Four games are listed for each Beanpot, in the order they were played. There are two opening round games, a consolation game featuring the losers of the first two games, and a championship game featuring the winners of the first two games. The teams rotate opening round opponents on a 3-year cycle, so over history every team faces the others an equal number of times during the opening round. Each row represents one Beanpot. Champions are listed in bold. Games requiring one overtime, or ending in a tie or shootout are in pink  , while games requiring two or three overtimes are in chartreuse   and cyan  , respectively. Edition Year Arena Date Attend. First Game Second Game Date Attend. Consolation Final 1st 1952 Boston Arena Fri, Dec 26 5,105 Boston University 4Northeastern 1 Harvard 3Boston College 2 (OT) Sat, Dec 27 3,382 Boston College 2Northeastern 0 Harvard 7 (1, 1–0)Boston University 4 (1, 0–1) 2nd 1954 Boston Garden Mon, Jan 11 711 Harvard 3Boston University 2 Boston College 8Northeastern 5 Tue, Jan 12 2,399 Boston University 5Northeastern 3 Boston College 4 (1, 1–0)Harvard 1 (2, 1-1) 3rd 1955 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 7 2,560 Harvard 12Northeastern 3 Boston College 9Boston University 5 Tue, Feb 8 5,654 Boston University 4Northeastern 3 Harvard 5 (3, 2–1)Boston College 4 (2, 1-1) (OT) 4th 1956 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 6 2,500 Boston College 7Northeastern 1 Harvard 6Boston University 1 Wed, Feb 8 4,000 Boston University 9Northeastern 3 Boston College 4 (3, 2–1)Harvard 2 (4, 2-2) 5th 1957 Boston Garden Fri, Feb 1 4,038 Boston College 6Northeastern 0 Boston University 5Harvard 3 Tue, Feb 5 4,038 Harvard 5Northeastern 3 Boston College 5 (4, 3–1)Boston University 4 (2, 0–2) (OT) 6th 1958 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 3 6,117 Northeastern 5Harvard 4 Boston University 5Boston College 4 Mon, Feb 10 4,784 Harvard 7Boston College 1 Boston University 9 (3, 1–2)Northeastern 3 (1, 0–1) 7th 1959 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 2 5,920 Boston College 6Harvard 4 Boston University 7Northeastern 4 Mon, Feb 9 8,180 Harvard 4Northeastern 0 Boston College 7 (5, 4–1)Boston University 4 (4, 1–3) 8th 1960 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 8 10,909 Harvard 5Northeastern 3 Boston University 5Boston College 2 Mon, Feb 15 5,713 Northeastern 6Boston College 5 Harvard 3 (5, 3–2)Boston University 2 (5, 1–4) 9th 1961 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 6 5,800 Boston College 15Northeastern 1 Harvard 3Boston University 2 (OT) Mon, Feb 13 13,909 Northeastern 6Boston University 2 Boston College 4 (6, 5–1)Harvard 2 (6, 3-3) 10th 1962 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 5 13,909 Boston University 5Northeastern 4 Harvard 6Boston College 1 Mon, Feb 12 4,500 Boston College 4Northeastern 0 Harvard 5 (7, 4–3)Boston University 0 (6, 1–5) 11th 1963 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 4 6,961 Boston College 2Boston University 1 (OT) Harvard 4Northeastern 3 (OT) Mon, Feb 11 13,909 Northeastern 4Boston University 2 Boston College 3 (7, 6–1)Harvard 1 (8, 4-4) 12th 1964 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 3 8,396 Boston College 7Northeastern 4 Boston University 3Harvard 2 Mon, Feb 10 13,909 Harvard 7Northeastern 5 Boston College 6 (8, 7–1)Boston University 5 (7, 1–6) 13th 1965 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 8 13,058 Boston University 5Northeastern 4 (3OT) Boston College 5Harvard 4 (OT) Mon, Feb 15 13,909 Northeastern 3Harvard 1 Boston College 5 (9, 8–1)Boston University 4 (8, 1–7) 14th 1966 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 7 13,909 Harvard 5Northeastern 1 Boston University 6Boston College 4 Mon, Feb 14 13,909 Boston College 5Northeastern 3 Boston University 9 (9, 2–7)Harvard 2 (9, 4–5) 15th 1967 Boston Garden Thu, Feb 9 12,261 Northeastern 6Boston College 5 (OT) Boston University 8Harvard 3 Mon, Feb 13 12,910 Boston College 6Harvard 5 Boston University 4 (10, 3–7)Northeastern 0 (2, 0–2) 16th 1968 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 5 11,818 Boston University 7Northeastern 4 Harvard 6Boston College 4 Mon, Feb 12 12,674 Boston College 6Northeastern 4 Boston University 4 (11, 4–7)Harvard 1 (10, 4–6) 17th 1969 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 3 14,659 Harvard 8Northeastern 4 Boston University 4Boston College 2 Mon, Feb 10 9,236 Boston College 6Northeastern 3 Harvard 5 (11, 5–6)Boston University 3 (12, 4–8) 18th 1970 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 2 14,835 Boston College 5Northeastern 0 Boston University 5Harvard 3 Mon, Feb 9 14,702 Harvard 5Northeastern 4 (OT) Boston University 5 (13, 5–8)Boston College 4 (10, 8–2) 19th 1971 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 8 11,449 Boston University 12Northeastern 2 Harvard 10Boston College 4 Mon, Feb 22 14,994 Boston College 8Northeastern 2 Boston University 4 (14, 6–8)Harvard 1 (12, 5–7) 20th 1972 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 7 8,159 Harvard 8Northeastern 3 Boston University 4Boston College 2 Mon, Feb 14 14,995 Boston College 5Northeastern 4 Boston University 4 (15, 7–8)Harvard 1 (13, 5–8) 21st 1973 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 5 13,643 Boston College 9Northeastern 8 (OT) Boston University 8Harvard 3 Mon, Feb 12 15,003 Harvard 8Northeastern 5 Boston University 4 (16, 8-8)Boston College 1 (11, 8–3) 22nd 1974 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 4 8,033 Boston University 6Northeastern 1 Harvard 11Boston College 6 Mon, Feb 11 12,202 Northeastern 4Boston College 3 Harvard 5 (14, 6–8)Boston University 4 (17, 8–9) 23rd 1975 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 3 8,694 Harvard 9Northeastern 0 Boston University 5Boston College 3 Mon, Feb 10 15,003 Northeastern 5Boston College 3 Boston University 7 (18, 9-9)Harvard 2 (15, 6–9) 24th 1976 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 2 11,118 Boston College 5Northeastern 3 Boston University 6Harvard 5 Mon, Feb 9 12,250 Harvard 4Northeastern 2 Boston College 6 (12, 9–3)Boston University 3 (19, 9–10) 25th 1977 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 7 13,674 Boston University 10Northeastern 5 Harvard 4Boston College 2 Mon, Feb 14 14,597 Boston College 6Northeastern 4 Harvard 4 (16, 7–9)Boston University 3 (20, 9–11) 26th 1978 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 6 11,666 Harvard 4Northeastern 3 (OT) Boston University 12Boston College 5 Wed, Mar 1 14,335 Boston College 3Northeastern 2 (OT) Boston University 7 (21, 10–11)Harvard 1 (17, 7–10) 27th 1979 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 5 14,679 Boston College 7Northeastern 2 Boston University 4Harvard 2 Mon, Feb 12 14,456 Northeastern 5Harvard 4 Boston University 4 (22, 11-11)Boston College 3 (13, 9–4) 28th 1980 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 4 14,456 Northeastern 6Boston University 5 (OT) Boston College 4Harvard 3 Mon, Feb 11 14,456 Harvard 7Boston University 4 Northeastern 5 (3, 1–2)Boston College 4 (14, 9–5) (OT) 29th 1981 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 2 14,456 Harvard 10Northeastern 2 Boston College 5Boston University 2 Mon, Feb 9 14,456 Boston University 9Northeastern 2 Harvard 2 (18, 8–10)Boston College 0 (15, 9–6) 30th 1982 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 1 14,673 Boston University 5Harvard 1 Boston College 3Northeastern 2 (OT) Mon, Feb 8 14,673 Northeastern 6Harvard 5 (OT) Boston University 3 (23, 12–11)Boston College 1 (16, 9–7) 31st 1983 Boston Garden Tue, Feb 8 14,523 Boston College 5Harvard 4 (OT) Northeastern 4Boston University 3 Mon, Feb 14 14,523 Boston University 5Harvard 4 Boston College 8 (17, 10–7)Northeastern 2 (4, 1–3) 32nd 1984 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 6 14,451 Northeastern 7Harvard 3 Boston University 6Boston College 5 Mon, Feb 13 14,451 Boston College 5Harvard 2 Northeastern 5 (5, 2–3)Boston University 2 (24, 12-12) 33rd 1985 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 4 14,451 Boston University 5Harvard 3 Northeastern 4Boston College 2 Mon, Feb 11 14,451 Harvard 6Boston College 5 Northeastern 4 (6, 3-3)Boston University 2 (25, 12–13) 34th 1986 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 3 14,451 Boston University 8Northeastern 5 Boston College 4Harvard 2 Mon, Feb 10 14,451 Harvard 7Northeastern 1 Boston University 4 (26, 13-13)Boston College 1 (18, 10–8) 35th 1987 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 2 14,451 Boston University 6 Boston College 3 Northeastern 5Harvard 4 (OT) Mon, Feb 9 14,451 Boston College 7Harvard 6 (OT) Boston University 4 (27, 14–13)Northeastern 3 (7, 3–4) (OT) 36th 1988 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 1 14,451 Northeastern 4Boston College 0 Boston University 6Harvard 4 Mon, Feb 8 14,451 Boston College 4Harvard 2 Northeastern 6 (8, 4-4)Boston University 3 (28, 14-14) 37th 1989 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 6 14,448 Harvard 5Boston College 4 Boston University 5Northeastern 4 (OT) Mon, Feb 13 14,448 Boston College 4Northeastern 1 Harvard 9 (19, 9–10)Boston University 6 (29, 14–15) 38th 1990 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 5 14,448 Boston University 4Boston College 3 Harvard 5Northeastern 4 Mon, Feb 12 14,448 Boston College 8Northeastern 4 Boston University 8 (30, 15-15)Harvard 2 (20, 9–11) 39th 1991 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 4 14,448 Boston College 5Northeastern 3 Boston University 8Harvard 2 Mon, Feb 11 14,448 Northeastern 5Harvard 0 Boston University 8 (31, 16–15)Boston College 4 (19, 10–9) 40th 1992 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 3 14,448 Harvard 6Boston College 4 Boston University 5Northeastern 4 Mon, Feb 10 14,448 Boston College 5Northeastern 3 Boston University 5 (32, 17–15)Harvard 2 (21, 9–12) 41st 1993 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 1 14,448 Harvard 7Northeastern 5 Boston University 8Boston College 2 Mon, Feb 8 14,448 Northeastern 4Boston College 3 Harvard 4 (22, 10–12)Boston University 2 (33, 17–16) 42nd 1994 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 7 14,448 Boston College 5Northeastern 4 (2OT) Harvard 4Boston University 2 Mon, Feb 14 14,448 Boston University 8Northeastern 0 Boston College 2 (20, 11–9)Harvard 1 (23, 10–13) (OT) 43rd 1995 Boston Garden Mon, Feb 6 14,448 Boston University 6Northeastern 2 Boston College 7Harvard 6 Mon, Feb 13 14,448 Northeastern 4Harvard 2 Boston University 5 (34, 18–16)Boston College 1 (21, 11–10) 44th 1996 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 5 17,565 Northeastern 4Harvard 1 Boston University 4Boston College 1 Mon, Feb 12 17,565 Boston College 6Harvard 2 Boston University 11 (35, 19–16)Northeastern 4 (9, 4–5) 45th 1997 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 3 17,565 Boston College 4Northeastern 1 Boston University 7Harvard 1 Mon, Feb 10 17,565 Northeastern 2Harvard 0 Boston University 4 (36, 20–16)Boston College 2 (22, 11-11) 46th 1998 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 2 17,565 Harvard 5Boston College 4 (OT) Boston University 4Northeastern 1 Mon, Feb 9 17,565 Boston College 4Northeastern 1 Boston University 2 (37, 21–16)Harvard 1 (24, 10–14) (OT) 47th 1999 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 1 17,565 Northeastern 4Harvard 3 (OT) Boston University 3Boston College 2 (OT) Mon, Feb 8 17,565 Boston College 6Harvard 4 Boston University 4 (38, 22–16)Northeastern 2 (10, 4–6) 48th 2000 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 7 17,565 Boston College 6Northeastern 0 Boston University 4Harvard 0 Mon, Feb 14 17,278 Harvard 3Northeastern 1 Boston University 4 (39, 23–16)Boston College 1 (23, 11–12) 49th 2001 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 5 17,565 Boston College 4Harvard 1 Boston University 6Northeastern 4 Mon, Feb 12 17,278 Northeastern 8Harvard 7 Boston College 5 (24, 12-12)Boston University 3 (40, 23–17) 50th 2002 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 4 17,565 Northeastern 5Harvard 2 Boston University 5Boston College 3 Mon, Feb 11 17,565 Boston College 4Harvard 0 Boston University 5 (41, 24–17)Northeastern 3 (11, 4–7) 51st 2003 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 3 17,565 Boston University 2Harvard 1 Boston College 5Northeastern 2 Mon, Feb 10 17,565 Harvard 4Northeastern 1 Boston University 3 (42, 25–17)Boston College 2 (25, 12–13) 52nd 2004 FleetCenter Mon, Feb 2 17,565 Boston University 5Northeastern 2 Boston College 4Harvard 1 Mon, Feb 9 17,565 Northeastern 3Harvard 1 Boston College 2 (26, 13-13)Boston University 1 (43, 25–18) (OT) 53rd 2005 YourGarden† Mon, Feb 7 17,565 Northeastern 2Harvard 1 (2OT) Boston University 3Boston College 1 Mon, Feb 14 17,565 Boston College 4Harvard 1 Boston University 3 (44, 26–18)Northeastern 2 (12, 4–8) (OT) 54th 2006 TD Banknorth Garden Mon, Feb 6 17,565 Boston College 5Northeastern 2 Boston University 5Harvard 3 Mon, Feb 13 17,565 Harvard 5Northeastern 0 Boston University 3 (45, 27–18)Boston College 2 (27, 13–14) 55th 2007 TD Banknorth Garden Mon, Feb 5 17,565 Boston University 4Northeastern 0 Boston College 3Harvard 1 Mon, Feb 12 17,565 Northeastern 3Harvard 1 Boston University 2 (46, 28–18)Boston College 1 (28, 13–15) (OT) 56th 2008 TD Banknorth Garden Mon, Feb 4 17,565 Harvard 3Northeastern 1 Boston College 4Boston University 3 (OT) Mon, Feb 11 17,565 Boston University 5Northeastern 4 Boston College 6 (29, 14–15)Harvard 5 (25, 10–15) (OT) 57th 2009 TD Banknorth Garden Mon, Feb 2 17,565 Boston University 4Harvard 3 Northeastern 6Boston College 1 Mon, Feb 9 17,565 Boston College 4Harvard 3 Boston University 5 (47, 29–18)Northeastern 2 (13, 4–9) 58th 2010 TD Garden Mon, Feb 1 17,565 Boston College 6Harvard 0 Boston University 2Northeastern 1 Mon, Feb 8 17,565 Northeastern 4Harvard 1 Boston College 4 (30, 15-15)Boston University 3 (48, 29–19) 59th 2011 TD Garden Mon, Feb 7 17,565 Northeastern 4Harvard 0 Boston College 3Boston University 2 (OT) Mon, Feb 14 17,565 Harvard 5Boston University 4 Boston College 7 (31, 16–15)Northeastern 6 (14, 4–10) (OT) 60th 2012 TD Garden Mon, Feb 6 17,565 Boston University 3Harvard 1 Boston College 7Northeastern 1 Mon, Feb 13 17,565 Harvard 3Northeastern 2 Boston College 3 (32, 17–15)Boston University 2 (49, 29–20) (OT) 61st 2013 TD Garden Mon, Feb 4 17,565 Northeastern 3Boston University 2 Boston College 4Harvard 1 Mon, Feb 11 17,565 Harvard 7Boston University 4 Boston College 6 (33, 18–15)Northeastern 3 (15, 4–11) 62nd 2014 TD Garden Mon, Feb 3 14,776 Northeastern 6Harvard 0 Boston College 3Boston University 1 Mon, Feb 10 17,565 Harvard 6Boston University 2 Boston College 4 (34, 19–15)Northeastern 1 (16, 4–12) 63rd 2015 TD Garden Tue, Feb 3 14,520 Boston University 4Harvard 3 (2OT) Northeastern 3Boston College 2 Mon, Feb 23 14,523 Boston College 3Harvard 2 (OT) Boston University 4 (50, 30–20)Northeastern 3 (17, 4–13) (OT) 64th 2016 TD Garden Mon, Feb 1 14,832 Boston College 3Harvard 2 Boston University 3Northeastern 1 Mon, Feb 8 15,702 Northeastern 5Harvard 1 Boston College 1 (35, 20–15)Boston University 0 (51, 30–21) (OT) 65th 2017 TD Garden Mon, Feb 6 15,299 Harvard 4Northeastern 3 Boston University 3Boston College 1 Mon, Feb 13 15,941 Northeastern 4Boston College 2 Harvard 6 (26, 11–15)Boston University 3 (52, 30–22) 66th 2018 TD Garden Mon, Feb 5 13,567 Northeastern 3Boston College 0 Boston University 3Harvard 2 (2OT) Mon, Feb 12 17,565 Harvard 5Boston College 4 (OT) Northeastern 5 (18, 5–13)Boston University 2 (53, 30–23) 67th 2019 TD Garden Mon, Feb 4 12,413 Boston College 2Harvard 1 Northeastern 2Boston University 1 (OT) Mon, Feb 11 15,015 Harvard 5Boston University 2 Northeastern 4 (19, 6–13)Boston College 2 (36, 20–16) 68th 2020 TD Garden Mon, Feb 3 13,141 Northeastern 3Harvard 1 Boston University 5Boston College 4 (2OT)‡ Mon, Feb 10 17,850 Boston College 7Harvard 2 Northeastern 5 (20, 7–13)Boston University 4 (2OT)‡ (54, 30–24) ― 2021 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 69th 2022 TD Garden Mon, Feb 7 15,535 Boston University 4Harvard 3 Northeastern 3Boston College 1 Mon, Feb 14 17,850 Boston College 3Harvard 3 (OT)‡ Boston University 1 (55, 31–24)Northeastern 0 (21, 7–14) 70th 2023 TD Garden Mon, Feb 6 18,258 Harvard 4Boston College 3 (OT) Northeastern 3Boston University 1 Mon, Feb 13 18,258 Boston College 4Boston University 2 Northeastern 3 (22, 8–14)Harvard 2 (SO)‡ (27, 11–16) 71st 2024 TD Garden Mon, Feb 5 Northeastern 3Harvard 2 (OT) Boston University 4Boston College 3 Mon, Feb 12 Boston College 5Harvard 0 Northeastern 4 Boston University 3 (OT) † During the 2004–05 season, following Fleet's acquisition by Bank of America and the bank's decision to terminate the naming rights to the arena, there was no permanent naming rights sponsor for that season. It was known as "YourGarden" that year. ‡ Beginning in 2020, NCAA rules determined all Beanpot contests would be officially ruled a tie if games remained scoreless after a five-minute overtime period. In 2023, the tournament instituted the use of a shootout to determine game winners after the 5-minute overtime period. From 2020 to 2022, two games continued play beyond the initial overtime, however statistics were not considered official and only used for tournament placement purposes. One consolation game ended in a tie without continuing beyond the initial overtime. Winning Streaks This is a list of all occasions where a Beanpot team has won at least two consecutive championships between years. The current winning streak, if any, is highlighted in chartreuse  . Winning streaks with equal numbers of wins are sorted chronologically, with earlier streaks appearing first. The longest current championship win streak belongs to Boston University, who won six consecutive Beanpots between 1995 and 2000. As of 2022, Harvard is the only team to never win consecutive titles. Titles Team First Title Last Title 6 Boston University 1995 2000 5 Boston College 2010 2014 4 Boston University 1970 1973 3 Boston College 1963 1965 3 Boston University 1966 1968 3 Boston University 1990 1992 3 Boston University 2005 2007 3 Northeastern 2018 2020 2 Boston College 1956 1957 2 Boston University 1978 1979 2 Northeastern 1984 1985 2 Boston University 1986 1987 2 Boston University 2002 2003 2 Northeastern 2023 2024 Team statistics Through the 2023 Beanpot, the four teams have amassed the following statistics: (The tie in the 2022 Consolation game is considered a 3rd-place finish for both Boston College and Harvard) Team W L T Pct. GF GA Beanpot Finishes Championship Games 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Total Goals Avg. Boston University 93 47 0 .664 609 442 31 24 7 8 55 218 3.964 Boston College 81 58 1 .582 564 484 20 16 26 8 36 125 3.472 Harvard 57 82 1 .411 501 545 11 16 20 23 27 82 3.037 Northeastern 48 92 0 .343 436 639 9 14 18 30 22 70 3.181 Note: Unofficial statistics from the 2020 tournament are included. Individual awards Two awards are presented annually: the Most Valuable Player award and the Eberly Award. The Eberly Award, first presented in 1974, is given annually to the goalie with the best save percentage. The winning goalie must participate in two games to qualify. The award is named after Glen and Dan Eberly, former Beanpot goaltenders at Boston University and Northeastern University, respectively. Year Champion Most Valuable Player Eberly Award Player Pos School Player School Saves Goals Save Pct. GAA 1952 Harvard Walt Greeley F Harvard 1954 Boston College Bob Babine F Boston College 1955 Harvard Billy Cleary F Harvard 1956 Boston College James Tiernan F Boston College 1957 Boston College Joe Celeta F Boston College 1958 Boston University Bill Sullivan F Boston University 1959 Boston College Jim Logue G Boston College 1960 Harvard Bob Bland G Harvard 1961 Boston College Tom Martin D Boston College 1962 Harvard Gene Kinasewich F Harvard 1963 Boston College Billy Hogan F Boston College 1964 Boston College John Cunniff (1) F Boston College 1965 Boston College John Cunniff (2) F Boston College 1966 Boston University Tom Ross D Boston University 1967 Boston University Herb Wakabayashi F Boston University 1968 Boston University Jim McCann G Boston University 1969 Harvard Joe Cavanagh F Harvard 1970 Boston University Mike Hyndman D Boston University 1971 Boston University Steve Stirling F Boston University 1972 Boston University Dan BradyJohn Danby GF Boston UniversityBoston University 1973 Boston University Vic Stanfield (1) D Boston University 1974 Harvard Randy Roth F Harvard Ed Walsh Boston University 50 6 0.893 3.00 1975 Boston University Vic Stanfield (2) D Boston University Brian Durocher Boston University 54 5 0.915 2.50 1976 Boston College Paul Skidmore G Boston College Paul Skidmore (1) Boston College 70 6 0.921 3.00 1977 Harvard Brian Petrovek G Harvard Brian Petrovek Harvard 46 5 0.902 2.50 1978 Boston University Jack O'Callahan D Boston University Ed Arrington Northeastern 51 7 0.879 3.50 1979 Boston University Daryl MacLeod F Boston University Paul Skidmore (2) Boston College 57 6 0.905 3.00 1980 Northeastern Dave Archambault D Northeastern George Demetroulakas Northeastern 40 9 0.816 4.50 1981 Harvard Wade Lau G Harvard Wade Lau Harvard 36 2 0.947 1.00 1982 Boston University Tom O'Regan F Boston University Bob O'Connor Boston College 67 5 0.930 2.50 1983 Boston College Bob Sweeney F Boston College Bill Switaj Boston College 58 6 0.906 3.00 1984 Northeastern Tim Marshall G Northeastern Tim Marshall Northeastern 54 5 0.915 2.50 1985 Northeastern Bruce Racine (1) G Northeastern Bruce Racine (1) Northeastern 63 4 0.940 2.00 1986 Boston University Terry Taillefer G Boston University Scott Gordon Boston College 51 6 0.895 3.00 1987 Boston University Mike Kelfer F Boston University Terry Taillefer Boston University 70 6 0.921 3.00 1988 Northeastern Bruce Racine (2) G Northeastern Bruce Racine (2) Northeastern 50 3 0.943 1.50 1989 Harvard Lane MacDonald F Harvard Rich Burchill Northeastern 67 9 0.882 4.50 1990 Boston University David Tomlinson F Boston University Scott Cashman (1) Boston University 52 5 0.912 2.50 1991 Boston University Tony Amonte F Boston University Tom Cole Northeastern 86 5 0.945 2.50 1992 Boston University Mike Prendergast F Boston University Scott Cashman (2) Boston University 59 6 0.908 3.00 1993 Harvard Ted Drury F Harvard Scott Cashman (3) Boston University 41 6 0.872 3.00 1994 Boston College Greg Taylor G Boston College Greg Taylor Boston College 66 5 0.930 2.11 1995 Boston University Ken Rausch F Boston University Derek Herlofsky Boston University 51 3 0.944 1.50 1996 Boston University Chris Drury F Boston University Tom Noble Boston University 52 5 0.912 2.64 1997 Boston University Bill Pierce F Boston University Marc Robitaille (1) Northeastern 68 4 0.944 2.00 1998 Boston University Tom Poti D Boston University Marc Robitaille (2) Northeastern 75 7 0.915 3.51 1999 Boston University Michel Larocque G Boston University Michel Larocque Boston University 65 4 0.942 1.92 2000 Boston University Rick DiPietro G Boston University Rick DiPietro Boston University 52 1 0.981 0.50 2001 Boston College Krys Kolanos F Boston College Scott Clemmensen Boston College 36 4 0.900 2.00 2002 Boston University Justin Maiser F Boston University Matti Kaltiainen Boston College 42 4 0.913 2.02 2003 Boston University Sean Fields (1) G Boston University Sean Fields (1) Boston University 59 3 0.952 1.50 2004 Boston College Sean Fields (2) G Boston University Sean Fields (2) Boston University 85 4 0.955 1.90 2005 Boston University Chris Bourque F Boston University Keni Gibson Northeastern 65 4 0.942 1.54 2006 Boston University Peter MacArthur F Boston University Cory Schneider Boston College 61 5 0.924 2.53 2007 Boston University John Curry G Boston University John Curry Boston University 64 1 0.985 0.48 2008 Boston College Brian Gibbons F Boston College Brad Thiessen (1) Northeastern 70 8 0.897 4.06 2009 Boston University Nick Bonino F Boston University Brad Thiessen (2) Northeastern 74 6 0.925 3.00 2010 Boston College John Muse G Boston College John Muse Boston College 64 3 0.955 1.53 2011 Boston College Chris Kreider F Boston College Chris Rawlings Northeastern 80 7 0.920 3.36 2012 Boston College Johnny Gaudreau F Boston College Kieran Millan Boston University 73 4 0.948 1.72 2013 Boston College Kevin Roy F Northeastern Parker Milner Boston College 39 4 0.907 2.00 2014 Boston College Kevin Hayes F Boston College Thatcher Demko Boston College 56 2 0.966 1.00 2015 Boston University Matt Grzelcyk D Boston University Steve Michalek Harvard 87 7 0.926 2.93 2016 Boston College Sean Maguire G Boston University Sean Maguire Boston University 65 2 0.970 0.98 2017 Harvard Nathan Krusko F Harvard Jake Oettinger Boston University 63 7 0.913 3.50 2018 Northeastern Adam Gaudette F Northeastern Cayden Primeau (1) Northeastern 75 2 0.974 1.00 2019 Northeastern Cayden Primeau G Northeastern Cayden Primeau (2) Northeastern 59 3 0.952 1.49 2020 Northeastern Zach Solow F Northeastern Craig Pantano Northeastern 67 5 0.931 2.16 2021 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2022 Boston University Dylan Peterson F Boston University TJ Semptimphelter Northeastern 69 2 0.972 1.01 2023 Northeastern Devon Levi G Northeastern Devon Levi Northeastern 65 3 0.956 1.50 2024 Northeastern Gunnarwolfe Fontaine F Northeastern Cameron Whitehead Northeastern 54 5 0.915 2.07 Source: Note: Unofficial statistics from the 2020 tournament are included. References ^ Berkman, Seth (2015-02-09). "Women Seek a Bigger Beanpot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ a b Beanpot official site http://www.beanpothockey.com ^ a b "Women's Beanpot - All-Time Results". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ "Beanpot Tournament - The Boston Globe". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2010-02-01. ^ Eberly Award winners http://www.beanpothockey.com/awardseberly.html Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Beanpot MVP award winners http://www.beanpothockey.com/awards.html Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Santaniello, Gary (February 10, 2020). "The Beanpot, Boston's Provincial Hockey Tournament, Gets a Global Boost (print edition: With Finns and Floridians, the Beanpot Becomes a Melting Pot". The New York Times. No. Print edition: page D2. Retrieved 16 February 2020. ^ "SI.com - SI on Campus - Road Trip: The Beanpot - Wednesday February 2, 2005 11:43AM". Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-02-28. ^ "Women's Beanpot - 40 Moments". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Women's Beanpot - Northeastern". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Women's Beanpot - Harvard". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Women's Beanpot - Boston College". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Women's Beanpot - Boston University". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ a b c d e f g "Women's Beanpot - All-Time Results". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Northeastern downs Boston College to win 2023 women's Beanpot championship | NCAA.com". www.ncaa.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ a b Berkman, Seth (2015-02-09). "Women Seek a Bigger Beanpot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ news; Ballingall, Amelia (2023-02-16). "A Valentine's Day date with victory: Northeastern women's hockey completes Beanpot sweep". The Huntington News. Retrieved 2023-02-16. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help) ^ "2018 Women's Beanpot Championship: Terrier Hearts Broken on BC's Overtime Goal | WTBU Radio". sites.bu.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "BU Women's Ice Hockey Wins First Beanpot Championship Since 1981". Boston University. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Icewomen Falter in Beanpot, Lose Opening Game to Brown | Sports | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16. ^ "Boston mayor backs Belfast bid for major ice hockey tournament". BBC. Retrieved September 26, 2014. ^ "Mayor Marty Walsh pushes back on Belfast Beanpot talk". 27 September 2014. ^ "Boston College's Jim Logue Earns Parker-York Award - BCEAGLES.COM - Boston College Official Athletic Site". Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-05-13. ^ "Brian Durocher Profile - Official Website of the Boston University Department of Athletics". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-05-13. ^ "Northeastern Assistant, 48, Dies of CO Poisoning :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. ^ Awards information obtained from Beanpot Hockey: Awards Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine External links Beanpot Tournament Beanpot Tournament History and Timeline Beanpot trophy history vteBoston College Eagles men's ice hockeyPlaying venues Boston Arena (1917–1958) McHugh Forum (1958–1987) Conte Forum (1988–present) Head coaches Bob Fowler (1917–1919) Walter Falvey (1919–1920) Fred Rocque (1920–1923, 1925–1927) Charles Foote (1923–1925) Sonny Foley (1927–1929) John Kelley (1932–1942, 1946–1972) John Temple (1942–1943) Joseph Glavin (1945–1946) Len Ceglarski (1972–1992) Steve Cedorchuk (1992–1994) Jerry York (1994–2022) Greg Brown (2022–present) Conference affiliations ECAC Hockey (1961–1984) Hockey East (1984–present) Rivalries Boston University Green Line Rivalry Notre Dame Holy War on Ice Beanpot All-time leaders Statistical leaders David Emma (239 points) Brian Gionta (123 goals) Scott Clemmensen (99 wins) Retired jerseys Jim Logue Butch Songin Joe Mullen (21) John Kelley Red Martin Ray Chaisson David Emma (16) Bill Daley John Cunniff Len Ceglarski Bernie Burke Jerry York National championships 1949 2001 2008 2010 2012 Frozen Four appearances 1948 1949 1950 1954 1956 1959 1963 1965 1968 1973 1978 1985 1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2024 Conference Tournament titles ECAC Hockey 1965 1978 Hockey East 1987 1990 1998 1999 2001 2005 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2024 Hobey Baker Award David Emma (1991) Mike Mottau (2000) Johnny Gaudreau (2014) Mike Richter Award Thatcher Demko (2016) Tim Taylor Award Alex Newhook (2020) Seasons 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Bold Italics denotes National Championship season vteBoston University Terriers men's ice hockeyPlaying venues Boston Arena (1918–1971) Walter Brown Arena (1971–2005) Agganis Arena (2005–present) Head coaches Edgar Burkhardt (1917–1918) Harold Stuart (1919–1920) John O'Hare (1922–1924) Chippy Gaw (1924–1928) Wayland Vaughan (1928–1940) Syd Borofsky (1940–1941) Wayland Vaughan (1941–1943) Harry Cleverly (1945–1962) Jack Kelley (1962–1972) Leon Abbott (1972–1973) Jack Parker (1973–2013) David Quinn (2013–2018) Albie O'Connell (2018–2022) Jay Pandolfo (2022–present) Seasons 1917–18 1919–20 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Conference affiliations ECAC Hockey (1961–1984) Hockey East (1984–Present) Rivalries Boston College Eagles (Green Line Rivalry) Beanpot Maine Black Bears All-time leaders Statistical leaders John Cullen (241 Points) Chris Drury (113 Goals) Sean Fields (62 Wins) National championships 1971 1972 1978 1995 2009 Frozen Four appearances 1950 1951 1953 1960 1966 1967 1971 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2009 2015 2023 2024 NCAA Tournament appearances 1950 1951 1953 1960 1966 1967 1971 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1984 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2015 2016 2017 2018 2021 2023 2024 Conference Tournament titles ECAC Hockey: 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 Hockey East: 1986 1991 1994 1995 1997 2006 2009 2015 2018 2023 Hobey Baker winners Chris Drury (1998) Matt Gilroy (2009) Jack Eichel (2015) Boston University Boston, MA vteHarvard Crimson men's ice hockeyVenues Franklin Park (1897–1904) Harvard Stadium Rink (1904–1911) Boston Arena (1911–1917, 1921–1956) Pavilion Rink (1919–1921) Donald C. Watson Rink (1956–1978) Walter Brown Arena (1978–1979) Bright Hockey Center (1979–present) Coaches no coach (1897–1903, 1918–19) Alfred Winsor (1903–17, 1923–24) William Henry Claflin Jr. (1919–23) Edward Bigelow (1924–27) Joseph Stubbs (1927–38) Clark Hodder (1938–42) John Chase (1942–43, 1945–50) Cooney Weiland (1950–71) Bill Cleary (1971–90) Ronn Tomassoni (1990–99) Mark Mazzoleni (1999–2004) Ted Donato (2004– ) Seasons 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Conference affiliations Intercollegiate Hockey Association (1901–1911) Intercollegiate Hockey League (1912–1917) Triangular Hockey League (1919–1926) Pentagonal League (1933–1943, 1946–1955) ECAC Hockey (1961–Present) Rivalries Cornell Yale Culture & lore Beanpot Love Story All-time leaders Statistical leaders Scott Fusco (240 Points) Lane MacDonald (111 Goals) Grant Blair (72 Wins) Retired numbers Bill Cleary (4) National championships 1989 Frozen Four appearances 1955 1957 1958 1969 1971 1974 1975 1983 1986 1987 1989 1994 2017 NCAA Tournament appearances 1955 1957 1958 1969 1971 1974 1975 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1993 1994 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2015 2016 2017 2023 Conference Tournament titles ECAC Hockey: 1963 1971 1983 1987 1994 2002 2004 2006 2015 2017 Hobey Baker winners Mark Fusco (1983) Scott Fusco (1986) Lane MacDonald (1989) Jimmy Vesey (2016) Harvard University Cambridge, MA vteNortheastern Huskies men's ice hockeyPlaying venues Matthews Arena (1930–present) Head coaches H. Nelson Raymond (1929–1936) Herb Gallagher (1936–1942, 1946–1955) William L. Linskey (1942–1943) Jim Bell (1955–1970) Fernie Flaman (1970–1989) Don McKenney (1989–1991) Ben Smith (1991–1996) Bruce Crowder (1996–2005) Greg Cronin (2005–2011) Jim Madigan (2011–2021) Jerry Keefe (2021–Present) Seasons 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Conference affiliations ECAC Hockey (1961–1984) Hockey East (1984–present) Culture & lore Beanpot All-time leaders Statistical leaders Jim Martel (210 Points) Art Chisholm (100 Goals) Bruce Racine (57 Wins) Frozen Four appearances 1982 NCAA Tournament appearances 1982 1988 1994 2009 2016 2018 2019 2022 Conference Tournament titles ECAC Hockey: 1982 Hockey East: 1988 2016 2019 Northeastern University Boston, MA vteIvy League rivalriesConference Columbia–Cornell Cornell–Dartmouth Cornell–Harvard (hockey) Cornell–Penn Cornell–Princeton (lacrosse) Dartmouth–Harvard Harvard–Penn Harvard–Princeton Harvard–Yale Harvard–Yale (ice hockey) Harvard–Yale (soccer) Penn–Princeton Penn–Princeton (men's basketball) Princeton–Yale Non-conference Brown–Providence (hockey) Brown–Rhode Island Colgate–Cornell Liberty Cup (Columbia–Fordham) Cornell–Hobart (lacrosse) Cornell–Syracuse (lacrosse) Dartmouth–New Hampshire (overall) Dartmouth–New Hampshire (football) Battle of 33rd Street (Drexel–Penn) Beanpot (Boston College–Boston University–Harvard–Northeastern) Johns Hopkins–Princeton (lacrosse) Philadelphia Big 5 (Drexel–La Salle–Penn–Saint Joseph's–Temple–Villanova) Princeton–Rutgers Battle of Whitney Avenue (Quinnipiac–Yale) Connecticut Ice (Connecticut–Quinnipiac–Sacred Heart–Yale) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"college hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"TD Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Boston University Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Boston College Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The Beanpot is an annual men's and women's ice hockey tournament among the four major US college hockey teams of the Boston, Massachusetts area. The men's tournament is usually held during the first two Mondays in February at TD Garden and the women's tournament rotates hosts between the four schools.[1][2] The four teams are the Boston University Terriers (men's 31 championships, women's 2), Boston College Eagles (men's 20 championships, women's 8), Harvard University Crimson (men's 11 championships, women's 15), and Northeastern University Huskies (men's 9 championships, women's 17).[3] The men's tournament has been held annually since the 1952–53 season and has been held at its current location since 1996, except for 2021 when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Northeastern is the current men's Beanpot champion, having won the 2024 tournament. The women's tournament began in 1979, and Northeastern is the 2024 champion.[3]Due to the success of the hockey tournament, numerous other \"Beanpots\" have been contested in a number of other sports over the years, usually involving teams from the same four schools.","title":"Beanpot (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston University Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Boston College Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The competitors are:Boston University Terriers (55-time finalists, 31-time winners; last championship in 2022)\nBoston College Eagles (36-time finalists, 20-time winners; last championship in 2016)\nHarvard University Crimson (27-time finalists, 11-time winners; last championship in 2017)\nNortheastern University Huskies (23-time finalists, 9-time winners; last championship in 2024)[4]The tournament lasts two rounds, with first-round opponents being rotated from year to year. The second round features the consolation game and the championship game.In addition to the tournament trophy, two individual awards are given out each year. The Eberly Trophy[5] goes to the goaltender with the highest save percentage who plays in both of his team's games, while the Beanpot MVP[6] is awarded to tournament's most valuable player.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Overtime format","text":"In 2020, a rule change was made dictating how any overtime periods were to be handled. Traditionally, a tied score after the end of regulation time would be followed by continuous sudden-death play, in 20-minute intervals. However, due to NCAA regulations governing the way tournament games are factored into pairwise calculation (the formula for determining post-season seeding), a standardized format was required for all mid-season tournaments across collegiate hockey. From 2020 on, all Beanpot games with a tied score after regulation would commence with a 5-minute overtime period, after which if there is no sudden-death score, the game shall be officially ruled a tie. Play may be continued after this 5-minute interval, but any statistics accrued will not be considered official, and the end result of which will be solely for the purpose of determining tournament placement.The effects of this change were felt immediately, as two games went to the \"2nd\" overtime period in the 2020 iteration of the tournament. Boston College and Boston University played to a 4–4 tie after five minutes of overtime, and BU emerged victorious in the unofficial 2nd period. The same result and score occurred in that year's Championship match, as Northeastern and Boston University skated to a 4–4 tie after the initial overtime; the Huskies then defeated the Terriers to claim the title.In 2022, the third instance of the new overtime format came to be, as Boston College and Harvard tied 3–3 after five minutes of overtime in the Consolation game. However, the game was not continued to determine a 3rd-place winner, due to time constraints for the playing of the Championship game. In years prior, it would have been necessary to continue play indefinitely, but given the now-unofficial status of doing so, it was deemed no longer prudent. The game was ruled the first - and potentially only - official tie in tournament history.In 2023, the overtime rules were further amended to require the 5-minute overtime period to be played 3-on-3, rather than with the full 5-on-5 complement. Additionally, the rule was implemented that if matches ended in a tie after the 5-minute overtime, a three-round shootout would be used to determine the winner. The rule came into effect immediately in that year's title game, as Northeastern defeated Harvard 3–2 in a shootout to claim the Beanpot Championship.In summary, only three tournament games have an unofficial, or special status. The BC-BU first round meeting and the Northeastern-BU championship from the 2020 tournament both played beyond the 5-minute overtime. As a result, BU and Northeastern each have 1 unofficial goal counted in tournament statistics. Craig Pantano's Eberly Award stat line also includes saves from the additional overtime period of the title game. The only other game with special status was the 2022 Consolation game between BC and Harvard, which simply ended a tie after a scoreless 5-minute overtime. Play was not continued, so no unofficial statistics were recorded. After the 2023 introduction of the shootout to determine a winner for all games, this will be the only official tie in tournament history, barring a further change in the rules.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Arena"},{"link_name":"Boston Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Garden"},{"link_name":"TD Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden"},{"link_name":"Frozen Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Four"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"},{"link_name":"Blizzard of 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States_blizzard_of_1978"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament_champions"},{"link_name":"Jerry York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_York"},{"link_name":"New Englanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-7"}],"text":"The first Beanpot was contested at Boston Arena in December 1952. No tournament was played during the 1953 calendar year. The next two tournaments were held in January (1954 and 1955). All subsequent Beanpot games have been played in February (except 1978; see below).The tournament quickly outgrew the 4,500 seating capacity of the Boston Arena and the second through 43rd Beanpots (1954 through 1995) were held at the old 14,000 seat Boston Garden. Since 1996, the Beanpot has been held at the Garden's replacement, the 17,500 seat TD Garden. The competition generally takes place on the first and second Mondays in February and often draws one of the largest crowds of the college hockey season outside of the Frozen Four.[7]The 1978 Beanpot has taken a mythic place in Boston sports lore, as several hundred fans were stuck in the Garden for several days after the Blizzard of 1978 dumped more than two feet of snow during the night of the first-round games. The championship and consolation games were moved to Wednesday, March 1.Every championship game up until 2023 has featured either Boston College or Boston University. After 70 iterations of the tournament, the Northeastern Huskies and Harvard Crimson finally both emerged victorious in the Semifinal, and played each other for the title. The Huskies defeated the Crimson 3–2 in the tournament's first ever shootout to determine the game's winner, let alone a championship. Conversely, the first meeting between BC and BU in the consolation game occurred, with the Eagles taking the 3rd-place finish.None of the four competing teams have won the NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship without first winning the Beanpot trophy that season. With the exception of the 1949 Boston College Eagles (as the tournament had yet to be created), all five Boston University NCAA championships (1971, 1972, 1978, 1995, 2009), Boston College's four other NCAA championships (2001, 2008, 2010, 2012), and Harvard's sole 1989 NCAA championship, were all accompanied by a victory in the Beanpot title game. Northeastern has not yet won an NCAA championship. This phenomenon has led fans of the Beanpot schools to believe dreams for a national title hold water if they indeed succeed in February. Boston College head coach Jerry York has often referred to the beginning of February as \"Trophy Season,\" in which the Beanpot title is the first of three trophies that he wishes his team to attain, the others being the Hockey East tournament trophy, and the NCAA tournament trophy.Since the Beanpots' 1952 inception, the team rosters, once dominated by New Englanders and Canadians, have gradually evolved to include a greater cross section of the United States as well as other countries. The 2020 Beanpot included players from Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Nevada, and Texas. Reflecting a trend across college hockey, where 117 European students were playing at the NCAA Division I level in 2020, the Boston University Terriers roster included Kasper Kotkansalo from Finland and Wilmer Skoog from Sweden who scored the winning goal in Boston University's overtime goal in their upset win against Boston College in the 2020 Beanpot semi-final. After the game, Skoog said \"It was the biggest game of my life.\"[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Parker_(ice_hockey)"}],"sub_title":"Boston University","text":"Between 1966 and 2009, the Boston University Terriers historically dominated the Beanpot, winning 28 out of 43 titles. Owing to this phenomenon, fans have nicknamed the contest the \"BU Invitational\", an apt name as BU has made it to the title game 55 of 69 years (as of 2022), winning their most recent title in 2022. Despite historical dominance, recent years have been less successful for the Terriers, winning only twice out of eight championship appearances since 2009.The beginning of BU's Beanpot dominance was also the first year on the ice for Jack Parker. Parker won titles in each of the three years he played for the Terriers, and after taking over as head coach in 1973–74, Parker won 21 more championships.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Boston College","text":"Boston College controlled the early years of the Beanpot, winning eight titles in the first thirteen tournaments. Following BU's dominance, the balance of power tipped back towards the Eagles for about a decade, when they won six titles in seven years between 2010 and 2016. During that stretch, BC won five consecutive titles from 2010 to 2014, losing out in the first round in 2015, and regaining the title in 2016. However, they have failed to secure a title in four consecutive seasons, and only once made the championship game during that time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Harvard","text":"Harvard shared some success with Boston College in the early years of the tournament, winning four titles in the first 10 years, as well as making the title game each of the first four tournaments and winning the very first title game. However, they have only seen sporadic success since, winning 11 titles in the tournament's history, most recently ending a 24-year championship drought in 2017. They had only made the title game three times since their previous victory in 1993: '94, '98, and '08.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WayneTurnerBeanpot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wayne Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Turner_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chris Bourque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bourque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Northeastern","text":"Wayne Turner and David Archambault with 1980 BeanpotNortheastern, the only Beanpot team that has never won an NCAA hockey title, failed to win a Beanpot until 1980, when an overtime goal by Wayne Turner against Boston College gave the Huskies a win. Turner's wrist shot has often been called the most important goal in Northeastern history, and is generally considered a marquee sporting moment for the university. It is also known as the \"Shot Heard Round the Beanpot\".[8]Northeastern won three more titles in the 1980s, but failed to capture the Beanpot for 30 years. The Huskies came close to winning their fifth title in 2005 when they rallied from a 2–0 goal deficit to tie BU, but fell in overtime when Chris Bourque scored the winning goal. They made it to championship game four times from 2011 to 2015 but fell each time, to Boston College in '11, '13, and '14 and to Boston University in '15.Northeastern won their drought-breaking championship in 2018 with a dominating 5–2 victory over BU, in a rare year where the Huskies were the strongest team in the field, having come into the tournament ranked highest in the pairwise over the other three Beanpot schools. This would be the case again in 2019, where Northeastern again won the championship with a 4–2 victory over BC. In 2020, the Huskies would win their third straight championship against BU in double overtime, solidifying their legacy as a 21st-century Beanpot dynasty and effectively ending their reputation as the underdogs of the tournament. Before 2018, the Huskies had been to only 17 title games, and won only 4 of those. Earning three championships in a row from 2018 to 2020 proved their newfound parity with their other Beanpot schools, where they hoped to continue their success in the coming years. In 2022, Northeastern lost their three-year streak to BU 1-0 after a long standoff BU scored the game winner with less than 5 mins remaining in the 3rd period. In 2023, 16th-ranked Northeastern recaptured the Beanpot title by beating 9th ranked Harvard 3–2 in the tournament's first ever shootout, after overtime rules were amended that season. In 2024, unranked Northeastern refaced #2 ranked BU, once again winning the Beanpot in a 4-3 overtime match.[2] The title was the Huskies' 5th in a span of 6 straight tournament championship game appearances.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This section explains in detail the results of the previous five Beanpot tournaments as of February 2020.","title":"Recent tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","text":"The 2016 Beanpot took place on February 1 and 8. The first round of the tournament saw Boston College defeat Harvard 3–2 and Boston University defeat Northeastern 3–1. Northeastern defeated Harvard 5–1 in the consolation game and, for the 22nd time in the history of the tournament, BC and BU competed for the Championship, with the Eagles winning a 1–0 overtime contest. This was BU's second consecutive title game and BC's first since winning five in a row from 2010 to 2014. Northeastern failed to make the title game for the first time since 2012, whereas Harvard had not been to the title game since 2008. The 1–0 Championship game was the first ever 1–0 result in the history of the tournament. The championship game was also the sixth of the previous eleven title games to go to overtime.","title":"Recent tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","text":"The 2017 Beanpot took place on February 6 and 13. The first round of the tournament saw Harvard defeat Northeastern 4–3 and Boston University defeat Boston College 3–1. Northeastern defeated Boston College 4–2 in the consolation game and Harvard and BU competed for the Championship, with the Crimson winning their 11th title and first since 1993 by a score of 6–3. This was BU's third consecutive title game and Harvard's first since 2008. Boston College's loss to Northeastern placed them 4th for the first time since 1993 and was only their seventh 4th-place finish in tournament history. Harvard's victory also marked the first non-BC or BU title since Harvard's 1993 victory, a 24- year span.","title":"Recent tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","text":"The 2018 Beanpot took place on February 5 and 12. The first round of the tournament saw Northeastern shutout Boston College 3–0 and BU defeat Harvard in double overtime, 3–2. Harvard defeated Boston College 5–4 in overtime of the consolation game and Northeastern met Boston University in the championship, with the Huskies ending their 30-year drought, winning their 5th title and first since 1988, by a score of 5–2. This was BU's fourth consecutive title game and Northeastern's first since going to three straight between 2013 and 2015. BC's loss to Harvard placed them 4th for the second consecutive year, an occurrence that only happened once before in tournament history between 1974 and 1975. The Huskies victory also marked a championship for each tournament school in consecutive years - BU in 2015, BC in 2016, Harvard in 2017, and Northeastern in 2018 - an occurrence that happened only once before between 1980 and 1983.","title":"Recent tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019","text":"The 2019 Beanpot took place on February 4 and 11. The first round of the tournament saw Boston College defeat Harvard 2–1 and Northeastern defeat Boston University 2–1 in overtime. Harvard defeated Boston University 5–2 in the consolation game, and Northeastern defeated Boston College 4–2 in the Championship for their second straight title and 6th overall. This was the second time Northeastern has won back-to-back titles, the first time being in 1984–85. Boston College made their 36th appearance in the Championship, but failed to capture their 21st title. Boston University finished 4th for just the 7th time in tournament history, with 4 of these having come in the last decade (2011, '13, '14 & '19). Their previous 3 last-place finishes occurred in 1961, '63 & '80. Combined with Harvard's victory in 2017, this also marked the first time in tournament history that three straight tournaments were not won by BU or BC. Two straight seasons without a BU or BC title occurred three times, in '80-'81, '84-'85, and '88-'89.","title":"Recent tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 Beanpot took place on February 3 and 10. The first round of the tournament saw Northeastern defeat Harvard 3–1 and Boston University defeat Boston College 5–4 in double overtime.* Boston College defeated Harvard 7–2 in the consolation game, and Northeastern defeated Boston University 5–4 in double overtime* of the Championship for their third straight title and 7th overall. This was the first time in tournament history Northeastern won three straight titles. Boston University made their 54th title appearance, but failed to capture their 31st title. This year's result ties the second longest title drought for BU, having not won since 2015. They previously had a 5-year drought between 2010 and 2014 – when BC won five straight championships – however, their 7-year span during 1959-65 is the most years in a row the Terriers went without the Beanpot title.New NCAA rules put in place in 2020 meant all tournament games would have a new overtime format, in which a single 5-minute period would be played and then, if still scoreless, continual overtime with 20-minute periods would be played to determine tournament placement. If no score is reached before the 5-minute period ends, the game is considered a tie and all statistics recorded in the additional overtime periods are not counted. This was put in place to standardize tournament results (across the NCAA, not just the Beanpot) for use with the pairwise ranking system, which determines NCAA tournament seeding.","title":"Recent tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Northeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:08-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-16"}],"text":"Starting in 1979, the Women's Beanpot takes place each year on the first two Tuesdays in February. The first tournament was hosted at Northeastern's Matthews Arena, where the Huskies won 3–1 against Boston College.[9] Northeastern and Harvard have won the majority of tournaments, with 19[10] and 15[11] titles, respectively. Boston College follows with 8 championships,[12] then Boston University with 2[13] and Brown with 1.[14] The Northeastern Huskies are the most recent champions, defeating BU 2–1 in the 2024 tournament.[15] The four competing schools rotate hosting the women's games.[16]","title":"Women's Beanpot (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:08-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Northeastern","text":"The Northeastern Huskies have the most Women's Beanpot wins out of the four teams with 19, as of 2024. Out of the first 13 tournaments, they took home 10 championships, with an eight-win streak from 1984 to 1991.[14] They most recently won the title in 2023, winning 2–1 against BC and sweeping both men's and women's tournaments for the Huskies.[17] In January 2024, the Northeastern Huskies defeated Boston University 2-1.","title":"Women's Beanpot (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:08-14"}],"sub_title":"Harvard","text":"Harvard won their first Women's Beanpot title at the 4th tournament in 1982, defeating BU 2–1. From the first tournament in 1979 to 1993, Harvard advanced to the championship game 11 out of 15 times and won 4. Since the women's tournament started, 18 of the 43 championship games have been between Harvard and Northeastern. Of those, Harvard has won 7 and Northeastern has won 11. Harvard Crimson's most recently win was in 2022, defeating BC 5-4 and bringing their win total to 15.[14]","title":"Women's Beanpot (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:08-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:08-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Boston College","text":"Boston College's first two women's championships did not come until the 2006 and 2007 Beanpots, winning back-to-back years against Harvard and BU, respectively.[14] Since 2007, the BC Eagles have advanced to the championship round in 8 tournaments and won 6 more titles. BC has won the Beanpot 8 total times, with their most recent win coming in 2018.[14] The 4–3 overtime win against BU finalized a three-win streak.[18]","title":"Women's Beanpot (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:08-14"},{"link_name":"club team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_club_sports_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Boston University","text":"BU Terriers have the fewest wins of the usual women's Beanpot teams at 2. Their first title came in 1981 against BC, and their second nearly four decades later in 2019 against Harvard.[14] With their first win, BU defeated BC 4–0, winning the Beanpot while still playing as a club team.[16] Their 3–2 overtime win against Harvard marked their first tournament win playing as a varsity team.[19]","title":"Women's Beanpot (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:08-14"}],"sub_title":"Brown","text":"Brown University competed in and won their only Women's Beanpot in 1993, replacing Boston University, who dropped out for financial reasons.[20] Brown defeated Northeastern in the championship game, winning 3–0.[14]","title":"Women's Beanpot (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Minutemen_baseball"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_softball"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rowing_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanpot_Cycling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"burrito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrito"},{"link_name":"Qdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qdoba"},{"link_name":"B-School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school"},{"link_name":"Boston University's School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Salem State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_State_College"},{"link_name":"Suffolk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University"},{"link_name":"Clark University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_University"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"Babson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babson_College"},{"link_name":"Bentley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_College"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University_College_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Suffolk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawyer_Business_School"},{"link_name":"Beancan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beancan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Marty Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Odyssey Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_Place"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The success of the men's ice hockey tournament has spawned \"Beanpot\" tournaments in other sports, including basketball, for 14 years ending in 1976, women's ice hockey, baseball (with the University of Massachusetts Amherst replacing Boston University, which does not offer varsity baseball), softball, men's and women's soccer, women's rowing (which also features MIT) and cycling.The final round of the baseball Beanpot is played at Fenway Park.A Beanpot for women's rowing was established in 2007, with the crews from Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University (Radcliffe), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Northeastern University competing.The first Men's Lacrosse Beanpot was held October 19, 2008 at Harvard University. Harvard's Men's Club Team hosted Boston University, Boston College and Northeastern University.There are also many non-athletic events attached to the Beanpot. These typically occur the same time of year as the hockey beanpot. There is a Concert Band Beanpot, Pep Band Beanpot, Beanpot of Comedy, and a Rice and Beanpot burrito-eating contest, sponsored by Qdoba. The Concert Band Beanpot and Beanpot of Comedy are non-competitive events.Also, there is the B-School Beanpot Competition, an annual case analysis competition held at Boston University's School of Management since 1996. Undergraduate business schools from the Greater Boston area participate for cash prizes.The Concert Band Beanpot and Rice and Beanpot participants are the same schools as the men's hockey tournament. The Beanpot of Comedy, hosted by NU & Improv'd of Northeastern University, features sketch and improvisational comedy groups from different schools each year. Past participants have included Boston College, Boston University, Salem State College, Suffolk University, Clark University, and Tufts University. The Business Beanpot participants are Babson College, Boston University, Bentley College, Northeastern University, and Suffolk University. Northeastern University has won ten of the twelve Business Beanpots since 1996, and has taken the top two spots four times. The most recent 1–2 sweep for Northeastern was in 2008.The Boston College Office of Undergraduate Admission and the Boston University Office of Undergraduate Admission also play in the annual Beancan softball tournament, usually held in July.On September 26, 2014, the BBC reported that Boston mayor Marty Walsh announced publicly during an official visit to Belfast (Boston's sister city since 2014) that he was supporting a bid to hold a future Beanpot tournament at Odyssey Arena in Belfast and that Walsh reportedly will be hosting a delegation from Belfast alongside representatives from the NCAA and the four beanpot schools in October 2014 to further discuss the possibility.[21] However, after a large negative outcry from the Boston media, Walsh later stated that the idea of moving the tournament to a non-Boston venue was taken out of context, and that he only supported \"the hosting of a 'Beanpot-like' tournament in Belfast that would feature Massachusetts colleges.\"[22]","title":"Other Beanpots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fleet's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FleetBoston_Financial"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"}],"text":"Four games are listed for each Beanpot, in the order they were played. There are two opening round games, a consolation game featuring the losers of the first two games, and a championship game featuring the winners of the first two games. The teams rotate opening round opponents on a 3-year cycle, so over history every team faces the others an equal number of times during the opening round. Each row represents one Beanpot. Champions are listed in bold. Games requiring one overtime, or ending in a tie or shootout are in pink  , while games requiring two or three overtimes are in chartreuse   and cyan  , respectively.† During the 2004–05 season, following Fleet's acquisition by Bank of America and the bank's decision to terminate the naming rights to the arena, there was no permanent naming rights sponsor for that season. It was known as \"YourGarden\" that year.‡ Beginning in 2020, NCAA rules determined all Beanpot contests would be officially ruled a tie if games remained scoreless after a five-minute overtime period. In 2023, the tournament instituted the use of a shootout to determine game winners after the 5-minute overtime period. From 2020 to 2022, two games continued play beyond the initial overtime, however statistics were not considered official and only used for tournament placement purposes. One consolation game ended in a tie without continuing beyond the initial overtime.","title":"All-time results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Winning Streaks","text":"This is a list of all occasions where a Beanpot team has won at least two consecutive championships between years. The current winning streak, if any, is highlighted in chartreuse  . Winning streaks with equal numbers of wins are sorted chronologically, with earlier streaks appearing first.The longest current championship win streak belongs to Boston University, who won six consecutive Beanpots between 1995 and 2000. As of 2022, Harvard is the only team to never win consecutive titles.","title":"All-time results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Through the 2023 Beanpot, the four teams have amassed the following statistics:(The tie in the 2022 Consolation game is considered a 3rd-place finish for both Boston College and Harvard)Note: Unofficial statistics from the 2020 tournament are included.","title":"Team statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Two awards are presented annually: the Most Valuable Player award and the Eberly Award. The Eberly Award, first presented in 1974, is given annually to the goalie with the best save percentage. The winning goalie must participate in two games to qualify. The award is named after Glen and Dan Eberly, former Beanpot goaltenders at Boston University and Northeastern University, respectively.Source:[26]Note: Unofficial statistics from the 2020 tournament are included.","title":"Individual awards"}]

[{"image_text":"Wayne Turner and David Archambault with 1980 Beanpot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/WayneTurnerBeanpot.jpg/220px-WayneTurnerBeanpot.jpg"}]

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Retrieved 2012-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121024004121/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2005/sioncampus/01/31/road_trip0203/index.html","url_text":"\"SI.com - SI on Campus - Road Trip: The Beanpot - Wednesday February 2, 2005 11:43AM\""},{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2005/sioncampus/01/31/road_trip0203/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Beanpot - 40 Moments\". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://womensbeanpot.com/40moments_40.php","url_text":"\"Women's Beanpot - 40 Moments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Beanpot - Northeastern\". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://womensbeanpot.com/nu/index.php","url_text":"\"Women's Beanpot - Northeastern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Beanpot - Harvard\". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://womensbeanpot.com/hu/index.php","url_text":"\"Women's Beanpot - Harvard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Beanpot - Boston College\". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://womensbeanpot.com/bc/index.php","url_text":"\"Women's Beanpot - Boston College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Beanpot - Boston University\". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://womensbeanpot.com/bu/index.php","url_text":"\"Women's Beanpot - Boston University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Beanpot - All-Time Results\". womensbeanpot.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://womensbeanpot.com/results.php","url_text":"\"Women's Beanpot - All-Time Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northeastern downs Boston College to win 2023 women's Beanpot championship | NCAA.com\". www.ncaa.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/icehockey-women/article/2023-02-12/northeastern-downs-boston-college-win-2023-womens-beanpot-championship","url_text":"\"Northeastern downs Boston College to win 2023 women's Beanpot championship | NCAA.com\""}]},{"reference":"Berkman, Seth (2015-02-09). \"Women Seek a Bigger Beanpot\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/10/sports/womens-beanpot-has-the-tradition-but-seeks-the-crowd.html","url_text":"\"Women Seek a Bigger Beanpot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"news; Ballingall, Amelia (2023-02-16). \"A Valentine's Day date with victory: Northeastern women's hockey completes Beanpot sweep\". The Huntington News. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://huntnewsnu.com/70486/sports/womens-ice-hockey/a-valentines-day-date-with-victory-northeastern-womens-hockey-completes-beanpot-sweep/","url_text":"\"A Valentine's Day date with victory: Northeastern women's hockey completes Beanpot sweep\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Women's Beanpot Championship: Terrier Hearts Broken on BC's Overtime Goal | WTBU Radio\". sites.bu.edu. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.bu.edu/wtbu/2018/02/14/2018-womens-beanpot-championship-terrier-hearts-broken-on-bcs-overtime-goal/","url_text":"\"2018 Women's Beanpot Championship: Terrier Hearts Broken on BC's Overtime Goal | WTBU Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"BU Women's Ice Hockey Wins First Beanpot Championship Since 1981\". Boston University. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bu.edu/articles/2019/womens-beanpot-championship/","url_text":"\"BU Women's Ice Hockey Wins First Beanpot Championship Since 1981\""}]},{"reference":"\"Icewomen Falter in Beanpot, Lose Opening Game to Brown | Sports | The Harvard Crimson\". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1993/2/4/icewomen-falter-in-beanpot-lose-opening/","url_text":"\"Icewomen Falter in Beanpot, Lose Opening Game to Brown | Sports | The Harvard Crimson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston mayor backs Belfast bid for major ice hockey tournament\". BBC. Retrieved September 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/ice-hockey/29374540","url_text":"\"Boston mayor backs Belfast bid for major ice hockey tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor Marty Walsh pushes back on Belfast Beanpot talk\". 27 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masslive.com/news/boston/index.ssf/2014/09/mayor_marty_walsh_pushes_back.html","url_text":"\"Mayor Marty Walsh pushes back on Belfast Beanpot talk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston College's Jim Logue Earns Parker-York Award - BCEAGLES.COM - Boston College Official Athletic Site\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820031439/http://www.bceagles.com/sports/m-hockey/spec-rel/033011aaa.html","url_text":"\"Boston College's Jim Logue Earns Parker-York Award - BCEAGLES.COM - Boston College Official Athletic Site\""},{"url":"http://www.bceagles.com/sports/m-hockey/spec-rel/033011aaa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Durocher Profile - Official Website of the Boston University Department of Athletics\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120530151742/http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-hockey/mtt/durocher_brian00.html","url_text":"\"Brian Durocher Profile - Official Website of the Boston University Department of Athletics\""},{"url":"http://www.goterriers.com/sports/w-hockey/mtt/durocher_brian00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Northeastern Assistant, 48, Dies of CO Poisoning :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055317/http://www.uscho.com/2001/04/11/northeastern-assistant-48-dies-of-co-poisoning/","url_text":"\"Northeastern Assistant, 48, Dies of CO Poisoning :: USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online\""},{"url":"http://www.uscho.com/2001/04/11/northeastern-assistant-48-dies-of-co-poisoning/","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Principles

Forest Principles

["1 Development","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

The Forest Principles (also Rio Forest Principles, formally the Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests) is a 1992 document produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the "Earth Summit"). It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for conservation and sustainable development forestry. At the Earth Summit, the negotiation of the document was complicated by demands by developing nations in the Group of 77 for increased foreign aid in order to pay for the setting aside of forest reserves. Developed nations resisted those demands, and the final document was a compromise. Development The FOREST EUROPE process (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, MCPFE) was started by Strasbourg Conference in 1990 and the Forest Principles were adopted and incorporated into the agenda by Helsinki Conference in 1993. The process covers Pan-European region consisting of 47 signatories (46 European countries and the European Union) that partially overlaps with Montréal Process region (Russia is a signatory of both processes). As a result of lobbying by the developing country caucus (or Group of 77) in the United Nations, the non-legally binding Forest Principles were established in 1992. These linked the problem of deforestation to third world debt and inadequate technology transfer and stated that the "agreed full incremental cost of achieving benefits associated with forest conservation...should be equitably shared by the international community" (para1(b)). Subsequently, the Group of 77 argued in the 1995 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) and then the 2001 Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF), for affordable access to environmentally sound technologies without the stringency of intellectual property rights; while developed states there rejected demands for a forests fund. The expert group created under the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) reported in 2004, but in 2007 developed nations again vetoed language in the principles of the final text which might confirm their legal responsibility under international law to supply finance and environmentally sound technologies to the developing world. The Montréal Process, also known as the Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests, was started in 1994 as a result of the Forest Principles. See also Trees portalEnvironment portalEcology portal Ecology Forest ecology Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) United Nations Forum on Forests References ^ "United Nations: Forest Principles". Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2017-06-28. ^ "USDA Forest Service - Healthy Forests Initiative". www.fs.fed.us. ^ United Nations. Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of all Types of Forests. A/CONF.151/6/Rev1. United Nations, Rio de Janeiro. 1992. ^ Humphreys, David (2006). Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance. London: Earthscan. p. 280. ISBN 978-1-84407-301-6. ^ United Nations. Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests. United Nations 22 Oct. 2007. A/C.2/62/L.5. External links Forest Principles text, A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. III) Annex III United Nations Forum of Forests vteForestry Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day Types Agroforestry dehesa Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forestry Ecology andmanagement Arboriculture Controlled burn Debris coarse driftwood large log jam slash Dendrology Ecological thinning Even-aged management Fire ecology Forest dynamics informatics IPM inventory governance law old-growth pathology protection restoration secondary stand transition Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Forestation afforestation reforestation Formally designated Growth and yield modelling Horticulture GM trees i-Tree urban Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume Environmentaltopics Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecosystem services Forest degradation Forest dieback Forest fragmentation Ghost forest High grading Illegal logging timber mafia Invasive species wilding REDD Shifting cultivation chitemene slash-and-burn slash-and-char svedjebruk Timber recycling Tree hugging Wildfire Industries Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farm Christmas trees Wood engineered fuel mahogany spruce-pine-fir teak Woodworking Occupations Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer WikiProject Plants portal Trees portal Category Outline

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_District_(Bangladesh)

Dinajpur District, Bangladesh

["1 History","1.1 British Colonial Period","1.2 Recent history","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Points of interest","6 Administration","6.1 Subdistricts","7 Transport","8 Education","8.1 Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","8.2 Dinajpur Medical College and Hospital","8.3 Dinajpur Zilla School","8.4 Dinajpur Government Girl's High School","8.5 Dinajpur polytechnic institute","8.6 Others","9 Notable residents","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 Further reading"]

Coordinates: 25°38′N 88°39′E / 25.63°N 88.65°E / 25.63; 88.65This article is about the district in Bangladesh. For the city, see Dinajpur. For other uses, see Dinajpur (disambiguation). District of Bangladesh in Rangpur DivisionDinajpur দিনাজপুরDistrict of BangladeshDinajpur DistrictClockwise from top-left: Nayabad Mosque, Barapukuria coal mine, Kantajew Temple, Ramsagar Lake, Dinajpur RajbariLocation of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh in BangladeshExpandable map of Dinajpur District, BangladeshCoordinates: 25°38′N 88°39′E / 25.63°N 88.65°E / 25.63; 88.65Country BangladeshDivisionRangpur DivisionSeatand largest cityDinajpurGovernment • Deputy CommissionerKhaled Mohammad JakiArea • Total3,444.30 km2 (1,329.85 sq mi)Population (2022 census) • Total3,315,238 • Density960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+06:00 (BST)HDI (2018)0.614medium · 7th of 21Websitedinajpur.gov.bd Dinajpur district (Bengali: দিনাজপুর জেলা) is a district in the Rangpur Division of northern Bangladesh. Dinajpur is the largest district among all sixteen northern districts of Bangladesh. History Dinajpur was once a part of the ancient state of Pundravardhana. Devkot (now in India) which rotated as the capital of Lakhnauti was located 18 kilometres (11 mi) south of Dinajpur town. It is also called "City of Maharajas". An ancient engraved stone, believed to be from the Gupta era, was recovered from the bank of a pond near Sura Masjid in the Ghoraghat Upazila in Dinajpur in 8 October. British Colonial Period The British administrative control in Dinajpur was established in 1786. Dinajpur was the biggest administrative district of undivided Bengal. In 1765, the British got the Dewani of Bengal and in 1772 an English District Collector and Chief of Revenue was appointed in Dinajpur. The area was then notorious for lawlessness. Mr. Marriott was Collector in 1786. Next to him, Mr. Red Fern and Mr. Vansittart were Collectors for short periods. The next Collector, Mr. Hatch, started to exercise judicial powers too. The District Magistrate's area at that time extended to Malda, Bagura, and Dinajpur. In the last decade of the 18th century, indigo plantation started in the district. The district Dinajpur in British times included a greater portion of Bagura. Malda and parts of Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Purnea. At the time of Revenue Survey in 1857–1861, the total area of the district was 11,880 km2 (4,586 sq mi). Between 1795 and 1800, large tracts of land were transferred to Purnea, Rangpur and Rajshahi for administrative convenience and better enforcement of law and order. In 1833 again some estates were transferred to Bagura and Malda. In 1864–65, 1868 and 1870 further transfer of territory from Dinajpur to Malda and Bagura took place. Finally in 1897–98 the whole of Thana Mahadevpur was made over to Rajshahi. At that time, except Thakurgaon Sub division, the rest of Dinajpur district remained under the direct supervision of the collector. At first, after its formation in 1856, the Dinajpur Municipality used to be run by a town committee presided over by the Deputy Magistrate. This was among the first 40 municipalities in Bengal at that time. Later in 1868, the 'District Town Act' commissioned a chairman of the municipality who replaced the Deputy Magistrate and given a similar rank as a district magistrate. Mr. Patterson was appointed the first chairman of Dinajpur Municipality in 1869. Recent history At the time of Partition of India in 1947, part of greater Dinajpur district was included in West Bengal and it was named West Dinajpur district. People of the district took part in the Tebhaga movement and also had significant contribution in the War of Liberation of 1971. Geography Dinajpur is bounded by Thakurgaon and Panchagarh districts in the north, Gaibandha and Joypurhat districts in the south, Nilphamari and Rangpur districts in the east, and the state of West Bengal, India in the west. The total area of the district is 3,437.98 km2. The main rivers of the district are the Dhepa, the Punarbhaba, and the Atrai rivers. Dinajpur Railway Bridge, Punorvoba River Total area 3437.98 km2, located in between 25°10' and 26°04' north latitudes and in between 88°23' and 89°18' east longitudes. Climate Dinajpur experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Dinajpur has a tropical wet and dry climate. The district has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August. Climate data for Dinajpur Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22(72) 26(79) 31(88) 32(90) 32(90) 32(90) 33(91) 32(90) 32(90) 31(88) 29(84) 25(77) 29(84) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12(54) 15(59) 19(66) 22(72) 24(75) 26(79) 27(81) 27(81) 26(79) 23(73) 18(64) 13(55) 23(73) Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.2(0.28) 17(0.7) 7.6(0.30) 93.4(3.68) 225.4(8.87) 456.7(17.98) 264.9(10.43) 296.2(11.66) 321.5(12.66) 98.5(3.88) 7.3(0.29) 0.2(0.01) 77.9(3.07) Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1974 1,457,175—    1981 1,804,375+3.10%1991 2,260,131+2.28%2001 2,642,850+1.58%2011 2,990,128+1.24%2022 3,315,238+0.94%Sources: According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Dinajpur District had 837,002 households and a population of 3,315,238, 20.0% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 963 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 76.0%, compared to the national average of 74.7%. Religions in Dinajpur district (2011) Religion Percent Islam   78.03% Hinduism   19.51% Christianity   1.25% Other (tribal religions)   1.19% Other or not stated   0.02% Religion in present-day Dinajpur district Religion Population (1941): 88–91  Percentage (1941) Population (2011) Percentage (2011) Islam 419,603 55.32% 2,333,253 78.03% Hinduism 289,907 38.22% 583,313 19.51% Tribal religion 48,442 6.39% 35,601 1.25% Christianity 214 0.03% 37,488 1.19% Others 328 0.04% 473 0.02% Total Population 758,494 100% 2,990,128 100% Muslims make up 75.03% of the population, while Hindus are 19.51% and Christians 4.25%. People of other religions were 1.19% of the population. Ethnic minorities were 66,861 (2.24%) of the population. Economy Potato field in Ghughu-danga, Dinajpur The economy of Dinajpur mainly depends upon agriculture based production. There is a well known proverb about Dinajpur – 'paddy piled up high, sheds full of cows, ponds brimming with fish' . People in this district are much happier than those in other districts, everything grows easily, it's a peaceful place. Dinajpur is famous for rice production. 'Katharivog' rice is one of the best produced rice in Bangladesh. Dinajpur is also rich with wheat production. The Lychee (fruit) of Dinajpur is the best of Bangladesh. Dinajpur is well known for its production of among the country. Dinajpur is also famous for its Mangoes. "Kosba" is called the matrix of mango. Also, it grows a plenty of vegetables and seasonal fruits. A huge percentage of people from Dinajpur depends upon agri based products. The main industry also includes rice processing mills. However, Dinajpur is highly rich with natural resources like coal, pit mine. Of the five coal field discovered so far in Bangladesh, three are in Dinajpur. The name of these deposits are-Barapukuria, Phulbari and Dighipara coal field. At present coal is being produced commercially only from the Barapukuria underground coal mine in Dinajpur district. Current production rate is about 1500 tons per day. The plan to establish an open pit mine in nearby Phulbari was aborted in 2006 in the wake of a mass protest by the local people. The coal from the Boropukuria Coal Mine is being fed to the 250MW Barapukuria Power Station. Crops and grown in the district include rice, wheat, maize, potato, brinjal, and tomato. Fruits grown include lychees, mangoes, bananas, jackfruits, and blackberries. Points of interest Nayabad mosque Ramsagor Charar Hat Badya Vumi Ananda Sagar Aowkora Mosque – meaning "Echoing Mosque" Baraduari Dinajpur Museum Dinajpur Rajbari Dinajpur Zila School Dipshikha School in Rudrapur Ghughu-danga Zamindar Bari Gorashohid Boro-Moydan Gour Gabindha Habra Zamindar Bari Hili Land Port – The second-largest land port of Bangladesh and customs station for border trade. Kaliya jue Temple Kantajew Temple – A late medieval Hindu temple, built from 1704 to 1722 CE Korai Bill, Biral Matasagar Nayabad Mosque Nowpara Ideal Village Ramsagar Shingha Darwaza – Meaning "Lion Gate" Shita Coat Bihar – The oldest Buddhist Bihar in the world. Shopnopuri artificial amusement park Shimanta Shikha club, Hakimpur, Dinajpur. Shita Coat Bihar, Nawabganj Singra forest, Birganj Sita Kuthuri Sukhsagar The tombs of Chehel Gazi and Gor-e-Shahid Moydan. Administration Deputy Commissioner (DC): Khaled Mohammad Zaki. Administrator of Zila Parishad: Azizul Imam Chowdhury Subdistricts Kankra River The upazilas of this district are: Biral Upazila Birampur Upazila Birganj Upazila Bochaganj Upazila Chirirbandar Upazila Dinajpur Sadar Upazila Ghoraghat Upazila Hakimpur Upazila Kaharole Upazila Khansama Upazila Nawabganj Upazila Parbatipur Upazila Fulbari Upazila Transport Dinajpur railway station This section needs expansion with: Discussion of the types of transportation available. National highways and any popular roads. Railway and bus stations inside the district: Category Vehicle, road and railway statistics. Administration of transport within the district. You can help by adding to it. (February 2015) Railway Station: Dinajpur railway station Chirirbandar railway station Biral railway station Hili railway station Parbatipur railway junction Fulbari railway station Birampur railway station Setabgonj railway station Kholahati railway station Roads & Highways: Dinajpur- Dhaka Highway (Via Fulbari, Birampur) Dinajpur-Dhaka Highway (Via Rangpur) Dinajpur- Panchogor Dinajpur- Rangpur Highway (Via Parbotipur) Dinajpur- Thakurgaon Highway Dinajpur- Dakshin Dinajpur(India) International Highway Education This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The section requires rewriting, replacement of high-grades claims with statistics, and additional information and references about any other colleges and universities. Please help improve this section if you can. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Educational institutions in the district include: 1 university, 118 colleges, 10 vocational institutes, 1 textile institute, 617 secondary school, 1713 primary schools, 11 community schools, 29 non-government schools, 10 kindergartens, 351 madrasas. Noted educational institutions are following: Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University is a government-financed public university of Bangladesh situated 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Dinajpur main town. It serves as an institution of science and technology in northern part of the country. Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University was established as an Agricultural Extension Training Institute (AETI) to award a three-year diploma in agriculture. The AETI was later upgraded to Hajee Mohammad Danesh Agricultural College in 1988 having an affiliation from the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Then the college was upgraded to the status of a university renaming it as Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University. First batch of the students were admitted at that time (1999-2000 session). The act of the university was passed on 8 July 2001 in the Jatio Shongsad (National Assembly) was followed by a gazette notification on 8 April 2002. Dinajpur Medical College and Hospital It is a government medical college here, which is one of the 36 government funded medical colleges in Bangladesh. It is located in the town of Dinajpur. It admits 160 students into the f-year MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) degree program. There is a four-story building. There are two hostels for boys and three hostels for girls. There are four hostels for intern doctors. About twenty batches of students have passed from this medical college. Dinajpur Medical College Journal is recognised by the BMDC and is published twice a year (ISSN 2070-2019). The 500-bed hospital has high technology and has started to provide more services. There is also a well-developed nursing college behind the hospital building. The hospital has an ultrasound centre for nuclear medicine near Sadar Hospital, Dinajpur. Dinajpur Medical College Hospital now provides health services not only in the Dinajpur District but also to people from other districts near Dinajpur. Dinajpur Zilla School This district gives the opportunity to read in two Govt. schools, Dinajpur Zilla School (for boys only) and Dinajpur Govt. Girls' High School. Dinajpur Zilla School was established in 1854 during the British reign. It is located at the centre of the Dinajpur town. It owns a hostel too for residential facilities. This school is one of 20 schools in Bangladesh, which has a government funded "E-Learning" facility and E-Laboratory. There is Stone made Map of South Asia subcontinent in this school, which was made at 1934. It has a very talented Score in S.S.C participation. There is also an auditorium, a sculpture of celebrating the 150 years of the school, a mosque, an enhanced library and laboratory in this school. Dinajpur Government Girl's High School Dinajpur polytechnic institute Dinajpur polytechnic institute is at south Balubari. This polytechnic was started with Civil and Power Technology in 1964. and Private Polytechnic APTOUCH Polytechnic Institute, Naynpur, Dinajpur,ESTD-2006. There are three government colleges in the Dinajpur town. Dinajpur Government College, which was previously known as Surendranath college and Dinajpur City College are for both male and female students. Another government college is "Dinajpur Government Women's College" is for female students only. All colleges are operated under Bangladesh National University. Others The METI Handmade School, a primary school for 169 students located in Rudrapur in Dinajpur district, was built with the assistance of local craftsmen making use of traditional materials, primarily mud and bamboo. An example of sustainable architecture, the project received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2007, not only for its simple, humane approach and beauty but also for the level of cooperation achieved between architects, craftsmen, clients and users. There is also a textile institute. Now RIDGE School is the most modern and British standard popular school of Dinajpur. Dinajpur Central Shahid Minar is the 2nd largest Shahid minar in the country. Dinajpur Boasts a regional training centre of Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan. Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan situated at Basher hat near to HSTU campus. It aims to train and educate sports prodigy. Notable residents Heyat Mahmud (1693–1760), medieval poet Narayan Gangopadhyay, a Bengali novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer, and one of the leading writers of modern Bengali literature Atmasthananda, fifteenth president of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission Debojyoti Mishra, an Indian music director and film composer Khaleda Zia – Born in 1945, former Prime Minister of Bangladesh and current leader of the Bangladesh National Party Khurshid Jahan – 1939–2006, former Bangladeshi Minister of Women's and Children's affairs Haji Mohammad Danesh – 1900–1986, Bangladeshi politician and communist activist M. Yousuf Ali – Died in 1999, first Bangladeshi Minister of Education Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman – 9th Chief of Army Staff (abbreviated as CAS) of Bangladesh Army from May 1996 to December 1997. Now he is a member of BNP's standing committee. M. Abdur Rahim  – (21 November 1927 – 4 September 2016) was a Member of Parliament, member of the constitution drafting committee and an organiser of the liberation war Abdullah Al Kafi – (1945–2005), Member of Parliament for Dinajpur-1 Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury – 1921–1998, prominent East Pakistani politician Subhash Dutta – (9 February 1930 – 16 November 2012) was a Bangladeshi filmmaker, theatre and film actor Nitun Kundu founder of OTOBI furniture groupe and designer of the fountain of SAARC fountain in front of Hotel Sonargaon Dhiman Ghosh Bangladeshi cricketer Liton Das Bangladeshi cricketer Lucas Marandi, Roman Catholic Bishop See also Districts of Bangladesh Rangpur Division Notes ^ Dinajpur, Biral, Parbatipur, Chirirbandar, Nawabganj, Ghoraghat, Khansama, Kaharul, Bochaganj, Birganj, and Phulbari thanas of Dinajpur district ^ Including Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Ad-Dharmis, or not stated References ^ a b c Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. August 2022. pp. viii, 28, 30, 39, 44, 46. ISBN 978-984-35-2977-0. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 18 March 2020. ^ a b c Ahmad Hossain (2012). "Dinajpur District". In Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ Mehrab Ali, "History of Dinajpur Pourasava" www.dinajpurmunicipality.com ^ a b "Dinajpur District - Banglapedia". ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Dinajpur, Bangladesh". ^ a b c "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Dinajpur" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. ^ "Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province" (PDF). ^ "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Naogaon" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. ^ লিচুর এক দেশ আছে না.... Prothom Alo. 30 May 2016. ^ Arifur Rahman; Sanzida Murshed (2012). "Coal". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ "Impasse at Hili land port results in loss of Tk20cr". Dhaka Tribune. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ^ "Dinajpur District: দিনাজপুর জেলা". www.dinajpur.gov.bd. Retrieved 20 February 2023. ^ "AL men appointed administrators". The Daily Star. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ^ "Home". Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University. ^ "Home". Dinajpur Polytechnic Institute. ^ "Home". Dinajpur Govt. Mohila College (in Bengali). ^ "Nine projects receive 2007 Aga Khan Award for Architecture" Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine, Aga Khan Development Network. Retrieved 12 March 2012. ^ "38th anniversary of return of ashes of Atish Dipankar". Xinhuanet. 5 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ "Organiser of Liberation War". The Daily Sun. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ "Dinajpur-1". Election Commission Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016. ^ "Obituary reference for Kafi in JS". bdnews24.com. 11 September 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2016. ^ "JS session adjourned without transacting any business following death of Jamaat MP". bdnews24.com. 11 September 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2016. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dinajpur District. Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1876), A Statistical Account of Bengal, Volume 7, Trübner & Company vte Divisions and districts of BangladeshBarisal Division Barguna Barishal Bhola Jhalokati Patuakhali Pirojpur Chittagong Division Bandarban Brahmanbaria Chandpur Chattogram Cumilla Cox's Bazar Feni Khagrachhari Lakshmipur Noakhali Rangamati Dhaka Division Dhaka Faridpur Gazipur Gopalganj Kishoreganj Madaripur Manikganj Munshiganj Narayanganj Narsingdi Rajbari Shariatpur Tangail Khulna Division Bagerhat Chuadanga Jashore Jhenaidah Khulna Kushtia Magura Meherpur Narail Satkhira Mymensingh Division Jamalpur Mymensingh Netrokona Sherpur Rajshahi Division Bogura Joypurhat Naogaon Natore Chapai Nawabganj Pabna Rajshahi Sirajganj Rangpur Division Dinajpur Gaibandha Kurigram Lalmonirhat Nilphamari Panchagarh Rangpur Thakurgaon Sylhet Division Habiganj Moulvibazar Sunamganj Sylhet

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It is also called \"City of Maharajas\".An ancient engraved stone, believed to be from the Gupta era, was recovered from the bank of a pond near Sura Masjid in the Ghoraghat Upazila in Dinajpur in 8 October.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banglapedia-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"British Colonial Period","text":"The British administrative control in Dinajpur was established in 1786.[3] Dinajpur was the biggest administrative district of undivided Bengal. In 1765, the British got the Dewani of Bengal and in 1772 an English District Collector and Chief of Revenue was appointed in Dinajpur. The area was then notorious for lawlessness. Mr. Marriott was Collector in 1786. Next to him, Mr. Red Fern and Mr. Vansittart were Collectors for short periods. The next Collector, Mr. Hatch, started to exercise judicial powers too. The District Magistrate's area at that time extended to Malda, Bagura, and Dinajpur. In the last decade of the 18th century, indigo plantation started in the district.The district Dinajpur in British times included a greater portion of Bagura. Malda and parts of Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Purnea. At the time of Revenue Survey in 1857–1861, the total area of the district was 11,880 km2 (4,586 sq mi). Between 1795 and 1800, large tracts of land were transferred to Purnea, Rangpur and Rajshahi for administrative convenience and better enforcement of law and order. In 1833 again some estates were transferred to Bagura and Malda. In 1864–65, 1868 and 1870 further transfer of territory from Dinajpur to Malda and Bagura took place. Finally in 1897–98 the whole of Thana Mahadevpur was made over to Rajshahi. At that time, except Thakurgaon Sub division, the rest of Dinajpur district remained under the direct supervision of the collector.At first, after its formation in 1856, the Dinajpur Municipality used to be run by a town committee presided over by the Deputy Magistrate. This was among the first 40 municipalities in Bengal at that time. Later in 1868, the 'District Town Act' commissioned a chairman of the municipality who replaced the Deputy Magistrate and given a similar rank as a district magistrate. Mr. Patterson was appointed the first chairman of Dinajpur Municipality in 1869.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"West Dinajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dinajpur_district"},{"link_name":"Tebhaga movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebhaga_movement"},{"link_name":"War of Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banglapedia-3"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"At the time of Partition of India in 1947, part of greater Dinajpur district was included in West Bengal and it was named West Dinajpur district. People of the district took part in the Tebhaga movement and also had significant contribution in the War of Liberation of 1971.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thakurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgaon_District"},{"link_name":"Panchagarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchagarh_District"},{"link_name":"Gaibandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaibandha_District"},{"link_name":"Joypurhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhat_District"},{"link_name":"Nilphamari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilphamari_District"},{"link_name":"Rangpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_District"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banglapedia-3"},{"link_name":"Dhepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhepa_River"},{"link_name":"Punarbhaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punarbhaba_River"},{"link_name":"Atrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrai_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinajpur_Railway_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-5"}],"text":"Dinajpur is bounded by Thakurgaon and Panchagarh districts in the north, Gaibandha and Joypurhat districts in the south, Nilphamari and Rangpur districts in the east, and the state of West Bengal, India in the west. The total area of the district is 3,437.98 km2.[3] The main rivers of the district are the Dhepa, the Punarbhaba, and the Atrai rivers.Dinajpur Railway Bridge, Punorvoba RiverTotal area 3437.98 km2, located in between 25°10' and 26°04' north latitudes and in between 88°23' and 89°18' east longitudes.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"tropical wet and dry climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"monsoonal season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Dinajpur experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Dinajpur has a tropical wet and dry climate. The district has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August.Climate data for Dinajpur[6]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n22(72)\n\n26(79)\n\n31(88)\n\n32(90)\n\n32(90)\n\n32(90)\n\n33(91)\n\n32(90)\n\n32(90)\n\n31(88)\n\n29(84)\n\n25(77)\n\n29(84)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n12(54)\n\n15(59)\n\n19(66)\n\n22(72)\n\n24(75)\n\n26(79)\n\n27(81)\n\n27(81)\n\n26(79)\n\n23(73)\n\n18(64)\n\n13(55)\n\n23(73)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n7.2(0.28)\n\n17(0.7)\n\n7.6(0.30)\n\n93.4(3.68)\n\n225.4(8.87)\n\n456.7(17.98)\n\n264.9(10.43)\n\n296.2(11.66)\n\n321.5(12.66)\n\n98.5(3.88)\n\n7.3(0.29)\n\n0.2(0.01)\n\n77.9(3.07)\n\n\n[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Census of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Census_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022census-prelim-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-7"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-7"}],"text":"According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Dinajpur District had 837,002 households and a population of 3,315,238, 20.0% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 963 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 76.0%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.[1]Religions in Dinajpur district (2011)[7]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nIslam\n \n78.03%\n\n\nHinduism\n \n19.51%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n1.25%\n\n\nOther (tribal religions)\n \n1.19%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.02%Muslims make up 75.03% of the population, while Hindus are 19.51% and Christians 4.25%. People of other religions were 1.19% of the population. Ethnic minorities were 66,861 (2.24%) of the population.[7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potato_field_in_Ghughu-danga,Dinajpur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Lychee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Boropukuria Coal Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boropukuria_Coal_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barapukuria Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barapukuria_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"brinjal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinjal"},{"link_name":"lychees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee"},{"link_name":"mangoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"jackfruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"blackberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry"}],"text":"Potato field in Ghughu-danga, DinajpurThe economy of Dinajpur mainly depends upon agriculture based production. There is a well known proverb about Dinajpur – 'paddy piled up high, sheds full of cows, ponds brimming with fish' [gola bhora dhan, goyal bhora goru, pukur bhora mach]. People in this district are much happier than those in other districts, everything grows easily, it's a peaceful place. Dinajpur is famous for rice production. 'Katharivog' rice is one of the best produced rice in Bangladesh. Dinajpur is also rich with wheat production. The Lychee (fruit) of Dinajpur is the best of Bangladesh. Dinajpur is well known for its production of among the country.[10]\nDinajpur is also famous for its Mangoes. \"Kosba\" is called the matrix of mango. Also, it grows a plenty of vegetables and seasonal fruits. A huge percentage of people from Dinajpur depends upon agri based products. The main industry also includes rice processing mills. However, Dinajpur is highly rich with natural resources like coal, pit mine. Of the five coal field discovered so far in Bangladesh, three are in Dinajpur. The name of these deposits are-Barapukuria, Phulbari and Dighipara coal field. At present coal is being produced commercially only from the Barapukuria underground coal mine in Dinajpur district. Current production rate is about 1500 tons per day. The plan to establish an open pit mine in nearby Phulbari was aborted in 2006 in the wake of a mass protest by the local people.[11] The coal from the Boropukuria Coal Mine is being fed to the 250MW Barapukuria Power Station.Crops and grown in the district include rice, wheat, maize, potato, brinjal, and tomato.Fruits grown include lychees, mangoes, bananas, jackfruits, and blackberries.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noyabaad_Mosque_(6).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramsagor_horse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charar_Hat_Badya_Vumi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur Rajbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_Rajbari"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur Zila School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_Zila_School"},{"link_name":"Rudrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrapur,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Ghughu-danga Zamindar Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghughu-danga_Zamindar_Bari"},{"link_name":"Gorashohid Boro-Moydan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor-E-Shahid_Eidgah_Maidan"},{"link_name":"Hili Land Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hili_Land_Port"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Kaliya jue Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliya_jue_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kantajew Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantajew_Temple"},{"link_name":"Nayabad Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayabad_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Ramsagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsagar"},{"link_name":"Shita Coat Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shita_Coat_Bihar,_Nawabganj"},{"link_name":"Shopnopuri artificial amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopnopuri_artificial_amusement_park"},{"link_name":"Shita Coat Bihar, Nawabganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shita_Coat_Bihar,_Nawabganj"}],"text":"Nayabad mosqueRamsagorCharar Hat Badya VumiAnanda Sagar\nAowkora Mosque – meaning \"Echoing Mosque\"\nBaraduari\nDinajpur Museum\nDinajpur Rajbari\nDinajpur Zila School\nDipshikha School in Rudrapur\nGhughu-danga Zamindar Bari\nGorashohid Boro-Moydan\nGour Gabindha\nHabra Zamindar Bari\nHili Land Port – The second-largest land port of Bangladesh and customs station for border trade.[12]\nKaliya jue Temple\nKantajew Temple – A late medieval Hindu temple, built from 1704 to 1722 CE\nKorai Bill, Biral\nMatasagar\nNayabad Mosque\nNowpara Ideal Village\nRamsagar\nShingha Darwaza – Meaning \"Lion Gate\"\nShita Coat Bihar – The oldest Buddhist Bihar in the world.\nShopnopuri artificial amusement park\nShimanta Shikha club, Hakimpur, Dinajpur.\nShita Coat Bihar, Nawabganj\nSingra forest, Birganj\nSita Kuthuri\nSukhsagar\nThe tombs of Chehel Gazi and Gor-e-Shahid Moydan.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Deputy Commissioner (DC): Khaled Mohammad Zaki.[13]\nAdministrator of Zila Parishad: Azizul Imam Chowdhury[14]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kankra_River.JPG"},{"link_name":"upazilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila"},{"link_name":"Biral Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biral_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Birampur Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birampur_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Birganj Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birganj_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Bochaganj Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochaganj_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Chirirbandar Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirirbandar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur Sadar Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_Sadar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Ghoraghat Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoraghat_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Hakimpur Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakimpur_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Kaharole Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharole_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Khansama Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khansama_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Nawabganj Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabganj_Upazila,_Dinajpur"},{"link_name":"Parbatipur Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbatipur_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Fulbari Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbari_Upazila"}],"sub_title":"Subdistricts","text":"Kankra RiverThe upazilas of this district are:Biral Upazila\nBirampur Upazila\nBirganj Upazila\nBochaganj Upazila\nChirirbandar Upazila\nDinajpur Sadar Upazila\nGhoraghat Upazila\nHakimpur Upazila\nKaharole Upazila\nKhansama Upazila\nNawabganj Upazila\nParbatipur Upazila\nFulbari Upazila","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinajpur_Rail-station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur"},{"link_name":"Chirirbandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirirbandar"},{"link_name":"Biral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biral"},{"link_name":"Hili railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hili_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Parbatipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbatipur_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Fulbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulbari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birampur"},{"link_name":"Setabgonj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Setabgonj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kholahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kholahati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads"},{"link_name":"Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways"},{"link_name":"Dakshin Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur"}],"text":"Dinajpur railway stationRailway Station:\nDinajpur railway station\nChirirbandar railway station\nBiral railway station\nHili railway station\nParbatipur railway junction\nFulbari railway station\nBirampur railway station\nSetabgonj railway station\nKholahati railway stationRoads & Highways:\nDinajpur- Dhaka Highway (Via Fulbari, Birampur)\nDinajpur-Dhaka Highway (Via Rangpur)\nDinajpur- Panchogor\nDinajpur- Rangpur Highway (Via Parbotipur)\nDinajpur- Thakurgaon Highway\nDinajpur- Dakshin Dinajpur(India) International Highway","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-5"}],"text":"Educational institutions in the district include: 1 university, 118 colleges, 10 vocational institutes, 1 textile institute, 617 secondary school, 1713 primary schools, 11 community schools, 29 non-government schools, 10 kindergartens, 351 madrasas.[5] Noted educational institutions are following:","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_View_Of_HSTU.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajee_Mohammad_Danesh_Science_and_Technology_University"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Agricultural University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","text":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University is a government-financed public university of Bangladesh situated 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Dinajpur main town. It serves as an institution of science and technology in northern part of the country. Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University was established as an Agricultural Extension Training Institute (AETI) to award a three-year diploma in agriculture. The AETI was later upgraded to Hajee Mohammad Danesh Agricultural College in 1988 having an affiliation from the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Then the college was upgraded to the status of a university renaming it as Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University. First batch of the students were admitted at that time (1999-2000 session). The act of the university was passed on 8 July 2001 in the Jatio Shongsad (National Assembly) was followed by a gazette notification on 8 April 2002.[15]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2070-2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2070-2019"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Dinajpur Medical College and Hospital","text":"It is a government medical college here, which is one of the 36 government funded medical colleges in Bangladesh. It is located in the town of Dinajpur. It admits 160 students into the f-year MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) degree program. There is a four-story building. There are two hostels for boys and three hostels for girls. There are four hostels for intern doctors. About twenty batches of students have passed from this medical college. Dinajpur Medical College Journal is recognised by the BMDC and is published twice a year (ISSN 2070-2019). The 500-bed hospital has high technology and has started to provide more services. There is also a well-developed nursing college behind the hospital building. The hospital has an ultrasound centre for nuclear medicine near Sadar Hospital, Dinajpur. Dinajpur Medical College Hospital now provides health services not only in the Dinajpur District but also to people from other districts near Dinajpur.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinajpur Zilla School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_Zilla_School"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"}],"sub_title":"Dinajpur Zilla School","text":"This district gives the opportunity to read in two Govt. schools, Dinajpur Zilla School (for boys only) and Dinajpur Govt. Girls' High School. Dinajpur Zilla School was established in 1854 during the British reign. It is located at the centre of the Dinajpur town. It owns a hostel too for residential facilities. This school is one of 20 schools in Bangladesh, which has a government funded \"E-Learning\" facility and E-Laboratory. There is Stone made Map of South Asia subcontinent in this school, which was made at 1934. It has a very talented Score in S.S.C participation. There is also an auditorium, a sculpture of celebrating the 150 years of the school, a mosque, an enhanced library and laboratory in this school.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dinajpur Government Girl's High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur Government College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_Government_College"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinajpur_City_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_National_University"}],"sub_title":"Dinajpur polytechnic institute","text":"Dinajpur polytechnic institute is at south Balubari. This polytechnic was started with Civil and Power Technology in 1964. and Private Polytechnic APTOUCH Polytechnic Institute, \nNaynpur, Dinajpur,ESTD-2006.[16]There are three government colleges in the Dinajpur town. Dinajpur Government College, which was previously known as Surendranath college and Dinajpur City College are for both male and female students. Another government college is \"Dinajpur Government Women's College\" is for female students only.[17] All colleges are operated under Bangladesh National University.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"METI Handmade School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METI_Handmade_School"},{"link_name":"Rudrapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudrapur,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"sustainable architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan Award for Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-akdn2007-20"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Krira_Shiksha_Pratisthan"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"The METI Handmade School, a primary school for 169 students located in Rudrapur in Dinajpur district, was built with the assistance of local craftsmen making use of traditional materials, primarily mud and bamboo. An example of sustainable architecture, the project received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2007, not only for its simple, humane approach and beauty but also for the level of cooperation achieved between architects, craftsmen, clients and users. There is also a textile institute. Now RIDGE School is the most modern and British standard popular school of Dinajpur.[18]Dinajpur Central Shahid Minar is the 2nd largest Shahid minar in the country. Dinajpur Boasts a regional training centre of Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan. Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan situated at Basher hat near to HSTU campus. It aims to train and educate sports prodigy.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heyat Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyat_Mahmud"},{"link_name":"Narayan Gangopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Gangopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Atmasthananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmasthananda"},{"link_name":"Debojyoti Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debojyoti_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Khaleda Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleda_Zia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Khurshid Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurshid_Jahan"},{"link_name":"Haji Mohammad Danesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Mohammad_Danesh"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"M. Yousuf Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Yousuf_Ali"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mahbubur_Rahman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"M. Abdur Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Abdur_Rahim"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Al Kafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al_Kafi"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinuddin_Ahmed_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"East Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Subhash Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Dutta"},{"link_name":"Nitun Kundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitun_Kundu"},{"link_name":"Dhiman Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiman_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Liton Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liton_Das"},{"link_name":"Lucas Marandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Marandi"}],"text":"Heyat Mahmud (1693–1760), medieval poet\nNarayan Gangopadhyay, a Bengali novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer, and one of the leading writers of modern Bengali literature\nAtmasthananda, fifteenth president of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission\nDebojyoti Mishra, an Indian music director and film composer\nKhaleda Zia – Born in 1945, former Prime Minister of Bangladesh and current leader of the Bangladesh National Party\nKhurshid Jahan – 1939–2006, former Bangladeshi Minister of Women's and Children's affairs\nHaji Mohammad Danesh – 1900–1986, Bangladeshi politician and communist activist\nM. Yousuf Ali – Died in 1999, first Bangladeshi Minister of Education\nMuhammad Mahbubur Rahman – 9th Chief of Army Staff (abbreviated as CAS) of Bangladesh Army from May 1996 to December 1997. Now he is a member of BNP's standing committee.[19]\nM. Abdur Rahim  – (21 November 1927 – 4 September 2016) was a Member of Parliament, member of the constitution drafting committee and an organiser of the liberation war[20]\nAbdullah Al Kafi – (1945–2005), Member of Parliament for Dinajpur-1[21][22][23]\nMoinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury – 1921–1998, prominent East Pakistani politician\nSubhash Dutta – (9 February 1930 – 16 November 2012) was a Bangladeshi filmmaker, theatre and film actor\nNitun Kundu founder of OTOBI furniture groupe and designer of the fountain of SAARC fountain in front of Hotel Sonargaon\nDhiman Ghosh Bangladeshi cricketer\nLiton Das Bangladeshi cricketer\nLucas Marandi, Roman Catholic Bishop","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Ad-Dharmis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Dharmi"}],"text":"^ Dinajpur, Biral, Parbatipur, Chirirbandar, Nawabganj, Ghoraghat, Khansama, Kaharul, Bochaganj, Birganj, and Phulbari thanas of Dinajpur district\n\n^ Including Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Ad-Dharmis, or not stated","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinajpur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dinajpur_District"},{"link_name":"A Statistical Account of Bengal, Volume 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=b8pCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA467"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Divisions_and_districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Divisions_and_districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Divisions_and_districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"districts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Barisal Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal_Division"},{"link_name":"Barguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barguna_District"},{"link_name":"Barishal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal_District"},{"link_name":"Bhola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhola_District"},{"link_name":"Jhalokati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhalokati_District"},{"link_name":"Patuakhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuakhali_District"},{"link_name":"Pirojpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirojpur_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Division"},{"link_name":"Bandarban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandarban_District"},{"link_name":"Brahmanbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanbaria_District"},{"link_name":"Chandpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandpur_District"},{"link_name":"Chattogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_District"},{"link_name":"Cumilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_District"},{"link_name":"Cox's Bazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar_District"},{"link_name":"Feni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_District"},{"link_name":"Khagrachhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagrachhari_District"},{"link_name":"Lakshmipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmipur_District"},{"link_name":"Noakhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali_District"},{"link_name":"Rangamati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangamati_Hill_District"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Division"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_District"},{"link_name":"Faridpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridpur_District"},{"link_name":"Gazipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazipur_District"},{"link_name":"Gopalganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalganj_District,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Kishoreganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishoreganj_District"},{"link_name":"Madaripur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaripur_District"},{"link_name":"Manikganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikganj_District"},{"link_name":"Munshiganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munshiganj_District"},{"link_name":"Narayanganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanganj_District"},{"link_name":"Narsingdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsingdi_District"},{"link_name":"Rajbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajbari_District"},{"link_name":"Shariatpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariatpur_District"},{"link_name":"Tangail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangail_District"},{"link_name":"Khulna Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Division"},{"link_name":"Bagerhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagerhat_District"},{"link_name":"Chuadanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuadanga_District"},{"link_name":"Jashore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_District"},{"link_name":"Jhenaidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhenaidah_District"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_District"},{"link_name":"Kushtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushtia_District"},{"link_name":"Magura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magura_District"},{"link_name":"Meherpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meherpur_District"},{"link_name":"Narail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narail_District"},{"link_name":"Satkhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satkhira_District"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh_Division"},{"link_name":"Jamalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamalpur_District"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh_District"},{"link_name":"Netrokona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netrokona_District"},{"link_name":"Sherpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherpur_District"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_Division"},{"link_name":"Bogura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogra_District"},{"link_name":"Joypurhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joypurhat_District"},{"link_name":"Naogaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naogaon_District"},{"link_name":"Natore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natore_District"},{"link_name":"Chapai Nawabganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapai_Nawabganj_District"},{"link_name":"Pabna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabna_District"},{"link_name":"Rajshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_District"},{"link_name":"Sirajganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajganj_District"},{"link_name":"Rangpur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_Division"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gaibandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaibandha_District"},{"link_name":"Kurigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurigram_District"},{"link_name":"Lalmonirhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalmonirhat_District"},{"link_name":"Nilphamari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilphamari_District"},{"link_name":"Panchagarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchagarh_District"},{"link_name":"Rangpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_District"},{"link_name":"Thakurgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakurgaon_District"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Division"},{"link_name":"Habiganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habiganj_District"},{"link_name":"Moulvibazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulvibazar_District"},{"link_name":"Sunamganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunamganj_District"},{"link_name":"Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_District"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dinajpur District.Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1876), A Statistical Account of Bengal, Volume 7, Trübner & Companyvte Divisions and districts of BangladeshBarisal Division\nBarguna\nBarishal\nBhola\nJhalokati\nPatuakhali\nPirojpur\nChittagong Division\nBandarban\nBrahmanbaria\nChandpur\nChattogram\nCumilla\nCox's Bazar\nFeni\nKhagrachhari\nLakshmipur\nNoakhali\nRangamati\nDhaka Division\nDhaka\nFaridpur\nGazipur\nGopalganj\nKishoreganj\nMadaripur\nManikganj\nMunshiganj\nNarayanganj\nNarsingdi\nRajbari\nShariatpur\nTangail\nKhulna Division\nBagerhat\nChuadanga\nJashore\nJhenaidah\nKhulna\nKushtia\nMagura\nMeherpur\nNarail\nSatkhira\nMymensingh Division\nJamalpur\nMymensingh\nNetrokona\nSherpur\nRajshahi Division\nBogura\nJoypurhat\nNaogaon\nNatore\nChapai Nawabganj\nPabna\nRajshahi\nSirajganj\nRangpur Division\nDinajpur\nGaibandha\nKurigram\nLalmonirhat\nNilphamari\nPanchagarh\nRangpur\nThakurgaon\nSylhet Division\nHabiganj\nMoulvibazar\nSunamganj\nSylhet","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Dinajpur Railway Bridge, Punorvoba River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dinajpur_Railway_Bridge.jpg/220px-Dinajpur_Railway_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Potato field in Ghughu-danga, Dinajpur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Potato_field_in_Ghughu-danga%2CDinajpur.jpg/220px-Potato_field_in_Ghughu-danga%2CDinajpur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nayabad mosque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Noyabaad_Mosque_%286%29.jpg/220px-Noyabaad_Mosque_%286%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ramsagor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ramsagor_horse.jpg/220px-Ramsagor_horse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charar Hat Badya Vumi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Charar_Hat_Badya_Vumi.jpg/220px-Charar_Hat_Badya_Vumi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kankra River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kankra_River.JPG/220px-Kankra_River.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dinajpur railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dinajpur_Rail-station.jpg/200px-Dinajpur_Rail-station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Upper_View_Of_HSTU.jpg/180px-Upper_View_Of_HSTU.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Districts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Rangpur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur_Division"}]

[{"reference":"Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. August 2022. pp. viii, 28, 30, 39, 44, 46. ISBN 978-984-35-2977-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view","url_text":"Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-35-2977-0","url_text":"978-984-35-2977-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 18 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"Ahmad Hossain (2012). \"Dinajpur District\". In Sirajul Islam; Ahmed A. Jamal (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dinajpur_District","url_text":"\"Dinajpur District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Dinajpur District - Banglapedia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dinajpur_District","url_text":"\"Dinajpur District - Banglapedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate & Weather Averages in Dinajpur, Bangladesh\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/bangladesh/dinajpur/climate","url_text":"\"Climate & Weather Averages in Dinajpur, Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Dinajpur\" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Dinajpur.pdf","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Dinajpur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Census of India, 1941 Volume VI Bengal Province\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Naogaon\" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Naogaon.pdf","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Naogaon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"লিচুর এক দেশ আছে না.... Prothom Alo. 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prothomalo.com/life/travel/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE","url_text":"লিচুর এক দেশ আছে না..."}]},{"reference":"Arifur Rahman; Sanzida Murshed (2012). \"Coal\". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coal","url_text":"\"Coal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Impasse at Hili land port results in loss of Tk20cr\". Dhaka Tribune. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/may/22/impasse-hili-land-port-results-loss-tk200%C2%A0million","url_text":"\"Impasse at Hili land port results in loss of Tk20cr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dinajpur District: দিনাজপুর জেলা\". www.dinajpur.gov.bd. Retrieved 20 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dinajpur.gov.bd/site/officer_list/449be878-18fd-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dinajpur.gov.bd%2Fsite%2Fofficer_list%2F449be878-18fd-11e7-9461-286ed488c766%2F%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE%2520%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2595","url_text":"\"Dinajpur District: দিনাজপুর জেলা\""}]},{"reference":"\"AL men appointed administrators\". The Daily Star. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=214399","url_text":"\"AL men appointed administrators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hstu.ac.bd/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Dinajpur Polytechnic Institute.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpi.edu.bd/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Dinajpur Govt. Mohila College (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dinajpurgmc.edu.bd/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"38th anniversary of return of ashes of Atish Dipankar\". Xinhuanet. 5 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316084802/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-06/05/c_135413850.htm","url_text":"\"38th anniversary of return of ashes of Atish Dipankar\""},{"url":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-06/05/c_135413850.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Organiser of Liberation War\". The Daily Sun. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/164851/M-Abdur-Rahim-passes-away/2016-09-05","url_text":"\"Organiser of Liberation War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dinajpur-1\". Election Commission Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170123153520/http://www.ec.org.bd/English/ElectionResults.php?Parameter_QLSCat_ID=&cons=6&submit1=Show&electionid=8&electionName=Parliament+Election+2001","url_text":"\"Dinajpur-1\""},{"url":"http://www.ec.org.bd/English/ElectionResults.php?Parameter_QLSCat_ID=&cons=6&submit1=Show&electionid=8&electionName=Parliament+Election+2001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary reference for Kafi in JS\". bdnews24.com. 11 September 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2005/09/11/obituary-reference-for-kafi-in-js","url_text":"\"Obituary reference for Kafi in JS\""}]},{"reference":"\"JS session adjourned without transacting any business following death of Jamaat MP\". bdnews24.com. 11 September 2005. Retrieved 12 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bdnews24.com/politics/2005/09/11/js-session-adjourned-without-transacting-any-business-following-death-of-jamaat-mp","url_text":"\"JS session adjourned without transacting any business following death of Jamaat MP\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1876), A Statistical Account of Bengal, Volume 7, Trübner & Company","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b8pCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA467","url_text":"A Statistical Account of Bengal, Volume 7"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Britton_Smith

Irene Britton Smith

["1 Biography","1.1 Childhood and youth","1.2 Adult life","1.3 Musical activity","2 Works","3 Discography","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"]

American classical composer Irene Britton Smith (December 22, 1907 – February 15, 1999) was an American classical composer and educator. Biography Childhood and youth Irene Britton Smith was born on December 22, 1907, in Chicago, Illinois as the youngest of four siblings. She was of African-American, Crow, and Cherokee descent. Smith attended Ferron Grammar School, Doolittle Grammar School, and Wendell Phillips High School. Adult life Smith wanted to study music at Northwestern University but her family could not afford to send her there. Instead, she attended Chicago Normal School from 1924–1926 to train as a teacher. In 1930 she began teaching primary grades in Chicago public schools. She married Herbert E. Smith (d. December 28, 1975) on August 8, 1931. Smith was an advocate of the phono-visual method of teaching reading and Chicago University Press published her monograph on the topic, Methods and Materials for Teaching Word Perception in Kindergarten Through Grade Three, in 1960. She retired from teaching in June 1978 and became a docent for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at elementary schools. In 1994 Smith moved to Montgomery Place Retirement Home in Chicago. She died in Chicago on February 15, 1999. Musical activity As a child Smith studied piano with V. Emanuel Johnson and took violin lessons. She was active as a violinist in the all-black Harrison Farrell Orchestra from 1930 to 1931. From 1932 to 1943 she was a part-time student at the American Conservatory of Music, where she studied music theory with Stella Roberts and composition with Leo Sowerby. She received a Bachelor of Music degree from the American Conservatory of Music in 1943. From 1946 to 1947 Smith took a sabbatical from teaching to complete graduate work at the Juilliard School of Music, where she studied composition with Vittorio Giannini. In the summer of 1948, Smith studied composition at the Eastman School of Music with Wayne Barlow. The following summer she studied composition with Irving Fine while attending the Tanglewood Music Festival. In 1956 Smith completed her Master of Music degree at DePaul University, where she studied composition with Leon Stein. In the summer of 1958, she studied composition with Nadia Boulanger at the Fontainebleau Summer School in France. Smith ceased composing in 1962, but her works continued to be performed during her lifetime. Works This is a list of works by Smith. Violin Reminiscence for violin, piano, 1941 Sonata for Violin and Piano, 1947 (published by Vivace Press in 1996) Piano Invention in Two Voices, 1940 Passacaglia and Fugue in C-sharp Minor, 1940 (published by Vivace Press in 2001) Nocturne, 1945 Variations on a Theme by MacDowell, 1947 (published by Vivace Press in 2001) Two Short Preludes for Piano, 1953 (published by Vivace Press in 2001) Fugue in A Flat Major, n.d. Prelude, n.d. Preludes I and II (arrangement of Béla Bartók), n.d. Instrumental ensemble Fugue in G minor, for violin, viola, cello, 1938 Orchestra Sinfonietta, 1956 Autumnal Reverie, n.d. Sonata No. III (arrangement of Edvard Grieg), n.d. Three Fantastic Dances (arrangement of Dmitri Shostakovich), n.d. Untitled-Variations on a Theme, n.d. Solo voice Dream Cycle for soprano, piano (song cycle, text by Paul Laurence Dunbar) 1947 "Let Us Break Bread Together" for baritone/soprano/mezzo (spiritual), 1948 "Trees of the Night" for soprano, piano, 1954 "The Angel Roll the Stone Away" for voice, piano (spiritual, incomplete), n.d. "Psalm 121" for voice, piano (incomplete), n.d. Vocal ensemble "Born Free" for two voices (spiritual), n.d. "Let Us Break Bread Together" for mezzo, soprano, baritone (spiritual), n.d. "Not a Word" for solo voice and four male voices (spiritual), n.d. "Panis Angelicus" for three voices, n.d. "Psalm 25" for three female voices, n.d. "Swing Low" and "Were You There" for three female voices (combined spirituals), n.d. Chorus "God Is Our Refuge/Psalm 46" for SATB, solo baritone, piano, 1940 "Fairest Lord Jesus" for SA, organ, 1945 (hymn, published by G. Schirmer in 1946) "Born Anew" for SATB, solo baritone, organ, 1952 "Good Morning" for unison voices, piano, n.d. "It's Me, O Lord" for SSA (spiritual), n.d. "Psalm 130" for SATB, organ, n.d. "The Story of Crosspatch" for SATB, n.d. Discography Sonata for Violin and Piano on Kaleidoscope: Music by African-American Women. Gregory Walker, Helen Walker-Hill. Leonarda Productions CD, LE 339, 1995. Bibliography Methods and Materials for Teaching Word Perception in Kindergarten through Grade Three. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. Reprinted in Albert J. Mazurkiewicz, New Perspectives in Reading Instruction (1964). References ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 193. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 193. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 194. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 196. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 197. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 193. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 194. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 195. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, p. 195. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, pp. 191–192. ^ Walker-Hill 2002, pp. 211–213. Sources Helen, Walker-Hill, (2002). From Spirituals to Symphonies: African-American Women Composers and Their Music. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313299471. OCLC 47690158. External links Guide to the Irene Britton Smith Collection, Center for Black Music Research, Columbia College Chicago Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz

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Smith attended Ferron Grammar School, Doolittle Grammar School, and Wendell Phillips High School.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Chicago Normal School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"Chicago Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Adult life","text":"Smith wanted to study music at Northwestern University but her family could not afford to send her there. Instead, she attended Chicago Normal School from 1924–1926 to train as a teacher. In 1930 she began teaching primary grades in Chicago public schools.[2] She married Herbert E. Smith (d. December 28, 1975) on August 8, 1931.[3] Smith was an advocate of the phono-visual method of teaching reading and Chicago University Press published her monograph on the topic, Methods and Materials for Teaching Word Perception in Kindergarten Through Grade Three, in 1960. She retired from teaching in June 1978 and became a docent for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at elementary schools.[4] In 1994 Smith moved to Montgomery Place Retirement Home in Chicago. She died in Chicago on February 15, 1999.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Leo Sowerby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Sowerby"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Giannini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Giannini"},{"link_name":"Eastman School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Wayne Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Barlow"},{"link_name":"Irving Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fine"},{"link_name":"Tanglewood Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanglewood_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"DePaul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"Leon Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Stein"},{"link_name":"Nadia Boulanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau Summer School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontainebleau_Schools"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Musical activity","text":"As a child Smith studied piano with V. Emanuel Johnson and took violin lessons.[6] She was active as a violinist in the all-black Harrison Farrell Orchestra from 1930 to 1931. From 1932 to 1943 she was a part-time student at the American Conservatory of Music, where she studied music theory with Stella Roberts and composition with Leo Sowerby.[7] She received a Bachelor of Music degree from the American Conservatory of Music in 1943.[8]From 1946 to 1947 Smith took a sabbatical from teaching to complete graduate work at the Juilliard School of Music, where she studied composition with Vittorio Giannini. In the summer of 1948, Smith studied composition at the Eastman School of Music with Wayne Barlow. The following summer she studied composition with Irving Fine while attending the Tanglewood Music Festival. In 1956 Smith completed her Master of Music degree at DePaul University, where she studied composition with Leon Stein. In the summer of 1958, she studied composition with Nadia Boulanger at the Fontainebleau Summer School in France.[9] Smith ceased composing in 1962, but her works continued to be performed during her lifetime.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Paul Laurence Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Laurence_Dunbar"},{"link_name":"Let Us Break Bread Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Us_Break_Bread_Together"}],"text":"This is a list of works by Smith.[11]ViolinReminiscence for violin, piano, 1941\nSonata for Violin and Piano, 1947 (published by Vivace Press in 1996)PianoInvention in Two Voices, 1940\nPassacaglia and Fugue in C-sharp Minor, 1940 (published by Vivace Press in 2001)\nNocturne, 1945\nVariations on a Theme by MacDowell, 1947 (published by Vivace Press in 2001)\nTwo Short Preludes for Piano, 1953 (published by Vivace Press in 2001)\nFugue in A Flat Major, n.d.\nPrelude, n.d.\nPreludes I and II (arrangement of Béla Bartók), n.d.Instrumental ensembleFugue in G minor, for violin, viola, cello, 1938OrchestraSinfonietta, 1956\nAutumnal Reverie, n.d.\nSonata No. III (arrangement of Edvard Grieg), n.d.\nThree Fantastic Dances (arrangement of Dmitri Shostakovich), n.d.\nUntitled-Variations on a Theme, n.d.Solo voiceDream Cycle for soprano, piano (song cycle, text by Paul Laurence Dunbar) 1947\n\"Let Us Break Bread Together\" for baritone/soprano/mezzo (spiritual), 1948\n\"Trees of the Night\" for soprano, piano, 1954\n\"The Angel Roll the Stone Away\" for voice, piano (spiritual, incomplete), n.d.\n\"Psalm 121\" for voice, piano (incomplete), n.d.Vocal ensemble\"Born Free\" for two voices (spiritual), n.d.\n\"Let Us Break Bread Together\" for mezzo, soprano, baritone (spiritual), n.d.\n\"Not a Word\" for solo voice and four male voices (spiritual), n.d.\n\"Panis Angelicus\" for three voices, n.d.\n\"Psalm 25\" for three female voices, n.d.\n\"Swing Low\" and \"Were You There\" for three female voices (combined spirituals), n.d.Chorus\"God Is Our Refuge/Psalm 46\" for SATB, solo baritone, piano, 1940\n\"Fairest Lord Jesus\" for SA, organ, 1945 (hymn, published by G. Schirmer in 1946)\n\"Born Anew\" for SATB, solo baritone, organ, 1952\n\"Good Morning\" for unison voices, piano, n.d.\n\"It's Me, O Lord\" for SSA (spiritual), n.d.\n\"Psalm 130\" for SATB, organ, n.d.\n\"The Story of Crosspatch\" for SATB, n.d.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_T.S._Walker"},{"link_name":"Helen Walker-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Walker-Hill"}],"text":"Sonata for Violin and Piano on Kaleidoscope: Music by African-American Women. Gregory Walker, Helen Walker-Hill. Leonarda Productions CD, LE 339, 1995.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Methods and Materials for Teaching Word Perception in Kindergarten through Grade Three. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. Reprinted in Albert J. Mazurkiewicz, New Perspectives in Reading Instruction (1964).","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0313299471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313299471"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC"}],"text":"Helen, Walker-Hill, (2002). From Spirituals to Symphonies: African-American Women Composers and Their Music. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313299471. OCLC 47690158.","title":"Sources"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Ream

D Ream

["1 Early career","2 Reunion, and split-up","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Compilations","3.3 Extended plays","3.4 Singles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

British pop and dance band "DReam" redirects here. For the experience during sleep, see Dream. For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation). The correct title of this article is D:Ream. The omission of the colon is due to technical restrictions. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "D Ream" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) D:ReamOriginDerry, Northern IrelandGenresPop, dance, soulYears active1992–19972008–presentLabelsMagnet Records/FXUSire/Giant/Warner Bros. RecordsMembersPeter CunnahAl MackenzieAlex LeamWebsiteOfficial Web Site D:Ream are a Northern Irish/English pop & dance group. They had a UK No. 1 hit with "Things Can Only Get Better" in 1994. Eight more top 40 hits followed, including "U R the Best Thing" and "Shoot Me with Your Love". Their two 1990s studio albums reached the UK top five. The group had a line-up which varied in number, but centred on lead singer Peter Cunnah. The live band included keyboard player Brian Cox, who later became a science broadcaster on television, although Cunnah played keyboards on studio recordings. Early career In 1992, D:Ream released the single "U R the Best Thing", a piano-house tune which did not chart. However, thanks to a Sasha remix, it was Pete Tong's Essential Tune of 1992. "Things Can Only Get Better", released in the spring of 1993, gave the group their first chart success. "U R The Best Thing" was eventually re-released in April 1993 and was the group's second chart hit. In 1994, they were nominated for Best Dance act in the MTV Europe music awards, and then for Best Single in the 1995 BRIT Awards. The band's first album, D:Ream on Volume 1, which was promoted for almost two years, produced seven singles ("Star" and "I Like It" came on a joint release as a double A-side). It was the track "Things Can Only Get Better" that gave them UK success and international fame. After they supported Take That on their tour, "Things Can Only Get Better" topped the UK Singles Chart, in early 1994. Originally released in early 1993, when the track reached No. 24 in the UK, it was later adopted by the Labour Party as their theme for the 1997 UK General Election, and consequently released for the third time; this time reaching No. 19 on the UK chart. In May 2024, the same song was played during Rishi Sunak's announcement of a general election in July 2024 by Steve Bray. The band released two studio albums, D:Ream on Volume 1 (1992) and World (1995), ten different singles, two of which were released three times, and an official greatest hits album, (The Best of D:Ream). In 1997, the group's record label released their first compilation, The Best of D:Ream. In 2006, a second collection was released, for The Platinum Collection series. When D:Ream broke through into the charts, the band's main touring line-up consisted of core members Peter Cunnah (vocalist, songwriter) and Al Mackenzie (musician). Other main performers included physicist Brian Cox, who played keyboards for several years while working towards his physics PhD before being replaced by Simon Ellis, as well as Derek Chai on bass, Alex Leam on triangle, and drummer Mark Roberts. The group also used a number of guest vocalists, such as T.J. Davis, who is featured as co-lead vocalist on "The Power (Of All the Love in the World)", one of the singles taken from their second album. He also provided backing vocals on many other songs. Reunion, and split-up In 2008 D:Ream reformed after a chance meeting by Cunnah and Mackenzie. Their single, "All Things to All Men" was released on 7 September 2009 on their own label User Records. They released the album In Memory Of... in 2011. They also planned concert dates to follow. Meanwhile, Brian Cox became a physics professor and science broadcaster who has worked on the Large Hadron Collider project. In late 2010 he announced that he was to provide some keyboard work for the new album, but would not be re-joining the band full-time. As part of their 2012 commitments, the band played main support to Wheatus at the LeeStock Music Festival in Sudbury, Suffolk. On 23 July, 2021 Cunnah and Mackenzie released a new studio album, Open Hearts Open Minds. The band stated in June 2024 that they regretted the use of the song "Things Can Only Get Better" in political campaigns and would not grant permission for it to be used in future campaigns. Discography Studio albums Year Album title UK AUS GER 1993 D:Ream on Volume 1 5 12 69 1995 World 5 155 — 2011 In Memory Of... — — — 2021 Open Hearts Open Minds — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. Compilations Year Album title 1997 The Best of D:Ream 2006 The Platinum Collection 2011 Things Can Only Get Better: The Very Best of D:Ream Extended plays Title EP details 4 Things 2 Come Released: October 26, 1992 Label: FXU Formats: 12" Vinyl Singles Year Single Chart position Album UK UK Club AUS AUT BEL(FLA) DEN EUR GER IRE NDL NZ POR SWI SWE US Dance 1992 "U R the Best Thing" 72 – – – – – – – – – – – – – D:Ream On Vol. 1 1993 "Things Can Only Get Better" 24 – 23 – – – – – – – – – – 7 "U R the Best Thing" (re-release) 19 1 – – 50 – 62 – 6 – – – – – 1 "Unforgiven" 29 7 – – – – – – – – – 10 – – – "Star / I Like It" 26 – – – – 88 – – – – – – – – "Things Can Only Get Better" (re-release) 1 14 9 – 10 19 5 20 2 20 46 – 11 7 – 1994 "U R the Best Thing (Perfecto Remix)" 4 7 9 – 46 – 13 65 6 25 – – 35 – – "Take Me Away" 18 9 52 – – – – – 30 – – – – – – "Blame It on Me" 25 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1995 "Shoot Me with Your Love" 7 73 – – – 26 73 16 – – – 45 – 4 World "Party Up the World" 20 122 – – – – – 24 – – – – – – "The Power (Of All the Love in the World)" 40 150 – – – – – – – – – – – – 1997 "Things Can Only Get Better" (re-release) 19 – – – – – – – – – – – – – The Best ofD:Ream Vol. 1 2009 "All Things to All Men" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – In Memory Of... 2010 "Drop Beatz Not Bombs" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2011 "Gods in the Making" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – "Sleepy Head" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2014 "Things Can Only Get Better" (re-release) 66 – – – – – – – – – – – – – D:Ream On Vol. 1 2021 "Meet Me at Midnight" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Open Hearts Open Minds "Many Hands" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – "I Used to Believe in Love" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2022 "Pedestal" – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Non-album single "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. See also List of number-one dance hits (United States) List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart References ^ a b c d e f g "Official Charts > Dream". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 29 April 2016. N.B. This page also contains peaks for the group 'Dream' ^ "About D:REAM". Myspace. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008. ^ "Things have only got better for Brian | Oldham Advertiser – menmedia.co.uk". Oldham Advertiser. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012. ^ "Professor Brian Cox to rejoin D:Ream". BBC News. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010. ^ Sky News report. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012 ^ "'Never again': D:Ream ban Labour from using Things Can Only Get Better". PA Media. 31 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024 – via The Guardian. The band members expressed regret at letting Tony Blair use the track for his general election victory celebrations in 1997, saying they were accused of "having blood on their hands" after the UK got involved with the war in Iraq. ^ a b Australian (ARIA Chart) peaks: Top 50 peaks: "australian-charts.com > D:Ream in Australian Charts". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016. Top 100 peaks to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. "Take Me Away": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 30 Oct 1994". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 29 April 2016. N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached. "Shoot Me with Your Love": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 08 Oct 1995". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 6 July 2017. "Unforgiven", "Party Up the World" and "The Power (Of All the Love In the World)": "Response from ARIA to chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015". Imgur.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015. World: "Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 15 July 2015". Imgur.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – D:Ream on Vol. 1 (album)" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016. ^ "Discogs List of Releases". Discogs UK. Retrieved 3 November 2013. ^ UK Club Chart peaks: "U R the Best Thing" (1993 version): "RM Club Chart Number Ones Of 93" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental insert). 25 December 1993. p. 3. Retrieved 18 May 2023. "Things Can Only Get Better": "The RM Club Chart" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 15 January 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023. "U R the Best Thing" (1994 version): "The RM Club Chart" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 19 March 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023. "Unforgiven": "The RM Club Chart" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 24 July 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023. "Take Me Away": "The RM Club Chart" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 4 June 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ "Austrian chart". austriancharts.at. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ Belgian (Flanders region) peaks: "Things Can Only Get Better": "Ultratop > D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 November 2013. "U R the Best Thing": "Ultratop > D:Ream – U R the Best Thing" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2016. ^ Eurochart Hot 100 singles peaks: "Star/I Like It": "Eurochart Hot 100" (PDF). Music & Media. Retrieved 27 January 2020. ^ German singles chart peaks: "Things Can Only Get Better": "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better (single)" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016. "U R the Best Thing": "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – U R the Best Thing (single)" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016. "Shoot Me with Your Love": "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – Shoot Me with Your Love (single)" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016. ^ "The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for D:Ream (from irishcharts.ie)". imgur.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016. ^ "dutchcharts.nl > Zoeken naar: D:Ream" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016. ^ "New Zealand Chart". charts.nz. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ Portuguese singles chart peaks: "Unforgiven": "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 11 December 1993. Retrieved 20 March 2018. ^ "Swiss Chart". Swiss Charts. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013. ^ "Swedish chart". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ "US Dance Club Play Chart". billboard.com. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ "Meet Me at Midnight by D:Ream". ^ "Many Hands - Single by D:Ream". ^ "I Used to Believe in Love by D:Ream". ^ "Pedestal - Single by D:Ream". External links D:Ream's official website Discogs Detailed bio-discography with links to all releases vteD:Ream Peter Cunnah Al Mackenzie D'borah Asher Linda Duggan Brian Cox Studio albums D:Ream on Volume 1 World Compilations The Best of D:Ream Singles "U R the Best Thing" "Things Can Only Get Better" "Unforgiven" "Blame It on Me" "Shoot Me with Your Love" Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream"},{"link_name":"Dream (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)"},{"link_name":"technical restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)#Colons"},{"link_name":"No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart-topper"},{"link_name":"Things Can Only Get Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Can_Only_Get_Better_(D:Ream_song)"},{"link_name":"U R the Best Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_R_the_Best_Thing"},{"link_name":"Shoot Me with Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_Me_with_Your_Love"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Cunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cunnah"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)"}],"text":"\"DReam\" redirects here. For the experience during sleep, see Dream. For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation).The correct title of this article is D:Ream. The omission of the colon is due to technical restrictions.D:Ream are a Northern Irish/English pop & dance group. They had a UK No. 1 hit with \"Things Can Only Get Better\" in 1994. Eight more top 40 hits followed, including \"U R the Best Thing\" and \"Shoot Me with Your Love\".[1] Their two 1990s studio albums reached the UK top five.[1]The group had a line-up which varied in number, but centred on lead singer Peter Cunnah. The live band included keyboard player Brian Cox, who later became a science broadcaster on television, although Cunnah played keyboards on studio recordings.","title":"D Ream"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U R the Best Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_R_the_Best_Thing"},{"link_name":"Sasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Pete Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Tong"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe music awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"1995 BRIT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_BRIT_Awards"},{"link_name":"Things Can Only Get Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Can_Only_Get_Better_(D:Ream_song)"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-1"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"1997 UK General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-1"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"},{"link_name":"a general election in July 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Steve Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bray"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"D:Ream on Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Ream_On_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_(album)"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"greatest hits album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits_album"},{"link_name":"The Best of D:Ream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_D:Ream"},{"link_name":"The Best of D:Ream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_D:Ream"},{"link_name":"The Platinum Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum_Collection_(D:Ream_album)"},{"link_name":"Peter Cunnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cunnah"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"T.J. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.J._Davis"}],"text":"In 1992, D:Ream released the single \"U R the Best Thing\", a piano-house tune which did not chart. However, thanks to a Sasha remix, it was Pete Tong's Essential Tune of 1992. \"Things Can Only Get Better\", released in the spring of 1993, gave the group their first chart success. \"U R The Best Thing\" was eventually re-released in April 1993 and was the group's second chart hit. In 1994, they were nominated for Best Dance act in the MTV Europe music awards, and then for Best Single in the 1995 BRIT Awards.The band's first album, D:Ream on Volume 1, which was promoted for almost two years, produced seven singles (\"Star\" and \"I Like It\" came on a joint release as a double A-side). It was the track \"Things Can Only Get Better\" that gave them UK success and international fame. After they supported Take That on their tour, \"Things Can Only Get Better\" topped the UK Singles Chart, in early 1994.[1] Originally released in early 1993, when the track reached No. 24 in the UK,[1] it was later adopted by the Labour Party as their theme for the 1997 UK General Election, and consequently released for the third time; this time reaching No. 19 on the UK chart.[1] In May 2024, the same song was played during Rishi Sunak's announcement of a general election in July 2024 by Steve Bray.[citation needed]The band released two studio albums, D:Ream on Volume 1 (1992) and World (1995), ten different singles, two of which were released three times, and an official greatest hits album, (The Best of D:Ream). In 1997, the group's record label released their first compilation, The Best of D:Ream. In 2006, a second collection was released, for The Platinum Collection series.When D:Ream broke through into the charts, the band's main touring line-up consisted of core members Peter Cunnah (vocalist, songwriter) and Al Mackenzie (musician). Other main performers included physicist Brian Cox, who played keyboards for several years while working towards his physics PhD before being replaced by Simon Ellis, as well as Derek Chai on bass, Alex Leam on triangle, and drummer Mark Roberts. The group also used a number of guest vocalists, such as T.J. Davis, who is featured as co-lead vocalist on \"The Power (Of All the Love in the World)\", one of the singles taken from their second album. He also provided backing vocals on many other songs.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brian Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Large Hadron Collider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wheatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatus"},{"link_name":"LeeStock Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeeStock_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sudbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2008 D:Ream reformed after a chance meeting by Cunnah and Mackenzie. Their single, \"All Things to All Men\" was released on 7 September 2009 on their own label User Records. They released the album In Memory Of... in 2011. They also planned concert dates to follow.[2] Meanwhile, Brian Cox became a physics professor and science broadcaster who has worked on the Large Hadron Collider project.[3] In late 2010 he announced that he was to provide some keyboard work for the new album, but would not be re-joining the band full-time.[4] As part of their 2012 commitments, the band played main support to Wheatus at the LeeStock Music Festival in Sudbury, Suffolk.[5]On 23 July, 2021 Cunnah and Mackenzie released a new studio album, Open Hearts Open Minds.The band stated in June 2024 that they regretted the use of the song \"Things Can Only Get Better\" in political campaigns and would not grant permission for it to be used in future campaigns.[6]","title":"Reunion, and split-up"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilations","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of number-one dance hits (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_hits_(United_States)"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_US_Dance_chart"}]

[{"reference":"\"Official Charts > Dream\". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27823/dream/","url_text":"\"Official Charts > Dream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"The Official UK Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"About D:REAM\". Myspace. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myspace.com/dreamonvol2","url_text":"\"About D:REAM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Things have only got better for Brian | Oldham Advertiser – menmedia.co.uk\". Oldham Advertiser. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100329043138/http://www.oldhamadvertiser.co.uk/news/s/526325_things_have_only_got_better_for_brian","url_text":"\"Things have only got better for Brian | Oldham Advertiser – menmedia.co.uk\""},{"url":"http://www.oldhamadvertiser.co.uk/news/s/526325_things_have_only_got_better_for_brian","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Brian Cox to rejoin D:Ream\". BBC News. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11798071","url_text":"\"Professor Brian Cox to rejoin D:Ream\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Never again': D:Ream ban Labour from using Things Can Only Get Better\". PA Media. 31 May 2024. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024 – via The Guardian. The band members expressed regret at letting Tony Blair use the track for his general election victory celebrations in 1997, saying they were accused of \"having blood on their hands\" after the UK got involved with the war in Iraq.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jun/01/things-can-only-get-better-group-ban-labour-from-using-song","url_text":"\"'Never again': D:Ream ban Labour from using Things Can Only Get Better\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_Media","url_text":"PA Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240602131820/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jun/01/things-can-only-get-better-group-ban-labour-from-using-song","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"australian-charts.com > D:Ream in Australian Charts\". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701115546/http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=D%3AReam","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com > D:Ream in Australian Charts\""},{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=D%3AReam","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 30 Oct 1994\". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/RouqmEP.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 30 Oct 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 08 Oct 1995\". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 6 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/3QcEqBN.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 08 Oct 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Response from ARIA to chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015\". Imgur.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150605213523/http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg","url_text":"\"Response from ARIA to chart inquiry, received 5 June 2015\""},{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/DkGCr8v.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 15 July 2015\". Imgur.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150716153430/http://i.imgur.com/oyPN1pW.jpg","url_text":"\"Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 15 July 2015\""},{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/oyPN1pW.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – D:Ream on Vol. 1 (album)\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-10953","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – D:Ream on Vol. 1 (album)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discogs List of Releases\". Discogs UK. Retrieved 3 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/D%3AReam","url_text":"\"Discogs List of Releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"RM Club Chart Number Ones Of 93\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental insert). 25 December 1993. p. 3. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1993/Music-Week-1993-12-25.pdf","url_text":"\"RM Club Chart Number Ones Of 93\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"The RM Club Chart\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 15 January 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1994/Music-Week-1994-01-15.pdf","url_text":"\"The RM Club Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"The RM Club Chart\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 19 March 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1994/Music-Week-1994-03-19.pdf","url_text":"\"The RM Club Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"The RM Club Chart\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 24 July 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1993/Music-Week-1993-07-24.pdf","url_text":"\"The RM Club Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"The RM Club Chart\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). 4 June 1994. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1994/Music-Week-1994-06-04.pdf","url_text":"\"The RM Club Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian chart\". austriancharts.at. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209075502/http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","url_text":"\"Austrian chart\""},{"url":"http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop > D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better\" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/abf/D:Ream-Things-Can-Only-Get-Better","url_text":"\"Ultratop > D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop > D:Ream – U R the Best Thing\" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/af7/D:Ream-U-R-The-Best-Thing","url_text":"\"Ultratop > D:Ream – U R the Best Thing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100\" (PDF). Music & Media. Retrieved 27 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-10-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better (single)\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-2751","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – Things Can Only Get Better (single)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – U R the Best Thing (single)\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-2807","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – U R the Best Thing (single)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – Shoot Me with Your Love (single)\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-3062","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts > D:Ream – Shoot Me with Your Love (single)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for D:Ream (from irishcharts.ie)\". imgur.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/l4klMK0.jpg","url_text":"\"The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for D:Ream (from irishcharts.ie)\""}]},{"reference":"\"dutchcharts.nl > Zoeken naar: D:Ream\" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630165013/http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","url_text":"\"dutchcharts.nl > Zoeken naar: D:Ream\""},{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Chart\". charts.nz. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=Things+Can+Only+Get+Better&title_search=starts","url_text":"\"New Zealand Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\" (PDF). Music & Media. 11 December 1993. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-12-11.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Swiss Chart\". Swiss Charts. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041146/http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","url_text":"\"Swiss Chart\""},{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish chart\". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=d%3Aream&artist_search=starts&title=Things+Can+Only+Get+Better&title_search=starts","url_text":"\"Swedish chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Dance Club Play Chart\". billboard.com. Retrieved 18 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/275961/dream/chart?f=359","url_text":"\"US Dance Club Play Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Me at Midnight by D:Ream\".","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/meet-me-at-midnight/1563038639","url_text":"\"Meet Me at Midnight by D:Ream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Many Hands - Single by D:Ream\".","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/many-hands-single/1568304667","url_text":"\"Many Hands - Single by D:Ream\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Used to Believe in Love by D:Ream\".","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/i-used-to-believe-in-love/1585626589","url_text":"\"I Used to Believe in Love by D:Ream\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedestal - Single by D:Ream\".","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/pedestal-single/1641219838","url_text":"\"Pedestal - Single by D:Ream\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_architecture

Mission Revival architecture

["1 Influences","2 Characteristics","2.1 Originals","2.2 Revival","3 Examples","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Architectural movement and style Not to be confused with contemporaneous American Craftsman movement Mission Style Furniture. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mission Revival architecture" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on theSpanish missions in California Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures Mission Indians vte Santa Barbara station, built in 1902 in Santa Barbara, California, an example of a railroad depot in Mission Revival Style San Gabriel Civic Auditorium (1927), San Gabriel, California The Mission Revival style was part of an architectural movement, beginning in the late 19th century, for the revival and reinterpretation of American colonial styles. Mission Revival drew inspiration from the late 18th and early 19th century Spanish missions in California. It is sometimes termed California Mission Revival, particularly when used elsewhere, such as in New Mexico and Texas which have their own unique regional architectural styles. In Australia, the style is known as Spanish Mission. The Mission Revival movement was most popular between 1890 and 1915, in numerous residential, commercial and institutional structures, particularly schools and railroad depots. Influences 1797 Mission San Fernando Rey de España: View looking down an exterior arcade or corredor, an element frequently used in Mission Revival design. All of the 21 Franciscan Alta California missions (established 1769–1823), including their chapels and support structures, shared certain design characteristics. These commonalities arose because the Franciscan missionaries all came from the same places of previous service in Spain and colonial Mexico City in New Spain. The New Spain religious buildings the founding Franciscan saw and emulated were of the Spanish Colonial style, which in turn was derived from Renaissance and Baroque examples in Spain. Also, the limited availability and variety of building materials besides adobe near mission sites or imported to Alta California limited design options. Finally, the missionaries and the indigenous Californians had minimal construction skills and experience with European designs. Characteristics Further information: Architecture of the California missions Originals The missions' style of necessity and security evolved around an enclosed courtyard, using massive adobe walls with broad unadorned plaster surfaces, limited fenestration and door piercing, low-pitched roofs with projecting wide eaves and non-flammable clay roof tiles, and thick arches springing from piers. Exterior walls were coated with white plaster (stucco), which with wide side eaves shielded the adobe brick walls from rain. Other features included long exterior arcades, an enfilade of interior rooms and halls, semi-independent bell-gables, and at more prosperous missions curved 'Baroque' gables on the principal facade with towers. Revival These architectural elements were replicated, in varying degrees, accuracy, and proportions, in the new Mission Revival structures. Simultaneous with the original style's revival was an awareness in California of the actual missions fading into ruins and their restoration campaigns, and nostalgia in the quickly changing state for a 'simpler time' as the novel Ramona popularized at the time. Contemporary construction materials and practices, earthquake codes, and building uses render the structural and religious architectural components primarily aesthetic decoration, while the service elements such as tile roofing, solar shielding of walls and interiors, and outdoor shade arcades and courtyards are still functional. The Mission Revival style of architecture, and subsequent Spanish Colonial Revival style, have historical, narrative—nostalgic, cultural—environmental associations, and climate appropriateness that have made for a predominant historical regional vernacular architecture style in the Southwestern United States, especially in California. Examples The Mission Inn entry portal, in Riverside, California 1909 The Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Davenport, Iowa Arcade at Union Station, in San Diego, California The William Morrison House, in Toledo, Ohio, designed in the Mission Revival style in 1906 The Mission Inn in Southern California is one of the largest extant Mission Revival Style buildings in the United States. Located in Riverside, it has been restored, with tours of the style's expression. Other structures designed in the Mission Revival Style include: Castañeda Hotel, a Harvey House in Las Vegas, New Mexico, opened January 1, 1899. The first Mission Revival style building in New Mexico, architects Frederick Roehrig and A. Reinsch. Santa Fe Depot, Las Vegas, New Mexico, completed in 1899. Alvarado Hotel and Santa Fe Depot in Albuquerque, New Mexico, completed in 1902; Charles Frederick Whittlesey, architect. The hotel was demolished in 1970 and the depot burned down in 1993. The buildings have since been replaced by the Alvarado Transportation Center, which is also in Mission style. Arrowhead Springs Resort & Hotel, in San Bernardino Mountains, Southern California; (1939), (mission moderne), architect Paul Williams, interiors Dorothy Draper. Brophy College Preparatory in Phoenix, Arizona Ponce De Leon Hotel in St. Petersburg, Florida, completed in 1922 Caliente Railroad Depot, in Caliente, Nevada, completed in 1923 The Mary Louis Academy Chapel in Jamaica Estates, New York, completed in 1937 California Baptist University, in Riverside, California, original school buildings built for Neighbors of Woodcraft, completed in 1921 Davis Amtrak station, in Davis, California, completed in 1914 Elizabeth Bard Memorial Hospital, in Downtown Ventura, California, completed in 1902. Four Roses Distillery, in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky. built in 1910. Francis Lederer estate and residence, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed 1936 Iao Theater, in Wailuku, Maui—Hawaii, built in 1928. Kelso Depot, in Mojave Desert—Mojave National Preserve, California, completed in 1923 for Union Pacific Railroad. Lederer Stables—Canoga Mission Gallery, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed in 1936 Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building; Julia Morgan, Downtown Los Angeles, 1915 Los Angeles Union Station, which combines Art Deco, Mission Revival, and Streamline Moderne styles Mission Inn, in Riverside, California, completed in 1932 Santa Fe Railway Depot in San Juan Capistrano, California, completed in 1894 San Gabriel Mission Playhouse, in San Gabriel, California, completed in 1927 Southern Pacific Railroad depot in Burlingame, California, completed in 1894 Santa Clara University, in Santa Clara, California Stanford University, main quad, in Stanford, California, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge; completed in 1891 Texas A&M University–Kingsville, in Kingsville, Texas, founded in 1925 with new construction reflecting the Mission Revival style. Santa Fe Depot, in San Diego, California, completed in 1915. Teacher's Hall at Menaul School, built in 1921Valdosta State University's Main Campus in Valdosta, Georgia Villa Rockledge, in Laguna Beach, California, completed in 1935 Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Clausen & Clausen, Davenport, Iowa, constructed 1909–1910. Several buildings at Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey, the first being College Hall, constructed in 1908. Several buildings at Queens College in Queens, New York, including the main administration building, Jefferson Hall, constructed in 1907. Several buildings at Menaul School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, including Old Brick, Donaldson Hall, Bennett Hall, and Teacher's Hall, all constructed between 1890 and 1924. Eleven railroad stations built from 1926 to 1929 by architect Arthur Gerber in an adoptation referred to as "Insull Spanish" in the Chicago suburbs and two in Northwest Indiana. The Beverly Shores, Indiana station has been restored and is the best example. The Main Building at Auckland Grammar School in Auckland, New Zealand, built in 1916, was designed by Auckland architects Arnold and Abbott in the Spanish Mission style, inspired by their travels in California St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Berkeley, California, designed by William Curlett, built 1902, among the first buildings built in the Mission Revival style in California. Many Catholic churches in the southwestern United States also employ elements of this style. St. Charles Borromeo in Visalia, completed in 2023, is built in the Mission Revival style. It is the largest Catholic parish church in North America. See also Spanish Colonial architecture Spanish Colonial Revival architecture Mediterranean Revival architecture Irving Gill Pueblo Revival architecture Ranchos of California Mar del Plata style – eclectic vernacular architecture from Argentina featuring some Mission Revival characteristics References ^ Lacey, Stephen (2007-11-01). "Spanish mission style". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ Weitze, p. 14: "Railroad literature described the missions as 'Worthy a glance from the tourists eye,' with the Southern Pacific, from 1888 to 1890, publishing numerous pamphlets that included sections on the missions." ^ Castillo, Elias (November 8, 2004). "The dark, terrible secret of California's missions". SFGate. Retrieved October 30, 2015. ^ "Historic Districts of Riverside" (PDF). Riverside, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on Apr 11, 2023. ^ Richard Melzer (2008). Fred Harvey Houses of the Southwest. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 37–40. ISBN 9780738556314. ^ "history". arrowheadsprings.org. Retrieved May 11, 2010. ^ St. Petersburg Historic Preservation – Hotels ^ Big Orange-Lederer Residence ^ Big Orange—Canoga Mission Gallery ^ Jones 1991, p. 2 ^ Jones 1991, p. 42 ^ Dewitt, Susan (1978). Historic Albuquerque Today (PDF). Historic Landmarks Survey of Albuquerque. p. 15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ File:CSS&SB Depot, Beverly Shores, IN on January 27, 1964 (26558117333).jpg ^ "The School's History – Auckland Grammar School". ^ Wainwright, Oliver (3 February 2023). "'Our own little Vatican': inside the biggest Catholic parish church in North America". The Guardian. Further reading Gustafson, Lee and Phil Serpico (1999). Santa Fe Coast Lines Depots: Los Angeles Division. Acanthus Press, Palmdale, CA. ISBN 0-88418-003-4. Jones, R. (1991). The History of Villa Rockledge. Laguna Beach, CA: American National Research Institute. Weitze, Karen J. (1984). California's Mission Revival. Hennessy & Ingalls, Inc., Los Angeles, CA. ISBN 0-912158-89-1. Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Revival Style architecture. Northern Arizona University: Mission Revival Style – architectural examples gallery Hewn and Hammered – dedicated to discussion of the American Arts & Crafts movement, and its Mission Revival component. vteArchitecture of the United StatesNative and indigenous Mound Builders Pueblo Colonial and post-colonial Creole First Period Colonial Georgian Dutch Colonial French Colonial German Colonial Spanish Colonial Territorial Early Republic Adam Federal Jeffersonian Neoclassical Antebellum Mid-19th century Greek Revival Italianate Gothic Revival Victorian Richardsonian Romanesque Second Empire American Renaissance Folk Stick style Queen Anne Shingle Late-19th tomid-20th century Art Deco (Streamline Moderne) Pre-war American Craftsman American Foursquare Beaux-Arts California bungalow Chicago School Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Googie International style Mayan Revival Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Deco Prairie School PWA Moderne Sarasota School of Architecture Rustic Spanish Colonial Revival Territorial Revival Tudor Revival Post–World War II Blobitecture Brutalist Deconstructivism Dingbat Earthship High-tech Mid-century modern Modern Neo-eclectic Neo-futurism Neomodern New Classical architecture Postmodern Ranch Shed style Tiny-house Usonian Building types and vernacular Adobe Barabara Cape Cod Central-passage house Chickee Corn crib Cowboy church Critical regionalism Dogtrot house Earth lodge Hogan Hall and parlor house I-house Igloo Jacal Kiva Log cabin Longhouses Moki steps Plank house Platform mound Qargi Quiggly hole Ramada Saltbox Shotgun house Sipapu Skyscraper Sod house Sweat lodge Temples Tipi Town square Tupiq Wigwam Cities Atlanta Boston Buffalo Chicago Columbus Detroit Houston Jacksonville Kansas City Las Vegas Los Angeles Miami New Orleans New York City Omaha Philadelphia Portland San Antonio San Francisco Seattle Spokane St. Louis Washington, D.C. States Hawaii Texas vteHistoricism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative artsInternational Art Deco Art Nouveau Arts and Crafts Baroque Revival Beaux-Arts Neo-Byzantine Carpenter Gothic Egyptian Revival French Provincial Gothic Revival Greek Revival / Neo-Grec Mayan Revival Moorish Revival Neoclassical New Classical Renaissance Revival Châteauesque Italianate Palazzo style Rococo Revival Romanesque Revival Second Empire French European North American Spanish Colonial Revival Swiss chalet style Vernacular France Henry II style Henry IV style Louis XIII style Louis XIV style Louis XV style Louis XVI style Neoclassicism Directoire style Empire style Louis Philippe style Second Empire style Belle Époque Germany, Austria-Hungary Biedermeier Gründerzeit Jugendstil Nazi architecture Resort style Rundbogenstil Great Britain Adamesque Bristol Byzantine Edwardian Baroque Egyptian Revival Georgian Revival Indo-Saracenic Revival British India Jacobethan Neo-Palladian Queen Anne Revival Regency Romanesque Revival Scottish Baronial Tudor Revival / Black-and-white Revival Greece Mycenaean Revival Italy Stile Umbertino Milan Netherlands Traditionalist School Nordic countries Dragon style National Romantic style Gustavian style Nordic Classicism Portugal Neo-Manueline Neo-Mudéjar Soft Portuguese style Poland Zakopane Style Romania Romanian Revival Russian Empire and USSR Neo-Byzantine Neoclassical Revival Russian Revival Stalinist Serbia Serbo-Byzantine Revival Spain Neo-Mudéjar United States American Renaissance Collegiate Gothic Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Federal style Greco Deco Jeffersonian Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Polish cathedral style Queen Anne style Richardsonian Romanesque Territorial Revival

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mission Style Furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Style_Furniture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Barbara_Station1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_station"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"railroad depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_depot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel Civic Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California"},{"link_name":"architectural movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style"},{"link_name":"revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Spanish missions in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"railroad depots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_depot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with contemporaneous American Craftsman movement Mission Style Furniture.Santa Barbara station, built in 1902 in Santa Barbara, California, an example of a railroad depot in Mission Revival StyleSan Gabriel Civic Auditorium (1927), San Gabriel, CaliforniaThe Mission Revival style was part of an architectural movement, beginning in the late 19th century, for the revival and reinterpretation of American colonial styles. Mission Revival drew inspiration from the late 18th and early 19th century Spanish missions in California. It is sometimes termed California Mission Revival, particularly when used elsewhere, such as in New Mexico and Texas which have their own unique regional architectural styles. In Australia, the style is known as Spanish Mission.[1]The Mission Revival movement was most popular between 1890 and 1915, in numerous residential, commercial and institutional structures, particularly schools and railroad depots.[2]","title":"Mission Revival architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_Corridor_at_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mission San Fernando Rey de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"indigenous Californians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castillo-3"}],"text":"1797 Mission San Fernando Rey de España: View looking down an exterior arcade or corredor, an element frequently used in Mission Revival design.All of the 21 Franciscan Alta California missions (established 1769–1823), including their chapels and support structures, shared certain design characteristics. These commonalities arose because the Franciscan missionaries all came from the same places of previous service in Spain and colonial Mexico City in New Spain. The New Spain religious buildings the founding Franciscan saw and emulated were of the Spanish Colonial style, which in turn was derived from Renaissance and Baroque examples in Spain. Also, the limited availability and variety of building materials besides adobe near mission sites or imported to Alta California limited design options. Finally, the missionaries and the indigenous Californians had minimal construction skills and experience with European designs.[3]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Architecture of the California missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_California_missions"}],"text":"Further information: Architecture of the California missions","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"fenestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window"},{"link_name":"door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door"},{"link_name":"clay roof tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile#Roof_tiles"},{"link_name":"arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"plaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster"},{"link_name":"stucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco"},{"link_name":"adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"enfilade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfilade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall"},{"link_name":"bell-gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell-gable"},{"link_name":"gables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable"},{"link_name":"towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"}],"sub_title":"Originals","text":"The missions' style of necessity and security evolved around an enclosed courtyard, using massive adobe walls with broad unadorned plaster surfaces, limited fenestration and door piercing, low-pitched roofs with projecting wide eaves and non-flammable clay roof tiles, and thick arches springing from piers. Exterior walls were coated with white plaster (stucco), which with wide side eaves shielded the adobe brick walls from rain. Other features included long exterior arcades, an enfilade of interior rooms and halls, semi-independent bell-gables, and at more prosperous missions curved 'Baroque' gables on the principal facade with towers.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona"},{"link_name":"vernacular architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Revival","text":"These architectural elements were replicated, in varying degrees, accuracy, and proportions, in the new Mission Revival structures. Simultaneous with the original style's revival was an awareness in California of the actual missions fading into ruins and their restoration campaigns, and nostalgia in the quickly changing state for a 'simpler time' as the novel Ramona popularized at the time. Contemporary construction materials and practices, earthquake codes, and building uses render the structural and religious architectural components primarily aesthetic decoration, while the service elements such as tile roofing, solar shielding of walls and interiors, and outdoor shade arcades and courtyards are still functional.The Mission Revival style of architecture, and subsequent Spanish Colonial Revival style, have historical, narrative—nostalgic, cultural—environmental associations, and climate appropriateness that have made for a predominant historical regional vernacular architecture style in the Southwestern United States, especially in California.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MissionInnEntry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mission Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mission_Inn_Hotel_%26_Spa"},{"link_name":"Riverside, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_p_best_residence_2011-06-13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_P._and_Clara_K._Best_Residence_and_Auto_House"},{"link_name":"Davenport, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stage_departure_santa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(San_Diego)"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Morrison_Residence,_Rear_Elevation_and_Front_Elevation,_architectural_drawing,_1906_-_DPLA_-_31621a2aaa015879ac96391713199610_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mission Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mission_Inn_Hotel_%26_Spa"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Castañeda Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta%C3%B1eda_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Harvey House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Harvey_Company"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Frederick Roehrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Roehrig"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_station_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Alvarado Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarado_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Depot_(Albuquerque,_New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Charles Frederick Whittlesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Whittlesey"},{"link_name":"Alvarado Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarado_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead Springs Resort & Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Springs,_San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Paul Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Williams_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Draper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Brophy College Preparatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brophy_College_Preparatory"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Ponce De Leon Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_De_Leon_Boutique_Hotel"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sphph-7"},{"link_name":"Caliente Railroad Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliente_Railroad_Depot"},{"link_name":"Caliente, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliente,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"The Mary Louis Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Louis_Academy"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Estates, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Estates,_New_York"},{"link_name":"California Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"Davis Amtrak station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_station_(California)"},{"link_name":"Davis, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis,_California"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bard Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bard_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Downtown Ventura, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"Four Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Roses"},{"link_name":"Lawrenceburg, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenceburg,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Francis Lederer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lederer"},{"link_name":"West Hills, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Iao Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iao_Theater"},{"link_name":"Wailuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wailuku"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Kelso Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelso_Depot,_Restaurant_and_Employees_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"Mojave National Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_National_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Lederer Stables—Canoga Mission Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.laokay.com/lathumb/laphoto/CanogaMissionG2.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Hills, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald-Examiner"},{"link_name":"Julia Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Mission Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_Style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Streamline Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne"},{"link_name":"Mission Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mission_Inn_Hotel_%26_Spa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Railway Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"San Juan Capistrano, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano,_California"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlingame_(Caltrain_station)"},{"link_name":"Burlingame, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlingame,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford,_California"},{"link_name":"Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepley,_Rutan_and_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University–Kingsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Kingsville"},{"link_name":"Kingsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Depot_(San_Diego)"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menaul_School_Teachers_Hall_1930.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menaul School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaul_School"},{"link_name":"Valdosta State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosta_State_University"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_P._and_Clara_K._Best_Residence_and_Auto_House"},{"link_name":"Clausen & Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausen_%26_Clausen"},{"link_name":"Davenport, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Montclair State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_State_University"},{"link_name":"Montclair, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Queens College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_College"},{"link_name":"Queens, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Menaul School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaul_School"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Beverly Shores, Indiana station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Shores_station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Auckland Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"St. Charles Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles_Borromeo_(Visalia)"},{"link_name":"Visalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Mission Inn entry portal, in Riverside, California1909 The Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Davenport, IowaArcade at Union Station, in San Diego, CaliforniaThe William Morrison House, in Toledo, Ohio, designed in the Mission Revival style in 1906The Mission Inn in Southern California is one of the largest extant Mission Revival Style buildings in the United States. Located in Riverside, it has been restored, with tours of the style's expression.[4]Other structures designed in the Mission Revival Style include:Castañeda Hotel, a Harvey House in Las Vegas, New Mexico, opened January 1, 1899. The first Mission Revival style building in New Mexico, architects Frederick Roehrig and A. Reinsch.[5]\nSanta Fe Depot, Las Vegas, New Mexico, completed in 1899.\nAlvarado Hotel and Santa Fe Depot in Albuquerque, New Mexico, completed in 1902; Charles Frederick Whittlesey, architect. The hotel was demolished in 1970 and the depot burned down in 1993. The buildings have since been replaced by the Alvarado Transportation Center, which is also in Mission style.\nArrowhead Springs Resort & Hotel, in San Bernardino Mountains, Southern California; (1939), (mission moderne), architect Paul Williams, interiors Dorothy Draper.[6]\nBrophy College Preparatory in Phoenix, Arizona\nPonce De Leon Hotel in St. Petersburg, Florida, completed in 1922[7]\nCaliente Railroad Depot, in Caliente, Nevada, completed in 1923\nThe Mary Louis Academy Chapel in Jamaica Estates, New York, completed in 1937\nCalifornia Baptist University, in Riverside, California, original school buildings built for Neighbors of Woodcraft, completed in 1921\nDavis Amtrak station, in Davis, California, completed in 1914\nElizabeth Bard Memorial Hospital, in Downtown Ventura, California, completed in 1902.\nFour Roses Distillery, in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky. built in 1910.\nFrancis Lederer estate and residence, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed 1936[8]\nIao Theater, in Wailuku, Maui—Hawaii, built in 1928.\nKelso Depot, in Mojave Desert—Mojave National Preserve, California, completed in 1923 for Union Pacific Railroad.\nLederer Stables—Canoga Mission Gallery, in West Hills, Los Angeles, completed in 1936[9]\nLos Angeles Herald-Examiner Building; Julia Morgan, Downtown Los Angeles, 1915\nLos Angeles Union Station, which combines Art Deco, Mission Revival, and Streamline Moderne styles\nMission Inn, in Riverside, California, completed in 1932[10]\nSanta Fe Railway Depot in San Juan Capistrano, California, completed in 1894\nSan Gabriel Mission Playhouse, in San Gabriel, California, completed in 1927\nSouthern Pacific Railroad depot in Burlingame, California, completed in 1894\nSanta Clara University, in Santa Clara, California\nStanford University, main quad, in Stanford, California, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge; completed in 1891\nTexas A&M University–Kingsville, in Kingsville, Texas, founded in 1925 with new construction reflecting the Mission Revival style.\nSanta Fe Depot, in San Diego, California, completed in 1915.\nTeacher's Hall at Menaul School, built in 1921Valdosta State University's Main Campus in Valdosta, Georgia\nVilla Rockledge, in Laguna Beach, California, completed in 1935[11]\nLouis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Clausen & Clausen, Davenport, Iowa, constructed 1909–1910.\nSeveral buildings at Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey, the first being College Hall, constructed in 1908.\nSeveral buildings at Queens College in Queens, New York, including the main administration building, Jefferson Hall, constructed in 1907.\nSeveral buildings at Menaul School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, including Old Brick, Donaldson Hall, Bennett Hall, and Teacher's Hall, all constructed between 1890 and 1924.[12]\nEleven railroad stations built from 1926 to 1929 by architect Arthur Gerber in an adoptation referred to as \"Insull Spanish\" in the Chicago suburbs and two in Northwest Indiana. The Beverly Shores, Indiana station has been restored and is the best example.[13]\nThe Main Building at Auckland Grammar School in Auckland, New Zealand, built in 1916, was designed by Auckland architects Arnold and Abbott in the Spanish Mission style, inspired by their travels in California[14]\nSt. Mark's Episcopal Church, Berkeley, California, designed by William Curlett, built 1902, among the first buildings built in the Mission Revival style in California.\nMany Catholic churches in the southwestern United States also employ elements of this style.\nSt. Charles Borromeo in Visalia, completed in 2023, is built in the Mission Revival style. It is the largest Catholic parish church in North America.[15]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88418-003-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88418-003-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912158-89-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912158-89-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59223-319-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59223-319-8"}],"text":"Gustafson, Lee and Phil Serpico (1999). Santa Fe Coast Lines Depots: Los Angeles Division. Acanthus Press, Palmdale, CA. ISBN 0-88418-003-4.\nJones, R. (1991). The History of Villa Rockledge. Laguna Beach, CA: American National Research Institute.\nWeitze, Karen J. (1984). California's Mission Revival. Hennessy & Ingalls, Inc., Los Angeles, CA. ISBN 0-912158-89-1.\nYenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Santa Barbara station, built in 1902 in Santa Barbara, California, an example of a railroad depot in Mission Revival Style","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Santa_Barbara_Station1.jpg/220px-Santa_Barbara_Station1.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Gabriel Civic Auditorium (1927), San Gabriel, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg/220px-San_Gabriel_Civic_Auditorium.jpg"},{"image_text":"1797 Mission San Fernando Rey de España: View looking down an exterior arcade or corredor, an element frequently used in Mission Revival design.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Exterior_Corridor_at_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espana.jpg/170px-Exterior_Corridor_at_San_Fernando_Rey_de_Espana.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mission Inn entry portal, in Riverside, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MissionInnEntry.jpg/220px-MissionInnEntry.jpg"},{"image_text":"1909 The Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Davenport, Iowa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Louis_p_best_residence_2011-06-13.jpg/220px-Louis_p_best_residence_2011-06-13.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arcade at Union Station, in San Diego, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stage_departure_santa.JPG/170px-Stage_departure_santa.JPG"},{"image_text":"The William Morrison House, in Toledo, Ohio, designed in the Mission Revival style in 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/William_Morrison_Residence%2C_Rear_Elevation_and_Front_Elevation%2C_architectural_drawing%2C_1906_-_DPLA_-_31621a2aaa015879ac96391713199610_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-William_Morrison_Residence%2C_Rear_Elevation_and_Front_Elevation%2C_architectural_drawing%2C_1906_-_DPLA_-_31621a2aaa015879ac96391713199610_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Teacher's Hall at Menaul School, built in 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Menaul_School_Teachers_Hall_1930.jpg/220px-Menaul_School_Teachers_Hall_1930.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Spanish Colonial architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture"},{"title":"Spanish Colonial Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"title":"Mediterranean Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture"},{"title":"Irving Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Gill"},{"title":"Pueblo Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture"},{"title":"Ranchos of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"},{"title":"Mar del Plata style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_style"}]

[{"reference":"Lacey, Stephen (2007-11-01). \"Spanish mission style\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/spanish-mission-style-20071101-gdrhb4.html","url_text":"\"Spanish mission style\""}]},{"reference":"Castillo, Elias (November 8, 2004). \"The dark, terrible secret of California's missions\". SFGate. Retrieved October 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/The-dark-terrible-secret-of-California-s-missions-2685666.php","url_text":"\"The dark, terrible secret of California's missions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Districts of Riverside\" (PDF). Riverside, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on Apr 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411031834/https://riversideca.gov/historic/pdf/hpDistrictBrochureText.pdf","url_text":"\"Historic Districts of Riverside\""},{"url":"http://www.riversideca.gov/historic/pdf/hpDistrictBrochureText.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Melzer (2008). Fred Harvey Houses of the Southwest. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 37–40. ISBN 9780738556314.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jzR_PtaFNFoC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Fred Harvey Houses of the Southwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing","url_text":"Arcadia Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738556314","url_text":"9780738556314"}]},{"reference":"\"history\". arrowheadsprings.org. Retrieved May 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrowheadsprings.org/html/history.html","url_text":"\"history\""}]},{"reference":"Dewitt, Susan (1978). Historic Albuquerque Today (PDF). Historic Landmarks Survey of Albuquerque. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cabq.gov/planning/documents/copy_of_HistoricAlbuquerqueToday.pdf","url_text":"Historic Albuquerque Today"}]},{"reference":"\"The School's History – Auckland Grammar School\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ags.school.nz/about/our-history/","url_text":"\"The School's History – Auckland Grammar School\""}]},{"reference":"Wainwright, Oliver (3 February 2023). \"'Our own little Vatican': inside the biggest Catholic parish church in North America\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/feb/03/visalia-inside-the-biggest-catholic-parish-church-in-north-america","url_text":"\"'Our own little Vatican': inside the biggest Catholic parish church in North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Gustafson, Lee and Phil Serpico (1999). Santa Fe Coast Lines Depots: Los Angeles Division. Acanthus Press, Palmdale, CA. ISBN 0-88418-003-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88418-003-4","url_text":"0-88418-003-4"}]},{"reference":"Jones, R. (1991). The History of Villa Rockledge. Laguna Beach, CA: American National Research Institute.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weitze, Karen J. (1984). California's Mission Revival. Hennessy & Ingalls, Inc., Los Angeles, CA. ISBN 0-912158-89-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912158-89-1","url_text":"0-912158-89-1"}]},{"reference":"Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59223-319-8","url_text":"1-59223-319-8"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mission+Revival+architecture%22","external_links_name":"\"Mission Revival architecture\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mission+Revival+architecture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mission+Revival+architecture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mission+Revival+architecture%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mission+Revival+architecture%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mission+Revival+architecture%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.laokay.com/lathumb/laphoto/CanogaMissionG2.jpg","external_links_name":"Lederer Stables—Canoga Mission Gallery"},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/spanish-mission-style-20071101-gdrhb4.html","external_links_name":"\"Spanish mission style\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/The-dark-terrible-secret-of-California-s-missions-2685666.php","external_links_name":"\"The dark, terrible secret of California's missions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411031834/https://riversideca.gov/historic/pdf/hpDistrictBrochureText.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Historic Districts of Riverside\""},{"Link":"http://www.riversideca.gov/historic/pdf/hpDistrictBrochureText.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jzR_PtaFNFoC&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Fred Harvey Houses of the Southwest"},{"Link":"http://www.arrowheadsprings.org/html/history.html","external_links_name":"\"history\""},{"Link":"http://www.stpete.org/historic_preservation/historic_landmarks/local_landmarks/hotels.asp","external_links_name":"St. Petersburg Historic Preservation – Hotels"},{"Link":"http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2009/01/no-204-lederer-residence-and-immediate.html","external_links_name":"Big Orange-Lederer Residence"},{"Link":"http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/04/no-135-canoga-mission-gallery.html","external_links_name":"Big Orange—Canoga Mission Gallery"},{"Link":"https://www.cabq.gov/planning/documents/copy_of_HistoricAlbuquerqueToday.pdf","external_links_name":"Historic Albuquerque Today"},{"Link":"https://www.ags.school.nz/about/our-history/","external_links_name":"\"The School's History – Auckland Grammar School\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/feb/03/visalia-inside-the-biggest-catholic-parish-church-in-north-america","external_links_name":"\"'Our own little Vatican': inside the biggest Catholic parish church in North America\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605131052/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~twp/architecture/mission/","external_links_name":"Northern Arizona University: Mission Revival Style – architectural examples gallery"},{"Link":"http://www.hewnandhammered.com/","external_links_name":"Hewn and Hammered"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mighlaf_District

Al Mighlaf District

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 15°20′N 43°20′E / 15.333°N 43.333°E / 15.333; 43.333District in Al Hudaydah, YemenAl Mighlaf DistrictDistrictAl Mighlaf DistrictLocation in YemenCoordinates: 15°20′N 43°20′E / 15.333°N 43.333°E / 15.333; 43.333Country YemenGovernorateAl HudaydahPopulation (2003) • Total39,436Time zoneUTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time) Al Mighlaf District is a district of the Al Hudaydah Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 39,436 inhabitants. References ^ "Districts of Yemen". Statoids. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010. vte Al Hudaydah GovernorateCapital: Al HudaydahDistricts Ad Dahi District Ad Durayhimi District Al Garrahi District Al Hajjaylah District Al Hali District Al Hawak District Al Khawkhah District Al Mansuriyah District Al Marawi'ah District Al Mighlaf District Al Mina District Al Munirah District Al Qanawis District Alluheyah District As Salif District As Sukhnah District At Tuhayta District Az Zaydiyah District Az Zuhrah District Bajil District Bayt al-Faqih District Bura District Hays District Jabal Ra's District Kamaran District Zabid District This article about a location in Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Madness_(Bette_Midler_album)

Divine Madness (Bette Midler album)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Production","4 Charts","5 References"]

1980 live album by Bette MidlerDivine MadnessLive album by Bette MidlerReleasedNovember 7, 1980RecordedFebruary 13–15, 1980GenreVocalLength43:35LabelAtlanticProducerDennis KirkBette Midler chronology The Rose(1979) Divine Madness(1980) The Best of Bette(1981) Singles from Divine Madness "My Mother's Eyes" "Chapel of Love" Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Robert ChristgauC+ The Rolling Stone Album Guide Divine Madness is an album by American singer Bette Midler and the Harlettes, released in 1980. It is a live recording taken from Midler's Divine Madness concert film, released the same year. The album, however, does not contain any of Midler's comedy routines and features only her musical performances from the show and it in fact only provides half of the songs that appear in the film. The original live recordings were also to a large extent edited and re-recorded in the studio for the soundtrack album. Among the tracks included are "Big Noise From Winnetka", from Midler's disco album Thighs and Whispers, repertoire standards like "Shiver Me Timbers", "Chapel of Love", "Leader of The Pack" and "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" along with two tracks from her movie The Rose, "Stay With Me" and "Fire Down Below" (not originally included on the soundtrack) released earlier in 1980 and the Divine Madness album closes with renditions of rock classics like Bruce Springsteen's "E Street Shuffle", The Rolling Stones' "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released". The final film excluded "My Mother's Eyes," despite it being released as a single, and "Shiver Me Timbers" was not featured in the home video release (VHS or DVD). Footage of these songs have not been restored. The soundtrack does not include "Do You Want to Dance?," "Ready to Begin Again," "My Way," "To the South Seas/Hawaiian War Chant," "Ebb Tide," "The Rose," or any monologues. The Divine Madness album like the movie itself was a moderate commercial success, peaking at #34 on Billboard's album chart. The album was released on CD for the first time in 1989. A remastered version of the album was released by Atlantic Records/Warner Music in 1995. Track listing Side A "Big Noise From Winnetka" (Gil Rodin, Bob Crosby, Bob Haggart, Ray Bauduc) - 3:52 "Paradise" (Harry Nilsson, Gil Garfield, Perry Botkin Jr.) - 4:09 "Shiver Me Timbers" (Tom Waits) - 3:56 "Fire Down Below" (Bob Seger) - 3:05 "Stay With Me" (Jerry Ragovoy, George Weiss) - 6:24 Side B "My Mother's Eyes" (Tom Jans) - 2:29 "Chapel of Love" / "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" (Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector) / (Don Raye, Hughie Prince) - 4:02 "E Street Shuffle" / "Summer (The First Time)" / "Leader of the Pack" (Bruce Springsteen) / (Bobby Goldsboro) / (George Morton, Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich) - 9:42 "You Can't Always Get What You Want" / "I Shall Be Released" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) / (Bob Dylan) - 5:56 Personnel Bette Midler - lead vocals Tony Berg - guitar, background vocals Jon Bonine - trombone, background vocals Joey Carbone - keyboards, background vocals Rich Cooper - trumpet David Luell - saxophone John Pierce - bass guitar David Shank - percussion Chas Sanford - lead guitar Art Wood - drums Michael Boddicker - synthesizers Randy Kerber - keyboards, background vocals Jocelyn Brown - background vocals Ula Hedwig - background vocals Diva Gray - background vocals Luther Vandross - background vocals Production Dennis Kirk - record producer, sound engineer Tony Berg - musical arranger & supervisor Randy Kerber - musical arranger & supervisor Mixed at Sunset Sound and Record One Remixed at Regent Sound Studios and Atlantic Studios Concert Recording: Wally Heider Studios Assistant Engineers: Niko Bolas, James Lerner, David Lerner Mastered by: Bernie Grundman Charts Chart (1980) Peakposition Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 20 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 12 US Billboard 200 34 References ^ "Bette Midler Concerts to Be Filmed for Upcoming Movie". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. February 2, 1980. p. 52. ^ Coleman, Marc; Brackett, Nathan (2004). "Bette Midler". In Brackett, Nathan; Christian, Hoard (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 540. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Charts.nz – Soundtrack / Bette Midler – Divine Madness". Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 January 2019. ^ "Bette Midler Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 1 January 2019. vteBette Midler Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums The Divine Miss M Bette Midler Songs for the New Depression Broken Blossom Thighs and Whispers No Frills Some People's Lives Bette of Roses Bathhouse Betty Bette Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook Cool Yule It's the Girls! Soundtracks The Rose Beaches For the Boys Gypsy Live albums Live at Last Divine Madness Mud Will Be Flung Tonight Compilations The Best of Bette The Best of Bette (II) Just Hits Experience the Divine: Greatest Hits (Jackpot!) The Best Bette Memories of You A Gift of Love Video albums Divine Madness The Bette Midler Show Diva Las Vegas The Showgirl Must Go On Singles "Do You Want to Dance?" "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" "Friends" "In the Mood" "Strangers in the Night" "Old Cape Cod" "Buckets of Rain" "Hang On in There Baby" "You're Movin' Out Today" "Big Noise from Winnetka" "When a Man Loves a Woman" "The Rose" "Chapel of Love" "All I Need to Know" "Favorite Waste of Time" "Beast of Burden" "Under the Boardwalk" "Wind Beneath My Wings" "From a Distance" "Night and Day" "In My Life" "To Deserve You" "In This Life" "You Don't Own Me" "My One True Friend" "I'm Beautiful" "White Christmas" "Fever" "Be My Baby" Concerts and tours Diva Las Vegas Kiss My Brass The Showgirl Must Go On Divine Intervention Tour Books The Saga of Baby Divine Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"Harlettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlettes"},{"link_name":"Divine Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Madness_(film)"},{"link_name":"Big Noise From Winnetka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Noise_From_Winnetka"},{"link_name":"Thighs and Whispers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thighs_and_Whispers"},{"link_name":"The Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rose_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Warner Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music"}],"text":"Divine Madness is an album by American singer Bette Midler and the Harlettes, released in 1980. It is a live recording taken from Midler's Divine Madness concert film, released the same year. The album, however, does not contain any of Midler's comedy routines and features only her musical performances from the show and it in fact only provides half of the songs that appear in the film. The original live recordings were also to a large extent edited and re-recorded in the studio for the soundtrack album.Among the tracks included are \"Big Noise From Winnetka\", from Midler's disco album Thighs and Whispers, repertoire standards like \"Shiver Me Timbers\", \"Chapel of Love\", \"Leader of The Pack\" and \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" along with two tracks from her movie The Rose, \"Stay With Me\" and \"Fire Down Below\" (not originally included on the soundtrack) released earlier in 1980 and the Divine Madness album closes with renditions of rock classics like Bruce Springsteen's \"E Street Shuffle\", The Rolling Stones' \"You Can't Always Get What You Want\" and Bob Dylan's \"I Shall Be Released\".The final film excluded \"My Mother's Eyes,\" despite it being released as a single, and \"Shiver Me Timbers\" was not featured in the home video release (VHS or DVD). Footage of these songs have not been restored.The soundtrack does not include \"Do You Want to Dance?,\" \"Ready to Begin Again,\" \"My Way,\" \"To the South Seas/Hawaiian War Chant,\" \"Ebb Tide,\" \"The Rose,\" or any monologues.The Divine Madness album like the movie itself was a moderate commercial success, peaking at #34 on Billboard's album chart.The album was released on CD for the first time in 1989. A remastered version of the album was released by Atlantic Records/Warner Music in 1995.","title":"Divine Madness (Bette Midler album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Noise From Winnetka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Noise_From_Winnetka"},{"link_name":"Gil Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Rodin"},{"link_name":"Harry Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Perry Botkin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Botkin_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Fire Down Below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Moves_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bob Seger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Seger"},{"link_name":"Stay With Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_with_Me_(Lorraine_Ellison_song)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Ragovoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Ragovoy"},{"link_name":"Tom Jans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jans"},{"link_name":"Chapel of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Woogie_Bugle_Boy"},{"link_name":"Jeff Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Barry"},{"link_name":"Ellie Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"Don Raye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Raye"},{"link_name":"Hughie Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_Prince"},{"link_name":"E Street Shuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Street_Shuffle"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Pack"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Bobby Goldsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Goldsboro"},{"link_name":"George Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Morton"},{"link_name":"You Can't Always Get What You Want","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Always_Get_What_You_Want"},{"link_name":"I Shall Be Released","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shall_Be_Released"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"}],"text":"Side A\"Big Noise From Winnetka\" (Gil Rodin, Bob Crosby, Bob Haggart, Ray Bauduc) - 3:52\n\"Paradise\" (Harry Nilsson, Gil Garfield, Perry Botkin Jr.) - 4:09\n\"Shiver Me Timbers\" (Tom Waits) - 3:56\n\"Fire Down Below\" (Bob Seger) - 3:05\n\"Stay With Me\" (Jerry Ragovoy, George Weiss) - 6:24Side B\"My Mother's Eyes\" (Tom Jans) - 2:29\n\"Chapel of Love\" / \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" (Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector) / (Don Raye, Hughie Prince) - 4:02\n\"E Street Shuffle\" / \"Summer (The First Time)\" / \"Leader of the Pack\" (Bruce Springsteen) / (Bobby Goldsboro) / (George Morton, Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich) - 9:42\n\"You Can't Always Get What You Want\" / \"I Shall Be Released\" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) / (Bob Dylan) - 5:56","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bette Midler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Midler"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"background vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_vocals"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"Michael Boddicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Boddicker"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Randy Kerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Kerber"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Brown"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"}],"text":"Bette Midler - lead vocals\nTony Berg - guitar, background vocals\nJon Bonine - trombone, background vocals\nJoey Carbone - keyboards, background vocals\nRich Cooper - trumpet\nDavid Luell - saxophone\nJohn Pierce - bass guitar\nDavid Shank - percussion\nChas Sanford - lead guitar\nArt Wood - drums\nMichael Boddicker - synthesizers\nRandy Kerber - keyboards, background vocals\nJocelyn Brown - background vocals\nUla Hedwig - background vocals\nDiva Gray - background vocals\nLuther Vandross - background vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"sound engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_engineer"},{"link_name":"musical arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_arranger"},{"link_name":"Wally Heider Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios"},{"link_name":"Niko Bolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niko_Bolas"}],"text":"Dennis Kirk - record producer, sound engineer\nTony Berg - musical arranger & supervisor\nRandy Kerber - musical arranger & supervisor\nMixed at Sunset Sound and Record One\nRemixed at Regent Sound Studios and Atlantic Studios\nConcert Recording: Wally Heider Studios\nAssistant Engineers: Niko Bolas, James Lerner, David Lerner\nMastered by: Bernie Grundman","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Bette Midler Concerts to Be Filmed for Upcoming Movie\". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. February 2, 1980. p. 52.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121629637/bette-midler-concerts-to-be-filmed-for/","url_text":"\"Bette Midler Concerts to Be Filmed for Upcoming Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles","url_text":"Los Angeles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California","url_text":"California"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Marc; Brackett, Nathan (2004). \"Bette Midler\". In Brackett, Nathan; Christian, Hoard (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 540. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brackett","url_text":"Brackett, Nathan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/540/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Bette Midler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hoard","url_text":"Christian, Hoard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970-1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r24182","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=Bette+Midler","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121629637/bette-midler-concerts-to-be-filmed-for/","external_links_name":"\"Bette Midler Concerts to Be Filmed for Upcoming Movie\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/540/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Bette Midler\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Soundtrack+/+Bette+Midler&titel=Divine+Madness&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Soundtrack / Bette Midler – Divine Madness\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Bette-Midler/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Bette Midler Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/3656ca16-6206-3740-897f-fa347a43e691","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1120_HEMTT_Load_Handling_System

M1120 HEMTT Load Handling System

["1 History","2 Description","3 M1977 HEMTT Common Bridge Transporter (CBT)","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References (bibliography)","7 References","8 External links"]

10-ton, 8×8 heavy tactical truck M1120 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) HEMTT M1120A2 with standard softskin (unarmored) cabType10-ton, 8×8 heavy tactical truckPlace of originUnited StatesService historyUsed byU.S. ArmyProduction historyDesignerOshkosh CorporationDesigned1981 (base HEMTT)ManufacturerOshkosh CorporationProduced1999-present (1982–present for HEMTT family)No. built35,800 (total new build; 14,000 of these remanufactured)VariantsM1120A2 Load Handling System (LHS).M1120A4 LHS.M1977A0 Common Bridge Transporter (CBT).M1977A2 CBT.M1977A4 CBT.Specifications (M1120A4)Mass40,000 lb (18,144 kg) unladen; 71,000 lb (32,205 kg) laden (a-kit); 77,500 lb (35,153 kg) laden (b-kit); 109,000 lb (49,441 kg) (GCWR)Length402 in (10.207 m)Width96 in (2.438 m)Height118 in (3.003 m) (over spare tire)Crew2Armora-kit/b-kit; U.S. Army Long Term Armor Strategy (LTAS) compliantEngineCaterpillar (CAT) C15, 15.2-liter, 6-cylinder inline water-cooled EPA 2004 compliant diesel515 hp (384 kW)Payload capacityrated at 10 tonsTransmissionAllison 4500SP 5-speed automatic with Oshkosh enhanced 55,000 2 speed transfer caseSuspensionHolland ADS-240 air (front); Holland AD-246 air (rear)Fuel capacity155 US gal (587 L)Operationalrange300 mi (483 km) loadedMaximum speed 62 mph (100 km/h)Steeringsystempower-assisted on front tandem The M1120 HEMTT LHS (Load Handling System) is a M977 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck with a load handling system in place of a flat bed/cargo body. The HEMTT is an eight-wheel drive, diesel-powered, tactical truck used by the US military and others. The HEMTT is manufactured by Oshkosh Defense and entered Army service in 1982, with the M1120 variant first produced in 1999. History Following the evaluation of proposals submitted by AM General, MAN, Pacific Car & Foundry (PACCAR) and Oshkosh Truck Corporation, In May 1981, the then U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command awarded an initial five-year contract valued at US$251.13 million to Oshkosh Truck Corporation for production of the 10 ton (9,070 kg) 8 x 8 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT). The M1120 LHS variant was initially introduced as part of the HEMTT overhaul/rebuild programme, during which returned M977 Cargo variants have their cargo bodies and materials handling cranes removed, to be replaced by a Multilift Mark 5 (now designated MPH165-LHS) load handling system, as fitted to the Oshkosh PLS truck. Other modifications include an upgrade of the rear suspension. The first rebuilt M1120 was produced in late-1999, with new build M1120A2 examples (now A4) available from February 2004. By mid 2021 Oshkosh had manufactured (new build) 35,800 HEMTTs of all types. Specific figures for the M1120 LHS variant are not available. For reference, original HEMTT models now have the suffix A0. Only the M984 wrecker was produced in A1 configuration. All models were produced in A2 configuration. The A3 suffix is applied to HEMTT technology demonstrators with a diesel-electric drive system. All current HEMTT production models have the suffix A4. Description The HEMTT was developed from the outset as a tactical truck, but to minimize procurement and life cycle costs included militarized commercial automotive components where possible, these including the engine and transmission. Some components used in early HEMTTs are common with the Oshkosh Logistics Vehicle System (LVS) vehicles which were supplied to the U.S. Marine Corps. The chassis of the M1120 is formed of 257 × 89 × 9.5 mm heat-treated carbon manganese steel with a yield strength of 758 MPa. With the exception of the wrecker variant, this chassis is common on all HEMTT variants Bolted construction with Grade 8 bolts is used throughout. A centrally mounted self-recovery winch is an option and this is fitted to around 20% of production. The two-door forward control cab seats two. It is of heavy-duty welded steel construction with corrosion-resistant sheet metal skins. Add-on armor kits were produced by Simula Inc. and BAE Systems. The current HEMTT A4 is fitted with the slightly larger from the Oshkosh PLS A1. This cab complies with the U.S. Army's Long Term Armor Strategy (LTAS) requirements of an A- and B-kit armoring philosophy. It also comes as standard with integrated floor armor, an integrated mount for a machine gun and gunner protection kit, and air-conditioning. A Detroit Diesel 8V92TA V-8 two-stroke DDECIV diesel developing 445 hp is fitted to A2 HEMTTs. An EPA 2004 compliant Caterpillar (CAT) C-15 six-cylinder, 15.2-liter diesel developing a peak of 515 hp is fitted to HEMTT A4 models. HEMTT A2 models have an Allison HD 4560P 6F/1R automatic transmission coupled to an Oshkosh 5500 series 2-speed transfer case, while A4 varinats are fitted with an Allison 4500SP 5F/1R automatic transmission and an uprated version of the 55,000 series two-speed transfer case. The front axles on all HEMTTs are single-reduction Oshkosh 46K, the rear are Dana DS480 single-reduction. Drive to the front axles is selectable and all axles have differential locks. Suspension on the A2 variant is by Hendrickson RT40 leaf springs with equalizing beams. Suspension on A4 models is Holland air suspension, ADS-240 (front) and AD-246 (rear). Tire size is 1600 R20 on all models, and standard tire fit is Michelin XZL. All M1120 variants are capable of fording water crossings up to 48 inches deep, and can climb a gradient of at least 60%. All M1120 variants are air transportable in the C-130 and C-17 transport aircraft. The M1120 HEMTT LHS is fitted with Multilift Mark 5 (now designated MPH165-PLS) load handling system, this an imperial variant of the Mark 4/MPH165 that is further-modified to include a folding hook arm to bring the system within C-130 Hercules air-transport height constraints. The MPH165-PLS system is produced under licence by Oshkosh and is also fitted to the M1074 and M1075 PLS and Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR). The MKVI LHS (now designated MPH165-CBT) is a further development of the MPH165-PLS and has additional fixings and hydraulic couplings for the Bridge Adapter Pallet (BAP). This is fitted to the M1977 Common Bridge Transporter (CBT) variant of the HEMTT. The Multilift MPH (Military Pivoting Hooklift) range is based around commercially proven technologies, the overall system performance being improved by enhancing below ground pick up and the ability to load misaligned flatracks, both important military operational requirements. The complete system is designed to be used in all operational conditions, including darkness or while wearing nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protective equipment. An automatic, fully sequenced control system mounted in the cab aids operational safety and maximises speed, even under battle conditions. The MPH range was designed and optimised to load, transport and unload flatracks conforming to the NATO standard (STANAG 2413). Flatracks can be pre-loaded at base with any military payload ready for dispersal to the required location. Payloads such as MLRS rockets, light armoured vehicles and command/control shelters can also be transported by using purpose-built flatracks with the correct locking systems built in. In U.S. Army service the M1120 can be equipped with several different styles of flatracks for the load handling system. The M1077 and M1077A1 General Purpose A-frame flatracks are sideless flatracks used to transport pallets of ammunition and other classes of supplies. M1077 flatracks are 6.058 m long, 2.438 m wide, and 1.5915 m high over the A-frame. On the ISO-compatible Palletized Flatrack (IPF) Type M1 there are two end walls, one incorporating the A-frame. Both walls can fold down inwardly for stacking when empty. The dimensions of the IPF are the same as for the M1077, apart from the end walls that have a height of 2.083 m. The M3/M3A1 Container Roll-in/Out Platform (CROP) is a flatrack that fits inside a 20 ft. ISO container. The Container Handling Unit (CHU) is an add-on kit that allows for the loading/unloading and transport of standard ISO containers without the need for an intermediate flatrack. The SOFRAME RM 22 PLM load handling trailer which was originally selected as the M1076 trailer component of the US Army's PLS is compatible with, and used with, the M1120 HEMTT. The RM 22/M1076 is a three-axle dolly-type trailer. It uses a mainframe assembled using electric welding, with a secondary frame supporting the front axle on a turning table and the drawbar; a steering lock allows the steering to be fixed when required. Two axles are provided at the rear and braking is on all three axles. Flatracks can be on- and off-loaded from the trailer by the prime mover's load handling system. M1977 HEMTT Common Bridge Transporter (CBT) The M1977 HEMTT Common Bridge Transporter (CBT) is a further development of the M1120 LHS, and in common with the M1120 LHS was initially introduced as part of the HEMTT overhaul/rebuild program. It is used for loading, transporting, and unloading Ribbon Bridge components and bridge erection boats. Gallery M1120 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) models HEMTT M1120A2 with an early Simula-supplied cab armoring kit in Iraq M1120A4 HEMTTs with A-kit (unarmored) cab M1120A4 HEMTT with B-kit armor added to the standard A-kit cab Oshkosh M1120A4 HEMTT LHS with B-kit armored cab. HEMTT M1977A2 CBTs with standard unarmored cab. The M1977 HEMTT is a further development of the M1120 LHS U.S. Army soldiers unload a Mk2 Bridge Erection Boat from a M1977A2 CBT HEMTT into the Missouri River See also M939 Truck Oshkosh L-ATV Oshkosh M-ATV Palletized Load System Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles Oshkosh Corporation Plasan Sand Cat TerraMax (vehicle) Heavy Equipment Transport System Logistics Vehicle System (LVS) US Army tactical truck engines U.S. Army equipment M-numbers References (bibliography) Modern U.S. Military Vehicles by Fred Crismon ISBN 0760305269 HEMTT - US Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical truck by Carl Schulze (published by Tankograd) Tankograd Brothers of HEMTT - PLS-LVS by Carl Schulze (published by Tankograd) Tankograd U.S. Army, Technical Manual, TM 9-2320-279-24P-1, DIRECT SUPPORT AND GENERAL SUPPORT MAINTENANCE REPAIR PARTS AND TOOLS LIST FOR M977 SERIES, 8X8 HEAVY EXPANDED MOBILITY TACTICA, (HEMTT), TRUCK, CARGO, WITH WINCH M977, (NSN 2320-01-097-0260), (E TRUCK, CARGO, WITHOUT WINCH M977, (2320-01-099-6426), (EIC: B2G), TANK, FUEL, WITH WINCH M978, (2320-01-097-0249), (EIC: B2C), TRUCK FUEL WITHOUT WINCH M978, (2320-01-100-7672), (EIC: B2H), TRUCK, TR WITH WINCH, WITHOUT CRANE M983, (2320-01-097-0247), (EIC: B2A), TR WRECKER-RECOVERY M984, (2320-01-097-0248), (EIC: B2A), TRUCK, WREC. Publisher - U.S. Army, U.S. Dept of Defense, U.S. Air Force, www.armytechnicalmanuals.com (10 Aug. 2010) website Jane's Land Warfare Platforms 2014/2015: Logistics, Support & Unmanned ISBN 0710631308 Jane’s Land Warfare Platforms: Logistics, Support & Unmanned Jane's Land Warfare Platforms 2015-2016: Logistics, Support & Unmanned ISBN 0710631723 Jane's Military Vehicles & Logistics 2004-2005 ISBN 0710626312 Jane’s Land Warfare Platforms: Logistics, Support & Unmanned Oshkosh Trucks: 75 Years of Specialty Truck Production Paperback – November, 1992 (ISBN 0879386614) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Oshkosh M977 heavy expanded mobility tactical truck (HEMTT) and M989A1 heavy expanded mobility ammunition trailer (HEMAT)". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2016-05-10. ^ a b "Oshkosh M977 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT)". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors. 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2021-05-07. ^ a b c d e f "Oshkosh (10 × 10) Palletized Load System (PLS)". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2016-05-10. ^ a b c d e "Cargotec (Multilift) load-handling systems". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2015-08-05. Retrieved 2016-05-10. ^ a b c d e f "Oshkosh M977 heavy expanded mobility tactical truck (HEMTT) and M989A1 heavy expanded mobility ammunition trailer (HEMAT) 2014/2015". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2016-05-10. ^ " SOFRAME RM 22 PLM (M1076) load handling trailer". IHS Jane's Shaun C Connors & Christopher F Foss. 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2016-05-10. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oshkosh Corporation. Wikimedia Commons has media related to HEMTT. Oshkosh website: HEMTT A4 July 2015 Oshkosh promotional video March 2015 Oshkosh promotional video Oshkosh Corporation YouTube page Oshkosh Defense Oshkosh HEMTT heavy expanded mobility tactical truck Army Recognition Oshkosh Defense Overview Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) Oshkosh 2011 Corporate Video Photos and Walk Arounds of most HEMTT Variants at Prime Portal Army Fact File: HEMTT HEMTT Technical Manuals HEMTT Technical Library vteUS military soft-skinned vehicles introduced after 19451⁄4–1⁄2 ton vehicles M422 Mighty Mite Willys M274 "Mechanical Mule" Willys MC / M38 Willys MD / M38A1 M151 "MUTT" 3⁄4–13⁄4 ton vehicles AM General HMMWV Ground Mobility Vehicle M1151 Chevrolet CUCV II Chevrolet LSSV Dodge M43 Dodge M880s CUCV Gama Goat General Dynamics Flyer 60 GM M1009 CUCV GM Defence ISV Kaiser Jeep M715 M1161 Growler HDT Storm SRTV 21⁄2–7 ton trucks AM General M809 AM General M939 Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles Ford M656 General Dynamics Flyer 72 International M39 Oshkosh MTVR REO M35 8–16.5 ton trucks Caterpillar M520 "Goer" Mack M125 Oshkosh HEMTT M1120 HEMTT LHS Oshkosh LVS Oshkosh LVSR Oshkosh PLS Tank transporters Mack M123 Oshkosh M911 Oshkosh M1070 Tractor trucks AM General / Freightliner M915 AM General M931 / M932 CCC M920 MET I.H. M39 / M52 and M246 Tracked tractors & carriers M8 High-Speed Tractor M76 Otter M116 Husky M973 SUSV Specialist vehicles Ranger Special Operations Vehicle Unimog 419 Amphibious vehicles LARC-V LARC-XV LARC-LX "BARC" All-terrain vehicles John Deere M-Gator Polaris MRZR-(D)2 Military vehicles of the United States List of soft-skinned vehicles of the US military

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_(10_%C3%97_10)_Palletized_Load_System_(PLS)-3"}],"text":"The M1120 HEMTT LHS (Load Handling System) is a M977 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck with a load handling system in place of a flat bed/cargo body. The HEMTT is an eight-wheel drive, diesel-powered, tactical truck used by the US military and others. The HEMTT is manufactured by Oshkosh Defense and entered Army service in 1982, with the M1120 variant first produced in 1999.[1][3]","title":"M1120 HEMTT Load Handling System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2014-2015_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2014-2015_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2021-2022)-2"}],"text":"Following the evaluation of proposals submitted by AM General, MAN, Pacific Car & Foundry (PACCAR) and Oshkosh Truck Corporation, In May 1981, the then U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command awarded an initial five-year contract valued at US$251.13 million to Oshkosh Truck Corporation for production of the 10 ton (9,070 kg) 8 x 8 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT).[1]The M1120 LHS variant was initially introduced as part of the HEMTT overhaul/rebuild programme, during which returned M977 Cargo variants have their cargo bodies and materials handling cranes removed, to be replaced by a Multilift Mark 5 (now designated MPH165-LHS) load handling system, as fitted to the Oshkosh PLS truck. Other modifications include an upgrade of the rear suspension.[1][5]The first rebuilt M1120 was produced in late-1999, with new build M1120A2 examples (now A4) available from February 2004.[1][5]By mid 2021 Oshkosh had manufactured (new build) 35,800 HEMTTs of all types. Specific figures for the M1120 LHS variant are not available.[1][2]For reference, original HEMTT models now have the suffix A0. Only the M984 wrecker was produced in A1 configuration. All models were produced in A2 configuration. The A3 suffix is applied to HEMTT technology demonstrators with a diesel-electric drive system. All current HEMTT production models have the suffix A4.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2014-2015_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2014-2015_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2014-2015_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_(10_%C3%97_10)_Palletized_Load_System_(PLS)-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Cargotec_(Multilift)_load-handling_systems-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_(10_%C3%97_10)_Palletized_Load_System_(PLS)-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Cargotec_(Multilift)_load-handling_systems-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_(10_%C3%97_10)_Palletized_Load_System_(PLS)-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2014-2015_Oshkosh_M977_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck_(HEMTT)_and_M989A1_Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Ammunition_Trailer_(HEMAT)-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Cargotec_(Multilift)_load-handling_systems-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Oshkosh_(10_%C3%97_10)_Palletized_Load_System_(PLS)-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2016-2017_Cargotec_(Multilift)_load-handling_systems-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane's_Logistics,_Support_&_Unmanned_2006-2007_[ARCHIVED]_SOFRAME_RM_22_PLM_(M1076)_load_handling_trailer-6"}],"text":"The HEMTT was developed from the outset as a tactical truck, but to minimize procurement and life cycle costs included militarized commercial automotive components where possible, these including the engine and transmission. Some components used in early HEMTTs are common with the Oshkosh Logistics Vehicle System (LVS) vehicles which were supplied to the U.S. Marine Corps.[1]The chassis of the M1120 is formed of 257 × 89 × 9.5 mm heat-treated carbon manganese steel with a yield strength of 758 MPa. With the exception of the wrecker variant, this chassis is common on all HEMTT variants Bolted construction with Grade 8 bolts is used throughout. A centrally mounted self-recovery winch is an option and this is fitted to around 20% of production.[1]The two-door forward control cab seats two. It is of heavy-duty welded steel construction with corrosion-resistant sheet metal skins. Add-on armor kits were produced by Simula Inc. and BAE Systems. The current HEMTT A4 is fitted with the slightly larger from the Oshkosh PLS A1. This cab complies with the U.S. Army's Long Term Armor Strategy (LTAS) requirements of an A- and B-kit armoring philosophy. It also comes as standard with integrated floor armor, an integrated mount for a machine gun and gunner protection kit, and air-conditioning.[1][5]A Detroit Diesel 8V92TA V-8 two-stroke DDECIV diesel developing 445 hp is fitted to A2 HEMTTs. An EPA 2004 compliant Caterpillar (CAT) C-15 six-cylinder, 15.2-liter diesel developing a peak of 515 hp is fitted to HEMTT A4 models. HEMTT A2 models have an Allison HD 4560P 6F/1R automatic transmission coupled to an Oshkosh 5500 series 2-speed transfer case, while A4 varinats are fitted with an Allison 4500SP 5F/1R automatic transmission and an uprated version of the 55,000 series two-speed transfer case.[1][5]The front axles on all HEMTTs are single-reduction Oshkosh 46K, the rear are Dana DS480 single-reduction. Drive to the front axles is selectable and all axles have differential locks. Suspension on the A2 variant is by Hendrickson RT40 leaf springs with equalizing beams. Suspension on A4 models is Holland air suspension, ADS-240 (front) and AD-246 (rear). Tire size is 1600 R20 on all models, and standard tire fit is Michelin XZL.[1][5]All M1120 variants are capable of fording water crossings up to 48 inches deep, and can climb a gradient of at least 60%. All M1120 variants are air transportable in the C-130 and C-17 transport aircraft.[1]The M1120 HEMTT LHS is fitted with Multilift Mark 5 (now designated MPH165-PLS) load handling system, this an imperial variant of the Mark 4/MPH165 that is further-modified to include a folding hook arm to bring the system within C-130 Hercules air-transport height constraints. The MPH165-PLS system is produced under licence by Oshkosh and is also fitted to the M1074 and M1075 PLS and Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR). The MKVI LHS (now designated MPH165-CBT) is a further development of the MPH165-PLS and has additional fixings and hydraulic couplings for the Bridge Adapter Pallet (BAP). This is fitted to the M1977 Common Bridge Transporter (CBT) variant of the HEMTT.[1][3][4]The Multilift MPH (Military Pivoting Hooklift) range is based around commercially proven technologies, the overall system performance being improved by enhancing below ground pick up and the ability to load misaligned flatracks, both important military operational requirements. The complete system is designed to be used in all operational conditions, including darkness or while wearing nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protective equipment. An automatic, fully sequenced control system mounted in the cab aids operational safety and maximises speed, even under battle conditions. The MPH range was designed and optimised to load, transport and unload flatracks conforming to the NATO standard (STANAG 2413). Flatracks can be pre-loaded at base with any military payload ready for dispersal to the required location. Payloads such as MLRS rockets, light armoured vehicles and command/control shelters can also be transported by using purpose-built flatracks with the correct locking systems built in.[3][4]In U.S. Army service the M1120 can be equipped with several different styles of flatracks for the load handling system. The M1077 and M1077A1 General Purpose A-frame flatracks are sideless flatracks used to transport pallets of ammunition and other classes of supplies. M1077 flatracks are 6.058 m long, 2.438 m wide, and 1.5915 m high over the A-frame. On the ISO-compatible Palletized Flatrack (IPF) Type M1 there are two end walls, one incorporating the A-frame. Both walls can fold down inwardly for stacking when empty. The dimensions of the IPF are the same as for the M1077, apart from the end walls that have a height of 2.083 m. The M3/M3A1 Container Roll-in/Out Platform (CROP) is a flatrack that fits inside a 20 ft. ISO container. The Container Handling Unit (CHU) is an add-on kit that allows for the loading/unloading and transport of standard ISO containers without the need for an intermediate flatrack.[3][5][4]The SOFRAME RM 22 PLM load handling trailer which was originally selected as the M1076 trailer component of the US Army's PLS is compatible with, and used with, the M1120 HEMTT. The RM 22/M1076 is a three-axle dolly-type trailer. It uses a mainframe assembled using electric welding, with a secondary frame supporting the front axle on a turning table and the drawbar; a steering lock allows the steering to be fixed when required. Two axles are provided at the rear and braking is on all three axles. Flatracks can be on- and off-loaded from the trailer by the prime mover's load handling system.[3][4][6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The M1977 HEMTT Common Bridge Transporter (CBT) is a further development of the M1120 LHS, and in common with the M1120 LHS was initially introduced as part of the HEMTT overhaul/rebuild program. It is used for loading, transporting, and unloading Ribbon Bridge components and bridge erection boats.","title":"M1977 HEMTT Common Bridge Transporter (CBT)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemtt_iraq.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEMTT_M1120A4_in_B-kit_configuration.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEMTT_M1120A4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEMTT_A4_tan_3_HR.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridging_divides,_bridging_together_130730-M-AR522-079.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEMTT_M1977A2.jpg"}],"text":"M1120 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) models\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHEMTT M1120A2 with an early Simula-supplied cab armoring kit in Iraq\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tM1120A4 HEMTTs with A-kit (unarmored) cab\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tM1120A4 HEMTT with B-kit armor added to the standard A-kit cab\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOshkosh M1120A4 HEMTT LHS with B-kit armored cab.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHEMTT M1977A2 CBTs with standard unarmored cab. The M1977 HEMTT is a further development of the M1120 LHS\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. Army soldiers unload a Mk2 Bridge Erection Boat from a M1977A2 CBT HEMTT into the Missouri River","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0760305269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760305269"},{"link_name":"Tankograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tankograd.com/cms/website.php?id=/en/index/publikationen.htm/"},{"link_name":"Tankograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tankograd.com/cms/website.php?id=/en/index/publikationen.htm/"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.armytechnicalmanuals.com//"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0710631308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710631308"},{"link_name":"Jane’s Land Warfare Platforms: Logistics, Support & Unmanned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150502083819/https://www.ihs.com/products/janes-logistics-support-unmanned.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0710631723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710631723"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0710626312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710626312"},{"link_name":"Jane’s Land Warfare Platforms: Logistics, Support & Unmanned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150502083819/https://www.ihs.com/products/janes-logistics-support-unmanned.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0879386614","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879386614"}],"text":"Modern U.S. Military Vehicles by Fred Crismon ISBN 0760305269\nHEMTT - US Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical truck by Carl Schulze (published by Tankograd) Tankograd\nBrothers of HEMTT - PLS-LVS by Carl Schulze (published by Tankograd) Tankograd\nU.S. Army, Technical Manual, TM 9-2320-279-24P-1, DIRECT SUPPORT AND GENERAL SUPPORT MAINTENANCE REPAIR PARTS AND TOOLS LIST FOR M977 SERIES, 8X8 HEAVY EXPANDED MOBILITY TACTICA, (HEMTT), TRUCK, CARGO, WITH WINCH M977, (NSN 2320-01-097-0260), (E TRUCK, CARGO, WITHOUT WINCH M977, (2320-01-099-6426), (EIC: B2G), TANK, FUEL, WITH WINCH M978, (2320-01-097-0249), (EIC: B2C), TRUCK FUEL WITHOUT WINCH M978, (2320-01-100-7672), (EIC: B2H), TRUCK, TR WITH WINCH, WITHOUT CRANE M983, (2320-01-097-0247), (EIC: B2A), TR WRECKER-RECOVERY M984, (2320-01-097-0248), (EIC: B2A), TRUCK, WREC. Publisher - U.S. Army, U.S. Dept of Defense, U.S. Air Force, www.armytechnicalmanuals.com (10 Aug. 2010) website\nJane's Land Warfare Platforms 2014/2015: Logistics, Support & Unmanned ISBN 0710631308 Jane’s Land Warfare Platforms: Logistics, Support & Unmanned\nJane's Land Warfare Platforms 2015-2016: Logistics, Support & Unmanned ISBN 0710631723\nJane's Military Vehicles & Logistics 2004-2005 ISBN 0710626312 Jane’s Land Warfare Platforms: Logistics, Support & Unmanned\nOshkosh Trucks: 75 Years of Specialty Truck Production Paperback – November, 1992 (ISBN 0879386614)","title":"References (bibliography)"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Ueda

Shunsuke Ueda

["1 Club statistics","2 References","3 External links"]

Japanese footballer Shunsuke Ueda 植田峻佑Personal informationFull name Shunsuke UedaDate of birth (1988-04-04) 4 April 1988 (age 36)Place of birth Yachiyo, Chiba, JapanHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) GoalkeeperTeam informationCurrent team Tegevajaro MiyazakiNumber 57Youth career2007–2010 International Pacific UniversitySenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2011 Fukushima United FC 0 (0)2012–2013 Volca Kagoshima 2014–2017 Kagoshima United FC 24 (0)2018 Saurcos Fukui 6 (0)2019 Fukui United FC 14 (0)2020– Tegevajaro Miyazaki 0 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23 February 2020 Shunsuke Ueda (植田峻佑, Ueda Shunsuke, born 4 April 1988 in Yachiyo, Chiba) is a Japanese footballer who plays for Tegevajaro Miyazaki. Club statistics Updated to 23 February 2020. Club performance League Cup Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Japan League Emperor's Cup Total 2014 Kagoshima United FC JFL 15 0 1 0 16 0 2015 8 0 1 0 9 0 2016 J3 League 1 0 0 0 1 0 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 2018 Saurcos Fukui JRL (Hokushinetsu,Div. 1) 6 0 1 0 7 0 2019 Fukui United FC 14 0 1 0 15 0 Career total 44 0 4 0 48 0 References ^ "植田峻佑：鹿児島ユナイテッドＦＣ：Ｊリーグ.jp". jleague.jp. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016. ^ Nippon Sports Kikaku Publishing inc./日本スポーツ企画出版社, "2016J1&J2&J3選手名鑑", 10 February 2016, Japan, ISBN 978-4905411338 (p. 275 out of 289) External links Shunsuke Ueda at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) Profile at Kagoshima United FC vteTegevajaro Miyazaki – current squad 2 Aoyama 3 Dai 4 Obu 5 Sakai 6 Okuma 7 Uozato 8 Rikiyasu 11 Hashimoto 13 Kitamura 14 Eguchi 15 Tsujioka 16 Yoshida 18 Yoshizawa 19 Takase 20 Ano 21 Shimizu 22 Tanaka 23 Obuchi 26 Fujiwara 28 Manabe 29 Fujimoto 31 Kinkawa 33 Kuroki 36 Yoshinaga 37 Okuda 38 Kusunoki 39 Shinjo 40 Narahashi 41 Ueno 45 Tanaka 50 Yasuda 55 Aoki 57 Ueda Endo Hayashi Manager: Okuma This biographical article related to a Japanese association football goalkeeper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Almond,_New_York

West Almond, New York

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Communities and locations in West Almond","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°17′58″N 77°52′59″W / 42.29944°N 77.88306°W / 42.29944; -77.88306 Town in New York, United StatesWest Almond, New YorkTownWest AlmondLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates: 42°18′20″N 77°53′16″W / 42.30556°N 77.88778°W / 42.30556; -77.88778CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyAlleganyGovernment • TypeTown Council • Town SupervisorTrevor Burt (R) • Town Council Members' List • Kelly Bourne (R)• Albert Hall (R)• Mark Bainbridge ()• Area • Total36.09 sq mi (93.47 km2) • Land35.99 sq mi (93.23 km2) • Water0.10 sq mi (0.25 km2)Elevation1,801 ft (549 m)Population (2020) • Total280  • Estimate (2021)279 • Density9.11/sq mi (3.52/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code36-003-79202GNIS feature ID0979617Websitewww.westalmondny.org West Almond is a town in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 280 at the 2020 census. West Almond is centrally located in the eastern part of the county and is west of Hornell. History The area was first settled around 1816. The town of West Almond was created in 1835 from parts of the towns of Almond, Alfred, and Angelica. The West Almond Churches were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.5 km2), of which 36.0 square miles (93.2 km2) is land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.26%, is water. The Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17) passes through the central part of the town. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1840808—185097620.8%1860935−4.2%1870799−14.5%18808030.5%1890649−19.2%1900601−7.4%1910458−23.8%1920416−9.2%1930391−6.0%1940390−0.3%1950320−17.9%1960293−8.4%1970213−27.3%198035767.6%1990277−22.4%200035327.4%2010334−5.4%2020280−16.2%2021 (est.)279−0.4%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 353 people, 130 households, and 96 families residing in the town. The population density was 9.8 people per square mile (3.8/km2). There were 313 housing units at an average density of 8.7 per square mile (3.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.73% White, 1.42% Native American, 0.28% Asian, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.42% of the population. There were 130 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.11. In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $43,125, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $31,364 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,358. About 5.4% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over. Communities and locations in West Almond Angelica Creek – A stream that flows to the west past West Almond. Bennetts – A hamlet located in the northwest part of the town on County Road 16. West Almond – The hamlet of West Almond, located on County Road 2 in the eastern part of the town. References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020—2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 3, 2022. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): West Almond town, Allegany County, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2013. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Town of West Almond official website West Almond history Historical sources for West Almond, NY vteMunicipalities and communities of Allegany County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: BelmontTowns Alfred Allen Alma Almond Amity Andover Angelica Belfast Birdsall Bolivar Burns Caneadea Centerville Clarksville Cuba Friendship Genesee Granger Grove Hume Independence New Hudson Rushford Scio Ward Wellsville West Almond Willing Wirt Villages Alfred Almond‡ Andover Angelica Belmont Bolivar Canaseraga Cuba Richburg Wellsville CDPs Belfast Fillmore Friendship Houghton Rushford Scio Stannards Hamlets Black Creek Little Genesee McGrawville Petrolia West Clarksville Indianreservation Oil Springs Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal 42°17′58″N 77°52′59″W / 42.29944°N 77.88306°W / 42.29944; -77.88306

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The population was 280 at the 2020 census.[2] West Almond is centrally located in the eastern part of the county and is west of Hornell.","title":"West Almond, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Alfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Angelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"West Almond Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Almond_Churches"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"}],"text":"The area was first settled around 1816. The town of West Almond was created in 1835 from parts of the towns of Almond, Alfred, and Angelica.The West Almond Churches were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"Interstate 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_86_(east)"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_17"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.5 km2), of which 36.0 square miles (93.2 km2) is land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.26%, is water.[5]The Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17) passes through the central part of the town.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-7"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 353 people, 130 households, and 96 families residing in the town. The population density was 9.8 people per square mile (3.8/km2). There were 313 housing units at an average density of 8.7 per square mile (3.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.73% White, 1.42% Native American, 0.28% Asian, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.42% of the population.There were 130 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.11.In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $43,125, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $31,364 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,358. About 5.4% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Hamlet"}],"text":"Angelica Creek – A stream that flows to the west past West Almond.\nBennetts – A hamlet located in the northwest part of the town on County Road 16.\nWest Almond – The hamlet of West Almond, located on County Road 2 in the eastern part of the town.","title":"Communities and locations in West Almond"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla,_Florida

Umatilla, Florida

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 and 2020 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Parks and recreation","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 28°55′38″N 81°39′54″W / 28.92722°N 81.66500°W / 28.92722; -81.66500 City in FloridaUmatilla, FloridaCityCity of UmatillaUmatilla City HallMotto: "Nature's Hometown"Location in Lake County and the state of FloridaCoordinates: 28°55′38″N 81°39′54″W / 28.92722°N 81.66500°W / 28.92722; -81.66500Country United States of AmericaState FloridaCounty LakeIncorporatedNovember 8, 1904Government • TypeCouncil-Manager • MayorChris Creech • Vice MayorKent Adcock • Council MembersBrian Butler,John Nichols, andKatherine "Kaye" Adams • City ManagerScott Blankenship • City ClerkJessica BurnhamArea • Total4.27 sq mi (11.06 km2) • Land3.59 sq mi (9.30 km2) • Water0.68 sq mi (1.76 km2)Elevation98 ft (30 m)Population (2020) • Total3,685 • Density1,026.18/sq mi (396.26/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code32784Area code352FIPS code12-73025GNIS feature ID2405622Websitewww.umatillafl.org Umatilla is a city in Lake County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,685 at the 2020 census. Umatilla is known as the Gateway to the Ocala National Forest, located in northern Lake County. History The city was named after Umatilla, Oregon. In 1998 it was the site of a Mediterranean fruit fly outbreak at the Golden Gem citrus plant. Geography The City of Umatilla is in northern Lake County, and its exact coordinates are located at 28°55′59″N 81°39′52″W / 28.93306°N 81.66444°W / 28.93306; -81.66444 (28.933134, –81.664430). Florida State Road 19 passes through the center of town, leading south 11 miles (18 km) to Tavares, the county seat, and north 58 miles (93 km) through the Ocala National Forest to Palatka. Umatilla is 38 miles (61 km) northwest of Orlando and 49 miles (79 km) southwest of Daytona Beach. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11.0 km2), of which 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2) are land and 0.69 square miles (1.8 km2), or 16.00%, are water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910283—1920640126.1%193090741.7%19401,14926.7%19501,31214.2%19601,71730.9%19701,600−6.8%19801,87217.0%19902,35025.5%20002,214−5.8%20103,45656.1%20203,6856.6%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 and 2020 census Umatilla racial composition (Hispanics excluded from racial categories) (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020 White (NH) 2,938 2,996 85.01% 81.30% Black or African American (NH) 110 60 3.18% 1.63% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 9 11 0.26% 0.30% Asian (NH) 6 19 0.17% 0.52% Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian (NH) 0 2 0.00% 0.05% Some other race (NH) 3 9 0.09% 0.24% Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) 20 127 0.58% 3.45% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 370 461 10.71% 12.51% Total 3,456 3,685 100.00% 100.00% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,685 people, 1,680 households, and 1,061 families residing in the city. As of the 2010 United States census, there were 3,456 people, 1,403 households, and 968 families residing in the city. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,214 people, 867 households, and 582 families residing in the city. The population density was 871.4 inhabitants per square mile (336.4/km2). There were 987 housing units at an average density of 388.5 per square mile (150.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.54% White, 3.52% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.95% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.93% of the population. In 2000, there were 867 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.01. In 2000, in the city, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.1 males. In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,628, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $25,500 versus $21,741 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,739. About 7.2% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over. Parks and recreation The city offers many outdoor activities such as boating, fishing, camping and hiking. Nearby Alexander Springs features a section of the Florida Trail, an unpaved hiking trail, 1,300 miles (2,100 km) long, spanning the state of Florida from north to south. Notable people Al Hofmann, drag racer and drag car owner in the funny car division Jonathan Lucroy, catcher for the Chicago Cubs Willis V. McCall, sheriff of Lake County Robert M. McTureous, Jr., recipient of the Medal of Honor Julia Nesheiwat, United States government official Will Radcliff, creator of the Slush Puppie; owned a ranch surrounding Umatilla Dennis K. Stanley, professor and coach Jaclyn Stapp, beauty queen Howard Van Hyning, percussionist with the New York City Opera References ^ a b "The City of Umatilla, Florida". The City of Umatilla, Florida. Retrieved September 19, 2012. ^ a b "History of Umatilla". City of Umatilla Florida. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Umatilla, Florida ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Campbell, Ramsey (April 30, 1998). "52 Medflies Turn Up in Lake Traps". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: Florida". U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Umatilla city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Umatilla city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Umatilla city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Umatilla city, Florida". United States Census Bureau. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Umatilla, Florida. Official website Umatilla at City-Data.com vteMunicipalities and communities of Lake County, Florida, United StatesCounty seat: TavaresCities Clermont Eustis Fruitland Park Groveland Leesburg Mascotte Minneola Mount Dora Tavares Umatilla Towns Astatula Howey-in-the-Hills Lady Lake Montverde CDPs Altoona Astor Ferndale Four Corners‡ Lake Kathryn Lake Mack-Forest Hills Lisbon Mount Plymouth Okahumpka Paisley Pine Lakes Pittman Silver Lake Sorrento The Villages‡ Yalaha Unincorporatedcommunities Astor Park Dublin Fort Mason Grand Island Lanier Orange Bend Ghost towns Acron Villa City Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Florida portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Ocala National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_City_of_Umatilla,_Florida-1"}],"text":"City in FloridaUmatilla is a city in Lake County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,685 at the 2020 census. Umatilla is known as the Gateway to the Ocala National Forest, located in northern Lake County.[1]","title":"Umatilla, Florida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umatilla, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umatilla,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UmaHis-2"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean fruit fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_fruit_fly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The city was named after Umatilla, Oregon.[2] In 1998 it was the site of a Mediterranean fruit fly outbreak at the Golden Gem citrus plant.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"28°55′59″N 81°39′52″W / 28.93306°N 81.66444°W / 28.93306; -81.66444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Umatilla,_Florida&params=28_55_59_N_81_39_52_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"Florida State Road 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_19"},{"link_name":"Tavares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavares,_Florida"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Palatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatka,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Daytona Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer-8"}],"text":"The City of Umatilla is in northern Lake County, and its exact coordinates are located at 28°55′59″N 81°39′52″W / 28.93306°N 81.66444°W / 28.93306; -81.66444 (28.933134, –81.664430).[7]Florida State Road 19 passes through the center of town, leading south 11 miles (18 km) to Tavares, the county seat, and north 58 miles (93 km) through the Ocala National Forest to Palatka. Umatilla is 38 miles (61 km) northwest of Orlando and 49 miles (79 km) southwest of Daytona Beach.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11.0 km2), of which 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2) are land and 0.69 square miles (1.8 km2), or 16.00%, are water.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2010 and 2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,685 people, 1,680 households, and 1,061 families residing in the city.[12]As of the 2010 United States census, there were 3,456 people, 1,403 households, and 968 families residing in the city.[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 2,214 people, 867 households, and 582 families residing in the city. The population density was 871.4 inhabitants per square mile (336.4/km2). There were 987 housing units at an average density of 388.5 per square mile (150.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.54% White, 3.52% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.95% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.93% of the population.In 2000, there were 867 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.01.In 2000, in the city, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.1 males.In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,628, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $25,500 versus $21,741 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,739. About 7.2% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Springs_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Florida Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Trail"}],"text":"The city offers many outdoor activities such as boating, fishing, camping and hiking. Nearby Alexander Springs features a section of the Florida Trail, an unpaved hiking trail, 1,300 miles (2,100 km) long, spanning the state of Florida from north to south.","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lucroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lucroy"},{"link_name":"Willis V. McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_V._McCall"},{"link_name":"Robert M. McTureous, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._McTureous,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Julia Nesheiwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Nesheiwat"},{"link_name":"Will Radcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Radcliff"},{"link_name":"Slush Puppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slush_Puppie"},{"link_name":"Dennis K. Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_K._Stanley"},{"link_name":"Jaclyn Stapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaclyn_Stapp"},{"link_name":"Howard Van Hyning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Van_Hyning"},{"link_name":"New York City Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Opera"}],"text":"Al Hofmann, drag racer and drag car owner in the funny car division\nJonathan Lucroy, catcher for the Chicago Cubs\nWillis V. McCall, sheriff of Lake County\nRobert M. McTureous, Jr., recipient of the Medal of Honor\nJulia Nesheiwat, United States government official\nWill Radcliff, creator of the Slush Puppie; owned a ranch surrounding Umatilla\nDennis K. Stanley, professor and coach\nJaclyn Stapp, beauty queen\nHoward Van Hyning, percussionist with the New York City Opera","title":"Notable people"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/157th_Battalion_(Simcoe_Foresters),_CEF

157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF

["1 References"]

Unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The 157th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. On 30 November 1915, the 35th Regiment "Simcoe Foresters" was authorized to raise the 157th Battalion. Based in Barrie, Ontario, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, began recruiting in late 1915 in Simcoe County. 2,450 volunteers were recruited, of which 1,070 officers and other ranks were enlisted in the battalion. Of the remainder, about 700 were rejected as being medically unfit, 75 were transferred to the 76th Battalion, and the approximately 600 remaining were transferred to the 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF. Under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel D.H. MacLaren, the 157th was tasked with constructing a new army training camp on the Simcoe Pines Plain, which was to be named Camp Borden. Construction began in May 1916 with the companies from Barrie and Collingwood. A second company from Barrie arrived in June to help speed up the construction. As such, the 157th became the founding battalion of Camp Borden, which it constructed to accommodate 40 infantry battalions in 10 brigades. Before the camp was opened the remainder of the 157th and the entire 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel J.B. McPhee, arrived. By that summer, Camp Borden was home to 36 CEF battalions in nine brigades before they embarked overseas. On the night of Camp Borden's official opening, a riot by members of other battalions was suppressed by both the 157th and 177th battalions of the Simcoe Foresters, which were turned out with bayonets fixed. On 12 October 1916, the battalion received its regimental colours at Camp Borden, which were subsequently laid up in St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Barrie, Ontario, after the war on 10 October 1919. The colours were reclaimed by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, which perpetuates the 157th, on 18 June 1982 and deposited in the regiment's Barrie Officers' Mess. Training at Camp Borden ended on 13 October 1916, when the 157th Battalion departed for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Embarking on board the SS Cameronian on 18 October 1916, the battalion sailed for Liverpool, England, arriving on 28 October. From Liverpool, the 157th was stationed for only a week at Witley Camp before proceeding to Bramshott Camp as part of the 7th Training Brigade. Like so many CEF Battalions arriving in England at that time, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters was broken up for reinforcements to units already in the field. Immediately a draft of 150 men was sent to the 1st, followed by a further 50 men to the 19th, on 5 December 1916. Three days later, a further 400 men were sent to join the 116th, which was in theatre in France. The balance of the 157th Battalion went to the 125th and the 8th Reserve Battalion. Before being transferred to other units, the officers were sent to Crowborough for additional instructional training. By war's end, these Foresters had fought in the following battles: Arras, 1917; Vimy Ridge, 9–14 April 1917; Arleux, 28–29 April 1917; Capture of Fresnoy, 3–4 May 1917; Affairs, South of Souchez River, 3–25 June 1917; Capture of Avion, 26–29 June 1917; Battle of Hill 70, 15–25 August 1917; Ypres, 1917; and Second Battle of Passchendaele, 26 October–10 November 1917. Today, the volunteer Borden Pipes & Drums band wear the Hunting Stewart tartan in honour of the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, founding battalion of the base. In June 2015, a contingent of civilian donors from the Borden Legacy Project and military personnel from CFB Borden travelled to Vimy Ridge to patriate soil, which will be encapsulated into a new memorial at the base marking its centennial of service. During this Vimy pilgrimage, the graves and memorials for 13 members of the 157th Simcoe Foresters who lost their lives during the Battle of Vimy Ridge were visited. During the First World War, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters suffered 133 killed-in-action or died-of-wounds. This was a huge sacrifice by the families of Simcoe County through just one of its CEF battalions. From the four CEF battalions perpetuated by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters (147th, 157th, 177th, and 248th) over 450 lost their lives during the First World War. The battalion had one commanding officer: Lieutenant-Colonel D. H. MacLaren. References Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971. Chajkowsky, William E. "The History of Camp Borden, 1916-1918, land of Sand, Sin and Sorrow. Viveland: Station Press, 1983. Fisher, Major J.R. and Captain E.J. Fuller. "The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, A Concise Regimental History." Barrie: The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, 2008 ISBN 0-9683546-1-0 Frost, Honourable Leslie. "Fighting Men" Toronto: Clark, Irwin, 1967 Rutherford, Brigadier Tom, ed. "An Unofficial History of The Grey and Simcoe Foresters Regiment 1866 to 1973." Owen Sound: The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, 1973 Telford, Major Murray M. "Scarlet to Green, the colours, uniforms and insignia of The Grey and Simcoe Foresters." Erin: The Boston Mills Press, 1987 ISBN 0-919783-82-1

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"35th Regiment \"Simcoe Foresters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Regiment_%22Simcoe_Foresters%22"},{"link_name":"Barrie, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Simcoe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe_County"},{"link_name":"76th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Battalion,_CEF"},{"link_name":"177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_Battalion_(Simcoe_Foresters),_CEF"},{"link_name":"Camp Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Borden"},{"link_name":"177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_Battalion_(Simcoe_Foresters),_CEF"},{"link_name":"regimental colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_colours"},{"link_name":"Barrie, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"The Grey and Simcoe Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grey_and_Simcoe_Foresters"},{"link_name":"SS Cameronian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Cameronian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bramshott Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramshott_Camp"},{"link_name":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Battalion,_CEF"},{"link_name":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Battalion,_CEF"},{"link_name":"116th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/116th_Battalion,_CEF"},{"link_name":"125th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/125th_Battalion,_CEF"},{"link_name":"8th Reserve Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_Reserve_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"CFB Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB_Borden"},{"link_name":"Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vimy Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge"},{"link_name":"The Grey and Simcoe Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grey_and_Simcoe_Foresters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_Expeditionary_Force,_157th_O.S._Battalion,_Camp_Borden,_October_2,_1916._No._618_(HS85-10-32565).jpg"}],"text":"The 157th (Simcoe Foresters) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.On 30 November 1915, the 35th Regiment \"Simcoe Foresters\" was authorized to raise the 157th Battalion. Based in Barrie, Ontario, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, began recruiting in late 1915 in Simcoe County. 2,450 volunteers were recruited, of which 1,070 officers and other ranks were enlisted in the battalion. Of the remainder, about 700 were rejected as being medically unfit, 75 were transferred to the 76th Battalion, and the approximately 600 remaining were transferred to the 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF.Under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel D.H. MacLaren, the 157th was tasked with constructing a new army training camp on the Simcoe Pines Plain, which was to be named Camp Borden. Construction began in May 1916 with the companies from Barrie and Collingwood. A second company from Barrie arrived in June to help speed up the construction. As such, the 157th became the founding battalion of Camp Borden, which it constructed to accommodate 40 infantry battalions in 10 brigades. Before the camp was opened the remainder of the 157th and the entire 177th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel J.B. McPhee, arrived. By that summer, Camp Borden was home to 36 CEF battalions in nine brigades before they embarked overseas. On the night of Camp Borden's official opening, a riot by members of other battalions was suppressed by both the 157th and 177th battalions of the Simcoe Foresters, which were turned out with bayonets fixed.On 12 October 1916, the battalion received its regimental colours at Camp Borden, which were subsequently laid up in St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Barrie, Ontario, after the war on 10 October 1919. The colours were reclaimed by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters, which perpetuates the 157th, on 18 June 1982 and deposited in the regiment's Barrie Officers' Mess.Training at Camp Borden ended on 13 October 1916, when the 157th Battalion departed for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Embarking on board the SS Cameronian on 18 October 1916, the battalion sailed for Liverpool, England, arriving on 28 October. From Liverpool, the 157th was stationed for only a week at Witley Camp before proceeding to Bramshott Camp as part of the 7th Training Brigade.Like so many CEF Battalions arriving in England at that time, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters was broken up for reinforcements to units already in the field. Immediately a draft of 150 men was sent to the 1st, followed by a further 50 men to the 19th, on 5 December 1916. Three days later, a further 400 men were sent to join the 116th, which was in theatre in France. The balance of the 157th Battalion went to the 125th and the 8th Reserve Battalion. Before being transferred to other units, the officers were sent to Crowborough for additional instructional training.By war's end, these Foresters had fought in the following battles: Arras, 1917; Vimy Ridge, 9–14 April 1917; Arleux, 28–29 April 1917; Capture of Fresnoy, 3–4 May 1917; Affairs, South of Souchez River, 3–25 June 1917; Capture of Avion, 26–29 June 1917; Battle of Hill 70, 15–25 August 1917; Ypres, 1917; and Second Battle of Passchendaele, 26 October–10 November 1917.Today, the volunteer Borden Pipes & Drums band wear the Hunting Stewart tartan in honour of the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters, founding battalion of the base. In June 2015, a contingent of civilian donors from the Borden Legacy Project and military personnel from CFB Borden travelled to Vimy Ridge to patriate soil, which will be encapsulated into a new memorial at the base marking its centennial of service. During this Vimy pilgrimage, the graves and memorials for 13 members of the 157th Simcoe Foresters who lost their lives during the Battle of Vimy Ridge were visited.During the First World War, the 157th Battalion, Simcoe Foresters suffered 133 killed-in-action or died-of-wounds. This was a huge sacrifice by the families of Simcoe County through just one of its CEF battalions. From the four CEF battalions perpetuated by The Grey and Simcoe Foresters (147th, 157th, 177th, and 248th) over 450 lost their lives during the First World War.The battalion had one commanding officer: Lieutenant-Colonel D. H. MacLaren.","title":"157th Battalion (Simcoe Foresters), CEF"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_(town),_New_York

Bainbridge, New York

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Communities and locations in the town of Bainbridge","5 Climate","6 Notable person","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°18′N 75°30′W / 42.300°N 75.500°W / 42.300; -75.500 For the village located within this town, see Bainbridge (village), New York. For other uses, see Bainbridge (disambiguation). Town in New York, United StatesBainbridge, New YorkTownCenter of townLocation of Bainbridge in Chenango CountyBainbridgeLocation of Bainbridge in New YorkCoordinates: 42°18′N 75°30′W / 42.300°N 75.500°W / 42.300; -75.500CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyChenangoGovernment • TypeTown Council • Town SupervisorDolores Nabinger (D) • Town Council Members' List • Rexford Thornton (R)• Kenneth W. Barton (D)• Robert G. Evans (D)• vacancy Area • Total34.76 sq mi (90.02 km2) • Land34.31 sq mi (88.86 km2) • Water0.45 sq mi (1.16 km2)Elevation1,006 ft (307 m)Population (2010) • Total3,308 • Estimate (2016)3,226 • Density94.03/sq mi (36.31/km2)Time zoneEastern (EST)ZIP code13733FIPS code36-017-04044Websitebainbridgeny.org Bainbridge is a town in Chenango County, New York, United States. The population was 3,308 at the 2010 census. The town is at the eastern border of Chenango County, halfway between Binghamton and Oneonta. The Village of Bainbridge is located at the geographic center of the town. History Bainbridge Civil War Memorial in winter This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bainbridge was originally settled by Native Americans of the Iroquois nations. During the American Revolution, these tribes became allies of the British and commenced raids on American settlements. In 1779, George Washington ordered the Sullivan Expedition into what is today Upstate New York. When General James Clinton reached the Bainbridge area, the tribes had fled to sanctuary in Upper Canada. Clinton's forces destroyed their homes and crops, including their winter stores. Lithograph of Bainbridge from 1889 by L.R. Burleigh including a list of landmarks The town was first settled by European Americans circa 1788, first by a group called the "Vermont Sufferers". These were people from land in Eastern New York, who had lost their claims due to land sales by Vermont for the same claims. The town was formed in 1791 as the "Town of Jericho" in Tioga County before the formation of Chenango County. The name Bainbridge was adopted in 1814 in honor of United States Navy Commodore William Bainbridge. Subsequently, the town was reduced by the creation of new towns in the county: In 1793, part of Bainbridge was used to form the parts of the towns of Norwich and Oxford; more of Bainbridge was used for the towns of Greene (1798 and 1799) and Afton (1857). Geography Town common in winter. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Bainbridge has a total area of 34.7 square miles (90.0 km2), of which 34.3 square miles (88.9 km2) is land and 0.42 square miles (1.1 km2), or 1.24%, is water. The Susquehanna River flows through the center of the town, entering from the east side and leaving across the south. The eastern town line is the border of Delaware County. Interstate 88 passes through the town, following the Susquehanna River. New York State Route 206 intersects I-88 and New York State Route 7 at Bainbridge village. A traffic circle was built in 2007 at the intersection of County Route 39 and State Route 206 on the eastern shore of the Susquehanna River, between I-88 and Bainbridge village. The bridge over the Susquehanna was finished in 2007, replacing the old, metal bridge. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18202,290—18303,04032.8%18403,3249.3%18503,3380.4%18601,588−52.4%18701,79312.9%18801,9247.3%18902,11710.0%19001,991−6.0%19102,0171.3%19202,009−0.4%19302,1929.1%19402,4109.9%19502,70612.3%19603,17717.4%19703,3706.1%19803,331−1.2%19903,4453.4%20003,401−1.3%20103,308−2.7%2016 (est.)3,226−2.5%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,401 people, 1,368 households, and 928 families residing in the town. The population density was 99.1 inhabitants per square mile (38.3/km2). There were 1,521 housing units at an average density of 44.3 per square mile (17.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.35% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 0.24% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population. There were 1,368 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $37,219, and the median income for a family was $41,625. Males had a median income of $28,009 versus $25,533 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,832. About 8.6% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over. Communities and locations in the town of Bainbridge Bainbridge – The village of Bainbridge is at the junction of NY-7 and NY-206 by the Susquehanna River. Bennettsville – A hamlet by the eastern town line in the southeastern part of the town on NY-206. Sidney Municipal Airport (N23) – An airport at the eastern town line, partly in Bainbridge, north of I-88. Union Valley – A hamlet in the northwestern corner of the town and north of West Bainbridge on County Road 17. West Bainbridge – A hamlet near the western town line on NY-206. Climate This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bainbridge has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. Notable person Jedediah Smith (1799-1831) one of America's more famous mountain men and explorers of the west References New York (state) portal ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Bainbridge town, Chenango County, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2014. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Climate Summary for Bainbridge, New York Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bainbridge, New York. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bainbridge (New York). Town of Bainbridge official website Early Bainbridge history Archived August 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Bainbridge historical information vteMunicipalities and communities of Chenango County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: NorwichCity Norwich Towns Afton Bainbridge Columbus Coventry German Greene Guilford Lincklaen McDonough New Berlin North Norwich Norwich Otselic Oxford Pharsalia Pitcher Plymouth Preston Sherburne Smithville Smyrna Villages Afton Bainbridge Earlville‡ Greene New Berlin Oxford Sherburne Smyrna CDPs Guilford Smithville Flats Hamlets East Pharsalia Holmesville Mount Upton North Pitcher Rockdale South New Berlin South Otselic South Plymouth Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bainbridge (village), New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Chenango County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Oneonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneonta,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_(village),_New_York"}],"text":"For the village located within this town, see Bainbridge (village), New York. For other uses, see Bainbridge (disambiguation).Town in New York, United StatesBainbridge is a town in Chenango County, New York, United States. The population was 3,308 at the 2010 census.[3] The town is at the eastern border of Chenango County, halfway between Binghamton and Oneonta.The Village of Bainbridge is located at the geographic center of the town.","title":"Bainbridge, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bainbridge_Civil_War_Memorial,_New_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Upstate New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York"},{"link_name":"General James Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bainbridge,_N.Y._LOC_75694746.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lithograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograph"},{"link_name":"L.R. Burleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.R._Burleigh"},{"link_name":"Tioga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"William Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bainbridge"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Afton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afton,_New_York"}],"text":"Bainbridge Civil War Memorial in winterBainbridge was originally settled by Native Americans of the Iroquois nations. During the American Revolution, these tribes became allies of the British and commenced raids on American settlements. In 1779, George Washington ordered the Sullivan Expedition into what is today Upstate New York. When General James Clinton reached the Bainbridge area, the tribes had fled to sanctuary in Upper Canada. Clinton's forces destroyed their homes and crops, including their winter stores.Lithograph of Bainbridge from 1889 by L.R. Burleigh including a list of landmarksThe town was first settled by European Americans circa 1788, first by a group called the \"Vermont Sufferers\". These were people from land in Eastern New York, who had lost their claims due to land sales by Vermont for the same claims.The town was formed in 1791 as the \"Town of Jericho\" in Tioga County before the formation of Chenango County. The name Bainbridge was adopted in 1814 in honor of United States Navy Commodore William Bainbridge. Subsequently, the town was reduced by the creation of new towns in the county: In 1793, part of Bainbridge was used to form the parts of the towns of Norwich and Oxford; more of Bainbridge was used for the towns of Greene (1798 and 1799) and Afton (1857).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bainbridge_town_common_and_gazebo,_New_York.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Delaware County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Interstate 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_88_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_206"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"traffic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_circle"}],"text":"Town common in winter.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Bainbridge has a total area of 34.7 square miles (90.0 km2), of which 34.3 square miles (88.9 km2) is land and 0.42 square miles (1.1 km2), or 1.24%, is water.[3] The Susquehanna River flows through the center of the town, entering from the east side and leaving across the south.The eastern town line is the border of Delaware County.Interstate 88 passes through the town, following the Susquehanna River. New York State Route 206 intersects I-88 and New York State Route 7 at Bainbridge village. A traffic circle was built in 2007 at the intersection of County Route 39 and State Route 206 on the eastern shore of the Susquehanna River, between I-88 and Bainbridge village. The bridge over the Susquehanna was finished in 2007, replacing the old, metal bridge.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 3,401 people, 1,368 households, and 928 families residing in the town. The population density was 99.1 inhabitants per square mile (38.3/km2). There were 1,521 housing units at an average density of 44.3 per square mile (17.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.35% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 0.24% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.There were 1,368 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99.In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.The median income for a household in the town was $37,219, and the median income for a family was $41,625. Males had a median income of $28,009 versus $25,533 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,832. About 8.6% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"NY-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"NY-206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_206"}],"text":"Bainbridge – The village of Bainbridge is at the junction of NY-7 and NY-206 by the Susquehanna River.\nBennettsville – A hamlet by the eastern town line in the southeastern part of the town on NY-206.\nSidney Municipal Airport (N23) – An airport at the eastern town line, partly in Bainbridge, north of I-88.\nUnion Valley – A hamlet in the northwestern corner of the town and north of West Bainbridge on County Road 17.\nWest Bainbridge – A hamlet near the western town line on NY-206.","title":"Communities and locations in the town of Bainbridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bainbridge has a humid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps.[6]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jedediah Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedediah_Smith"}],"text":"Jedediah Smith (1799-1831) one of America's more famous mountain men and explorers of the west","title":"Notable person"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Fourze_the_Movie:_Space,_Here_We_Come!

Kamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come!

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Theme songs","4 References","5 External links"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article is missing information about the film's production, box-office, and home media release. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (October 2021) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2012 Japanese filmKamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come!The shared poster for Fourze the Movie and Go-Busters the MovieJapanese nameKanji仮面ライダーフォーゼ THE MOVIE みんなで宇宙キターッ！TranscriptionsRevised HepburnKamen Raidā Fōze Za Mūbī Minna de Uchū Kitā! Directed byKoichi SakamotoWritten byKazuki NakashimaBased onKamen Rider Fourzeby Kazuki NakashimaStarringSota FukushiRyuki TakahashiFumika ShimizuRyo YoshizawaCinematographyKoji KurataEdited byHiroshi SunagaMusic byShuhei NaruseProductioncompaniesIshimori ProductionsToeiDistributed byToei Co. LtdRelease date August 4, 2012 (2012-08-04) Running time66 minutes89 minutes (Director's cut)CountryJapanLanguageJapanese Kamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come! (仮面ライダーフォーゼ THE MOVIE みんなで宇宙キターッ！, Kamen Raidā Fōze Za Mūbī Minna de Uchū Kitā!) is the theatrical film for the 2011-2012 Kamen Rider franchise drama Kamen Rider Fourze. The film was released on August 4, 2012, alongside the Super Sentai franchise film Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters the Movie: Protect the Tokyo Enetower!. The film also features the debut of the titular character of Kamen Rider Wizard. Plot A transaction between Mitsuaki Gamou and Foundation X goes awry after Inga Blink steals replica Horoscope Switches from them. Gamou orders his subordinates not to pursue her and chooses to have the Kamen Rider Club from Amanogawa High School (AGHS) do so instead. The club meets with Shizuka Shirayama of OSTO Legacy, who requests their help. The club agrees, but while travelling to the organization, they are attacked by Blink and her robotic partner Black Knight. Club members Gentaro Kisaragi and Ryusei Sakuta fight them, but Blink destroys their van and wounds Sakuta before retreating with Black Knight. Despite this setback, the group reaches OSTO Legacy and meets its general manager, Harumi Saeba, who reveals Blink and Black Knight are members of the Alicia Federation, who created Cosmic Energy-powered androids called Kyodain. OSTO Legacy needs the club's help to destroy the federation's strongest Kyodain, XVII, though Kisaragi intends to befriend it instead. After receiving astronaut and combat training, the club prepares to board the shuttle Exodus. Blink uses the Switches she stole to create simulacrums of the Horoscopes to stop them. As the others race to the shuttle, Kisaragi and Sakuta stay behind to destroy most of the Horoscopes before Kamen Rider Wizard arrives to destroy the remaining simulacra and allow the pair to rejoin their friends. Arriving at XVII, the club, Shirayama, and Saeba learn Blink and Black Knight stowed away on the Exodus before fighting them. While the club plants explosives, Sakuta and Tomoko Nozama discover Shirayama and Saeba lied to them. With their ruse exposed, Saeba and Shirayama assume their true forms: the Kyodain Groundain and Skydain. Blink reveals that her father Professor Blink created the Kyodain, who acquired sentience and killed him out of a sense of superiority before XVII locked them in human forms and trapped them on Earth. The Kyodain destroy XVII's mainframe to regain their full capabilities and attempt to kill the club. While the club and Blink escape to the ship, Black Knight sacrifices himself to protect them while Kisaragi and Sakuta battle the Kyodain. The androids overpower them before converting XVII into its robot form to attack Earth, but XVII saves the Riders and activates its self-destruct sequence to stop the Kyodain. Refusing to let XVII sacrifice himself, Kisaragi expends his Rider powers to force the robot through a warp gate and onto the moon. He befriends XVII and stops him from self-destructing, but the Kyodain launch a counterattack. XVII sends them an email with specs for a new Astroswitch. The club gathers Kisaragi's current Astroswitches, distributes them to everyone Kisaragi befriended at AGHS, and convinces them to activate them all simultaneously, causing a chain reaction that creates the new Astroswitch. Kisaragi uses it to fuse his Rider powers with Sakuta's, allowing him to overwhelm and destroy the Kyodain. After restoring his systems, XVII thanks the club before leaving to explore and find his place in the universe. Cast Gentaro Kisaragi (如月 弦太朗, Kisaragi Gentarō): Sota Fukushi (福士 蒼汰, Fukushi Sōta) Kengo Utahoshi (歌星 賢吾, Utahoshi Kengo): Ryuki Takahashi (高橋 龍輝, Takahashi Ryūki) Yuki Jojima (城島 ユウキ, Jōjima Yūki): Fumika Shimizu (清水 富美加, Shimizu Fumika) Miu Kazashiro (風城 美羽, Kazashiro Miu): Rikako Sakata (坂田 梨香子, Sakata Rikako) Shun Daimonji (大文字 隼, Daimonji Shun): Justin Tomimori (冨森 ジャスティン, Tomimori Jasutin) Tomoko Nozama (野座間 友子, Nozama Tomoko): Shiho (志保) JK (JK（ジェイク）, Jeiku): Shion Tsuchiya (土屋 シオン, Tsuchiya Shion) Ryusei Sakuta (朔田 流星, Sakuta Ryūsei): Ryo Yoshizawa (吉沢 亮, Yoshizawa Ryō) Inga Blink (インガ・ブリンク, Inga Burinku): Mikie Hara (原 幹恵, Hara Miki) Harumi Saeba (冴葉 晴海, Saeba Harumi): Kohki Okada (岡田 浩暉, Okada Kōki) Shizuka Shirayama (白山 静, Shirayama Shizuka): Ayumi Kinoshita (木下 あゆ美, Kinoshita Ayumi) Professor Blink (ブリンク博士, Burinku-hakase): Ken Nishida (西田 健, Nishida Ken) Kouhei Hayami (速水 公平, Hayami Kōhei): Kousei Amano (天野 浩成, Amano Kōsei) Kou Tatsugami (立神 吼, Tatsugami Kō): Kazutoshi Yokoyama (横山 一敏, Yokoyama Kazutoshi) Chuta Ohsugi (大杉 忠太, Ōsugi Chūta): Takushi Tanaka (田中 卓志, Tanaka Takushi, of Ungirls) Taneo Komatsu (小松 種夫, Komatsu Taneo): Yoshiaki Yamane (山根 良顕, Yamane Yoshiaki, of Ungirls) Mituaki Gamou (我望 光明, Gamō Mitsuaki): Shingo Tsurumi (鶴見 辰吾, Tsurumi Shingo) Female executive member of Foundation X (財団X, Zaidan Ekkusu): Ryo Narushima (成嶋 涼, Narushima Ryō) Announcer: Nanako Uemiya (上宮 菜々子, Uemiya Nanako, of TV Asahi announcer) XVII (エックスブイツー, Ekkusu Bui Tsū, Voice): Tsutomu Isobe (磯部 勉, Isobe Tsutomu) Cameos Toshiya Miura (三浦 俊也, Miura Toshiya): Masanori Mizuno (水野 真典, Mizuno Masanori) Tamae Sakuma (佐久間 珠恵, Sakuma Tamae): Maria Yoshikawa (吉川 まりあ, Yoshikawa Maria) Jun Shigeno (繁野 ジュン, Shigeno Jun): Arisa Fujisaki (藤嵜 亜莉沙, Fujisaki Arisa) Chosuke Ban (番 長介, Ban Chōsuke): Takahiro Kuroishi (黒石 高大, Kuroishi Takahiro) Reiko Hirota (広田 玲子, Hirota Reiko): Yurika Tachibana (橘 ゆりか, Tachibana Yurika) Fumihiro Nitta (新田 文博, Nitta Fumihiro): Kiyotaka Uji (宇治 清高, Uji Kiyotaka) Teruhiko Satake (佐竹 輝彦, Satake Teruhiko): Ryūji Satō (佐藤 流司, Satō Ryūji) Tsuyoshi Satake (佐竹 剛, Satake Tsuyoshi): Satoshi Jinbo (神保 悟志, Jinbo Satoshi) Ritsuko Usaka (鵜坂 律子, Usaka Ritsuko): Hikari Kajiwara (梶原 ひかり, Kajiwara Hikari) Yuri Kuramochi (倉持 ゆり, Kuramochi Yuri): Miho Imamura (今村 美歩, Imamura Miho) Masami Okamura (岡村 雅美, Okamura Masami): Maika Suzuki (鈴木 米香, Suzuki Maika) Mr. Morota (諸田先生, Morota-sensei): Satoshi Morota (諸田 敏, Morota Satoshi) Hiroki Makise (牧瀬 弘樹, Makise Hiroki): Takafumi Shinohara (篠原 孝文, Shinohara Takafumi) Mari Yamamoto (山本 麻里, Yamamoto Mari): Natsumi Ishibashi (石橋 菜津美, Ishibashi Natsumi) Soshi Motoyama (元山 惣帥, Motoyama Sōshi): Ryutarou Akimoto (秋元 龍太朗, Akimoto Ryūtarō) Junta Abe (阿部 純太, Abe Junta): Tokimasa Tanabe (田辺 季正, Tanabe Tokimasa) Kimio Nonomura (野々村 公夫, Nonomura Kimio): Shohei Yamazaki (山崎 将平, Yamazaki Shōhei) Jin Nomoto (野本 仁, Nomoto Jin): Ryu Ando (安藤 龍, Andō Ryū) Haruka Utsugi (宇津木 遥, Utsugi Haruka): Nao Nagasawa (長澤 奈央, Nagasawa Nao) Norio Eguchi (江口 規夫, Eguchi Norio): Shugo Nagashima (永嶋 柊吾, Nagashima Shūgo) Misa Toriizaki (鳥居崎 ミサ, Toriizaki Misa): Kaya Asano (浅野 かや, Asano Kaya) Taro Bobuta (母部田 太朗, Bobuta Tarō): Yushi Oyakawa (親川 優志, Oyakawa Yūshi) Yayoi Tokuda (徳田 弥生, Tokuda Yayoi): Kasumi Suzuki (鈴木 かすみ, Suzuki Kasumi) Ran Kuroki (黒木 蘭, Kuroki Ran): Rin Honoka (ほのか りん, Honoka Rin) Haru Kusao (草尾 ハル, Kusao Haru): Jigen Araki (荒木 次元, Araki Jigen) Yukina Takamura (高村 優希奈, Takamura Yukina): Mika Akizuki (秋月 三佳, Akizuki Mika) Tojiro Goto (五藤 東次郎, Gotō Tōjirō): Ryousuke Kawamura (川村 亮介, Kawamura Ryōsuke) Suzumi Koda (甲田 鈴美, Kōda Suzumi): Airi Kido (城戸 愛莉, Kido Airi) Mina Otogawa (乙川 美奈, Otogawa Mina): Honoka Murakami (村上 穂乃佳, Murakami Honoka) Erin Suda (エリーヌ須田, Erīnu Suda): Karen Takizawa (滝沢 カレン, Takizawa Karen) Lem Kannagi (レム・カンナギ, Remu Kannagi): Toru Masuoka (益岡 徹, Masuoka Tōru, Archive footage) Kamen Rider Wizard (仮面ライダーウィザード, Kamen Raidā Wizādo, Voice): Shunya Shiraishi (白石 隼也, Shiraishi Shun'ya) Theme songs Main film theme "Voyagers" Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi Composition & Arrangement: COZZi Artist: Anna Tsuchiya (土屋 アンナ, Tsuchiya Anna) Insert Songs "Giant Step Rock'nRoll States edit" Lyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi Composition & Arrangement: Shuhei Naruse Artist: Astronauts (May'n & Yoshiharu Shiina) A rock and roll remix of "Giant Step" makes its debut in the film, having never been used in the Kamen Rider Fourze broadcast run. "Switch On! Orchestra Version" A symphonic variation of "Switch On!" that was played in the TV series' final two episodes. References ^ "劇場版 仮面ライダーフォーゼ 特命戦隊ゴーバスターズ （仮題） 東映［映画］". Archived from the original on 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2012-05-26. ^ "懐かしの「宇宙鉄人キョーダイン」35年ぶり復活 宇宙ヒーロー最強決定戦だ！". Retrieved 2012-05-26. ^ "フォーゼ＆キョーダイン、ライバル役で競演：芸能：スポーツ報知". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-05-26. ^ Theatrical pamphlet External links Kamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come! at IMDb Official website for Space, Here We Come! & Go-Busters: Protect the Tokyo Enetower! vteKamen Rider Fourze Characters Episodes (OOO) Mega Max Super Hero Taisen Space, Here We Come! Ultimatum Super Hero Taisen Z Heisei Generations Final “Switch On!” vteFilms directed by Koichi Sakamoto Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy (2009) Kamen Rider W Forever: A to Z/The Gaia Memories of Fate (2010) Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Fourze & OOO: Movie War Mega Max (2011) Kamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come! (2012) Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Wizard & Fourze: Movie War Ultimatum (2012) Travelers: Jigen Keisatsu (2013) 009-1: The End of the Beginning (2013) Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: Gaburincho of Music (2013) Girl's Blood (2014) Bungo Stray Dogs The Movie: Beast (2022)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamen Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Fourze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Fourze"},{"link_name":"Super Sentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sentai"},{"link_name":"Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters the Movie: Protect the Tokyo Enetower!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokumei_Sentai_Go-Busters_the_Movie:_Protect_the_Tokyo_Enetower!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Wizard"}],"text":"2012 Japanese filmKamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come! (仮面ライダーフォーゼ THE MOVIE みんなで宇宙キターッ！, Kamen Raidā Fōze Za Mūbī Minna de Uchū Kitā!) is the theatrical film for the 2011-2012 Kamen Rider franchise drama Kamen Rider Fourze. The film was released on August 4, 2012, alongside the Super Sentai franchise film Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters the Movie: Protect the Tokyo Enetower!.[1] The film also features the debut of the titular character of Kamen Rider Wizard.","title":"Kamen Rider Fourze the Movie: Space, Here We Come!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitsuaki Gamou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Mitsuaki_Gamou"},{"link_name":"Foundation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters#Foundation_X"},{"link_name":"Inga Blink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Inga_Blink"},{"link_name":"Horoscope Switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Zodiarts"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Kamen_Rider_Club"},{"link_name":"Amanogawa High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters"},{"link_name":"Black Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Black_Knight"},{"link_name":"Gentaro Kisaragi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Gentaro_Kisaragi"},{"link_name":"Ryusei Sakuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Ryusei_Sakuta"},{"link_name":"Alicia Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Alicia_Federation"},{"link_name":"Kyodain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Kyodain"},{"link_name":"XVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#XVII"},{"link_name":"Kamen Rider Wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Wizard_characters#Haruto_Soma"},{"link_name":"Tomoko Nozama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Tomoko_Nozama"},{"link_name":"Groundain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Groundain"},{"link_name":"Skydain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Fourze_characters#Skydain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A transaction between Mitsuaki Gamou and Foundation X goes awry after Inga Blink steals replica Horoscope Switches from them. Gamou orders his subordinates not to pursue her and chooses to have the Kamen Rider Club from Amanogawa High School (AGHS) do so instead.The club meets with Shizuka Shirayama of OSTO Legacy, who requests their help. The club agrees, but while travelling to the organization, they are attacked by Blink and her robotic partner Black Knight. Club members Gentaro Kisaragi and Ryusei Sakuta fight them, but Blink destroys their van and wounds Sakuta before retreating with Black Knight. Despite this setback, the group reaches OSTO Legacy and meets its general manager, Harumi Saeba, who reveals Blink and Black Knight are members of the Alicia Federation, who created Cosmic Energy-powered androids called Kyodain. OSTO Legacy needs the club's help to destroy the federation's strongest Kyodain, XVII, though Kisaragi intends to befriend it instead. After receiving astronaut and combat training, the club prepares to board the shuttle Exodus. Blink uses the Switches she stole to create simulacrums of the Horoscopes to stop them. As the others race to the shuttle, Kisaragi and Sakuta stay behind to destroy most of the Horoscopes before Kamen Rider Wizard arrives to destroy the remaining simulacra and allow the pair to rejoin their friends.Arriving at XVII, the club, Shirayama, and Saeba learn Blink and Black Knight stowed away on the Exodus before fighting them. While the club plants explosives, Sakuta and Tomoko Nozama discover Shirayama and Saeba lied to them. With their ruse exposed, Saeba and Shirayama assume their true forms: the Kyodain Groundain and Skydain. Blink reveals that her father Professor Blink created the Kyodain, who acquired sentience and killed him out of a sense of superiority before XVII locked them in human forms and trapped them on Earth. The Kyodain destroy XVII's mainframe to regain their full capabilities and attempt to kill the club.While the club and Blink escape to the ship, Black Knight sacrifices himself to protect them while Kisaragi and Sakuta battle the Kyodain. The androids overpower them before converting XVII into its robot form to attack Earth, but XVII saves the Riders and activates its self-destruct sequence to stop the Kyodain. Refusing to let XVII sacrifice himself, Kisaragi expends his Rider powers to force the robot through a warp gate and onto the moon. He befriends XVII and stops him from self-destructing, but the Kyodain launch a counterattack. XVII sends them an email with specs for a new Astroswitch. The club gathers Kisaragi's current Astroswitches, distributes them to everyone Kisaragi befriended at AGHS, and convinces them to activate them all simultaneously, causing a chain reaction that creates the new Astroswitch. Kisaragi uses it to fuse his Rider powers with Sakuta's, allowing him to overwhelm and destroy the Kyodain. After restoring his systems, XVII thanks the club before leaving to explore and find his place in the universe.[2][3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sota Fukushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sota_Fukushi"},{"link_name":"Ryuki Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuki_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Fumika Shimizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumika_Shimizu"},{"link_name":"Rikako Sakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikako_Sakata"},{"link_name":"Justin Tomimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Tomimori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiho_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Shion Tsuchiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shion_Tsuchiya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryo Yoshizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryo_Yoshizawa"},{"link_name":"Mikie Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikie_Hara"},{"link_name":"Kohki Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kohki_Okada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Kinoshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Kinoshita"},{"link_name":"Ken Nishida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Nishida"},{"link_name":"Kousei Amano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kousei_Amano"},{"link_name":"Kazutoshi Yokoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazutoshi_Yokoyama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Takushi Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takushi_Tanaka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ungirls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungirls"},{"link_name":"Yoshiaki Yamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshiaki_Yamane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shingo Tsurumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingo_Tsurumi"},{"link_name":"Ryo Narushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryo_Narushima"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"Tsutomu Isobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutomu_Isobe"},{"link_name":"Masanori Mizuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masanori_Mizuno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maria Yoshikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Yoshikawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arisa Fujisaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arisa_Fujisaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Takahiro Kuroishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takahiro_Kuroishi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yurika Tachibana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yurika_Tachibana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiyotaka Uji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiyotaka_Uji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Satoshi Jinbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satoshi_Jinbo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hikari Kajiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikari_Kajiwara"},{"link_name":"Miho Imamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miho_Imamura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maika Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maika_Suzuki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Satoshi Morota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satoshi_Morota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Takafumi Shinohara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takafumi_Shinohara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Natsumi Ishibashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natsumi_Ishibashi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryutarou Akimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryutarou_Akimoto"},{"link_name":"Tokimasa Tanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokimasa_Tanabe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shohei Yamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shohei_Yamazaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryu Ando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryu_Ando&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nao Nagasawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nao_Nagasawa"},{"link_name":"Shugo Nagashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shugo_Nagashima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaya Asano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaya_Asano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yushi Oyakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yushi_Oyakawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kasumi Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasumi_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Rin Honoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin_Honoka"},{"link_name":"Jigen Araki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigen_Araki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mika Akizuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mika_Akizuki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryousuke Kawamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryousuke_Kawamura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Airi Kido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airi_Kido&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honoka Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honoka_Murakami&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karen Takizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Takizawa"},{"link_name":"Toru Masuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toru_Masuoka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shunya Shiraishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunya_Shiraishi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Gentaro Kisaragi (如月 弦太朗, Kisaragi Gentarō): Sota Fukushi (福士 蒼汰, Fukushi Sōta)\nKengo Utahoshi (歌星 賢吾, Utahoshi Kengo): Ryuki Takahashi (高橋 龍輝, Takahashi Ryūki)\nYuki Jojima (城島 ユウキ, Jōjima Yūki): Fumika Shimizu (清水 富美加, Shimizu Fumika)\nMiu Kazashiro (風城 美羽, Kazashiro Miu): Rikako Sakata (坂田 梨香子, Sakata Rikako)\nShun Daimonji (大文字 隼, Daimonji Shun): Justin Tomimori (冨森 ジャスティン, Tomimori Jasutin)\nTomoko Nozama (野座間 友子, Nozama Tomoko): Shiho (志保)\nJK (JK（ジェイク）, Jeiku): Shion Tsuchiya (土屋 シオン, Tsuchiya Shion)\nRyusei Sakuta (朔田 流星, Sakuta Ryūsei): Ryo Yoshizawa (吉沢 亮, Yoshizawa Ryō)\nInga Blink (インガ・ブリンク, Inga Burinku): Mikie Hara (原 幹恵, Hara Miki)\nHarumi Saeba (冴葉 晴海, Saeba Harumi): Kohki Okada (岡田 浩暉, Okada Kōki)\nShizuka Shirayama (白山 静, Shirayama Shizuka): Ayumi Kinoshita (木下 あゆ美, Kinoshita Ayumi)\nProfessor Blink (ブリンク博士, Burinku-hakase): Ken Nishida (西田 健, Nishida Ken)\nKouhei Hayami (速水 公平, Hayami Kōhei): Kousei Amano (天野 浩成, Amano Kōsei)\nKou Tatsugami (立神 吼, Tatsugami Kō): Kazutoshi Yokoyama (横山 一敏, Yokoyama Kazutoshi)\nChuta Ohsugi (大杉 忠太, Ōsugi Chūta): Takushi Tanaka (田中 卓志, Tanaka Takushi, of Ungirls)\nTaneo Komatsu (小松 種夫, Komatsu Taneo): Yoshiaki Yamane (山根 良顕, Yamane Yoshiaki, of Ungirls)\nMituaki Gamou (我望 光明, Gamō Mitsuaki): Shingo Tsurumi (鶴見 辰吾, Tsurumi Shingo)\nFemale executive member of Foundation X (財団X, Zaidan Ekkusu): Ryo Narushima (成嶋 涼, Narushima Ryō)\nAnnouncer: Nanako Uemiya (上宮 菜々子, Uemiya Nanako, of TV Asahi announcer)\nXVII (エックスブイツー, Ekkusu Bui Tsū, Voice): Tsutomu Isobe (磯部 勉, Isobe Tsutomu)CameosToshiya Miura (三浦 俊也, Miura Toshiya): Masanori Mizuno (水野 真典, Mizuno Masanori)\nTamae Sakuma (佐久間 珠恵, Sakuma Tamae): Maria Yoshikawa (吉川 まりあ, Yoshikawa Maria)\nJun Shigeno (繁野 ジュン, Shigeno Jun): Arisa Fujisaki (藤嵜 亜莉沙, Fujisaki Arisa)\nChosuke Ban (番 長介, Ban Chōsuke): Takahiro Kuroishi (黒石 高大, Kuroishi Takahiro)\nReiko Hirota (広田 玲子, Hirota Reiko): Yurika Tachibana (橘 ゆりか, Tachibana Yurika)\nFumihiro Nitta (新田 文博, Nitta Fumihiro): Kiyotaka Uji (宇治 清高, Uji Kiyotaka)\nTeruhiko Satake (佐竹 輝彦, Satake Teruhiko): Ryūji Satō (佐藤 流司, Satō Ryūji)\nTsuyoshi Satake (佐竹 剛, Satake Tsuyoshi): Satoshi Jinbo (神保 悟志, Jinbo Satoshi)\nRitsuko Usaka (鵜坂 律子, Usaka Ritsuko): Hikari Kajiwara (梶原 ひかり, Kajiwara Hikari)\nYuri Kuramochi (倉持 ゆり, Kuramochi Yuri): Miho Imamura (今村 美歩, Imamura Miho)\nMasami Okamura (岡村 雅美, Okamura Masami): Maika Suzuki (鈴木 米香, Suzuki Maika)\nMr. Morota (諸田先生, Morota-sensei): Satoshi Morota (諸田 敏, Morota Satoshi)\nHiroki Makise (牧瀬 弘樹, Makise Hiroki): Takafumi Shinohara (篠原 孝文, Shinohara Takafumi)\nMari Yamamoto (山本 麻里, Yamamoto Mari): Natsumi Ishibashi (石橋 菜津美, Ishibashi Natsumi)\nSoshi Motoyama (元山 惣帥, Motoyama Sōshi): Ryutarou Akimoto (秋元 龍太朗, Akimoto Ryūtarō)\nJunta Abe (阿部 純太, Abe Junta): Tokimasa Tanabe (田辺 季正, Tanabe Tokimasa)\nKimio Nonomura (野々村 公夫, Nonomura Kimio): Shohei Yamazaki (山崎 将平, Yamazaki Shōhei)\nJin Nomoto (野本 仁, Nomoto Jin): Ryu Ando (安藤 龍, Andō Ryū)\nHaruka Utsugi (宇津木 遥, Utsugi Haruka): Nao Nagasawa (長澤 奈央, Nagasawa Nao)\nNorio Eguchi (江口 規夫, Eguchi Norio): Shugo Nagashima (永嶋 柊吾, Nagashima Shūgo)\nMisa Toriizaki (鳥居崎 ミサ, Toriizaki Misa): Kaya Asano (浅野 かや, Asano Kaya)\nTaro Bobuta (母部田 太朗, Bobuta Tarō): Yushi Oyakawa (親川 優志, Oyakawa Yūshi)\nYayoi Tokuda (徳田 弥生, Tokuda Yayoi): Kasumi Suzuki (鈴木 かすみ, Suzuki Kasumi)\nRan Kuroki (黒木 蘭, Kuroki Ran): Rin Honoka (ほのか りん, Honoka Rin)\nHaru Kusao (草尾 ハル, Kusao Haru): Jigen Araki (荒木 次元, Araki Jigen)\nYukina Takamura (高村 優希奈, Takamura Yukina): Mika Akizuki (秋月 三佳, Akizuki Mika)\nTojiro Goto (五藤 東次郎, Gotō Tōjirō): Ryousuke Kawamura (川村 亮介, Kawamura Ryōsuke)\nSuzumi Koda (甲田 鈴美, Kōda Suzumi): Airi Kido (城戸 愛莉, Kido Airi)\nMina Otogawa (乙川 美奈, Otogawa Mina): Honoka Murakami (村上 穂乃佳, Murakami Honoka)\nErin Suda (エリーヌ須田, Erīnu Suda): Karen Takizawa (滝沢 カレン, Takizawa Karen)\nLem Kannagi (レム・カンナギ, Remu Kannagi): Toru Masuoka (益岡 徹, Masuoka Tōru, Archive footage)\nKamen Rider Wizard (仮面ライダーウィザード, Kamen Raidā Wizādo, Voice): Shunya Shiraishi (白石 隼也, Shiraishi Shun'ya)[4]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoko Fujibayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoko_Fujibayashi"},{"link_name":"COZZi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COZZi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna Tsuchiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Tsuchiya"},{"link_name":"Shuhei Naruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuhei_Naruse"},{"link_name":"May'n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%27n"}],"text":"Main film theme\"Voyagers\"\nLyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi\nComposition & Arrangement: COZZi\nArtist: Anna Tsuchiya (土屋 アンナ, Tsuchiya Anna)Insert Songs\"Giant Step Rock'nRoll States edit\"\nLyrics: Shoko Fujibayashi\nComposition & Arrangement: Shuhei Naruse\nArtist: Astronauts (May'n & Yoshiharu Shiina)\nA rock and roll remix of \"Giant Step\" makes its debut in the film, having never been used in the Kamen Rider Fourze broadcast run.\n\"Switch On! Orchestra Version\"\nA symphonic variation of \"Switch On!\" that was played in the TV series' final two episodes.","title":"Theme songs"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dsu_District,_Ishikawa

Hōsu District, Ishikawa

["1 Towns","2 History","2.1 Changes since the creation"]

Coordinates: 37°17′42″N 137°02′02″E / 37.295°N 137.034°E / 37.295; 137.034District in Ishikawa, Japan This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hōsu District, Ishikawa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hosu District in Ishikawa Prefecture. Hōsu (鳳珠郡, Hōsu-gun) is a district located in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. The current total area is 456.69 km2. Towns The district consists of two towns: Anamizu Noto History On March 1, 2005 the village of Yanagida and the town of Noto (both from Fugeshi District) were merged with the town of Uchiura (from Suzu District) to form the new town of Noto. This merger effectively merged both Suzu and Fugeshi Districts and put Hōsu District in these areas since the borders of two districts had been wiped out. At the same time, the towns of Anamizu and Monzen (both formerly from Fugeshi District), became towns in Hōsu District. The new district takes one kanji from each of its predecessors: the first kanji comes from Fugeshi (鳳至) and the second comes from Suzu (珠洲). Changes since the creation March 1, 2005 - Suzu and Fugeshi Districts were merged to form Hōsu District. February 1, 2006 - The town of Monzen was merged into the expanded city of Wajima. vte Ishikawa PrefectureKanazawa (capital)Core city Kanazawa Cities Hakui Hakusan Kaga Kahoku Komatsu Nanao Nomi Nonoichi Suzu Wajima Districts Hakui District Hōdatsushimizu Shika Hōsu District Anamizu Noto Kahoku District Tsubata Uchinada Kashima District Nakanoto Nomi District Kawakita Former Districts Enuma District Fugeshi District Ishikawa District Suzu District List of mergers in Ishikawa Prefecture 37°17′42″N 137°02′02″E / 37.295°N 137.034°E / 37.295; 137.034 This Ishikawa Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"History"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Village,_Wrexham

Garden Village, Wrexham

["1 History","2 Schools","3 Churches","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 53°03′40″N 2°59′42″W / 53.061°N 2.995°W / 53.061; -2.995Suburb and ward of Wrexham, Wales Human settlement in WalesGarden VillageSt Margaret's church, Garden VillageGarden VillageLocation within WrexhamPopulation2,035 (2011)OS grid referenceSJ332520CommunityRhosdduPrincipal areaWrexhamCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWREXHAMPostcode districtLL11Dialling code01978PoliceNorth WalesFireNorth WalesAmbulanceWelsh UK ParliamentWrexhamSenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentWrexham List of places UK Wales Wrexham 53°03′40″N 2°59′42″W / 53.061°N 2.995°W / 53.061; -2.995 Location of the Garden Village electoral ward in Wrexham County Borough, Wales Garden Village is a suburb of the city of Wrexham and an electoral division (ward) in the community of Rhosddu in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 2,035 It lies to the west of Chester Road and borders the wards of Stansty to the south and east, Gwersyllt East and South to the north west, Little Acton and Acton to the west, and a small section of Gresford to the north. History The land in which 'Garden Village' was built on was originally named 'Mass & Pentre' which was situated South-West of Stansty Hall (which was demolished to give way for new housing around Snowdon Drive). At the start of the 20th century, housing in many areas of Wrexham was of poor quality and, with the increase in industry locally, in short supply. The development of Garden Village began with the purchase of some 200 acres (81 hectares) of land from Sir Foster Cunliffe near to the estate of Acton by the Welsh Town Planning and Housing Trust Limited. The intention was to provide affordable housing to workers coming to Wrexham to work in the expanding industries of coal and iron. Gresford Colliery had recently been opened where it was expected that approximately 3,000 men would be employed in the next two years. A Co-partnership Housing Society was set up in 1913 called Wrexham Tenants Limited, with Lord Kenyon, Mr. David Davies, M.P., and others as Directors to build the houses, while the Trust would build the roads and supervise the development of the estate. The original plan, by the architect GL Sutcliffe was to provide a village institute, two places of worship, a school and plenty of open spaces and recreation grounds. The design was inspired by the Garden City Movement and was planned as a Garden Suburb. In the first year, 44 properties were completed; numbers 63-69 Acton Gate, numbers 149–167, Chester Road (originally called Bryn Acton) and Cunliffe Walk. These first house were designed by Sutcliffe and the remaining 205 by Thomas Alwyn Lloyd, architect to the trust. One of the pioneering features of the development was that the tenants were also investors in the Company thus ensuring control of future development. Unfortunately, with the advent of World War I, the development lost impetus and no further development was undertaken by Wrexham Tenants Limited. The planned shops, churches, institute and school were never built, although St Margaret's church was built in 1928, partly to the original design of Thomas Alwyn Lloyd. In 1955, Wrexham Tenants Limited was wound up and the properties sold to the tenants at greatly reduced prices of between £250 and £450. The ward was proposed to be called "Pentre Yr Ardd" in Welsh by Wrexham County Borough Council for the electoral ward in the final recommendations report. The suggestion was not applied, with "Garden Village" used in Welsh, following the Welsh Language Commissioner's standardisation policy, as the commissioner stated they have no evidence of a used Welsh name for the settlement. Schools Wat's Dyke Primary School Churches St Margaret's Church Bethel Chapel References ^ "Ward population 2011". Retrieved 18 November 2015. ^ Electronic reproduction of: Wrexham (Hills), Sheet 121 Originally published 1898. ^ "Wrexham (Hills), Sheet 121". National Library of Scotland. Edinburgh : National Library of Scotland. 2005 . ^ a b c d e f "The History of St Margaret's and Garden Village". Parish of Wrexham. p. 2. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ a b c d e The Garden City Movement Up-To-Date by Ewart G. Culpin (Retrieved 2011-01-11) ^ "Review of the Electoral Arrangements of the County Borough of Wrexham – Final Recommendations Report" (PDF). ldbc.gov.wales. Local Democracy and Boundary Commission for Wales. November 2020. p. 12. Retrieved 19 January 2022. ^ "The County Borough of Wrexham (Electoral Arrangements) Order 2021". legislation.gov.uk. ^ "List of Standardised Welsh Place-names". GOV.WALES. Retrieved 26 December 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garden Village, Wrexham. photos of Garden Village and surrounding area on geograph vteCity of Wrexham Wrexham County Borough Wales United Kingdom About Wrexham History Wrexham A.F.C. Sport Industrial heritage Parks and open spaces Previous city status bids (successful bid) Built-up area University Former police station Cemetery Library Areas Acton Rhosddu Rhosrobin Borras Park Bradley Erddig Hightown Caia Park Plas Coch Brymbo Gwersyllt Island Green Queen's Square Summerhill Broughton Bryn Offa Rhostyllen City Centre Wrexham Industrial Estate Local council electoral wardswithin the city's built-up area(since 2022) Acton and Maesydre Borras Park Brymbo Bryn Cefn Brynyffynnon Cartrefle Erddig Esclusham Garden Village Grosvenor Gwenfro Gwersyllt East Gwersyllt North Gwersyllt South Gwersyllt West Hermitage Little Acton New Broughton Offa Queensway Rhosnesni Smithfield Stansty Whitegate  Wales vteWrexham County BoroughWrexham County Borough CouncilPrincipal settlements Chirk Wrexham (Built-up area) Communities Abenbury Acton Bangor-on-Dee Bronington Broughton Brymbo Caia Park Cefn Ceiriog Ucha Chirk Coedpoeth Erbistock Esclusham Glyntraian Gresford Gwersyllt Hanmer Holt Isycoed Llangollen Rural Llansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog Llay Maelor South Marchwiel Minera Offa Overton Pen-y-cae Rhosddu Rhosllanerchrugog Rossett Ruabon Sesswick Willington Worthenbury Other villages and areas Aberoer Acrefair Arowry Bersham Bettisfield Borras Borras Park Bowling Bank Bradley Bryn Offa Brynteg Burton Bwlchgwyn Caego Cefn Mawr Ceiriog Valley Cross Lanes Froncysyllte Garden Village Glyn Ceiriog Gwynfryn Halghton Hightown Horseman's Green Island Green Johnstown Knolton Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog Llan-y-pwll Llwyneinion Llwynmawr Maelor Maelor Saesneg Marford Moss Newbridge New Brighton New Broughton Pandy (Ceiriog) Pandy (Gwersyllt) Pant Penley Pentre Broughton Pentre Bychan Pentre Maelor Plas Coch Plas Madoc Ponciau Pontfadog Queen's Square Rhosnesni Rhosrobin Rhostyllen Rhosymedre Ridleywood Southsea Stansty Summerhill Sydallt Tanyfron Tregeiriog Trevor Tybroughton Wrexham Industrial Estate Wrexham City Centre Whitewell Universities and colleges Coleg Cambria (Yale College) Wrexham University School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University Buildings and structures 2 Grosvenor Road Abbotsfield All Saints' Church, Gresford Bangor-on-Dee Bridge Bangor-on-Dee racecourse Bersham Ironworks Bridge End Inn Brynkinalt Hall Butcher's Market Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows Cefn Viaduct Central Arcade Chirk Aqueduct Chirk Viaduct County Buildings Croesnewydd Hall Eagles Meadow Elephant and Castle Erddig Feathers Hotel The Gelli Hightown Barracks HM Prison Berwyn Horse and Jockey Holt Bridge General Market Gresford Methodist Church Grosvenor Lodge Grove Park School Iscoyd Park Marchwiel Hall Nags Head (Wrexham) Offa's Dyke (part) Old Carnegie Library Old Wrexham Infirmary Overton Arcade Pant-yr-Ochain Pen-y-Lan Hall Pont Cysyllte Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Poyser Street drill hall Rossett Presbyterian Chapel Racecourse Ground Rossett Hall Saith Seren Soames Brewery Chimney St David's Welsh Church (Rhosllanerchrugog) St Giles' Church The Midland Talbot Hotel Trevalyn Hall Trinity Presbyterian Church Tudor Court Turf Hotel Tŷ Pawb Wat's Dyke (part) Waking the Dragon (proposed) War Memorial Hospital Waterworld Wrexham bus station Wrexham Cemetery Wrexham Lager Brewery Wrexham Library Wrexham Guildhall Wrexham Maelor Hospital Wrexham Police Station (1973–2020) Wynn Hall Wynnstay Wynnstay Arms (Ruabon) Wynnstay Arms (Wrexham) Xplore! Castles Chirk Castle Holt Castle The Rofft (former) Geography Berwyn range Ceiriog Valley Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB Clywedog Trail Craig Berwyn Esclusham Mountain Fenn's Moss Nant-y-Ffrith Ruabon Moors Rivers Alyn Cegidog Ceiriog Clywedog Dee Eitha Gwenfro Nant-y-Ffrith Wych Brook Reservoirs and lakes Acton Park Lake Cae Llwyd Reservoir Chirk Castle Lake Fenn's Bank Mere Gresford Flash Hanmer Mere Llyn Bedydd Monk's Pool Pant-yr-ochain Lake Penycae Top Reservoir Ty Mawr Reservoir Wynnstay Park Lake Transport Wrexham bus station A5 road A483 road A525 road A528 road A541 road B5101 road Chester and Wrexham Turnpike (former) Llangollen Canal Trevor Basin Wrexham & Shropshire (former) North Wales Metro (part) Railway lines Borderlands line Shrewsbury to Chester line Former lines Glyn Valley Tramway (re-opening proposed) Moss Valley Branch Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway Wrexham and Minera Railway Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway Croes Newydd (former) Former stations Railway stations Chirk railway station Gwersyllt railway station Ruabon railway station Wrexham Central railway station Wrexham General railway station Proposed stations Wrexham North railway station Wrexham South railway station Media and events Calon FM Capital North West and North Wales Heart North Wales Capital Cymru (some broadcasts) Smooth Wales (some broadcasts) MuxCo (radio operator) Wrexham-Rhos transmitting station Marcher Radio Group (former) BBC Cymru Wales (local studios) The Leader newspaper Wales Comic Con (2008–2019; 2022) Focus Wales Topics Parliamentary constituencies Schools City parks and open spaces Council elections electoral wards SSSIs Country houses Listed buildings Grade I Grade II* Scheduled monuments Listed parks and gardens History Former RAF Wrexham Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Mayor Museums Museum Archives National Football Museum Wrexham Library Wrexham Guildhall Public art Wrexham Art School Wrexham A.F.C. Women Wrexham RFC  Geography  Wales Preserved county of Clwyd Historic counties of Denbighshire and Flintshire

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The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 2,035[1] It lies to the west of Chester Road and borders the wards of Stansty to the south and east, Gwersyllt East and South to the north west, Little Acton and Acton to the west, and a small section of Gresford to the north.","title":"Garden Village, Wrexham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plwyf-4"},{"link_name":"Sir Foster Cunliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Cunliffe"},{"link_name":"Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Hall,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GC-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GC-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GC-5"},{"link_name":"GL Sutcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lister_Sutcliffe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plwyf-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GC-5"},{"link_name":"Garden Suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement#Garden_suburbs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GC-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Alwyn Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alwyn_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plwyf-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plwyf-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plwyf-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plwyf-4"},{"link_name":"Wrexham County Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Welsh Language Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The land in which 'Garden Village' was built on was originally named 'Mass & Pentre' which was situated South-West of Stansty Hall (which was demolished to give way for new housing around Snowdon Drive).[2][3]At the start of the 20th century, housing in many areas of Wrexham was of poor quality and, with the increase in industry locally, in short supply.[4]The development of Garden Village began with the purchase of some 200 acres (81 hectares) of land from Sir Foster Cunliffe near to the estate of Acton by the Welsh Town Planning and Housing Trust Limited.[5]The intention was to provide affordable housing to workers coming to Wrexham to work in the expanding industries of coal and iron. Gresford Colliery had recently been opened where it was expected that approximately 3,000 men would be employed in the next two years.[5]A Co-partnership Housing Society was set up in 1913 called Wrexham Tenants Limited, with Lord Kenyon, Mr. David Davies, M.P., and others as Directors to build the houses, while the Trust would build the roads and supervise the development of the estate.[5]The original plan, by the architect GL Sutcliffe[4] was to provide a village institute, two places of worship, a school and plenty of open spaces and recreation grounds.[5] The design was inspired by the Garden City Movement and was planned as a Garden Suburb. In the first year, 44 properties were completed;[5] numbers 63-69 Acton Gate, numbers 149–167, Chester Road (originally called Bryn Acton) and Cunliffe Walk. These first house were designed by Sutcliffe and the remaining 205 by Thomas Alwyn Lloyd, architect to the trust.[4]One of the pioneering features of the development was that the tenants were also investors in the Company thus ensuring control of future development.[4]Unfortunately, with the advent of World War I, the development lost impetus and\nno further development was undertaken by Wrexham Tenants Limited. The planned shops, churches, institute and school were never built, although St Margaret's church was built in 1928, partly to the original design of Thomas Alwyn Lloyd.[4]In 1955, Wrexham Tenants Limited was wound up and the properties sold to the tenants at greatly reduced prices of between £250 and £450.[4]The ward was proposed to be called \"Pentre Yr Ardd\" in Welsh by Wrexham County Borough Council for the electoral ward in the final recommendations report.[6] The suggestion was not applied,[7] with \"Garden Village\" used in Welsh, following the Welsh Language Commissioner's standardisation policy,[8] as the commissioner stated they have no evidence of a used Welsh name for the settlement.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wat's Dyke Primary School","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"St Margaret's Church\nBethel Chapel","title":"Churches"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Phillips,_Jr.

William Phillips Jr.

["1 References","2 External links"]

American politician William Phillips Jr.10th Lieutenant Governor of MassachusettsIn office1812–1823GovernorCaleb StrongJohn BrooksPreceded byWilliam GraySucceeded byLevi Lincoln Jr. Personal detailsBorn(1750-04-10)April 10, 1750Boston, MassachusettsDiedNovember 4, 1827(1827-11-04) (aged 77)Boston, MassachusettsPolitical partyFederalist William Phillips Jr. (April 10, 1750 – May 26, 1827) was a Boston merchant, politician and philanthropist. Phillips was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of William Phillips Sr. He joined his father in business and became wealthy. He was a descendant of Rev. George Phillips of Watertown, the progenitor of the New England Phillips family in America. Phillips was elected the tenth lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, serving from 1812 to 1823. He drafted the letter inviting New England Governors to send delegates to the Hartford Convention of 1815. On his death, he bequeathed large sums to Phillips Academy, Andover, and to Andover Theological Seminary. Phillips married Miriam Mason (1754–1823) on September 13, 1774, in Norwich, Massachusetts. They had seven children. Phillips was the grandfather of Samuel H. Walley who was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. He was also the first president of the Massachusetts General Hospital and has a building there named after him. Phillips was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813. He died in Boston. The town of Phillipston, Massachusetts was named after Phillips on February 5, 1814. References ^ a b Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Phillips, William, American educational benefactor" . Encyclopedia Americana. ^ Bond, Henry and Jones, Horatio. Genealogies of the Families and Descendants of the Early Settlers of Watertown, Massachusetts, Including Waltham and Weston: To which is Appended the Early History of the Town. New England Historical and Genealogical Society, 1860, pgs. 872-882 ^ Peabody, Andrew Preston (1890), Harvard graduates whom I have known, Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press, p. 214 ^ "About Us". www.massgeneral.org. Archived from the original on 2009-12-27. ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory External links William Phillips Jr. at Find a Grave Political offices Preceded byWilliam Gray Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts 1812–1823 Succeeded byLevi Lincoln Jr. vte Lieutenant governors of MassachusettsColony (1629–1686) Goffe Humphrey T. Dudley Ludlow Bellingham Winthrop T. Dudley Bellingham Endecott Winthrop T. Dudley Endecott T. Dudley Endecott Bellingham Willoughby Leverett Symonds Bradstreet Danforth Dominion (1686–1689) Stoughton Nicholson Province (1692–1776) Stoughton Povey Tailer Dummer Tailer S. Phips Hutchinson A. Oliver T. Oliver Commonwealth (since 1776) T. Cushing B. Lincoln Adams Gill S. Phillips Robbins L. Lincoln Cobb Gray W. Phillips L. Lincoln Jr. Morton Winthrop Armstrong Hull Childs Reed Cushman Huntington Plunkett Brown Benchley Trask Goodrich Nesmith Hayden Claflin Tucker Talbot Knight Long Weston Ames Brackett Haile Wolcott Crane Bates Guild Draper Frothingham Luce Walsh Barry G. Cushing C. Coolidge Cox Fuller Allen Youngman Bacon Hurley Kelly Cahill Bradford A. Coolidge Sullivan Whittier R. Murphy McLaughin Bellotti Richardson Sargent Dwight O'Neill Kerry E. Murphy Cellucci Swift Healey Murray Polito Driscoll Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States Other SNAC This article about a Massachusetts politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_Creek,_Colorado

Cabin Creek, Colorado

["1 See also","2 References"]

Coordinates: 39°44′26″N 104°01′50″W / 39.74056°N 104.03056°W / 39.74056; -104.03056 Unincorporated community in Colorado, United StatesCabin Creek, ColoradoUnincorporated communityCabin CreekShow map of ColoradoCabin CreekShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°44′26″N 104°01′50″W / 39.74056°N 104.03056°W / 39.74056; -104.03056CountryUnited StatesStateColoradoCountyAdams, ArapahoeElevation5,063 ft (1,543 m)Time zoneUTC-7 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (CDT)Area code(s)303, 720, & 983GNIS feature ID185005 Cabin Creek is an unincorporated community in Adams and Arapahoe counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is located within the Denver metropolitan area. Deer Trail 26J School District serves Cabin Creek. See also  Colorado portal References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cabin Creek, Colorado ^ "Deer Trail School District 26J". Deer Trail School District 26J. Retrieved September 7, 2012. vteMunicipalities and communities of Adams County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: BrightonCities Arvada‡ Aurora‡ Brighton‡ Commerce City Federal Heights Northglenn‡ Thornton‡ Westminster‡ Map of Colorado highlighting Adams CountyTowns Bennett‡ Lochbuie‡ CDPs Berkley Derby North Washington Shaw Heights Sherrelwood Strasburg‡ Todd Creek Twin Lakes Watkins‡ Welby Unincorporatedcommunities Adams City Barr Lake Cabin Creek‡ Comanche Dupont Eastlake Hazeltine Henderson Leader Living Springs Manila Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Colorado portal United States portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Arapahoe County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: LittletonCities Aurora‡ Centennial Cherry Hills Village Englewood Glendale Greenwood Village Littleton‡ Sheridan Map of Colorado highlighting Arapahoe CountyTowns Bennett‡ Bow Mar‡ Columbine Valley Deer Trail Foxfield CDPs Aetna Estates Brick Center Byers Cherry Creek Columbine‡ Comanche Creek Dove Valley Four Square Mile Holly Hills Inverness Peoria Strasburg‡ Watkins‡ Unincorporated communities Cabin Creek‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Colorado portal United States portal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_New_York

Durham, New York

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010","4 Communities and locations in Durham","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°23′N 74°9′W / 42.383°N 74.150°W / 42.383; -74.150 Town in New York, United StatesDurham, New YorkTownLocation in Greene County and the state of New York.Coordinates: 42°23′N 74°9′W / 42.383°N 74.150°W / 42.383; -74.150CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyGreeneGovernment • TypeTown Council • Town SupervisorWilliam A. Carr, Jr (R)Area • Total49.35 sq mi (127.83 km2) • Land49.31 sq mi (127.72 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.11 km2)Elevation925 ft (282 m)Population (2020) • Total2,627 • Density53/sq mi (21/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code12422Area code518FIPS code36-039-21204GNIS feature ID0978913 Tripp House and Store Complex Historic W. F. DeWitt Hotel and Ford's Store Durham is a town in Greene County, New York, United States. The population was 2,627 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Durham, Connecticut, and is in the northwestern corner of Greene County. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The land that would become the town was first settled circa 1755 within Albany County. The town was established from part of the town of Coxsackie in 1790 as the "Town of Freehold". In the spring of 1800, Freehold became part of the newly formed Greene County. The town's name was changed to "Durham" in 1805, the town having been called informally "New Durham" by the many settlers from Connecticut. Part of the town was lost in 1803 to form the new towns of Cairo, Greenville, and Windham. In 1836, the western part of Durham became the town of Conesville in Schoharie County. The first documented visit to the Durham area was by Eliab Youmans, who had been commissioned to survey the Maitland patents in 1767. Undoubtedly, explorers, hunters, and trappers preceded Youmans, but their travels were unrecorded. The patents were the first official parceling out of the largely unclaimed land and were the precursors to settlement. Eight patents have been identified for lands that were in, or partly in the town of Durham. Historically, the Maitland Patent is the one most often cited, despite the fact that it was not one of the first grants. The grant, which was the first to lie exclusively in the future town of Durham, is historically significant as being the location for land described in the first known recorded lease in Durham and thus contains the first documentation for the initial settlement of the town. This patent of 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) was made to Colonel Richard Maitland, a British army officer of Scottish birth. The patent encompassed land that now includes the Oak Hill area, as well as surrounding farmland leased by the earliest settlers. The first known lease was to Lucas DeWitt, dated May 3, 1774, for property in "DeWittsburg". The language of that lease suggests an occupation of the land by the earlier settlers, perhaps by 1771. In the early nineteenth century, Oak Hill matured into a vigorous industrial hamlet with highly productive mills and many fashionable homes. The establishment of the first settlement in Durham is credited to three men: Lucas DeWitt, John Plank, and Hendrick Plank. These pioneers established homes at what was then called DeWittsburg, now Oak Hill. The American Revolution forced the pioneers to temporarily abandon their homes until the end of the war. Hendrick Plank was abducted by the Native Americans and removed to Canada, where he died in captivity. The two remaining pioneers and Hendrick's widow, who remarried to Leonard Patrie, all returned by approximately 1782 to reestablish their homes. DeWitt brought with him a small hand mill for grinding grain and was, in one respect, the first miller in the town, as well as being a farmer. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 49.3 square miles (128 km2), of which 49.2 square miles (127 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.04%, is water. The north town line is the border of Albany County, and part of the west town line is the border of Schoharie County. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18202,979—18303,0392.0%18402,813−7.4%18502,600−7.6%18602,558−1.6%18702,257−11.8%18802,173−3.7%18901,925−11.4%19001,636−15.0%19101,475−9.8%19201,211−17.9%19301,104−8.8%19401,22310.8%19501,2330.8%19601,3136.5%19701,65125.7%19802,28338.3%19902,3241.8%20002,59211.5%20102,7255.1%20202,627−3.6%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Newer information is available from the 2020 census reports. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2022) 2010 As of the census of 2010, there were 2,725 people, 1,152 households, and 770 families residing in the town. The population density was 55.3 inhabitants per square mile (21.4/km2). There were 1,807 housing units at an average density of 36.7 per square mile (14.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.5% White, 0.6% African American, 0.03% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population. There were 1,152 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 34.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.82. In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.6% of people the age of 19 or younger, 4.5% from 20 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 33.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older (555 people age 65 and older). The median age was 46 years. For every 100 males there were 98.2 females. For every 100 males age 18 and over, there were 99.3 females. The 2014 American Community Survey reports that median income for a household in the town was $41,944, and the median income for a family was $59,655. About 10.5% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. Communities and locations in Durham Cornwallville — A hamlet south of Durham village on Route 20. It is the location of the Moore Road Stone Arch Bridge and Shady Glen Road Stone Arch Bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Durso Corner — A hamlet east of East Windham on Route 23. Durham — the hamlet of Durham in the northern part of the town on Route 145. East Durham — A hamlet southeast of Durham village on Route 145. East Windham — A hamlet at the southern town line on Route 23. Hervey Street — A hamlet near the southern town line. It is the location of the Hervey Street Road Stone Arch Bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Mount Pisgah — An elevation at the western town line. Oak Hill — A hamlet northeast of Durham village, located on Route 81. Sunside — A hamlet in the southeastern part of the town. South Durham — A hamlet in the southeastern section of the town on Route 23. West Durham — A hamlet near the western town line on Route 20. Notable people John Adams (1778–1854), U.S. congressman from New York, taught school and practiced law here Brooks Atkinson (1894-1984), journalist, for 31 years drama critic of The New York Times Dwight Baldwin (1798–1886), missionary in Hawaii, born in Durham, Connecticut, raised in Durham, New York Blossom Dearie (1924–2009), jazz singer, grew up in East Durham Alfred W. Newman (1834–1898), Wisconsin Supreme Court References New York (state) portal ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017. ^ a b c US Census Bureau, 2020 Census, Durham town, Greene County, New York https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?searchType=web&cssp=SERP&q=Durham%20town,%20Greene%20County,%20New%20York ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2016. ^ "2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2016. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963. ^ "Wisconsin Court System - Alfred W. Newman". Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010. External links Town of Durham official website 42°23′N 74°9′W / 42.383°N 74.150°W / 42.383; -74.150 vteMunicipalities and communities of Greene County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: CatskillTowns Ashland Athens Cairo Catskill Coxsackie Durham Greenville Halcott Hunter Jewett Lexington New Baltimore Prattsville Windham Villages Athens Catskill Coxsackie Hunter Tannersville CDPs Cairo Cementon East Durham Greenville Haines Falls Jefferson Heights Leeds New Baltimore Palenville Prattsville Round Top Sleepy Hollow Lake South Cairo West Kill Windham Otherhamlets Acra Climax Cornwallville Earlton East Jewett Elka Park Freehold Hannacroix Hensonville Maplecrest Oak Hill Purling Result Surprise New York portal United States portal

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The population was 2,627 at the 2020 census.[2][better source needed] The town was named after Durham, Connecticut, and is in the northwestern corner of Greene County.[citation needed]","title":"Durham, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albany County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Coxsackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxsackie_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_Greene_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Windham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Conesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conesville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Schoharie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"The land that would become the town was first settled circa 1755 within Albany County. The town was established from part of the town of Coxsackie in 1790 as the \"Town of Freehold\". In the spring of 1800, Freehold became part of the newly formed Greene County. The town's name was changed to \"Durham\" in 1805, the town having been called informally \"New Durham\" by the many settlers from Connecticut.Part of the town was lost in 1803 to form the new towns of Cairo, Greenville, and Windham. In 1836, the western part of Durham became the town of Conesville in Schoharie County.The first documented visit to the Durham area was by Eliab Youmans, who had been commissioned to survey the Maitland patents in 1767. Undoubtedly, explorers, hunters, and trappers preceded Youmans, but their travels were unrecorded. The patents were the first official parceling out of the largely unclaimed land and were the precursors to settlement. Eight patents have been identified for lands that were in, or partly in the town of Durham.Historically, the Maitland Patent is the one most often cited, despite the fact that it was not one of the first grants. The grant, which was the first to lie exclusively in the future town of Durham, is historically significant as being the location for land described in the first known recorded lease in Durham and thus contains the first documentation for the initial settlement of the town. This patent of 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) was made to Colonel Richard Maitland, a British army officer of Scottish birth. The patent encompassed land that now includes the Oak Hill area, as well as surrounding farmland leased by the earliest settlers. The first known lease was to Lucas DeWitt, dated May 3, 1774, for property in \"DeWittsburg\". The language of that lease suggests an occupation of the land by the earlier settlers, perhaps by 1771. In the early nineteenth century, Oak Hill matured into a vigorous industrial hamlet with highly productive mills and many fashionable homes.The establishment of the first settlement in Durham is credited to three men: Lucas DeWitt, John Plank, and Hendrick Plank. These pioneers established homes at what was then called DeWittsburg, now Oak Hill. The American Revolution forced the pioneers to temporarily abandon their homes until the end of the war. Hendrick Plank was abducted by the Native Americans and removed to Canada, where he died in captivity. The two remaining pioneers and Hendrick's widow, who remarried to Leonard Patrie, all returned by approximately 1782 to reestablish their homes. DeWitt brought with him a small hand mill for grinding grain and was, in one respect, the first miller in the town, as well as being a farmer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Albany County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Schoharie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 49.3 square miles (128 km2), of which 49.2 square miles (127 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.04%, is water.The north town line is the border of Albany County, and part of the west town line is the border of Schoharie County.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 2,725 people, 1,152 households, and 770 families residing in the town. The population density was 55.3 inhabitants per square mile (21.4/km2). There were 1,807 housing units at an average density of 36.7 per square mile (14.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.5% White, 0.6% African American, 0.03% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.There were 1,152 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 34.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.82.In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.6% of people the age of 19 or younger, 4.5% from 20 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 33.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older (555 people age 65 and older). The median age was 46 years. For every 100 males there were 98.2 females. For every 100 males age 18 and over, there were 99.3 females.The 2014 American Community Survey[5] reports that median income for a household in the town was $41,944, and the median income for a family was $59,655. About 10.5% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornwallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Moore Road Stone Arch Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Road_Stone_Arch_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Shady Glen Road Stone Arch Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady_Glen_Road_Stone_Arch_Bridge"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-6"},{"link_name":"East Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Durham,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hervey Street Road Stone Arch Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervey_Street_Road_Stone_Arch_Bridge"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-6"},{"link_name":"Oak Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill,_New_York"}],"text":"Cornwallville — A hamlet south of Durham village on Route 20. It is the location of the Moore Road Stone Arch Bridge and Shady Glen Road Stone Arch Bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.[6]\nDurso Corner — A hamlet east of East Windham on Route 23.\nDurham — the hamlet of Durham in the northern part of the town on Route 145.\nEast Durham — A hamlet southeast of Durham village on Route 145.\nEast Windham — A hamlet at the southern town line on Route 23.\nHervey Street — A hamlet near the southern town line. It is the location of the Hervey Street Road Stone Arch Bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.[6]\nMount Pisgah — An elevation at the western town line.\nOak Hill — A hamlet northeast of Durham village, located on Route 81.\nSunside — A hamlet in the southeastern part of the town.\nSouth Durham — A hamlet in the southeastern section of the town on Route 23.\nWest Durham — A hamlet near the western town line on Route 20.","title":"Communities and locations in Durham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"U.S. congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquis_1607-1896-7"},{"link_name":"Brooks Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Dwight Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Baldwin_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"Blossom Dearie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Dearie"},{"link_name":"Alfred W. Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Newman"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"John Adams (1778–1854), U.S. congressman from New York, taught school and practiced law here[7]\nBrooks Atkinson (1894-1984), journalist, for 31 years drama critic of The New York Times\nDwight Baldwin (1798–1886), missionary in Hawaii, born in Durham, Connecticut, raised in Durham, New York\nBlossom Dearie (1924–2009), jazz singer, grew up in East Durham\nAlfred W. Newman (1834–1898), Wisconsin Supreme Court[8]","title":"Notable people"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_College,_Cambridge

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

["1 History","2 Buildings and grounds","2.1 Old Courts","2.2 West Road site","2.3 Libraries","2.4 Other courts and college accommodations","2.5 Grounds","3 Traditions","4 Student life","4.1 Choir","4.2 JCR","5 Notable alumni","5.1 Nobel Prize laureates","6 Notable fellows and masters","7 Notable organ scholars","8 Burials","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References","12 Bibliography","13 External links"]

Coordinates: 52°12′21″N 0°07′04″E / 52.2059°N 0.1179°E / 52.2059; 0.1179Constituent college of the University of Cambridge "Gonville and Caius" redirects here. For the mountain ranges of Victoria Land, see Gonville and Caius Range. Gonville and Caius CollegeCambridge UniversityGonville & Caius College from King's ParadeArms of Gonville & Caius CollegeScarf colours: four equal stripes alternating black and Cambridge blue LocationTrinity Street (map)Coordinates52°12′21″N 0°07′04″E / 52.2059°N 0.1179°E / 52.2059; 0.1179AbbreviationCAIFoundersEdmund Gonville (1348)John Caius (1557)Established1348, refounded 1557Previous namesGonville Hall (1348–1351)Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1351–1557)Sister collegeBrasenose College, OxfordMasterPippa RogersonUndergraduates618 (2022-23)Postgraduates256 (2022-23)Endowment£227.5m (2019)Websitewww.cai.cam.ac.ukBoat clubwww.caiusboatclub.orgMapLocation in Central Cambridge Gonville and Caius College, often referred to simply as Caius (/kiːz/ KEEZ), is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1348 by Edmund Gonville, it is the fourth-oldest of the University of Cambridge's 31 colleges and one of the wealthiest. In 1557, it was refounded by alumnus John Caius. The college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fifteen Nobel Prize winners, the highest of any Oxbridge college. Several streets in the city, including Harvey Road, Glisson Road, and Gresham Road, are named after Gonville and Caius alumni. The college and its masters have been influential in the development of the university, including in the founding of other colleges, including Trinity Hall and Darwin College and providing land on Sidgwick Site on which Faculty of Law was built. History See also: John Caius and Edmund Gonville Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Foundation Charter, 1348 Gonville and Caius College in David Loggan's 1690 Cantabrigia illustrata Gonville and Caius College, from King's Parade, c. 1870 The college was founded in 1348 as Gonville Hall by Edmund Gonville, a clergyman who hailed from a gentry family of French origin. Gonville held various positions in the English Church, serving as Rector of three parishes, Thelnetham (1320–26), Rushford, Norfolk (1326–1342), and Terrington St Clement (1343–1351). Such occupations afforded him sufficient wealth that he was able to lend money to Edward III, an act that saw him appointed a King's Clerk. With the support of Sir Walter Manny, Gonville petitioned the king for permission to found a college at Cambridge consisting of 20 scholars. In January 1348, Edward III granted this request and issued Letters patent. Its 1348 founding makes Gonville and Caius the fourth-oldest surviving college at Cambridge. Gonville died three years later, in 1351, and left behind an institution that had begun to struggle financially. William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, intervened and moved the college to its current location off Trinity Street in central Cambridge. He also leased himself land close to the River Cam to set up his own college, Trinity Hall. Gonville Hall was renamed The Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Bateman appointed his former chaplain John Colton, who was later made Archbishop of Armagh, as the college's master. By the sixteenth century, the college had fallen into disrepair. In 1557, it was refounded by Royal Charter as Gonville and Caius College by alumnus John Caius. Caius had read divinity at the college between 1529 and 1533 and later travelled to Renaissance Italy, where he studied medicine at the University of Padua under Montanus and Vesalius. Following his return to England, Caius had become a renowned physician and served many terms as president of the Royal College of Physicians. At the time of the college's re-founding, he had worked as physician to two English monarchs, Edward VI and Mary I, and later served in the same capacity for Elizabeth I. Following the death of Thomas Bacon, Caius was appointed master of the college on 24 January 1559, a position he held until shortly before his own death in 1573. He provided the college with significant funds and greatly expanded the college's buildings. Caius accepted no payment for his services but insisted on several rules, including that the college admit no scholar who "is deformed, dumb, blind, lame, maimed, mutilated, a Welshman, or suffering from any grave or contagious illness, or an invalid, that is sick in a serious measure". Caius also built a three-sided court, Caius Court, "lest the air from being confined within a narrow space should become foul". Caius was responsible for developing the college's strong global reputation in medicine, which continues to this day. By 1630, the college had expanded greatly with roughly 25 fellows and 150 students. But the number of fellows and students fell in the following century, returning to the 1630 level only in the early nineteenth century. Since then, Gonville and Caius has grown considerably, and it has now one of the University of Cambridge's largest undergraduate populations. In 1979, the college first admitted women as fellows and students. It now has over 110 Fellows, over 700 students and about 200 staff. Gonville and Caius is one of the wealthiest of all Cambridge colleges with an endowment of £221 million in 2018. The college's present 43rd Master, appointed in 2018, is Pippa Rogerson. Buildings and grounds Old Courts Gonville and Caius Tree Court Interior of the chapel The Gate of Honour Interior northeast corner of Waterhouse Building The first buildings erected on the college's current site date from 1353 when Bateman built Gonville Court. The college chapel was added in 1393 with the Old Hall (used until recently as a library); Master's Lodge followed in the next half century. Most of the stone used to build the college came from Ramsey Abbey near Ramsey, Cambridgeshire. Gonville and Caius has the oldest purpose-built college chapel in continuous use in either Oxford or Cambridge. The chapel is situated centrally within the college, reflecting the college's religious foundation. On the re-foundation by Caius, the college was expanded and updated. In 1565, the building of Caius Court began, and Caius planted an avenue of trees in what is now known as Tree Court. He was also responsible for building the college's three gates, symbolising the path of academic life. On matriculation, graduates arrive at the Gate of Humility, near the Porters' Lodge in the centre of the campus; pass frequently through the Gate of Virtue, between Tree Court and Caius Court, during their time as students; then pass through the Gate of Honour to the neighbouring Senate House, where they receive their degrees. The Gate of Honour is only used for special occasions, including graduation (Students of Gonville and Caius commonly refer to a fourth gate in the college, between Tree Court and Gonville Court, which also gives access to some lavatories, as the Gate of Necessity). The buildings of Gonville Court were given classical facades in the 1750s. The Old Library and Hall were designed by Anthony Salvin in 1854. On the wall of the Hall hangs a college flag, which in 1912 was flown at the South Pole by Cambridge's Edward Wilson during the Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–1913. Gonville Court, though remodelled in the 18th and 19th centuries, is the oldest part of the college. New lecture rooms were designed by Alfred Waterhouse and completed by Rattee and Kett in 1884. West Road site Caius owns a substantial amount of land between West Road and Sidgwick Avenue. Set in landscaped gardens, the modern Harvey Court (named after William Harvey and designed by Leslie Martin) was built on West Road in 1961. Adjacent to Harvey Court is the Stephen Hawking Building, which opened its doors to first-year undergraduates in October 2006. The Stephen Hawking Building provides en-suite accommodation for 75 students and eight fellows as well as conference facilities. Additional buildings provide housing for older students, a day care, and various study and music rooms. The college also owns extensive gardens and the land on which the adjacent Squire Law Library has stood since 1995. Libraries Main articles: Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge and Seeley Historical Library Caius has one of the largest libraries in Oxbridge, housed in the Cockerell Building. Caius acquired the lease on the building, which previously housed the Seeley History Library and the Squire Law Library, in the 1990s. The college library was relocated there from Gonville Court in the summer of 1996, following an extensive renovation. Other courts and college accommodations College from adjoining Senate House Passage Across Trinity Street on land surrounding St Michael's Church. St Michael's Court was completed in the 1930s; on the south side of St Michael's Court is new campus building that overlooks Market Place. The college also owns several houses around Cambridge, on Mortimer Road and Gresham Road, where some second year undergraduates live, and on Harvey Road and St Paul's Road, which are occupied by graduate students. Grounds The Fellows' garden lies just beyond Harvey Court, on Sidgwick Avenue. The extensive sports fields are located on Barton Road, a short walk from Harvey Court. Traditions Communal dinner at Gonville and Caius College Gonville and Caius College maintains many traditions. It offers two seatings in Hall six nights a week. Typically attended by between 150–200 students, Hall consists of a three-course meal served after 18:00 (First Hall) or 19:20 (Formal Hall); Formal Hall requires a gown be worn, and seats Fellows at its high table. It is preceded by the benediction, which is said in Latin: Benedic, Domine, nobis et donis tuis quae ex largitate tua sumus sumpturi; et concede ut, ab iis salubriter enutriti, tibi debitum obsequium praestare valeamus, per Jesum Christum dominum nostrum; mensae caelestis nos participes facias, Rex aeternae gloriae. There is the expectation that undergraduate students dine a minimum of 31 times each term known as the minimum dining requirement. As at most Oxbridge colleges, it is tradition that only the Fellows may walk on the grass. The college also enforces the system of exeats or official permissions to leave the college. Students wishing to be absent from college overnight during term time must obtain leave to do so from their tutors, and terminal exeats must be obtained before the end of term. Student life See also: Caius Boat Club and Gonville & Caius A.F.C. Caius Boat Club is the college's boat club, with the men's 1st VIII remaining unbeaten in the seasons of 2010/11 and of 2011/2012, and is currently in possession of the May Bumps headship (as well as second place in the Lent bumps, behind LMBC). Caius Jazz takes place most terms in the college bar, inviting 'some of the most illustrious names in the contemporary scene' and a house band of students studying at London conservatoires to play in the college bar. In recent years Steve Fishwick, Sam Mayne, Ian Shaw, Barry Green, Gareth Lockrane, and Paul Jarvis have all been featured. The Caius May Ball is an all-night party in June, held every two years. Squires is an all-male drinking society founded in the 1980s; although it is not officially affiliated with the college, all of its members are Caians. They hold an annual garden party to kick off May Week. The female equivalent is called the Cupids. Choir Main article: Choir of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge The Gonville and Caius Choir was founded by composer Charles Wood in the late 19th century. It was most recently directed by the college's scholar of South American choral music Geoffrey Webber until his 2019 resignation. The choir tours abroad and records eclectically. The choir is made up from scholars and exhibitioners from the college, and a few volunteers from other Cambridge colleges. JCR The college's union is Gonville and Caius Student Union (GCSU). Natalia Emsley is the 2022-23 president. Notable alumni Main page: Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge See also: List of alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Since its founding, Gonville and Caius has graduated accomplished and famed individuals across most fields, including 15 Nobel Prize laureates: Nobel Prize laureates Statue of Stephen Perse, founder of the Perse School in Cambridge, set into the northeast corner of the Waterhouse Building 1932 Charles Scott Sherrington – neurophysiologist (student and fellow) 1935 James Chadwick – physicist, discoverer of the neutron (PhD student, fellow and master) 1945 Howard Florey – co-developer of penicillin (PhD student and fellow). 1954 Max Born – physicist (researcher) 1962 Francis Crick – discovered DNA's structure (PhD student and honorary fellow) 1972 John Hicks – economist (fellow) 1974 Antony Hewish – astronomer (student and fellow) 1976 Milton Friedman – economist (visiting fellow) 1977 Nevill Francis Mott – theoretical physicist (fellow and master) 1984 Richard Stone – economist (student) 2001 Joseph Stiglitz – economist (fellow) 2008 Roger Tsien – chemist (fellow) 2013 Michael Levitt – chemist (research fellow) 2016 Michael Kosterlitz – physicist (student) 2019 Peter J. Ratcliffe – physician-scientist (student) Notable fellows and masters Main category: Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge See also: List of Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Notable organ scholars Heathcote Dicken Statham (1908–1911) Burials John Caius Thomas Legge Stephen Perse Gallery The Gate of Honour Dining Hall Fellows' Dining Room Stained glass window, formerly in dining hall Stained glass window in dining hall Stained glass window in dining hall Stained glass window in dining hall View from Great St Mary's Church The library The old boathouse (demolished in 2015) College crest See also Caius Boat Club Gonville & Caius Association Football Club John of Padua List of organ scholars Listed buildings in Cambridge (west) References ^ University of Cambridge (6 March 2019). "Notice by the Editor". Cambridge University Reporter. 149 (Special No 5): 1. Retrieved 20 March 2019. ^ "Trustee's Annual Report and Accounts for the year ended 30 June 2018" (PDF). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Retrieved 30 July 2019. ^ Walker, Timea (2 February 2022). "Gonville & Caius College". undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2022. ^ "College History – Caius College Cambridge". Gonville & Caius College. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012. ^ a b "College Research – Caius College Cambridge". Gonville & Caius College. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012. ^ "Nobel Prize Winners – Research – University of Cambridge". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 6 October 2012. ^ Brooke, Christopher A History of Gonville & Caius College (Rochester, 1985), p. 225, n10. ^ "Gonville , Edmund (d. 1351), ecclesiastic and founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10937. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 8 October 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "History – Gonville & Caius". Gonville & Caius College. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ "Caius, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 960–961. ^ Brooke, Christopher. A History of Gonville & Caius College. p. 144. The Welshman, Wallicum in the Latin original, is an absurd intruder in this list... Had he but said 'Gallicum', French, then we might detect a reference to the morbus Gallicus, venereal disease... Probably it is a scribal error for Gallicum ^ "Finance and Annual Reports". May 2017. ^ "Master and Fellows – Gonville & Caius". Gonville & Caius College. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ Venn, John (1901). Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. ^ "Gonville and Caius Library Tour". Archived from the original on 6 July 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009. ^ "Hall | Gonville & Caius". www.cai.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2023. ^ "What is a Cambridge College?". The Collegiate Way: Residential Colleges & the Renewal of University Life. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ "College Regulations and General Information" (PDF). Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. 2008–2009. pp. ix. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2009. ^ "College Regulations and General Information" (PDF). Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. 2008–2009. pp. iv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010. ^ "Historical charts - Cambridge Bumps". www.cambridgebumps.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023. ^ Liz Enin (1 March 2010). "Review: Caius Jazz". The Tab Cambridge. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ "Choir – Gonville & Caius". Gonville & Caius College. Retrieved 13 September 2014. ^ "GCSU Committee for 2022-23 elected". Gonville & Caius. Retrieved 23 January 2023. Bibliography Brooke, C. A history of Gonville and Caius College. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 1985 (corrected reprint, 1996). ISBN 0-85115-423-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonville and Caius Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_Range"},{"link_name":"/kiːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"KEEZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"constituent college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_college"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Oxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonville_&_Caius_College_History-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonville_&_Caius_College_Research-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Trinity Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Darwin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Sidgwick Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidgwick_Site"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Law,_University_of_Cambridge"}],"text":"Constituent college of the University of Cambridge\"Gonville and Caius\" redirects here. For the mountain ranges of Victoria Land, see Gonville and Caius Range.Gonville and Caius College, often referred to simply as Caius (/kiːz/ KEEZ), is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge[3] in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1348 by Edmund Gonville, it is the fourth-oldest of the University of Cambridge's 31 colleges and one of the wealthiest. In 1557, it was refounded by alumnus John Caius. The college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fifteen Nobel Prize winners, the highest of any Oxbridge college.[4][5][6]Several streets in the city, including Harvey Road, Glisson Road, and Gresham Road, are named after Gonville and Caius alumni.[7] The college and its masters have been influential in the development of the university, including in the founding of other colleges, including Trinity Hall and Darwin College and providing land on Sidgwick Site on which Faculty of Law was built.","title":"Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Caius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caius"},{"link_name":"Edmund Gonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gonville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gonville_foundation_charter.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caius_College,_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_cai_loggan.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Loggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Loggan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_University,_Gonville_%26_Caius_College,_from_King%27s_Parade.jpg"},{"link_name":"King's Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Parade"},{"link_name":"Edmund Gonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gonville"},{"link_name":"Thelnetham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelnetham"},{"link_name":"Rushford, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushford,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Terrington St Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrington_St_Clement"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"King's Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Manny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Manny,_1st_Baron_Manny"},{"link_name":"Letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"William Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bateman_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich"},{"link_name":"River Cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cam"},{"link_name":"Trinity Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"John Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh"},{"link_name":"Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"John Caius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caius"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"University of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Montanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Baptista_Montanus"},{"link_name":"Vesalius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bacon_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(form_of_address)"},{"link_name":"Pippa Rogerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippa_Rogerson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"See also: John Caius and Edmund GonvilleGonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Foundation Charter, 1348Gonville and Caius College in David Loggan's 1690 Cantabrigia illustrataGonville and Caius College, from King's Parade, c. 1870The college was founded in 1348 as Gonville Hall by Edmund Gonville, a clergyman who hailed from a gentry family of French origin. Gonville held various positions in the English Church, serving as Rector of three parishes, Thelnetham (1320–26), Rushford, Norfolk (1326–1342), and Terrington St Clement (1343–1351). Such occupations afforded him sufficient wealth that he was able to lend money to Edward III, an act that saw him appointed a King's Clerk.[8]With the support of Sir Walter Manny, Gonville petitioned the king for permission to found a college at Cambridge consisting of 20 scholars. In January 1348, Edward III granted this request and issued Letters patent. Its 1348 founding makes Gonville and Caius the fourth-oldest surviving college at Cambridge.Gonville died three years later, in 1351, and left behind an institution that had begun to struggle financially. William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, intervened and moved the college to its current location off Trinity Street in central Cambridge. He also leased himself land close to the River Cam to set up his own college, Trinity Hall. Gonville Hall was renamed The Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Bateman appointed his former chaplain John Colton, who was later made Archbishop of Armagh, as the college's master.By the sixteenth century, the college had fallen into disrepair. In 1557, it was refounded by Royal Charter as Gonville and Caius College by alumnus John Caius.[9] Caius had read divinity at the college between 1529 and 1533 and later travelled to Renaissance Italy, where he studied medicine at the University of Padua under Montanus and Vesalius. Following his return to England, Caius had become a renowned physician and served many terms as president of the Royal College of Physicians. At the time of the college's re-founding, he had worked as physician to two English monarchs, Edward VI and Mary I, and later served in the same capacity for Elizabeth I.[10]Following the death of Thomas Bacon, Caius was appointed master of the college on 24 January 1559, a position he held until shortly before his own death in 1573. He provided the college with significant funds and greatly expanded the college's buildings. Caius accepted no payment for his services but insisted on several rules, including that the college admit no scholar who \"is deformed, dumb, blind, lame, maimed, mutilated, a Welshman, or suffering from any grave or contagious illness, or an invalid, that is sick in a serious measure\".[11] Caius also built a three-sided court, Caius Court, \"lest the air from being confined within a narrow space should become foul\". Caius was responsible for developing the college's strong global reputation in medicine, which continues to this day.By 1630, the college had expanded greatly with roughly 25 fellows and 150 students. But the number of fellows and students fell in the following century, returning to the 1630 level only in the early nineteenth century. Since then, Gonville and Caius has grown considerably, and it has now one of the University of Cambridge's largest undergraduate populations. In 1979, the college first admitted women as fellows and students.[citation needed] It now has over 110 Fellows, over 700 students and about 200 staff.Gonville and Caius is one of the wealthiest of all Cambridge colleges with an endowment of £221 million in 2018.[12]The college's present 43rd Master, appointed in 2018, is Pippa Rogerson.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gonville_and_Caius_Tree_Court.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_Gonville_and_Caius_College_-_1102.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gate_of_Honour_Caius_Court.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_North-East_Corner_of_Waterhouse_Building,_Tree_Court,_Gonville_%26_Caius_(full).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramsey Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Ramsey, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Senate House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_House,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Anthony Salvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Salvin"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"Edward Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Terra Nova Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"Rattee and Kett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattee_and_Kett"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Old Courts","text":"Gonville and Caius Tree CourtInterior of the chapelThe Gate of HonourInterior northeast corner of Waterhouse BuildingThe first buildings erected on the college's current site date from 1353 when Bateman built Gonville Court. The college chapel was added in 1393 with the Old Hall (used until recently as a library); Master's Lodge followed in the next half century. Most of the stone used to build the college came from Ramsey Abbey near Ramsey, Cambridgeshire. Gonville and Caius has the oldest purpose-built college chapel in continuous use in either Oxford or Cambridge. The chapel is situated centrally within the college, reflecting the college's religious foundation.On the re-foundation by Caius, the college was expanded and updated. In 1565, the building of Caius Court began, and Caius planted an avenue of trees in what is now known as Tree Court. He was also responsible for building the college's three gates, symbolising the path of academic life. On matriculation, graduates arrive at the Gate of Humility, near the Porters' Lodge in the centre of the campus; pass frequently through the Gate of Virtue, between Tree Court and Caius Court, during their time as students; then pass through the Gate of Honour to the neighbouring Senate House, where they receive their degrees. The Gate of Honour is only used for special occasions, including graduation (Students of Gonville and Caius commonly refer to a fourth gate in the college, between Tree Court and Gonville Court, which also gives access to some lavatories, as the Gate of Necessity).The buildings of Gonville Court were given classical facades in the 1750s. The Old Library and Hall were designed by Anthony Salvin in 1854. On the wall of the Hall hangs a college flag, which in 1912 was flown at the South Pole by Cambridge's Edward Wilson during the Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–1913. Gonville Court, though remodelled in the 18th and 19th centuries, is the oldest part of the college. New lecture rooms were designed by Alfred Waterhouse and completed by Rattee and Kett in 1884.[14]","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Road,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Sidgwick Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidgwick_Avenue"},{"link_name":"William Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Leslie Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Martin"},{"link_name":"Squire Law Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squire_Law_Library"}],"sub_title":"West Road site","text":"Caius owns a substantial amount of land between West Road and Sidgwick Avenue. Set in landscaped gardens, the modern Harvey Court (named after William Harvey and designed by Leslie Martin) was built on West Road in 1961. Adjacent to Harvey Court is the Stephen Hawking Building, which opened its doors to first-year undergraduates in October 2006. The Stephen Hawking Building provides en-suite accommodation for 75 students and eight fellows as well as conference facilities.Additional buildings provide housing for older students, a day care, and various study and music rooms. The college also owns extensive gardens and the land on which the adjacent Squire Law Library has stood since 1995.","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Seeley History Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeley_Historical_Library"},{"link_name":"Squire Law Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Law,_University_of_Cambridge"}],"sub_title":"Libraries","text":"Caius has one of the largest libraries in Oxbridge, housed in the Cockerell Building.[15] Caius acquired the lease on the building, which previously housed the Seeley History Library and the Squire Law Library, in the 1990s. The college library was relocated there from Gonville Court in the summer of 1996, following an extensive renovation.","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GonvilleandCaius_from_Trinity_Lane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senate House Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_House_Passage"},{"link_name":"Trinity Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Street,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"St Michael's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Longstanton"}],"sub_title":"Other courts and college accommodations","text":"College from adjoining Senate House PassageAcross Trinity Street on land surrounding St Michael's Church. St Michael's Court was completed in the 1930s; on the south side of St Michael's Court is new campus building that overlooks Market Place. The college also owns several houses around Cambridge, on Mortimer Road and Gresham Road, where some second year undergraduates live, and on Harvey Road and St Paul's Road, which are occupied by graduate students.","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sidgwick Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidgwick_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Barton Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Road,_Cambridge"}],"sub_title":"Grounds","text":"The Fellows' garden lies just beyond Harvey Court, on Sidgwick Avenue. The extensive sports fields are located on Barton Road, a short walk from Harvey Court.","title":"Buildings and grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communal_dinner_at_Gonville_and_Caius.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonville_&_Caius_College_Research-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"exeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeat"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Communal dinner at Gonville and Caius CollegeGonville and Caius College maintains many traditions. It offers two seatings in Hall six nights a week. Typically attended by between 150–200 students, Hall consists of a three-course meal served after 18:00 (First Hall) or 19:20 (Formal Hall);[16] Formal Hall requires a gown be worn, and seats Fellows at its high table. It is preceded by the benediction, which is said in Latin:Benedic, Domine, nobis et donis tuis quae ex largitate tua sumus sumpturi; et concede ut, ab iis salubriter enutriti, tibi debitum obsequium praestare valeamus, per Jesum Christum dominum nostrum; mensae caelestis nos participes facias, Rex aeternae gloriae.[17]There is the expectation that undergraduate students dine a minimum of 31 times each term known as the minimum dining requirement. [5]As at most Oxbridge colleges, it is tradition that only the Fellows may walk on the grass.[18]The college also enforces the system of exeats or official permissions to leave the college. Students wishing to be absent from college overnight during term time must obtain leave to do so from their tutors, and terminal exeats must be obtained before the end of term.[19]","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caius Boat Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Boat_Club"},{"link_name":"Gonville & Caius A.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_%26_Caius_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Caius Boat Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Boat_Club"},{"link_name":"VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_(rowing)"},{"link_name":"Bumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumps"},{"link_name":"LMBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMBC"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"May Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Ball_in_Cambridge"}],"text":"See also: Caius Boat Club and Gonville & Caius A.F.C.Caius Boat Club is the college's boat club, with the men's 1st VIII remaining unbeaten in the seasons of 2010/11 and of 2011/2012, and is currently in possession of the May Bumps headship (as well as second place in the Lent bumps, behind LMBC).[20]Caius Jazz takes place most terms in the college bar, inviting 'some of the most illustrious names in the contemporary scene' and a house band of students studying at London conservatoires to play in the college bar.[21] In recent years Steve Fishwick, Sam Mayne, Ian Shaw, Barry Green, Gareth Lockrane, and Paul Jarvis have all been featured.The Caius May Ball is an all-night party in June, held every two years.Squires is an all-male drinking society founded in the 1980s; although it is not officially affiliated with the college, all of its members are Caians. They hold an annual garden party to kick off May Week. The female equivalent is called the Cupids.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonville and Caius Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Charles Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wood_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Webber"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Choir","text":"The Gonville and Caius Choir was founded by composer Charles Wood in the late 19th century. It was most recently directed by the college's scholar of South American choral music Geoffrey Webber until his 2019 resignation. The choir tours abroad and records eclectically. The choir is made up from scholars and exhibitioners from the college, and a few volunteers from other Cambridge colleges.[22]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"JCR","text":"The college's union is Gonville and Caius Student Union (GCSU). Natalia Emsley is the 2022-23 president.[23]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"List of alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"accomplished and famed individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"}],"text":"Main page: Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, CambridgeSee also: List of alumni of Gonville and Caius College, CambridgeSince its founding, Gonville and Caius has graduated accomplished and famed individuals across most fields, including 15 Nobel Prize laureates:","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gonville_and_Caius_exterior_framed_sculpture.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Perse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Perse"},{"link_name":"Perse School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perse_School"},{"link_name":"Charles Scott Sherrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington"},{"link_name":"James Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"Howard Florey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Florey"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"Max Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born"},{"link_name":"Francis Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"John Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Antony Hewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Hewish"},{"link_name":"Milton Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Nevill Francis Mott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott"},{"link_name":"Richard Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stone"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stiglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz"},{"link_name":"Roger Tsien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Tsien"},{"link_name":"Michael Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Levitt"},{"link_name":"Michael Kosterlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kosterlitz"},{"link_name":"Peter J. Ratcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe"}],"sub_title":"Nobel Prize laureates","text":"Statue of Stephen Perse, founder of the Perse School in Cambridge, set into the northeast corner of the Waterhouse Building1932 Charles Scott Sherrington – neurophysiologist (student and fellow)\n1935 James Chadwick – physicist, discoverer of the neutron (PhD student, fellow and master)\n1945 Howard Florey – co-developer of penicillin (PhD student and fellow).\n1954 Max Born – physicist (researcher)\n1962 Francis Crick – discovered DNA's structure (PhD student and honorary fellow)\n1972 John Hicks – economist (fellow)\n1974 Antony Hewish – astronomer (student and fellow)\n1976 Milton Friedman – economist (visiting fellow)\n1977 Nevill Francis Mott – theoretical physicist (fellow and master)\n1984 Richard Stone – economist (student)\n2001 Joseph Stiglitz – economist (fellow)\n2008 Roger Tsien – chemist (fellow)\n2013 Michael Levitt – chemist (research fellow)\n2016 Michael Kosterlitz – physicist (student)\n2019 Peter J. Ratcliffe – physician-scientist (student)","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"List of Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Masters_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"}],"text":"Main category: Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, CambridgeSee also: List of Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge","title":"Notable fellows and masters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heathcote Dicken Statham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathcote_Dicken_Statham"}],"text":"Heathcote Dicken Statham (1908–1911)","title":"Notable organ scholars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Caius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Caius"},{"link_name":"Thomas Legge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Legge"},{"link_name":"Stephen Perse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Perse"}],"text":"John Caius\nThomas Legge\nStephen Perse","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gate_of_Honour,_Gonville_%26_Caius_College.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_Gonville_and_Caius_College_-_0951.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_Gonville_and_Caius_College_-_0903.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sherrington-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venn-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crick-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Great_St_Mary%27s_Cambridge_-_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_Gonville_and_Caius_College_-_1048.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_boathouses_-_Caius_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gonville_and_Caius_College_shield_of_arms_on_Rose_Crescent,_Cambridge.jpg"}],"text":"The Gate of Honour\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDining Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFellows' Dining Room\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStained glass window, formerly in dining hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStained glass window in dining hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStained glass window in dining hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStained glass window in dining hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from Great St Mary's Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe library\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe old boathouse (demolished in 2015)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollege crest","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85115-423-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-423-9"}],"text":"Brooke, C. A history of Gonville and Caius College. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 1985 (corrected reprint, 1996). ISBN 0-85115-423-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Foundation Charter, 1348","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gonville_foundation_charter.jpg/220px-Gonville_foundation_charter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gonville and Caius College in David Loggan's 1690 Cantabrigia illustrata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Caius_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_cai_loggan.jpg/220px-Caius_College%2C_Cambridge_by_Loggan_1690_-_cai_loggan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gonville and Caius College, from King's Parade, c. 1870","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cambridge_University%2C_Gonville_%26_Caius_College%2C_from_King%27s_Parade.jpg/220px-Cambridge_University%2C_Gonville_%26_Caius_College%2C_from_King%27s_Parade.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gonville and Caius Tree Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gonville_and_Caius_Tree_Court.png/220px-Gonville_and_Caius_Tree_Court.png"},{"image_text":"Interior of the chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cambridge_-_Gonville_and_Caius_College_-_1102.jpg/220px-Cambridge_-_Gonville_and_Caius_College_-_1102.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Gate of Honour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gate_of_Honour_Caius_Court.jpg/220px-Gate_of_Honour_Caius_Court.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior northeast corner of Waterhouse Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Interior_North-East_Corner_of_Waterhouse_Building%2C_Tree_Court%2C_Gonville_%26_Caius_%28full%29.jpg/220px-Interior_North-East_Corner_of_Waterhouse_Building%2C_Tree_Court%2C_Gonville_%26_Caius_%28full%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"College from adjoining Senate House Passage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GonvilleandCaius_from_Trinity_Lane.jpg/220px-GonvilleandCaius_from_Trinity_Lane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Communal dinner at Gonville and Caius College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Communal_dinner_at_Gonville_and_Caius.jpg/220px-Communal_dinner_at_Gonville_and_Caius.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Stephen Perse, founder of the Perse School in Cambridge, set into the northeast corner of the Waterhouse Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gonville_and_Caius_exterior_framed_sculpture.jpg/220px-Gonville_and_Caius_exterior_framed_sculpture.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caius College Crest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gonville_%26_Caius_College_Crest.svg/80px-Gonville_%26_Caius_College_Crest.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Caius Boat Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Boat_Club"},{"title":"Gonville & Caius Association Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_%26_Caius_A.F.C."},{"title":"John of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Padua"},{"title":"List of organ scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_scholar"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Cambridge (west)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Cambridge_(west)"}]

[{"reference":"University of Cambridge (6 March 2019). \"Notice by the Editor\". Cambridge University Reporter. 149 (Special No 5): 1. Retrieved 20 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge","url_text":"University of Cambridge"},{"url":"https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2018-19/special/05/section1.shtml","url_text":"\"Notice by the Editor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Reporter","url_text":"Cambridge University Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Trustee's Annual Report and Accounts for the year ended 30 June 2018\" (PDF). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/signed_accounts_2017-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Trustee's Annual Report and Accounts for the year ended 30 June 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Timea (2 February 2022). \"Gonville & Caius College\". undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/colleges/gonville-caius-college","url_text":"\"Gonville & Caius College\""}]},{"reference":"\"College History – Caius College Cambridge\". Gonville & Caius College. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120716191038/http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/collegehistory","url_text":"\"College History – Caius College Cambridge\""},{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/collegehistory","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"College Research – Caius College Cambridge\". Gonville & Caius College. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/research","url_text":"\"College Research – Caius College Cambridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nobel Prize Winners – Research – University of Cambridge\". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/about/awards-announcements-and-prizes/nobel-prize-winners/","url_text":"\"Nobel Prize Winners – Research – University of Cambridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gonville [Gonvile], Edmund (d. 1351), ecclesiastic and founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10937. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10937","url_text":"\"Gonville [Gonvile], Edmund (d. 1351), ecclesiastic and founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10937","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/10937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"\"History – Gonville & Caius\". Gonville & Caius College. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/history","url_text":"\"History – Gonville & Caius\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caius, John\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 960–961.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caius,_John","url_text":"\"Caius, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Brooke, Christopher. A History of Gonville & Caius College. p. 144. The Welshman, Wallicum in the Latin original, is an absurd intruder in this list... Had he but said 'Gallicum', French, then we might detect a reference to the morbus Gallicus, venereal disease... Probably it is a scribal error for Gallicum","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/AHistoryofGonvilleandCaiusCollege.epub","url_text":"A History of Gonville & Caius College"}]},{"reference":"\"Finance and Annual Reports\". May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/discover/strategy-and-policies/finance-and-annual-reports","url_text":"\"Finance and Annual Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master and Fellows – Gonville & Caius\". Gonville & Caius College. Retrieved 13 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/fellows","url_text":"\"Master and Fellows – Gonville & Caius\""}]},{"reference":"Venn, John (1901). Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College. Cambridge University Press. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0m08AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Rattee+and+Kett%22+logo&pg=PA148","url_text":"Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College"}]},{"reference":"\"Gonville and Caius Library Tour\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090706034721/http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/college/library/tour/index.php","url_text":"\"Gonville and Caius Library Tour\""},{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/college/library/tour/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall | Gonville & Caius\". www.cai.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/living-here/food-and-drink/hall","url_text":"\"Hall | Gonville & Caius\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is a Cambridge College?\". The Collegiate Way: Residential Colleges & the Renewal of University Life. Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://collegiateway.org/colleges/ingram-1999/","url_text":"\"What is a Cambridge College?\""}]},{"reference":"\"College Regulations and General Information\" (PDF). Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. 2008–2009. pp. ix. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090616233737/http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/students/tutors/Rules2008.pdf","url_text":"\"College Regulations and General Information\""},{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/students/tutors/Rules2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"College Regulations and General Information\" (PDF). Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. 2008–2009. pp. iv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110401041614/http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/students/tutors/Rules2009.pdf","url_text":"\"College Regulations and General Information\""},{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/students/tutors/Rules2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical charts - Cambridge Bumps\". www.cambridgebumps.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridgebumps.com/history","url_text":"\"Historical charts - Cambridge Bumps\""}]},{"reference":"Liz Enin (1 March 2010). \"Review: Caius Jazz\". The Tab Cambridge. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140518085037/http://cambridge.tab.co.uk/2010/03/01/review-caius-jazz/","url_text":"\"Review: Caius Jazz\""},{"url":"http://cambridge.tab.co.uk/2010/03/01/review-caius-jazz","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Choir – Gonville & Caius\". Gonville & Caius College. Retrieved 13 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/choir","url_text":"\"Choir – Gonville & Caius\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCSU Committee for 2022-23 elected\". Gonville & Caius. Retrieved 23 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cai.cam.ac.ukgcsu/%20Committee%20for%202022-23%20elected","url_text":"\"GCSU Committee for 2022-23 elected\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_IV,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau

Rudolph IV, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau

["1 Life"]

German prince This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rudolph IV, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Rudolph IV, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (died 7 September 1510) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau. He was the fifth son of George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, as the fourth-born child of his fourth wife Anna, daughter of Albert VIII, Count of Lindau-Ruppin. Life The last of his father's sons to survive adulthood, Rudolph succeeded him in 1474 as co-ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau with his older brothers Ernest I, George II, and Sigismund III. He never married or had children; upon his death, Rudolph was succeeded by his only surviving brother, Ernest I. Preceded byGeorge I Prince of Anhalt-Dessau with Ernest I, George II (until 1509) and Sigismund III (until 1487) 1474–1510 Succeeded byErnest I Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article about a member of the German nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thommen,_Belgium

Thommen, Belgium

["1 References","2 External links"]

Place in Wallonia, BelgiumThommenThommen, village churchThommenShow map of BelgiumThommenShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 50°13′08″N 06°04′25″E / 50.21889°N 6.07361°E / 50.21889; 6.07361Country BelgiumRegion WalloniaProvince LiègeMunicipality Burg-Reuland Thommen is a district of the municipality of Burg-Reuland, located in the province of Liège in Wallonia, Belgium. Thommen derives its name from the Latin ad tumbas, "by the tombs", and remains of Celtic tumuli have been identified close to the village. It is mentioned in written sources for the first time in 814, but the settlement is older and originated as a Roman villa located on the Roman road connecting Reims with Cologne. The district contains the main village of Thommen and several hamlets. The village church originated as a chapel during Frankish times, and may have been built at the site of an earlier Roman temple. The current, largely Gothic building dates mainly from the 15th century. It was enlarged in a Neo-Gothic style in 1910. References ^ a b Menne, Gilbert, ed. (2014). Le grand guide de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. Brussels: Racine. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-94-014-1418-0. External links Media related to Thommen at Wikimedia Commons This Liège Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts

Chelmsford, Massachusetts

["1 History","1.1 Early colonization","1.2 Later history","2 Geography","3 Climate","4 Demographics","4.1 Crime","5 Government","6 Education","7 Historic places in Chelmsford","8 Transportation","9 Notable people","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]

Coordinates: 42°35′59″N 71°22′04″W / 42.59972°N 71.36778°W / 42.59972; -71.36778 This article is about the town in Massachusetts. For the city in the United Kingdom, see Chelmsford. Town in Massachusetts, United StatesChelmsford, MassachusettsTownFirst Parish Church SealMotto: "Let the children guard what the sires have won."Location in Middlesex County in MassachusettsCoordinates: 42°35′59″N 71°22′04″W / 42.59972°N 71.36778°W / 42.59972; -71.36778Country United StatesState MassachusettsCountyMiddlesexRegionNew EnglandSettled1652Incorporated1655Named forChelmsford, EssexGovernment • TypeRepresentative town meeting • Select board Patricia Wojtas, Chair Virginia E. Crocker Timmins, Vice Chair Erin E. Drew, Clerk George R. Dixon Jr.  • Town managerPaul E. CohenArea • Total23.1 sq mi (59.8 km2) • Land22.4 sq mi (58.0 km2) • Water0.7 sq mi (1.8 km2)Elevation246 ft (75 m)Population (2020) • Total36,392 • Density1,625.9/sq mi (627.8/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)ZIP Codes01824 (Chelmsford)01863 (North Chelmsford)Area code351/978FIPS code25-017-13135GNIS feature ID0618220Websitewww.townofchelmsford.us Chelmsford (/ˈtʃɛlmsfərd/) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It was established in 1655. The Chelmsford militia played a role in the American Revolution at the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. Chelmsford was incorporated in May 1655 by an act of the Massachusetts General Court. When Chelmsford was incorporated, its local economy was fueled by lumber mills, limestone quarries and kilns. The farming community of East Chelmsford was incorporated as Lowell in the 1820s; over the next decades it would go on to become one of the first large-scale factory towns in the United States because of its early role in the country's Industrial Revolution. Chelmsford experienced a drastic increase in population between 1950 and 1970, coinciding with the connection of U.S. Route 3 in Lowell to Massachusetts Route 128 in the 1950s and the extension of U.S. Route 3 from Chelmsford to New Hampshire in the 1960s. Chelmsford has a representative town meeting form of government. The town has one public high school—Chelmsford High School, which was ranked among the top 500 schools in the nation in 2015—as well as two middle schools, and four elementary schools. The charter middle school started in Chelmsford became a regional charter school (Innovation Academy Charter School) covering grades 5 through 12, now located in Tyngsborough. Chelmsford high school age students also have the option of attending the Nashoba Valley Technical High School, located in Westford. In 2011, Chelmsford was declared the 28th best place to live in the United States by Money magazine. History Early colonization The Pennacook inhabited the area for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Settler-colonizers from the adjacent communities of Woburn and Concord founded Chelmsford in 1652. An act of the Massachusetts General Court in the last week of May 1655 incorporated Chelmsford as a town; it was named after Chelmsford, England. The nearby communities of Groton and Billerica were incorporated at the same time. Chelmsford originally contained the neighboring town of Westford, as well as parts of Carlisle, Tyngsborough and a large part of Lowell (formerly known as East Chelmsford). Successive Pennacook leaders Passaconaway and Wonalancet strove to maintain a friendship with the European settler-colonizers who founded Chelmsford within their territory. Despite this determinedly pro-peace stance, Chelmsford settlers became increasingly violent towards the tribe, often forcing the Pennacook to flee north temporarily or permanently. On one notable occasion, a handful of Pennacook who were too sick or elderly to flee with their kin remained behind and Chelmsford settlers burnt them alive in their dwelling. Eventually most Pennacook refugees permanently moved north to join relations in Odanak, but their descendants among the Abenaki First Nation and other tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy continue to view Chelmsford as part of their ancestral and unceded homeland. Several women of Chelmsford were suspected of being witches, such as Sarah (Hildreth) Byam and Martha Sparks. In 1691, Martha was held in the Boston Gaol for witchcraft, appeared in court, but was eventually set free after about a month. Some relate her freedom to the influence of the Chelmsford minister. Chelmsford Public Library, 1899 In 1722 Chelmsford had imposed a fine for keeping strangers in town for more than 30 days. This was used for racial, religious, and political discrimination, as well as to keep out witchcraft. This practice and similar ones occurred until the Act of Settlement of 1793. Sarah (Hildreth) Byam was accused of being a witch under these circumstances. The Chelmsford militia played a role in the American Revolution at the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. The town's own Lieutenant Colonel Moses Parker fought on the hill. He was wounded and captured, and died from his wounds on July 4, 1775. The Lieutenant Colonel Moses Parker Middle School honors his name, and the lobby displays a representation of the man. He is depicted in the John Trumbull painting The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775 and in a painting in the Bunker Hill Museum. Captain Benjamin Walker of this town was also killed in this battle. Later history Ralph Waldo Emerson opened a school in Chelmsford in 1825, closing it after a few months to take over his brother's school in Roxbury. Chelmsford's first school for the deaf was established in 1866, with a focus in oralism. There was a maximum capacity of eight students at a time. This pioneer school was eventually closed in order to make way for the formation of a larger deaf school in Rowley known as Clark School. Both the Middlesex Canal and Middlesex Turnpike, major transportation routes, were built through Chelmsford in the first part of the 19th century. Chelmsford was the birthplace of the Chelmsford Spring Co. in 1901, which later became the Chelmsford Ginger Ale Company, acquired by Canada Dry in 1928. The ginger ale plant, rebuilt in 1912 after a disastrous fire consumed the original plant, stood on Route 110 until its demolition in 1994. The Chelmsford brand of golden ginger ale continued to be manufactured by Canada Dry for decades. It is currently manufactured by Polar Beverages for DeMoulas/Market Basket supermarkets, based out of neighboring Tewksbury. Geography Typical houses in Chelmsford Chelmsford is in northern Middlesex County, bordered by the city of Lowell to the northeast. It is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of downtown Boston and 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Nashua, New Hampshire. The town is bordered by two sizable rivers: the Merrimack River to the northeast, and the Concord River at the town's easternmost boundary. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 23.1 square miles (60 km2), of which 22.4 square miles (58 km2) are land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), or 3.04%, are water. Chelmsford consists of several neighborhoods. In addition to the town center, smaller areas include South Chelmsford, West Chelmsford, East Chelmsford, North Chelmsford and the Westlands. North Chelmsford, an industrial village, is distinct from the rest of the town to the extent that it has many of its own town services. Climate Chelmsford, Massachusetts Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D     3.5     35 17     2.8     38 19     4.1     47 27     3.8     58 36     3.7     69 46     3.4     77 55     3.6     82 60     3.4     81 59     3.4     73 50     3.9     62 39     3.8     51 31     3.5     40 22 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inchesSource: Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     90     2 −8     72     3 −7     103     8 −3     96     14 2     93     21 8     85     25 13     91     28 16     87     27 15     86     23 10     100     17 4     97     11 −1     90     4 −6 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Like much of the rest of Massachusetts, Chelmsford has a humid continental climate according to the Köppen climate classification. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters tend to be cold, windy, and snowy. The level of precipitation is roughly consistent throughout the year. In a typical year, Chelmsford, Massachusetts temperatures fall below 50°F for 195 days per year. Annual precipitation is typically 44.1 inches per year (high in the US) and snow covers the ground 62 days per year or 17.0% of the year (high in the US). It may be helpful to understand the yearly precipitation by imagining 9 straight days of moderate rain per year. The humidity is below 60% for approximately 25.4 days or 7.0% of the year. Demographics See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income Historical populationYearPop.±% 18502,097—     18602,291+9.3% 18702,374+3.6% 18802,553+7.5% 18902,695+5.6% 19003,984+47.8% 19105,010+25.8% 19205,682+13.4% 19307,022+23.6% 19408,077+15.0% 19509,407+16.5% 196015,130+60.8% 197031,432+107.7% 198031,174−0.8% 199032,383+3.9% 200033,858+4.6% 201033,802−0.2% 202036,392+7.7% 2022*35,906−1.3%* = population estimate. Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data. As of the US census of 2010, there were 33,802 people, 13,313 households, and 9,328 families residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 88.6% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2% of the population. Crime As of 2008, Chelmsford had a violent crime rate of 132 incidents per 100,000 people, compared to a rate of 449 in Massachusetts as a whole and 455 nationwide. The town had a property crime rate of 1,904 incidents per 100,000 people in 2008, compared to a rate of 2,400 for the state and 3,213 nationwide. Chelmsford has one police station located near McCarthy Middle School. The 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2), $7.19-million dollar structure began operation in 2003. Government Old Town Hall, now the town's Center for the Arts The town uses a representative town meeting model with a Select Board overseeing the operation of the town. From its incorporation until 1989, the town was governed by an open town meeting. Reporting to the Select Board are the town manager, town counsel, and town accountant. The town manager oversees the public employees and serves as Chief Executive Officer. The current town manager is Paul Cohen. Other elected boards include the Planning Board, School Committee, Library Trustees, Cemetery Commission, Board of Health, Sewer Commission and the Zoning Board of Appeals. As of 2020 Chelmsford is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by Michael J. Barrett. The town sends four delegates to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, each of whom represent one or more of Chelmsford's nine precincts. Tami Gouveia is the state representative for precincts one and nine; Thomas Golden Jr., precincts two, three, and eight; James Arciero, precincts eight, five and seven; and Vanna Howard, precinct four. The Fay A. Rotenberg School, a juvenile correctional facility for girls operated by the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps, Inc. on behalf of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services, first opened in North Chelmsford in 1982; this facility had 16 beds. In 2006 the school moved to its current location in Westborough. Education The Chelmsford Public Schools district serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. Data below are from Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (ESE); class sizes are for 2008–2009 school year. Active Schools Name Grades Enrolment Charles D. Harrington Elementary School Pre-K–4 586 Byam Elementary School K–4 536 Center Elementary School K–4 521 South Row Elementary School K–4 473 Col. Moses Parker Middle School 5–8 757 C. Edith McCarthy Middle School 5–8 947 Chelmsford High School 9–12 1412 Defunct Schools Name Status North School Building burned down in 1981. Westlands Elementary School Closed due to budget cuts in 2008. Building repurposed as home for Chelmsford Community Education and Chelmsford Integrated Preschool ("CHIPS") programs. George R. Quessy School Building no longer standing. Highland School Interior rebuilt as residential. McFarlane School Interior rebuilt as residential. Chelmsford High School (1st) High School moved into new building. Building repurposed as Town Hall offices. Chelmsford High School (2nd) High School moved into new building in 1974. Building repurposed as C. Edith McCarthy Middle School. Murdoch Middle Public Charter School Became Innovation Academy Charter School and moved to new campus in Tyngsborough in 2008. Building repurposed as Middlesex Sheriff's Office Training Academy. All expenditures considered, the Chelmsford public schools district spent $10,070 per pupil as of 2008, which was lower than the state average of $12,449. This was an increase of almost $400 from Chelmsford per-pupil spending in 2007. As of 2008 per-pupil allocation, $3,937 went to classroom and specialist teachers, $333 to administration, and $185 to instructional materials, equipment and technology. In 2009, Chelmsford High School ranked 66th out of 150 public high schools considered by Boston Magazine. The ranking took into account many statistics associated with quality of education and academic performance, including the school's 14.5:1 student–teacher ratio. In the 2006–2007 school year, the average SAT scores for Chelmsford High School were 527 in the reading section, 519 in writing, and 535 in math. Chelmsford High School performed significantly better than the state average in the English, math and science portions of the 2009 Grade 10 MCAS tests, scoring 89, 87 and 77 out of 100, respectively. Historic places in Chelmsford Old Chelmsford Garrison House Chelmsford Center Historic District Fiske House (1798) Hildreth-Robbins House (1742) Middlesex Canal (1802) Old Chelmsford Garrison House (1691), now a museum Oliver Hutchins House (1820) Barrett-Byam Homestead (1663)-home of the Chelmsford Historical Society North Town Hall (1853) Transportation Chelmsford is located at the intersection of the major US highways of I-495 and U.S. 3. Also found in Chelmsford are state routes 3A, 4, 27, 40, 110, and 129, making it a significant junction of roadways. The heart of the town center is Central Square - the junction of routes 4, 110, the end of 129, and Westford Street. Chelmsford is home to the former Drum Hill Rotary. This rotary was the cause of many accidents that occurred due to its small overall size and ability for vehicles to gain speed. It formed the intersection of U.S. Route 3 (exit 32), Route 4, Drum Hill Road, and Westford Road. The rotary was demolished in 2003. It was replaced with a four intersection square with traffic lights, and is now called Drum Hill Square. This was part of a widening project for U.S. Route 3 between Interstate 95 (Route 128) and the New Hampshire state line. Freight travels daily through Chelmsford over the tracks of the historic Stony Brook Railroad. The line currently serves as a major corridor of Pan Am Railways' District 3 which connects New Hampshire and Maine with western Massachusetts, Vermont, and New York. The Bruce Freeman Rail Trail runs 6.8 miles (10.9 km) through Chelmsford, including the Central Square intersection. The LRTA bus routes 15, 16 and 17 connect Chelmsford to the Lowell train station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Lowell Line. Notable people Josiah Gardner Abbott (1814–1891), born in Chelmsford, politician Keith Aucoin (born 1978), former NHL player Jeff Bauman (born 1986), author and Boston Marathon bombing survivor Phil Bourque (born 1962), former NHL player Gerry Callahan, sports columnist and radio host Dawn Clements (1958–2018), artist George Condo (born 1957), painter Bill Cooke (born 1951), former NFL player Dan Curran (born 1976), former NFL player Edward DeSaulnier (1921–1989), state legislator and judge Gururaj Deshpande, venture capitalist and entrepreneur Jack Eichel (born 1996), NHL player Bridget Richardson Fletcher (1726–1770), hymnwriter and poet Steve Hunt (born 1958), jazz pianist and composer Ulysses John "Tony" Lupien (1917–2004), Major League Baseball player and college baseball coach Jon Morris (born 1966), former NHL player Colleen Mullen (born 1980), college basketball coach and former player Sandra Newman (born 1965), writer Benjamin Pierce (1757–1839), born in Chelmsford, Governor of New Hampshire and the father of U.S. president Franklin Pierce Jeffrey Snover, Microsoft Technical Fellow and inventor of PowerShell Peter Torkildsen (born 1958), former chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party and former congressman John Traphagan (born 1961), author and professor of religious studies and anthropology Kristen Wilson (born 1969), actress See also Islamic Society of Greater Lowell References ^ a b "2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Massachusetts: County Subdivisions". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ "P1. Race – Chelmsford town, Massachusetts: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ "America's Top High Schools". Newsweek. Newsweek LLC. September 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2015. ^ Ashford, Kate; Bartz, Andrea; Cox, Jeff; Fitch, Asa; Gandel, Stephen; Hyatt, Josh; Kelley, Rob; Knight, Kathleen; et al. (2011). "Best Places to Live: Top 100". CNN Money. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012. ^ a b Stewart-Smith, D. (1998). The Pennacook Indians and the New England frontier, circa 1604-1733. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. ^ Day, Gordon, 1981. The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, National Museum Of Man Mercury Series ISSN 0316-1854, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 71 ISSN 0316-1862. ^ "QUATRE NATIONS AUTOCHTONES S'UNISSENT POUR AFFIRMER LEUR AUTONOMIE TERRITORIALE". Odanak Band Council Website. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. ^ a b c d Wilson, Waters (1917). History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Lowell, Mass: Courier-Citizen Company. pp. 572–599. ^ "SWP No. 123: Martha Sparks - New Salem - Pelican". salem.lib.virginia.edu. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020. ^ Byam, Edwin (1975). Descendants of George Byam. Suffield, Conn. p. 14.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)https://www.chelmhist.org/media/Descendants_of_George_Byam.pdf ^ "Emerson Chronology". Ralph Waldo Emerson Society. March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010. ^ "A taste of the town's history". GateHouse Media. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2012. ^ a b "Monthly averages and records". MSN. 2010. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010. ^ "Climate in Chelmsford, Massachusetts". Retrieved March 31, 2023. ^ "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010. ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2020−2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 24, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Massachusetts: Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by State by City, 2008". US Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ Penman, Shelley (July 2009). "Violent Crime in Massachusetts" (PDF). Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ a b "Crime in the United States by State, 2008". US Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2009. Archived from the original on January 29, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ a b "Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1989–2008". US Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ Spoth, Tom (April 15, 2003). "Chelmsford station to open April 22 knock wood". The Sun. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ "Elected Officials, Board of Selectmen". Town of Chelmsford. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ "Brief history" (PDF). chelmsfordgov.com. Town of Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 4, 2024. ^ "Elected Officials". Town of Chelmsford. January 25, 2010. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010. ^ a b c "State Legislators". Town of Chelmsford. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010. ^ "About Senator Susan Fargo". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010. ^ "Fay A. Rotenberg School North Chelmsford, Massachusetts" (). Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps. December 30, 2006. Retrieved on December 24, 2015. ^ "Celebrating 30 Years of Service to Young Women" (Archive). Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps. January 12, 2012. Retrieved on December 24, 2015. ^ "Student Data, Chelmsford: Enrollment by Grade". Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ "About us". Innovation Academy Charter School. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2010. ^ "General Data, Chelmsford: Total Expenditure Per Pupil, All Funds, By Function". Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ Recck, George. "Public Schools Chart". Boston Magazine. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ "2006-07 SAT Report". Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ "Top-scoring districts on the 2009 Grade 10 MCAS exams". Boston Globe. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. ^ Pan Am Railways route map.panamrailways.com. Accessed August 31, 2007. ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Marquis Who's Who. 1967. ^ "Portraits of Imaginary People: How George Condo reclaimed Old Master painting". The New Yorker. January 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2011. ^ "28 Apr 1989, 23 - The Boston Globe at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (November 10, 2017). American Colonial Women and Their Art: A Chronological Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-4422-7097-8. Further reading 1871 Atlas of Massachusetts. by Wall & Gray. Map of Massachusetts. Map of Middlesex County. History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, by Wilson Waters, Henry Spaulding Perham, published 1917, 893 pages.Two versions of History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts are online: Page images and HTML History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1 (A-H), Volume 2 (L-W) compiled by Samuel Adams Drake, published 1879–1880. 572 and 505 pages. Chelmsford article by Frederick P. Hill in volume 1 page 367–380. Money Magazine – Top 100 Places to Live External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United StatesCounty seats: Cambridge and LowellCities Cambridge Everett Framingham Lowell Malden Marlborough Medford Melrose Newton Somerville Waltham Watertown Woburn Towns Acton Arlington Ashby Ashland Ayer Bedford Belmont Billerica Boxborough Burlington Carlisle Chelmsford Concord Dracut Dunstable Groton Holliston Hopkinton Hudson Lexington Lincoln Littleton Maynard Natick North Reading Pepperell Reading Sherborn Shirley Stoneham Stow Sudbury Tewksbury Townsend Tyngsborough Wakefield Wayland Westford Weston Wilmington Winchester CDPs Ayer (CDP) Cochituate Devens‡ East Pepperell Groton (CDP) Hanscom AFB Hopkinton (CDP) Hudson (CDP) Littleton Common Pepperell (CDP) Pinehurst Shirley (CDP) Townsend (CDP) West Concord Othervillages Auburndale Chestnut Hill‡ East Lexington Felchville Forge Village Gleasondale Greenwood Graniteville Melrose Highlands Nabnasset Newton Centre Newton Highlands Newton Lower 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watershedTributariesMassachusetts Artichoke River Assabet River Back River Beaver Brook Cochichewick River Concord River Little River Merrimack River Nashua River Nissitissit River North Nashua River Phillips Brook Powwow River Quinapoxet River Salmon Brook Shawsheen River South Branch Souhegan River South Nashua River Spicket River Squannacook River Stillwater River Stony Brook Sudbury River Trout Brook Vine Brook Whitman River New Hampshire Baboosic Brook Back River Baker River Bear Brook Beards Brook Beaver Brook Beebe River Big River Black Brook Blackwater River Cockermouth River Cohas Brook Contoocook River East Branch Baker River East Branch Pemigewasset River Fowler River Frazier Brook Gridley River Gunstock River Lane River Little River (Big River) Little River (Merrimack River) Little Massabesic Brook-Sucker Brook Little Suncook River Lost River Mad River Melvin River Merrimack River Merrymeeting River Middle Branch Piscataquog River Moosilauke Brook Nashua River Newfound 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For the city in the United Kingdom, see Chelmsford.Town in Massachusetts, United StatesChelmsford (/ˈtʃɛlmsfərd/) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It was established in 1655. The Chelmsford militia played a role in the American Revolution at the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill.Chelmsford was incorporated in May 1655 by an act of the Massachusetts General Court. When Chelmsford was incorporated, its local economy was fueled by lumber mills, limestone quarries and kilns. The farming community of East Chelmsford was incorporated as Lowell in the 1820s; over the next decades it would go on to become one of the first large-scale factory towns in the United States because of its early role in the country's Industrial Revolution. Chelmsford experienced a drastic increase in population between 1950 and 1970, coinciding with the connection of U.S. Route 3 in Lowell to Massachusetts Route 128 in the 1950s and the extension of U.S. Route 3 from Chelmsford to New Hampshire in the 1960s.Chelmsford has a representative town meeting form of government. The town has one public high school—Chelmsford High School, which was ranked[3] among the top 500 schools in the nation in 2015—as well as two middle schools, and four elementary schools. The charter middle school started in Chelmsford became a regional charter school (Innovation Academy Charter School) covering grades 5 through 12, now located in Tyngsborough. Chelmsford high school age students also have the option of attending the Nashoba Valley Technical High School, located in Westford. In 2011, Chelmsford was declared the 28th best place to live in the United States by Money magazine.[4]","title":"Chelmsford, Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennacook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennacook"},{"link_name":"Woburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"Groton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Billerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Westford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Tyngsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyngsborough,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Boston Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Gaol_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1899_Chelmsford_public_library_Massachusetts.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lexington and Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington_and_Concord"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bunker Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill"},{"link_name":"John Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill,_June_17,_1775"},{"link_name":"Bunker Hill Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument"}],"sub_title":"Early colonization","text":"The Pennacook inhabited the area for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Settler-colonizers from the adjacent communities of Woburn and Concord founded Chelmsford in 1652. An act of the Massachusetts General Court in the last week of May 1655 incorporated Chelmsford as a town; it was named after Chelmsford, England. The nearby communities of Groton and Billerica were incorporated at the same time. Chelmsford originally contained the neighboring town of Westford, as well as parts of Carlisle, Tyngsborough and a large part of Lowell (formerly known as East Chelmsford).Successive Pennacook leaders Passaconaway and Wonalancet strove to maintain a friendship with the European settler-colonizers who founded Chelmsford within their territory.[5] Despite this determinedly pro-peace stance, Chelmsford settlers became increasingly violent towards the tribe, often forcing the Pennacook to flee north temporarily or permanently. On one notable occasion, a handful of Pennacook who were too sick or elderly to flee with their kin remained behind and Chelmsford settlers burnt them alive in their dwelling.[5] Eventually most Pennacook refugees permanently moved north to join relations in Odanak, but their descendants among the Abenaki First Nation and other tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy continue to view Chelmsford as part of their ancestral and unceded homeland.[6][7]Several women of Chelmsford were suspected of being witches, such as Sarah (Hildreth) Byam and Martha Sparks.[8] In 1691, Martha was held in the Boston Gaol for witchcraft, appeared in court, but was eventually set free after about a month. Some relate her freedom to the influence of the Chelmsford minister.[8][9]Chelmsford Public Library, 1899In 1722 Chelmsford had imposed a fine for keeping strangers in town for more than 30 days. This was used for racial, religious, and political discrimination, as well as to keep out witchcraft. This practice and similar ones occurred until the Act of Settlement of 1793.[8] Sarah (Hildreth) Byam was accused of being a witch under these circumstances.[10]The Chelmsford militia played a role in the American Revolution at the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. The town's own Lieutenant Colonel Moses Parker fought on the hill. He was wounded and captured, and died from his wounds on July 4, 1775. The Lieutenant Colonel Moses Parker Middle School honors his name, and the lobby displays a representation of the man. He is depicted in the John Trumbull painting The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775 and in a painting in the Bunker Hill Museum. Captain Benjamin Walker of this town was also killed in this battle.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Roxbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"oralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oralism"},{"link_name":"Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowley,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Clark School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_School_(Rowley,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Canal"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Turnpike_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Canada Dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Dry"},{"link_name":"ginger ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_ale"},{"link_name":"Polar Beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Beverages"},{"link_name":"DeMoulas/Market Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeMoulas/Market_Basket"},{"link_name":"Tewksbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewksbury,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Later history","text":"Ralph Waldo Emerson opened a school in Chelmsford in 1825, closing it after a few months to take over his brother's school in Roxbury.[11]Chelmsford's first school for the deaf was established in 1866, with a focus in oralism. There was a maximum capacity of eight students at a time. This pioneer school was eventually closed in order to make way for the formation of a larger deaf school in Rowley known as Clark School.[8]Both the Middlesex Canal and Middlesex Turnpike, major transportation routes, were built through Chelmsford in the first part of the 19th century.Chelmsford was the birthplace of the Chelmsford Spring Co. in 1901, which later became the Chelmsford Ginger Ale Company, acquired by Canada Dry in 1928. The ginger ale plant, rebuilt in 1912 after a disastrous fire consumed the original plant, stood on Route 110 until its demolition in 1994. The Chelmsford brand of golden ginger ale continued to be manufactured by Canada Dry for decades. It is currently manufactured by Polar Beverages for DeMoulas/Market Basket supermarkets, based out of neighboring Tewksbury.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Typical_houses_in_Chelmsford,_Mass.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Nashua, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Merrimack River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_River"},{"link_name":"Concord River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_River"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2022-1"},{"link_name":"North Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Chelmsford,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Typical houses in ChelmsfordChelmsford is in northern Middlesex County, bordered by the city of Lowell to the northeast. It is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of downtown Boston and 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Nashua, New Hampshire. The town is bordered by two sizable rivers: the Merrimack River to the northeast, and the Concord River at the town's easternmost boundary.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 23.1 square miles (60 km2), of which 22.4 square miles (58 km2) are land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), or 3.04%, are water.[1]Chelmsford consists of several neighborhoods. In addition to the town center, smaller areas include South Chelmsford, West Chelmsford, East Chelmsford, North Chelmsford and the Westlands. North Chelmsford, an industrial village, is distinct from the rest of the town to the extent that it has many of its own town services.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSN_weather-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Climate_in_Chelmsford,_Massachusetts-14"}],"text":"Like much of the rest of Massachusetts, Chelmsford has a humid continental climate according to the Köppen climate classification. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters tend to be cold, windy, and snowy. The level of precipitation is roughly consistent throughout the year.[13]In a typical year, Chelmsford, Massachusetts temperatures fall below 50°F for 195 days per year. Annual precipitation is typically 44.1 inches per year (high in the US) and snow covers the ground 62 days per year or 17.0% of the year (high in the US). It may be helpful to understand the yearly precipitation by imagining 9 straight days of moderate rain per year. The humidity is below 60% for approximately 25.4 days or 7.0% of the year.[14]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"US census of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-26"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"text":"See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita incomeAs of the US census of 2010,[26] there were 33,802 people, 13,313 households, and 9,328 families residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 88.6% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2% of the population.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Town_crime_rates-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_crime_rates-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_crime_rates-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Town_crime_rates-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_crime_rates-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_crime_rates-30"},{"link_name":"police station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_station"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Crime","text":"As of 2008, Chelmsford had a violent crime rate of 132 incidents per 100,000 people,[27] compared to a rate of 449 in Massachusetts as a whole and 455 nationwide.[28][29][30] The town had a property crime rate of 1,904 incidents per 100,000 people in 2008,[27] compared to a rate of 2,400 for the state and 3,213 nationwide.[29][30] Chelmsford has one police station located near McCarthy Middle School. The 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2), $7.19-million dollar structure began operation in 2003.[31]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall,_Chelmsford_MA.jpg"},{"link_name":"representative town meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_town_meeting"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Board_of_Selectmen-32"},{"link_name":"open town meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_town_meeting"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elected_Officials-34"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelmsford,_Massachusetts&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate"},{"link_name":"Michael J. Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Barrett"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Legislators-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"precincts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_precinct"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Legislators-35"},{"link_name":"Tami Gouveia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tami_Gouveia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Golden Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Golden_Jr."},{"link_name":"James Arciero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arciero"},{"link_name":"Vanna Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanna_Howard"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Legislators-35"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Department of Youth Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Youth_Services"},{"link_name":"North Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Chelmsford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Westborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westborough,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Old Town Hall, now the town's Center for the ArtsThe town uses a representative town meeting model with a Select Board overseeing the operation of the town.[32] From its incorporation until 1989, the town was governed by an open town meeting.[33] Reporting to the Select Board are the town manager, town counsel, and town accountant. The town manager oversees the public employees and serves as Chief Executive Officer. The current town manager is Paul Cohen. Other elected boards include the Planning Board, School Committee, Library Trustees, Cemetery Commission, Board of Health, Sewer Commission and the Zoning Board of Appeals.[34]As of 2020[update] Chelmsford is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by Michael J. Barrett.[35][36] The town sends four delegates to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, each of whom represent one or more of Chelmsford's nine precincts.[35] Tami Gouveia is the state representative for precincts one and nine; Thomas Golden Jr., precincts two, three, and eight; James Arciero, precincts eight, five and seven; and Vanna Howard, precinct four.[35]The Fay A. Rotenberg School, a juvenile correctional facility for girls operated by the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps, Inc. on behalf of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services, first opened in North Chelmsford in 1982; this facility had 16 beds.[37] In 2006 the school moved to its current location in Westborough.[38]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESE-39"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Boston Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Magazine"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"MCAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Comprehensive_Assessment_System"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"The Chelmsford Public Schools district serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. Data below are from Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (ESE);[39] class sizes are for 2008–2009 school year.All expenditures considered, the Chelmsford public schools district spent $10,070 per pupil as of 2008, which was lower than the state average of $12,449. This was an increase of almost $400 from Chelmsford per-pupil spending in 2007. As of 2008 per-pupil allocation, $3,937 went to classroom and specialist teachers, $333 to administration, and $185 to instructional materials, equipment and technology.[41]In 2009, Chelmsford High School ranked 66th out of 150 public high schools considered by Boston Magazine. The ranking took into account many statistics associated with quality of education and academic performance, including the school's 14.5:1 student–teacher ratio.[42] In the 2006–2007 school year, the average SAT scores for Chelmsford High School were 527 in the reading section, 519 in writing, and 535 in math.[43] Chelmsford High School performed significantly better than the state average in the English, math and science portions of the 2009 Grade 10 MCAS tests, scoring 89, 87 and 77 out of 100, respectively.[44]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Chelmsford_Garrison_House,_MA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Chelmsford Garrison House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chelmsford_Garrison_House"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford Center Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_Center_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Fiske House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_House"},{"link_name":"Hildreth-Robbins House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildreth-Robbins_House"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Canal"},{"link_name":"Old Chelmsford Garrison House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chelmsford_Garrison_House"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hutchins House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hutchins_House"},{"link_name":"Barrett-Byam Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett-Byam_Homestead"},{"link_name":"North Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Town_Hall"}],"text":"Old Chelmsford Garrison HouseChelmsford Center Historic District\nFiske House (1798)\nHildreth-Robbins House (1742)\nMiddlesex Canal (1802)\nOld Chelmsford Garrison House (1691), now a museum\nOliver Hutchins House (1820)\nBarrett-Byam Homestead (1663)-home of the Chelmsford Historical Society\nNorth Town Hall (1853)","title":"Historic places in Chelmsford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_3"},{"link_name":"3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_3A_(northeastern_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_4_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_27_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_40_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_110_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_129_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Route 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_128_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Freight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_train"},{"link_name":"Stony Brook Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_Railroad"},{"link_name":"corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_corridor"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Railways"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bruce Freeman Rail Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Freeman_Rail_Trail"},{"link_name":"LRTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Regional_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"Lowell train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_(MBTA_station)"},{"link_name":"MBTA Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail"},{"link_name":"Lowell Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Line"}],"text":"Chelmsford is located at the intersection of the major US highways of I-495 and U.S. 3. Also found in Chelmsford are state routes 3A, 4, 27, 40, 110, and 129, making it a significant junction of roadways. The heart of the town center is Central Square - the junction of routes 4, 110, the end of 129, and Westford Street.Chelmsford is home to the former Drum Hill Rotary. This rotary was the cause of many accidents that occurred due to its small overall size and ability for vehicles to gain speed. It formed the intersection of U.S. Route 3 (exit 32), Route 4, Drum Hill Road, and Westford Road. The rotary was demolished in 2003. It was replaced with a four intersection square with traffic lights, and is now called Drum Hill Square. This was part of a widening project for U.S. Route 3 between Interstate 95 (Route 128) and the New Hampshire state line.Freight travels daily through Chelmsford over the tracks of the historic Stony Brook Railroad. The line currently serves as a major corridor of Pan Am Railways' District 3 which connects New Hampshire and Maine with western Massachusetts, Vermont, and New York.[45]The Bruce Freeman Rail Trail runs 6.8 miles (10.9 km) through Chelmsford, including the Central Square intersection.The LRTA bus routes 15, 16 and 17 connect Chelmsford to the Lowell train station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Lowell Line.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josiah Gardner Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Gardner_Abbott"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marquis_1607-1896-46"},{"link_name":"Keith Aucoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Aucoin"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bauman"},{"link_name":"Phil Bourque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bourque"},{"link_name":"Gerry Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Callahan"},{"link_name":"Dawn Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Clements"},{"link_name":"George Condo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Condo"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Bill Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cooke_(defensive_end)"},{"link_name":"Dan Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Curran"},{"link_name":"Edward DeSaulnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_DeSaulnier"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Gururaj Deshpande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gururaj_Deshpande"},{"link_name":"Jack Eichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Eichel"},{"link_name":"Bridget Richardson Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Richardson_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Steve Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Ulysses John \"Tony\" Lupien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lupien"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Jon Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Morris_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Colleen Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Mullen"},{"link_name":"Sandra Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Newman"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Pierce_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Governor of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Snover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Snover"},{"link_name":"PowerShell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell"},{"link_name":"Peter Torkildsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Torkildsen"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"John Traphagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Traphagan"},{"link_name":"Kristen Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Wilson"}],"text":"Josiah Gardner Abbott (1814–1891), born in Chelmsford, politician[46]\nKeith Aucoin (born 1978), former NHL player\nJeff Bauman (born 1986), author and Boston Marathon bombing survivor\nPhil Bourque (born 1962), former NHL player\nGerry Callahan, sports columnist and radio host\nDawn Clements (1958–2018), artist\nGeorge Condo (born 1957), painter[47]\nBill Cooke (born 1951), former NFL player\nDan Curran (born 1976), former NFL player\nEdward DeSaulnier (1921–1989), state legislator and judge[48]\nGururaj Deshpande, venture capitalist and entrepreneur\nJack Eichel (born 1996), NHL player\nBridget Richardson Fletcher (1726–1770), hymnwriter and poet[49]\nSteve Hunt (born 1958), jazz pianist and composer\nUlysses John \"Tony\" Lupien (1917–2004), Major League Baseball player and college baseball coach\nJon Morris (born 1966), former NHL player\nColleen Mullen (born 1980), college basketball coach and former player\nSandra Newman (born 1965), writer\nBenjamin Pierce (1757–1839), born in Chelmsford, Governor of New Hampshire and the father of U.S. president Franklin Pierce\nJeffrey Snover, Microsoft Technical Fellow and inventor of PowerShell\nPeter Torkildsen (born 1958), former chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party and former congressman\nJohn Traphagan (born 1961), author and professor of religious studies and anthropology\nKristen Wilson (born 1969), actress","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1871 Atlas of Massachusetts.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080404033909/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_results.asp?ImageType=index&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871"},{"link_name":"Map of Massachusetts.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080404035120/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_pages.asp?ImageName=PAGE_0010_0011.jpg&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&pageprefix="},{"link_name":"Map of Middlesex County.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080404034546/http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_pages.asp?ImageName=PAGE_0044_0045.jpg&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&pageprefix="},{"link_name":"Page images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historychelmsfo00perhgoog"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040603215422/http://www.usigs.org/library/books/ma/Chelmsford1917/"},{"link_name":"Volume 1 (A-H)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_QGolOAyd9RMC"},{"link_name":"Volume 2 (L-W)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historymiddlese00drakgoog/page/n314"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_QGolOAyd9RMC/page/n287"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.indiana.edu/~wfiu/nl_news.htm"},{"link_name":"Money Magazine – Top 100 Places to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070809122409/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0707/gallery.BPTL_top_100.moneymag/21.html"}],"text":"1871 Atlas of Massachusetts. by Wall & Gray. Map of Massachusetts. Map of Middlesex County.\nHistory of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, by Wilson Waters, Henry Spaulding Perham, published 1917, 893 pages.Two versions of History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts are online: Page images and HTML\nHistory of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1 (A-H), Volume 2 (L-W) compiled by Samuel Adams Drake, published 1879–1880. 572 and 505 pages. Chelmsford article by Frederick P. Hill in volume 1 page 367–380.\n[1]\nMoney Magazine – Top 100 Places to Live","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Chelmsford Public Library, 1899","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/1899_Chelmsford_public_library_Massachusetts.png/220px-1899_Chelmsford_public_library_Massachusetts.png"},{"image_text":"Typical houses in Chelmsford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Typical_houses_in_Chelmsford%2C_Mass.jpg/220px-Typical_houses_in_Chelmsford%2C_Mass.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Town Hall, now the town's Center for the Arts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Town_Hall%2C_Chelmsford_MA.jpg/220px-Old_Town_Hall%2C_Chelmsford_MA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Chelmsford Garrison House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Old_Chelmsford_Garrison_House%2C_MA.jpg/220px-Old_Chelmsford_Garrison_House%2C_MA.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Middlesex_County.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Islamic Society of Greater Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Greater_Lowell"}]

[{"reference":"\"2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Massachusetts: County Subdivisions\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2022_Gazetteer/2022_gaz_cousubs_25.txt","url_text":"\"2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Massachusetts: County Subdivisions\""}]},{"reference":"\"P1. Race – Chelmsford town, Massachusetts: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=0600000US2501713135&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"P1. Race – Chelmsford town, Massachusetts: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""}]},{"reference":"\"America's Top High Schools\". Newsweek. Newsweek LLC. September 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. 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January 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/01/17/110117fa_fact_tomkins","url_text":"\"Portraits of Imaginary People: How George Condo reclaimed Old Master painting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110227002434/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/01/17/110117fa_fact_tomkins","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"28 Apr 1989, 23 - The Boston Globe at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/image/439124584/","url_text":"\"28 Apr 1989, 23 - The Boston Globe at Newspapers.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026214536/http://www.newspapers.com/image/439124584/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (November 10, 2017). American Colonial Women and Their Art: A Chronological Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 157. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Curzon,_6th_Earl_Howe

Edward Curzon, 6th Earl Howe

["1 Early life and background","2 Naval career","3 Political career","4 Awards","5 Marriages and issue","6 Succession","7 References","8 External links"]

British peer (1908–1984) The Right HonourableThe Earl HoweCBE CStJ DL JPLieutenant Viscount Curzon (left) with his father Commodore The Earl Howe, on board HMS Howe.Member of the House of LordsLord TemporalIn office1 September 1964 – 29 May 1984 as a hereditary peerPreceded byThe 5th Earl HoweSucceeded byThe 7th Earl Howe Personal detailsBornEdward Richard Assheton Penn Curzon(1908-08-07)7 August 1908St George Hanover Square, London EnglandDied29 May 1984(1984-05-29) (aged 75)Amersham, Buckinghamshire, EnglandSpouses Priscilla Crystal Frances Blundell Weigall ​ ​(m. 1935; div. 1943)​ Grace Lilian Barker Wakeling ​ ​(m. 1946)​ Children4ParentsFrancis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe (father)Mary Curzon, Lady Howe (mother)Residence(s)Penn House, AmershamEducationEton CollegeAlma materCorpus Christi College, CambridgeAwardsCommander of the Most Excellent Order of the British EmpireOfficer of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of JerusalemCommander of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of JerusalemMilitary careerAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal Naval Volunteer ReserveYears of service1928–1946RankLieutenant CommanderUnitHMS CairoHMS HoweBattles/warsWorld War II Edward Richard Assheton Penn Curzon, 6th Earl Howe, CBE, CStJ, DL, JP (7 August 1908 – 29 May 1984), styled Viscount Curzon from 1929 to 1964, was a British peer. Early life and background Curzon was born in St George Hanover Square, London, Middlesex, the eldest son of Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe, and his wife and first cousin Mary Curzon, Lady Howe. He was educated at Eton College, and graduated from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Naval career Curzon joined the London Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as a Probationary Midshipman on 18 September 1928, and was appointed an Acting Sub-Lieutenant on 21 July 1931, receiving promotion to Sub-Lieutenant on 7 November 1932, with seniority from 21 July 1932. He left the RNVR in 1936 or 1937, but returned to RNVR service after the outbreak on the Second World War, being appointed a probationary temporary sub-lieutenant on 23 February 1940. He was promoted to Lieutenant on 20 May 1940, and served aboard the cruiser HMS Cairo from June 1940 to December 1941, then the battleship HMS Howe (named after his illustrious ancestor the first Earl Howe) from May 1942 to July 1945, serving in the rank of acting temporary Lieutenant Commander from December 1943 until April 1944. He left the Navy in April 1946. Political career Curzon had an active career in public service. He was first elected Member of the London County Council for Battersea South in 1937, serving until 1946. In November 1940 he was appointed a Sheriff for Buckinghamshire in the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. His career continued post-war. Curzon was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1946, and was elected as an Alderman of Buckinghamshire in 1958, and was a County Councillor from 1973, serving as Vice Chairman of Buckinghamshire County Council from 1976. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire on 1 February 1960, and was again appointed a Sheriff for Buckinghamshire in the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in November 1963. Curzon succeeded to the title of Earl Howe on 1 September 1964, taking his seat in the House of Lords, and making his maiden speech on 13 December 1965, during a debate on transport issues in Greater London. He was a campaigner for road safety — which did not prevent him from suggesting that the speed limit on motorways should be raised from 70 to 100 mph. He also served as the President of the South Buckinghamshire Conservative and Unionist Association from 1965 to 1972, then President of the Chesham and Amersham Conservative Association. In addition he served as Commissioner for the St John Ambulance Brigade for Buckinghamshire, 1953–1955, was a Trustee of the King William IV Naval Asylum in Penge. He also served as President of the British Automobile Racing Club, the Institute of Road Safety Officers, and the Fiat Motor Club (Great Britain). He was a Steward and Vice-Chairman of the Royal Automobile Club, a director of Automobile Proprietary Ltd. and Motoring Services Ltd., and a member of the RAC Public Policy Committee, the British Motor Sport Council, and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution Committee of Management. He was an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Road Transport Engineers. In 1973 Curzon and his wife second wife Grace appeared in Nick Broomfield's short film Proud to Be British. Awards On 26 June 1953 Curzon was made an Officer of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, and was promoted to Commander of the Order on 20 June 1956. He was made a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in the 1961 Birthday Honours for "political and public services in Buckinghamshire". Marriages and issue Lord Howe married firstly Priscilla Crystal Frances Blundell Weigall, only daughter of Sir William Ernest George Archibald Weigall, 1st Baronet, and wife Grace Emily Blundell Maple, on 23 July 1935 and they were divorced in 1943. They had two daughters: Lady Priscilla Mary Rose Curzon (12 February 1940) she married Charles William Lyle Keen, of The Old Rectory, Duntisbourne Rouse, Gloucestershire, on 21 July 1962. They have four children: Laura Mary Catherine Keen (1 May 1963) she married The Hon. Nicholas Beatty (born 1961), son of David Field Beatty, 2nd Earl Beatty, and fourth wife Diane Kirk Blundell, on 29 September 1990. They have one son: David Brin Charles Beatty (1992) Eleanor Margaret Keen (4 April 1965) Alice Priscilla Lyle Keen (Reading, Berkshire, 31 August 1966) she married Peter C. P. Oswald (born 1965) in 1994 and has three children William Walter Maurice Keen (Oxford, Oxfordshire, 4 March 1970) he married María Fernández Ache on 10 August 2002. They have one daughter: Dafne María Keen Fernández (Madrid, 4 January 2005) Lady Jennifer Jane Curzon (12 May 1941) she married Alan Joseph Ponté, son of Captain Leo Ponté, on 6 September 1962. They have five children: David Joseph Marcus Blundell Ponté (30 March 1964) Gideon Léo FitzRoy Ponté (11 May 1965) Rebecca Kate Priscilla Clara Ponté (23 April 1967) she married David H. Kirton on 1 May 1995 Joshua Albert Coriat Ponté (21 August 1970) Luke Antony Archibald Ponté (4 September 1974) He married secondly on 30 April 1946 Grace Lilian Barker Wakeling, daughter of Stephen Frederick Wakeling and wife Mary Anna Hartley Tarr, paternal granddaughter of Lt Edward French Wakeling and wife Susannah Greygoose and maternal granddaughter of Cornelius John Tarr and wife Grace Hannah Davies, who were both born in South Africa. They had two daughters: Lady Mary-Gaye Georgiana Lorna Curzon (21 February 1947) she married firstly Kevin Esmond Peter Cooper-Key on 18 December 1971 and they were divorced in 1976. They have one daughter. She married secondly John Austen Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe on 27 May 1977 and they were divorced in 1986. They have three children. She married thirdly Old Harrovian Entrepreneur Jeffrey Bonas, son of Harry George Bonas (b. Coventry, West Midlands) and wife Winifred Hodgkins, paternal grandson of George Bonas (son of John Bonas, of French Huguenot descent, and wife Sophy Dewis) and wife Alice Mary Smith and maternal grandson of Samuel Hodgkins (son of John Hodgkins and wife Kezia Jenks) and wife Annie Spaulton (daughter of James Spaulton and wife Mary Saxton). The Bonas family, once grocers and butchers, also owned textile mills in Castle Gresley and Burton-on-Trent under the company name, "Bonas Brothers"; it closed operations in the 1980s, having produced, as its final line, elastic for women's tights. They married in 1988 and they were divorced in 1994. They have one daughter. She married fourthly Christopher Shaw of Clan Shaw of Tordarroch on 17 December 1996 and they were divorced. They had no issue. Pandora Lorna Mary Cooper-Key (16 March 1973), she married Matthew Mervyn-Jones in 2006. They have two children. Georgiana Moireach Gay Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (14 October 1978), she married Robert Butler. They have a daughter, who was born in 2007. Isabella Amaryllis Charlotte Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (3 March 1980), she married Sam Branson, son of Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson and first wife Kristen Tomassi, on 6 March 2013. They have two children. Jacobi Richard Penn Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (10 May 1983) Cressida Curzon Bonas (18 February 1989) Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Anne Curzon (5 July 1948 – 11 January 2019). She married Captain John Barry Dinan in 1988. They have one son: Richard Assheton Dermot Dinan (1986) Succession He was succeeded in the earldom by his second cousin, Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe, who sits in the House of Lords as an elected hereditary peer. References ^ a b c Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage. Vol. 2 (107th ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. p. 1987. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h Houterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen. "Royal Navy Officers 1939–1945 (Crabb to Cutteridge)". WWII Unit Histories & Officers. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ "No. 33882". The London Gazette. 11 November 1932. p. 7177. ^ "No. 34859". The London Gazette. 28 May 1940. p. 3188. ^ "No. 34998". The London Gazette. 22 November 1940. pp. 6688–6689. ^ "No. 41947". The London Gazette. 5 February 1960. p. 908. ^ "No. 43158". The London Gazette. 15 November 1963. p. 9319. ^ "Greater London Transport". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. 13 December 1965. col. 525–526. ^ "Obituary: Earl Howe, CBE". Motor Sport: 22. July 1984. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ "Proud to Be British: Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ "No. 39898". The London Gazette. 26 June 1953. pp. 3540–3541. ^ "No. 40818". The London Gazette. 29 June 1956. p. 3804. ^ "No. 42370". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1961. p. 4153. ^ Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 145th edition, Debrett's Peerage Ltd, 2008, p. 727 ^ "12 things you need to know about Cressida Bonas, Prince Harry's new girlfriend". News Australia. ^ "Tributes paid to Winifred, the musical maestro". Burton Mail. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2019. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl Howe Peerage of the United Kingdom Preceded byFrancis Curzon Earl Howe 2nd creation1964–1984 Member of the House of Lords(1964–1984) Succeeded byFrederick Curzon

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CStJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_John"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burkes-1"}],"text":"Edward Richard Assheton Penn Curzon, 6th Earl Howe, CBE, CStJ, DL, JP (7 August 1908 – 29 May 1984), styled Viscount Curzon from 1929 to 1964, was a British peer.[1]","title":"Edward Curzon, 6th Earl Howe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St George Hanover Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Hanover_Square"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"},{"link_name":"Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Curzon,_5th_Earl_Howe"},{"link_name":"Mary Curzon, Lady Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Curzon,_Lady_Howe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burkes-1"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"}],"text":"Curzon was born in St George Hanover Square, London, Middlesex,[2] the eldest son of Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe, and his wife and first cousin Mary Curzon, Lady Howe.[1]He was educated at Eton College, and graduated from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.[2]","title":"Early life and background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"},{"link_name":"Sub-Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"HMS Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cairo_(D87)"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Howe_(32)"},{"link_name":"Earl Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"}],"text":"Curzon joined the London Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as a Probationary Midshipman on 18 September 1928, and was appointed an Acting Sub-Lieutenant on 21 July 1931,[2] receiving promotion to Sub-Lieutenant on 7 November 1932, with seniority from 21 July 1932.[3] He left the RNVR in 1936 or 1937, but returned to RNVR service after the outbreak on the Second World War, being appointed a probationary temporary sub-lieutenant on 23 February 1940.[2] He was promoted to Lieutenant on 20 May 1940,[4] and served aboard the cruiser HMS Cairo from June 1940 to December 1941, then the battleship HMS Howe (named after his illustrious ancestor the first Earl Howe) from May 1942 to July 1945, serving in the rank of acting temporary Lieutenant Commander from December 1943 until April 1944. He left the Navy in April 1946.[2]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Battersea South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_South_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"},{"link_name":"Sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"King's Bench Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Bench_Division"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"Vice Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burkes-1"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"maiden speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Conservative and Unionist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"St John Ambulance Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Ambulance_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Trustee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee"},{"link_name":"Penge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penge"},{"link_name":"British Automobile Racing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Automobile_Racing_Club"},{"link_name":"Royal Automobile Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club"},{"link_name":"Royal National Lifeboat Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution"},{"link_name":"Institute of Road Transport Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Road_Transport_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unithistories-2"},{"link_name":"Nick Broomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Broomfield"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Curzon had an active career in public service. He was first elected Member of the London County Council for Battersea South in 1937, serving until 1946.[2] In November 1940 he was appointed a Sheriff for Buckinghamshire in the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice.[5]His career continued post-war. Curzon was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1946, and was elected as an Alderman of Buckinghamshire in 1958, and was a County Councillor from 1973, serving as Vice Chairman of Buckinghamshire County Council from 1976.[2] He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire on 1 February 1960,[6] and was again appointed a Sheriff for Buckinghamshire in the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice in November 1963.[7]Curzon succeeded to the title of Earl Howe on 1 September 1964,[1] taking his seat in the House of Lords, and making his maiden speech on 13 December 1965, during a debate on transport issues in Greater London.[8] He was a campaigner for road safety — which did not prevent him from suggesting that the speed limit on motorways should be raised from 70 to 100 mph.[9]He also served as the President of the South Buckinghamshire Conservative and Unionist Association from 1965 to 1972, then President of the Chesham and Amersham Conservative Association. In addition he served as Commissioner for the St John Ambulance Brigade for Buckinghamshire, 1953–1955, was a Trustee of the King William IV Naval Asylum in Penge. He also served as President of the British Automobile Racing Club, the Institute of Road Safety Officers, and the Fiat Motor Club (Great Britain). He was a Steward and Vice-Chairman of the Royal Automobile Club, a director of Automobile Proprietary Ltd. and Motoring Services Ltd., and a member of the RAC Public Policy Committee, the British Motor Sport Council, and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution Committee of Management. He was an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Road Transport Engineers.[2]In 1973 Curzon and his wife second wife Grace appeared in Nick Broomfield's short film Proud to Be British.[10]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Venerable_Order_of_the_Hospital_of_Saint_John_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Most Excellent Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1961 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"On 26 June 1953 Curzon was made an Officer of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem,[11] and was promoted to Commander of the Order on 20 June 1956.[12] He was made a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in the 1961 Birthday Honours for \"political and public services in Buckinghamshire\".[13]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir William Ernest George Archibald Weigall, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Weigall"},{"link_name":"Duntisbourne Rouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duntisbourne_Rouse"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Laura Mary Catherine Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Beatty"},{"link_name":"David Field Beatty, 2nd Earl Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beatty,_2nd_Earl_Beatty"},{"link_name":"Alice Priscilla Lyle Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Oswald"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Peter C. P. Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Oswald"},{"link_name":"William Walter Maurice Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Keen"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Dafne María Keen Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafne_Keen"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Lt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Lady Mary-Gaye Georgiana Lorna Curzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary-Gaye_Curzon"},{"link_name":"John Austen Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe"},{"link_name":"Old Harrovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Castle Gresley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Gresley"},{"link_name":"Burton-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Clan Shaw of Tordarroch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Shaw_of_Tordarroch"},{"link_name":"Isabella Amaryllis Charlotte Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Calthorpe"},{"link_name":"Richard Charles Nicholas Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson"},{"link_name":"Cressida Curzon Bonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressida_Bonas"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain"},{"link_name":"Richard Assheton Dermot Dinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dinan"}],"text":"Lord Howe married firstly Priscilla Crystal Frances Blundell Weigall, only daughter of Sir William Ernest George Archibald Weigall, 1st Baronet, and wife Grace Emily Blundell Maple, on 23 July 1935 and they were divorced in 1943. They had two daughters:Lady Priscilla Mary Rose Curzon (12 February 1940) she married Charles William Lyle Keen, of The Old Rectory, Duntisbourne Rouse, Gloucestershire, on 21 July 1962.[14] They have four children:\nLaura Mary Catherine Keen (1 May 1963) she married The Hon. Nicholas Beatty (born 1961), son of David Field Beatty, 2nd Earl Beatty, and fourth wife Diane Kirk Blundell, on 29 September 1990. They have one son:\nDavid Brin Charles Beatty (1992)\nEleanor Margaret Keen (4 April 1965)\nAlice Priscilla Lyle Keen (Reading, Berkshire, 31 August 1966) she married Peter C. P. Oswald (born 1965) in 1994 and has three children\nWilliam Walter Maurice Keen (Oxford, Oxfordshire, 4 March 1970) he married María Fernández Ache on 10 August 2002. They have one daughter:\nDafne María Keen Fernández (Madrid, 4 January 2005)\nLady Jennifer Jane Curzon (12 May 1941) she married Alan Joseph Ponté, son of Captain Leo Ponté, on 6 September 1962. They have five children:\nDavid Joseph Marcus Blundell Ponté (30 March 1964)\nGideon Léo FitzRoy Ponté (11 May 1965)\nRebecca Kate Priscilla Clara Ponté (23 April 1967) she married David H. Kirton on 1 May 1995\nJoshua Albert Coriat Ponté (21 August 1970)\nLuke Antony Archibald Ponté (4 September 1974)He married secondly on 30 April 1946 Grace Lilian Barker Wakeling, daughter of Stephen Frederick Wakeling and wife Mary Anna Hartley Tarr, paternal granddaughter of Lt Edward French Wakeling and wife Susannah Greygoose and maternal granddaughter of Cornelius John Tarr and wife Grace Hannah Davies, who were both born in South Africa. They had two daughters:Lady Mary-Gaye Georgiana Lorna Curzon (21 February 1947) she married firstly Kevin Esmond Peter Cooper-Key on 18 December 1971 and they were divorced in 1976. They have one daughter. She married secondly John Austen Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe on 27 May 1977 and they were divorced in 1986. They have three children. She married thirdly Old Harrovian Entrepreneur Jeffrey Bonas, son of Harry George Bonas (b. Coventry, West Midlands) and wife Winifred Hodgkins, paternal grandson of George Bonas (son of John Bonas, of French Huguenot descent, and wife Sophy Dewis) and wife Alice Mary Smith and maternal grandson of Samuel Hodgkins (son of John Hodgkins and wife Kezia Jenks) and wife Annie Spaulton (daughter of James Spaulton and wife Mary Saxton).[15] The Bonas family, once grocers and butchers, also owned textile mills in Castle Gresley and Burton-on-Trent[16] under the company name, \"Bonas Brothers\"; it closed operations in the 1980s, having produced, as its final line, elastic for women's tights.[citation needed] They married in 1988 and they were divorced in 1994. They have one daughter. She married fourthly Christopher Shaw of Clan Shaw of Tordarroch on 17 December 1996 and they were divorced. They had no issue.\nPandora Lorna Mary Cooper-Key (16 March 1973), she married Matthew Mervyn-Jones in 2006. They have two children.\nGeorgiana Moireach Gay Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (14 October 1978), she married Robert Butler. They have a daughter, who was born in 2007.\nIsabella Amaryllis Charlotte Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (3 March 1980), she married Sam Branson, son of Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson and first wife Kristen Tomassi, on 6 March 2013. They have two children.\nJacobi Richard Penn Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe (10 May 1983)\nCressida Curzon Bonas (18 February 1989)\nLady Charlotte Elizabeth Anne Curzon (5 July 1948 – 11 January 2019). She married Captain John Barry Dinan in 1988. They have one son:\nRichard Assheton Dermot Dinan (1986)","title":"Marriages and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Curzon,_7th_Earl_Howe"},{"link_name":"sits in the House of Lords as an elected hereditary peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//members.parliament.uk/member/2000/career"}],"text":"He was succeeded in the earldom by his second cousin, Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe, who sits in the House of Lords as an elected hereditary peer.","title":"Succession"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage. Vol. 2 (107th ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. p. 1987. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thepeerage.com/p5006.htm","url_text":"Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage"}]},{"reference":"Houterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen. \"Royal Navy Officers 1939–1945 (Crabb to Cutteridge)\". WWII Unit Histories & Officers. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RNVR_officersC3.html","url_text":"\"Royal Navy Officers 1939–1945 (Crabb to Cutteridge)\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33882\". The London Gazette. 11 November 1932. p. 7177.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33882/page/7177","url_text":"\"No. 33882\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34859\". The London Gazette. 28 May 1940. p. 3188.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34859/page/3188","url_text":"\"No. 34859\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 34998\". The London Gazette. 22 November 1940. pp. 6688–6689.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34998/page/6688","url_text":"\"No. 34998\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41947\". The London Gazette. 5 February 1960. p. 908.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41947/page/908","url_text":"\"No. 41947\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 43158\". The London Gazette. 15 November 1963. p. 9319.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43158/page/9319","url_text":"\"No. 43158\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greater London Transport\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Lords. 13 December 1965. col. 525–526.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1965/dec/13/greater-london-transport#S5LV0271P0_19651213_HOL_109","url_text":"\"Greater London Transport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Earl Howe, CBE\". Motor Sport: 22. July 1984. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/july-1984/22/obituary","url_text":"\"Obituary: Earl Howe, CBE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)","url_text":"Motor Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Proud to Be British: Full Cast & Crew\". IMDb. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167353/fullcredits","url_text":"\"Proud to Be British: Full Cast & Crew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 39898\". The London Gazette. 26 June 1953. pp. 3540–3541.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39898/page/3540","url_text":"\"No. 39898\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 40818\". The London Gazette. 29 June 1956. p. 3804.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40818/page/3804","url_text":"\"No. 40818\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 42370\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1961. p. 4153.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42370/supplement/4153","url_text":"\"No. 42370\""}]},{"reference":"\"12 things you need to know about Cressida Bonas, Prince Harry's new girlfriend\". News Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/things-you-need-to-know-about-cressida-bonas-prince-harrys-new-girlfriend/story-e6frfmqi-1226583216326","url_text":"\"12 things you need to know about Cressida Bonas, Prince Harry's new girlfriend\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tributes paid to Winifred, the musical maestro\". Burton Mail. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151005185107/http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/Tributes-paid-Winifred-musical-maestro/story-21499843-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Tributes paid to Winifred, the musical maestro\""},{"url":"http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/Tributes-paid-Winifred-musical-maestro/story-21499843-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunbei,_Yunlin

Lunbei

["1 Geography","2 Administrative divisions","3 Economy","4 Tourist attractions","5 Notable natives","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 23°46′44″N 120°19′59″E / 23.77889°N 120.33306°E / 23.77889; 120.3330623°46′44″N 120°19′59″E / 23.77889°N 120.33306°E / 23.77889; 120.33306 Rural townshipLunbei Township崙背鄉Rural townshipLunbei Township in Yunlin CountyLocationYunlin County, TaiwanArea • Total58 km2 (22 sq mi)Population (February 2023) • Total23,051 • Density400/km2 (1,000/sq mi) Lunbei Township (Chinese: 崙背鄉; pinyin: Lúnbèi Xiāng) is a rural township in Yunlin County, Taiwan. Geography Lunbei lies on the alluvial plain of the Zhuoshui River at 7–20 m (23–66 ft) above sea level. It has a population total of 23,051 people and 1 sage, and an area of 58.4840 square kilometers.(as of February 2023) Administrative divisions Tungming, Xirong, Nanyang, Lunqian, Luocuo, Gangwei, Aquan, Wukui, Dayou, Fengrong, Caohu, Jiuzhuang, Shuiwei and Fangnan Village. Economy The township grows watermelon and cantaloupe all year round. In 2002, the township had 58 dairy farms raising about 10,000 cows with several tones of annual milk production. The total annual dairy product production is around NT$500 to NT$600 million. The township also produces chicken from its farms. Tourist attractions Zhaoan Hakka Cultural Hall Notable natives Hsu Shu-ching, weightlifter References ^ "GeoNames Search". Geographic Names Database. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA. Retrieved 17 July 2016. ^ a b 雲林縣崙背鄉公所 (31 May 2016). "Welcome to Lunbei". ^ Lee, Wendy (18 January 2017). "Latest avian flu outbreaks force cull of 30,000 chickens in Yunlin". Taiwan News. Retrieved 26 April 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lunbei Township, Yunlin County. Lunbei Township Office, Yunlin County vteCities and townships of Yunlin CountyCounty seat: DouliuCities Douliu Urban townships Beigang Dounan Huwei Tuku Xiluo Rural townships Baozhong Citong Dapi Dongshi Erlun Gukeng Kouhu Linnei Lunbei Mailiao Shuilin Sihu Taixi Yuanchang vteTownships in TaiwanUrbantownshipsChanghua Beidou Erlin Hemei Lukang Tianzhong Xihu Chiayi Budai Dalin Hsinchu Guanxi Xinpu Zhudong Hualien Fenglin Yuli Kinmen Jincheng Jinhu Jinsha Miaoli Houlong Tongxiao Yuanli Zhunan Zhuolan Nantou Caotun Jiji Puli Zhushan Pingtung Chaozhou Donggang Hengchun Taitung Chenggong Guanshan Yilan Luodong Su'ao Toucheng Yunlin Beigang Dounan Huwei Tuku Xiluo RuraltownshipsChanghua Dacheng Dacun Ershui Fangyuan Fenyuan Fuxing Huatan Pitou Puxin Puyan Shengang Shetou Tianwei Xianxi Xiushui Xizhou Yongjing Zhutang Chiayi Alishan Dapu Dongshi Fanlu Lioujiao Lucao Meishan Minxiong Shuishang Xikou Xingang Yizhu Zhongpu Zhuqi Hsinchu Baoshan Beipu Emei Hengshan Hukou Qionglin Xinfeng Hualien Fengbin Fuli Guangfu Ji'an Ruisui Shoufeng Xincheng Kinmen Jinning Lieyu Wuqiu Lienchiang Beigan Dongyin Juguang Nangan Miaoli Dahu Gongguan Nanzhuang Sanwan Sanyi Shitan Tongluo Touwu Xihu Zaoqiao Nantou Guoxing Lugu Mingjian Shuili Yuchi Zhongliao Penghu Baisha Huxi Qimei Wangan Xiyu Pingtung Changzhi Checheng Fangliao Fangshan Gaoshu Jiadong Jiuru Kanding Ligang Linbian Linluo Liuqiu Manzhou Nanzhou Neipu Wandan Wanluan Xinpi Xinyuan Yanpu Zhutian Taitung Beinan Changbin Chishang Dawu Donghe Luye Lüdao Taimali Yilan Dongshan Jiaoxi Sanxing Wujie Yuanshan Zhuangwei Yunlin Baozhong Cihtong Dapi Dongshi Erlun Gukeng Kouhu Linnei Lunbei Mailiao Shuilin Sihu Taisi Yuanchang MountainindigenoustownshipsHsinchu Jianshi Wufeng Hualien Wanrong Xiulin Zhuoxi Miaoli Tai'an Nantou Ren'ai Xinyi Pingtung Chunri Laiyi Majia Mudan Sandimen Shizi Taiwu Wutai Taitung Daren Haiduan Jinfeng Lanyu Yanping Yilan Datong Nan'ao Note: Pinyin is the national standard and promulgated by the Ministry of Interior. Exceptions: "Lukang" instead of "Lugang" and names of Counties. This article about a location in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight,_Michigan

South Arm Township, Michigan

["1 Communities","2 Geography","2.1 Major highways","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 References","5.1 Sources","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 45°10′00″N 85°09′18″W / 45.16667°N 85.15500°W / 45.16667; -85.15500 Civil township in Michigan, United StatesSouth Arm Township, MichiganCivil townshipSouth Arm Township HallLocation within Charlevoix CountySouth Arm TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganCoordinates: 45°10′00″N 85°09′18″W / 45.16667°N 85.15500°W / 45.16667; -85.15500CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyCharlevoixGovernment • SupervisorRobert Christensen • ClerkKimberly OlstromArea • Total32.68 sq mi (84.64 km2) • Land30.64 sq mi (79.36 km2) • Water2.04 sq mi (5.28 km2)Elevation755 ft (230 m)Population (2010) • Total1,873 • Density61.1/sq mi (23.6/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)49727 (East Jordan)49729 (Ellsworth)Area code231FIPS code26-74680GNIS feature ID1627092WebsiteOfficial website South Arm Township is a civil township of Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,873 at the 2010 census. Communities Dwight was a historic community within the township. It began with a rural post office that opened on May 28, 1866 with local storekeeper DeGrove Haight serving as the first postmaster. The post office operated until July 19, 1898. Intermediate is a former settlement located along middle section of the south arm of Pine Lake (now Lake Charlevoix). A post office named Intermediate operated from March 2, 1874 until November 30, 1892. Nelsonville is a former community that was settled in Emmet County as early as 1865 by the lumbering firm Nelson, Reddington & Company. When the area became part of the newly-organized Charlevoix County, Nelsonville received a post office on April 26, 1869. The post office closed and was transferred to South Arm on November 23, 1874. Sedan was a community within the township that began with a post office that opened on May 31, 1878 just north of East Jordan. The community's name may have derived from the recent Battle of Sedan (1870) of the Franco-Prussian War. The post office operated until February 1, 1883. South Arm is a historic settlement within the township. It was named for its location along the south arm of Pine Lake (now Lake Charlevoix). It began when Soloman Isaman purchased 80 acres (32 ha) of land here in 1867. By 1873, he had built his home and a general store, and he became the first postmaster when a post office named South Arm opened on November 23, 1874. In 1877, South Arm was absorbed into the newly incorporated village of East Jordan. The South Arm post office operated until June 30, 1905. Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.68 square miles (84.64 km2), of which 30.64 square miles (79.36 km2) is land and 2.04 square miles (5.28 km2) (6.24) is water. The township contains a coastline along the southern arm of Lake Charlevoix. Major highways M-32 (Maple Street) enters the township briefly in the southeast portion of the township and terminates in the city of East Jordan. M-66 runs along the coast of Lake Charlevoix and through East Jordan. C-48 is a county-designated highway that runs west–east through the center portion of the township. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 1,844 people, 670 households, and 517 families residing in the township. The population density was 60.0 inhabitants per square mile (23.2/km2). There were 947 housing units at an average density of 30.8 per square mile (11.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.10% White, 1.68% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 1.25% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.63% of the population. There were 670 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.0% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.96. In the township the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $42,159, and the median income for a family was $48,438. Males had a median income of $31,964 versus $25,096 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,554. About 3.5% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over. Education South Arm Township is served by two separate public school districts. The vast majority of the township is served by East Jordan Public Schools within the city of East Jordan. A small portion of the southwest corner of the township is served by Ellsworth Community School to the west in the village of Ellsworth in Antrim County. References ^ Michigan Townships Association (2022). "South Arm Twp., Charlevoix Co". Retrieved August 9, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: South Arm Township, Michigan ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): South Arm township, Charlevoix County, Michigan". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2014. ^ Romig 1986, p. 166. ^ Romig 1986, p. 285. ^ Romig 1986, p. 391. ^ Romig 1986, p. 505. ^ Romig 1986, p. 523. ^ Michigan Geographic Framework (November 15, 2013). "Charlevoix County School Districts" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2022. Sources Romig, Walter (October 1, 1986) . Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities (Paperback). Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. pp. 166, 285, 391, 505, 523. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6. External links South Arm Township official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Charlevoix County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: CharlevoixCities Boyne City Charlevoix East Jordan Map of Michigan highlighting Charlevoix County.svgVillage Boyne Falls Civil townships Bay Boyne Valley Chandler Charlevoix Evangeline Eveline Hayes Hudson Marion Melrose Norwood Peaine St. James South Arm Wilson CDPs Advance Bay Shore‡ Horton Bay Ironton Norwood St. James Walloon Lake Othercommunities Barnard Beaver Island Bonner Landing Boulder Park Burgess Clarion Martins Bluff Nomad Phelps Wildwood Zenith Heights Ghost towns Afton Bay Springs Bedwin Belvedere Cherrie Cushman Dot Doyle's Siding Dwight Embo Eveline High Island Holy Island Intermediate Inwood Lake Junction Moore Nelsonville Raymond Rock Elm Sedan South Arm Spring Vale Success Thumb Lake Troutdale Undine Indian reservations Grand Traverse Indian Reservation‡ Little Traverse Bay Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Michigan portal United States portal

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The population was 1,873 at the 2010 census.[4]","title":"South Arm Township, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomig1986166-5"},{"link_name":"Lake Charlevoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charlevoix"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomig1986285-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomig1986391-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan"},{"link_name":"Franco-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomig1986505-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomig1986523-9"}],"text":"Dwight was a historic community within the township. It began with a rural post office that opened on May 28, 1866 with local storekeeper DeGrove Haight serving as the first postmaster. The post office operated until July 19, 1898.[5]\nIntermediate is a former settlement located along middle section of the south arm of Pine Lake (now Lake Charlevoix). A post office named Intermediate operated from March 2, 1874 until November 30, 1892.[6]\nNelsonville is a former community that was settled in Emmet County as early as 1865 by the lumbering firm Nelson, Reddington & Company. When the area became part of the newly-organized Charlevoix County, Nelsonville received a post office on April 26, 1869. The post office closed and was transferred to South Arm on November 23, 1874.[7]\nSedan was a community within the township that began with a post office that opened on May 31, 1878 just north of East Jordan. The community's name may have derived from the recent Battle of Sedan (1870) of the Franco-Prussian War. The post office operated until February 1, 1883.[8]\nSouth Arm is a historic settlement within the township. It was named for its location along the south arm of Pine Lake (now Lake Charlevoix). It began when Soloman Isaman purchased 80 acres (32 ha) of land here in 1867. By 1873, he had built his home and a general store, and he became the first postmaster when a post office named South Arm opened on November 23, 1874. In 1877, South Arm was absorbed into the newly incorporated village of East Jordan. The South Arm post office operated until June 30, 1905.[9]","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"},{"link_name":"Lake Charlevoix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charlevoix"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.68 square miles (84.64 km2), of which 30.64 square miles (79.36 km2) is land and 2.04 square miles (5.28 km2) (6.24) is water.[4]The township contains a coastline along the southern arm of Lake Charlevoix.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-32_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"M-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-66_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"C-48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-48_(Michigan_county_highway)"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"M-32 (Maple Street) enters the township briefly in the southeast portion of the township and terminates in the city of East Jordan.\n M-66 runs along the coast of Lake Charlevoix and through East Jordan.\n C-48 is a county-designated highway that runs west–east through the center portion of the township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 1,844 people, 670 households, and 517 families residing in the township. The population density was 60.0 inhabitants per square mile (23.2/km2). There were 947 housing units at an average density of 30.8 per square mile (11.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.10% White, 1.68% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 1.25% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.63% of the population.There were 670 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.0% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.96.In the township the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.The median income for a household in the township was $42,159, and the median income for a family was $48,438. Males had a median income of $31,964 versus $25,096 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,554. About 3.5% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Jordan Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Jordan_Public_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jordan,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth Community School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellsworth_Community_School_(Michigan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Antrim County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"South Arm Township is served by two separate public school districts. The vast majority of the township is served by East Jordan Public Schools within the city of East Jordan. A small portion of the southwest corner of the township is served by Ellsworth Community School to the west in the village of Ellsworth in Antrim County.[10]","title":"Education"}]

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[{"reference":"Michigan Townships Association (2022). \"South Arm Twp., Charlevoix Co\". Retrieved August 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Townships_Association","url_text":"Michigan Townships Association"},{"url":"http://www.michigantownships.org/twp_details.asp?fips=74680","url_text":"\"South Arm Twp., Charlevoix Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): South Arm township, Charlevoix County, Michigan\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212155104/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US2602974680","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): South Arm township, Charlevoix County, Michigan\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US2602974680","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michigan Geographic Framework (November 15, 2013). \"Charlevoix County School Districts\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/mgdl/pdfmaps/CountySchools/SD_BYCO_esize_CHARLEVOIX%20COUNTY.pdf","url_text":"\"Charlevoix County School Districts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140820162308/http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/mgdl/pdfmaps/CountySchools/SD_BYCO_esize_CHARLEVOIX%20COUNTY.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Romig, Walter (October 1, 1986) [1973]. Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities (Paperback). Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. pp. 166, 285, 391, 505, 523. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press","url_text":"Wayne State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1838-6","url_text":"978-0-8143-1838-6"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Valley,_Cappadocia

Love Valley, Cappadocia

["1 History","2 Geology","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 38°39′38.5″N 34°49′10.6″E / 38.660694°N 34.819611°E / 38.660694; 34.819611Valley in Göreme Historical National Park, Cappadocia, Turkey This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Love ValleyAşk VadisiAerial view of Love ValleyLove ValleyGöreme, Nevşehir Province, (Turkey)GeographyState/ProvinceCappadociaCoordinates38°39′38.5″N 34°49′10.6″E / 38.660694°N 34.819611°E / 38.660694; 34.819611  Love Valley, (Turkish Aşıklar Vadisi) is a valley in Göreme Historical National Park, Cappadocia, Turkey. It is known for its rock formations called fairy chimneys. History The history of Love Valley dates back to at least Roman times. There goes a legend that there once was two dynasties living in the same village. A fight broke out between the two dynasties, which resulted in the village effectively being split. One day, two villagers complained about the situation which resulted in the recruitment of two people from opposing sides. The two recruited soldiers fell in love with each other as soon as they saw each other. The feuding villagers, having had knowledge of this, tried their best to separate the two but failed. After they struggled to separate the two, the villagers decided to get them married. Time passed, the couple had a child, However the situation wasn't enough to reconcile the opposing families. Finally, they killed the boy. The girl couldn't stand her husband's death and later committed suicide. It is said that after the death of the two lovers, God rained stones to punish the feuding villagers. These stones are to kill anyone who opposes the reunion of youth. A more modern explanation for the name Love Valley can be due in part to the heart-shaped fairy chimneys that dot the landscape. Geology References ^ Admin. "Kapadokya Gezilecek Yerler" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-04-01. ^ vip kapadokya. "Aşk Vadisi" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-04-01. ^ Vigor Hotels. "KAPADOKYA AŞK VADİSİ (AŞK VADİSİ TARİHİ, HİKAYESİ, GİDİLECEK YERLER, YAPILAN AKTİVİTELER)" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-04-01. Eda Elif Tibet. "The sentient ecology of Cappadocia: dovecote paintings, pigeons, vineyards, cave dwellers and fairy chimneys". Retrieved 2018-12-12. Cevdet Avcikurt. "The Importance of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Tourism: A Case of Cappadocia". Retrieved 2009-01-01. Attila Ciner, Erkan Aydar. "A Fascinating Gift from Volcanoes: The Fairy Chimneys and Underground Cities of Cappadocia". Retrieved 2019-11-22. Love Valley General Information. External links Cappadocia Love Valley: The Best Hiking in Cappadocia? (in English) Love Valley Cappadocia – The Complete Guide (in English) Love Valley Cappadocia (Where? Things to Do & See + Advice) (in English) Legend of Love Valley (story) (in English)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Göreme Historical National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme_Historical_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"fairy chimneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_(geology)"}],"text":"Valley in Göreme Historical National Park, Cappadocia, TurkeyLove Valley, (Turkish Aşıklar Vadisi) is a valley in Göreme Historical National Park, Cappadocia, Turkey. It is known for its rock formations called fairy chimneys.","title":"Love Valley, Cappadocia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The history of Love Valley dates back to at least Roman times. There goes a legend that there once was two dynasties living in the same village. A fight broke out between the two dynasties, which resulted in the village effectively being split. One day, two villagers complained about the situation which resulted in the recruitment of two people from opposing sides. The two recruited soldiers fell in love with each other as soon as they saw each other. The feuding villagers, having had knowledge of this, tried their best to separate the two but failed. After they struggled to separate the two, the villagers decided to get them married. Time passed, the couple had a child, However the situation wasn't enough to reconcile the opposing families. Finally, they killed the boy. The girl couldn't stand her husband's death and later committed suicide. It is said that after the death of the two lovers, God rained stones to punish the feuding villagers. These stones are to kill anyone who opposes the reunion of youth.[1][2][3]A more modern explanation for the name Love Valley can be due in part to the heart-shaped fairy chimneys that dot the landscape.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geology"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Admin. \"Kapadokya Gezilecek Yerler\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://tatilyakasi.com/kapadokya-gezilecek-yerler/","url_text":"\"Kapadokya Gezilecek Yerler\""}]},{"reference":"vip kapadokya. \"Aşk Vadisi\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kapadokyavip.com/ask-vadisi-kapadokya/","url_text":"\"Aşk Vadisi\""}]},{"reference":"Vigor Hotels. \"KAPADOKYA AŞK VADİSİ (AŞK VADİSİ TARİHİ, HİKAYESİ, GİDİLECEK YERLER, YAPILAN AKTİVİTELER)\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://vigorhotels.com.tr/kapadokya-ask-vadisi-ask-vadisi-tarihi-hikayesi-gidilecek-yerler-yapilan-aktiviteler/","url_text":"\"KAPADOKYA AŞK VADİSİ (AŞK VADİSİ TARİHİ, HİKAYESİ, GİDİLECEK YERLER, YAPILAN AKTİVİTELER)\""}]},{"reference":"Eda Elif Tibet. \"The sentient ecology of Cappadocia: dovecote paintings, pigeons, vineyards, cave dwellers and fairy chimneys\". Retrieved 2018-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329421729_The_sentient_ecology_of_Cappadocia_dovecote_paintings_pigeons_vineyards_cave_dwellers_and_fairy_chimneys","url_text":"\"The sentient ecology of Cappadocia: dovecote paintings, pigeons, vineyards, cave dwellers and fairy chimneys\""}]},{"reference":"Cevdet Avcikurt. \"The Importance of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Tourism: A Case of Cappadocia\". Retrieved 2009-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326127034_The_Importance_of_Natural_and_Cultural_Heritage_in_Tourism_A_Case_of_Cappadocia","url_text":"\"The Importance of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Tourism: A Case of Cappadocia\""}]},{"reference":"Attila Ciner, Erkan Aydar. \"A Fascinating Gift from Volcanoes: The Fairy Chimneys and Underground Cities of Cappadocia\". Retrieved 2019-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330255484_A_Fascinating_Gift_from_Volcanoes_The_Fairy_Chimneys_and_Underground_Cities_of_Cappadocia","url_text":"\"A Fascinating Gift from Volcanoes: The Fairy Chimneys and Underground Cities of Cappadocia\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender,_Sexual_and_Romantic_Minorities

LGBT

["1 History of the term","2 Variants","2.1 Transgender inclusion","2.2 Intersex inclusion","2.3 Asexual, aromantic and agender inclusion","3 Criticism of the term","4 Alternative terms","4.1 Queer","4.2 SGM/GSM/GSRM","4.3 Further umbrella terms","4.4 Clinical","4.5 MVPFAFF","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Initialism for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender" This article is about the initialism. For LGBT people in society, see LGBT community, LGBT history, and LGBT culture. For other uses, see LGBT (disambiguation). For a topical guide, see Outline of LGBT topics. A six-band rainbow flag representing the LGBT community Part of a series onLGBT topics       LesbianGayBisexualTransgender Sexual orientation and gender Aromanticism Asexuality Gray asexuality Biology Bisexuality Pansexuality Demographics Environment Gender fluidity Gender identity Gender role Gender variance Homosexuality Intersex Non-heterosexual Non-binary gender Queer Queer heterosexuality Questioning Sexual identity Sex–gender distinction Trans man Trans woman Transgender Transsexual Two-spirit History General Timeline Same-sex marriage Homosexuality Movements Gay liberation Same-sex unions Stonewall riots Identities Lesbian Gay men Bisexuality Transgender Intersex Culture Coming out Community African-American Dyke March Events Largest events Gay village Media Films New queer cinema Periodicals LGBT culture in New York City Pride Pride Month Parade Queer art QPR and QPP Same-sex relationship Slang Socialization Subcultures Symbols Flags Takatāpui Moe aikāne Tourism Rights Adoption Civil union Intersex human rights Marriage Military service Parenting Rights by country or territory Transgender rights Yogyakarta Principles Health MSM and Blood donation restrictions / HIV LGBT medical organizations Reproduction Transgender health care Youth suicide Social attitudes 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States Allonormativity Amatonormativity Cisnormativity Heteronormativity LGBT rights opposition Mixed-orientation marriage Media portrayal Religion and homosexuality / trans people Sexual diversity Stereotypes Issues Acephobia Arophobia AIDS stigma Anti-LGBT rhetoric Biphobia Bullying Censorship Closeted Outing Comphet Domestic violence Erasure Straightwashing Bisexual Lesbian Trans Gay bashing Gayphobia Heteropatriarchy Heterosexism Homophobia Liberal Intersex discrimination Lesbophobia LGBT youth Suicide Vulnerability Migration Racism Sexualism Transphobia Non-binary people Trans men Trans women Violence Trans people Academic fields and discourse Communism and LGBT rights Gender studies Lesbian feminism Lavender linguistics LGBT conservatism LGBT conservatism in the United States Queer anarchism Queer studies Queer theory Social construction of gender Socialism and LGBT rights Transfeminism Transgender studies Travesti LGBT portalvte LGBT is an initialism that stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender". It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual, non-heteroromantic, or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. A variant, LGBTQ, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity. Another variation, LGBTQ+, adds a plus sign "represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity". Many further variations of the acronym exist, such as LGBT+ (simplified to encompass the Q concept within the plus sign), LGBTQIA+ (adding intersex, and asexual/aromantic), and 2SLGBTQ+ (adding two-spirit for a term specific to Indigenous North Americans). The LGBT label is not universally agreed to by everyone that it is generally intended to include. In use since the late 1980s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for marginalized sexualities and gender identities. LGBT is an adaptation of LGB, which in the mid-to-late 1980s began to replace the term gay (or gay and lesbian) in reference to the broader LGBT community. When not inclusive of transgender people, the shorter LGB is still used. History of the term Further information: Terminology of homosexuality The Stonewall Inn in the gay village of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots, the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement and an icon of LGBT culture, is adorned with rainbow pride flags. LGBT publications, pride parades, and related events, such as this stage at Bologna Pride 2008 in Italy, increasingly drop the LGBT initialism instead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title. The first widely used term, homosexual, now a term used primarily in scientific contexts, has at times carried negative connotations in the United States. Gay became a popular term in the 1970s. As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase gay and lesbian became more common. A dispute as to whether the primary focus of their political aims should be feminism or gay rights led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including Daughters of Bilitis, which was founded by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, but disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal should take precedence. As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles between men and women or butch and femme were viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists eschewed gender role play that had been pervasive in bars as well as the perceived chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men or take up their causes. Lesbians who held the essentialist view that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor lesbian to define sexual attraction often considered the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights. Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community. In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, after the elation of change following group action in the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual or transgender people. Critics said that transgender people were acting out stereotypes, and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to come out and be honest about their identity. Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day. LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the movement began. From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT in the United States. Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect. This spurred some organizations to adopt new names, as the GLBT Historical Society did in 1999. Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion. Despite the fact that LGBT does not nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below), the term is generally accepted to include those not specifically identified in the four-letter initialism. Overall, the use of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community. Transgender actress Candis Cayne, in 2009, described the LGBT community as "the last great minority", noting that "we can still be harassed openly" and be "called out on television". In 2016, GLAAD's Media Reference Guide states that LGBTQ is the preferred initialism, being more inclusive of younger members of the communities who embrace queer as a self-descriptor. Some people consider queer to be a derogatory term originating in hate speech and reject it, especially among older members of the community. Variants 2010 pride parade in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, which used the LGBTIQ initialism People gathering at the Senate Square, Helsinki, right before the 2011 Helsinki Pride parade started Many variants exist, such as the more inclusive LGBT+ and variations that change the order of the letters or include additional letters. At least some of the components of sexuality (regarding hetero, bi, straight), and also gender are stated to be on different spectrums of sexuality. Other common variants also exist, such as LGBTQIA, with the I standing for intersex and the A standing for asexual, aromantic, or agender, and LGBTQIA+, where "the '+' represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity". Longer initialisms have been criticized as confusing or unwieldy, sometimes being referred to as "alphabet soup", and mocked with labels such as LGBTQWERTY, LGBTQXYZ, and alphabet mafia. The implication that the initialism refers to a single community is also controversial. Although identical in meaning, LGBT may have a more feminist connotation than GLBT as it places the "L" (for "lesbian") first. LGBT may also include additional Qs for "queer" or "questioning" (sometimes abbreviated with a question mark and sometimes used to mean anybody not literally L, G, B or T) producing the variants LGBTQ and LGBTQQ. The order of the letters has not been standardized; in addition to the variations between the positions of the initial "L" or "G", the mentioned, less common letters, if used, may appear in almost any order. In Spain, LGTB is used, that is, reversing the letters "B" and "T". Variant terms do not typically represent political differences within the community, but arise simply from the preferences of individuals and groups. The terms pansexual, omnisexual, fluid and queer-identified are regarded as falling under the umbrella term bisexual (and therefore are considered a part of the bisexual community). Some use LGBT+ to mean "LGBT and related communities". Other variants may have a "U" for "unsure"; a "C" for "curious"; another "T" for "transvestite"; a "TS", "2S", or "2" for "two-spirit" persons; or an "SA" for "straight allies". The inclusion of straight allies in the LGBT initialism has proven controversial, as many straight allies have been accused of using LGBT advocacy to gain popularity and status in recent years, and various LGBT activists have criticised the heteronormative worldview of certain straight allies. Some may also add a "P" for "polyamorous" or "pangender", an "H" for "HIV-affected", or an "O" for "other". The initialism LGBTIH has seen use in India to encompass the hijra third gender identity and the related subculture. Adding the term allies to the initialism has sparked controversy, with some seeing the inclusion of ally in place of asexual/aromantic/agender as a form of LGBT erasure. There is also the acronym QUILTBAG (queer and questioning, unsure, intersex, lesbian, transgender and two-spirit, bisexual, asexual and aromantic, and gay and genderqueer). Similarly LGBTIQA+ stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual and many other terms (such as non-binary and pansexual)". In Canada, the community is sometimes identified as LGBTQ2 (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and two spirit). Depending on which organization is using the abbreviation, the choice of initialism changes. Businesses and the CBC often simply employ LGBT as a proxy for any longer abbreviation, private activist groups often employ LGBTQ+, whereas public health providers favour the more inclusive LGBT2Q+ to accommodate twin spirited indigenous peoples. For a time, the Pride Toronto organization used the much lengthier initialism LGBTTIQQ2SA, but appears to have dropped this in favour of simpler wording. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was also criticized for using the 2SLGBTQQIA+ initialism. As of July 2023, the Government of Canada's official term is 2SLGBTQI+. Trudeau's new acronym was criticized by some social media users. Transgender inclusion The term trans* has been adopted by some groups as a more inclusive alternative to "transgender", where trans (without the asterisk) has been used to describe trans men and trans women, while trans* covers all non-cisgender (genderqueer) identities, including transgender, transsexual, transvestite, genderqueer, genderfluid, non-binary, genderfuck, genderless, agender, non-gendered, third gender, two-spirit, bigender, and trans man and trans woman. Likewise, the term transsexual commonly falls under the umbrella term transgender, but some transsexual people object to this. Intersex inclusion Main article: Intersex and LGBT Those who add intersex people to LGBT groups or organizations may use the extended initialism LGBTI, or LGBTIQ. The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex, but intersex people are often added to the LGBT category to create an LGBTI community. Some intersex people prefer the initialism LGBTI, while others would rather that they not be included as part of the term. Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT. Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same-sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms". Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs". Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same-sex attraction in intersex people, with a recent Australian study of people born with atypical sex characteristics finding that 52% of respondents were non-heterosexual; thus, research on intersex subjects has been used to explore means of preventing homosexuality. As an experience of being born with sex characteristics that do not fit social norms, intersex can be distinguished from transgender, while some intersex people are both intersex and transgender. Asexual, aromantic and agender inclusion Main articles: Asexuality, Aromanticism, and Agender In the early 2010s, asexuality and aromanticism started gaining wider recognition. Around 2015, they were included in the expanded initialism LGBTQIA, with the A standing for asexual, aromantic, commonly grouped together as a-spec along with agender. Asexual individuals experience minimal to no sexual attraction to others, and it is crucial to acknowledge that asexuality is a legitimate sexual orientation, not a deficiency or a temporary state. Similarly, aromantic individuals lack romantic attraction to others, yet they can still forge profound emotional connections and strong bonds with people without the romantic component. Furthermore, agender individuals either have no gender identity or possess a neutral or genderless gender identity. Some people have mistakenly claimed the A stands for ally, but allies are not a marginalized group and mentions of A for ally have regularly sparked controversy as a form of LGBT erasure. Criticism of the term LGBT families, like these in a 2007 Boston pride parade, are labeled as non-heterosexual by researchers for a variety of reasons. The initialisms LGBT or GLBT are not agreed to by everyone that they encompass. For example, some argue that transgender and transsexual causes are not the same as that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people. This argument centers on the idea that being transgender or transsexual has to do more with gender identity, or a person's understanding of being or not being a man or a woman irrespective of their sexual orientation. LGB issues can be seen as a matter of sexual orientation or attraction. These distinctions have been made in the context of political action in which LGB goals, such as same-sex marriage legislation and human rights work (which may not include transgender and intersex people), may be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals. A belief in "lesbian and gay separatism" (not to be confused with the related "lesbian separatism") holds that lesbians and gay men form (or should form) a community distinct and separate from other groups normally included in the LGBTQ sphere. While not always appearing in sufficient numbers or organization to be called a movement, separatists are a significant, vocal, and active element within many parts of the LGBT community. In some cases separatists will deny the existence or right to equality of bisexual orientations and of transsexuality, sometimes leading public biphobia and transphobia. In contrasts to separatists, Peter Tatchell of the LGBT human rights group OutRage! argues that to separate the transgender movement from the LGB would be "political madness", stating that: Queers are, like transgender people, gender deviant. We don't conform to traditional heterosexist assumptions of male and female behaviour, in that we have sexual and emotional relationships with the same sex. We should celebrate our discordance with mainstream straight norms. The portrayal of an all-encompassing "LGBT community" or "LGB community" is also disliked by some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Some do not subscribe to or approve of the political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning that normally goes with it, including LGBT pride marches and events. Some of them believe that grouping together people with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/etc. makes a person deficiently different from other people. These people are often less visible compared to more mainstream gay or LGBT activists. Since this faction is difficult to distinguish from the heterosexual majority, it is common for people to assume all LGBT people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT people in society, including the right to live one's life differently from the majority. In the 1996 book Anti-Gay, a collection of essays edited by Mark Simpson, the concept of a 'one-size-fits-all' identity based on LGBT stereotypes is criticized for suppressing the individuality of LGBT people. Writing in the BBC News Magazine in 2014, Julie Bindel questions whether the various gender groupings now, "bracketed together ... share the same issues, values and goals?" Bindel refers to a number of possible new initialisms for differing combinations and concludes that it may be time for the alliances to either be reformed or go their "separate ways". In 2015, the slogan "Drop the T" was coined to encourage LGBT organizations to stop support of transgender people as they say that sexual orientation, LGB, does not share similarity with gender identity, the T. the campaign has been widely condemned by many LGBT groups as transphobic. Alternative terms Queer Main article: Queer Many have expressed desire for an umbrella term to replace existing initialisms. Queer gained popularity as an umbrella-term for sexual and gender minorities in the 21st century. The term remains controversial, particularly among older LGBT people, who perceive it as offensive due to its historical usage as a slur, as well as those who wish to dissociate themselves from queer radicalism, and those who see it as amorphous and trendy. Some younger people feel queer is a more politically charged, more powerful term than LGBT. In a 2018 U.S. study, about 1 in 5 LGBTQ people identified as "queer". SGM/GSM/GSRM See also: Sexual minority, Gender minority, and Romantic minority SGM, or GSM, an abbreviation for sexual and gender minorities, has gained particular currency in government, academia, and medicine. GSRM is also used to include romantic minorities such as aromanticism. New Zealand Human Rights Commission uses "Rights of Sexual and Gender Minorities" to discuss the LGBT rights. It has been adopted by the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the UCLA Williams Institute, which studies SGM law and policy. Duke University and the University of California San Francisco both have prominent sexual and gender minority health programs. An NIH paper recommends the term SGM because it is inclusive of "those who may not self-identify as LGBT ... or those who have a specific medical condition affecting reproductive development". A publication from the White House Office of Management and Budget states, "We believe that SGM is more inclusive, because it includes persons not specifically referenced by the identities listed in LGBT." A UK government paper favors SGM because initials like LGBTIQ+ stand for terms that, especially outside the Global North, are "not necessarily inclusive of local understandings and terms used to describe sexual and gender minorities". An example of usage outside the Global North is the Constitution of Nepal, which identifies "gender and sexual minorities" as a protected class. Similarly, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court of India when decriminalizing homosexuality in the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), said: Individuals belonging to sexual and gender minorities experience discrimination, stigmatization, and, in some cases, denial of care on account of their sexual orientation and gender identity. However, it is important to note that 'sexual and gender minorities' do not constitute a homogenous group, and experiences of social exclusion, marginalization, and discrimination, as well as specific health needs, vary considerably. Nevertheless, these individuals are united by one factor - that their exclusion, discrimination and marginalization is rooted in societal heteronormativity and society's pervasive bias towards gender binary and opposite-gender relationships, which marginalizes and excludes all non-heteronormative sexual and gender identities. Further umbrella terms In Canada especially, the term 2SLGBTQ+ is seen, with the first two characters standing for two-spirit; the whole term stands for two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and questioning, and is intended as a term encompassing all sexual- and gender-minorities. For some indigenous people, two-spirit invokes a combination of identities, including sexual, gender, cultural, and spiritual. Some people advocate the term "minority sexual and gender identities" (MSGI, coined in 2000) for the purpose of explicitly including all people who are not cisgender and heterosexual or "gender, sexual, and romantic minorities" (GSRM), which is more explicitly inclusive of minority romantic orientations and polyamory, but those have not been widely adopted either. Other rare umbrella terms are Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD), MOGII (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Identities, and Intersex) and MOGAI (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Alignments and Intersex). SGL (same gender loving) is sometimes favored among gay male African Americans as a way of distinguishing themselves from what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities. 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Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice, 2018 INSC 790 (Supreme Court of India 6 September 2018). ^ Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. versus Union of India thr. Its Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice, 2018 INSC 790, para. 72, page no 93 in concurring opinion by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud (Supreme Court of India 6 September 2018). ^ Jessica Antony; Wayne Antony (2022). Jessica Antony; Wayne Antony; Les Samuelson (eds.). Power and Resistance, 7th ed.: Critical Thinking About Canadian Social Issues. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-77363-539-2. OCLC 1288193829. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023. ^ "Welcome to the Bradford University Minority Sexual and Gender Identity Site!". Bradford Uni MSGI Society. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2008. ^ "GSRM - Gender, Sexual, and Romantic Minorities". acronymfinder.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ "'Diversities' May Enrich 'LGBTQIAP' Alphabet Soup". The Huffington Post. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ "LGBT? LGBTQ? Queer? QUILTBAG? GSM? GSRM?". queerumich.com. University of Michigan (on Tumblr). Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ "Gender and Sexual Minority Students (LGBTIQA)". University of Derby. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2015. ^ Organisation proposes replacing the 'limiting' term LGBT with 'more inclusive' GSD Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 25 February 2013 ^ "'Gender And Sexual Diversities,' Or GSD, Should Replace 'LGBT,' Say London Therapists". The Huffington Post. 25 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ "Pride on the prowl". Dalhousie News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ Rimmerman, Craig A.; Wald, Kenneth D.; Wilcox, Clyde (2006). The Politics of Gay Rights. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-4129-0988-4. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ Young, R M & Meyer, I H (2005) The Trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": Erasure of the Sexual-Minority Person in Public Health Discourse American Journal of Public Health July 2005 Vol. 95 No. 7. ^ Glick, M Muzyka, B C Salkin, L M Lurie, D (1994) Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis: a marker for immune deterioration and a predictor for the diagnosis of AIDS Journal of Periodontology 1994 65 p. 393–397. ^ Brown-Acton, Phylesha (25 February 2020). "Hands and feet: A reflection on Polynesian navigation—a Niue Fakafifine community practitioner perspective in Aotearoa-New Zealand". Te Kaharoa. 15 (1). doi:10.24135/tekaharoa.v15i1.298. ISSN 1178-6035. S2CID 226134097. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021. ^ "Rainbow". Le Va. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT. Look up LGBT or QUILTBAG in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to LGBT. 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For LGBT people in society, see LGBT community, LGBT history, and LGBT culture. For other uses, see LGBT (disambiguation).For a topical guide, see Outline of LGBT topics.A six-band rainbow flag representing the LGBT communityLGBT is an initialism that stands for \"lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender\". It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual, non-heteroromantic, or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.[1] [2][3] A variant, LGBTQ, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity.[4] Another variation, LGBTQ+, adds a plus sign \"represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity\".[5] Many further variations of the acronym exist, such as LGBT+ (simplified to encompass the Q concept within the plus sign), LGBTQIA+ (adding intersex, and asexual/aromantic),[6] and 2SLGBTQ+ (adding two-spirit for a term specific to Indigenous North Americans). The LGBT label is not universally agreed to by everyone that it is generally intended to include.[7] In use since the late 1980s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for marginalized sexualities and gender identities.[8]LGBT is an adaptation of LGB, which in the mid-to-late 1980s began to replace the term gay (or gay and lesbian) in reference to the broader LGBT community.[9] When not inclusive of transgender people, the shorter LGB is still used.[10][11]","title":"LGBT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terminology of homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_of_homosexuality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Inn"},{"link_name":"gay village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_village"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"LGBT culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_culture"},{"link_name":"rainbow pride flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayGreenwichVillage3-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palco_BolognaPride08.jpg"},{"link_name":"pride parades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaad-16"},{"link_name":"Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Social_Studies_C-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_Pride_Nee-18"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Bilitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis"},{"link_name":"Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Martin_and_Phyllis_Lyon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"lesbian feminists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_feminism"},{"link_name":"butch and femme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_and_femme"},{"link_name":"patriarchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy"},{"link_name":"gender role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role"},{"link_name":"chauvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism"},{"link_name":"gay men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_men"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"essentialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism"},{"link_name":"separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_separatism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_Pride_Nee-18"},{"link_name":"Stonewall riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transgender_Subjectivities-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"like whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes"},{"link_name":"come out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transgender_Subjectivities-23"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exhibition_Guide-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"GLBT Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLBT_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"marginalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion"},{"link_name":"inclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inclusion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Handbook_of_Lesb-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Handbook_of_Lesb-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Handbook_of_Lesb-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"Candis Cayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candis_Cayne"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocate_2009-03-27"},{"link_name":"GLAAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nadal-2017-29"}],"text":"Further information: Terminology of homosexualityThe Stonewall Inn in the gay village of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots, the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement and an icon of LGBT culture, is adorned with rainbow pride flags.[12][13][14]LGBT publications, pride parades, and related events, such as this stage at Bologna Pride 2008 in Italy, increasingly drop the LGBT initialism instead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title.[15]The first widely used term, homosexual, now a term used primarily in scientific contexts, has at times carried negative connotations in the United States.[16] Gay became a popular term in the 1970s.[17]As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase gay and lesbian became more common.[18] A dispute as to whether the primary focus of their political aims should be feminism or gay rights led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including Daughters of Bilitis, which was founded by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon,[19] but disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal should take precedence.[20] As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles between men and women or butch and femme were viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists eschewed gender role play that had been pervasive in bars as well as the perceived chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men or take up their causes.[21]Lesbians who held the essentialist view that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor lesbian to define sexual attraction often considered the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights.[22] Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.[18]In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, after the elation of change following group action in the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual or transgender people.[23][10] Critics[like whom?] said that transgender people were acting out stereotypes, and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to come out and be honest about their identity.[23] Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day.[10] LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the movement began.[24]From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT in the United States.[25] Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect.[10] This spurred some organizations to adopt new names, as the GLBT Historical Society did in 1999.[26] Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion.[1][10]Despite the fact that LGBT does not nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below), the term is generally accepted to include those not specifically identified in the four-letter initialism.[1][10] Overall, the use of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community.[1][10] Transgender actress Candis Cayne, in 2009, described the LGBT community as \"the last great minority\", noting that \"we can still be harassed openly\" and be \"called out on television\".[27]In 2016, GLAAD's Media Reference Guide states that LGBTQ is the preferred initialism, being more inclusive of younger members of the communities who embrace queer as a self-descriptor.[28] Some people consider queer to be a derogatory term originating in hate speech and reject it, especially among older members of the community.[29]","title":"History of the term"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaza_de_Mayo_LGBT.jpg"},{"link_name":"pride parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade"},{"link_name":"Plaza de Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_(5897488480).jpg"},{"link_name":"Senate Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"2011 Helsinki Pride parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Pride"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"spectrums of sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality_spectrum"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-udayton.edu-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-33"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"asexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexuality"},{"link_name":"aromantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromantic"},{"link_name":"agender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agender"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaadA-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-35"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNCW-5"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"alphabet soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_soup_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMarco2012-39"},{"link_name":"LGBTQWERTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/LGBTQWERTY#English"},{"link_name":"LGBTQXYZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/LGBTQXYZ#English"},{"link_name":"alphabet mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alphabet_mafia#English"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Counseling_Lesbian,_G-7"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"questioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In-Between_Bodies-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Girls'_Violence-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advocacy_Research_in-45"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Narrative_Therapy-47"},{"link_name":"pansexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansexual"},{"link_name":"fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fluidity"},{"link_name":"bisexual community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual_community"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-udayton.edu-32"},{"link_name":"transvestite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvestism"},{"link_name":"two-spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit"},{"link_name":"straight allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_ally"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberlin-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teaching_about_Asian-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-After_Revolution:_M-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_and_Lesbian_Righ-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-From_Hate_Crimes_t-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becker2006-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeTurk2011-54"},{"link_name":"polyamorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamorous"},{"link_name":"pangender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangender"},{"link_name":"HIV-affected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Kills-55"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"hijra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)"},{"link_name":"third gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_gender"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pune_Mirror-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GayLeeds-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISD-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equinox-59"},{"link_name":"LGBT erasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_erasure"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaadA-34"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maroon1-61"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Pride Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Toronto"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"2010 pride parade in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, which used the LGBTIQ initialism[30]People gathering at the Senate Square, Helsinki, right before the 2011 Helsinki Pride parade startedMany variants exist, such as the more inclusive LGBT+ and variations that change the order of the letters or include additional letters. At least some of the components of sexuality (regarding hetero, bi, straight), and also gender are stated to be on different spectrums of sexuality.[31][32] Other common variants also exist, such as LGBTQIA,[33] with the I standing for intersex and the A standing for asexual, aromantic, or agender,[34][35][6] and LGBTQIA+, where \"the '+' represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity\".[5] Longer initialisms have been criticized as confusing or unwieldy,[36][37][38] sometimes being referred to as \"alphabet soup\",[39] and mocked with labels such as LGBTQWERTY, LGBTQXYZ, and alphabet mafia.[40][41][42] The implication that the initialism refers to a single community is also controversial.[7]Although identical in meaning, LGBT may have a more feminist connotation than GLBT as it places the \"L\" (for \"lesbian\") first.[10] LGBT may also include additional Qs for \"queer\" or \"questioning\" (sometimes abbreviated with a question mark and sometimes used to mean anybody not literally L, G, B or T) producing the variants LGBTQ and LGBTQQ.[43][44][45] The order of the letters has not been standardized; in addition to the variations between the positions of the initial \"L\" or \"G\", the mentioned, less common letters, if used, may appear in almost any order.[10] In Spain, LGTB is used, that is, reversing the letters \"B\" and \"T\".[46]\nVariant terms do not typically represent political differences within the community, but arise simply from the preferences of individuals and groups.[47]The terms pansexual, omnisexual, fluid and queer-identified are regarded as falling under the umbrella term bisexual (and therefore are considered a part of the bisexual community). Some use LGBT+ to mean \"LGBT and related communities\".[32] Other variants may have a \"U\" for \"unsure\"; a \"C\" for \"curious\"; another \"T\" for \"transvestite\"; a \"TS\", \"2S\", or \"2\" for \"two-spirit\" persons; or an \"SA\" for \"straight allies\".[48][49][50][51][52] The inclusion of straight allies in the LGBT initialism has proven controversial, as many straight allies have been accused of using LGBT advocacy to gain popularity and status in recent years,[53] and various LGBT activists have criticised the heteronormative worldview of certain straight allies.[54] Some may also add a \"P\" for \"polyamorous\" or \"pangender\", an \"H\" for \"HIV-affected\", or an \"O\" for \"other\".[10][55] The initialism LGBTIH has seen use in India to encompass the hijra third gender identity and the related subculture.[56][57]Adding the term allies to the initialism has sparked controversy,[58][59] with some seeing the inclusion of ally in place of asexual/aromantic/agender as a form of LGBT erasure.[34][60][61] There is also the acronym QUILTBAG (queer and questioning, unsure, intersex, lesbian, transgender and two-spirit, bisexual, asexual and aromantic, and gay and genderqueer).[62] Similarly LGBTIQA+ stands for \"lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual and many other terms (such as non-binary and pansexual)\".[63][64]In Canada, the community is sometimes identified as LGBTQ2 (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and two spirit).[65] Depending on which organization is using the abbreviation, the choice of initialism changes. Businesses and the CBC often simply employ LGBT as a proxy for any longer abbreviation, private activist groups often employ LGBTQ+,[66] whereas public health providers favour the more inclusive LGBT2Q+ to accommodate twin spirited indigenous peoples.[67] For a time, the Pride Toronto organization used the much lengthier initialism LGBTTIQQ2SA, but appears to have dropped this in favour of simpler wording.[68] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was also criticized for using the 2SLGBTQQIA+ initialism.[69][70] As of July 2023, the Government of Canada's official term is 2SLGBTQI+.[71] Trudeau's new acronym was criticized by some social media users.[72]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trans men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_men"},{"link_name":"trans women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_women"},{"link_name":"genderqueer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderqueer"},{"link_name":"genderfluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderfluid"},{"link_name":"non-binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary_gender"},{"link_name":"genderfuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genderfuck"},{"link_name":"bigender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigender"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"transsexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsexual"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"}],"sub_title":"Transgender inclusion","text":"The term trans* has been adopted by some groups as a more inclusive alternative to \"transgender\", where trans (without the asterisk) has been used to describe trans men and trans women, while trans* covers all non-cisgender (genderqueer) identities, including transgender, transsexual, transvestite, genderqueer, genderfluid, non-binary, genderfuck, genderless, agender, non-gendered, third gender, two-spirit, bigender, and trans man and trans woman.[73][74] Likewise, the term transsexual commonly falls under the umbrella term transgender, but some transsexual people object to this.[10]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Challenging_Lesbian_Nor-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Challenging_Lesbian_Nor-76"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fenway_Guide-79"},{"link_name":"Emi Koyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Koyama"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Organisation Intersex International Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Julius Kaggwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Kaggwa"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaggwa2016-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb1991-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hast2010-85"},{"link_name":"sex characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_characteristics"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiijones-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones2016-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb1991-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hast2010-85"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfe-fact-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coeres1952-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Intersex inclusion","text":"Those who add intersex people to LGBT groups or organizations may use the extended initialism LGBTI,[75][76] or LGBTIQ.[77]The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex,[78] but intersex people are often added to the LGBT category to create an LGBTI community. Some intersex people prefer the initialism LGBTI, while others would rather that they not be included as part of the term.[76][79] Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions \"that intersex people's rights are protected\" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.[80] Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same-sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but \"LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms\".[81][82] Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community \"offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs\".[83]Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same-sex attraction in intersex people,[84][85] with a recent Australian study of people born with atypical sex characteristics finding that 52% of respondents were non-heterosexual;[86][87] thus, research on intersex subjects has been used to explore means of preventing homosexuality.[84][85] As an experience of being born with sex characteristics that do not fit social norms,[88] intersex can be distinguished from transgender,[89][90][91] while some intersex people are both intersex and transgender.[92]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexuality"},{"link_name":"aromanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanticism"},{"link_name":"a-spec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a-spec"},{"link_name":"agender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agender"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glaadA-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-35"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"LGBT erasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_erasure"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISD-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equinox-59"}],"sub_title":"Asexual, aromantic and agender inclusion","text":"In the early 2010s, asexuality and aromanticism started gaining wider recognition. Around 2015, they were included in the expanded initialism LGBTQIA, with the A standing for asexual, aromantic, commonly grouped together as a-spec along with agender.[34][35]Asexual individuals experience minimal to no sexual attraction to others, and it is crucial to acknowledge that asexuality is a legitimate sexual orientation, not a deficiency or a temporary state. Similarly, aromantic individuals lack romantic attraction to others, yet they can still forge profound emotional connections and strong bonds with people without the romantic component. Furthermore, agender individuals either have no gender identity or possess a neutral or genderless gender identity.[93]Some people have mistakenly claimed the A stands for ally, but allies are not a marginalized group and mentions of A for ally have regularly sparked controversy as a form of LGBT erasure.[58][59]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Were_a_gay_and_happy_family_wagon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"pride parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade"},{"link_name":"non-heterosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-heterosexual"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Spectre_of_Promiscuity-94"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Counseling_Lesbian,_G-7"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"transsexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsexual"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coming_Out_in_Christi-95"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bisexuality_and_Transgend-10"},{"link_name":"lesbian separatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_separatism"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gays/Justice-96"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sexual_Identities,_Queer_Politi-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gays/Justice-96"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_and_Lesbian_Polit-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sexual_Identities,_Queer_Politi-97"},{"link_name":"biphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphobia"},{"link_name":"transphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sexual_Identities,_Queer_Politi-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gays/Justice-96"},{"link_name":"Peter Tatchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tatchell"},{"link_name":"OutRage!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OutRage!"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LGB_but_Why_T?-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-That's_Revolting-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Political_Edge-101"},{"link_name":"political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"LGBT pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_pride"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-That's_Revolting-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Political_Edge-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-That's_Revolting-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-That's_Revolting-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Political_Edge-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-That's_Revolting-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Political_Edge-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Class_Matters:_Cr-102"},{"link_name":"Mark Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"LGBT stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"BBC News Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Julie Bindel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Bindel"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"LGBT organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_organization"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"LGBT groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_organizations_and_conferences"},{"link_name":"transphobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"text":"LGBT families, like these in a 2007 Boston pride parade, are labeled as non-heterosexual by researchers for a variety of reasons.[94][better source needed]The initialisms LGBT or GLBT are not agreed to by everyone that they encompass.[7] For example, some argue that transgender and transsexual causes are not the same as that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people.[95] This argument centers on the idea that being transgender or transsexual has to do more with gender identity, or a person's understanding of being or not being a man or a woman irrespective of their sexual orientation.[10] LGB issues can be seen as a matter of sexual orientation or attraction.[10] These distinctions have been made in the context of political action in which LGB goals, such as same-sex marriage legislation and human rights work (which may not include transgender and intersex people), may be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals.[10]A belief in \"lesbian and gay separatism\" (not to be confused with the related \"lesbian separatism\") holds that lesbians and gay men form (or should form) a community distinct and separate from other groups normally included in the LGBTQ sphere.[96] While not always appearing in sufficient numbers or organization to be called a movement, separatists are a significant, vocal, and active element within many parts of the LGBT community.[97][96][98] In some cases separatists will deny the existence or right to equality of bisexual orientations and of transsexuality,[97] sometimes leading public biphobia and transphobia.[97][96] In contrasts to separatists, Peter Tatchell of the LGBT human rights group OutRage! argues that to separate the transgender movement from the LGB would be \"political madness\", stating that:[99]Queers are, like transgender people, gender deviant. We don't conform to traditional heterosexist assumptions of male and female behaviour, in that we have sexual and emotional relationships with the same sex. We should celebrate our discordance with mainstream straight norms.The portrayal of an all-encompassing \"LGBT community\" or \"LGB community\" is also disliked by some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.[100][101] Some do not subscribe to or approve of the political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning that normally goes with it, including LGBT pride marches and events.[100][101] Some of them believe that grouping together people with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/etc. makes a person deficiently different from other people.[100] These people are often less visible compared to more mainstream gay or LGBT activists.[100][101] Since this faction is difficult to distinguish from the heterosexual majority, it is common for people to assume all LGBT people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT people in society, including the right to live one's life differently from the majority.[100][101][102] In the 1996 book Anti-Gay, a collection of essays edited by Mark Simpson, the concept of a 'one-size-fits-all' identity based on LGBT stereotypes is criticized for suppressing the individuality of LGBT people.[103]Writing in the BBC News Magazine in 2014, Julie Bindel questions whether the various gender groupings now, \"bracketed together[,] ... share the same issues, values and goals?\" Bindel refers to a number of possible new initialisms for differing combinations and concludes that it may be time for the alliances to either be reformed or go their \"separate ways\".[104] In 2015, the slogan \"Drop the T\" was coined to encourage LGBT organizations to stop support of transgender people as they say that sexual orientation, LGB, does not share similarity with gender identity, the T. the campaign has been widely condemned by many LGBT groups as transphobic.[105][106][107][108]","title":"Criticism of the term"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alternative terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"umbrella term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_term"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sexual_Identities,_Queer_Politi-97"},{"link_name":"Queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-109"},{"link_name":"slur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-109"},{"link_name":"queer radicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_radicalism"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forging_Gay_Identities-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-It's_Your_World-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-109"}],"sub_title":"Queer","text":"Many have expressed desire for an umbrella term to replace existing initialisms.[97] Queer gained popularity as an umbrella-term for sexual and gender minorities in the 21st century.[109] The term remains controversial, particularly among older LGBT people, who perceive it as offensive due to its historical usage as a slur,[109] as well as those who wish to dissociate themselves from queer radicalism,[110] and those who see it as amorphous and trendy.[111] Some younger people feel queer is a more politically charged, more powerful term than LGBT.[112][113] In a 2018 U.S. study, about 1 in 5 LGBTQ people identified as \"queer\".[109]","title":"Alternative terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sexual minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_minority"},{"link_name":"Gender minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_minority"},{"link_name":"Romantic minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_minority"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"sexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_minority"},{"link_name":"gender minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_minority"},{"link_name":"romantic minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_minorities"},{"link_name":"aromanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanticism"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Human Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_%26_Medicaid_Services"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Williams Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Institute_on_Sexual_Orientation_and_Gender_Identity_Law_and_Public_Policy"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"University of California San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"White House Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Global North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_North"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_bench_(India)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navtej_Singh_Johar_v._Union_of_India"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"SGM/GSM/GSRM","text":"See also: Sexual minority, Gender minority, and Romantic minoritySGM, or GSM,[114] an abbreviation for sexual and gender minorities, has gained particular currency in government, academia, and medicine. GSRM is also used to include romantic minorities such as aromanticism.[115][116]New Zealand Human Rights Commission uses \"Rights of Sexual and Gender Minorities\" to discuss the LGBT rights.[117] It has been adopted by the National Institutes of Health,[118] the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services[119] and the UCLA Williams Institute, which studies SGM law and policy.[120] Duke University and the University of California San Francisco both have prominent sexual and gender minority health programs.[121][122] An NIH paper recommends the term SGM because it is inclusive of \"those who may not self-identify as LGBT ... or those who have a specific medical condition affecting reproductive development\".[123] A publication from the White House Office of Management and Budget states, \"We believe that SGM is more inclusive, because it includes persons not specifically referenced by the identities listed in LGBT.\"[124]A UK government paper favors SGM because initials like LGBTIQ+ stand for terms that, especially outside the Global North, are \"not necessarily inclusive of local understandings and terms used to describe sexual and gender minorities\".[125] An example of usage outside the Global North is the Constitution of Nepal, which identifies \"gender and sexual minorities\" as a protected class.[126] Similarly, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court of India when decriminalizing homosexuality in the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), said:[127]Individuals belonging to sexual and gender minorities experience discrimination, stigmatization, and, in some cases, denial of care on account of their sexual orientation and gender identity. However, it is important to note that 'sexual and gender minorities' do not constitute a homogenous group, and experiences of social exclusion, marginalization, and discrimination, as well as specific health needs, vary considerably. Nevertheless, these individuals are united by one factor - that their exclusion, discrimination and marginalization is rooted in societal heteronormativity and society's pervasive bias towards gender binary and opposite-gender relationships, which marginalizes and excludes all non-heteronormative sexual and gender identities.[128]","title":"Alternative terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Antony-2022-129"},{"link_name":"cisgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisgender"},{"link_name":"heterosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexual"},{"link_name":"minority romantic orientations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_orientation"},{"link_name":"polyamory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamory"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradford_Uni-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Gender and Sexual Diversities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"same gender loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_gender_loving"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Politics_of_Gay_Rights-138"}],"sub_title":"Further umbrella terms","text":"In Canada especially, the term 2SLGBTQ+ is seen, with the first two characters standing for two-spirit; the whole term stands for two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and questioning, and is intended as a term encompassing all sexual- and gender-minorities. For some indigenous people, two-spirit invokes a combination of identities, including sexual, gender, cultural, and spiritual.[129]Some people advocate the term \"minority sexual and gender identities\" (MSGI, coined in 2000) for the purpose of explicitly including all people who are not cisgender and heterosexual or \"gender, sexual, and romantic minorities\" (GSRM), which is more explicitly inclusive of minority romantic orientations and polyamory, but those have not been widely adopted either.[130][131][132][133][134] Other rare umbrella terms are Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD),[135] MOGII (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Identities, and Intersex) and MOGAI (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Alignments and Intersex).[136][137]SGL (same gender loving) is sometimes favored among gay male African Americans as a way of distinguishing themselves from what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities.[138]","title":"Alternative terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"men who have sex with men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men"},{"link_name":"women who have sex with women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"Clinical","text":"In public health settings, MSM (\"men who have sex with men\") is clinically used to describe men who have sex with other men without referring to their sexual orientation, with WSW (\"women who have sex with women\") also used as an analogous term.[139][140]","title":"Alternative terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māhū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Vakasalewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakasalewalewa"},{"link_name":"Palopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palopa"},{"link_name":"Fa'afafine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27afafine"},{"link_name":"Akava'ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akava%27ine"},{"link_name":"Fakaleitī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Fakafifine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakafifine"},{"link_name":"Phylesha Brown-Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylesha_Brown-Acton"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"}],"sub_title":"MVPFAFF","text":"MVPFAFF is an abbreviation for Māhū, Vakasalewa, Palopa, Fa'afafine, Akava'ine, Fakaleitī (Leiti), and Fakafifine. This term was developed by Phylesha Brown-Acton in 2010 at the Asia Pacific Games Human Rights Conference.[141] This refers to those in the rainbow Pacific Islander community, who may or may not identify with the LGBT initialism.[142]","title":"Alternative terms"}]

[{"image_text":"A six-band rainbow flag representing the LGBT community","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gay_Pride_Flag.svg/261px-Gay_Pride_Flag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Stonewall Inn in the gay village of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots, the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement and an icon of LGBT culture, is adorned with rainbow pride flags.[12][13][14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg/220px-Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"LGBT publications, pride parades, and related events, such as this stage at Bologna Pride 2008 in Italy, increasingly drop the LGBT initialism instead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title.[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Palco_BolognaPride08.jpg/240px-Palco_BolognaPride08.jpg"},{"image_text":"2010 pride parade in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, which used the LGBTIQ initialism[30]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Plaza_de_Mayo_LGBT.jpg/240px-Plaza_de_Mayo_LGBT.jpg"},{"image_text":"People gathering at the Senate Square, Helsinki, right before the 2011 Helsinki Pride parade started","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg/240px-Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_%285897488480%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"LGBT families, like these in a 2007 Boston pride parade, are labeled as non-heterosexual by researchers for a variety of reasons.[94][better source needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Were_a_gay_and_happy_family_wagon.jpg/240px-Were_a_gay_and_happy_family_wagon.jpg"}]

[{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"Androphilia and gynephilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia"},{"title":"Gender and sexual diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_and_sexual_diversity"},{"title":"LGBT symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_symbols"},{"title":"Takatāpui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui"},{"title":"Māori language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"}]

[{"reference":"Shankle, Michael D. (2006). The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide To Service. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-496-8. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pUUyLSKD5voC","url_text":"The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide To Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-496-8","url_text":"978-1-56023-496-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906170653/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUUyLSKD5voC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Sam J.; Szpara, K. M.; Kalaw, R. K.; Sjunneson-Henry, Elsa; Rustad, A. Merc; Bolander, Brooke; Hvide, Brit E. B.; Bledsoe, Alex; Kowal, Mary Robinette (3 July 2018). Uncanny Magazine Issue 23: July/August 2018. 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Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021. The A in LGBTQIA+ stands for asexual, aromantic, and agender ... .","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buddy-project.org/articles/asexual-aromantic","url_text":"\"What the A in LGBTQIA+ Stands For\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210521215113/http://www.buddy-project.org/articles/asexual-aromantic","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The new rainbow pride flag is a design disaster—but a triumph for LGBTQ inclusiveness\". Quartz. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. 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Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://oliverarditi.com/2019/12/04/the-challenge-of-generosity/","url_text":"\"The challenge of generosity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200628115531/https://oliverarditi.com/2019/12/04/the-challenge-of-generosity/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeMarco, Linda; Bruni, Sylvain (18 July 2012) [1st pub. 18 May 2012]. \"No More Alphabet Soup\". The Huffington Post. 1527958. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/linda-demarco/no-more-alphabet-soup_b_1527958.html","url_text":"\"No More Alphabet Soup\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203014445/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/linda-demarco/no-more-alphabet-soup_b_1527958.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burchill, Julie (6 January 2023). \"Radio 4 is becoming a parody of itself\". Spiked. Retrieved 4 October 2023. One of the most dynamic cultural events of past year was not any of the LGBTQWERTY 're-imaginings' so beloved of Radio 4's fawning arts coverage...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiked-online.com/2023/01/06/radio-4-is-becoming-a-parody-of-itself/","url_text":"\"Radio 4 is becoming a parody of itself\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Klanned Parenthood': Bailey's running mate's old social media posts surface\". WGN-TV. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2023. \"Just say no! The LGBTQXYZ agenda is aggressively trying to repurpose classic stories and films. How can a godmother be genderless? Satan is a liar!\" Trussell posted in 2020 about actor Billy Porter playing a genderless fairy godmother.","urls":[{"url":"https://wgntv.com/news/klanned-parenthood-baileys-running-mates-old-social-media-posts-surface/","url_text":"\"'Klanned Parenthood': Bailey's running mate's old social media posts surface\""}]},{"reference":"Seitzer, Helen (2022), \"The Diffusion of Workplace Antidiscrimination Regulations for the LGBTQ+ Community\", Networks and Geographies of Global Social Policy Diffusion, Global Dynamics of Social Policy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 227–253, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83403-6_9, ISBN 978-3-030-83402-9, S2CID 244654734, The public confusion over acronyms and pronouns goes so far that people ironically label the LGBTQ+ community \"alphabet mafia\" on social media platforms","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-83403-6_9","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-030-83403-6_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-83402-9","url_text":"978-3-030-83402-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244654734","url_text":"244654734"}]},{"reference":"Bloodsworth-Lugo, Mary K. 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ISBN 978-1-4129-0988-4. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=STMieEKGGikC","url_text":"Narrative Therapy: Making Meaning, Making Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0988-4","url_text":"978-1-4129-0988-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165342/https://books.google.com/books?id=STMieEKGGikC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lebaron, Sarah; Pecsenye, Jessica; Roland, Becerra; Skindzier, Jon (2005). Oberlin College: Oberlin, Ohio. College Prowler, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59658-092-3. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T3RFabY6chcC","url_text":"Oberlin College: Oberlin, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59658-092-3","url_text":"978-1-59658-092-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906160313/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3RFabY6chcC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Edith Wen-Chu; Omatsu, Glenn (2006). Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: Effective Activities, Strategies, and Assignments for Classrooms and Communities (Critical Perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5338-5. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. 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ISBN 978-0-292-70900-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/afterrevolution00flor","url_text":"After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70900-3","url_text":"978-0-292-70900-3"}]},{"reference":"Padilla, Yolanda C. (2003). Gay and Lesbian Rights Organizing: Community-based Strategies. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-275-9. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. 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S2CID 145717408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1527476403255830","url_text":"10.1177/1527476403255830"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-4764","url_text":"1527-4764"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145717408","url_text":"145717408"}]},{"reference":"DeTurk, Sara (2011). \"Allies in Action: The Communicative Experiences of People Who Challenge Social Injustice on Behalf of Others\". Communication Quarterly. 59 (5): 569–590. doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.614209. ISSN 0146-3373.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01463373.2011.614209","url_text":"\"Allies in Action: The Communicative Experiences of People Who Challenge Social Injustice on Behalf of Others\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01463373.2011.614209","url_text":"10.1080/01463373.2011.614209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-3373","url_text":"0146-3373"}]},{"reference":"O'Rourke, P. J. (2001). Peace Kills: America's Fun New Imperialism. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4198-9. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. 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Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160528092821/http://www.punemirror.in/pune/cover-story/Maiden-stage-act-by-citys-LGBT-face-gets-censors-chop/articleshow/45312884.cms","url_text":"\"Maiden stage act by city's LGBT face gets censor's chop\""},{"url":"http://www.punemirror.in/pune/cover-story/Maiden-stage-act-by-citys-LGBT-face-gets-censors-chop/articleshow/45312884.cms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, Ros. \"Gay Leeds — Your comprehensive guide to all things gay in Leeds\". gayleeds.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. 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Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2014. That \"A\" is not for allies[,] [t]hat \"A\" is for asexuals. [...] Much like bisexuality, asexuality suffers from erasure.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206150654/http://www.loyolamaroon.com/2.6713/column-a-stands-for-asexuals-and-not-allies-1.2833151","url_text":"\"Column: \"A\" stands for asexuals and not allies\""},{"url":"http://www.loyolamaroon.com/2.6713/column-a-stands-for-asexuals-and-not-allies-1.2833151","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reaching into the QUILTBAG: The Evolving World of Queer Speculative Fiction\". Apex Magazine. 6 March 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. 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Explained!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_for_Informed_Choice#Inter/Act","url_text":"Inter/Act"},{"url":"http://interactyouth.org/post/100048044990/laverne-cox-is-on-this-weeks-faking-it-in-honor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Basic differences between intersex and trans\". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 3 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. 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Lab Animal. 48 (10): 269. 19 September 2019. doi:10.1038/s41684-019-0416-5. ISSN 0093-7355.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41684-019-0416-5","url_text":"\"In this issue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41684-019-0416-5","url_text":"10.1038/s41684-019-0416-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-7355","url_text":"0093-7355"}]},{"reference":"Klesse, Christian (2007). The Spectre of Promiscuity: Gay Male and Bisexual Non-Monogamies and Polyamories. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-4906-9. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. 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JSTOR 3096854.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/3096854","url_text":"\"Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsp.1995.42.3.03x0104z","url_text":"10.1525/sp.1995.42.3.03x0104z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7791","url_text":"0037-7791"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096854","url_text":"3096854"}]},{"reference":"Ayoub, Phillip; Paternotte, David (20 October 2014). LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?. Springer. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wheeler_County,_Texas

National Register of Historic Places listings in Wheeler County, Texas

["1 Current listings","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Location of Wheeler County in Texas This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Wheeler County, Texas. This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Wheeler County, Texas. There are four properties listed on the National Register in the county. One property is also a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 9, 2024. Current listings Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) The locations of National Register properties may be seen in a mapping service provided. Name on the Register Image Date listed Location City or town Description 1 Battle of Sweetwater Creek Upload image August 13, 2001(#01000876) Address restricted Mobeetie 2 Route 66 Bridge over the Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railroad Route 66 Bridge over the Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railroad More images April 3, 2007(#06000925) I-40 south frontage road over the former CRI&G RR ROW 35°13′35″N 100°06′20″W / 35.2264°N 100.1056°W / 35.2264; -100.1056 (Route 66 Bridge over the Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railroad) Shamrock 3 Route 66 in Wheeler County, Texas Route 66 in Wheeler County, Texas September 22, 2020(#100005601) South side frontage road of I 40 between Gray Co. (TX) and Beckham Co. (OK) lines. 35°13′35″N 100°17′24″W / 35.2264°N 100.2900°W / 35.2264; -100.2900 (Route 66 in Wheeler County, Texas) Shamrock vicinity 4 Tower Station Tower Station More images September 18, 1997(#97001160) 101 E. 12th St. 35°13′36″N 100°14′55″W / 35.2267°N 100.2486°W / 35.2267; -100.2486 (Tower Station) Shamrock Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, also called Tower Station See also National Register of Historic Places portalTexas portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Wheeler County References ^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 9, 2024. ^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. ^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number. ^ Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997. External links Media related to National Register of Historic Places in Wheeler County, Texas at Wikimedia Commons vteNational Register of Historic Places in TexasListsby county Anderson Andrews Angelina Aransas Archer Armstrong Atascosa Austin Bailey Bandera Bastrop Baylor Bee Bell Bexar Blanco Borden Bosque Bowie Brazoria Brazos Brewster Briscoe Brooks Brown Burleson Burnet Caldwell Calhoun Callahan Cameron Camp Carson Cass Castro Chambers Cherokee Childress Clay Cochran Coke Coleman Collin Collingsworth Colorado Comal Comanche Concho Cooke Coryell Cottle Crane Crockett Crosby Culberson Dallam Dallas Dawson Deaf Smith Delta Denton DeWitt Dickens Dimmit Donley Duval Eastland Ector Edwards El Paso Ellis Erath Falls Fannin Fayette Fisher Floyd Foard Fort Bend Franklin Freestone Frio Gaines Galveston Garza Gillespie Glasscock Goliad Gonzales Gray Grayson Gregg Grimes Guadalupe Hale Hall Hamilton Hansford Hardeman Hardin Harris Harrison Hartley Haskell Hays Hemphill Henderson Hidalgo Hill Hockley Hood Hopkins Houston Howard Hudspeth Hunt Hutchinson Irion Jack Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jim Hogg Jim Wells Johnson Jones Karnes Kaufman Kendall Kenedy Kent Kerr Kimble King Kinney Kleberg Knox La Salle Lamar Lamb Lampasas Lavaca Lee Leon Liberty Limestone Lipscomb Live Oak Llano Loving Lubbock Lynn Madison Marion Martin Mason Matagorda Maverick McCulloch McLennan McMullen Medina Menard Midland Milam Mills Mitchell Montague Montgomery Moore Morris Motley Nacogdoches Navarro Newton Nolan Nueces Ochiltree Oldham Orange Palo Pinto Panola Parker Parmer Pecos Polk Potter Presidio Rains Randall Reagan Real Red River Reeves Refugio Roberts Robertson Rockwall Runnels Rusk Sabine San Augustine San Jacinto San Patricio San Saba Schleicher Scurry Shackelford Shelby Sherman Smith Somervell Starr Stephens Sterling Stonewall Sutton Swisher Tarrant Taylor Terrell Terry Throckmorton Titus Tom Green Travis Trinity Tyler Upshur Upton Uvalde Val Verde Van Zandt Victoria Walker Waller Ward Washington Webb Wharton Wheeler Wichita Wilbarger Willacy Williamson Wilson Winkler Wise Wood Yoakum Young Zapata Zavala National Parks Big Bend National Park Guadalupe Mountains National Park Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks United States National Register of Historic Places listings Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property vteMunicipalities and communities of Wheeler County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: WheelerCities Mobeetie Shamrock Wheeler Wheeler County mapCDP Allison Othercommunities Benonine Briscoe Kelton Twitty Texas portal United States portal

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_CA

Albany, California

["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Politics","6 Top employers","7 Education","8 Arts, culture, and recreation","9 Notable people","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°53′13″N 122°17′52″W / 37.88694°N 122.29778°W / 37.88694; -122.29778City in California, United States City in California, United StatesAlbany, CaliforniaCityView of Albany from Albany Hill FlagSealMotto: Urban Village by the BayLocation in Alameda County and the state of CaliforniaAlbany, CaliforniaLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaAlbany, CaliforniaAlbany, California (the United States)Show map of the United StatesAlbany, CaliforniaAlbany, California (North America)Show map of North AmericaCoordinates: 37°53′13″N 122°17′52″W / 37.88694°N 122.29778°W / 37.88694; -122.29778CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyAlameda CountyIncorporatedSeptember 22, 1908Government • State SenateNancy Skinner (D) • State AssemblyBuffy Wicks (D)Area • Total5.47 sq mi (14.16 km2) • Land1.79 sq mi (4.64 km2) • Water3.68 sq mi (9.52 km2)  67.28%Elevation43 ft (13 m)Population (2020) • Total20,271 • Density11,324.58/sq mi (4,372.49/km2)Time zoneUTC−8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)ZIP Codes94706, 94707, 94710Area codes510, 341FIPS code06-00674GNIS feature IDs1657902, 2409674Websitewww.albanyca.org Albany (/ˈɔːlbəni/ ⓘ AWL-bə-nee) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northwestern Alameda County, California. The population was 20,271 at the 2020 census. History Albany and much of the East Bay was part of Rancho San Antonio, granted to the Peralta family in 1820. In 1908, a group of local women protested the dumping of Berkeley garbage in their community. Armed with two shotguns and a twenty-two-caliber rifle, they confronted the drivers of the wagons near what is now the corner of San Pablo Avenue and Buchanan Street. The women told the drivers of the horse-drawn garbage wagons to go home, which they did quickly and without complaint. Shortly thereafter, the residents of the town voted to incorporate as the City of Ocean View. In 1909, voters changed the name of the city, primarily to distinguish the city from the adjacent section of Berkeley which had previously been named Ocean View. On a vote of 38 to 6 the city was renamed in honor of Albany, New York, the birthplace of the city's first mayor, Frank Roberts. Albany has a history of real estate discrimination, which made it difficult for non-white buyers to acquire property and build homes in Albany. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.5 square miles (14 km2), of which 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2) is land and 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2) (67.28%) is water. The principal shopping street in Albany is Solano Avenue, which cuts across the city from west to east. Another important street is San Pablo Avenue, which travels from north to south. Albany is located on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, bordering the city of Berkeley to the south and east, and the Contra Costa County cities of El Cerrito and Richmond to the north. Albany's northern and southern borders are defined by two creeks, Codornices Creek on the south and Cerrito Creek on the north. Cerrito Creek takes its name from "El Cerrito de San Antonio", now known as Albany Hill. The hill's unusual location near the bay shore makes it a prominent landmark in the East Bay. The rest of the city is relatively flat by Bay Area standards, except for a small area near the base of the Berkeley Hills. Albany's waterfront has undergone significant man-made changes; the most prominent landform is now the Albany Bulb, a former garbage landfill jutting out into San Francisco Bay. The bulb was the site of a small art colony and shanty town until it was cleared to turn the area into part of the new Eastshore State Park. University Village, a housing unit of the University of California Berkeley, is located in Albany. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910808—19202,462204.7%19308,569248.1%194011,49334.1%195017,59053.0%196014,804−15.8%197015,5615.1%198015,130−2.8%199016,3277.9%200016,4440.7%201018,53912.7%202020,2719.3%U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Albany had a population of 18,539. As of 2012, Albany had a population of 18,969. The population density was 3,392.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,309.7/km2). The racial makeup of Albany was 10,128 (54.6%) White, 645 (3.5%) African American, 88 (0.5%) Native American, 5,790 (31.2%) Asian, 37 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 607 (3.3%) from other races, and 1,244 (6.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,891 persons (10.2%). The Census reported that 18,454 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 74 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 11 (0.1%) were institutionalized. There were 7,401 households, out of which 2,909 (39.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,801 (51.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 883 (11.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 295 (4.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 341 (4.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 123 (1.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships; 1,862 households (25.2%) were made up of individuals, and 593 (8.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 4,979 families (67.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.00. The population was diverse in age, with 4,630 people (25.0%) under the age of 18, 1,006 people (5.4%) aged 18 to 24, 6,154 people (33.2%) aged 25 to 44, 4,902 people (26.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,847 people (10.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males. There were 7,889 housing units at an average density of 1,443.5 per square mile (557.3/km2), of 7,401 which were occupied, of which 3,574 (48.3%) were owner-occupied, and 3,827 (51.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.2%. 9,070 people (48.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 9,384 people (50.6%) lived in rental housing units. Through the early 1940's Albany "remained closed to African Americans." The Black population of Albany in 1940 was 3 persons. Between 1950 and 1960, the Black population of Albany fell 95% from 1778 to 75. Economy The major retail and business areas in Albany are Solano Avenue, which is a pedestrian-oriented street lined with mainly small shops, restaurants, and services; San Pablo Avenue, which is more automobile-oriented; and an area near the Eastshore Freeway. In 2006 voters approved of measure D which allows one medical cannabis dispensary in the town in addition to measure C to build a new emergency operations center with "sustainable features", an addition to the civic center of Albany. Albany is the site of Golden Gate Fields, the only horse racing track in the Bay Area. Real estate prices have been rising steeply in recent years. The median price of a single family home and condo in Census 2000, June 2007, November 2009, July 2011, August 2013 and August 2014 were $334,800, $687,500, $610,000, $590,000, $625,750 and $820,050 respectively. Politics According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Albany has 11,344 registered voters. Of those, 7,489 (66%) are registered Democrats, 512 (4.5%) are registered Republicans, and 2,917 (25.7%) have declined to state a political party. In 1966, Albany was home to a John Birch Society bookstore known as the American Opinion Library. On July 30 1968, the John Birch society Truth About Civil Turmoil committee hosted an event at the Albany Veterans Memorial Building which included a speech by a former klansman, Delmar Dennis. Top employers According to Albany's 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city were: # Employer # of Employees 1 Albany Unified School District 383 2 Target 358 3 Agricultural Research Service 266 4 Golden Gate Fields 199 5 City of Albany 84 6 St. Mary's College High School 70 7 Albany Subaru 56 8 Safeway 45 9 California Orientation Center for the Blind 45 10 Albany Bowl 43 Education Albany Middle School, 2000 Public schools in Albany are operated by the Albany Unified School District, a special-purpose district whose borders match the city's. The school district operates three elementary schools (Marin Elementary School, Ocean View Elementary School and Cornell Elementary School), one middle school (Albany Middle School), one traditional high school (Albany High School), and one continuation high school (MacGregor High School), in addition to the Albany Children's Center. Albany High School is known as one of the best public schools of the San Francisco Bay Area for its academic excellence. The high school had a graduation rate of 92.1%, according to the 2009–10 School Accountability Report Card for the prior academic year. There are two private high schools in Albany: Tilden Preparatory School (formerly School for Independent Learners) on Solano Avenue and St. Mary's College High School, whose campus straddles the border with Berkeley, CA. The University of California, Berkeley owns a large student housing complex in Albany, University Village, which is primarily used for family housing. Arts, culture, and recreation Midtown Albany The Solano Avenue Stroll, an annual street festival held on Solano Avenue in Albany and Berkeley, attracts more than 250,000 visitors on the second Sunday of September. The event was started in 1975 by The Iris store owner and Solano Avenue Association founder Ira Klein as a "thank you party" from Solano Avenue business owners to customers. The Library of Congress designated the Solano Stroll as a "National Local Legacy" in 2001. Albany provides both the locale and the title for one of the best-known poems in language poetry, by former long-time Albany resident, poet Ron Silliman. Albany is home to Golden Gate Fields, the only commercial racetrack in the Bay Area, as well as the Eastshore State Park which skirts the San Francisco Bay, and the Albany Bulb. Albany has a strong school music program. High school music groups, both instrumental and choral, have performed at the CMEA, Reno Jazz, and other festivals. The Albany High School Jazz Band was also accepted at the Essentially Ellington festival at the Lincoln Center in 2010. Albany was one of 15 schools accepted into the festival. Albany Strollers & Rollers is a volunteer group dedicated to service and advocacy for bicycling and walking. Friends of Five Creeks is an all-volunteer group working hands-on for clean water and healthy watersheds. The Albany Sauna is one of the oldest Finnish-style Sauna open to the public in North America. Built in 1934 by Finnish-American Henry Walter Lundgren (a founding member of the Finnish Lodge in West Berkeley), the original furnace and rooms have been maintained to produce one of the most authentic sauna experiences outside of Finland. The Albany Community Center was designed by architect Robert Marquis and opened in 1994. It houses the Albany Public Library on one side and the Community Center on the other, and is host to many different community events and cultural activities. Notable people Tim Armstrong, musician and lead singer of Rancid and Operation Ivy Anna Baltzer, activist Walter De Maria, sculptor Daveed Diggs, actor, rapper Matt Freeman, musician and bassist of Rancid and Operation Ivy Edith Frost, musician Edi Gathegi Tyson Griffin, UFC fighter Ron Hansen, former Major League Baseball player Lil B, rapper, artist Lil Debbie, rapper, artist Ann Richards, singer Ron Silliman, poet Angel Tompkins, actress See also San Francisco Bay Area portal Albany Hill Gill Tract Marin Creek References ^ Resolution 2011-38 ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2013. ^ "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013. ^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021. ^ "Albany". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Albany city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 26, 2021. ^ A Brief History of Early Albany Archived January 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Albany City Chamber of Commerce, Accessed August 2, 2007. ^ a b "Albany City Chamber of Commerce". Archived from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007. ^ William Bright; Erwin Gustav Gudde (November 30, 1998). 1500 California place names: their origin and meaning. University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-520-21271-8. Retrieved January 20, 2012. ^ Esper, Damin (July 17, 2013). "Okawachi leaves deep legacy in Albany". East Bay times. Retrieved October 3, 2022. ^ Sorensen, Karen (2020). Albany Stories from the Village by the Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 9781467104470. ^ "Lot Auction to Be Held At Albany". Oakland Tribune. September 15, 1940. Retrieved October 4, 2022. ^ "Albany Shuts Down Homeless Camp / Squatters leave site of future park". The San Francisco Chronicle. August 31, 1999. ^ Costantinou, Marianne (June 1, 1999). "Shak dwellers told to go". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "Albany Waterfront Topic Page". Albany Patch. April 21, 2011. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. ^ "University Village Master Plan Archived August 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine." University of California, Berkeley. June 2004. 1. Retrieved on October 2, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Albany city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014. ^ Self, Robert O. (2003). American Babylon : race and the struggle for postwar Oakland. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780691124865. ^ "All 1940 United States Federal Census Results". Ancestry.com. Retrieved January 18, 2023. ^ "City of Albany -- earliest to 1960 Census data". ^ Brenneman, Richard. "Anti-Mall Duo Win in Albany; Green Candidate Claims Richmond Victory". 10 November 2006. The Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved December 29, 2019. ^ DataQuick Real Estate Headlines and Statistics, Accessed October 14, 2014 ^ "CA Secretary of State – Report of Registration – February 10, 2019" (PDF). ca.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2019. ^ Cranston, Alan. "A Soiled Slip is Showing". Retrieved September 7, 2022. ^ Dennis, Delmar. "Inside the Ku Klux Klan for the FBI". Pacifica Radio Archives. Retrieved September 7, 2022. ^ "Inside the Ku Klux Klan for the FBI". American Archive of Public Broadcasting. ^ City of Albany CAFR, p 167 ^ "Albany High School Overview". Albany Patch. April 21, 2011. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011. ^ a b Berkeley News, Chris Treadway, Berkeley Voice/West County Times, 9/12/2008, Solano Stroll A Local Institution, Accessed October 22, 2010 ^ Albany Strollers & Rollers ^ Albany Sauna & Hot Tubs ^ Kitty Luce; Jessie Durant, eds. (2012). "Robert B. Marquis Collection, c. 1947, 1953-1994" (PDF). Online Archive of California. University of California, Berkeley. p. 4. ^ "Edith Frost » About". edithfrost.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2022. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Albany, California External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Albany (California). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albany, California. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈɔːlbəni/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Albany.ogg/Albany.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albany.ogg"},{"link_name":"AWL-bə-nee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Alameda County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusQuickFacts-7"}],"text":"City in California, United StatesCity in California, United StatesAlbany (/ˈɔːlbəni/ ⓘ AWL-bə-nee) is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northwestern Alameda County, California. The population was 20,271 at the 2020 census.[7]","title":"Albany, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peralta_Family.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Antonio_(Peralta)"},{"link_name":"Peralta family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Mar%C3%ADa_Peralta"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"garbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"shotguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun"},{"link_name":"San Pablo Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"incorporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(municipal_government)"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Ocean View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_View,_Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albany_chamber-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albany_chamber-9"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrightGudde1998-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Albany and much of the East Bay was part of Rancho San Antonio, granted to the Peralta family in 1820.In 1908, a group of local women protested the dumping of Berkeley garbage in their community. Armed with two shotguns and a twenty-two-caliber rifle, they confronted the drivers of the wagons near what is now the corner of San Pablo Avenue and Buchanan Street. The women told the drivers of the horse-drawn garbage wagons to go home, which they did quickly and without complaint.[8] Shortly thereafter, the residents of the town voted to incorporate as the City of Ocean View. In 1909, voters changed the name of the city, primarily to distinguish the city from the adjacent section of Berkeley which had previously been named Ocean View.[9] On a vote of 38 to 6[9] the city was renamed in honor of Albany, New York, the birthplace of the city's first mayor, Frank Roberts.[10]Albany has a history of real estate discrimination, which made it difficult for non-white buyers to acquire property and build homes in Albany.[11][12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Solano Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_Avenue"},{"link_name":"San Pablo Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_Avenue"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Contra Costa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"El Cerrito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cerrito,_Contra_Costa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"Codornices Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codornices_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cerrito Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrito_Creek"},{"link_name":"Albany Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Hill"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Hills"},{"link_name":"Albany Bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Bulb"},{"link_name":"Eastshore State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastshore_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulb-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shak-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waterfront-16"},{"link_name":"University Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Village"},{"link_name":"University of California Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.5 square miles (14 km2), of which 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2) is land and 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2) (67.28%) is water.The principal shopping street in Albany is Solano Avenue, which cuts across the city from west to east. Another important street is San Pablo Avenue, which travels from north to south.Albany is located on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, bordering the city of Berkeley to the south and east, and the Contra Costa County cities of El Cerrito and Richmond to the north. Albany's northern and southern borders are defined by two creeks, Codornices Creek on the south and Cerrito Creek on the north. Cerrito Creek takes its name from \"El Cerrito de San Antonio\", now known as Albany Hill. The hill's unusual location near the bay shore makes it a prominent landmark in the East Bay. The rest of the city is relatively flat by Bay Area standards, except for a small area near the base of the Berkeley Hills.Albany's waterfront has undergone significant man-made changes; the most prominent landform is now the Albany Bulb, a former garbage landfill jutting out into San Francisco Bay. The bulb was the site of a small art colony and shanty town until it was cleared to turn the area into part of the new Eastshore State Park.[14][15][16]University Village, a housing unit of the University of California Berkeley, is located in Albany.[17]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albany,_California&action=edit"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"opposite-sex married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"unmarried opposite-sex partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSSLQ"},{"link_name":"same-sex married couples or partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The 2010 United States Census[19] reported that Albany had a population of 18,539. As of 2012[update], Albany had a population of 18,969. The population density was 3,392.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,309.7/km2). The racial makeup of Albany was 10,128 (54.6%) White, 645 (3.5%) African American, 88 (0.5%) Native American, 5,790 (31.2%) Asian, 37 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 607 (3.3%) from other races, and 1,244 (6.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,891 persons (10.2%).The Census reported that 18,454 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 74 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 11 (0.1%) were institutionalized.There were 7,401 households, out of which 2,909 (39.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,801 (51.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 883 (11.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 295 (4.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 341 (4.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 123 (1.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships; 1,862 households (25.2%) were made up of individuals, and 593 (8.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 4,979 families (67.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.00.The population was diverse in age, with 4,630 people (25.0%) under the age of 18, 1,006 people (5.4%) aged 18 to 24, 6,154 people (33.2%) aged 25 to 44, 4,902 people (26.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,847 people (10.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.There were 7,889 housing units at an average density of 1,443.5 per square mile (557.3/km2), of 7,401 which were occupied, of which 3,574 (48.3%) were owner-occupied, and 3,827 (51.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.2%. 9,070 people (48.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 9,384 people (50.6%) lived in rental housing units.Through the early 1940's Albany \"remained closed to African Americans.\"[20] The Black population of Albany in 1940 was 3 persons.[21] Between 1950 and 1960, the Black population of Albany fell 95% from 1778 to 75.[22]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fields"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The major retail and business areas in Albany are Solano Avenue, which is a pedestrian-oriented street lined with mainly small shops, restaurants, and services; San Pablo Avenue, which is more automobile-oriented; and an area near the Eastshore Freeway.In 2006 voters approved of measure D which allows one medical cannabis dispensary in the town in addition to measure C to build a new emergency operations center with \"sustainable features\", an addition to the civic center of Albany.[23]Albany is the site of Golden Gate Fields, the only horse racing track in the Bay Area.Real estate prices have been rising steeply in recent years. The median price of a single family home and condo in Census 2000, June 2007, November 2009, July 2011, August 2013 and August 2014 were $334,800, $687,500, $610,000, $590,000, $625,750 and $820,050 respectively.[24]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California"},{"link_name":"Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"declined to state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_to_State"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Albany has 11,344 registered voters. Of those, 7,489 (66%) are registered Democrats, 512 (4.5%) are registered Republicans, and 2,917 (25.7%) have declined to state a political party.[25]In 1966, Albany was home to a John Birch Society bookstore known as the American Opinion Library. \n[26] \nOn July 30 1968, the John Birch society Truth About Civil Turmoil committee hosted an event at the Albany Veterans Memorial Building which included a speech by a former klansman, Delmar Dennis.[27][28]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"According to Albany's 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[29] the top employers in the city were:","title":"Top employers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albany_Middle_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"Albany Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"special-purpose district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_district"},{"link_name":"middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"Albany High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_High_School_(California)"},{"link_name":"continuation high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_high_school"},{"link_name":"MacGregor High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGregor_High_School"},{"link_name":"Albany High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_High_School,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's College High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_College_High_School"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"University Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Village"}],"text":"Albany Middle School, 2000Public schools in Albany are operated by the Albany Unified School District, a special-purpose district whose borders match the city's. The school district operates three elementary schools (Marin Elementary School, Ocean View Elementary School and Cornell Elementary School), one middle school (Albany Middle School), one traditional high school (Albany High School), and one continuation high school (MacGregor High School), in addition to the Albany Children's Center. Albany High School is known as one of the best public schools of the San Francisco Bay Area for its academic excellence. The high school had a graduation rate of 92.1%, according to the 2009–10 School Accountability Report Card for the prior academic year.[30]There are two private high schools in Albany: Tilden Preparatory School (formerly School for Independent Learners) on Solano Avenue and St. Mary's College High School, whose campus straddles the border with Berkeley, CA.The University of California, Berkeley owns a large student housing complex in Albany, University Village, which is primarily used for family housing.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midtown_El_Cerrito.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Solano Avenue Stroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solano_Avenue_Stroll"},{"link_name":"Solano Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci.berkeley.ca.us-31"},{"link_name":"The Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci.berkeley.ca.us-31"},{"link_name":"language poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_poetry"},{"link_name":"Ron Silliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Silliman"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Fields"},{"link_name":"Eastshore State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastshore_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Albany Bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Bulb"},{"link_name":"CMEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_Music_Education"},{"link_name":"Essentially Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentially_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Friends of Five Creeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_Five_Creeks"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Robert Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marquis"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Midtown AlbanyThe Solano Avenue Stroll, an annual street festival held on Solano Avenue in Albany and Berkeley, attracts more than 250,000 visitors on the second Sunday of September. The event was started in 1975 by The Iris store owner and Solano Avenue Association founder Ira Klein as a \"thank you party\" from Solano Avenue business owners to customers.[31] The Library of Congress designated the Solano Stroll as a \"National Local Legacy\" in 2001.[31]Albany provides both the locale and the title for one of the best-known poems in language poetry, by former long-time Albany resident, poet Ron Silliman.Albany is home to Golden Gate Fields, the only commercial racetrack in the Bay Area, as well as the Eastshore State Park which skirts the San Francisco Bay, and the Albany Bulb.Albany has a strong school music program. High school music groups, both instrumental and choral, have performed at the CMEA, Reno Jazz, and other festivals. The Albany High School Jazz Band was also accepted at the Essentially Ellington festival at the Lincoln Center in 2010. Albany was one of 15 schools accepted into the festival.Albany Strollers & Rollers is a volunteer group dedicated to service and advocacy for bicycling and walking.[32]Friends of Five Creeks is an all-volunteer group working hands-on for clean water and healthy watersheds.The Albany Sauna is one of the oldest Finnish-style Sauna open to the public in North America. Built in 1934 by Finnish-American Henry Walter Lundgren (a founding member of the Finnish Lodge in West Berkeley), the original furnace and rooms have been maintained to produce one of the most authentic sauna experiences outside of Finland.[33]The Albany Community Center was designed by architect Robert Marquis and opened in 1994.[34] It houses the Albany Public Library on one side and the Community Center on the other, and is host to many different community events and cultural activities.","title":"Arts, culture, and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Rancid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancid_(band)"},{"link_name":"Operation Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Anna Baltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Baltzer"},{"link_name":"Walter De Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_De_Maria"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Matt Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Rancid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancid_(band)"},{"link_name":"Operation Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Edith Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Frost"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Edi Gathegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edi_Gathegi"},{"link_name":"Tyson Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Griffin"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ron Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hansen_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Lil B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_B"},{"link_name":"Lil Debbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Debbie"},{"link_name":"Ann Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Richards_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ron Silliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Silliman"},{"link_name":"Angel Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Tompkins"}],"text":"Tim Armstrong, musician and lead singer of Rancid and Operation Ivy\nAnna Baltzer, activist\nWalter De Maria, sculptor\nDaveed Diggs, actor, rapper\nMatt Freeman, musician and bassist of Rancid and Operation Ivy\nEdith Frost, musician[35]\nEdi Gathegi\nTyson Griffin, UFC fighter\nRon Hansen, former Major League Baseball player\nLil B, rapper, artist\nLil Debbie, rapper, artist\nAnn Richards, singer\nRon Silliman, poet\nAngel Tompkins, actress","title":"Notable people"}]

[{"image_text":"Albany and much of the East Bay was part of Rancho San Antonio, granted to the Peralta family in 1820.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peralta_Family.jpg/220px-Peralta_Family.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albany Middle School, 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Albany_Middle_School.jpg/220px-Albany_Middle_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Midtown Albany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Midtown_El_Cerrito.jpg/220px-Midtown_El_Cerrito.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alameda County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_California_highlighting_Alameda_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Alameda_County.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"Albany Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Hill"},{"title":"Gill Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_Tract"},{"title":"Marin Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Creek"}]

[{"reference":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission","url_text":"Local Agency Formation Commissions"},{"url":"http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Senators\". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://senate.ca.gov/senators","url_text":"\"Senators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members Assembly\". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers","url_text":"\"Members Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albany\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1657902","url_text":"\"Albany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Albany city, California\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albanycitycalifornia/PST045219","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Albany city, California\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albany City Chamber of Commerce\". Archived from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070404212833/http://www.albanychamber.org/article1.php","url_text":"\"Albany City Chamber of Commerce\""},{"url":"http://www.albanychamber.org/article1.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"William Bright; Erwin Gustav Gudde (November 30, 1998). 1500 California place names: their origin and meaning. University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-520-21271-8. Retrieved January 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC","url_text":"1500 California place names: their origin and meaning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21271-8","url_text":"978-0-520-21271-8"}]},{"reference":"Esper, Damin (July 17, 2013). \"Okawachi leaves deep legacy in Albany\". East Bay times. Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2013/07/17/okawachi-leaves-deep-legacy-in-albany/","url_text":"\"Okawachi leaves deep legacy in Albany\""}]},{"reference":"Sorensen, Karen (2020). Albany Stories from the Village by the Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 9781467104470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467104470","url_text":"9781467104470"}]},{"reference":"\"Lot Auction to Be Held At Albany\". Oakland Tribune. September 15, 1940. Retrieved October 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19400915.1.48&srpos=5&e=-------en--20-OT-1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22Regents+Park%22-------1","url_text":"\"Lot Auction to Be Held At Albany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albany Shuts Down Homeless Camp / Squatters leave site of future park\". The San Francisco Chronicle. August 31, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/08/31/MN1338.DTL","url_text":"\"Albany Shuts Down Homeless Camp / Squatters leave site of future park\""}]},{"reference":"Costantinou, Marianne (June 1, 1999). \"Shak dwellers told to go\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1999/06/01/NEWS15130.dtl","url_text":"\"Shak dwellers told to go\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albany Waterfront Topic Page\". Albany Patch. April 21, 2011. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225302/http://albany.patch.com/columns/albany-waterfront","url_text":"\"Albany Waterfront Topic Page\""},{"url":"http://albany.patch.com/columns/albany-waterfront","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Albany city\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083252/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0600674","url_text":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Albany city\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0600674","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Self, Robert O. (2003). American Babylon : race and the struggle for postwar Oakland. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9780691124865.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691124865","url_text":"9780691124865"}]},{"reference":"\"All 1940 United States Federal Census Results\". Ancestry.com. Retrieved January 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/2442/?race=Negro&race_x=1&residence=_albany-alameda-california-usa_67707","url_text":"\"All 1940 United States Federal Census Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Albany -- earliest to 1960 Census data\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/cities/Albany50.htm","url_text":"\"City of Albany -- earliest to 1960 Census data\""}]},{"reference":"Brenneman, Richard. \"Anti-Mall Duo Win in Albany; Green Candidate Claims Richmond Victory\". 10 November 2006. The Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved December 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2006-11-10/article/25567?headline=Anti-Mall-Duo-Win-in-Albany-Green-Candidate-Claims-Richmond-Victory--By-Richard-Brenneman","url_text":"\"Anti-Mall Duo Win in Albany; Green Candidate Claims Richmond Victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"CA Secretary of State – Report of Registration – February 10, 2019\" (PDF). ca.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ror/ror-odd-year-2019/politicalsub.pdf","url_text":"\"CA Secretary of State – Report of Registration – February 10, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Cranston, Alan. \"A Soiled Slip is Showing\". Retrieved September 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=MT19660804.2.87&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1","url_text":"\"A Soiled Slip is Showing\""}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Delmar. \"Inside the Ku Klux Klan for the FBI\". Pacifica Radio Archives. Retrieved September 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/recording/bb1774","url_text":"\"Inside the Ku Klux Klan for the FBI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside the Ku Klux Klan for the FBI\". American Archive of Public Broadcasting.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_28-n00zp3wb83","url_text":"\"Inside the Ku Klux Klan for the FBI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albany High School Overview\". Albany Patch. April 21, 2011. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110528025129/http://albany.patch.com/listings/albany-high-school#pdf-522901","url_text":"\"Albany High School Overview\""},{"url":"http://albany.patch.com/listings/albany-high-school#pdf-522901","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kitty Luce; Jessie Durant, eds. (2012). \"Robert B. Marquis Collection, c. 1947, 1953-1994\" (PDF). Online Archive of California. University of California, Berkeley. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/berkeley/ceda/marquis.pdf","url_text":"\"Robert B. Marquis Collection, c. 1947, 1953-1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edith Frost » About\". edithfrost.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024200256/http://edithfrost.com/about/","url_text":"\"Edith Frost » About\""},{"url":"http://edithfrost.com/about/","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election,_1982

1982 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election

["1 Republican primary","2 Democratic primary","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 General election","3.1 Campaign","3.2 Results","4 Notes","5 References"]

1982 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election ← 1978 November 2, 1982 (1982-11-02) 1986 →   Nominee Dick Thornburgh Allen Ertel Party Republican Democratic Running mate Bill Scranton III James Lloyd Popular vote 1,872,784 1,772,353 Percentage 50.8% 48.15% County results Thornburgh:      40-50%      50-60%      60-70%      70-80% Ertel:      50–60%      60–70% Governor before election Dick Thornburgh Republican Elected Governor Dick Thornburgh Republican Elections in Pennsylvania Federal government U.S. President 1789 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate 1788 1791 1793 sp 1794 sp 1795 1796 1797 1801 1801 sp 1802 1806 1808 1808 sp 1809 sp 1812 1814 1814 sp 1818 1820 1824 1826 1830 1831 sp 1832 1834 sp 1836 1840 sp 1843 1845 1845 sp 1849 1851 1856 1857 1861 1861 sp 1863 1867 1869 1873 1875 1877 sp 1879 1881 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1901 sp 1903 1905 1905 sp 1908 1909 1909 sp 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1922 sp 1926 1928 1930 sp 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1991 sp 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2022 2024 2028 U.S. House of Representatives 1788 1791 1792 1794 1796 5th sp 1797 5th sp 1798 1st sp 4th sp 1800 8th sp 1801 4th sp 8th sp 12th sp 1802 1804 10th sp 1805 4th sp 11th sp 1806 1st sp 1808 1st sp 1809 1st sp 1810 1812 1813 3rd sp 5th sp 7th sp 13th sp 15th sp 1814 2nd sp 3rd sp 1815 1st sp 3rd sp 9th sp 1816 9th sp 1817 10th sp 1818 4th sp 6th sp 1820 5th sp 7th sp 1821 5th sp 10th sp 1822 1st sp 6th sp 7th sp 14th sp 1824 8th sp 13th sp 1825 16th sp 1826 2nd sp 7th sp 13th sp 18th sp 1827 2nd sp 1828 1829 8th sp 16th sp 1830 1831 11th sp 1832 1833 1st sp 1834 1836 13th sp 24th sp 1837 3rd sp 1838 9th sp 1839 14th sp 1840 13th sp 22nd sp 1841 2nd sp 13th sp 20th sp 18th sp Jun Dec 1842 17th sp 21st sp 1843 1844 12th sp 13th sp 21st sp 1846 1848 6th sp 1850 11th sp 15th sp 1852 1854 8th sp 1856 1857 12th sp 1858 8th sp 1860 8th sp 1861 2nd sp 12th sp 1862 7th sp 1864 1866 1867 12th sp 1868 9th sp 20th sp 1870 1872 13th sp 1874 23rd sp 1876 12th sp 1878 1880 1882 1884 19th sp 1885 19th sp 1886 1888 1890 3rd sp 4th sp 1892 1893 2nd sp 8th sp 1894 at-large sp 1895 15th sp 1896 1897 25th sp 1898 23rd sp 1899 9th sp 1900 5th sp 1901 10th sp 1902 17th sp 1903 4th sp 1904 3rd sp 1906 2nd sp 3rd sp 12th sp 1907 2nd sp 1908 1910 1911 2nd sp 14th sp 1912 1st sp 1914 1916 1917 28th sp 1918 1919 22nd sp 1920 3rd sp 1921 at-large sp 1922 1924 1926 1927 1st sp 1928 8th sp 1929 12th sp 1930 1931 2nd sp 1932 6th sp 18th sp 20th sp 1933 9th sp 1934 1936 1937 18th sp 1938 1939 4th sp 1940 1941 15th sp 1942 11th sp 12th sp 33rd sp 1943 2nd sp 23rd sp 1944 2nd sp 17th sp 1946 10th sp 23rd sp 33rd sp 1947 8th sp 1948 1949 22nd sp 26th sp 1950 1951 8th sp 14th sp 33rd sp 1952 1954 1956 2nd sp 30th sp 1957 13th sp 1958 4th sp 21st sp 1960 17th sp 18th sp 1961 16th sp 1962 1963 15th sp 23rd sp 1964 5th sp 1966 1968 1970 9th sp 1971 18th sp 1972 27th sp 1974 12th sp 1976 1st sp 1978 1980 11th sp 12th sp 1981 3rd sp 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 2nd sp 1992 1994 1996 1998 1st sp 2000 2001 9th sp 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 12th sp 2012 2014 2016 2nd sp 2018 7th sp 15th sp 18th sp 2019 12th sp 2020 2022 2024 State government Governor 1790 1793 1796 1799 1802 1805 1808 1811 1814 1817 1820 1823 1826 1829 1832 1835 1838 1841 1844 1847 1848 1851 1854 1857 1860 1863 1866 1869 1872 1875 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Lieutenant Governor 1874 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Auditor General 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 State Treasurer 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 State Senate 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State House of Representatives 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Elections by year State elections 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Philadelphia Mayoral elections 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1865 1868 1871 1874 1877 1881 1884 1887 1891 1895 1899 1903 1907 1911 1915 1919 1923 1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 City Council elections 2015 2019 2022–23 sp. 2023 Other municipal elections 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 2023 Pittsburgh Mayors 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1959 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2007 2009 2013 2017 2021 Allentown Mayors 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2019 sp 2021 Lancaster Mayors 2009 2017 2021 Harrisburg Mayors 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Governmentvte The 1982 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982, between incumbent Republican Dick Thornburgh and Democratic U.S. Congressman Allen E. Ertel. Thornburgh was a popular incumbent, who largely was the favorite throughout the race. However, owing to a nationwide recession which hit the state particularly hard, and a backlash to Reaganomics, the final result ended up becoming much closer than what was initially anticipated. Republican primary Incumbent Governor Dick Thornburgh ran unopposed for the Republican nomination. Democratic primary Candidates Steve Douglas, Philadelphia political consultant Allen Ertel, U.S. Representative from Williamsport Eugene Knox, Northumberland County dentist Earl McDowell, Fayette County businessman Results Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 1986 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Allen Ertel 436,251 57.64 Democratic Steve Douglas 143,762 19.0 Democratic Earl McDowell 116,880 15.44 Democratic Eugene Knox 59,925 7.92 General election Campaign Thornburgh, who maintained high approval ratings during his first term, was initially considered a shoo-in for reelection. As other governors struggled amidst a nationwide Democratic election cycle, Thornburgh maintained high approval ratings, in part due to his response to crises such as the Three Mile Island accident. Furthermore, the Democrats' top candidate, Philadelphia District Attorney (and future governor) Ed Rendell, declined to seek the nomination leaving U.S. Congressman Allen Ertel as the party's standard bearer. Ertel struggled early with fundraising and, because of his residence in heavily Republican Central Pennsylvania, lacked a base among the state's strongest Democratic constituents: urban voters and organized labor. However, a serious recession affected the nation, and was particularly felt in the state. One of the hardest hit regions was then traditionally Democratic western Pennsylvania, which saw counties with unemployment rates as high as 20%. Ertel campaigned hard against the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan, and against Thornburgh's cold disposition towards those affected by the economic downturn; Thornburgh was forced to distance himself from Reagan as support for Reaganomics waned. The state's political environment strongly favored Ertel not only because of national issues, but because the governmental cuts undertaken by Thornburgh during his term as governor had caused him to lose the support of several traditionally Democratic-leaning organizations that had once stood by his side, such as the NAACP and the state's teachers' union. Furthermore, Thornburgh had hurt his standing among African American leaders, as a result of the cuts he had made, which hit the state's Black population hardest. However, Ertel ran a relatively mediocre campaign and hurt his chances with several gaffes, such as accusing the governor of exploiting his disabled son's condition for political gain, and most significantly, refusing to release the previous 7 years his income taxes to avoid being "whipsawed" by charities. For his part, Thornburgh tried to ignore Ertel to avoid granting his campaign legitimacy, and mostly focused on his record for the previous 4 years. In spite of the Democratic opponent, Thornburgh generally polled ahead by significant margins throughout the campaign Results In the end, Thornburgh won in his bid for a second term, but by a much closer margin than pundits had predicted. He underperformed Senator John Heinz on the same ballot by a margin of 9 points. Thornburgh also saw his performance with African American voters fall from 50% in 1978 to just 18% this time around and performed much worse in Philadelphia, though he improved in the suburbs. Ertel, being from Central Pennsylvania managed to perform quite well for a Democrat in the area, keeping the margins close, while also flipping counties that Thornburgh won 4 years prior. However, Ertel's strength in the region was not enough to counter Thornburgh's strength in the Leigh Valley and in Western Pennsylvania, where Thornburgh improved his margin in comparison to his previous performance against former Mayor of Pittsburgh Pete Flaherty. Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 1982 Party Candidate Running mate Votes Percentage Republican Dick Thornburgh (incumbent) Bill Scranton III (incumbent) 1,872,784 50.84% Democratic Allen Ertel James Lloyd 1,772,353 48.11% Socialist Workers Mark Zola Wilson Osteen, Jr. 15,495 0.42% Consumer Lee Frissell Judith Faulkner 13,101 0.36% Libertarian Richard Fuerle David Walter 10,252 0.28% Totals 3,683,985 100.00% Voter turnout (Voting age population) 64.60% Notes ^ a b Robbins, William; Times, Special To the New York (November 4, 1982). "G.O.P. SHAKEN IN PENNSYLVANIA". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2023. ^ Our Campaigns - PA Governor - D Primary Race - May 20, 1986 ^ Broder, David S. (October 6, 1982). "THE 1982 ELECTIONS: PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR'S RACE". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2023. ^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9. ^ Robbins, William; Times, Special To the New York (October 6, 1982). "KEY PENNSYLVANIA RACE DOMINATED BY OPTIMISM; The 1982 Election: Pennsylvania Fourth of 10 articles appearing periodically on states with important gubernatorial races". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2023. ^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9. ^ a b Lamis, Renee (2009). The Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics Since 1960: Two-Party Competition in a Battleground State (1st ed.). University Park Press: Penn State University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-271-08577-7. ^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9. ^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9. ^ Broder, David S. (October 6, 1982). "THE 1982 ELECTIONS: PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR'S RACE". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2023. ^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 598. ^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 597. References vte(1981 ←)   1982 United States elections   (→ 1983)U.S.Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S.House Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Lt. Gov Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming AttorneysGeneral California Michigan New York State legislature Arizona Arizona House Arizona Senate Iowa Senate Maryland House Senate Minnesota House Senate Mayors New Orleans San Jose Washington, DC Ackley, Gayle; Avery, Kris, eds. (1983). The Pennsylvania Manual. Vol. 106. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. ISBN 0-8182-0029-4.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Dick Thornburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congressman"},{"link_name":"Allen E. Ertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_E._Ertel"},{"link_name":"Reaganomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The 1982 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982, between incumbent Republican Dick Thornburgh and Democratic U.S. Congressman Allen E. Ertel. Thornburgh was a popular incumbent, who largely was the favorite throughout the race. However, owing to a nationwide recession which hit the state particularly hard, and a backlash to Reaganomics, the final result ended up becoming much closer than what was initially anticipated.[1]","title":"1982 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick Thornburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh"}],"text":"Incumbent Governor Dick Thornburgh ran unopposed for the Republican nomination.","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen Ertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ertel"},{"link_name":"Williamsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"Steve Douglas, Philadelphia political consultant\nAllen Ertel, U.S. Representative from Williamsport\nEugene Knox, Northumberland County dentist\nEarl McDowell, Fayette County businessman","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Mile Island accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Ed Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Rendell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Reaganomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Campaign","text":"Thornburgh, who maintained high approval ratings during his first term, was initially considered a shoo-in for reelection. As other governors struggled amidst a nationwide Democratic election cycle, Thornburgh maintained high approval ratings, in part due to his response to crises such as the Three Mile Island accident.[3] Furthermore, the Democrats' top candidate, Philadelphia District Attorney (and future governor) Ed Rendell, declined to seek the nomination leaving U.S. Congressman Allen Ertel as the party's standard bearer. Ertel struggled early with fundraising and, because of his residence in heavily Republican Central Pennsylvania, lacked a base among the state's strongest Democratic constituents: urban voters and organized labor.[4] However, a serious recession affected the nation, and was particularly felt in the state. One of the hardest hit regions was then traditionally Democratic western Pennsylvania, which saw counties with unemployment rates as high as 20%.[5] Ertel campaigned hard against the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan, and against Thornburgh's cold disposition towards those affected by the economic downturn; Thornburgh was forced to distance himself from Reagan as support for Reaganomics waned.[6]The state's political environment strongly favored Ertel not only because of national issues, but because the governmental cuts undertaken by Thornburgh during his term as governor had caused him to lose the support of several traditionally Democratic-leaning organizations that had once stood by his side, such as the NAACP and the state's teachers' union. Furthermore, Thornburgh had hurt his standing among African American leaders, as a result of the cuts he had made, which hit the state's Black population hardest.[7] However, Ertel ran a relatively mediocre campaign and hurt his chances with several gaffes, such as accusing the governor of exploiting his disabled son's condition for political gain, and most significantly, refusing to release the previous 7 years his income taxes to avoid being \"whipsawed\" by charities.[8] For his part, Thornburgh tried to ignore Ertel to avoid granting his campaign legitimacy, and mostly focused on his record for the previous 4 years.[9] In spite of the Democratic opponent, Thornburgh generally polled ahead by significant margins throughout the campaign[10]","title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"John Heinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heinz"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Leigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"Pete Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_F._Flaherty"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"In the end, Thornburgh won in his bid for a second term, but by a much closer margin than pundits had predicted.[1] He underperformed Senator John Heinz on the same ballot by a margin of 9 points. Thornburgh also saw his performance with African American voters fall from 50% in 1978 to just 18% this time around and performed much worse in Philadelphia, though he improved in the suburbs.[7] Ertel, being from Central Pennsylvania managed to perform quite well for a Democrat in the area, keeping the margins close, while also flipping counties that Thornburgh won 4 years prior. However, Ertel's strength in the region was not enough to counter Thornburgh's strength in the Leigh Valley and in Western Pennsylvania, where Thornburgh improved his margin in comparison to his previous performance against former Mayor of Pittsburgh Pete Flaherty.","title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"G.O.P. SHAKEN IN PENNSYLVANIA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1982/11/04/us/gop-shaken-in-pennsylvania.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Our Campaigns - PA Governor - D Primary Race - May 20, 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=41049."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"THE 1982 ELECTIONS: PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR'S RACE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/10/06/the-1982-elections-pennsylvania-governors-race/bb35c8c2-6e9e-4d8d-9081-0cf57ffa655a/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0190-8286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1J_9q-lIWRkC&q=1998+ridge+itkin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7618-3279-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3279-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"KEY PENNSYLVANIA RACE DOMINATED BY OPTIMISM; The 1982 Election: Pennsylvania Fourth of 10 articles appearing periodically on states with important gubernatorial races\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1982/10/06/us/key-pennsylvania-race-dominated-optimism-1982-election-pennsylvania-fourth-10.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1J_9q-lIWRkC&q=1998+ridge+itkin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7618-3279-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3279-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_7-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-271-08577-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-08577-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1J_9q-lIWRkC&q=1998+ridge+itkin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7618-3279-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3279-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1J_9q-lIWRkC&q=1998+ridge+itkin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7618-3279-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3279-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"THE 1982 ELECTIONS: PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR'S RACE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/10/06/the-1982-elections-pennsylvania-governors-race/bb35c8c2-6e9e-4d8d-9081-0cf57ffa655a/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0190-8286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ a b Robbins, William; Times, Special To the New York (November 4, 1982). \"G.O.P. SHAKEN IN PENNSYLVANIA\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2023.\n\n^ Our Campaigns - PA Governor - D Primary Race - May 20, 1986\n\n^ Broder, David S. (October 6, 1982). \"THE 1982 ELECTIONS: PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR'S RACE\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2023.\n\n^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9.\n\n^ Robbins, William; Times, Special To the New York (October 6, 1982). \"KEY PENNSYLVANIA RACE DOMINATED BY OPTIMISM; The 1982 Election: Pennsylvania Fourth of 10 articles appearing periodically on states with important gubernatorial races\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2023.\n\n^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9.\n\n^ a b Lamis, Renee (2009). The Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics Since 1960: Two-Party Competition in a Battleground State (1st ed.). University Park Press: Penn State University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-271-08577-7.\n\n^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9.\n\n^ Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7618-3279-9.\n\n^ Broder, David S. (October 6, 1982). \"THE 1982 ELECTIONS: PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR'S RACE\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2023.\n\n^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 598.\n\n^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 597.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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Retrieved June 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/10/06/the-1982-elections-pennsylvania-governors-race/bb35c8c2-6e9e-4d8d-9081-0cf57ffa655a/","url_text":"\"THE 1982 ELECTIONS: PENNSYLVANIA GOVERNOR'S RACE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, John J. (2006). Pennsylvania Elections: Statewide Contests from 1950-2004. University Press of America. p. 111. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Book_(immunisation_guidance,_UK)

The Green Book (immunisation guidance, UK)

["1 Purpose","2 Publication","3 2006 edition","3.1 Part one: principles, practices and procedures","3.2 Part two: diseases, vaccinations and vaccines","4 Online version","5 Editors","6 References","7 External links"]

Book about vaccination Immunisation against infectious disease 2021 editionCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSubjectVaccinesGenreMedicinePublication datePaper: 1992, 1996, 2006ISBN978-0-11-322528-6 2006 Ed. Immunisation against infectious disease, popularly known as The Green Book, provides information on vaccines for vaccine-preventable diseases. It acts as a guide to the UK's vaccination schedule for health professionals and health departments that give vaccines in the United Kingdom. The first two editions were published in 1992 and 1996. A third edition in 2006, was the last to appear in print. Updates have since been added by its clinical editors through advice and recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) and appear only online as individual chapters via the immunisation section of the GOV.UK website. As of 2021 it includes updates on COVID-19. Purpose Immunisation against infectious disease is popularly known as The Green Book, to provide information on the UK's vaccination schedule and vaccines for vaccine preventable infectious diseases. It is a guide for health professionals and health departments that give vaccines in the UK. Updates are added by its clinical editors through advice and recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI), as accepted by the Secretaries of State. Larger updates may also need consultations with UK health departments and public health bodies, MHRA, vaccine manufacturers, NHS England, National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), as well as the clinical editors. Publication The first two editions were published by the HMSO in 1992 and 1996. The third edition, published by The Stationery Office in 2006, replaced the 1996 edition and was the last to appear in print. 2006 edition The 2006 edition of The Green book has 468 pages, divided generally into two parts, preceded by a contents page, acknowledgements and preface, and followed by two indexes, one of vaccines by proprietary name and the other of vaccines by common name. Part one: principles, practices and procedures Part one, titled "principles, practice and procedures", has 12 chapters which include how vaccines work, storage and distribution, vaccine safety and adverse events, immunisation schedule and immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff. How to give a vaccine is described in chapter four, common side effects in chapter eight and how to fill in a yellow card in chapter nine (updated 2013). Immunity and how vaccines work Consent Storage, distribution and disposal of vaccines Immunisation procedures Immunisation by nurses and other health professionals Contraindications and special considerations Immunisation of individuals with underlying medical conditions Vaccine safety and adverse events following immunisation Surveillance and monitoring for vaccine safety Vaccine Damage Payment Scheme Immunisation schedule Immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff Part two: diseases, vaccinations and vaccines Diseases and their vaccines are listed in alphabetical order and include all vaccines recommended in the routine immunisation programme for all children in the UK. Vaccine requirements for travellers and for contacts of people with infectious disease are included. The 2006 edition incorporated the then new vaccines for meningococcal group C and pneumococcal infections, included the cessation of the school's BCG programme and the introduction of the Hib-MenC booster at 12 months of age. Diseases included: Anthrax Cholera Diphtheria Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Influenza Japanese encephalitis Measles Meningococcal Mumps Pertussis Pneumococcal Polio Rabies Rubella Smallpox and vaccinia Tetanus Tick-borne encephalitis Tuberculosis Typhoid Varicella Yellow fever Online version The online version was published in 2013. Updates appear only online as individual chapters via the immunisation section of the GOV.UK website. These have included respiratory syncytial virus and rotavirus in 2015, and human papillomavirus in 2019. As of 2021, the online version stays divided into two parts, in the same way as the 2006 edition, and includes updates on shingles and COVID-19. According to Andrew Pollard, The Green Book should be "bookmarked" in all child clinics and notes that similar information can be obtained from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. It is a recommended source by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Editors 1996 - David Salisbury, Norman T. Begg 2006 - David Salisbury, Mary Ramsay, Karen Noakes 2021 - Mary Ramsay References ^ a b c d Donovan, Helen; Chiodini, Jane; Crowther, Helen; Spooner, Paula; Boast, Gill (2022). "4. Treatment room skills". In Storey, Karen; Last, Julia Rhianedd (eds.). A Nurse's Survival Guide to General Practice Nursing. Elsevier. pp. 78–85. ISBN 978-0-7020-8085-2. ^ a b c d "Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation: Code of Practice" (PDF). GOV.UK. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. June 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2021. ^ a b c d Ramsay, Mary; Health, Great Britain Department of; Noakes, Karen; Salisbury, David M. (2006). Immunisation against infectious disease. The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780113225286. Retrieved 30 December 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h Department of Health (2006). Salisbury, David; Ramsay, Mary (eds.). Immunisation against infectious disease. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-322528-6. ^ a b "Immunisation against infectious disease". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 January 2022. ^ a b "Immunisation against infectious disease: the green book front cover and contents page". GOV.UK. Retrieved 29 December 2021. ^ O'Brien, Sarah J. (2022). "11. Extended/Supplementary Prescribing: A Public health Perspective". In Courtenay, Molly; Griffiths, Matthew (eds.). Independent and Supplementary Prescribing: An Essential Guide (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-108-92851-9. ^ "The Green Book - vaccination guidance - COVID-19 vaccine delivery and workforce information - COVID-19 vaccinations - COVID-19 - Our areas of work - Public Health Scotland". www.publichealthscotland.scot. Retrieved 29 December 2021. ^ "GP mythbuster 37: Immunisation of healthcare staff | Care Quality Commission". www.cqc.org.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2022. ^ Pollard, Andrew J (May 2007). "Childhood immunisation: what is the future?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 92 (5): 426–433. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.095760. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 2083746. PMID 17449524. ^ "Vaccination in the UK - position statement". RCPCH. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022. External links "Immunisation against infectious disease". GOV.UK. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Department of Health (2006). Salisbury, David; Ramsay, Mary (eds.). Immunisation against infectious disease. The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-322528-6.

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Updates have since been added by its clinical editors through advice and recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) and appear only online as individual chapters via the immunisation section of the GOV.UK website. As of 2021 it includes updates on COVID-19.","title":"The Green Book (immunisation guidance, UK)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCVI2020-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCVI2020-2"},{"link_name":"Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Vaccination_and_Immunisation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCVI2020-2"},{"link_name":"MHRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency"},{"link_name":"NHS England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_England"},{"link_name":"National Travel Health Network and 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editors.[2]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UoB2006-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"},{"link_name":"The Stationery Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stationery_Office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UoB2006-3"}],"text":"The first two editions were published by the HMSO in 1992 and 1996.[3][4] The third edition, published by The Stationery Office in 2006, replaced the 1996 edition and was the last to appear in print.[3]","title":"Publication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UoB2006-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"}],"text":"The 2006 edition of The Green book has 468 pages, divided generally into two parts, preceded by a contents page, acknowledgements and preface, and followed by two indexes, one of vaccines by proprietary name and the other of vaccines by common name.[3][4]","title":"2006 edition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey2021-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UoB2006-3"},{"link_name":"yellow card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Card_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey2021-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Part one: principles, practices and procedures","text":"Part one, titled \"principles, practice and procedures\", has 12 chapters which include how vaccines work, storage and distribution, vaccine safety and adverse events, immunisation schedule and immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff.[1][3] How to give a vaccine is described in chapter four, common side effects in chapter eight and how to fill in a yellow card in chapter nine (updated 2013).[1][5]Immunity and how vaccines work\nConsent\nStorage, distribution and disposal of vaccines\nImmunisation procedures\nImmunisation by nurses and other health professionals\nContraindications and special considerations\nImmunisation of individuals with underlying medical conditions\nVaccine safety and adverse events following immunisation\nSurveillance and monitoring for vaccine safety\nVaccine Damage Payment Scheme\nImmunisation schedule\nImmunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff","title":"2006 edition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey2021-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"},{"link_name":"Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax"},{"link_name":"Cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"Diphtheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria"},{"link_name":"Haemophilus influenzae type b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae_type_b"},{"link_name":"Hepatitis A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A"},{"link_name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B"},{"link_name":"Influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"},{"link_name":"Japanese encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis"},{"link_name":"Measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"Meningococcal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningococcal"},{"link_name":"Mumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps"},{"link_name":"Pertussis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis"},{"link_name":"Pneumococcal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal"},{"link_name":"Polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"Rabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies"},{"link_name":"Rubella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella"},{"link_name":"Smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"vaccinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinia"},{"link_name":"Tetanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus"},{"link_name":"Tick-borne encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis"},{"link_name":"Tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Typhoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid"},{"link_name":"Varicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella"},{"link_name":"Yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"}],"sub_title":"Part two: diseases, vaccinations and vaccines","text":"Diseases and their vaccines are listed in alphabetical order and include all vaccines recommended in the routine immunisation programme for all children in the UK.[4] Vaccine requirements for travellers and for contacts of people with infectious disease are included.[1] The 2006 edition incorporated the then new vaccines for meningococcal group C and pneumococcal infections, included the cessation of the school's BCG programme and the introduction of the Hib-MenC booster at 12 months of age.[4]Diseases included:Anthrax\nCholera\nDiphtheria\nHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)\nHepatitis A\nHepatitis B\nInfluenza\nJapanese encephalitis\nMeasles\nMeningococcal\nMumps\nPertussis\nPneumococcal\nPolio\nRabies\nRubella\nSmallpox and vaccinia\nTetanus\nTick-borne encephalitis\nTuberculosis\nTyphoid\nVaricella\nYellow fever","title":"2006 edition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Front-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"},{"link_name":"respiratory syncytial virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus"},{"link_name":"rotavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus"},{"link_name":"human 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Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Paediatrics_and_Child_Health"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcpch2020-11"}],"text":"The online version was published in 2013.[6] Updates appear only online as individual chapters via the immunisation section of the GOV.UK website.[4] These have included respiratory syncytial virus and rotavirus in 2015, and human papillomavirus in 2019.[5][7] As of 2021, the online version stays divided into two parts, in the same way as the 2006 edition, and includes updates on shingles and COVID-19.[6][8][9]According to Andrew Pollard, The Green Book should be \"bookmarked\" in all child clinics and notes that similar information can be obtained from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.[10] It is a recommended source by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.[11]","title":"Online version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Salisbury_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norman T. Begg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_T._Begg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"},{"link_name":"Mary Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ramsay_(epidemiologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karen Noakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Noakes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green2006-4"}],"text":"1996 - David Salisbury, Norman T. Begg[4]\n2006 - David Salisbury, Mary Ramsay, Karen Noakes[4]\n2021 - Mary Ramsay[4]","title":"Editors"}]

[]

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Retrieved 29 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publichealthscotland.scot/our-areas-of-work/covid-19/covid-19-vaccinations/covid-19-vaccine-delivery-and-workforce-information/the-green-book-vaccination-guidance/","url_text":"\"The Green Book - vaccination guidance - COVID-19 vaccine delivery and workforce information - COVID-19 vaccinations - COVID-19 - Our areas of work - Public Health Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"\"GP mythbuster 37: Immunisation of healthcare staff | Care Quality Commission\". www.cqc.org.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cqc.org.uk/guidance-providers/gps/gp-mythbuster-37-immunisation-healthcare-staff","url_text":"\"GP mythbuster 37: Immunisation of healthcare staff | Care Quality Commission\""}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Andrew J (May 2007). \"Childhood immunisation: what is the future?\". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 92 (5): 426–433. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.095760. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 2083746. PMID 17449524.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2083746","url_text":"\"Childhood immunisation: what is the future?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.2006.095760","url_text":"10.1136/adc.2006.095760"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9888","url_text":"0003-9888"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2083746","url_text":"2083746"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17449524","url_text":"17449524"}]},{"reference":"\"Vaccination in the UK - position statement\". RCPCH. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220102095610/https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/vaccination-uk-position-statement","url_text":"\"Vaccination in the UK - position statement\""},{"url":"https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/vaccination-uk-position-statement","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Immunisation against infectious disease\". GOV.UK. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 29 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book","url_text":"\"Immunisation against infectious disease\""}]},{"reference":"Department of Health (2006). Salisbury, David; Ramsay, Mary (eds.). Immunisation against infectious disease. The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-322528-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080817104105/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_079917","url_text":"Immunisation against infectious disease"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-322528-6","url_text":"978-0-11-322528-6"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasserre,_Ari%C3%A8ge

Lasserre, Ariège

["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 43°04′13″N 1°10′16″E / 43.0703°N 1.1711°E / 43.0703; 1.1711 Commune in Occitanie, France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Lasserre (Ariège)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Occitania, FranceLasserreCommuneLocation of Lasserre LasserreShow map of FranceLasserreShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°04′13″N 1°10′16″E / 43.0703°N 1.1711°E / 43.0703; 1.1711CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentAriègeArrondissementSaint-GironsCantonPortes du CouseransGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Alain BariArea18.47 km2 (3.27 sq mi)Population (2021)252 • Density30/km2 (77/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code09158 /09230Elevation360–576 m (1,181–1,890 ft) (avg. 574 m or 1,883 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Lasserre (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: La Sèrra) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. It was the home of Alexander Grothendieck for over ten years until his death. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1962236—    1968238+0.8%1975196−17.6%1982173−11.7%1990162−6.4%1999169+4.3%2008191+13.0% See also Communes of the Ariège department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lasserre (Ariège). vteCommunes of the Ariège department Aigues-Juntes Aigues-Vives L'Aiguillon Albiès Aleu Alliat Allières Alos Alzen Antras Appy Arabaux Argein Arignac Arnave Arrien-en-Bethmale Arrout Artigat Artigues Artix Arvigna Ascou Aston Aucazein Audressein Augirein Aulos-Sinsat Aulus-les-Bains Auzat Axiat Ax-les-Thermes Bagert Balacet Balaguères Barjac La Bastide-de-Besplas La Bastide-de-Bousignac La Bastide-de-Lordat La Bastide-de-Sérou La Bastide-du-Salat La Bastide-sur-l'Hers Baulou Bédeilhac-et-Aynat Bédeille Bélesta Belloc Bénac Benagues Bénaix Besset Bestiac Betchat Bethmale Bézac Biert Bompas Bonac-Irazein Bonnac Les Bordes-sur-Arize Bordes-Uchentein Le Bosc Bouan Boussenac Brassac Brie Burret Buzan Les Cabannes Cadarcet Calzan Camarade Camon Campagne-sur-Arize Canté Capoulet-et-Junac Carcanières Carla-Bayle Carla-de-Roquefort Le Carlaret Castelnau-Durban Castéras Castex Castillon-en-Couserans Caumont Caussou Caychax Cazals-des-Baylès Cazaux Cazavet Cazenave-Serres-et-Allens Celles Cérizols Cescau Château-Verdun Clermont Contrazy Cos Couflens Coussa Coutens Crampagna Dalou Daumazan-sur-Arize Dreuilhe Dun Durban-sur-Arize Durfort Encourtiech Engomer Ercé Erp Esclagne Escosse Esplas Esplas-de-Sérou Eycheil Fabas Ferrières-sur-Ariège Foixpref Fornex Le Fossat Fougax-et-Barrineuf Freychenet Gabre Gajan Galey Ganac Garanou Gaudiès Génat Gestiès Gourbit Gudas L'Herm L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre Ignaux Ilhat Illartein Illier-et-Laramade Les Issards Justiniac Labatut Lacave Lacourt Lagarde Lanoux Lapège Lapenne Larbont Larcat Larnat Laroque-d'Olmes Lasserre Lassur Lavelanet Léran Lercoul Lescousse Lescure Lesparrou Leychert Lézat-sur-Lèze Lieurac Limbrassac Lissac Lordat Lorp-Sentaraille Loubaut Loubens Loubières Ludiès Luzenac Madière Malegoude Malléon Manses Le Mas-d'Azil Massat Mauvezin-de-Prat Mauvezin-de-Sainte-Croix Mazères Méras Mercenac Mercus-Garrabet Mérens-les-Vals Mérigon Miglos Mijanès Mirepoix Monesple Montagagne Montaillou Montardit Montaut Montbel Montégut-en-Couserans Montégut-Plantaurel Montels Montesquieu-Avantès Montfa Montferrier Montgailhard Montgauch Montjoie-en-Couserans Montoulieu Montségur Montseron Moulin-Neuf Moulis Nalzen Nescus Niaux Orgeix Orgibet Orlu Ornolac-Ussat-les-Bains Orus Oust Pailhès Pamierssubpr Pech Péreille Perles-et-Castelet Le Peyrat Le Pla Le Port Prades Pradettes Pradières Prat-Bonrepaux Prayols Le Puch Les Pujols Quérigut Quié Rabat-les-Trois-Seigneurs Raissac Régat Rieucros Rieux-de-Pelleport Rimont Rivèrenert Roquefixade Roquefort-les-Cascades Roumengoux Rouze Sabarat Saint-Amadou Saint-Bauzeil Sainte-Croix-Volvestre Sainte-Foi Sainte-Suzanne Saint-Félix-de-Rieutord Saint-Félix-de-Tournegat Saint-Gironssubpr Saint-Jean-d'Aigues-Vives Saint-Jean-de-Verges Saint-Jean-du-Castillonnais Saint-Jean-du-Falga Saint-Julien-de-Gras-Capou Saint-Lary Saint-Lizier Saint-Martin-de-Caralp Saint-Martin-d'Oydes Saint-Michel Saint-Paul-de-Jarrat Saint-Pierre-de-Rivière Saint-Quentin-la-Tour Saint-Quirc Saint-Victor-Rouzaud Saint-Ybars Salsein Saurat Sautel Saverdun Savignac-les-Ormeaux Ségura Seix Senconac Sentein Sentenac-de-Sérou Sentenac-d'Oust Serres-sur-Arget Sieuras Siguer Sor Sorgeat Soueix-Rogalle Soula Soulan Surba Suzan Tabre Tarascon-sur-Ariège Taurignan-Castet Taurignan-Vieux Teilhet Thouars-sur-Arize Tignac La Tour-du-Crieu Tourtouse Tourtrol Trémoulet Troye-d'Ariège Unac Unzent Urs Ussat Ustou Val-de-Sos Vals Varilhes Vaychis Vèbre Ventenac Verdun Vernajoul Vernaux Le Vernet Verniolle Villeneuve Villeneuve-d'Olmes Villeneuve-du-Latou Villeneuve-du-Paréage Vira Viviès pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Ariège geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Communes of the Ariège department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ari%C3%A8ge_department"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews,_New_South_Wales

St Andrews, New South Wales

["1 History","2 Population","3 Schools","4 References"]

Coordinates: 34°1′29″S 150°49′50″E / 34.02472°S 150.83056°E / -34.02472; 150.83056 Suburb in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia St AndrewsSydney, New South WalesSt Andrews shopping centreSt AndrewsCoordinates34°1′29″S 150°49′50″E / 34.02472°S 150.83056°E / -34.02472; 150.83056Population5,785 (2021 census)Established1976Postcode(s)2566Elevation58 m (190 ft)Location55 km (34 mi) south-west of Sydney CBDLGA(s)City of CampbelltownState electorate(s)Macquarie FieldsFederal division(s)Werriwa Suburbs around St Andrews: Varroville Varroville Ingleburn Raby St Andrews Bow Bowing Eagle Vale Woodbine Minto St Andrews is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 55 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Campbelltown. It is part of the Macarthur region. History The name St Andrews came from an early 19th-century property owned by Scottish convict Andrew Thompson who in turn had named it after the patron saint of Scotland St Andrew. The area was used for cattle and dairy farming for the next 150 years or so. In 1957, the first plans were announced by the state government to create a large satellite city in the area but the idea foundered after locals opposed it because the land was such good farming land. Nevertheless, the sprawl of Sydney towards Campbelltown couldn't be halted. In 1976, the name St Andrews was approved for the suburb and in 1977, Landcom began building homes in the area. The following year a primary school was opened and the suburb was well established. Population In the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census, the suburb of St Andrews had a population of 5,952 people, with higher than average numbers of Australian citizens (90%) and people born overseas (28%). The most common languages spoken other than English were Arabic (5%), Hindi (2%) and Spanish (2%). The median family income ($1282 per week) was slightly higher than average as was the median housing loan repayment ($1500 per month). Schools St Andrews Public School Robert Townson (Primary) - Raby Robert Townson High School - Raby Mary Immaculate Catholic Primary School - Eaglevale Mount Carmel Catholic College - Varroville References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "St Andrews (State Suburb)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 17 April 2015. ^ "History of St Andrews". Campbelltown City Council. Retrieved 20 December 2007. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "St Andrews (State Suburb)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 30 December 2007. vteSuburbs of the City of Campbelltown, Macarthur, South Western Sydney, Sydney Airds Ambarvale Bardia Blair Athol Blairmount Bow Bowing Bradbury Campbelltown Claymore Denham Court Eagle Vale Englorie Park Eschol Park Gilead Glen Alpine Glenfield Ingleburn Kearns Kentlyn Leumeah Long Point Macquarie Fields Macquarie Links Menangle Park Minto Minto Heights Raby Rosemeadow Ruse St Andrews St Helens Park Varroville Wedderburn Woodbine List of Sydney suburbs This article related to the geography of Sydney is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_friary,_Kre%C5%A1evo

Franciscan friary, Kreševo

["1 National monument and heritage","2 Notables","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Religious house Saint CatharineLocation within Bosnia and HerzegovinaMonastery informationOrderFranciscanEstablished1521 or 1524Dedicated toHoly SpiritDioceseRoman Catholic Archdiocese of VrhbosnaArchitectureHeritage designation KONS of Bosnia and HerzegovinaOfficial nameThe architectural ensemble of the Franciscan monastery in Kreševo together with its movable propertyTypeCategory I cultural and historical propertyCriteriaII. Value A, B, C iii.iv., D ii.iii.iv., E ii.iii.v., F ii.iii., G iii.vi.Designated3 July 2003 (session No. -, Sarajevo)Reference no.327Decision no.08.1-6-526/03-4ListedList of National Monuments of Bosnia and HerzegovinaOperatorFranciscan friary Kreševo SiteLocationKreševo, Bosnia and HerzegovinaWebsitewww.samostan-kresevo.com The Franciscan friary of St. Catharine, or Franciscan monastery of St. Catharine, in Kreševo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, was established between 1521 and 1524. The monastery has been serving its community for centuries, and the Catholic traditions here are very strong. National monument and heritage The monastery has a rustic museum, library and gallery. The monastery as an architectural ensemble, together with a number of its movable property and items, is being included into the List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2003. Notables A memorial chamber dedicated to Fra Grga Martić was created after his death within the monastery. Famous student of the seminary in Kreševo include Albanian poet Gjergj Fishta. See also Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena References ^ "National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Franciscan monastery together with its movable property, the architectural ensemble". old.kons.gov.ba. Commission to preserve national monuments. 2003. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ Pater Gjergj Fishta (1871-1940) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franciscan monastery in Kreševo. Official website Fojnica – samostan i župa Svetoga Duha (in Croatian)

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dtanba,_Kyoto

Kyōtamba, Kyoto

["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbouring municipalities","1.2 Climate","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Government","5 Economy","6 Education","7 Transportation","7.1 Railway","7.2 Highway","8 Sister city relations","9 Noted people from Kyōtamba","10 References","11 External links"]

Coordinates: 35°10′N 135°25′E / 35.167°N 135.417°E / 35.167; 135.417Town in Kansai, JapanKyōtamba 京丹波町TownKyōtamba Town Hall FlagEmblemLocation of Kyōtamba in Kyoto PrefectureKyōtambaLocation in JapanCoordinates: 35°10′N 135°25′E / 35.167°N 135.417°E / 35.167; 135.417CountryJapanRegionKansaiPrefectureKyotoDistrictFunaiArea • Total303.09 km2 (117.02 sq mi)Population (May 1, 2022) • Total13,195 • Density44/km2 (110/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+09:00 (JST)City hall address487-1, Gamōno, Gamō, Kyōtamba-cho, Kyoto-fu 622-0292WebsiteOfficial websiteSymbolsBirdJapanese bush warblerFlowerRhododendronTreeGinkgo biloba Kyōtamba (京丹波町, Kyōtanba-chō) is a town located in Funai District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2022, the town had an estimated population of 13,195 in 6188 households and a population density of 44 persons per km². The total area of the town is 303.09 square kilometres (117.02 sq mi). Its name comes from the first syllable of Kyōto and the former town of Tamba, a namesake of the historic Tanba Province. Geography Kyōtamba is located between the Fukuchiyama basin and the Kameoka basins in the central part of the Tamba region in central Kyoto Prefecture. the southern part of the town is the watershed between the Yodo River system and the Yura River systems. Neighbouring municipalities Kyoto Prefecture Ayabe Fukuchiyama Nantan Hyōgo Prefecture Sasayama Climate Kyōtamba has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kyōtamba is 13.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1771 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.4 °C. Demographics Per Japanese census data, the population of Kyōtamba peaked around 1950 and has declined by roughly half in the decades since. Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 22,723—     1930 21,155−6.9% 1940 20,182−4.6% 1950 25,648+27.1% 1960 23,929−6.7% 1970 20,061−16.2% 1980 19,677−1.9% 1990 18,696−5.0% 2000 17,292−7.5% 2010 15,732−9.0% 2020 12,907−18.0% History The area of the modern town of Kyōtamba was within ancient Tanba Province. In the Edo Period, most of the area was tenryō territory controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate. The village of Shuchi was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was elevated to town status on July 19, 1901 and changed its name to Tanba on April 1, 1955. The town of Kyōtamba was founded on October 11, 2005, by the merger of the former towns of Tanba, Mizuho and Wachi, all from Funai District. Government Kyōtamba has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Kyōtamba, together with the city of Nantan contributes one member to the Kyoto Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kyoto4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Economy Kyōtamba has an economy based on agriculture and forestry. The main products include grapes, matsutake mushrooms, black soybeans, chestnuts, Tamba beef, Kyōtamba pork and Tanba wine. Education Kyōtamba has five public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Kyoto Prefectural Department of Education. The prefecture also operates one forestry training school, Transportation Railway JR West – San'in Main Line Shimoyama - Wachi - Aseri - Tachiki Highway Kyoto Jūkan Expressway National Route 9 National Route 27 National Route 173 National Route 478 Sister city relations - City of Hawkesbury, Australia, since 1988 Noted people from Kyōtamba Kenji Hatanaka, Imperial Japanese Army officer Atsushi Sakahara, movie director and producer References ^ "Kyōtamba town official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ Kyōtamba climate data ^ Kyōtamba population statistics External links Media related to Kyōtamba, Kyoto at Wikimedia Commons Kyōtamba official website (in Japanese) vte Kyoto PrefectureKyoto (capital)KyotoWards Fushimi Higashiyama Kamigyō Kita Minami Nakagyō Nishikyō Sakyō Shimogyō Ukyō Yamashina Cities Ayabe Fukuchiyama Jōyō Kameoka Kizugawa Kyōtanabe Kyōtango Maizuru Miyazu Mukō Nagaokakyō Nantan Uji Yawata Districts Funai District Kyōtamba Kuse District Kumiyama Otokuni District Ōyamazaki Sōraku District Kasagi Minamiyamashiro Seika Wazuka Tsuzuki District Ide Ujitawara Yosa District Ine Yosano List of mergers in Kyoto Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan This Kyoto Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Funai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funai_District,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%8Dtamba,_Kyoto&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ky%C5%8Dtamba-hp-1"},{"link_name":"Tanba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanba_Province"}],"text":"Town in Kansai, JapanKyōtamba (京丹波町, Kyōtanba-chō) is a town located in Funai District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 May 2022[update], the town had an estimated population of 13,195 in 6188 households and a population density of 44 persons per km².[1] The total area of the town is 303.09 square kilometres (117.02 sq mi). Its name comes from the first syllable of Kyōto and the former town of Tamba, a namesake of the historic Tanba Province.","title":"Kyōtamba, Kyoto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yodo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo_River"},{"link_name":"Yura River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yura_River_(Japan)"}],"text":"Kyōtamba is located between the Fukuchiyama basin and the Kameoka basins in the central part of the Tamba region in central Kyoto Prefecture. the southern part of the town is the watershed between the Yodo River system and the Yura River systems.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayabe,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Fukuchiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuchiyama,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Nantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantan,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Sasayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasayama,_Hy%C5%8Dgo"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring municipalities","text":"Kyoto PrefectureAyabe\nFukuchiyama\nNantanHyōgo PrefectureSasayama","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Kyōtamba has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kyōtamba is 13.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1771 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.4 °C.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[3] the population of Kyōtamba peaked around 1950 and has declined by roughly half in the decades since.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanba_Province"},{"link_name":"Edo Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Period"},{"link_name":"tenryō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenry%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Tanba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanba,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Mizuho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuho,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Wachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachi,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Funai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funai_District,_Kyoto"}],"text":"The area of the modern town of Kyōtamba was within ancient Tanba Province. In the Edo Period, most of the area was tenryō territory controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate. The village of Shuchi was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was elevated to town status on July 19, 1901 and changed its name to Tanba on April 1, 1955. The town of Kyōtamba was founded on October 11, 2005, by the merger of the former towns of Tanba, Mizuho and Wachi, all from Funai District.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Prefectural Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prefectural_Assembly"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Kyōtamba has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Kyōtamba, together with the city of Nantan contributes one member to the Kyoto Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kyoto4th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"matsutake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsutake"}],"text":"Kyōtamba has an economy based on agriculture and forestry. The main products include grapes, matsutake mushrooms, black soybeans, chestnuts, Tamba beef, Kyōtamba pork and Tanba wine.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kyōtamba has five public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Kyoto Prefectural Department of Education. The prefecture also operates one forestry training school,","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(west).svg"},{"link_name":"JR West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"San'in Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%27in_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Shimoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoyama_Station_(Kyoto)"},{"link_name":"Wachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachi_Station"},{"link_name":"Aseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseri_Station"},{"link_name":"Tachiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachiki_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"JR West – San'in Main LineShimoyama - Wachi - Aseri - Tachiki","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyoto Jūkan Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_J%C5%ABkan_Expressway"},{"link_name":"National Route 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_9"},{"link_name":"National Route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_27"},{"link_name":"National Route 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_173"},{"link_name":"National Route 478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_478"}],"sub_title":"Highway","text":"Kyoto Jūkan Expressway\n National Route 9\n National Route 27\n National Route 173\n National Route 478","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"City of Hawkesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hawkesbury"}],"text":"- City of Hawkesbury, Australia, since 1988","title":"Sister city relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenji Hatanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Hatanaka"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Sakahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Sakahara"}],"text":"Kenji Hatanaka, Imperial Japanese Army officer\nAtsushi Sakahara, movie director and producer","title":"Noted people from Kyōtamba"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Townshend,_1st_Earl_Sydney

John Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney

["1 Background","2 Political career","3 Family","4 Other notes","5 References","6 External links"]

British politician and nobleman The Right HonourableThe Earl SydneyGCB PCCaricature by Ape published in Vanity Fair in 1869.Captain of the Yeomen of the GuardIn office30 December 1852 – 21 February 1858MonarchVictoriaPrime MinisterThe Earl of AberdeenThe Viscount PalmerstonPreceded byThe Lord de RosSucceeded byThe Lord de RosLord Chamberlain of the HouseholdIn office23 June 1859 – 26 June 1866MonarchVictoriaPrime MinisterThe Viscount PalmerstonThe Earl RussellPreceded byThe Earl De La WarrSucceeded byThe Earl of BradfordIn office9 December 1868 – 17 February 1874MonarchVictoriaPrime MinisterWilliam Ewart GladstonePreceded byThe Earl of BradfordSucceeded byThe Marquess of HertfordLord Steward of the HouseholdIn office3 May 1880 – 9 June 1885MonarchVictoriaPrime MinisterWilliam Ewart GladstonePreceded byThe Earl BeauchampSucceeded byThe Earl of Mount EdgcumbeIn office10 February 1886 – 20 July 1886MonarchVictoriaPrime MinisterWilliam Ewart GladstonePreceded byThe Earl of Mount EdgcumbeSucceeded byThe Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Personal detailsBorn(1805-08-09)9 August 1805Died14 February 1890(1890-02-14) (aged 84)NationalityBritishPolitical partyLiberalSpouse Lady Emily Paget ​(m. 1832)​ John Robert Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney GCB PC (9 August 1805 – 14 February 1890), known as The Viscount Sydney between 1831 and 1874, was a British Liberal politician. In a ministerial career spanning over 30 years, he was twice Lord Chamberlain of the Household and twice Lord Steward of the Household. Background A member of the Townshend family headed by the Marquess Townshend, Sydney was the son of John Townshend, 2nd Viscount Sydney, by his second wife Lady Caroline Elizabeth Letitia, daughter of Robert Clements, 1st Earl of Leitrim. He was educated at Eton and St John's College, Cambridge, graduating MA in 1824. Political career Sydney was first elected to parliament for Whitchurch in 1826, a seat he held until 1831, when he succeeded his father in the viscountcy and entered the House of Lords. From 1828 to 1831 served Kings George IV and William IV as Groom of the Bedchamber and from 1835 to 1837 was a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to William IV. In December 1852 he was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government and was sworn of the Privy Council in early 1853. He continued as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard when Lord Palmerston became prime minister in 1855, but relinquished the position when the Liberals lost power in February 1858. The Liberals returned to office under Palmerston already in June 1859, when Sydney was made Lord Chamberlain of the Household, a post he held until 1866, the last year under the premiership of Lord Russell. In February 1866 he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. Sydney was once again Lord Chamberlain of the Household between 1868 and 1874 in William Ewart Gladstone's first administration. In 1874 he was created Earl Sydney, of Scadbury in the County of Kent. He later served under Gladstone as Lord Steward of the Household between 1880 and 1885 and between February and July 1886. However, despite Lord Sydney's ministerial career lasting over 30 years he was never a member of the cabinet. Apart from his political career he was also Colonel of the Kent Militia Artillery from when it was raised in May 1853 until 1890, Lord Lieutenant of Kent between 1856 and 1890 and Captain of Deal Castle between 1879 and 1890. Family Lord Sydney married Lady Emily Paget, daughter of Field Marshal Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, on 4 August 1832. They had no children. He died in February 1890, aged 84, when all his titles became extinct. The Countess Sydney survived her husband by three years and died in March 1893. The family seat of Frognal House was inherited by Lord Sydney's nephew Robert Marsham, who assumed the additional surname of Townshend in accordance with his uncle's will. Other notes The Sydney Arms on Old Perry Street, Chislehurst, was previously known as The Swan, and in Pigot's Directory of 1832 known as the White Swan. It was renamed in the 1880s in honour of John Robert Townshend, 3rd Viscount Sydney. The pub sign is a diagram of the Sydney family arms. References ^ a b c thepeerage.com John Robert Townshend, 1st and last Earl Sydney ^ "Townshend, The Hon. John Robert (TWNT822JR)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ "leighrayment.com House of Commons: West Lothian to Widnes". Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Index of Officers-T" (PDF). ^ "No. 21397". The London Gazette. 31 December 1852. p. 3939. ^ "No. 21399". The London Gazette. 4 January 1853. p. 29. ^ "No. 22279". The London Gazette. 24 June 1859. p. 2471. ^ "No. 23137". The London Gazette. 13 July 1866. p. 3984. ^ "No. 23071". The London Gazette. 17 February 1866. p. 953. ^ "No. 23450". The London Gazette. 15 December 1868. p. 6654. ^ "No. 24071". The London Gazette. 3 March 1874. p. 1452. ^ "No. 24071". The London Gazette. 3 March 1874. p. 1453. ^ "No. 24841". The London Gazette. 4 May 1880. p. 2864. ^ "No. 25485". The London Gazette. 30 June 1885. p. 3000. ^ "No. 25585". The London Gazette. 12 February 1886. p. 682. ^ "No. 25617". The London Gazette. 17 August 1886. p. 4007. ^ Army List, various dates. ^ "No. 21896". The London Gazette. 27 June 1856. p. 2243. ^ leighrayment.com Peerage: Stratheden to Sysonby ^ "Captains of Deal Castle". East Kent freeuk. Retrieved 10 January 2017. ^ worldonline.co.za "Lord Sydney" ^ "Geograph:: The Sydney Arms, Old Perry Street © Marathon cc-by-sa/2.0". External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by John Townshend Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byHoratio George Powys TownshendSamuel Scott Member of Parliament for Whitchurch 1826–1831 With: Sir Samuel Scott, Bt Succeeded bySir Samuel Scott, BtHoratio George Powys Townshend Political offices Preceded byThe Lord de Ros Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard 1852–1858 Succeeded byThe Lord de Ros Preceded byThe Earl De La Warr Lord Chamberlain 1859–1866 Succeeded byThe Earl of Bradford Preceded byThe Earl of Bradford Lord Chamberlain 1868–1874 Succeeded byThe Marquess of Hertford Preceded byThe Earl Beauchamp Lord Steward 1880–1885 Succeeded byThe Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Preceded byThe Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Lord Steward 1886 Succeeded byThe Earl of Mount Edgcumbe Honorary titles Preceded byThe Earl Cowper Lord Lieutenant of Kent 1856–1890 Succeeded byThe Earl Stanhope Peerage of Great Britain Preceded byJohn Townshend Viscount Sydney 1831–1890 Extinct Peerage of the United Kingdom New creation Earl Sydney 1874–1890 Extinct Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Lord Steward of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Steward"}],"text":"John Robert Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney GCB PC (9 August 1805 – 14 February 1890), known as The Viscount Sydney between 1831 and 1874, was a British Liberal politician. In a ministerial career spanning over 30 years, he was twice Lord Chamberlain of the Household and twice Lord Steward of the Household.","title":"John Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marquess Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_Townshend"},{"link_name":"John Townshend, 2nd Viscount Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Robert Clements, 1st Earl of Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clements,_1st_Earl_of_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepeerage.com-1"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A member of the Townshend family headed by the Marquess Townshend, Sydney was the son of John Townshend, 2nd Viscount Sydney, by his second wife Lady Caroline Elizabeth Letitia, daughter of Robert Clements, 1st Earl of Leitrim.[1] He was educated at Eton and St John's College, Cambridge, graduating MA in 1824.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitchurch_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepeerage.com-1"},{"link_name":"Groom of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groom_of_the_Bedchamber"},{"link_name":"Gentleman of the Bedchamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Bedchamber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_the_Yeomen_of_the_Guard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lord Aberdeen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Government_1852%E2%80%931855"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lord Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lord Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"first administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Government_1868%E2%80%931874"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lord Steward of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Steward"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel#Colonel_of_the_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Kent Militia Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Militia_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Captain of Deal Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_Deal_Castle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Sydney was first elected to parliament for Whitchurch in 1826, a seat he held until 1831,[3] when he succeeded his father in the viscountcy and entered the House of Lords.[1] From 1828 to 1831 served Kings George IV and William IV as Groom of the Bedchamber and from 1835 to 1837 was a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to William IV.[4]In December 1852 he was appointed Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard,[5] Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords[citation needed] in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government and was sworn of the Privy Council in early 1853.[6] He continued as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard when Lord Palmerston became prime minister in 1855, but relinquished the position when the Liberals lost power in February 1858. The Liberals returned to office under Palmerston already in June 1859, when Sydney was made Lord Chamberlain of the Household,[7] a post he held until 1866,[8] the last year under the premiership of Lord Russell. In February 1866 he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.[9]Sydney was once again Lord Chamberlain of the Household between 1868[10] and 1874[11] in William Ewart Gladstone's first administration. In 1874 he was created Earl Sydney, of Scadbury in the County of Kent.[12] He later served under Gladstone as Lord Steward of the Household between 1880[13] and 1885[14] and between February[15] and July 1886.[16] However, despite Lord Sydney's ministerial career lasting over 30 years he was never a member of the cabinet.Apart from his political career he was also Colonel of the Kent Militia Artillery from when it was raised in May 1853 until 1890,[17] Lord Lieutenant of Kent between 1856 and 1890[18][19] and Captain of Deal Castle between 1879 and 1890.[20]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepeerage.com-1"},{"link_name":"Frognal House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frognal_House"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Lord Sydney married Lady Emily Paget, daughter of Field Marshal Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, on 4 August 1832. They had no children. He died in February 1890, aged 84, when all his titles became extinct. The Countess Sydney survived her husband by three years and died in March 1893.[1] The family seat of Frognal House was inherited by Lord Sydney's nephew Robert Marsham, who assumed the additional surname of Townshend in accordance with his uncle's will.[21]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chislehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chislehurst"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Sydney Arms on Old Perry Street, Chislehurst, was previously known as The Swan, and in Pigot's Directory of 1832 known as the White Swan. It was renamed in the 1880s in honour of John Robert Townshend, 3rd Viscount Sydney. The pub sign is a diagram of the Sydney family arms.[22]","title":"Other notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Townshend, The Hon. John Robert (TWNT822JR)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=TWNT822JR&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Townshend, The Hon. John Robert (TWNT822JR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"leighrayment.com House of Commons: West Lothian to Widnes\". Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181014145500/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Wcommons3.htm","url_text":"\"leighrayment.com House of Commons: West Lothian to Widnes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Index of Officers-T\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://courtofficers.ctsdh.luc.edu/Index-T.pdf","url_text":"\"Index of Officers-T\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21397\". The London Gazette. 31 December 1852. p. 3939.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21397/page/3939","url_text":"\"No. 21397\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21399\". The London Gazette. 4 January 1853. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21399/page/29","url_text":"\"No. 21399\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 22279\". The London Gazette. 24 June 1859. p. 2471.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22279/page/2471","url_text":"\"No. 22279\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23137\". The London Gazette. 13 July 1866. p. 3984.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23137/page/3984","url_text":"\"No. 23137\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23071\". The London Gazette. 17 February 1866. p. 953.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23071/page/953","url_text":"\"No. 23071\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23450\". The London Gazette. 15 December 1868. p. 6654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23450/page/6654","url_text":"\"No. 23450\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24071\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1874. p. 1452.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24071/page/1452","url_text":"\"No. 24071\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24071\". The London Gazette. 3 March 1874. p. 1453.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24071/page/1453","url_text":"\"No. 24071\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24841\". The London Gazette. 4 May 1880. p. 2864.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24841/page/2864","url_text":"\"No. 24841\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25485\". The London Gazette. 30 June 1885. p. 3000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25485/page/3000","url_text":"\"No. 25485\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25585\". The London Gazette. 12 February 1886. p. 682.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25585/page/682","url_text":"\"No. 25585\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25617\". The London Gazette. 17 August 1886. p. 4007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25617/page/4007","url_text":"\"No. 25617\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21896\". The London Gazette. 27 June 1856. p. 2243.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21896/page/2243","url_text":"\"No. 21896\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Captains of Deal Castle\". East Kent freeuk. Retrieved 10 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastkent.freeuk.com/deal/castle/captains.htm","url_text":"\"Captains of Deal Castle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geograph:: The Sydney Arms, Old Perry Street © Marathon cc-by-sa/2.0\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2333682","url_text":"\"Geograph:: The Sydney Arms, Old Perry Street © Marathon cc-by-sa/2.0\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_and_television_directors

List of film and television directors

[]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. This is a list of notable directors in motion picture and television arts. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References A Dodo Abashidze George Abbott Norman Abbott Phil Abraham Jim Abrahams Abiola Abrams J. J. Abrams Ivan Abramson Lenny Abrahamson Hany Abu-Assad Tengiz Abuladze Herbert Achternbusch Andy Ackerman Andrew Adamson Anita W. Addison Maren Ade Carine Adler Percy Adlon John G. Adolfi Franklin Adreon Ben Affleck Casey Affleck Neil Affleck Andrew Agnew Alejandro Agresti Joe Ahearne Caroline Aherne Abdel Rahim Ahmed Aqeel Ahmed Alexandre Aja Chantal Akerman Desiree Akhavan Fatih Akın Moustapha Akkad John Akomfrah R. Kan Albay Barbara Albert Félix Enríquez Alcalá Alan Alda Robert Aldrich Tomás Gutiérrez Alea Grigori Aleksandrov Victoria Aleksanyan Chris Alexander David Alexander Jason Alexander John Alexander Sherman Alexie Ozzie Alfonso Khalik Allah Marc Allégret Yves Allégret Elizabeth Allen Irwin Allen Lewis Allen Woody Allen Raine Allen-Miller Hassan Al-Imam Syed Ali Raza Usama Mairzee Almas Pedro Almodóvar Paul Almond Robert Altman Fede Álvarez Silvio Amadio Mathieu Amalric Rod Amateau Ned Ambler Gianni Amelio Alejandro Amenábar Jon Amiel Ana Lily Amirpour George Amponsah Dev Anand Sean Anders Thom Andersen Bob Anderson Brad Anderson Broncho Billy Anderson Deborah Anderson Gordon Anderson Justin Anderson Lindsay Anderson Michael Anderson Mitch Anderson Paul Thomas Anderson Paul W. S. Anderson Trevor Anderson Wes Anderson Roy Andersson Metodi Andonov Raoul André Bryan Andrews Kostas Andritsos Theo Angelopoulos Kenneth Anger Threes Anna Graham Annable Ken Annakin Jean-Jacques Annaud Hideaki Anno Arnold Antonin Michelangelo Antonioni Pan Anzi Judd Apatow Emmanuel Apea Oscar Apfel Norman Apstein Michael Apted Gregg Araki Alfonso Aráu Roscoe Arbuckle Denys Arcand George Archainbaud Wes Archer Jane Arden Emile Ardolino Asia Argento Dario Argento Adam Arkin Allan Arkush Serena Armitage Dionciel Armstrong Gillian Armstrong Andrea Arnold Jack Arnold Darren Aronofsky Fernando Arrabal Miguel Arteta Larysa Artiugina Dorothy Arzner Dinara Asanova Hal Ashby John Mallory Asher Anthony Asquith Olivier Assayas Ari Aster Carlos Atanes Mark Atkinson Richard Attenborough Dan Attias David Attwood Jacques Audiard Jacqueline Audry John H. Auer Bille August Claude Autant-Lara Aram Avakian Roger Avary Pupi Avati Hy Averback Ilya Averbakh Julius Avery Tex Avery John G. Avildsen Jon Avnet David Ayer Dan Aykroyd Richard Ayoade Nabil Ayouch Mary Ayubi Top of page B Ba–Bh Jamie Babbit Héctor Babenco Lloyd Bacon Clarence G. Badger John Badham Bae Yong-Kyun Cindy Baer Prince Bagdasarian King Baggot Nadeem Baig Prano Bailey-Bond Jon S. Baird Stuart Baird Imruh Bakari Roy Ward Baker Sean Baker Mohammad Bakri Ralph Bakshi Bob Balaban Aleksei Balabanov Kailasam Balachander Jan Balej Peter Baldwin Wes Ball Carroll Ballard Anne Bancroft Albert Band Charles Band Biyi Bandele Elizabeth Banks Monty Banks Joseph Barbera Juan Antonio Bardem Richard L. Bare Francesco Barilli Sooraj R. Barjatya Clive Barker Reginald Barker Tom Barman Boris Barnet Matthew Barney Daniel Barnz Allen Baron David Barrett Chuck Barris Robert V. Barron Christopher Barry Drew Barrymore Morris Barry Lionel Barrymore Andrzej Bartkowiak Jules Bass M. J. Bassett Joy Batchelor Jason Bateman Otto Bathurst Paul Bartel Hall Bartlett Charles Barton Felix Basch Aclan Bates Matthew Bauer Jay Bauman Noah Baumbach Lamberto Bava Mario Bava Michael Bay Samuel Bayer Juan Antonio Bayona Edward Bazalgette Luigi Bazzoni Warren Beatty William Beaudine Harry Beaumont Harold Becker Jacques Becker Josh Becker Terry Becker Wolfgang Becker Guy Norman Bee Ford Beebe Greg Beeman Morgan Beggs Hans Behrendt Jean-Jacques Beineix Timur Bekmambetov Susan Belbin Monta Bell Earl Bellamy Troian Bellisario Marco Bellocchio Jerry Belson Maria Luisa Bemberg Steve Bendelack Jack Bender László Benedek Shyam Benegal Lubomír Beneš Roberto Benigni David Benioff Richard Benjamin Rodney Bennett Spencer Gordon Bennet Lizet Benrey Robert Benton Luca Bercovici Bruce Beresford Alec Berg Peter Berg Edward Berger Andrew Bergman Ingmar Bergman Busby Berkeley Luis Garcia Berlanga Greg Berlanti Abby Berlin Marc Berlin Robert Berlinger Andrea Berloff Paul Bern Ishmael Bernal Paul Bernard Curtis Bernhardt Adam Bernstein Claude Berri Halle Berry John Berry Arthur Berthelet André Berthomieu Bryan Bertino Bernardo Bertolucci Luc Besson Frank Beyer Bharathiraja Top of page Bi–Bz Dominic Bianchi Ed Bianchi John Biddle Fabián Bielinsky Robert Bierman Kathryn Bigelow Tony Bill Anna Biller Peter Billingsley Bruce Bilson Brad Bird Bill Bixby Alice Guy-Blaché Herbert Blaché John Black Nicola Black Shane Black Farren Blackburn Gerald Blake George Blair Alessandro Blasetti William Peter Blatty Bertrand Blier Jeffrey Blitz Neill Blomkamp Matt Bloom Don Bluth John G. Blystone Keith Boak James Bobin Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck Richard Boden Eugeniusz Bodo Carl Boese Budd Boetticher Paul Bogart Peter Bogdanovich José Bohr Michel Boisrond Patrick Bokanowski Richard Boleslawski Uwe Boll Mauro Bolognini Fyodor Bondarchuk Sergei Bondarchuk Bong Joon-ho Linwood Boomer John Boorman Kristoffer Borgli Walerian Borowczyk Frank Borzage John and Roy Boulting Martin Bourboulon Lucien Bourjeily David Bowers Pearl Bowser Muriel Box David Boyd Dermot Boyd Danny Boyle Charles Brabin Richard Bracewell Harry Bradbeer Robert N. Bradbury John Brahm Stan Brakhage Matt Braly A.V. Bramble Kenneth Branagh Spike Brandt Fred C. Brannon Tinto Brass Charles Braverman Kevin Bray Neil Breen Catherine Breillat Herbert Brenon Will Brenton Robert Bresson Martin Brest Vinko Brešan Howard Bretherton Eric Brevig Craig Brewer Frank Braxton Michael E. Briant Monte Brice Patrick Brice Sean Bridgers James Bridges Nicholas Briggs Guido Brignone Steven Brill Philippe de Broca Tricia Brock Lino Brocka Rex Bromfield Henry Bronchtein Ronald Bronstein Peter Brook Albert Brooks James L. Brooks Mel Brooks Richard Brooks Nick Broomfield Simon Bross James Broughton Otto Brower Clarence Brown Harry Joe Brown Rowland Brown Tod Browning Martin Bruestle Adrian Brunel Nick Bruno Chris Buck Detlev Buck Tom Buckingham Marc Buckland Norman Buckley Colin Bucksey Steve Buscemi Harold S. Bucquet Jan Bucquoy Danny Buday John Carl Buechler Bradley Buecker Luis Buñuel Janice Burgess Pete Burness Charles Burnett Bo Burnham Edward Burns Justin Burquist James Burrows Tim Burstall Tim Burton Alexander Butler Brian Patrick Butler Chris Butler David Butler John Butler Robert Butler Ray Butt Jörg Buttgereit Zane Buzby Edward Buzzell Ed Bye James Ward Byrkit Top of page C Christy Cabanne Michael Cacoyannis Margarita Cadenas Israel Adrián Caetano David Caffrey Nicolas Cage James Cagney Mike Cahill Edward L. Cahn James Cameron Douglas Camfield Augusto Caminito Donald Cammell Joe Camp Juan José Campanella Colin Campbell Jonny Campbell Luke Campbell Martin Campbell Mont Campbell Norman Campbell Jane Campion Antonio Campos Danny Cannon Dyan Cannon Kay Cannon Colin Cant Graham Cantwell Peter Capaldi Albert Capellani Frank Capra Luigi Capuano Leos Carax Jack Cardiff Christian Carion Joe Carnahan Marcel Carné John Carney Giuliano Carnimeo Marc Caro Niki Caro Benjamin Caron John Carpenter Thomas Carr Enrique Carreras John Paddy Carstairs Chris Carter D. J. Caruso Enrico Casarosa John Cassavetes Nick Cassavetes P. J. Castellaneta William Castle Torre Catalano Michael Caton-Jones Peter Cattaneo Alberto Cavalcanti Liliana Cavani Paolo Cavara André Cayatte Ralph Ceder Christiane Cegavske Jeff Celentano Simon Cellan Jones Mark Cendrowski Tony Cervone Pablo César Nuri Bilge Ceylan Claude Chabrol Gurinder Chadha Justin Chadwick Don Chaffey Aneesh Chaganty Youssef Chahine Fruit Chan Jackie Chan Peter Chan Charlie Chaplin Larry Charles Charley Chase David Chase Émile Chautard Michael Chaves Damien Chazelle Stephen Chbosky Jeremiah S. Chechik Kate Cheeseman Peter Chelsom Kaige Chen Pierre Chenal Yarrow Cheney David Cherkassky Tom Cherones Marc Cherry Pierre Chevalier Milan Cheylov Abigail Child Ching Siu-Tung Stephen Chiodo Samson Chiu Tadeusz Chmielewski Lisa Cholodenko Joyce Chopra Yash Chopra Chor Yuen Deborah Chow Stephen Chow Benjamin Christensen Roger Christian Christian-Jaque Rich Christiano Roger Christiansen Jon M. Chu Grigori Chukhrai Lee Isaac Chung Peter Chung Věra Chytilová Derek Cianfrance Michael Cimino Claudio Cipelletti Souleymane Cissé Louis C.K. René Clair Bob Clampett Bob Clark Larry Clark Richard Clark Alan Clarke Shirley Clarke S. J. Clarkson William F. Claxton Barnaby Clay Jack Clayton Tom Clegg William Clemens Jemaine Clement René Clément Ron Clements Elmer Clifton Edward F. Cline George Clooney Chris Clough Robert Clouse Henri-Georges Clouzot Enrico Cocozza Jean Cocteau Coen Brothers Clément Cogitore Romain Cogitore Larry Cohen Rob Cohen Jaume Collet-Serra Keri Collins Lewis D. Collins Chris Columbus Timothy Combe Luigi Comencini Bill Condon Bruce Conner Jack Conway Ryan Coogler Barry Cook Fielder Cook Victor Cook Josh Cooley Hal Cooper Merian C. Cooper Francis Ford Coppola Roman Coppola Sofia Coppola Frank Coraci Roger Corman Alain Corneau Joe Cornish Orlando Corradi Rich Correll Lloyd Corrigan Raiya Corsiglia Helena Cortesina Don Coscarelli Brian Cosgrove George Pan Cosmatos Pedro Costa Costa-Gavras Kevin Costner Manny Coto T. Arthur Cottam Alex Cox Frank Cox Paul Cox William James Craft Kelly Fremon Craig William Crain Bryan Cranston Wes Craven Joel Crawford Peter Cregeen Destin Daniel Cretton Charles Crichton Michael Crichton Jon Cring Donald Crisp Armando Crispino John Crockett David Croft Donald Crombie John Cromwell Brandon Cronenberg David Cronenberg Mackenzie Crook Alan Crosland Matthew Crouch Cameron Crowe John Crowley James Cruze Billy Crystal Arzén von Cserépy Alfonso Cuarón Chris Cuddington Michael Cudlitz George Cukor Jeremy Culver Fiona Cumming Irving Cummings Michael Cumming James Cunningham Sean S. Cunningham Adam Curtis Dan Curtis Jamie Lee Curtis Richard Curtis Michael Curtiz Michael Cusack Paul Czinner Top of page D Nia DaCosta Diminas Dagogo John Dahl Alan Dale John Francis Daley Stephen Daldry Massimo Dallamano Rebecca Daly Joe D'Amato Georgi Daneliya Rod Daniel Frank Daniel Greg Daniels Lee Daniels Stan Daniels Vladimir Danilevich Joe Dante Frank Darabont Joan Darling Eric Darnell Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast Jules Dassin Hayato Date Gary Dauberman Herschel Daugherty Byambasuren Davaa Delmer Daves Alki David Hugh David John Howard Davies John Rhys-Davies Terence Davies Andrew Davis Garth Davis Ossie Davis Tamra Davis J. Searle Dawley Roxann Dawson Shane Dawson Robert Day (director) Jonathan Dayton Drew Daywalt Basil Dean Basil Dearden Tiffanie DeBartolo Jan de Bont Philippe de Broca Fred de Cordova Allen Coulter Albert de Courville Russell DeGrazier Rolf de Heer Steve De Jarnatt Fred Dekker Alex de la Iglesia Jean Delannoy Bruce Dellis Greg DeLiso Hampton Del Ruth Roy Del Ruth Guillermo del Toro Alberto De Martino Kirk DeMicco Cecil B. DeMille William C. deMille Jonathan Demme Ted Demme James DeMonaco Jacques Demy Reginald Denham Robert De Niro Claire Denis Martin Dennis Pen Densham Ruggero Deodato Manoel de Oliveira Brian De Palma Ben Palmer Charles Palmer Jake Paltrow Serge de Poligny Johnny Depp John Derek Maya Deren Scott Derrickson Bernard Derriman Giuseppe de Santis Vittorio De Sica Tom DeSimone Howard Deutch Michel Deville Danny DeVito Dean Devlin Maury Dexter David Dhavan Matthew Diamond Emma-Rosa Dias Tom DiCillo Nigel Dick Vivienne Dick Ernest Dickerson Thorold Dickinson William Kennedy Dickson Carlos Diegues Vin Diesel William Dieterle Helmut Dietl J. D. Dillard John Francis Dillon Michael Dante DiMartino Mark Dindal Mark A.Z. Dippé Mike Disa Lino DiSalvo Walt Disney Adriaan Ditvoorst Ivan Dixon Edward Dmytryk Darren Doane David Dobkin Lawrence Dobkin Pete Docter Jacques Doillon Michael Dolan Xavier Dolan Miles Doleac Andrew Dominik Roger Donaldson Stanley Donen Hwang Dong-hyuk Ciaran Donnelly Clive Donner Richard Donner Mark Donskoi Robert Dornhelm Doris Dörrie Nelson Pereira dos Santos Maïmouna Doucouré Michael Dougherty Gordon Douglas Robert Douglas Aleksandr Dovzhenko Tony Dow John Erick Dowdle Kevin Dowling B. E. Doxat-Pratt Jim Drake Oliver Drake Polly Draper Jean Dréville Ben Drew Carl Theodor Dreyer Marcel Duchamp Frederik Du Chau Terence Dudley Peter Duffell Duffer brothers Troy Duffy Dennis Dugan Joshua Dugdale Bill Duke Bruno Dumont Duwayne Dunham George Dunning Cheryl Dunye Quentin Dupieux Jay Duplass Mark Duplass Ewald André Dupont Momina Duraid Marguerite Duras Fred Durst Richard Dutcher Guru Dutt Robert Duvall Ava DuVernay Julien Duvivier Allan Dwan Top of page E B. Reeves Eason Clint Eastwood Uli Edel Blake Edwards Gareth Edwards Harry Edwards Shawn Efran Robert Eggers Eagle Egilsson Atom Egoyan Mohammed Ehteshamuddin Lena Einhorn Sergei Eisenstein Gösta Ekman Richard Elfman Stephan Elliott David R. Ellis Robert Ellis Scott Ellis Maurice Elvey Obi Emelonye John Emerson Roland Emmerich Andy De Emmony Cy Endfield John English Robert Englund Robert Enrico Ray Enright Jason Ensler Ildikó Enyedi Nora Ephron Sheldon Epps Jean Epstein Luciano Ercoli Víctor Erice Chester Erskine Juan Escobedo Giancarlo Esposito Danishka Esterhazy Lukas Ettlin Jean Eustache David M. Evans Gareth Evans Marc Evans Valie Export Chris Eyre Richard Eyre Top of page F Peter Faiman Ben Falcone Rick Famuyiwa James Fargo Harun Farocki Asghar Farhadi Julian Farino Valerie Faris Bobby Farrelly Peter Farrelly John Farrow Rainer Werner Fassbinder Jon Favreau Sam Feder Fei Mu Paul Feig Paul Fejos Sam Fell Andrea Fellers Federico Fellini Emerald Fennell Michael Ferguson Guy Ferland Emilio Fernández Abel Ferrara Marco Ferreri Giorgio Ferroni Louis Feuillade Jacques Feyder Severin Fiala Sally Field Todd Field Chip Fields Ralph Fiennes Mike Figgis Dave Filoni David Fincher Will Finn Elvira Fischer Terence Fisher Dallas M. Fitzgerald George Fitzmaurice Robert J. Flaherty Mike Flanagan Gary Fleder Dave Fleischer Max Fleischer Richard Fleischer Ruben Fleischer Andrew Fleming Victor Fleming Anne Fletcher Dexter Fletcher Mandie Fletcher Benedek Fliegauf James Flood Robert Florey Emmett J. Flynn Shannon Flynn James Foley Sheree Folkson Jorge Fons Aleksander Ford Francis Ford Jeremy J. Ford John Ford Philip Ford Tom Ford Eugene Forde Miloš Forman Tom Forman Willi Forst Marc Forster Bill Forsyth John Fortenberry Amparo Fortuny Bob Fosse James Foster Jodie Foster Lilibet Foster Lewis R. Foster Michael Lewis Foster Norman Foster Jeff Fowler Wallace Fox Bryan Foy Jonathan Frakes Rhys Frake-Waterfield Coleman Francis James Franco Jesús Franco Georges Franju Melvin Frank Scott Frank David Frankel John Frankenheimer Carl Franklin Howard Franklin Sidney Franklin Veronika Franz Harry L. Fraser Toa Fraser James Frawley David Frazee Stephen Frears Riccardo Freda Sydney Freeland Thornton Freeland Morgan Freeman Morgan J. Freeman Mark Freiburger Lloyd French Victor French Juan Carlos Fresnadillo Karl Freund Ron Fricke Fridrik Thor Fridriksson Jason Friedberg Lionel Friedberg David Friedkin William Friedkin Seymour Friedman Su Friedrich Gunther von Fritsch Carl Froelich Sarah Frost Soleil Moon Frye Zetna Fuentes Kinji Fukasaku Shozin Fukui Lucio Fulci Sam Fuller Antoine Fuqua Sidney J. Furie Tim Fywell Top of page G Béla Gaál Leonid Gaidai Ray Gallardo Florian Gallenberger Alex Galvin Harry Gamboa Jr. Abel Gance Christophe Gans Dennis Gansel Arline Gant Robert Ben Garant Carla Garapedian Rodrigo García Ana García Blaya Jeremy Garelick Jeff Garlin Tay Garnett Philippe Garrel Mick Garris Matteo Garrone Harry Garson William Garwood Louis J. Gasnier Tucker Gates Mark Gatiss Tony Gatlif Nils Gaup Roberto Gavaldón Barrie Gavin Galder Gaztelu-Urrutia Paul Geday Jean Genet Xavier Gens Giacomo Gentilomo Fred Gerber Aleksei Yuryevich German Aleksei Alekseivich German Pietro Germi Clyde Geronimi Kurt Gerron Douchan Gersi Viktor Gertler Ricky Gervais Greta Gerwig Jennifer Getzinger Subhash Ghai Ritwik Ghatak Bahman Ghobadi Charles Giblyn Angela Gibson Mel Gibson Billy Gierhart Joaquin "Kino" Gil John Gilbert Lewis Gilbert David Giler Stuart Gillard Craig Gillespie Terry Gilliam Tyler Gillett Vince Gilligan John Gilling Dan Gilroy Tony Gilroy Arvid E. Gillstrom Bernard Girard Marino Girolami Ken Girotti Pavel Giroud Amos Gitai Ellen Gittelsohn Stanka Gjurić Rose Glass Lesli Linka Glatter Jonathan Glazer John Glen Peter Glenville James Glickenhaus Will Gluck Jean-Luc Godard Andy Goddard Drew Goddard Theo van Gogh Michael Goi Menahem Golan Evan Goldberg Jonathan Goldstein Bobcat Goldthwait Nick Gomez Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Michel Gondry Alejandro González Iñárritu Martin Gooch Derrick Goodwin Leslie Goodwins Rupert Goold Adoor Gopalakrishnan Bryan Gordon George Gordon Michael Gordon Stuart Gordon John Gorrie Yana Gorskaya Hideo Gosha Ryan Gosling Raja Gosnell Lisa Gottlieb Peter Gould Alfred Goulding Edmund Goulding Ashutosh Gowariker Jake Graf Todd Graff William A. Graham Michael Grandage Brian Grant Lee Grant Alex Graves F. Gary Gray Adam Green Alfred E. Green Dave Green David Green David Gordon Green Guy Green Hilton A. Green Norm Green Pamela Green Steph Green Tom Green Peter Greenaway Josh Greenbaum C. H. Greenblatt Paul Greengrass Jeff Greenstein Robert Greenwald Edwin Greenwood Robert Gregson Jean Grémillon Johannes Grenzfurthner John Greyson John Grierson Ken Grieve D. W. Griffith Edward H. Griffith Murray Grigor Peter Grimwade Nick Grinde David Grossman Luca Guadagnino Matthew Gray Gubler Romolo Guerrieri Christopher Guest Val Guest John Guillermin Fred Guiol Sacha Guitry Yilmaz Güney Andrew Gunn James Gunn Hrafn Gunnlaugsson Manish Gupta Stephen Gurewitz Jorge Gutierrez Sebastian Gutierrez Alice Guy-Blaché Patricio Guzmán Top of page H Charles F. Haas Kamal Haasan Taylor Hackford Zach Hadel Tala Hadid Lucile Hadžihalilović Piers Haggard Paul Haggis Larry Hagman Don Hahn Antonio Margheriti Jody Margolin Hahn Charles Haid Andrew Haigh John Halas Alexander Hall Don Hall Lasse Hallström Victor Hugo Halperin Gary Halvorson Ryusuke Hamaguchi John Hamburg Bent Hamer Robert Hamer Guy Hamilton Hamish Hamilton Jonathan Hammond Sanaa Hamri Victor Hanbury John D. Hancock Michael Haneke Tom Hanks William Hanna Ken Hannam Curtis Hanson Geir Hansteen Jörgensen Alex Hardcastle Neasa Hardiman Catherine Hardwicke Sam Hargrave Graeme Harper Tom Harper Veit Harlan Renny Harlin Harry Harris Owen Harris Peter Harris Mary Harron Harvey Hart William S. Hart Hal Hartley Anthony Harvey Herk Harvey Jack Harvey Wojciech Has Henry Hathaway James Hawes Phil Hawkins Howard Hawks Will Hay Salma Hayek Michael Hayes David Hayman James Hayman Toby Haynes Todd Haynes Jimmy Hayward Michel Hazanavicius Amy Heckerling Ralph Hemecker Anthony Hemingway Siân Heder Victor Heerman Zachary Heinzerling Stuart Heisler Jalmari Helander Brian Helgeland Marielle Heller Monte Hellman Michael "Ffish" Hemschoot Joseph Henabery Chris Henchy Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck Dell Henderson John Henderson Frank Henenlotter Hobart Henley Paul Henreid Julian Henriques Buck Henry Brian Henson Jim Henson Perry Henzell Paula Heredia Stephen Herek Albert Herman Oliver Hermanus Kate Herron William Blake Herron Michael Herz John Herzfeld Werner Herzog Zako Heskiya Jared Hess Jerusha Hess Gordon Hessler Charlton Heston Fraser Heston Marianne Hettinger Jennifer Love Hewitt David Hewlett John Heys Douglas Hickox Scott Hicks Howard Higgin George Roy Hill George Hill Jack Hill Jody Hill Robert F. Hill Sinclair Hill Walter Hill Stephen Hillenburg Arthur Hiller William Byron Hillman Lambert Hillyer Anthony Himbs Art Hindle Cheryl Hines Ryūichi Hiroki Oliver Hirschbiegel Leon Hirszman Leslie S. Hiscott Alfred Hitchcock Godfrey Ho Peter Hoar Jessica Hobbs Gregory Hoblit Brent Hodge Mike Hodges Jack Hofsiss James P. Hogan P. J. Hogan Clive Holden Agnieszka Holland Todd Holland Tom Holland Savage Steve Holland Tonya Holly Ben Holmes John Holmquist Seth Holt Ishirō Honda Mitsuru Hongo Tobe Hooper Tom Hooper Stephen Hopkins Dennis Hopper Jerry Hopper Gwyneth Horder-Payton Leonard Horn James W. Horne Oliver Horsbrugh Hou Hsiao-hsien Li Hsing John Hough Bryce Dallas Howard Byron Howard David Howard Michael Howard Ron Howard William Howard Peter Howitt King Hu L. Ron Hubbard Reginald Hudlin Hugh Hudson Bronwen Hughes Howard Hughes John Hughes Ken Hughes Robert F. Hughes Terry Hughes Ann Hui Danièle Huillet Arthur Humberstone H. Bruce Humberstone André Hunebelle Helen Hunt Tim Hunter Lawrence Huntington Nick Hurran Michael Hurst Metin Hüseyin Waris Hussein John Huston Charles Hutchison Brian G. Hutton Willard Huyck Peter Hyams Top of page I Armando Iannucci Juan Ibáñez Kon Ichikawa Steve Ihnat Brian Iles Im Kwon-Taek Shōhei Imamura Michael Imison Hiroshi Inagaki John Ince Ralph Ince Thomas H. Ince Rex Ingram Ciro Ippolito Dickson Iroegbu John Irvin George Irving Kyōhei Ishiguro Debbie Isitt Marc Israel Jūzō Itami Aleksandr Ivanovsky Ivan Ivanov-Vano Joris Ivens James Ivory Top of page J Jacques Jaccard David Jackson Dianne Jackson Michael Jackson Mick Jackson Paul Jackson Peter Jackson Wilfred Jackson Jordan Jacobo Gregory Jacobs Rick Jacobson Sarah Jacobson Henry Jaglom Wanda Jakubowska Alan James Steve James Brian Jamieson Miklós Jancsó Leigh Janiak Jang Joon-hwan Bob Jaques Derek Jarman Jim Jarmusch Julian Jarrold Charles Jarrott Risto Jarva Leigh Jason Kang Je-gyu Cord Jefferson Barry Jenkins Dallas Jenkins Patty Jenkins Garth Jennings Humphrey Jennings Shelley Jensen Jean-Pierre Jeunet Norman Jewison Jia Zhangke Jiang Wen Jaromil Jireš Phil Joanou Alejandro Jodorowsky Mark Joffe Roland Joffé Clark Johnson Craig Johnson Duke Johnson Lamont Johnson Liza Johnson Mark Steven Johnson Nunnally Johnson Rian Johnson Tim Johnson Joe Johnston Gerard Johnstone Angelina Jolie Chuck Jones Duncan Jones F. Richard Jones Grover Jones Michael Jones Ron Jones Terry Jones Tommy Lee Jones Spike Jonze Neil Jordan Michael B. Jordan Edward José Max Joseph Jon Jost Louis Jouvet Paul Joyce Jonathan Judge Mike Judge Rupert Julian Isaac Julien Miranda July Nathan Juran Top of page K Karel Kachyňa George Kaczender Jeremy Kagan Mauricio Kagel Joseph Kahn Alex Kahuam Sathish Kalathil Mikhail Kalatozov Alex Kalymnios Kamal Arunraja Kamaraj Sekhar Kammula Deborah Kampmeier Puttanna Kanagal Adam Kane Joseph Kane Shusuke Kaneko Jeff Kanew Garson Kanin Jonathan Kaplan Raj Kapoor Shekhar Kapur Pekka Karjalainen Phil Karlson Roman Karmen Jason Kartalian Jake Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Mathieu Kassovitz Aaron Katz Lloyd Kaufman Philip Kaufman Aki Kaurismäki Mika Kaurismäki Helmut Käutner Jerzy Kawalerowicz Minoru Kawasaki Tony Kaye Elia Kazan Helmut Käutner Buster Keaton Abdellatif Kechiche William Keighley Asaad Kelada Frederick King Keller Harry Keller Michael Keller Barnet Kellman Brian Kelly Gene Kelly Richard Kelly Gil Kenan David Kendall Alex Kendrick Anna Kendrick Erle Kenton James V. Kern David Kerr Robert Kerr Michael Kerrigan Irvin Kershner James Kerwin Abbas Kiarostami Krzysztof Kieślowski Maggie Kiley Edward Killy Kim Jee-woon Kim Ki-duk Max Kimmich Anthony Kimmins Simon Kinberg Burton King Gary King George King Henry King Louis King Paul King Shaka King Stephen King Keisuke Kinoshita Klaus Kinski Teinosuke Kinugasa Brian Kirk Randal Kirk Mark Kirkland Lyudmil Kirkov Karey Kirkpatrick Alan Kirschenbaum Ryuhei Kitamura Takeshi Kitano Alf Kjellin William Klein Randal Kleiser Elem Klimov León Klimovsky Alexander Kluge Jennifer Kluska Harley Knoles Masaki Kobayashi Chris Koch Kogonada Bob Koherr Vincent Kok Henry Kolker Alexander Kolowrat Satoshi Kon Andrei Konchalovsky Larysa Kondracki Tadeusz Konwicki Alexander Korda Zoltan Korda Hirokazu Koreeda Harmony Korine Caryl Korma Baltasar Kormákur Brigitte Kornetzky John Korty Joseph Kosinski Henry Koster Ted Kotcheff Mariusz Kotowski Serguei Kouchnerov Nikos Koundouros Jan Kounen Paul Kowalski Aaron Kozak Ivan Kraljevic Stanley Kramer John Krasinski Kurt Kren Mitchell Kriegman Krishnan–Panju William Kronick Stanley Kubrick George Kuchar Cy Kuckenbaker Lev Kuleshov Roger Kumble Zacharias Kunuk Akira Kurosawa Kiyoshi Kurosawa Karyn Kusama Emir Kusturica Geir Ove Kvalheim Daniel Kwan Stanley Kwan Ken Kwapis Top of page L John La Bouchardière Nadine Labaki Neil LaBute Gregory La Cava Harry Lachman Aldo Lado Edward Laemmle James Lafferty John Lafia René Laloux Ringo Lam Fernando Lamas Mary Lambert Charles Lamont Lew Landers Alejandro Landes John Landis Max Landis Christopher Landon Michael Landon Sidney Lanfield Fritz Lang Walter Lang Michael Lange Rémi Lange Jerry Langford Doug Langway Yorgos Lanthimos Claude Lanzmann Janez Lapajne Victoria Larimore Pablo Larraín John Lasseter Andrew Lau Jeffrey Lau Peter Lauer Michael Laughlin Charles Laughton Mélanie Laurent Carl Lauten Arnold Laven Diarmuid Lawrence Francis Lawrence Marc Lawrence J. 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Little Lynne Littman Anatole Litvak Luis Llosa Frank Lloyd Norman Lloyd Phyllida Lloyd Lo Wei Ken Loach Sondra Locke Barbara Loden Joshua Logan Ulli Lommel Richard Loncraine Jerry London Kenneth Lonergan Stanley Long Robert Longo Matthew López Del Lord Peter Lord Phil Lord Ian Lorimer Chuck Lorre Joseph Losey Steve Loter Todd Louiso Lou Ye David Lowery Declan Lowney Philippa Lowthorpe Arthur Lubin Ernst Lubitsch George Lucas John Meredyth Lucas Wilfred Lucas Edward Ludwig Baz Luhrmann Sidney Lumet Leopold Lummerstorfer Kátia Lund Ida Lupino Rod Lurie Teddy Lussi-Modeste Don Lusk Hamilton Luske Dorothy Lyman Euros Lyn David Lynch Jeffrey Lynch Jennifer Lynch Liam Lynch Adrian Lyne Jonathan Lynn Top of page M Ma–Mc David MacDonald Hettie MacDonald Kevin Macdonald Carl Macek Seth MacFarlane Gustav Machatý Willard Mack Alexander Mackendrick David Mackenzie Philip Charles MacKenzie Will Mackenzie Douglas Mackinnon Gillies MacKinnon Angus MacLane Michelle MacLaren Murdock MacQuarrie John Madden Guy Maddin Madonna Holger-Madsen Ivan Magrin-Chagnolleau Brendan Maher Barry Mahon Charles Maigne Norman Mailer Alan Mak Dušan Makavejev Mohsen Makhmalbaf Samira Makhmalbaf Károly Makk Sundeep Malani Sarah Maldoror Terrence Malick Louis Malle Nicholas Mallett William Malone David Maloney Leo D. Maloney Henrik Malyan Djibril Diop Mambéty Manakis brothers Milcho Manchevski Don Mancini David Mandel Chris Mandia Luis Mandoki James Mangold Joseph L. Mankiewicz Anthony Mann Daniel Mann Delbert Mann Michael Mann Seith Mann Guy Manos Sophie Marceau Terry Marcel Max Marcin Nick Marck Bam Margera Edwin L. Marin José Mojica Marins Chris Marker Richard Marquand Laïla Marrakchi James Marsh Jeff "Swampy" Marsh Frank Marshall Garry Marshall George Marshall Neil Marshall Penny Marshall Rob Marshall Joshua Marston Lucrecia Martel Becky Martin Charles Martin Darnell Martin D'Urville Martin Henry G. Martin Jim Martin Murray Martin Phillip Martin Richard Martin Richard Martini Sergio Martino Steve Martino Marco Martins Leslie H. 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Murnau Dudley Murphy Geoff Murphy Ralph Murphy Ryan Murphy Bill Murray Noam Murro John Musker Floyd Mutrux Mark Mylod Daniel Myrick Top of page N Amir Naderi Kenji Nagasaki Mira Nair Ilya Naishuller Takashi Nakamura Hideo Nakata Bharat Nalluri Michael Nankin Silvio Narizzano Khodzha Kuli Narliyev Mikio Naruse Janusz Nasfeter Percy Nash Vincenzo Natali Matthew Nastuk Gregory Nava Mike Nawrocki Doug Naylor Ray Nazarro Ronald Neame Jean Negulesco Marshall Neilan Roy William Neill James Neilson Victor Nelli Jr. Gary Nelson Gene Nelson Jessie Nelson Ozzie Nelson Ralph Nelson Max Neufeld Kurt Neumann Kyle Newacheck Mike Newell Sam Newfield Don Newland John Newland Joseph Newman Fred Newmeyer Lionel Ngakane Thuc Nguyen Fred Niblo Andrew Niccol George Nicholls Jr. Charles August Nichols Jeff Nichols Mike Nichols Jack Nicholson Cedric Nicolas-Troyan Greg Nicotero William Nigh Nikos Nikolaidis Leopoldo Torre Nilsson Rob Nilsson Leonard Nimoy Marcus Nispel David Nixon Manfred Noa Gaspar Noé Christopher Nolan Chris Noonan Tom Noonan Syed Noor Paul Norman Mabel Normand Edward Norton Jehane Noujaim Cyrus Nowrasteh Wilfred Noy Phillip Noyce Elliott Nugent David Nutter Bruno Nuytten Andy Nwakalor Christian Nyby Top of page O Dave O'Brien Katharine O'Brien Andrew O'Connor Renee O'Connor Bob Odenkirk Atsushi Ogata Perry Ogden George Ogilvie Kingsley Ogoro Izu Ojukwu Kihachi Okamoto Sidney Olcott Liddy Oldroyd Jorge Olguín Ron Oliver Susan Oliver Laurence Olivier Ermanno Olmi Tony Olmos Gunnar Olsson Max Ophüls Joshua Oppenheimer Benjamin Orifici Kenny Ortega Mamoru Oshii Nagisa Oshima Ruben Östlund Richard Oswald Dominique Othenin-Girard Katsuhiro Otomo Ulrike Ottinger Idrissa Ouedraogo Horace Ové André Øvredal Jennifer Oxley Frank Oz François Ozon Yasujirō Ozu Top of page P Sergio Pablos Georg Wilhelm Pabst P. Padmarajan Alan J. Pakula Debarun Pal Jafar Panahi Norman Panama Gleb Panfilov Pang Ho-Cheung Domenico Paolella Sergei Parajanov K-Michel Parandi Dean Parisot Lana Parrilla Richard Parry Park Chan-Wook Jerry Paris Nick Park Alan Parker Albert Parker Ol Parker Trey Parker James Parrott Reza Parsa Gabriel Pascal Goran Paskaljević Pier Paolo Pasolini Ivan Passer Stuart Paton John Patterson Ray Patterson Anand Patwardhan Frank Paur Paweł Pawlikowski Alexander Payne György Pálfi Leslie Pearce Richard Pearce Steve Pearlman George Pearson Raoul Peck Sam Peckinpah Mario Van Peebles Jordan Peele Scott Pembroke Arthur Penn Leo Penn Matthew Penn Sean Penn Joe Penna Mark Pellington Ivan Perestiani Lester James Peries Pierre Perifel Loni Peristere Anthony Perkins Oz Perkins Quincy Perkins Léonce Perret Nat Perrin Frank Perry Tyler Perry Christian Peschken Robert O. 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Pressman Michael Pressman Lonny Price Sarah Price Prince Yakov Protazanov Alex Proyas Aleksandr Ptushko Vsevolod Pudovkin Jon Puno Derek Purvis Ivan Pyryev Parvez Sharma Top of page Q Farooq Qaiser Steven Quale Brothers Quay John Quigley Richard Quine James Quinn Faisal Qureshi Nabeel Qureshi Top of page R Ra–Re Peer Raben Michael Radford Bob Rafelson Jeff Ragsdale Sam Raimi Yvonne Rainer Hossein Rajabian S. S. Rajamouli Sharat Raju Harold Ramis Julius Ramsay Lynne Ramsay Tony Randel Arthur Rankin Jr. Irving Rapper Mani Ratnam Brett Ratner Gregory Ratoff John Rawlins Albert Ray Bernard B. Ray Fred Olen Ray Man Ray Nicholas Ray Rick Ray Satyajit Ray Herman C. 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Roberts Johannes Roberts Pennant Roberts Stephen Roberts Graham Robertson John S. Robertson Gillian Robespierre Arthur Robison Bruce Robinson Lee Robinson Matthew Robinson Matthew Robinson Phil Alden Robinson Mark Robson Adam Robitel Glauber Rocha Alexandre Rockwell João Pedro Rodrigues Robert Rodriguez Rosemary Rodriguez John Roecker Nicolas Roeg Daniel Roemer Michael Roemer Albert S. Rogell Seth Rogen Brandon Rogers David Rogers Éric Rohmer Alice Rohrwacher James Rolfe Mark Romanek George A. Romero Joaquín Luis Romero Marchent Mikhail Romm Am Rong Bethany Rooney Mickey Rooney Cliff Roquemore Bernard Rose Phil Rosen Stuart Rosenberg Rick Rosenthal Tatia Rosenthal Perry Rosemond Mark Rosman Gary Ross Herbert Ross Matthew Ross Roberto Rossellini Robert Rossen Franco Rossi Arthur Rosson Richard Rosson Eli Roth Joe Roth Tim Roth Richard Rothstein Josie Rourke Roy Rowland Patricia Rozema Joseph Ruben Alan Rudolph Oscar Rudolph Wesley Ruggles Demián Rugna Raúl Ruiz Pavel Ruminov Richard Rush Chuck Russell David O. Russell Ken Russell Paddy Russell Russo brothers Stefan Ruzowitzky Eldar Ryazanov Zbigniew Rybczyński Mark Rydell Gary Rydstrom Stellan Rye RZA Top of page S Sa–Sh Maher Sabry Daniel Sackheim Christopher Sadler Numa Sadoul Safdie brothers Boris Sagal Bob Saget Abdulkadir Ahmed Said Richard Sakai Alik Sakharov Gene Saks Sidney Salkow Eriq La Salle Walter Salles Dan Sallitt Mikael Salomon Anja Salomonowitz Carlos Saldanha Victor Salva Shakti Samanta Gabriela Samper Keith Samples David F. Sandberg Ari Sandel Scott Sanders Helma Sanders-Brahms Arlene Sanford Shin Sang-ok Jay Sandrich Mark Sandrich David Sant Alfred Santell Joseph Santley Damon Santostefano Miguel Sapochnik Richard C. Sarafian Valeria Sarmiento Michael Sarnoski Peter Sasdy Shinsuke Sato Yūichi Satō Marjane Satrapi Charles Saunders (director) Hubert Sauper Claude Sautet Fred Savage Rob Savage Philip Saville Seth Savoy Geoffrey Sax John Sayles Rodo Sayagues John Scagliotti Armand Schaefer George Schaefer Akiva Schaffer Jeff Schaffer Franklin Schaffner Peter Schamoni James Schamus Frank Scheffer Daniel Scheinert Fred Schepisi Victor Schertzinger Paul Scheuring Kyle Schickner Thomas Schlamme Craig Schlattman John Schlesinger Christoph Schlingensief Volker Schlöndorff David Schmoeller Julian Schnabel Thomas Schnauz Dan Schneider Ian Schneider Paul Schneider Rob Schneider Ernest B. Schoedsack Jane Schoenbrun Renen Schorr Paul Schrader Liev Schreiber Rick Schroder Barbet Schroeder Werner Schroeter John Schultz Michael Schultz Hugh Schulze Joel Schumacher Reinhold Schünzel Michael Schur Lloyd J. Schwartz Rudolf Schwarzkogler Stefan Schwartz Til Schweiger Robert Schwentke David Schwimmer Christian Schwochow Ettore Scola Martin Scorsese Oz Scott Ridley Scott Shaun Scott Swinton O. Scott III Tony Scott Aubrey Scotto Steven Seagal Francis Searle Fred F. Sears Eric Dean Seaton George Seaton Edward Sedgwick Alex Segal Peter Segal Susan Seidelman Ulrich Seidl Lewis Seiler William A. Seiter Franz Seitz, Sr. George Seitz Steve Sekely Lesley Selander Henry Selick Bill Sellars Herbert Selpin Aaron Seltzer David Seltzer Selvaraghavan Edgar Selwyn Ousmane Sembène David Semel Larry Semon Mrinal Sen Dominic Sena Lorraine Senna Mack Sennett Craig Serling Menelik Shabazz Tom Shadyac Matt Shakman Lee Shallat Chemel S. Shankar Adam Shankman John Patrick Shanley Ted Sharks Tristram Shapeero Parvez Sharma Jim Sharman William Shatner Melville Shavelson Jenn Shaw Larry Shaw Scott Shaw Jack Shea Barry Shear Chuck Sheetz Lynn Shelton Millicent Shelton Ron Shelton Darren Shepherd Larisa Shepitko Adrian Shergold Jim Sheridan Kirsten Sheridan Rondell Sheridan Taylor Sheridan Gary Sherman George Sherman Lowell Sherman Vincent Sherman Domee Shi John Shiban Steve Shill Takashi Shimizu Peter Shin Naoyoshi Shiotani Alexandra Shiva Jack Sholder Cate Shortland Michael Showalter Wil Shriner Trey Edward Shults M. Night Shyamalan Charles Shyer Justin Simien Joe Simon Top of page Si–Sz George Sidney Scott Sidney David Siegel Don Siegel Ted Sieger Pedro Sienna Floria Sigismondi Slobodan Šijan Brad Silberling David Silverman Dean Silvers Lisa Simon S. Sylvan Simon Yves Simoneau Giorgio Simonelli Alexander Singer Bryan Singer Grant Singer Manmohan Singh Tarsem Singh Tony Singletary John Singleton Roger Singleton-Turner Robert Siodmak Puneet Sira Douglas Sirk Cheick Oumar Sissoko Andrea Sisson Chris Sivertson Tom Six Vilgot Sjöman Victor Sjöström Kari Skogland Jerzy Skolimowski Gia Skova David Slade Paul Sloane Edward Sloman Michael Slovis Yannis Smaragdis Alan Smart Ralph Smart Jack Smight Adam Smith Brian Trenchard-Smith Charles Martin Smith Christopher Smith David Smith Gary Smith George Albert Smith Harry Everett Smith Jim Field Smith John Smith John N. Smith Julia Smith Kevin Smith Michael V. Smith Noel M. Smith Roy Allen Smith Sarah Smith Seth Grahame-Smith Simon J. Smith Adam Smoluk Michael Snow Zack Snyder Michele Soavi Steven Soderbergh Iain Softley Gennady Sokolsky Aleksandr Sokurov David Solomon Frances-Anne Solomon Todd Solondz Andrew Solt Stephen Sommers Barry Sonnenfeld Sion Sono Celine Song Chris Soriano Paolo Sorrentino Jen and Sylvia Soska Tressie Souders Simon Spencer George Spenton-Foster Jaap Speyer Penelope Spheeris Bryan Spicer Steven Spielberg Götz Spielmann Spierig brothers Bob Spiers Roger Spottiswoode Jill Sprecher Alejandro Springall Aaron Springer R. G. Springsteen Anthony Stacchi John M. Stahl Sylvester Stallone Andrew Stanton Wendey Stanzler Ladislas Starevich Jack Starrett Richard Starzak Ralph Staub Malcolm St. Clair J.A. Steel Burr Steers Paul L. Stein David Steinberg Hans Steinhoff Steno (director) Boris Stepantsev Mike Stephens Jared Stern Sandor Stern Steven Hilliard Stern Andrew Stevens Dan Stevens George Stevens George Stevens Jr. Robert Stevens Robert Stevenson Gordon Stewart Ginny Stikeman Ben Stiller Mauritz Stiller Whit Stillman Francis Stokes Marcus Stokes Mike Stoklasa Nicholas Stoller Benjamin Stoloff Andrew L. Stone Ezra Stone Jamie Magnus Stone Matt Stone Oliver Stone Tad Stones Howard Storm Jerome Storm Jean-Marie Straub Frank R. Strayer Suresh Joachim Amanda Street Graham Streeter Barbra Streisand Brenda Strong James Strong John Stroud Mel Stuart Gene Stupnitsky John Sturges Preston Sturges K. Subash Arne Sucksdorff Elia Suleiman Sun Yu Mohit Suri Stephen Surjik A. Edward Sutherland Hal Sutherland Kiefer Sutherland Seijun Suzuki Jan Švankmajer Mary Sweeney Harry Sweet Justin Swibel David Swift Hans-Jürgen Syberberg Khady Sylla István Szabó Peter Szewczyk Damián Szifron Małgorzata Szumowska Top of page T Rachel Talalay Patrick Tam Lee Tamahori Cyndi Tang Alain Tanner Danis Tanović Quentin Tarantino Andrei Tarkovsky Béla Tarr Genndy Tartakovsky Frank Tashlin Jacques Tati Norman Taurog Bertrand Tavernier Alan Taylor Don Taylor Don Taylor Ray Taylor Sam Taylor Stanner E.V. Taylor William Desmond Taylor Colin Teague Lewis Teague André Téchiné Julien Temple Suzie Templeton Larry Teng Andy Tennant George Terwilliger Hiroshi Teshigahara Duccio Tessari Ted Tetzlaff Kirk Thatcher Wilhelm Thiele Gerald Thomas John G. Thomas Ralph Thomas Bernard Thompson Caroline Thompson J. Lee Thompson Tommy Thompson Robert Thornby Billy Bob Thornton Richard Thorpe Rawson Marshall Thurber Paul Tibbitt Greg Tiernan George Tillman Jr. Constance Tillotson Tony Tilse Mihai Timofti Bruce Timm James Tinling Phil Tippett Justin Tipping Romeo Tirone Johnnie To James Toback Norman Tokar Jan Tománek Mattson Tomlin Liesl Tommy Mark Tonderai Aad van Toor Hisayuki Toriumi Giuseppe Tornatore Miguel Contreras Torres Ivan Tors André de Toth Laurent Touil-Tartour Viktor Tourjansky Jacques Tourneur Maurice Tourneur Robert Townsend Frederick E.O. Toye Wendy Toye Josh Trank David Trainer David Owen Trainor Pablo Trapero Pete Travis Scott Treleaven Jeff Tremaine Brian Trenchard-Smith Jesús Salvador Treviño Colin Trevorrow Joachim Trier Justine Triet Laurence Trimble Nadine Trintignant Jan Troell Alice Troughton Gary Trousdale Keith Truesdell François Truffaut Ming-liang Tsai Peter Tscherkassky Tsui Hark Shinya Tsukamoto Stanley Tucci Anand Tucker Rex Tucker Gary J. Tunnicliffe Brad Turner Jon Turteltaub Frank Tuttle David Twohy Chris Twomey Michael Tyburski Tom Tykwer Morten Tyldum George Tyne George Tzavellas Top of page U Gustav Ucicky Edgar G. Ulmer Ron Underwood Lee Unkrich Upendra Michael Uppendahl Urszula Urbaniak Carl Urbano Chano Urueta Carly Usdin Kinka Usher Peter Ustinov Roar Uthaug Top of page V Roger Vadim Ladislao Vajda Luis Valdez Steve Valentine Tonino Valerii Mike Valerio Jean-Marc Vallée Jackie van Beek W. S. Van Dyke Thurop Van Orman Vanelle Andre van Heerden Buddy Van Horn Erik Van Looy Tim Van Patten Melvin Van Peebles Gus Van Sant Florestano Vancini Norman Thaddeus Vane Carlo Vanzina Agnès Varda Giuseppe Vari Ram Gopal Varma Marcel Varnel Petar B. Vasilev Tom Vaughan Matthew Vaughn Joe Vaux Pam Veasey Perry N. Vekroff Milo Ventimiglia Gore Verbinski Sidney Cole Tristan de Vere Cole John David Coles Paul Verhoeven Dziga Vertov Charles Vidor King Vidor Berthold Viertel Denis Villeneuve Robert G. Vignola Jean Vigo Vijayakrishnan Agusti Villaronga Robert Vince Thomas Vinterberg Phil Vischer Luchino Visconti Biju Viswanath K. Viswanath Erik Voake Jordan Vogt-Roberts Géza von Bolváry Géza von Cziffra Daisy von Scherler Mayer Josef von Sternberg Erich von Stroheim Lars von Trier Margarethe von Trotta Dylan Verrechia Bernard Vorhaus Slavko Vorkapić Kurt Voss Jürgen Vsych Top of page W The Wachowskis Michael Wadleigh Wai Ka-Fai Rupert Wainwright Taika Waititi Andrzej Wajda Chris Walas John Walker Stuart Walker David Wall William Wall Randall Wallace Richard Wallace Tommy Lee Wallace Herb Wallerstein Tom Walls Aisling Walsh Dearbhla Walsh Raoul Walsh Charles Walters Christoph Waltz Wan brothers James Wan Sam Wanamaker Lulu Wang Wang Quan'an Wang Xiaoshuai Wayne Wang Albert Ward David S. Ward Vincent Ward Ernest C. Warde Andy Warhol Alan Wareing Alex van Warmerdam David Warren Harold P. Warren Norman J. Warren Denzel Washington Darrell Wasyk John Waters Mark Waters Peter Watkins Jon Watts Ric Roman Waugh Scott Waugh Michael Waxman Keenen Ivory Wayans Carl Weathers Sean Weathers Kenneth Webb Marc Webb Millard Webb Lois Weber Chris Wedge Apichatpong Weerasethakul Peter Weibel Paul Weiland Ed. Weinberger Clay Weiner Hans Weingartner Bob Weinstein Harvey Weinstein Peter Weir Don Weis Sam Weisman D. B. Weiss Glenn Weiss Helmut Weiss Adam Weissman Chris Weitz Paul Weitz Bo Welch Orson Welles Arthur Wellin William Wellman Charlotte Wells Simon Wells Wim Wenders Alfred L. Werker Lina Wertmüller Roland West Simon West Ti West Tanya Wexler James Whale Frank Whaley Leopold Wharton Joyce Wieland Leigh Whannell Theodore Wharton Ken and Jim Wheat Ben Wheatley Joss Whedon Tim Whelan Dean White Eddie White Mike White Susanna White Ken Whittingham Richard Whorf Kanchi Wichmann Bernhard Wicki Robert B. Weide Hans Weidemann Bo Widerberg Virgil Widrich Ken Wiederhorn Erin Wiedner Robert Wiene Crane Wilbur Herbert Wilcox Cornel Wilde Olivia Wilde Ted Wilde Billy Wilder Gene Wilder W. Lee Wilder Gordon Wiles Diane Wilkins Irvin Willat Adim Williams Chris Williams Paul Andrew Williams Richard Williams Roger Ross Williams Stephen Williams Dennis Willis Gordon Willis Paul Wilmshurst Patrick Wilson Rex Wilson Scott Winant Simon Wincer Bretaigne Windust Adam Wingard Henry Winkler Irwin Winkler Max Winkler Michael Winner David Winning Michael Winterbottom Tommy Wirkola Frank Wisbar Kirk Wise Robert Wise Tommy Wiseau Frederick Wiseman Len Wiseman Doris Wishman Chester Withey William Witney Alexander Witt George C. Wolfe Art Wolff Jason Woliner Andy Wolk James Wong Wong Jing Wong Kar-wai John Woo Andrés Wood Ed Wood Ivor Wood Sam Wood Jeremy Wooding Arthur B. Woods Kate Woods Stephen Woolfenden John Griffith Wray Edgar Wright Joe Wright Mack V. Wright Julius Wu Rupert Wyatt William Wyler Robert Wynne-Simmons Jim Wynorski Top of page X Xie Jin Xie Fei Top of page Y Boaz Yakin Edward Yang Ruby Yang Jean Yarbrough Tom Yasumi David Yates Hal Yates Peter Yates Reggie Yates Irvin S. Yeaworth Jr. Derek Yee Ray Yeung Özgür Yıldırım Lev Yilmaz Wayne Yip Wilson Yip Eugen York Bud Yorkin Yaky Yosha Yamada Youji Harold Young James Young Terence Young Yuen Woo-ping Brian Yuzna Jake Yuzna Yugander V. V. Top of page Z Romas Zabarauskas Jeremiah Zagar Eduard Zahariev Alex Zakrzewski Jerry Zaks Alex Zamm Moisés Zamora Rudy Zamora Krzysztof Zanussi Alan Zaslove Kristi Zea Dan Zeff Franco Zeffirelli Primo Zeglio Sande Zeig Alfred Zeisler Benh Zeitlin Florian Zeller David Zellner Frederic Zelnik Robert Zemeckis David Zennie Hans H. Zerlett Zhang Yang Zhang Yimou Zhang Yuan Zheng Junli Thierry Zéno Chloé Zhao Tian Zhuangzhuang Maheen Zia Howard Zieff Želimir Žilnik Lydia Zimmermann Michael Zinberg Fred Zinnemann Thishiwe Ziqubu Craig Zisk Randy Zisk Rob Zombie Erick Zonca Hisham Zreiq Zucker Brothers Steve Zuckerman Ezz El-Dine Zulficar Mahmoud Zulfikar Edward Zwick Joel Zwick Terry Zwigoff Andrzej Żuławski Xawery Żuławski Harald Zwart Top of page See also Biography portalLists portalFilm portalTelevision portal List of film director and cinematographer collaborations List of film director and composer collaborations List of Spaghetti Western directors References

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Kan Albay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kan_Albay"},{"link_name":"Barbara Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Albert"},{"link_name":"Félix Enríquez Alcalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Enr%C3%ADquez_Alcal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Alan Alda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Alda"},{"link_name":"Robert Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Tomás Gutiérrez Alea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Alea"},{"link_name":"Grigori Aleksandrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov"},{"link_name":"Victoria Aleksanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Aleksanyan"},{"link_name":"Chris Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Alexander_(editor)"},{"link_name":"David Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Alexander_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jason Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Alexander"},{"link_name":"John Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sherman Alexie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Alexie"},{"link_name":"Ozzie Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzie_Alfonso"},{"link_name":"Khalik Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalik_Allah"},{"link_name":"Marc Allégret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_All%C3%A9gret"},{"link_name":"Yves Allégret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_All%C3%A9gret"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Allen_(director)"},{"link_name":"Irwin Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Allen"},{"link_name":"Lewis Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Allen_(director)"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen_filmography"},{"link_name":"Raine Allen-Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raine_Allen-Miller"},{"link_name":"Hassan Al-Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Imam"},{"link_name":"Syed Ali Raza Usama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ali_Raza_Usama"},{"link_name":"Mairzee Almas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairzee_Almas"},{"link_name":"Pedro Almodóvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var"},{"link_name":"Paul Almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Almond"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"Fede Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fede_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Silvio Amadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Amadio"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Amalric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Amalric"},{"link_name":"Rod Amateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Amateau"},{"link_name":"Ned Ambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ambler"},{"link_name":"Gianni Amelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Amelio"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Amenábar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Amen%C3%A1bar"},{"link_name":"Jon Amiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Amiel"},{"link_name":"Ana Lily Amirpour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Lily_Amirpour"},{"link_name":"George Amponsah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Amponsah"},{"link_name":"Dev Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_Anand_filmography"},{"link_name":"Sean Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Anders"},{"link_name":"Thom Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Bob Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Anderson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Brad Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Anderson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Broncho Billy Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson_filmography"},{"link_name":"Deborah Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Gordon Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Anderson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Justin Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Anderson_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Michael Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Anderson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Mitch Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Anderson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Paul Thomas Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson_filmography"},{"link_name":"Paul W. 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Avildsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Avildsen"},{"link_name":"Jon Avnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Avnet"},{"link_name":"David Ayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ayer"},{"link_name":"Dan Aykroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd"},{"link_name":"Richard Ayoade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ayoade"},{"link_name":"Nabil Ayouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil_Ayouch"},{"link_name":"Mary Ayubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ayubi"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Dodo Abashidze\nGeorge Abbott\nNorman Abbott\nPhil Abraham\nJim Abrahams\nAbiola Abrams\nJ. J. Abrams\nIvan Abramson\nLenny Abrahamson\nHany Abu-Assad\nTengiz Abuladze\nHerbert Achternbusch\nAndy Ackerman\nAndrew Adamson\nAnita W. Addison\nMaren Ade\nCarine Adler\nPercy Adlon\nJohn G. Adolfi\nFranklin Adreon\nBen Affleck\nCasey Affleck\nNeil Affleck\nAndrew Agnew\nAlejandro Agresti\nJoe Ahearne\nCaroline Aherne\nAbdel Rahim Ahmed\nAqeel Ahmed\nAlexandre Aja\nChantal Akerman\nDesiree Akhavan\nFatih Akın\nMoustapha Akkad\nJohn Akomfrah\nR. Kan Albay\nBarbara Albert\nFélix Enríquez Alcalá\nAlan Alda\nRobert Aldrich\nTomás Gutiérrez Alea\nGrigori Aleksandrov\nVictoria Aleksanyan\nChris Alexander\nDavid Alexander\nJason Alexander\nJohn Alexander\nSherman Alexie\nOzzie Alfonso\nKhalik Allah\nMarc Allégret\nYves Allégret\nElizabeth Allen\nIrwin Allen\nLewis Allen\nWoody Allen\nRaine Allen-Miller\nHassan Al-Imam\nSyed Ali Raza Usama\nMairzee Almas\nPedro Almodóvar\nPaul Almond\nRobert Altman\nFede Álvarez\nSilvio Amadio\nMathieu Amalric\nRod Amateau\nNed Ambler\nGianni Amelio\nAlejandro Amenábar\nJon Amiel\nAna Lily Amirpour\nGeorge Amponsah\nDev Anand\nSean Anders\nThom Andersen\nBob Anderson\nBrad Anderson\nBroncho Billy Anderson\nDeborah Anderson\nGordon Anderson\nJustin Anderson\nLindsay Anderson\nMichael Anderson\nMitch Anderson\nPaul Thomas Anderson\nPaul W. S. Anderson\nTrevor Anderson\nWes Anderson\nRoy Andersson\nMetodi Andonov\nRaoul André\nBryan Andrews\nKostas Andritsos\nTheo Angelopoulos\nKenneth Anger\nThrees Anna\nGraham Annable\nKen Annakin\nJean-Jacques Annaud\nHideaki Anno\nArnold Antonin\nMichelangelo Antonioni\nPan Anzi\nJudd Apatow\nEmmanuel Apea\nOscar Apfel\nNorman Apstein\nMichael Apted\nGregg Araki\nAlfonso Aráu\nRoscoe Arbuckle\nDenys Arcand\nGeorge Archainbaud\nWes Archer\nJane Arden\nEmile Ardolino\nAsia Argento\nDario Argento\nAdam Arkin\nAllan Arkush\nSerena Armitage\nDionciel Armstrong\nGillian Armstrong\nAndrea Arnold\nJack Arnold\nDarren Aronofsky\nFernando Arrabal\nMiguel Arteta\nLarysa Artiugina\nDorothy Arzner\nDinara Asanova\nHal Ashby\nJohn Mallory Asher\nAnthony Asquith\nOlivier Assayas\nAri Aster\nCarlos Atanes\nMark Atkinson\nRichard Attenborough\nDan Attias\nDavid Attwood\nJacques Audiard\nJacqueline Audry\nJohn H. Auer\nBille August\nClaude Autant-Lara\nAram Avakian\nRoger Avary\nPupi Avati\nHy Averback\nIlya Averbakh\nJulius Avery\nTex Avery\nJohn G. Avildsen\nJon Avnet\nDavid Ayer\nDan Aykroyd\nRichard Ayoade\nNabil Ayouch\nMary AyubiTop of page","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamie Babbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Babbit"},{"link_name":"Héctor Babenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Babenco"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Clarence G. 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Bekmambetov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Bekmambetov"},{"link_name":"Susan Belbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Belbin"},{"link_name":"Monta Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta_Bell"},{"link_name":"Earl Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Troian Bellisario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troian_Bellisario"},{"link_name":"Marco Bellocchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Bellocchio"},{"link_name":"Jerry Belson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Belson"},{"link_name":"Maria Luisa Bemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Luisa_Bemberg"},{"link_name":"Steve Bendelack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bendelack"},{"link_name":"Jack Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bender"},{"link_name":"László Benedek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Benedek"},{"link_name":"Shyam Benegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyam_Benegal"},{"link_name":"Lubomír Beneš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubom%C3%ADr_Bene%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Roberto Benigni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Benigni"},{"link_name":"David Benioff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Benioff"},{"link_name":"Richard Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Rodney Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Spencer Gordon Bennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Gordon_Bennet"},{"link_name":"Lizet Benrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizet_Benrey"},{"link_name":"Robert Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benton"},{"link_name":"Luca Bercovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Bercovici"},{"link_name":"Bruce Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Alec Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Berg"},{"link_name":"Peter Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berg"},{"link_name":"Edward Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Berger"},{"link_name":"Andrew Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Busby Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busby_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Luis Garcia Berlanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garcia_Berlanga"},{"link_name":"Greg Berlanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Berlanti"},{"link_name":"Abby Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Marc Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Robert Berlinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Berlinger"},{"link_name":"Andrea Berloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Berloff"},{"link_name":"Paul Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bern"},{"link_name":"Ishmael Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Bernal"},{"link_name":"Paul Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bernard_(director)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"Adam Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Claude Berri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Berri"},{"link_name":"Halle Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Berry"},{"link_name":"John Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berry_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Berthelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Berthelet"},{"link_name":"André Berthomieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Berthomieu"},{"link_name":"Bryan Bertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Bertino"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Bertolucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci"},{"link_name":"Luc Besson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Besson_filmography"},{"link_name":"Frank Beyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beyer"},{"link_name":"Bharathiraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharathiraja"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"sub_title":"Ba–Bh","text":"Jamie Babbit\nHéctor Babenco\nLloyd Bacon\nClarence G. Badger\nJohn Badham\nBae Yong-Kyun\nCindy Baer\nPrince Bagdasarian\nKing Baggot\nNadeem Baig\nPrano Bailey-Bond\nJon S. Baird\nStuart Baird\nImruh Bakari\nRoy Ward Baker\nSean Baker\nMohammad Bakri\nRalph Bakshi\nBob Balaban\nAleksei Balabanov\nKailasam Balachander\nJan Balej\nPeter Baldwin\nWes Ball\nCarroll Ballard\nAnne Bancroft\nAlbert Band\nCharles Band\nBiyi Bandele\nElizabeth Banks\nMonty Banks\nJoseph Barbera\nJuan Antonio Bardem\nRichard L. Bare\nFrancesco Barilli\nSooraj R. Barjatya\nClive Barker\nReginald Barker\nTom Barman\nBoris Barnet\nMatthew Barney\nDaniel Barnz\nAllen Baron\nDavid Barrett\nChuck Barris\nRobert V. Barron\nChristopher Barry\nDrew Barrymore\nMorris Barry\nLionel Barrymore\nAndrzej Bartkowiak\nJules Bass\nM. J. Bassett\nJoy Batchelor\nJason Bateman\nOtto Bathurst\nPaul Bartel\nHall Bartlett\nCharles Barton\nFelix Basch\nAclan Bates\nMatthew Bauer\nJay Bauman\nNoah Baumbach\nLamberto Bava\nMario Bava\nMichael Bay\nSamuel Bayer\nJuan Antonio Bayona\nEdward Bazalgette\nLuigi Bazzoni\nWarren Beatty\nWilliam Beaudine\nHarry Beaumont\nHarold Becker\nJacques Becker\nJosh Becker\nTerry Becker\nWolfgang Becker\nGuy Norman Bee\nFord Beebe\nGreg Beeman\nMorgan Beggs\nHans Behrendt\nJean-Jacques Beineix\nTimur Bekmambetov\nSusan Belbin\nMonta Bell\nEarl Bellamy\nTroian Bellisario\nMarco Bellocchio\nJerry Belson\nMaria Luisa Bemberg\nSteve Bendelack\nJack Bender\nLászló Benedek\nShyam Benegal\nLubomír Beneš\nRoberto Benigni\nDavid Benioff\nRichard Benjamin\nRodney Bennett\nSpencer Gordon Bennet\nLizet Benrey\nRobert Benton\nLuca Bercovici\nBruce Beresford\nAlec Berg\nPeter Berg\nEdward Berger\nAndrew Bergman\nIngmar Bergman\nBusby Berkeley\nLuis Garcia Berlanga\nGreg Berlanti\nAbby Berlin\nMarc Berlin\nRobert Berlinger\nAndrea Berloff\nPaul Bern\nIshmael Bernal\nPaul Bernard\nCurtis Bernhardt\nAdam Bernstein\nClaude Berri\nHalle Berry\nJohn Berry\nArthur Berthelet\nAndré Berthomieu\nBryan Bertino\nBernardo Bertolucci\nLuc Besson\nFrank Beyer\nBharathirajaTop of page","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominic Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Ed Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"John Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Biddle_(yachting_cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Fabián Bielinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabi%C3%A1n_Bielinsky"},{"link_name":"Robert Bierman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bierman"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"Tony Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bill"},{"link_name":"Anna Biller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Biller"},{"link_name":"Peter Billingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Billingsley"},{"link_name":"Bruce Bilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Bilson"},{"link_name":"Brad Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Bird"},{"link_name":"Bill Bixby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bixby"},{"link_name":"Alice Guy-Blaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Herbert Blaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Blach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"John Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Black_(director)"},{"link_name":"Nicola Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Black"},{"link_name":"Shane Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Black"},{"link_name":"Farren Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farren_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Gerald Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Blake_(director)"},{"link_name":"George Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Blair_(director)"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Blasetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti"},{"link_name":"William Peter Blatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peter_Blatty"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Blier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Blier"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Blitz"},{"link_name":"Neill Blomkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neill_Blomkamp"},{"link_name":"Matt Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bloom_(director)"},{"link_name":"Don Bluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bluth"},{"link_name":"John G. Blystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Blystone"},{"link_name":"Keith Boak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Boak"},{"link_name":"James Bobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bobin"},{"link_name":"Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Boden_and_Ryan_Fleck"},{"link_name":"Richard Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boden"},{"link_name":"Eugeniusz Bodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniusz_Bodo"},{"link_name":"Carl Boese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Boese"},{"link_name":"Budd Boetticher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Boetticher"},{"link_name":"Paul Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bogart"},{"link_name":"Peter Bogdanovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich"},{"link_name":"José Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bohr"},{"link_name":"Michel Boisrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Boisrond"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bokanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bokanowski"},{"link_name":"Richard Boleslawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boleslawski"},{"link_name":"Uwe Boll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Boll"},{"link_name":"Mauro Bolognini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Bolognini"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Bondarchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Bondarchuk"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bondarchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk"},{"link_name":"Bong Joon-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho"},{"link_name":"Linwood Boomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwood_Boomer"},{"link_name":"John Boorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boorman"},{"link_name":"Kristoffer Borgli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoffer_Borgli"},{"link_name":"Walerian Borowczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walerian_Borowczyk"},{"link_name":"Frank Borzage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borzage"},{"link_name":"John and Roy Boulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_Roy_Boulting"},{"link_name":"Martin Bourboulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bourboulon"},{"link_name":"Lucien Bourjeily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bourjeily"},{"link_name":"David Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowers_(director)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Bowser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Bowser"},{"link_name":"Muriel Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Box"},{"link_name":"David Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boyd_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Dermot Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Danny Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Charles Brabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brabin"},{"link_name":"Richard Bracewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bracewell"},{"link_name":"Harry Bradbeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bradbeer"},{"link_name":"Robert N. Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Bradbury"},{"link_name":"John Brahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brahm"},{"link_name":"Stan Brakhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Brakhage"},{"link_name":"Matt Braly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Braly"},{"link_name":"A.V. Bramble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.V._Bramble"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Branagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh"},{"link_name":"Spike Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Brandt_and_Tony_Cervone"},{"link_name":"Fred C. Brannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_C._Brannon"},{"link_name":"Tinto Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinto_Brass"},{"link_name":"Charles Braverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Braverman"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bray_(director)"},{"link_name":"Neil Breen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Breen"},{"link_name":"Catherine Breillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Breillat"},{"link_name":"Herbert Brenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Brenon"},{"link_name":"Will Brenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Brenton"},{"link_name":"Robert Bresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bresson"},{"link_name":"Martin Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Brest"},{"link_name":"Vinko Brešan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinko_Bre%C5%A1an"},{"link_name":"Howard Bretherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Bretherton"},{"link_name":"Eric Brevig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Brevig"},{"link_name":"Craig Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Frank Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Michael E. Briant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Briant"},{"link_name":"Monte Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Brice"},{"link_name":"Patrick Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Brice"},{"link_name":"Sean Bridgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bridgers"},{"link_name":"James Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Guido Brignone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Brignone"},{"link_name":"Steven Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Brill_(scriptwriter)"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Broca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Broca"},{"link_name":"Tricia Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia_Brock_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lino Brocka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino_Brocka"},{"link_name":"Rex Bromfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Bromfield"},{"link_name":"Henry Bronchtein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bronchtein"},{"link_name":"Ronald Bronstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Bronstein"},{"link_name":"Peter Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brook"},{"link_name":"Albert Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brooks"},{"link_name":"James L. Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Brooks"},{"link_name":"Mel Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Richard Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Nick Broomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Broomfield"},{"link_name":"Simon Bross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Bross"},{"link_name":"James Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Otto Brower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Brower"},{"link_name":"Clarence Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Brown"},{"link_name":"Harry Joe Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Joe_Brown"},{"link_name":"Rowland Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Brown"},{"link_name":"Tod Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Browning"},{"link_name":"Martin Bruestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bruestle"},{"link_name":"Adrian Brunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Brunel"},{"link_name":"Nick Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Chris Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Buck"},{"link_name":"Detlev Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlev_Buck"},{"link_name":"Tom Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Marc Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Buckland"},{"link_name":"Norman Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Colin Bucksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Bucksey"},{"link_name":"Steve Buscemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Buscemi"},{"link_name":"Harold S. Bucquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_S._Bucquet"},{"link_name":"Jan Bucquoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bucquoy"},{"link_name":"Danny Buday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Buday"},{"link_name":"John Carl Buechler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carl_Buechler"},{"link_name":"Bradley Buecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Buecker"},{"link_name":"Luis Buñuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel"},{"link_name":"Janice Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Pete Burness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Burness"},{"link_name":"Charles Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)"},{"link_name":"Bo Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Edward Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burns"},{"link_name":"Justin Burquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Burquist"},{"link_name":"James Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burrows"},{"link_name":"Tim Burstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burstall"},{"link_name":"Tim Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton"},{"link_name":"Alexander Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Butler"},{"link_name":"Brian Patrick Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Patrick_Butler"},{"link_name":"Chris Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Butler_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"David Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Butler_(director)"},{"link_name":"John Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Butler_(director)"},{"link_name":"Robert Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Butler_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ray Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Butt"},{"link_name":"Jörg Buttgereit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Buttgereit"},{"link_name":"Zane Buzby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Buzby"},{"link_name":"Edward Buzzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Buzzell"},{"link_name":"Ed Bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bye"},{"link_name":"James Ward Byrkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ward_Byrkit"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"sub_title":"Bi–Bz","text":"Dominic Bianchi\nEd Bianchi\nJohn Biddle\nFabián Bielinsky\nRobert Bierman\nKathryn Bigelow\nTony Bill\nAnna Biller\nPeter Billingsley\nBruce Bilson\nBrad Bird\nBill Bixby\nAlice Guy-Blaché\nHerbert Blaché\nJohn Black\nNicola Black\nShane Black\nFarren Blackburn\nGerald Blake\nGeorge Blair\nAlessandro Blasetti\nWilliam Peter Blatty\nBertrand Blier\nJeffrey Blitz\nNeill Blomkamp\nMatt Bloom\nDon Bluth\nJohn G. Blystone\nKeith Boak\nJames Bobin\nAnna Boden and Ryan Fleck\nRichard Boden\nEugeniusz Bodo\nCarl Boese\nBudd Boetticher\nPaul Bogart\nPeter Bogdanovich\nJosé Bohr\nMichel Boisrond\nPatrick Bokanowski\nRichard Boleslawski\nUwe Boll\nMauro Bolognini\nFyodor Bondarchuk\nSergei Bondarchuk\nBong Joon-ho\nLinwood Boomer\nJohn Boorman\nKristoffer Borgli\nWalerian Borowczyk\nFrank Borzage\nJohn and Roy Boulting\nMartin Bourboulon\nLucien Bourjeily\nDavid Bowers\nPearl Bowser\nMuriel Box\nDavid Boyd\nDermot Boyd\nDanny Boyle\nCharles Brabin\nRichard Bracewell\nHarry Bradbeer\nRobert N. Bradbury\nJohn Brahm\nStan Brakhage\nMatt Braly\nA.V. Bramble\nKenneth Branagh\nSpike Brandt\nFred C. Brannon\nTinto Brass\nCharles Braverman\nKevin Bray\nNeil Breen\nCatherine Breillat\nHerbert Brenon\nWill Brenton\nRobert Bresson\nMartin Brest\nVinko Brešan\nHoward Bretherton\nEric Brevig\nCraig Brewer\nFrank Braxton\nMichael E. Briant\nMonte Brice\nPatrick Brice\nSean Bridgers\nJames Bridges\nNicholas Briggs\nGuido Brignone\nSteven Brill\nPhilippe de Broca\nTricia Brock\nLino Brocka\nRex Bromfield\nHenry Bronchtein\nRonald Bronstein\nPeter Brook\nAlbert Brooks\nJames L. Brooks\nMel Brooks\nRichard Brooks\nNick Broomfield\nSimon Bross\nJames Broughton\nOtto Brower\nClarence Brown\nHarry Joe Brown\nRowland Brown\nTod Browning\nMartin Bruestle\nAdrian Brunel\nNick Bruno\nChris Buck\nDetlev Buck\nTom Buckingham\nMarc Buckland\nNorman Buckley\nColin Bucksey\nSteve Buscemi\nHarold S. Bucquet\nJan Bucquoy\nDanny Buday\nJohn Carl Buechler\nBradley Buecker\nLuis Buñuel\nJanice Burgess\nPete Burness\nCharles Burnett\nBo Burnham\nEdward Burns\nJustin Burquist\nJames Burrows\nTim Burstall\nTim Burton\nAlexander Butler\nBrian Patrick Butler\nChris Butler\nDavid Butler\nJohn Butler\nRobert Butler\nRay Butt\nJörg Buttgereit\nZane Buzby\nEdward Buzzell\nEd Bye\nJames Ward ByrkitTop of page","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christy Cabanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Cabanne"},{"link_name":"Michael Cacoyannis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cacoyannis"},{"link_name":"Margarita Cadenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Cadenas"},{"link_name":"Israel Adrián Caetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Adri%C3%A1n_Caetano"},{"link_name":"David Caffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Caffrey"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage_filmography"},{"link_name":"James Cagney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney"},{"link_name":"Mike Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cahill_(director)"},{"link_name":"Edward L. 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Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_S._Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Adam Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Dan Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Jamie Lee Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Richard Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Michael Curtiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Curtiz"},{"link_name":"Michael Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cusack_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Paul Czinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Czinner"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Christy Cabanne\nMichael Cacoyannis\nMargarita Cadenas\nIsrael Adrián Caetano\nDavid Caffrey\nNicolas Cage\nJames Cagney\nMike Cahill\nEdward L. Cahn\nJames Cameron\nDouglas Camfield\nAugusto Caminito\nDonald Cammell\nJoe Camp\nJuan José Campanella\nColin Campbell\nJonny Campbell\nLuke Campbell\nMartin Campbell\nMont Campbell\nNorman Campbell\nJane Campion\nAntonio Campos\nDanny Cannon\nDyan Cannon\nKay Cannon\nColin Cant\nGraham Cantwell\nPeter Capaldi\nAlbert Capellani\nFrank Capra\nLuigi Capuano\nLeos Carax\nJack Cardiff\nChristian Carion\nJoe Carnahan\nMarcel Carné\nJohn Carney\nGiuliano Carnimeo\nMarc Caro\nNiki Caro\nBenjamin Caron\nJohn Carpenter\nThomas Carr\nEnrique Carreras\nJohn Paddy Carstairs\nChris Carter\nD. J. Caruso\nEnrico Casarosa\nJohn Cassavetes\nNick Cassavetes\nP. J. Castellaneta\nWilliam Castle\nTorre Catalano\nMichael Caton-Jones\nPeter Cattaneo\nAlberto Cavalcanti\nLiliana Cavani\nPaolo Cavara\nAndré Cayatte\nRalph Ceder\nChristiane Cegavske\nJeff Celentano\nSimon Cellan Jones\nMark Cendrowski\nTony Cervone\nPablo César\nNuri Bilge Ceylan\nClaude Chabrol\nGurinder Chadha\nJustin Chadwick\nDon Chaffey\nAneesh Chaganty\nYoussef Chahine\nFruit Chan\nJackie Chan\nPeter Chan\nCharlie Chaplin\nLarry Charles\nCharley Chase\nDavid Chase\nÉmile Chautard\nMichael Chaves\nDamien Chazelle\nStephen Chbosky\nJeremiah S. Chechik\nKate Cheeseman\nPeter Chelsom\nKaige Chen\nPierre Chenal\nYarrow Cheney\nDavid Cherkassky\nTom Cherones\nMarc Cherry\nPierre Chevalier\nMilan Cheylov\nAbigail Child\nChing Siu-Tung\nStephen Chiodo\nSamson Chiu\nTadeusz Chmielewski\nLisa Cholodenko\nJoyce Chopra\nYash Chopra\nChor Yuen\nDeborah Chow\nStephen Chow\nBenjamin Christensen\nRoger Christian\nChristian-Jaque\nRich Christiano\nRoger Christiansen\nJon M. Chu\nGrigori Chukhrai\nLee Isaac Chung\nPeter Chung\nVěra Chytilová\nDerek Cianfrance\nMichael Cimino\nClaudio Cipelletti\nSouleymane Cissé\nLouis C.K.\nRené Clair\nBob Clampett\nBob Clark\nLarry Clark\nRichard Clark\nAlan Clarke\nShirley Clarke\nS. J. Clarkson\nWilliam F. Claxton\nBarnaby Clay\nJack Clayton\nTom Clegg\nWilliam Clemens\nJemaine Clement\nRené Clément\nRon Clements\nElmer Clifton\nEdward F. Cline\nGeorge Clooney\nChris Clough\nRobert Clouse\nHenri-Georges Clouzot\nEnrico Cocozza\nJean Cocteau\nCoen Brothers\nClément Cogitore\nRomain Cogitore\nLarry Cohen\nRob Cohen\nJaume Collet-Serra\nKeri Collins\nLewis D. Collins\nChris Columbus\nTimothy Combe\nLuigi Comencini\nBill Condon\nBruce Conner\nJack Conway\nRyan Coogler\nBarry Cook\nFielder Cook\nVictor Cook\nJosh Cooley\nHal Cooper\nMerian C. Cooper\nFrancis Ford Coppola\nRoman Coppola\nSofia Coppola\nFrank Coraci\nRoger Corman\nAlain Corneau\nJoe Cornish\nOrlando Corradi\nRich Correll\nLloyd Corrigan\nRaiya Corsiglia\nHelena Cortesina\nDon Coscarelli\nBrian Cosgrove\nGeorge Pan Cosmatos\nPedro Costa\nCosta-Gavras\nKevin Costner\nManny Coto\nT. Arthur Cottam\nAlex Cox\nFrank Cox\nPaul Cox\nWilliam James Craft\nKelly Fremon Craig\nWilliam Crain\nBryan Cranston\nWes Craven\nJoel Crawford\nPeter Cregeen\nDestin Daniel Cretton\nCharles Crichton\nMichael Crichton\nJon Cring\nDonald Crisp\nArmando Crispino\nJohn Crockett\nDavid Croft\nDonald Crombie\nJohn Cromwell\nBrandon Cronenberg\nDavid Cronenberg\nMackenzie Crook\nAlan Crosland\nMatthew Crouch\nCameron Crowe\nJohn Crowley\nJames Cruze\nBilly Crystal\nArzén von Cserépy\nAlfonso Cuarón\nChris Cuddington\nMichael Cudlitz\nGeorge Cukor\nJeremy Culver\nFiona Cumming\nIrving Cummings\nMichael Cumming\nJames Cunningham\nSean S. Cunningham\nAdam Curtis\nDan Curtis\nJamie Lee Curtis\nRichard Curtis\nMichael Curtiz\n Michael Cusack\nPaul CzinnerTop of page","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nia DaCosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nia_DaCosta"},{"link_name":"Diminas Dagogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminas_Dagogo"},{"link_name":"John Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Alan Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dale"},{"link_name":"John Francis Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Daley"},{"link_name":"Stephen Daldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Daldry"},{"link_name":"Massimo Dallamano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Dallamano"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Daly"},{"link_name":"Joe D'Amato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_D%27Amato"},{"link_name":"Georgi Daneliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Daneliya"},{"link_name":"Rod Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Frank Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Greg Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Lee Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Stan Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Danilevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Danilevich"},{"link_name":"Joe Dante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dante"},{"link_name":"Frank Darabont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Darabont"},{"link_name":"Joan Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Darling"},{"link_name":"Eric Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_d%27Abbadie_d%27Arrast"},{"link_name":"Jules Dassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dassin"},{"link_name":"Hayato Date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayato_Date"},{"link_name":"Gary Dauberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Dauberman"},{"link_name":"Herschel Daugherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Daugherty"},{"link_name":"Byambasuren Davaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byambasuren_Davaa"},{"link_name":"Delmer Daves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmer_Daves"},{"link_name":"Alki David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alki_David"},{"link_name":"Hugh David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_David"},{"link_name":"John Howard Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Davies"},{"link_name":"John Rhys-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies"},{"link_name":"Terence Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Davies"},{"link_name":"Andrew Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Davis_(director)"},{"link_name":"Garth Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Davis"},{"link_name":"Ossie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossie_Davis"},{"link_name":"Tamra Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamra_Davis"},{"link_name":"J. Searle Dawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Searle_Dawley"},{"link_name":"Roxann Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxann_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Shane Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Robert Day (director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Day_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_(director)"},{"link_name":"Drew Daywalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Daywalt"},{"link_name":"Basil Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Dean"},{"link_name":"Basil Dearden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Dearden"},{"link_name":"Tiffanie DeBartolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffanie_DeBartolo"},{"link_name":"Jan de Bont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_de_Bont"},{"link_name":"Philippe de Broca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Broca"},{"link_name":"Fred de Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_de_Cordova"},{"link_name":"Allen Coulter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Coulter"},{"link_name":"Albert de Courville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Courville"},{"link_name":"Russell DeGrazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_DeGrazier"},{"link_name":"Rolf de Heer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_de_Heer"},{"link_name":"Steve De Jarnatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_De_Jarnatt"},{"link_name":"Fred Dekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Dekker"},{"link_name":"Alex de la Iglesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_de_la_Iglesia"},{"link_name":"Jean Delannoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Delannoy"},{"link_name":"Bruce Dellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Dellis"},{"link_name":"Greg DeLiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_DeLiso"},{"link_name":"Hampton Del Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Del_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Roy Del Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Del_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Guillermo del Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro_filmography"},{"link_name":"Alberto De Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_De_Martino"},{"link_name":"Kirk DeMicco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_DeMicco"},{"link_name":"Cecil B. DeMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille"},{"link_name":"William C. deMille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._deMille"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Demme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Demme_filmography"},{"link_name":"Ted Demme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Demme"},{"link_name":"James DeMonaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_DeMonaco"},{"link_name":"Jacques Demy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Demy"},{"link_name":"Reginald Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Denham"},{"link_name":"Robert De Niro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_De_Niro_filmography"},{"link_name":"Claire Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Denis"},{"link_name":"Martin Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dennis"},{"link_name":"Pen Densham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_Densham"},{"link_name":"Ruggero Deodato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_Deodato"},{"link_name":"Manoel de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Brian De Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_De_Palma"},{"link_name":"Ben Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Charles Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Palmer_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jake Paltrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Paltrow"},{"link_name":"Serge de Poligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_de_Poligny"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp_filmography"},{"link_name":"John Derek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Derek"},{"link_name":"Maya Deren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Deren"},{"link_name":"Scott Derrickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Derrickson"},{"link_name":"Bernard Derriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Derriman"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe de Santis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Santis"},{"link_name":"Vittorio De Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica"},{"link_name":"Tom DeSimone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeSimone"},{"link_name":"Howard Deutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Deutch"},{"link_name":"Michel Deville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Deville"},{"link_name":"Danny DeVito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_DeVito_filmography"},{"link_name":"Dean Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Devlin"},{"link_name":"Maury Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maury_Dexter"},{"link_name":"David Dhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dhavan"},{"link_name":"Matthew Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Emma-Rosa Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma-Rosa_Dias"},{"link_name":"Tom DiCillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DiCillo"},{"link_name":"Nigel Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Dick"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Dick"},{"link_name":"Ernest Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Thorold Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorold_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"William Kennedy Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kennedy_Dickson"},{"link_name":"Carlos Diegues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Diegues"},{"link_name":"Vin Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Diesel"},{"link_name":"William Dieterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle"},{"link_name":"Helmut Dietl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Dietl"},{"link_name":"J. D. Dillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Dillard"},{"link_name":"John Francis Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Dillon_(director)"},{"link_name":"Michael Dante DiMartino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dante_DiMartino"},{"link_name":"Mark Dindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dindal"},{"link_name":"Mark A.Z. Dippé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A.Z._Dipp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mike Disa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Disa"},{"link_name":"Lino DiSalvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino_DiSalvo"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Adriaan Ditvoorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_Ditvoorst"},{"link_name":"Ivan Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Edward Dmytryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dmytryk"},{"link_name":"Darren Doane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Doane"},{"link_name":"David Dobkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dobkin_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Dobkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Dobkin"},{"link_name":"Pete Docter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Docter"},{"link_name":"Jacques Doillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Doillon"},{"link_name":"Michael Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dolan"},{"link_name":"Xavier Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Dolan"},{"link_name":"Miles Doleac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Doleac"},{"link_name":"Andrew Dominik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dominik"},{"link_name":"Roger Donaldson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Donaldson"},{"link_name":"Stanley Donen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Donen_filmography"},{"link_name":"Hwang Dong-hyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang_Dong-hyuk"},{"link_name":"Ciaran Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaran_Donnelly_(director)"},{"link_name":"Clive Donner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Donner"},{"link_name":"Richard Donner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Donner"},{"link_name":"Mark Donskoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Donskoi"},{"link_name":"Robert Dornhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dornhelm"},{"link_name":"Doris Dörrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_D%C3%B6rrie"},{"link_name":"Nelson Pereira dos Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Pereira_dos_Santos"},{"link_name":"Maïmouna Doucouré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AFmouna_Doucour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Michael Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dougherty"},{"link_name":"Gordon Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Douglas_(director)"},{"link_name":"Robert Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Douglas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Dovzhenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Dovzhenko"},{"link_name":"Tony Dow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dow_(director)"},{"link_name":"John Erick Dowdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erick_Dowdle"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dowling_(director)"},{"link_name":"B. E. Doxat-Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._E._Doxat-Pratt"},{"link_name":"Jim Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Drake_(director)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Drake_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Polly Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Draper"},{"link_name":"Jean Dréville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dr%C3%A9ville"},{"link_name":"Ben Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_B_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Carl Theodor Dreyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Frederik Du Chau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Du_Chau"},{"link_name":"Terence Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Peter Duffell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Duffell"},{"link_name":"Duffer brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffer_brothers"},{"link_name":"Troy Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Dennis Dugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dugan"},{"link_name":"Joshua Dugdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Dugdale"},{"link_name":"Bill Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Duke"},{"link_name":"Bruno Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Dumont"},{"link_name":"Duwayne Dunham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwayne_Dunham"},{"link_name":"George Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dunning"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Dunye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Dunye"},{"link_name":"Quentin Dupieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Dupieux"},{"link_name":"Jay Duplass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Duplass"},{"link_name":"Mark Duplass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Duplass"},{"link_name":"Ewald André Dupont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Andr%C3%A9_Dupont"},{"link_name":"Momina Duraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momina_Duraid"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Duras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Duras"},{"link_name":"Fred Durst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Durst"},{"link_name":"Richard Dutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dutcher"},{"link_name":"Guru Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall_filmography"},{"link_name":"Ava DuVernay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_DuVernay"},{"link_name":"Julien Duvivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Duvivier_filmography"},{"link_name":"Allan Dwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Nia DaCosta\nDiminas Dagogo\nJohn Dahl\nAlan Dale\nJohn Francis Daley\nStephen Daldry\nMassimo Dallamano\nRebecca Daly\nJoe D'Amato\nGeorgi Daneliya\nRod Daniel\nFrank Daniel\nGreg Daniels\nLee Daniels\nStan Daniels\nVladimir Danilevich\nJoe Dante\nFrank Darabont\nJoan Darling\nEric Darnell\nHarry d'Abbadie d'Arrast\nJules Dassin\nHayato Date\nGary Dauberman\nHerschel Daugherty\nByambasuren Davaa\nDelmer Daves\nAlki David\nHugh David\nJohn Howard Davies\nJohn Rhys-Davies\nTerence Davies\nAndrew Davis\nGarth Davis\nOssie Davis\nTamra Davis\nJ. Searle Dawley\nRoxann Dawson\nShane Dawson\nRobert Day (director)\nJonathan Dayton\nDrew Daywalt\nBasil Dean\nBasil Dearden\nTiffanie DeBartolo\nJan de Bont\nPhilippe de Broca\nFred de Cordova\nAllen Coulter\nAlbert de Courville\nRussell DeGrazier\nRolf de Heer\nSteve De Jarnatt\nFred Dekker\nAlex de la Iglesia\nJean Delannoy\nBruce Dellis\nGreg DeLiso\nHampton Del Ruth\nRoy Del Ruth\nGuillermo del Toro\nAlberto De Martino\nKirk DeMicco\nCecil B. DeMille\nWilliam C. deMille\nJonathan Demme\nTed Demme\nJames DeMonaco\nJacques Demy\nReginald Denham\nRobert De Niro\nClaire Denis\nMartin Dennis\nPen Densham\nRuggero Deodato\nManoel de Oliveira\nBrian De Palma\nBen Palmer\nCharles Palmer\nJake Paltrow\nSerge de Poligny\nJohnny Depp\nJohn Derek\nMaya Deren\nScott Derrickson\nBernard Derriman\nGiuseppe de Santis\nVittorio De Sica\nTom DeSimone\nHoward Deutch\nMichel Deville\nDanny DeVito\nDean Devlin\nMaury Dexter\nDavid Dhavan\nMatthew Diamond\nEmma-Rosa Dias\nTom DiCillo\nNigel Dick\nVivienne Dick\nErnest Dickerson\nThorold Dickinson\nWilliam Kennedy Dickson\nCarlos Diegues\nVin Diesel\nWilliam Dieterle\nHelmut Dietl\nJ. D. Dillard\nJohn Francis Dillon\nMichael Dante DiMartino\nMark Dindal\nMark A.Z. Dippé\nMike Disa\nLino DiSalvo\nWalt Disney\nAdriaan Ditvoorst\nIvan Dixon\nEdward Dmytryk\nDarren Doane\nDavid Dobkin\nLawrence Dobkin\nPete Docter\nJacques Doillon\nMichael Dolan\nXavier Dolan\nMiles Doleac\nAndrew Dominik\nRoger Donaldson\nStanley Donen\nHwang Dong-hyuk\nCiaran Donnelly\nClive Donner\nRichard Donner\nMark Donskoi\nRobert Dornhelm\nDoris Dörrie\nNelson Pereira dos Santos\nMaïmouna Doucouré\nMichael Dougherty\nGordon Douglas\nRobert Douglas\nAleksandr Dovzhenko\nTony Dow\nJohn Erick Dowdle\nKevin Dowling\nB. E. Doxat-Pratt\nJim Drake\nOliver Drake\nPolly Draper\nJean Dréville\nBen Drew\nCarl Theodor Dreyer\nMarcel Duchamp\nFrederik Du Chau\nTerence Dudley\nPeter Duffell\nDuffer brothers\nTroy Duffy\nDennis Dugan\nJoshua Dugdale\nBill Duke\nBruno Dumont\nDuwayne Dunham\nGeorge Dunning\nCheryl Dunye\nQuentin Dupieux\nJay Duplass\nMark Duplass\nEwald André Dupont\nMomina Duraid\nMarguerite Duras\nFred Durst\nRichard Dutcher\nGuru Dutt\nRobert Duvall\nAva DuVernay\nJulien Duvivier\nAllan DwanTop of page","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B. Reeves Eason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Reeves_Eason"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_filmography"},{"link_name":"Uli Edel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uli_Edel"},{"link_name":"Blake Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Gareth Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Edwards_(director)"},{"link_name":"Harry Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(director)"},{"link_name":"Shawn Efran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Efran"},{"link_name":"Robert Eggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Eggers"},{"link_name":"Eagle Egilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Egilsson"},{"link_name":"Atom Egoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_Egoyan"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Ehteshamuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ehteshamuddin"},{"link_name":"Lena Einhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Einhorn"},{"link_name":"Sergei Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"Gösta Ekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_Ekman"},{"link_name":"Richard Elfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Elfman"},{"link_name":"Stephan Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Elliott"},{"link_name":"David R. Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Ellis"},{"link_name":"Robert Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ellis_(actor,_born_1892)"},{"link_name":"Scott Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Maurice Elvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Elvey"},{"link_name":"Obi Emelonye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi_Emelonye"},{"link_name":"John Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Emerson_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Roland Emmerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Emmerich"},{"link_name":"Andy De Emmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_De_Emmony"},{"link_name":"Cy Endfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Endfield"},{"link_name":"John English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_English_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Robert Englund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Englund"},{"link_name":"Robert Enrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Enrico"},{"link_name":"Ray Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Enright"},{"link_name":"Jason Ensler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ensler"},{"link_name":"Ildikó Enyedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildik%C3%B3_Enyedi"},{"link_name":"Nora Ephron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Ephron"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Epps"},{"link_name":"Jean Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Epstein"},{"link_name":"Luciano Ercoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Ercoli"},{"link_name":"Víctor Erice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Erice"},{"link_name":"Chester Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Erskine"},{"link_name":"Juan Escobedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Escobedo"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Esposito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito"},{"link_name":"Danishka Esterhazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danishka_Esterhazy"},{"link_name":"Lukas Ettlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Ettlin"},{"link_name":"Jean Eustache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Eustache"},{"link_name":"David M. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mickey_Evans"},{"link_name":"Gareth Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(director)"},{"link_name":"Marc Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Evans"},{"link_name":"Valie Export","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valie_Export"},{"link_name":"Chris Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Eyre"},{"link_name":"Richard Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eyre"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"B. Reeves Eason\nClint Eastwood\nUli Edel\nBlake Edwards\nGareth Edwards\nHarry Edwards\nShawn Efran\nRobert Eggers\nEagle Egilsson\nAtom Egoyan\nMohammed Ehteshamuddin\nLena Einhorn\nSergei Eisenstein\nGösta Ekman\nRichard Elfman\nStephan Elliott\nDavid R. Ellis\nRobert Ellis\nScott Ellis\nMaurice Elvey\nObi Emelonye\nJohn Emerson\nRoland Emmerich\nAndy De Emmony\nCy Endfield\nJohn English\nRobert Englund\nRobert Enrico\nRay Enright\nJason Ensler\nIldikó Enyedi\nNora Ephron\nSheldon Epps\nJean Epstein\nLuciano Ercoli\nVíctor Erice\nChester Erskine\nJuan Escobedo\nGiancarlo Esposito\nDanishka Esterhazy\nLukas Ettlin\nJean Eustache\nDavid M. Evans\nGareth Evans\nMarc Evans\nValie Export\nChris Eyre\nRichard EyreTop of page","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Faiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Faiman"},{"link_name":"Ben Falcone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Falcone"},{"link_name":"Rick Famuyiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Famuyiwa"},{"link_name":"James Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fargo"},{"link_name":"Harun Farocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Farocki"},{"link_name":"Asghar Farhadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi"},{"link_name":"Julian Farino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Farino"},{"link_name":"Valerie Faris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Faris"},{"link_name":"Bobby Farrelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Farrelly"},{"link_name":"Peter Farrelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Farrelly"},{"link_name":"John Farrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farrow"},{"link_name":"Rainer Werner Fassbinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder"},{"link_name":"Jon Favreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Favreau_filmography"},{"link_name":"Sam Feder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Feder"},{"link_name":"Fei Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fei_Mu"},{"link_name":"Paul Feig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Feig"},{"link_name":"Paul Fejos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fejos"},{"link_name":"Sam Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fell"},{"link_name":"Andrea Fellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Fellers"},{"link_name":"Federico Fellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini"},{"link_name":"Emerald Fennell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Fennell"},{"link_name":"Michael Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ferguson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Guy Ferland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ferland"},{"link_name":"Emilio Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Abel Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Marco Ferreri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ferreri"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Ferroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Ferroni"},{"link_name":"Louis Feuillade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feuillade"},{"link_name":"Jacques Feyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Feyder"},{"link_name":"Severin Fiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severin_Fiala"},{"link_name":"Sally Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Field"},{"link_name":"Todd Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Field"},{"link_name":"Chip Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Fields"},{"link_name":"Ralph Fiennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes"},{"link_name":"Mike Figgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Figgis"},{"link_name":"Dave Filoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Filoni"},{"link_name":"David Fincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fincher_filmography"},{"link_name":"Will Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Finn"},{"link_name":"Elvira Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Terence Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Dallas M. Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_M._Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"George Fitzmaurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fitzmaurice"},{"link_name":"Robert J. Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty"},{"link_name":"Mike Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Flanagan_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Gary Fleder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Fleder"},{"link_name":"Dave Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"Max Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"Richard Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"Ruben Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"Andrew Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Victor Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Anne Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Dexter Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Mandie Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandie_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Benedek Fliegauf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedek_Fliegauf"},{"link_name":"James Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Flood"},{"link_name":"Robert Florey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Florey"},{"link_name":"Emmett J. Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_J._Flynn"},{"link_name":"Shannon Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Flynn_(director)"},{"link_name":"James Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Foley_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sheree Folkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheree_Folkson"},{"link_name":"Jorge Fons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Fons"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Ford"},{"link_name":"Francis Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy J. Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_J._Ford"},{"link_name":"John Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford_filmography"},{"link_name":"Philip Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ford_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Tom Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ford"},{"link_name":"Eugene Forde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Forde"},{"link_name":"Miloš Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman"},{"link_name":"Tom Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Forman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Willi Forst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Forst"},{"link_name":"Marc Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Forster"},{"link_name":"Bill Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"John Fortenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fortenberry"},{"link_name":"Amparo Fortuny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amparo_Fortuny"},{"link_name":"Bob Fosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Fosse"},{"link_name":"Jodie Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Foster_filmography"},{"link_name":"Lilibet Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilibet_Foster"},{"link_name":"Lewis R. Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_R._Foster"},{"link_name":"Michael Lewis Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis_Foster"},{"link_name":"Norman Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Wallace Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fox"},{"link_name":"Bryan Foy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Foy"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Frakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Frakes"},{"link_name":"Rhys Frake-Waterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Frake-Waterfield"},{"link_name":"Coleman Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Francis"},{"link_name":"James Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco_filmography"},{"link_name":"Jesús Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Franco"},{"link_name":"Georges Franju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Franju"},{"link_name":"Melvin Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Frank"},{"link_name":"Scott Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Frank"},{"link_name":"David Frankel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frankel"},{"link_name":"John Frankenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer"},{"link_name":"Carl Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Howard Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Sidney Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Franklin_(director)"},{"link_name":"Veronika Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika_Franz_and_Severin_Fiala"},{"link_name":"Harry L. Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_L._Fraser"},{"link_name":"Toa Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toa_Fraser"},{"link_name":"James Frawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frawley"},{"link_name":"David Frazee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frazee"},{"link_name":"Stephen Frears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Frears"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Freda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Freda"},{"link_name":"Sydney Freeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Freeland"},{"link_name":"Thornton Freeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Freeland"},{"link_name":"Morgan Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Morgan J. Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_J._Freeman"},{"link_name":"Mark Freiburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Freiburger"},{"link_name":"Lloyd French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_French"},{"link_name":"Victor French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_French"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Fresnadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Fresnadillo"},{"link_name":"Karl Freund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Freund"},{"link_name":"Ron Fricke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Fricke"},{"link_name":"Fridrik Thor Fridriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrik_Thor_Fridriksson"},{"link_name":"Jason Friedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Friedberg"},{"link_name":"Lionel Friedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Friedberg"},{"link_name":"David Friedkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Friedkin"},{"link_name":"William Friedkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friedkin"},{"link_name":"Seymour Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Su Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Gunther von Fritsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_von_Fritsch"},{"link_name":"Carl Froelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Froelich"},{"link_name":"Sarah Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Frost"},{"link_name":"Soleil Moon Frye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleil_Moon_Frye"},{"link_name":"Zetna Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetna_Fuentes"},{"link_name":"Kinji Fukasaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinji_Fukasaku"},{"link_name":"Shozin Fukui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shozin_Fukui"},{"link_name":"Lucio Fulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucio_Fulci"},{"link_name":"Sam Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Antoine Fuqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Fuqua"},{"link_name":"Sidney J. Furie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_J._Furie"},{"link_name":"Tim Fywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Fywell"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Peter Faiman\nBen Falcone\nRick Famuyiwa\nJames Fargo\nHarun Farocki\nAsghar Farhadi\nJulian Farino\nValerie Faris\nBobby Farrelly\nPeter Farrelly\nJohn Farrow\nRainer Werner Fassbinder\nJon Favreau\nSam Feder\nFei Mu\nPaul Feig\nPaul Fejos\nSam Fell\nAndrea Fellers\nFederico Fellini\nEmerald Fennell\nMichael Ferguson\nGuy Ferland\nEmilio Fernández\nAbel Ferrara\nMarco Ferreri\nGiorgio Ferroni\nLouis Feuillade\nJacques Feyder\nSeverin Fiala\nSally Field\nTodd Field\nChip Fields\nRalph Fiennes\nMike Figgis\nDave Filoni\nDavid Fincher\nWill Finn\nElvira Fischer\nTerence Fisher\nDallas M. Fitzgerald\nGeorge Fitzmaurice\nRobert J. Flaherty\nMike Flanagan\nGary Fleder\nDave Fleischer\nMax Fleischer\nRichard Fleischer\nRuben Fleischer\nAndrew Fleming\nVictor Fleming\nAnne Fletcher\nDexter Fletcher\nMandie Fletcher\nBenedek Fliegauf\nJames Flood\nRobert Florey\nEmmett J. Flynn\nShannon Flynn\nJames Foley\nSheree Folkson\nJorge Fons\nAleksander Ford\nFrancis Ford\nJeremy J. Ford\nJohn Ford\nPhilip Ford\nTom Ford\nEugene Forde\nMiloš Forman\nTom Forman\nWilli Forst\nMarc Forster\nBill Forsyth\nJohn Fortenberry\nAmparo Fortuny\nBob Fosse\nJames Foster\nJodie Foster\nLilibet Foster\nLewis R. Foster\nMichael Lewis Foster\nNorman Foster\nJeff Fowler\nWallace Fox\nBryan Foy\nJonathan Frakes\nRhys Frake-Waterfield\nColeman Francis\nJames Franco\nJesús Franco\nGeorges Franju\nMelvin Frank\nScott Frank\nDavid Frankel\nJohn Frankenheimer\nCarl Franklin\nHoward Franklin\nSidney Franklin\nVeronika Franz\nHarry L. Fraser\nToa Fraser\nJames Frawley\nDavid Frazee\nStephen Frears\nRiccardo Freda\nSydney Freeland\nThornton Freeland\nMorgan Freeman\nMorgan J. Freeman\nMark Freiburger\nLloyd French\nVictor French\nJuan Carlos Fresnadillo\nKarl Freund\nRon Fricke\nFridrik Thor Fridriksson\nJason Friedberg\nLionel Friedberg\nDavid Friedkin\nWilliam Friedkin\nSeymour Friedman\nSu Friedrich\nGunther von Fritsch\nCarl Froelich\nSarah Frost\nSoleil Moon Frye\nZetna Fuentes\nKinji Fukasaku\nShozin Fukui\nLucio Fulci\nSam Fuller\nAntoine Fuqua\nSidney J. Furie\nTim FywellTop of page","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béla Gaál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Ga%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Leonid Gaidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Gaidai"},{"link_name":"Ray Gallardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Gallardo"},{"link_name":"Florian Gallenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Gallenberger"},{"link_name":"Alex Galvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Galvin"},{"link_name":"Harry Gamboa Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Gamboa_Jr."},{"link_name":"Abel Gance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Gance"},{"link_name":"Christophe Gans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Gans"},{"link_name":"Dennis Gansel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gansel"},{"link_name":"Arline Gant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arline_Burks_Gant"},{"link_name":"Robert Ben Garant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ben_Garant"},{"link_name":"Carla Garapedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Garapedian"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Garc%C3%ADa_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ana García Blaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Garc%C3%ADa_Blaya"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Garelick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Garelick"},{"link_name":"Jeff Garlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Garlin"},{"link_name":"Tay Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Garnett"},{"link_name":"Philippe Garrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Garrel"},{"link_name":"Mick Garris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Garris"},{"link_name":"Matteo Garrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Garrone"},{"link_name":"Harry Garson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Garson"},{"link_name":"William Garwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Garwood"},{"link_name":"Louis J. Gasnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J._Gasnier"},{"link_name":"Tucker Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Gates"},{"link_name":"Mark Gatiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gatiss"},{"link_name":"Tony Gatlif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gatlif"},{"link_name":"Nils Gaup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Gaup"},{"link_name":"Roberto Gavaldón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Gavald%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Barrie Gavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Gavin"},{"link_name":"Galder Gaztelu-Urrutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galder_Gaztelu-Urrutia"},{"link_name":"Paul Geday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Geday"},{"link_name":"Jean Genet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Genet"},{"link_name":"Xavier Gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Gens"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Gentilomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Gentilomo"},{"link_name":"Fred Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Gerber"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Yuryevich German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Yuryevich_German"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Alekseivich German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Alekseivich_German"},{"link_name":"Pietro Germi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Germi"},{"link_name":"Clyde Geronimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi"},{"link_name":"Kurt Gerron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gerron"},{"link_name":"Douchan Gersi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douchan_Gersi"},{"link_name":"Viktor Gertler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Gertler"},{"link_name":"Ricky Gervais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Gervais"},{"link_name":"Greta Gerwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Gerwig"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Getzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Getzinger"},{"link_name":"Subhash Ghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Ghai"},{"link_name":"Ritwik Ghatak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak"},{"link_name":"Bahman Ghobadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi"},{"link_name":"Charles Giblyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Giblyn"},{"link_name":"Angela Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Murray_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Mel Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibson_filmography"},{"link_name":"Billy Gierhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gierhart"},{"link_name":"Joaquin \"Kino\" Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_%22Kino%22_Gil"},{"link_name":"John Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"David Giler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Giler"},{"link_name":"Stuart Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Craig Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Terry Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Tyler Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Gillett"},{"link_name":"Vince Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"John Gilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilling"},{"link_name":"Dan Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gilroy"},{"link_name":"Tony Gilroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gilroy"},{"link_name":"Arvid E. 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H. Greenblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._Greenblatt"},{"link_name":"Paul Greengrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengrass"},{"link_name":"Jeff Greenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Greenstein"},{"link_name":"Robert Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greenwald"},{"link_name":"Edwin Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Robert Gregson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gregson_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Jean Grémillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gr%C3%A9millon"},{"link_name":"Johannes Grenzfurthner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Grenzfurthner"},{"link_name":"John Greyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greyson"},{"link_name":"John Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grierson"},{"link_name":"Ken Grieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Grieve"},{"link_name":"D. W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"Edward H. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._Griffith"},{"link_name":"Murray Grigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Grigor"},{"link_name":"Peter Grimwade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grimwade"},{"link_name":"Nick Grinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Grinde"},{"link_name":"Luca Guadagnino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino"},{"link_name":"Matthew Gray Gubler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Gray_Gubler"},{"link_name":"Romolo Guerrieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romolo_Guerrieri"},{"link_name":"Christopher Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Guest"},{"link_name":"Val Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Guest"},{"link_name":"John Guillermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Guillermin"},{"link_name":"Fred Guiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Guiol"},{"link_name":"Sacha Guitry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacha_Guitry"},{"link_name":"Yilmaz Güney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilmaz_G%C3%BCney"},{"link_name":"Andrew Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gunn_(director)"},{"link_name":"James Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gunn_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Hrafn Gunnlaugsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrafn_Gunnlaugsson"},{"link_name":"Manish Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manish_Gupta_(director)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gurewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gurewitz"},{"link_name":"Jorge Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Gutierrez_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Gutierrez"},{"link_name":"Alice Guy-Blaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Patricio Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricio_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Béla Gaál\nLeonid Gaidai\nRay Gallardo\nFlorian Gallenberger\nAlex Galvin\nHarry Gamboa Jr.\nAbel Gance\nChristophe Gans\nDennis Gansel\nArline Gant\nRobert Ben Garant\nCarla Garapedian\nRodrigo García\nAna García Blaya\nJeremy Garelick\nJeff Garlin\nTay Garnett\nPhilippe Garrel\nMick Garris\nMatteo Garrone\nHarry Garson\nWilliam Garwood\nLouis J. Gasnier\nTucker Gates\nMark Gatiss\nTony Gatlif\nNils Gaup\nRoberto Gavaldón\nBarrie Gavin\nGalder Gaztelu-Urrutia\nPaul Geday\nJean Genet\nXavier Gens\nGiacomo Gentilomo\nFred Gerber\nAleksei Yuryevich German\nAleksei Alekseivich German\nPietro Germi\nClyde Geronimi\nKurt Gerron\nDouchan Gersi\nViktor Gertler\nRicky Gervais\nGreta Gerwig\nJennifer Getzinger\nSubhash Ghai\nRitwik Ghatak\nBahman Ghobadi\nCharles Giblyn\nAngela Gibson\nMel Gibson\nBilly Gierhart\nJoaquin \"Kino\" Gil\nJohn Gilbert\nLewis Gilbert\nDavid Giler\nStuart Gillard\nCraig Gillespie\nTerry Gilliam\nTyler Gillett\nVince Gilligan\nJohn Gilling\nDan Gilroy\nTony Gilroy\nArvid E. Gillstrom\nBernard Girard\nMarino Girolami\nKen Girotti\nPavel Giroud\nAmos Gitai\nEllen Gittelsohn\nStanka Gjurić\nRose Glass\nLesli Linka Glatter\nJonathan Glazer\nJohn Glen\nPeter Glenville\nJames Glickenhaus\nWill Gluck\nJean-Luc Godard\nAndy Goddard\nDrew Goddard\nTheo van Gogh\nMichael Goi\nMenahem Golan\nEvan Goldberg\nJonathan Goldstein\nBobcat Goldthwait\nNick Gomez\nAlfonso Gomez-Rejon\nMichel Gondry\nAlejandro González Iñárritu\nMartin Gooch\nDerrick Goodwin\nLeslie Goodwins\nRupert Goold\nAdoor Gopalakrishnan\nBryan Gordon\nGeorge Gordon\nMichael Gordon\nStuart Gordon\nJohn Gorrie\nYana Gorskaya\nHideo Gosha\nRyan Gosling\nRaja Gosnell\nLisa Gottlieb\nPeter Gould\nAlfred Goulding\nEdmund Goulding\nAshutosh Gowariker\nJake Graf\nTodd Graff\nWilliam A. Graham\nMichael Grandage\nBrian Grant\nLee Grant\nAlex Graves\nF. Gary Gray\nAdam Green\nAlfred E. Green\nDave Green\nDavid Green\nDavid Gordon Green\nGuy Green\nHilton A. Green\nNorm Green\nPamela Green\nSteph Green\nTom Green\nPeter Greenaway\nJosh Greenbaum\nC. H. Greenblatt\nPaul Greengrass\nJeff Greenstein\nRobert Greenwald\nEdwin Greenwood\nRobert Gregson\nJean Grémillon\nJohannes Grenzfurthner\nJohn Greyson\nJohn Grierson\nKen Grieve\nD. W. Griffith\nEdward H. Griffith\nMurray Grigor\nPeter Grimwade\nNick Grinde\nDavid Grossman\nLuca Guadagnino\nMatthew Gray Gubler\nRomolo Guerrieri\nChristopher Guest\nVal Guest\nJohn Guillermin\nFred Guiol\nSacha Guitry\nYilmaz Güney\nAndrew Gunn\nJames Gunn\nHrafn Gunnlaugsson\nManish Gupta\nStephen Gurewitz\nJorge Gutierrez\nSebastian Gutierrez\nAlice Guy-Blaché\nPatricio GuzmánTop of page","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles F. Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Haas"},{"link_name":"Kamal Haasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hackford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hackford"},{"link_name":"Zach Hadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Hadel"},{"link_name":"Tala Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tala_Hadid"},{"link_name":"Lucile Hadžihalilović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucile_Had%C5%BEihalilovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Piers Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Paul Haggis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Haggis"},{"link_name":"Larry Hagman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Hagman"},{"link_name":"Don Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Antonio Margheriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti"},{"link_name":"Jody Margolin Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Margolin_Hahn"},{"link_name":"Charles Haid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Haid"},{"link_name":"Andrew Haigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Haigh"},{"link_name":"John Halas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Halas"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hall"},{"link_name":"Don Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hall_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Lasse Hallström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo Halperin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo_Halperin"},{"link_name":"Gary Halvorson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Halvorson"},{"link_name":"Ryusuke Hamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryusuke_Hamaguchi"},{"link_name":"John Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Bent Hamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Hamer"},{"link_name":"Robert Hamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hamer"},{"link_name":"Guy Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Hamish Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hammond_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Sanaa Hamri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_Hamri"},{"link_name":"Victor Hanbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hanbury"},{"link_name":"John D. 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Ron Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Reginald Hudlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Hudlin"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Bronwen Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronwen_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Howard Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes"},{"link_name":"John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Ken Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Hughes"},{"link_name":"Terry Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Hughes_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ann Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hui"},{"link_name":"Danièle Huillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straub-Huillet"},{"link_name":"Arthur Humberstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Humberstone"},{"link_name":"H. Bruce Humberstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Humberstone"},{"link_name":"André Hunebelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Hunebelle"},{"link_name":"Helen Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Tim Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hunter_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Huntington"},{"link_name":"Nick Hurran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hurran"},{"link_name":"Michael Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Metin Hüseyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin_H%C3%BCseyin"},{"link_name":"Waris Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Hussein"},{"link_name":"John Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Huston"},{"link_name":"Charles Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hutchison"},{"link_name":"Brian G. Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Hutton"},{"link_name":"Willard Huyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Huyck"},{"link_name":"Peter Hyams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hyams"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Charles F. Haas\nKamal Haasan\nTaylor Hackford\nZach Hadel\nTala Hadid\nLucile Hadžihalilović\nPiers Haggard\nPaul Haggis\nLarry Hagman\nDon Hahn\nAntonio Margheriti\nJody Margolin Hahn\nCharles Haid\nAndrew Haigh\nJohn Halas\nAlexander Hall\nDon Hall\nLasse Hallström\nVictor Hugo Halperin\nGary Halvorson\nRyusuke Hamaguchi\nJohn Hamburg\nBent Hamer\nRobert Hamer\nGuy Hamilton\nHamish Hamilton\nJonathan Hammond\nSanaa Hamri\nVictor Hanbury\nJohn D. Hancock\nMichael Haneke\nTom Hanks\nWilliam Hanna\nKen Hannam\nCurtis Hanson\nGeir Hansteen Jörgensen\nAlex Hardcastle\nNeasa Hardiman\nCatherine Hardwicke\nSam Hargrave\nGraeme Harper\nTom Harper\nVeit Harlan\nRenny Harlin\nHarry Harris\nOwen Harris\nPeter Harris\nMary Harron\nHarvey Hart\nWilliam S. Hart\nHal Hartley\nAnthony Harvey\nHerk Harvey\nJack Harvey\nWojciech Has\nHenry Hathaway\nJames Hawes\nPhil Hawkins\nHoward Hawks\nWill Hay\nSalma Hayek\nMichael Hayes\nDavid Hayman\nJames Hayman\nToby Haynes\nTodd Haynes\nJimmy Hayward\nMichel Hazanavicius\nAmy Heckerling\nRalph Hemecker\nAnthony Hemingway\nSiân Heder\nVictor Heerman\nZachary Heinzerling\nStuart Heisler\nJalmari Helander\nBrian Helgeland\nMarielle Heller\nMonte Hellman\nMichael \"Ffish\" Hemschoot\nJoseph Henabery\nChris Henchy\nFlorian Henckel von Donnersmarck\nDell Henderson\nJohn Henderson\nFrank Henenlotter\nHobart Henley\nPaul Henreid\nJulian Henriques\nBuck Henry\nBrian Henson\nJim Henson\nPerry Henzell\nPaula Heredia\nStephen Herek\nAlbert Herman\nOliver Hermanus\nKate Herron\nWilliam Blake Herron\nMichael Herz\nJohn Herzfeld\nWerner Herzog\nZako Heskiya\nJared Hess\nJerusha Hess\nGordon Hessler\nCharlton Heston\nFraser Heston\nMarianne Hettinger\nJennifer Love Hewitt\nDavid Hewlett\nJohn Heys\nDouglas Hickox\nScott Hicks\nHoward Higgin\nGeorge Roy Hill\nGeorge Hill\nJack Hill\nJody Hill\nRobert F. Hill\nSinclair Hill\nWalter Hill\nStephen Hillenburg\nArthur Hiller\nWilliam Byron Hillman\nLambert Hillyer\nAnthony Himbs\nArt Hindle\nCheryl Hines\nRyūichi Hiroki\nOliver Hirschbiegel\nLeon Hirszman\nLeslie S. Hiscott\nAlfred Hitchcock\nGodfrey Ho\nPeter Hoar\nJessica Hobbs\nGregory Hoblit\nBrent Hodge\nMike Hodges\nJack Hofsiss\nJames P. Hogan\nP. J. Hogan\nClive Holden\nAgnieszka Holland\nTodd Holland\nTom Holland\nSavage Steve Holland\nTonya Holly\nBen Holmes\nJohn Holmquist\nSeth Holt\nIshirō Honda\nMitsuru Hongo\nTobe Hooper\nTom Hooper\nStephen Hopkins\nDennis Hopper\nJerry Hopper\nGwyneth Horder-Payton\nLeonard Horn\nJames W. Horne\nOliver Horsbrugh\nHou Hsiao-hsien\nLi Hsing\nJohn Hough\nBryce Dallas Howard\nByron Howard\nDavid Howard\nMichael Howard\nRon Howard\nWilliam Howard\nPeter Howitt\nKing Hu\nL. Ron Hubbard\nReginald Hudlin\nHugh Hudson\nBronwen Hughes\nHoward Hughes\nJohn Hughes\nKen Hughes\nRobert F. Hughes\nTerry Hughes\nAnn Hui\nDanièle Huillet\nArthur Humberstone\nH. Bruce Humberstone\nAndré Hunebelle\nHelen Hunt\nTim Hunter\nLawrence Huntington\nNick Hurran\nMichael Hurst\nMetin Hüseyin\nWaris Hussein\nJohn Huston\nCharles Hutchison\nBrian G. Hutton\nWillard Huyck\nPeter HyamsTop of page","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armando Iannucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Iannucci"},{"link_name":"Juan Ibáñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"Kon Ichikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_Ichikawa"},{"link_name":"Steve Ihnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ihnat"},{"link_name":"Brian Iles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Iles"},{"link_name":"Im Kwon-Taek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_Kwon-Taek"},{"link_name":"Shōhei Imamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhei_Imamura"},{"link_name":"Michael Imison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Imison"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Inagaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Inagaki"},{"link_name":"John Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ince_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Ince"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince"},{"link_name":"Rex Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Ingram_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ciro Ippolito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro_Ippolito"},{"link_name":"Dickson Iroegbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson_Iroegbu"},{"link_name":"John Irvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Irvin"},{"link_name":"George Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Irving_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Kyōhei Ishiguro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dhei_Ishiguro"},{"link_name":"Debbie Isitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Isitt"},{"link_name":"Marc Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Israel"},{"link_name":"Jūzō Itami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABz%C5%8D_Itami"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Ivanovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Ivanovsky"},{"link_name":"Ivan Ivanov-Vano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ivanov-Vano"},{"link_name":"Joris Ivens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joris_Ivens"},{"link_name":"James Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ivory"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Armando Iannucci\nJuan Ibáñez\nKon Ichikawa\nSteve Ihnat\nBrian Iles\nIm Kwon-Taek\nShōhei Imamura\nMichael Imison\nHiroshi Inagaki\nJohn Ince\nRalph Ince\nThomas H. Ince\nRex Ingram\nCiro Ippolito\nDickson Iroegbu\nJohn Irvin\nGeorge Irving\nKyōhei Ishiguro\nDebbie Isitt\nMarc Israel\nJūzō Itami\nAleksandr Ivanovsky\nIvan Ivanov-Vano\nJoris Ivens\nJames IvoryTop of page","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Jaccard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Jaccard"},{"link_name":"David Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jackson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Dianne Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Mick Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jackson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Paul Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jackson_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Jordan 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Joffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Joffe"},{"link_name":"Roland Joffé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Joff%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Clark Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Craig Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Johnson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Duke Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Johnson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lamont Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Liza Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mark Steven Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Steven_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Nunnally Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunnally_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Rian Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rian_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Tim Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Joe Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Gerard Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Johnstone"},{"link_name":"Angelina Jolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"Duncan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Jones"},{"link_name":"F. Richard Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Richard_Jones"},{"link_name":"Grover Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Jones"},{"link_name":"Michael Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jones_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Ron Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Jones_(television_director)"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones"},{"link_name":"Spike Jonze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jonze"},{"link_name":"Neil Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Michael B. Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_B._Jordan"},{"link_name":"Edward José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jos%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Max Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Jon Jost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Jost"},{"link_name":"Louis Jouvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jouvet"},{"link_name":"Paul Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Judge"},{"link_name":"Mike Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Judge"},{"link_name":"Rupert Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Julian"},{"link_name":"Isaac Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Julien"},{"link_name":"Miranda July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_July"},{"link_name":"Nathan Juran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Juran"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Jacques Jaccard\nDavid Jackson\nDianne Jackson\nMichael Jackson\nMick Jackson\nPaul Jackson\nPeter Jackson\nWilfred Jackson\nJordan Jacobo\nGregory Jacobs\nRick Jacobson\nSarah Jacobson\nHenry Jaglom\nWanda Jakubowska\nAlan James\nSteve James\nBrian Jamieson\nMiklós Jancsó\nLeigh Janiak\nJang Joon-hwan\nBob Jaques\nDerek Jarman\nJim Jarmusch\nJulian Jarrold\nCharles Jarrott\nRisto Jarva\nLeigh Jason\nKang Je-gyu\nCord Jefferson\nBarry Jenkins\nDallas Jenkins\nPatty Jenkins\nGarth Jennings\nHumphrey Jennings\nShelley Jensen\nJean-Pierre Jeunet\nNorman Jewison\nJia Zhangke\nJiang Wen\nJaromil Jireš\nPhil Joanou\nAlejandro Jodorowsky\nMark Joffe\nRoland Joffé\nClark Johnson\nCraig Johnson\nDuke Johnson\nLamont Johnson\nLiza Johnson\nMark Steven Johnson\nNunnally Johnson\nRian Johnson\nTim Johnson\nJoe Johnston\nGerard Johnstone\nAngelina Jolie\nChuck Jones\nDuncan Jones\nF. Richard Jones\nGrover Jones\nMichael Jones\nRon Jones\nTerry Jones\nTommy Lee Jones\nSpike Jonze\nNeil Jordan\nMichael B. Jordan\nEdward José\nMax Joseph\nJon Jost\nLouis Jouvet\nPaul Joyce\nJonathan Judge\nMike Judge\nRupert Julian\nIsaac Julien\nMiranda July\nNathan JuranTop of page","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karel Kachyňa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Kachy%C5%88a"},{"link_name":"George Kaczender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kaczender"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Kagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Kagan"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Kagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"},{"link_name":"Alex Kahuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kahuam"},{"link_name":"Sathish Kalathil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathish_Kalathil"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kalatozov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kalatozov"},{"link_name":"Alex 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Kjellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Kjellin"},{"link_name":"William Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Klein_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Randal Kleiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Kleiser"},{"link_name":"Elem Klimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elem_Klimov"},{"link_name":"León Klimovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Klimovsky"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kluge"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Kluska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Kluska"},{"link_name":"Harley Knoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Knoles"},{"link_name":"Masaki Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaki_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Chris Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Koch_(director)"},{"link_name":"Kogonada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogonada"},{"link_name":"Bob Koherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Koherr"},{"link_name":"Vincent Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Kok"},{"link_name":"Henry Kolker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kolker"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kolowrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kolowrat"},{"link_name":"Satoshi Kon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi_Kon"},{"link_name":"Andrei Konchalovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Konchalovsky"},{"link_name":"Larysa Kondracki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larysa_Kondracki"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Konwicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Konwicki"},{"link_name":"Alexander Korda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Korda"},{"link_name":"Zoltan Korda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Korda"},{"link_name":"Hirokazu Koreeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreeda_Hirokazu"},{"link_name":"Harmony Korine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Korine"},{"link_name":"Caryl Korma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryl_Deyn_Korma"},{"link_name":"Baltasar Kormákur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Korm%C3%A1kur"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Kornetzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Kornetzky"},{"link_name":"John Korty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Korty"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kosinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kosinski"},{"link_name":"Henry Koster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Koster"},{"link_name":"Ted Kotcheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kotcheff"},{"link_name":"Mariusz Kotowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariusz_Kotowski"},{"link_name":"Serguei Kouchnerov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serguei_Kouchnerov"},{"link_name":"Nikos Koundouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Koundouros"},{"link_name":"Jan Kounen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kounen"},{"link_name":"Paul Kowalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kowalski"},{"link_name":"Aaron Kozak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Kozak"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kraljevic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kraljevic"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kramer"},{"link_name":"John Krasinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Krasinski"},{"link_name":"Kurt Kren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Kren"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Kriegman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Kriegman"},{"link_name":"Krishnan–Panju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnan%E2%80%93Panju"},{"link_name":"William Kronick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kronick"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick_filmography"},{"link_name":"George Kuchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kuchar"},{"link_name":"Cy Kuckenbaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Kuckenbaker"},{"link_name":"Lev Kuleshov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov"},{"link_name":"Roger Kumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Kumble"},{"link_name":"Zacharias Kunuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Kunuk"},{"link_name":"Akira Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Karyn Kusama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyn_Kusama"},{"link_name":"Emir Kusturica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_Kusturica"},{"link_name":"Geir Ove Kvalheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Ove_Kvalheim"},{"link_name":"Daniel Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniels_(directors)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Ken Kwapis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kwapis"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Karel Kachyňa\nGeorge Kaczender\nJeremy Kagan\nMauricio Kagel\nJoseph Kahn\nAlex Kahuam\nSathish Kalathil\nMikhail Kalatozov\nAlex Kalymnios\nKamal\nArunraja Kamaraj\nSekhar Kammula\nDeborah Kampmeier\nPuttanna Kanagal\nAdam Kane\nJoseph Kane\nShusuke Kaneko\nJeff Kanew\nGarson Kanin\nJonathan Kaplan\nRaj Kapoor\nShekhar Kapur\nPekka Karjalainen\nPhil Karlson\nRoman Karmen\nJason Kartalian\nJake Kasdan\nLawrence Kasdan\nMathieu Kassovitz\nAaron Katz\nLloyd Kaufman\nPhilip Kaufman\nAki Kaurismäki\nMika Kaurismäki\nHelmut Käutner\nJerzy Kawalerowicz\nMinoru Kawasaki\nTony Kaye\nElia Kazan\nHelmut Käutner\nBuster Keaton\nAbdellatif Kechiche\nWilliam Keighley\nAsaad Kelada\nFrederick King Keller\nHarry Keller\nMichael Keller\nBarnet Kellman\nBrian Kelly\nGene Kelly\nRichard Kelly\nGil Kenan\nDavid Kendall\nAlex Kendrick\nAnna Kendrick\nErle Kenton\nJames V. Kern\nDavid Kerr\nRobert Kerr\nMichael Kerrigan\nIrvin Kershner\nJames Kerwin\nAbbas Kiarostami\nKrzysztof Kieślowski\nMaggie Kiley\nEdward Killy\nKim Jee-woon\nKim Ki-duk\nMax Kimmich\nAnthony Kimmins\nSimon Kinberg\nBurton King\nGary King\nGeorge King\nHenry King\nLouis King\nPaul King\nShaka King\nStephen King\nKeisuke Kinoshita\nKlaus Kinski\nTeinosuke Kinugasa\nBrian Kirk\nRandal Kirk\nMark Kirkland\nLyudmil Kirkov\nKarey Kirkpatrick\nAlan Kirschenbaum\nRyuhei Kitamura\nTakeshi Kitano\nAlf Kjellin\nWilliam Klein\nRandal Kleiser\nElem Klimov\nLeón Klimovsky\nAlexander Kluge\nJennifer Kluska\nHarley Knoles\nMasaki Kobayashi\nChris Koch\nKogonada\nBob Koherr\nVincent Kok\nHenry Kolker\nAlexander Kolowrat\nSatoshi Kon\nAndrei Konchalovsky\nLarysa Kondracki\nTadeusz Konwicki\nAlexander Korda\nZoltan Korda\nHirokazu Koreeda\nHarmony Korine\nCaryl Korma\nBaltasar Kormákur\nBrigitte Kornetzky\nJohn Korty\nJoseph Kosinski\nHenry Koster\nTed Kotcheff\nMariusz Kotowski\nSerguei Kouchnerov\nNikos Koundouros\nJan Kounen\nPaul Kowalski\nAaron Kozak\nIvan Kraljevic\nStanley Kramer\nJohn Krasinski\nKurt Kren\nMitchell Kriegman\nKrishnan–Panju\nWilliam Kronick\nStanley Kubrick\nGeorge Kuchar\nCy Kuckenbaker\nLev Kuleshov\nRoger Kumble\nZacharias Kunuk\nAkira Kurosawa\nKiyoshi Kurosawa\nKaryn Kusama\nEmir Kusturica\nGeir Ove Kvalheim\nDaniel Kwan\nStanley Kwan\nKen KwapisTop of page","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John La Bouchardière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_La_Bouchardi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Nadine Labaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Labaki"},{"link_name":"Neil LaBute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_LaBute"},{"link_name":"Gregory La Cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_La_Cava"},{"link_name":"Harry Lachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Lachman"},{"link_name":"Aldo Lado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Lado"},{"link_name":"Edward Laemmle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Laemmle"},{"link_name":"James Lafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lafferty"},{"link_name":"John Lafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lafia"},{"link_name":"René Laloux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Laloux"},{"link_name":"Ringo Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Lam"},{"link_name":"Fernando Lamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Lamas"},{"link_name":"Mary Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lambert_(director)"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamont"},{"link_name":"Lew Landers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Landers"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Landes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Landes"},{"link_name":"John Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Landis"},{"link_name":"Max Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Landis"},{"link_name":"Christopher Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Landon_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Michael Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landon"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lanfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lanfield"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang_filmography"},{"link_name":"Walter Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lang"},{"link_name":"Michael Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lange"},{"link_name":"Rémi Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Lange"},{"link_name":"Jerry Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Langford"},{"link_name":"Doug Langway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Langway"},{"link_name":"Yorgos Lanthimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorgos_Lanthimos"},{"link_name":"Claude Lanzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lanzmann"},{"link_name":"Janez Lapajne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Lapajne"},{"link_name":"Victoria Larimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Larimore"},{"link_name":"Pablo Larraín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Larra%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"John Lasseter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lasseter"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lau"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Lau"},{"link_name":"Peter Lauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lauer"},{"link_name":"Michael Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Laughlin"},{"link_name":"Charles Laughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Laughton"},{"link_name":"Mélanie Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Laurent"},{"link_name":"Carl Lauten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lauten"},{"link_name":"Arnold Laven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Laven"},{"link_name":"Diarmuid Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Francis Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lawrence_videography"},{"link_name":"Marc Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lawrence_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"J. F. Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._F._Lawton"},{"link_name":"Tracie Laymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracie_Laymon"},{"link_name":"Paul Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"Philip Leacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Leacock"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean_filmography"},{"link_name":"Patrice Leconte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Leconte"},{"link_name":"Bruce Leddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Leddy"},{"link_name":"Mimi Leder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Leder"},{"link_name":"D. Ross Lederman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Ross_Lederman"},{"link_name":"Ang Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Lee"},{"link_name":"David Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lee_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Lee Chang-dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Chang-dong"},{"link_name":"Lee Cheol-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Cheol-ha"},{"link_name":"Lee Lik-Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Lik-Chi"},{"link_name":"Rowland V. 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Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Z._Leonard"},{"link_name":"Damien Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Leone"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone_filmography"},{"link_name":"John R. Leonetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Leonetti"},{"link_name":"Tony Leondis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Leondis"},{"link_name":"Robert Lepage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lepage"},{"link_name":"Peter Lepeniotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lepeniotis"},{"link_name":"Louis Le Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince"},{"link_name":"Mervyn LeRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"Michael Lessac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lessac"},{"link_name":"George Lessey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lessey"},{"link_name":"Mark L. Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_L._Lester"},{"link_name":"Richard Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lester"},{"link_name":"Louis Leterrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leterrier"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Leth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Leth"},{"link_name":"Jared Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Leto_filmography"},{"link_name":"Rob Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Letterman"},{"link_name":"Barry Letts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Letts"},{"link_name":"Brian Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Levant"},{"link_name":"Henry Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Levin_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Ken Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Levine_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Barry Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Shawn Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Levy"},{"link_name":"Shuki Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuki_Levy"},{"link_name":"Herschell Gordon Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschell_Gordon_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Leonard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Phill Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phill_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Paul Lieberstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lieberstein"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Liebesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Liebesman"},{"link_name":"Li Han-Hsiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Han-Hsiang"},{"link_name":"Lee Tit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tit"},{"link_name":"Li Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yang_(director)"},{"link_name":"Desiree Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiree_Lim"},{"link_name":"Doug Liman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Liman"},{"link_name":"Brian Limond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Limond"},{"link_name":"Justin Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Lin"},{"link_name":"Fred J. Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_J._Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Max Linder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Linder"},{"link_name":"Tobias Lindholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Lindholm"},{"link_name":"Willy Lindwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Lindwer"},{"link_name":"Graham Linehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Linehan"},{"link_name":"Richard Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Linklater"},{"link_name":"Matt Lipsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lipsey"},{"link_name":"Oldřich Lipský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%C5%99ich_Lipsk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Steven Lisberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Lisberger"},{"link_name":"Miguel Littín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Litt%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Dwight H. Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_H._Little"},{"link_name":"Lynne Littman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Littman"},{"link_name":"Anatole Litvak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Litvak"},{"link_name":"Luis Llosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Llosa"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Norman Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Phyllida Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllida_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Lo Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Wei"},{"link_name":"Ken Loach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Loach"},{"link_name":"Sondra Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondra_Locke"},{"link_name":"Barbara Loden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Loden"},{"link_name":"Joshua Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Logan"},{"link_name":"Ulli Lommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulli_Lommel"},{"link_name":"Richard Loncraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Loncraine"},{"link_name":"Jerry London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_London"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Lonergan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Lonergan"},{"link_name":"Stanley Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Long"},{"link_name":"Robert Longo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Longo"},{"link_name":"Matthew López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_L%C3%B3pez_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Del Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Lord"},{"link_name":"Peter Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lord"},{"link_name":"Phil Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lord"},{"link_name":"Ian Lorimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lorimer"},{"link_name":"Chuck Lorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Lorre"},{"link_name":"Joseph Losey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey"},{"link_name":"Steve Loter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Loter"},{"link_name":"Todd Louiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Louiso"},{"link_name":"Lou Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Ye"},{"link_name":"David Lowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lowery_(director)"},{"link_name":"Declan Lowney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Lowney"},{"link_name":"Philippa Lowthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_Lowthorpe"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lubin"},{"link_name":"Ernst Lubitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch_filmography"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas_filmography"},{"link_name":"John Meredyth Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meredyth_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Edward Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"Baz Luhrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet"},{"link_name":"Leopold Lummerstorfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Lummerstorfer"},{"link_name":"Kátia Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1tia_Lund"},{"link_name":"Ida Lupino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Lupino"},{"link_name":"Rod Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Lurie"},{"link_name":"Teddy Lussi-Modeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Lussi-Modeste"},{"link_name":"Don Lusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lusk"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Luske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Luske"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Lyman"},{"link_name":"Euros Lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euros_Lyn"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch_filmography"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Liam Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Lynch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Lyne"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"John La Bouchardière\nNadine Labaki\nNeil LaBute\nGregory La Cava\nHarry Lachman\nAldo Lado\nEdward Laemmle\nJames Lafferty\nJohn Lafia\nRené Laloux\nRingo Lam\nFernando Lamas\nMary Lambert\nCharles Lamont\nLew Landers\nAlejandro Landes\nJohn Landis\nMax Landis\nChristopher Landon\nMichael Landon\nSidney Lanfield\nFritz Lang\nWalter Lang\nMichael Lange\nRémi Lange\nJerry Langford\nDoug Langway\nYorgos Lanthimos\nClaude Lanzmann\nJanez Lapajne\nVictoria Larimore\nPablo Larraín\nJohn Lasseter\nAndrew Lau\nJeffrey Lau\nPeter Lauer\nMichael Laughlin\nCharles Laughton\nMélanie Laurent\nCarl Lauten\nArnold Laven\nDiarmuid Lawrence\nFrancis Lawrence\nMarc Lawrence\nJ. F. Lawton\nTracie Laymon\nPaul Lazarus\nPhilip Leacock\nDavid Lean\nPatrice Leconte\nBruce Leddy\nMimi Leder\nD. Ross Lederman\nAng Lee\nDavid Lee\nJennifer Lee\nLee Chang-dong\nLee Cheol-ha\nLee Lik-Chi\nRowland V. Lee\nSpike Lee\nMichael Leeston-Smith\nKarenssa LeGear\nMichael Lehmann\nHenry Lehrman\nLarry Leichliter\nJulia Leigh\nMike Leigh\nDanny Leiner\nMitchell Leisen\nLogan Leistikow\nDavid Leitch\nJózef Lejtes\nClaude Lelouch\nMichael Lembeck\nKasi Lemmons\nJohn Lemont\nJay Lender\nThomas Lennon\nUmberto Lenzi\nRobert Z. Leonard\nDamien Leone\nSergio Leone\nJohn R. Leonetti\nTony Leondis\nRobert Lepage\nPeter Lepeniotis\nLouis Le Prince\nMervyn LeRoy\nMichael Lessac\nGeorge Lessey\nMark L. Lester\nRichard Lester\nLouis Leterrier\nJørgen Leth\nJared Leto\nRob Letterman\nBarry Letts\nBrian Levant\nHenry Levin\nKen Levine\nBarry Levinson\nShawn Levy\nShuki Levy\nHerschell Gordon Lewis\nJerry Lewis\nJoseph H. Lewis\nLeonard Lewis\nPhill Lewis\nPaul Lieberstein\nJonathan Liebesman\nLi Han-Hsiang\nLee Tit\nLi Yang\nDesiree Lim\nDoug Liman\nBrian Limond\nJustin Lin\nFred J. Lincoln\nMax Linder\nTobias Lindholm\nWilly Lindwer\nGraham Linehan\nRichard Linklater\nMatt Lipsey\nOldřich Lipský\nSteven Lisberger\nMiguel Littín\nDwight H. Little\nLynne Littman\nAnatole Litvak\nLuis Llosa\nFrank Lloyd\nNorman Lloyd\nPhyllida Lloyd\nLo Wei\nKen Loach\nSondra Locke\nBarbara Loden\nJoshua Logan\nUlli Lommel\nRichard Loncraine\nJerry London\nKenneth Lonergan\nStanley Long\nRobert Longo\nMatthew López\nDel Lord\nPeter Lord\nPhil Lord\nIan Lorimer\nChuck Lorre\nJoseph Losey\nSteve Loter\nTodd Louiso\nLou Ye\nDavid Lowery\nDeclan Lowney\nPhilippa Lowthorpe\nArthur Lubin\nErnst Lubitsch\nGeorge Lucas\nJohn Meredyth Lucas\nWilfred Lucas\nEdward Ludwig\nBaz Luhrmann\nSidney Lumet\nLeopold Lummerstorfer\nKátia Lund\nIda Lupino\nRod Lurie\nTeddy Lussi-Modeste\nDon Lusk\nHamilton Luske\nDorothy Lyman\nEuros Lyn\nDavid Lynch\nJeffrey Lynch\nJennifer Lynch\nLiam Lynch\nAdrian Lyne\nJonathan LynnTop of page","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_MacDonald_(director)"},{"link_name":"Hettie MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettie_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Kevin Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Macdonald_(director)"},{"link_name":"Carl Macek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Macek"},{"link_name":"Seth MacFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane"},{"link_name":"Gustav Machatý","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Machat%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Willard Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Mack"},{"link_name":"Alexander Mackendrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackendrick"},{"link_name":"David Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mackenzie_(director)"},{"link_name":"Philip Charles MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Charles_MacKenzie"},{"link_name":"Will Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Douglas Mackinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Mackinnon"},{"link_name":"Gillies MacKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillies_MacKinnon"},{"link_name":"Angus MacLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_MacLane"},{"link_name":"Michelle MacLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_MacLaren"},{"link_name":"Murdock MacQuarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdock_MacQuarrie"},{"link_name":"John Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Madden_(director)"},{"link_name":"Guy Maddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Maddin"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Holger-Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger-Madsen"},{"link_name":"Ivan Magrin-Chagnolleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Magrin-Chagnolleau"},{"link_name":"Brendan Maher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Maher_(director)"},{"link_name":"Barry Mahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Mahon"},{"link_name":"Charles Maigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maigne"},{"link_name":"Norman Mailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mailer"},{"link_name":"Alan Mak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mak_(director)"},{"link_name":"Dušan Makavejev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Makavejev"},{"link_name":"Mohsen Makhmalbaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf"},{"link_name":"Samira Makhmalbaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samira_Makhmalbaf"},{"link_name":"Károly Makk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Makk"},{"link_name":"Sundeep Malani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundeep_Malani"},{"link_name":"Sarah Maldoror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Maldoror"},{"link_name":"Terrence Malick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Malick_filmography"},{"link_name":"Louis Malle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Malle"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Mallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Mallett"},{"link_name":"William Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Malone_(director)"},{"link_name":"David Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maloney"},{"link_name":"Leo D. Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_D._Maloney"},{"link_name":"Henrik Malyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Malyan"},{"link_name":"Djibril Diop Mambéty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Diop_Mamb%C3%A9ty"},{"link_name":"Manakis brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakis_brothers"},{"link_name":"Milcho Manchevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milcho_Manchevski"},{"link_name":"Don Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Mancini"},{"link_name":"David Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mandel"},{"link_name":"Chris Mandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Mandia"},{"link_name":"Luis Mandoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mandoki"},{"link_name":"James Mangold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mangold"},{"link_name":"Joseph L. Mankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mann"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mann"},{"link_name":"Delbert Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbert_Mann"},{"link_name":"Michael Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mann"},{"link_name":"Seith Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seith_Mann"},{"link_name":"Guy Manos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Manos"},{"link_name":"Sophie Marceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Marceau"},{"link_name":"Terry Marcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Marcel"},{"link_name":"Max Marcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Marcin"},{"link_name":"Nick Marck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Marck"},{"link_name":"Bam Margera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam_Margera"},{"link_name":"Edwin L. Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_L._Marin"},{"link_name":"José Mojica Marins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mojica_Marins"},{"link_name":"Chris Marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Marker"},{"link_name":"Richard Marquand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marquand"},{"link_name":"Laïla Marrakchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%AFla_Marrakchi"},{"link_name":"James Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marsh_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jeff \"Swampy\" Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_%22Swampy%22_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Frank Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(film_producer)"},{"link_name":"Garry Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Marshall"},{"link_name":"George Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall_(director)"},{"link_name":"Neil Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Penny Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Rob Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Joshua Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Marston"},{"link_name":"Lucrecia Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrecia_Martel"},{"link_name":"Becky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Martin"},{"link_name":"Charles Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martin_(director)"},{"link_name":"Darnell Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnell_Martin"},{"link_name":"D'Urville Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Urville_Martin"},{"link_name":"Henry G. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_G._Martin"},{"link_name":"Jim Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Martin_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Murray Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Martin"},{"link_name":"Phillip Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Martin_(director)"},{"link_name":"Richard Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Martin_(British_director)"},{"link_name":"Richard Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Martini_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sergio Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Martino"},{"link_name":"Steve Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martino"},{"link_name":"Marco Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Martins"},{"link_name":"Leslie H. Martinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_H._Martinson"},{"link_name":"Derek Martinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Martinus"},{"link_name":"Andrew Marton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Marton"},{"link_name":"Nico Mastorakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Mastorakis"},{"link_name":"George Mastras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mastras"},{"link_name":"Camillo Mastrocinque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Mastrocinque"},{"link_name":"Yasuzo Masumura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuzo_Masumura"},{"link_name":"Arūnas Matelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C5%ABnas_Matelis"},{"link_name":"Sean Mathias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Mathias"},{"link_name":"Melina Matsoukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melina_Matsoukas"},{"link_name":"Katsuya Matsumura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuya_Matsumura"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mattei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mattei"},{"link_name":"Elaine May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_May"},{"link_name":"Juliet May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_May"},{"link_name":"Russ Mayberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Mayberry"},{"link_name":"Tony Maylam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Maylam"},{"link_name":"Archie Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Brad Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Mays"},{"link_name":"Dan Mazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Mazer"},{"link_name":"Paul Mazursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mazursky"},{"link_name":"Glen Mazzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Mazzara"},{"link_name":"Kenny McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_McBain"},{"link_name":"Jim McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McBride"},{"link_name":"Robert McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCallum_(director)"},{"link_name":"Leo McCarey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_McCarey"},{"link_name":"Ray McCarey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_McCarey"},{"link_name":"Colm McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_McCarthy_(director)"},{"link_name":"Tom McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McCarthy_(director)"},{"link_name":"Brendan McCaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_McCaul"},{"link_name":"Nelson McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_McCormick_(director)"},{"link_name":"George McCowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McCowan"},{"link_name":"John Michael McDonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_McDonagh"},{"link_name":"Martin McDonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_McDonagh"},{"link_name":"Frank McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McDonald_(director)"},{"link_name":"Terry McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McDonough"},{"link_name":"Charles McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_McDougall"},{"link_name":"Bernard McEveety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_McEveety"},{"link_name":"Vincent McEveety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_McEveety"},{"link_name":"McG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McG"},{"link_name":"William C. McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._McGann"},{"link_name":"Scott McGehee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McGehee"},{"link_name":"J. P. McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._McGowan"},{"link_name":"Robert F. McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._McGowan"},{"link_name":"Craig McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_McCracken"},{"link_name":"Tom McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McGrath_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Joseph McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McGrath_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"William McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGregor_(director)"},{"link_name":"Paul McGuigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGuigan_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Adam McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_McKay"},{"link_name":"Chris McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McKay"},{"link_name":"David McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McKay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jim McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McKay_(director)"},{"link_name":"John McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKay_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lucky McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_McKee"},{"link_name":"Kevin McKidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McKidd"},{"link_name":"Norman McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_McLaren"},{"link_name":"Greg McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_McLean_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Norman Z. McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Z._McLeod"},{"link_name":"Tom McLoughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McLoughlin"},{"link_name":"Sean McNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_McNamara_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"John McNaughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McNaughton"},{"link_name":"Daniel McNicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_McNicoll"},{"link_name":"Robert Duncan McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duncan_McNeill"},{"link_name":"Steve McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)"},{"link_name":"John McTiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McTiernan"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"sub_title":"Ma–Mc","text":"David MacDonald\nHettie MacDonald\nKevin Macdonald\nCarl Macek\nSeth MacFarlane\nGustav Machatý\nWillard Mack\nAlexander Mackendrick\nDavid Mackenzie\nPhilip Charles MacKenzie\nWill Mackenzie\nDouglas Mackinnon\nGillies MacKinnon\nAngus MacLane\nMichelle MacLaren\nMurdock MacQuarrie\nJohn Madden\nGuy Maddin\nMadonna\nHolger-Madsen\nIvan Magrin-Chagnolleau\nBrendan Maher\nBarry Mahon\nCharles Maigne\nNorman Mailer\nAlan Mak\nDušan Makavejev\nMohsen Makhmalbaf\nSamira Makhmalbaf\nKároly Makk\nSundeep Malani\nSarah Maldoror\nTerrence Malick\nLouis Malle\nNicholas Mallett\nWilliam Malone\nDavid Maloney\nLeo D. Maloney\nHenrik Malyan\nDjibril Diop Mambéty\nManakis brothers\nMilcho Manchevski\nDon Mancini\nDavid Mandel\nChris Mandia\nLuis Mandoki\nJames Mangold\nJoseph L. Mankiewicz\nAnthony Mann\nDaniel Mann\nDelbert Mann\nMichael Mann\nSeith Mann\nGuy Manos\nSophie Marceau\nTerry Marcel\nMax Marcin\nNick Marck\nBam Margera\nEdwin L. Marin\nJosé Mojica Marins\nChris Marker\nRichard Marquand\nLaïla Marrakchi\nJames Marsh\nJeff \"Swampy\" Marsh\nFrank Marshall\nGarry Marshall\nGeorge Marshall\nNeil Marshall\nPenny Marshall\nRob Marshall\nJoshua Marston\nLucrecia Martel\nBecky Martin\nCharles Martin\nDarnell Martin\nD'Urville Martin\nHenry G. Martin\nJim Martin\nMurray Martin\nPhillip Martin\nRichard Martin\nRichard Martini\nSergio Martino\nSteve Martino\nMarco Martins\nLeslie H. Martinson\nDerek Martinus\nAndrew Marton\nNico Mastorakis\nGeorge Mastras\nCamillo Mastrocinque\nYasuzo Masumura\nArūnas Matelis\nSean Mathias\nMelina Matsoukas\nKatsuya Matsumura\nBruno Mattei\nElaine May\nJuliet May\nRuss Mayberry\nTony Maylam\nArchie Mayo\nBrad Mays\nDan Mazer\nPaul Mazursky\nGlen Mazzara\nKenny McBain\nJim McBride\n Robert McCallum\nLeo McCarey\nRay McCarey\nColm McCarthy\nTom McCarthy\nBrendan McCaul\nNelson McCormick\nGeorge McCowan\nJohn Michael McDonagh\nMartin McDonagh\nFrank McDonald\nTerry McDonough\nCharles McDougall\nBernard McEveety\nVincent McEveety\nMcG\nWilliam C. McGann\nScott McGehee\nJ. P. McGowan\nRobert F. McGowan\nCraig McCracken\nTom McGrath\nJoseph McGrath\nWilliam McGregor\nPaul McGuigan\nAdam McKay\nChris McKay\nDavid McKay\nJim McKay\nJohn McKay\nLucky McKee\nKevin McKidd\nNorman McLaren\nGreg McLean\nNorman Z. McLeod\nTom McLoughlin\nSean McNamara\nJohn McNaughton\nDaniel McNicoll\nRobert Duncan McNeill\nSteve McQueen\nJohn McTiernanTop of page","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shane Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Meadows"},{"link_name":"Peter Medak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Medak"},{"link_name":"Don Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Medford"},{"link_name":"Dariush Mehrjui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui"},{"link_name":"Deepa Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepa_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Gus Meins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Meins"},{"link_name":"Fernando Meirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Meirelles"},{"link_name":"Adolfas Mekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfas_Mekas"},{"link_name":"Jonas Mekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Mekas"},{"link_name":"Bill Melendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Melendez"},{"link_name":"George Melford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Melford"},{"link_name":"Wilco Melissant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilco_Melissant"},{"link_name":"James Melkonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melkonian"},{"link_name":"Jeff Melman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Melman"},{"link_name":"Craig Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Melville"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Melville"},{"link_name":"Lothar Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Sam Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Jim Mendiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mendiola"},{"link_name":"Linda Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Chris Menges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Menges"},{"link_name":"Meera Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meera_Menon"},{"link_name":"Stephen Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Merchant"},{"link_name":"E. Elias Merhige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Elias_Merhige"},{"link_name":"Saul Metzstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Metzstein"},{"link_name":"Jeff Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Meyer_(director)"},{"link_name":"Russ Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Leah Meyerhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Meyerhoff"},{"link_name":"Georges Méliès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Richard Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Oscar Micheaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux"},{"link_name":"Roger Michell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Michell"},{"link_name":"Pete Michels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Michels"},{"link_name":"Jim Mickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Mickle"},{"link_name":"Takashi Miike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Miike"},{"link_name":"Nikita Mikhalkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Mikhalkov"},{"link_name":"Lewis Milestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Milestone"},{"link_name":"John Milius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milius"},{"link_name":"Bennett Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Miller"},{"link_name":"Christopher Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Miller_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Frank Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Miller"},{"link_name":"George Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Miller_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Kara Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Miller"},{"link_name":"Randall Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Miller"},{"link_name":"Robert Ellis Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ellis_Miller"},{"link_name":"Sam Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Miller"},{"link_name":"Sharron Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharron_Miller"},{"link_name":"Sidney Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Miller_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tim Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Miller_(director)"},{"link_name":"Crispian Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispian_Mills"},{"link_name":"Rusty Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Mills"},{"link_name":"Daniel Minahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Minahan"},{"link_name":"Steve Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Miner"},{"link_name":"Anthony Minghella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Minghella"},{"link_name":"Joseph Minion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Minion"},{"link_name":"Rob Minkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Minkoff"},{"link_name":"Vincente Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Mira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Mira"},{"link_name":"Emilio Miraglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Miraglia"},{"link_name":"Lin-Manuel Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Koki Mitani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koki_Mitani"},{"link_name":"David Robert Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Robert_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Howard M. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_M._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"John Cameron Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Mike Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mitchell_(director)"},{"link_name":"Noël Mitrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Mitrani"},{"link_name":"David Mitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mitton"},{"link_name":"Goro Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"Hayao Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"Kenji Mizoguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Mizoguchi"},{"link_name":"Peter Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"Shahram Mokri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahram_Mokri"},{"link_name":"Alfred Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Molina"},{"link_name":"Josefina Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_Molina"},{"link_name":"Édouard Molinaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Molinaro"},{"link_name":"Christine Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Molloy"},{"link_name":"Zac Moncrief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Moncrief"},{"link_name":"Mario Monicelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Monicelli"},{"link_name":"Cesar Montano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Montano"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Montes-Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Montes-Bradley"},{"link_name":"Dave Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Moody_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lukas Moodysson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Moodysson"},{"link_name":"Irving J. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_J._Moore"},{"link_name":"Michael Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moore"},{"link_name":"Randy Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Rich Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Moore"},{"link_name":"Robert Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Moore_(director)"},{"link_name":"Stan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Moore_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Moorhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Moorhouse"},{"link_name":"Ken Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mora"},{"link_name":"Jacobo Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Morales"},{"link_name":"Pierre Morel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Morel"},{"link_name":"Nanni Moretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanni_Moretti"},{"link_name":"Harry Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Sidney Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Anders Morgenthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Morgenthaler"},{"link_name":"Shuhei Morita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuhei_Morita"},{"link_name":"Chris Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Morris_(satirist)"},{"link_name":"Errol Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Morris"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Vic Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Hollingsworth Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollingsworth_Morse"},{"link_name":"Terry O. Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_O._Morse"},{"link_name":"Catherine Morshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Morshead"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Mort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Mort"},{"link_name":"Edmund Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lemohang Jeremiah Mosese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemohang_Jeremiah_Mosese"},{"link_name":"Scott Mosier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mosier"},{"link_name":"Craig Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Moss"},{"link_name":"Katsuyuki Motohiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuyuki_Motohiro"},{"link_name":"Greg Mottola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Mottola"},{"link_name":"Wagner Moura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Moura"},{"link_name":"Norbert Moutier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Moutier"},{"link_name":"Allan Moyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Moyle"},{"link_name":"Otto Muehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Muehl"},{"link_name":"Russell Mulcahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Mulcahy"},{"link_name":"John Mulholland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mulholland_(director)"},{"link_name":"Robert Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Munk"},{"link_name":"Kira Muratova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Muratova"},{"link_name":"Walter Murch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Murch"},{"link_name":"F. W. Murnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Murnau"},{"link_name":"Dudley Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Geoff Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Ralph Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Ryan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Murray"},{"link_name":"Noam Murro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Murro"},{"link_name":"John Musker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Musker"},{"link_name":"Floyd Mutrux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Mutrux"},{"link_name":"Mark Mylod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mylod"},{"link_name":"Daniel Myrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Myrick"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"sub_title":"Md–Mz","text":"Shane Meadows\nPeter Medak\nDon Medford\nDariush Mehrjui\nDeepa Mehta\nGus Meins\nFernando Meirelles\nAdolfas Mekas\nJonas Mekas\nBill Melendez\nGeorge Melford\nWilco Melissant\nJames Melkonian\nJeff Melman\nCraig Melville\nJean-Pierre Melville\nLothar Mendes\nSam Mendes\nJim Mendiola\nLinda Mendoza\nChris Menges\nMeera Menon\nStephen Merchant\nE. Elias Merhige\nSaul Metzstein\nJeff Meyer\nRuss Meyer\nLeah Meyerhoff\nGeorges Méliès\nRichard Michaels\nOscar Micheaux\nRoger Michell\nPete Michels\nJim Mickle\nTakashi Miike\nNikita Mikhalkov\nLewis Milestone\nJohn Milius\nBennett Miller\nChristopher Miller\nFrank Miller\nGeorge Miller\nKara Miller\nRandall Miller\nRobert Ellis Miller\nSam Miller\nSharron Miller\nSidney Miller\nTim Miller\nCrispian Mills\nRusty Mills\nDaniel Minahan\nSteve Miner\nAnthony Minghella\nJoseph Minion\nRob Minkoff\nVincente Minnelli\nEugenio Mira\nEmilio Miraglia\nLin-Manuel Miranda\nKoki Mitani\nDavid Robert Mitchell\nHoward M. Mitchell\nJohn Cameron Mitchell\nMike Mitchell\nNoël Mitrani\nDavid Mitton\nGoro Miyazaki\nHayao Miyazaki\nKenji Mizoguchi\nPeter Moffatt\nShahram Mokri\nAlfred Molina\nJosefina Molina\nÉdouard Molinaro\nChristine Molloy\nZac Moncrief\nMario Monicelli\nCesar Montano\nEduardo Montes-Bradley\nDave Moody\nLukas Moodysson\nIrving J. Moore\nMichael Moore\nRandy Moore\nRich Moore\nRobert Moore\nStan Moore\nJocelyn Moorhouse\nKen Mora\nJacobo Morales\nPierre Morel\nNanni Moretti\nHarry Morgan\nSidney Morgan\nAnders Morgenthaler\nShuhei Morita\nChris Morris\nErrol Morris\nJennifer Morrison\nVic Morrow\nHollingsworth Morse\nTerry O. Morse\nCatherine Morshead\nCynthia Mort\nEdmund Mortimer\nLemohang Jeremiah Mosese\nScott Mosier\nCraig Moss\nKatsuyuki Motohiro\nGreg Mottola\nWagner Moura\nNorbert Moutier\nAllan Moyle\nOtto Muehl\nRussell Mulcahy\nJohn Mulholland\nRobert Mulligan\nAndrzej Munk\nKira Muratova\nWalter Murch\nF. W. Murnau\nDudley Murphy\nGeoff Murphy\nRalph Murphy\nRyan Murphy\nBill Murray\nNoam Murro\nJohn Musker\nFloyd Mutrux\nMark Mylod\nDaniel MyrickTop of page","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amir Naderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Naderi"},{"link_name":"Kenji Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Mira Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Nair"},{"link_name":"Ilya Naishuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Naishuller"},{"link_name":"Takashi Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Hideo Nakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Nakata"},{"link_name":"Bharat Nalluri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Nalluri"},{"link_name":"Michael Nankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nankin"},{"link_name":"Silvio Narizzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Narizzano"},{"link_name":"Khodzha Kuli Narliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khodzha_Kuli_Narliyev"},{"link_name":"Mikio Naruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikio_Naruse"},{"link_name":"Janusz Nasfeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Nasfeter"},{"link_name":"Percy Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Nash"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Natali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Natali"},{"link_name":"Matthew Nastuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Nastuk"},{"link_name":"Gregory Nava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Nava"},{"link_name":"Mike Nawrocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nawrocki"},{"link_name":"Doug Naylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Naylor"},{"link_name":"Ray Nazarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Nazarro"},{"link_name":"Ronald Neame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Neame"},{"link_name":"Jean Negulesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Negulesco"},{"link_name":"Marshall Neilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Neilan"},{"link_name":"Roy William Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_William_Neill"},{"link_name":"James Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Neilson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Victor Nelli Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Nelli_Jr."},{"link_name":"Gary Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Nelson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Gene Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Jessie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Ozzie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Ralph Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Max Neufeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Neufeld"},{"link_name":"Kurt Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Neumann_(director)"},{"link_name":"Kyle Newacheck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Newacheck"},{"link_name":"Mike Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sam Newfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Newfield"},{"link_name":"Don Newland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_O._Newland"},{"link_name":"John Newland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newland"},{"link_name":"Joseph Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Newman"},{"link_name":"Fred Newmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_C._Newmeyer"},{"link_name":"Lionel Ngakane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Ngakane"},{"link_name":"Thuc Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuc_Doan_Nguyen"},{"link_name":"Fred Niblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Niblo"},{"link_name":"Andrew Niccol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Niccol"},{"link_name":"George Nicholls Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nicholls_Jr."},{"link_name":"Charles August Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_August_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Jeff Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Mike Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Cedric Nicolas-Troyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Nicolas-Troyan"},{"link_name":"Greg Nicotero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nicotero"},{"link_name":"William Nigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nigh"},{"link_name":"Nikos Nikolaidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Nikolaidis"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Torre Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Torre_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Rob Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Leonard Nimoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy"},{"link_name":"Marcus Nispel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Nispel"},{"link_name":"David Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nixon_(director)"},{"link_name":"Manfred Noa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Noa"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Noé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_No%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Christopher Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Nolan_filmography"},{"link_name":"Chris Noonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Noonan"},{"link_name":"Tom Noonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Noonan"},{"link_name":"Syed Noor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Noor"},{"link_name":"Paul Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Norman_(director)"},{"link_name":"Mabel Normand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Normand"},{"link_name":"Edward Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Norton"},{"link_name":"Jehane Noujaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehane_Noujaim"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Nowrasteh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Nowrasteh"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Noy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Noy"},{"link_name":"Phillip Noyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Noyce"},{"link_name":"Elliott Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Nugent"},{"link_name":"David Nutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutter"},{"link_name":"Bruno Nuytten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Nuytten"},{"link_name":"Andy Nwakalor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Nwakalor"},{"link_name":"Christian Nyby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Nyby"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Amir Naderi\nKenji Nagasaki\nMira Nair\nIlya Naishuller\nTakashi Nakamura\nHideo Nakata\nBharat Nalluri\nMichael Nankin\nSilvio Narizzano\nKhodzha Kuli Narliyev\nMikio Naruse\nJanusz Nasfeter\nPercy Nash\nVincenzo Natali\nMatthew Nastuk\nGregory Nava\nMike Nawrocki\nDoug Naylor\nRay Nazarro\nRonald Neame\nJean Negulesco\nMarshall Neilan\nRoy William Neill\nJames Neilson\nVictor Nelli Jr.\nGary Nelson\nGene Nelson\nJessie Nelson\nOzzie Nelson\nRalph Nelson\nMax Neufeld\nKurt Neumann\nKyle Newacheck\nMike Newell\nSam Newfield\nDon Newland\nJohn Newland\nJoseph Newman\nFred Newmeyer\nLionel Ngakane\nThuc Nguyen\nFred Niblo\nAndrew Niccol\nGeorge Nicholls Jr.\nCharles August Nichols\nJeff Nichols\nMike Nichols\nJack Nicholson\nCedric Nicolas-Troyan\nGreg Nicotero\nWilliam Nigh\nNikos Nikolaidis\nLeopoldo Torre Nilsson\nRob Nilsson\nLeonard Nimoy\nMarcus Nispel\nDavid Nixon\nManfred Noa\nGaspar Noé\nChristopher Nolan\nChris Noonan\nTom Noonan\nSyed Noor\nPaul Norman\nMabel Normand\nEdward Norton\nJehane Noujaim\nCyrus Nowrasteh\nWilfred Noy\nPhillip Noyce\nElliott Nugent\nDavid Nutter\nBruno Nuytten\nAndy Nwakalor\nChristian NybyTop of page","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_O%27Brien_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Katharine O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Andrew O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_O%27Connor_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Renee O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Bob Odenkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Ogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Ogata"},{"link_name":"Perry Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Ogden"},{"link_name":"George Ogilvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ogilvie"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Ogoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Ogoro"},{"link_name":"Izu Ojukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Ojukwu"},{"link_name":"Kihachi Okamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihachi_Okamoto"},{"link_name":"Sidney 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Øvredal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_%C3%98vredal"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Oxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Oxley"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"},{"link_name":"François Ozon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ozon"},{"link_name":"Yasujirō Ozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Dave O'Brien\nKatharine O'Brien\nAndrew O'Connor\nRenee O'Connor\nBob Odenkirk\nAtsushi Ogata\nPerry Ogden\nGeorge Ogilvie\nKingsley Ogoro\nIzu Ojukwu\nKihachi Okamoto\nSidney Olcott\nLiddy Oldroyd\nJorge Olguín\nRon Oliver\nSusan Oliver\nLaurence Olivier\nErmanno Olmi\nTony Olmos\nGunnar Olsson\nMax Ophüls\nJoshua Oppenheimer\nBenjamin Orifici\nKenny Ortega\nMamoru Oshii\nNagisa Oshima\nRuben Östlund\nRichard Oswald\nDominique Othenin-Girard\nKatsuhiro Otomo\nUlrike Ottinger\nIdrissa Ouedraogo\nHorace Ové\nAndré Øvredal\nJennifer Oxley\nFrank Oz\nFrançois Ozon\nYasujirō OzuTop of page","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergio Pablos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Pablos"},{"link_name":"Georg Wilhelm Pabst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Pabst"},{"link_name":"P. 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Padmarajan\nAlan J. Pakula\nDebarun Pal\nJafar Panahi\nNorman Panama\nGleb Panfilov\nPang Ho-Cheung\nDomenico Paolella\nSergei Parajanov\nK-Michel Parandi\nDean Parisot\nLana Parrilla\nRichard Parry\nPark Chan-Wook\nJerry Paris\nNick Park\nAlan Parker\nAlbert Parker\nOl Parker\nTrey Parker\nJames Parrott\nReza Parsa\nGabriel Pascal\nGoran Paskaljević\nPier Paolo Pasolini\nIvan Passer\nStuart Paton\nJohn Patterson\nRay Patterson\nAnand Patwardhan\nFrank Paur\nPaweł Pawlikowski\nAlexander Payne\nGyörgy Pálfi\nLeslie Pearce\nRichard Pearce\nSteve Pearlman\nGeorge Pearson\nRaoul Peck\nSam Peckinpah\nMario Van Peebles\nJordan Peele\nScott Pembroke\nArthur Penn\nLeo Penn\nMatthew Penn\nSean Penn\nJoe Penna\nMark Pellington\nIvan Perestiani\nLester James Peries\nPierre Perifel\nLoni Peristere\nAnthony Perkins\nOz Perkins\nQuincy Perkins\nLéonce Perret\nNat Perrin\nFrank Perry\nTyler Perry\nChristian Peschken\nRobert O. Peters\nWolfgang Petersen\nDavid Petrarca\nDaniel Petrie\nDonald Petrie\nElio Petri\nChristian Petzold\nJoseph Pevney\n Danny and Michael Philippou\nTodd Phillips\nMaurice Pialat\nIrving Pichel\nAndy Picheta\nFrank Pierson\nDerek Pike\nMervyn Pinfield\nHo Ping\nSteve Pink\nLucian Pintilie\nRobert Pirosh\nNoam Pitlik\nPitof\nRené Plaissetty\nTony Plana\nBill Plympton\nJeremy Podeswa\nIhor Podolchak\nSidney Poitier\nRoman Polanski\nDominic Polcino\nMark Polish\nMichael Polish\nRudolph Polk\nKay Pollak\nSydney Pollack\nHarry A. Pollard\nLindsey Pollard\nJohn Polson\nJoshua Pomer\nEllen Pompeo\nGillo Pontecorvo\nEdwin S. Porter\nGeoff Posner\nTed Post\nH. C. Potter\nSally Potter\nRichard Pottier\nAlan Poul\nDan Povenmire\nJeff Povey\nFrank Powell\nMichael Powell\nPaul Powell\nKemp Powers\nUdayan Prasad\nRosa von Praunheim\nOtto Preminger\nEmeric Pressburger\nEllen S. Pressman\nMichael Pressman\nLonny Price\nSarah Price\nPrince\nYakov Protazanov\nAlex Proyas\nAleksandr Ptushko\nVsevolod Pudovkin\nJon Puno\nDerek Purvis\nIvan Pyryev\nParvez SharmaTop of page","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farooq Qaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooq_Qaiser"},{"link_name":"Steven Quale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Quale"},{"link_name":"Brothers Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Quay"},{"link_name":"John Quigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quigley_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Quine"},{"link_name":"James Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Quinn_(director)"},{"link_name":"Faisal Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Qureshi_(television_personality)"},{"link_name":"Nabeel Qureshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabeel_Qureshi_(director)"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Farooq Qaiser\nSteven Quale\nBrothers Quay\nJohn Quigley\nRichard Quine\nJames Quinn\nFaisal Qureshi\nNabeel QureshiTop of page","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peer Raben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_Raben"},{"link_name":"Michael Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Radford"},{"link_name":"Bob Rafelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rafelson"},{"link_name":"Jeff Ragsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Ragsdale"},{"link_name":"Sam Raimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Raimi"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Rainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Rainer"},{"link_name":"Hossein Rajabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Rajabian"},{"link_name":"S. 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S. Rajamouli\nSharat Raju\nHarold Ramis\nJulius Ramsay\nLynne Ramsay\nTony Randel\nArthur Rankin Jr.\nIrving Rapper\nMani Ratnam\nBrett Ratner\nGregory Ratoff\nJohn Rawlins\nAlbert Ray\nBernard B. Ray\nFred Olen Ray\nMan Ray\nNicholas Ray\nRick Ray\nSatyajit Ray\nHerman C. Raymaker\nBobby Razak\nPatrick Rea\nJim Reardon\nEric Red\nRobert Redford\nCarol Reed\nPeyton Reed\nRobert Reed\nDee Rees\nChristopher Reeve\nKeanu Reeves\nMatt Reeves\nMichael Reeves\nNicolas Winding Refn\nGodfrey Reggio\nKelly Reichardt\nWilly Reiber\nDaina Reid\nCarl Reiner\nRob Reiner\nMax Reinhardt\nIrving Reis\nCharles Reisner\nKarel Reisz\nWolfgang Reitherman\nIvan Reitman\nJason Reitman\nEdgar Reitz\nChris Renaud\nDrew Renaud\nJohan Renck\nJean Renoir\nRob Renzetti\nAlain Resnais\nAdam Resnick\nCarlos Reygadas\nGene Reynolds\nKevin Reynolds\nLynn ReynoldsTop of page","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Rianda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rianda"},{"link_name":"David Lowell Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lowell_Rich"},{"link_name":"John Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rich_(director)"},{"link_name":"Tony Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Hans Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Richter_(artist)"},{"link_name":"W. 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D. Richter\nTom Ricketts\nLeni Riefenstahl\nRansom Riggs\nAlrick Riley\nWolf Rilla\nArthur Ripley\nArturo Ripstein\nGuy Ritchie\nMichael Ritchie\nMartin Ritt\nKarl Ritter\nChristian Rivers\nFernand Rivers\nJoan Rivers\nJacques Rivette\nJamie Rix\nParveen Rizvi\nSaeed Rizvi\nJay Roach\nAlain Robbe-Grillet\nBrian Robbins\nJerome Robbins\nTim Robbins\nBrian K. Roberts\nJohannes Roberts\nPennant Roberts\nStephen Roberts\nGraham Robertson\nJohn S. Robertson\nGillian Robespierre\nArthur Robison\nBruce Robinson\nLee Robinson\nMatthew Robinson\nMatthew Robinson\nPhil Alden Robinson\nMark Robson\nAdam Robitel\nGlauber Rocha\nAlexandre Rockwell\nJoão Pedro Rodrigues\nRobert Rodriguez\nRosemary Rodriguez\nJohn Roecker\nNicolas Roeg\nDaniel Roemer\nMichael Roemer\nAlbert S. Rogell\nSeth Rogen\nBrandon Rogers\nDavid Rogers\nÉric Rohmer\nAlice Rohrwacher\nJames Rolfe\nMark Romanek\nGeorge A. Romero\nJoaquín Luis Romero Marchent\nMikhail Romm\nAm Rong\nBethany Rooney\nMickey Rooney\nCliff Roquemore\nBernard Rose\nPhil Rosen\nStuart Rosenberg\nRick Rosenthal\nTatia Rosenthal\nPerry Rosemond\nMark Rosman\nGary Ross\nHerbert Ross\nMatthew Ross\nRoberto Rossellini\nRobert Rossen\nFranco Rossi\nArthur Rosson\nRichard Rosson\nEli Roth\nJoe Roth\nTim Roth\nRichard Rothstein\nJosie Rourke\nRoy Rowland\nPatricia Rozema\nJoseph Ruben\nAlan Rudolph\nOscar Rudolph\nWesley Ruggles\nDemián Rugna\nRaúl Ruiz\nPavel Ruminov\nRichard Rush\nChuck Russell\nDavid O. Russell\nKen Russell\nPaddy Russell\nRusso brothers\nStefan Ruzowitzky\nEldar Ryazanov\nZbigniew Rybczyński\nMark Rydell\nGary Rydstrom\nStellan Rye\nRZATop of page","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maher Sabry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher_Sabry"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sackheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sackheim"},{"link_name":"Christopher Sadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Sadler"},{"link_name":"Numa Sadoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numa_Sadoul"},{"link_name":"Safdie brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdie_brothers"},{"link_name":"Boris Sagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Sagal"},{"link_name":"Bob Saget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Saget"},{"link_name":"Abdulkadir Ahmed Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulkadir_Ahmed_Said"},{"link_name":"Richard Sakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sakai"},{"link_name":"Alik Sakharov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alik_Sakharov"},{"link_name":"Gene Saks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Saks"},{"link_name":"Sidney Salkow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Salkow"},{"link_name":"Eriq La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle"},{"link_name":"Walter Salles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Salles"},{"link_name":"Dan Sallitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Sallitt"},{"link_name":"Mikael Salomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Salomon"},{"link_name":"Anja Salomonowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anja_Salomonowitz"},{"link_name":"Carlos Saldanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saldanha"},{"link_name":"Victor Salva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Salva"},{"link_name":"Shakti Samanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_Samanta"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Samper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Samper"},{"link_name":"Keith Samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Samples"},{"link_name":"David F. 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Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_F._Sears"},{"link_name":"Eric Dean Seaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dean_Seaton"},{"link_name":"George Seaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Seaton"},{"link_name":"Edward Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Alex Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Segal"},{"link_name":"Peter Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Segal"},{"link_name":"Susan Seidelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Seidelman"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Seidl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seidl"},{"link_name":"Lewis Seiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Seiler"},{"link_name":"William A. Seiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Seiter"},{"link_name":"Franz Seitz, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Seitz,_Sr."},{"link_name":"George Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Seitz"},{"link_name":"Steve Sekely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Sekely"},{"link_name":"Lesley Selander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Selander"},{"link_name":"Henry Selick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Selick"},{"link_name":"Bill Sellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sellars"},{"link_name":"Herbert Selpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Selpin"},{"link_name":"Aaron Seltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Seltzer"},{"link_name":"David Seltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Seltzer"},{"link_name":"Selvaraghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvaraghavan"},{"link_name":"Edgar Selwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Selwyn"},{"link_name":"Ousmane Sembène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousmane_Semb%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"David Semel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Semel"},{"link_name":"Larry Semon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Semon"},{"link_name":"Mrinal Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrinal_Sen"},{"link_name":"Dominic Sena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Sena"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Senna"},{"link_name":"Mack Sennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett"},{"link_name":"Craig Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Serling"},{"link_name":"Menelik Shabazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_Shabazz"},{"link_name":"Tom Shadyac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shadyac"},{"link_name":"Matt Shakman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Shakman"},{"link_name":"Lee Shallat Chemel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Shallat_Chemel"},{"link_name":"S. Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Shankar"},{"link_name":"Adam Shankman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Shankman"},{"link_name":"John Patrick Shanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley"},{"link_name":"Ted Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Tristram Shapeero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristram_Shapeero"},{"link_name":"Parvez Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvez_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Jim Sharman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sharman"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner_filmography"},{"link_name":"Melville Shavelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Shavelson"},{"link_name":"Jenn Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenn_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Larry Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Shaw_(director)"},{"link_name":"Scott Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Jack Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shea_(director)"},{"link_name":"Barry Shear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Shear"},{"link_name":"Chuck Sheetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Sheetz"},{"link_name":"Lynn Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Millicent Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Ron Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Darren Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Benjamin_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Larisa Shepitko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larisa_Shepitko"},{"link_name":"Adrian Shergold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Shergold"},{"link_name":"Jim Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Rondell Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondell_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Taylor Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Gary Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sherman_(director)"},{"link_name":"George Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Lowell Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Vincent Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Domee Shi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domee_Shi"},{"link_name":"John Shiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shiban"},{"link_name":"Steve Shill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Shill"},{"link_name":"Takashi Shimizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Shimizu"},{"link_name":"Peter Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shin"},{"link_name":"Naoyoshi Shiotani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoyoshi_Shiotani"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Shiva"},{"link_name":"Jack Sholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sholder"},{"link_name":"Cate Shortland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Shortland"},{"link_name":"Michael Showalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Showalter"},{"link_name":"Wil Shriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Shriner"},{"link_name":"Trey Edward Shults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Edward_Shults"},{"link_name":"M. Night Shyamalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Night_Shyamalan_filmography"},{"link_name":"Charles Shyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shyer"},{"link_name":"Justin Simien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Simien"},{"link_name":"Joe Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Simon_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"sub_title":"Sa–Sh","text":"Maher Sabry\nDaniel Sackheim\nChristopher Sadler\nNuma Sadoul\nSafdie brothers\nBoris Sagal\nBob Saget\nAbdulkadir Ahmed Said\nRichard Sakai\nAlik Sakharov\nGene Saks\nSidney Salkow\nEriq La Salle\nWalter Salles\nDan Sallitt\nMikael Salomon\nAnja Salomonowitz\nCarlos Saldanha\nVictor Salva\nShakti Samanta\nGabriela Samper\nKeith Samples\nDavid F. Sandberg\nAri Sandel\nScott Sanders\nHelma Sanders-Brahms\nArlene Sanford\nShin Sang-ok\nJay Sandrich\nMark Sandrich\nDavid Sant\nAlfred Santell\nJoseph Santley\nDamon Santostefano\nMiguel Sapochnik\nRichard C. Sarafian\nValeria Sarmiento\nMichael Sarnoski\nPeter Sasdy\nShinsuke Sato\nYūichi Satō\nMarjane Satrapi\nCharles Saunders (director)\nHubert Sauper\nClaude Sautet\nFred Savage\nRob Savage\nPhilip Saville\nSeth Savoy\nGeoffrey Sax\nJohn Sayles\nRodo Sayagues\nJohn Scagliotti\nArmand Schaefer\nGeorge Schaefer\nAkiva Schaffer\nJeff Schaffer\nFranklin Schaffner\nPeter Schamoni\nJames Schamus\nFrank Scheffer\nDaniel Scheinert\nFred Schepisi\nVictor Schertzinger\nPaul Scheuring\nKyle Schickner\nThomas Schlamme\nCraig Schlattman\nJohn Schlesinger\nChristoph Schlingensief\nVolker Schlöndorff\nDavid Schmoeller\nJulian Schnabel\nThomas Schnauz\nDan Schneider\nIan Schneider\nPaul Schneider\nRob Schneider\nErnest B. Schoedsack\nJane Schoenbrun\nRenen Schorr\nPaul Schrader\nLiev Schreiber\nRick Schroder\nBarbet Schroeder\nWerner Schroeter\nJohn Schultz\nMichael Schultz\nHugh Schulze\nJoel Schumacher\nReinhold Schünzel\nMichael Schur\nLloyd J. Schwartz\nRudolf Schwarzkogler\nStefan Schwartz\nTil Schweiger\nRobert Schwentke\nDavid Schwimmer\nChristian Schwochow\nEttore Scola\nMartin Scorsese\nOz Scott\nRidley Scott\nShaun Scott\nSwinton O. Scott III\nTony Scott\nAubrey Scotto\nSteven Seagal\nFrancis Searle\nFred F. Sears\nEric Dean Seaton\nGeorge Seaton\nEdward Sedgwick\nAlex Segal\nPeter Segal\nSusan Seidelman\nUlrich Seidl\nLewis Seiler\nWilliam A. Seiter\nFranz Seitz, Sr.\nGeorge Seitz\nSteve Sekely\nLesley Selander\nHenry Selick\nBill Sellars\nHerbert Selpin\nAaron Seltzer\nDavid Seltzer\nSelvaraghavan\nEdgar Selwyn\nOusmane Sembène\nDavid Semel\nLarry Semon\nMrinal Sen\nDominic Sena\nLorraine Senna\nMack Sennett\nCraig Serling\nMenelik Shabazz\nTom Shadyac\nMatt Shakman\nLee Shallat Chemel\nS. Shankar\nAdam Shankman\nJohn Patrick Shanley\nTed Sharks\nTristram Shapeero\nParvez Sharma\nJim Sharman\nWilliam Shatner\nMelville Shavelson\nJenn Shaw\nLarry Shaw\nScott Shaw\nJack Shea\nBarry Shear\nChuck Sheetz\nLynn Shelton\nMillicent Shelton\nRon Shelton\nDarren Shepherd\nLarisa Shepitko\nAdrian Shergold\nJim Sheridan\nKirsten Sheridan\nRondell Sheridan\nTaylor Sheridan\nGary Sherman\nGeorge Sherman\nLowell Sherman\nVincent Sherman\nDomee Shi\nJohn Shiban\nSteve Shill\nTakashi Shimizu\nPeter Shin\nNaoyoshi Shiotani\nAlexandra Shiva\nJack Sholder\nCate Shortland\nMichael Showalter\nWil Shriner\nTrey Edward Shults\nM. Night Shyamalan\nCharles Shyer\nJustin Simien\nJoe SimonTop of page","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Scott Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sidney"},{"link_name":"David Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Siegel_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Don Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Ted Sieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sieger"},{"link_name":"Pedro Sienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Sienna"},{"link_name":"Floria Sigismondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floria_Sigismondi"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Šijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_%C5%A0ijan"},{"link_name":"Brad Silberling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Silberling"},{"link_name":"David Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Silverman_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Dean Silvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Silvers"},{"link_name":"Lisa Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Simon"},{"link_name":"S. Sylvan Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Sylvan_Simon"},{"link_name":"Yves Simoneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Simoneau"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Simonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Simonelli"},{"link_name":"Alexander Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Singer"},{"link_name":"Bryan Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Singer"},{"link_name":"Grant Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Singer"},{"link_name":"Manmohan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh_(director)"},{"link_name":"Tarsem Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsem_Singh"},{"link_name":"Tony Singletary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Singletary"},{"link_name":"John Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton"},{"link_name":"Roger Singleton-Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Singleton-Turner"},{"link_name":"Robert Siodmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Siodmak"},{"link_name":"Puneet Sira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puneet_Sira"},{"link_name":"Douglas Sirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Sirk"},{"link_name":"Cheick Oumar Sissoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick_Oumar_Sissoko"},{"link_name":"Andrea Sisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Sisson"},{"link_name":"Chris Sivertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Sivertson"},{"link_name":"Tom Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Six"},{"link_name":"Vilgot Sjöman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilgot_Sj%C3%B6man"},{"link_name":"Victor Sjöström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Kari Skogland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Skogland"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Skolimowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski"},{"link_name":"Gia Skova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Skova"},{"link_name":"David Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Slade"},{"link_name":"Paul Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sloane_(director)"},{"link_name":"Edward Sloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sloman"},{"link_name":"Michael Slovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Slovis"},{"link_name":"Yannis Smaragdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannis_Smaragdis"},{"link_name":"Alan Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Smart"},{"link_name":"Ralph Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Smart"},{"link_name":"Jack Smight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Smight"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith_(director)"},{"link_name":"Brian Trenchard-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Trenchard-Smith"},{"link_name":"Charles Martin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martin_Smith"},{"link_name":"Christopher Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Smith_(director)"},{"link_name":"David Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smith_(director)"},{"link_name":"Gary Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_T._Smith"},{"link_name":"George Albert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Smith"},{"link_name":"Harry Everett Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Everett_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jim Field Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Field_Smith"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(English_filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"John N. 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G. Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Anthony Stacchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stacchi"},{"link_name":"John M. Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Stahl"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone_filmography"},{"link_name":"Andrew Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Wendey Stanzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendey_Stanzler"},{"link_name":"Ladislas Starevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislas_Starevich"},{"link_name":"Jack Starrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Starrett"},{"link_name":"Richard Starzak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Starzak"},{"link_name":"Ralph Staub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Staub"},{"link_name":"Malcolm St. Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_St._Clair_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"J.A. Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.A._Steel"},{"link_name":"Burr Steers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_Steers"},{"link_name":"Paul L. Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Stein"},{"link_name":"David Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Hans Steinhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Steinhoff"},{"link_name":"Steno (director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steno_(director)"},{"link_name":"Boris Stepantsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Stepantsev"},{"link_name":"Mike Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stephens_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jared Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Stern"},{"link_name":"Sandor Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandor_Stern"},{"link_name":"Steven Hilliard Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Hilliard_Stern"},{"link_name":"Andrew Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Dan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Stevens"},{"link_name":"George Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevens"},{"link_name":"George Stevens Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stevens_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevens_(director)"},{"link_name":"Robert Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Curran_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Ginny Stikeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginny_Stikeman"},{"link_name":"Ben Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stiller_filmography"},{"link_name":"Mauritz Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritz_Stiller"},{"link_name":"Whit Stillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Stillman"},{"link_name":"Francis Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Marcus Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Mike Stoklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stoklasa"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Stoller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stoller"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Stoloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stoloff"},{"link_name":"Andrew L. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_L._Stone"},{"link_name":"Ezra Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Stone"},{"link_name":"Jamie Magnus Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Magnus_Stone"},{"link_name":"Matt Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Stone_filmography"},{"link_name":"Oliver Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone"},{"link_name":"Tad Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Stones"},{"link_name":"Howard Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Storm_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jerome Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Storm"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marie Straub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straub-Huillet"},{"link_name":"Frank R. Strayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Strayer"},{"link_name":"Suresh Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Joachim"},{"link_name":"Amanda Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Lovejoy_Street"},{"link_name":"Graham Streeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Streeter"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Brenda Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Strong"},{"link_name":"James Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Strong_(director)"},{"link_name":"John Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stroud_(director)"},{"link_name":"Mel Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Gene Stupnitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Stupnitsky"},{"link_name":"John Sturges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sturges"},{"link_name":"Preston Sturges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Sturges"},{"link_name":"K. Subash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Subash"},{"link_name":"Arne Sucksdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Sucksdorff"},{"link_name":"Elia Suleiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Suleiman"},{"link_name":"Sun Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yu_(director)"},{"link_name":"Mohit Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Suri"},{"link_name":"Stephen Surjik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Surjik"},{"link_name":"A. Edward Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Edward_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Hal Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Kiefer Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiefer_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Seijun Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seijun_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Jan Švankmajer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0vankmajer"},{"link_name":"Mary Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"Harry Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Justin Swibel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_David_Swibel"},{"link_name":"David Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Swift_(director)"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Syberberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Syberberg"},{"link_name":"Khady Sylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khady_Sylla"},{"link_name":"István Szabó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Szab%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Peter Szewczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Szewczyk"},{"link_name":"Damián Szifron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dami%C3%A1n_Szifron"},{"link_name":"Małgorzata Szumowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Szumowska"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"sub_title":"Si–Sz","text":"George Sidney\nScott Sidney\nDavid Siegel\nDon Siegel\nTed Sieger\nPedro Sienna\nFloria Sigismondi\nSlobodan Šijan\nBrad Silberling\nDavid Silverman\nDean Silvers\nLisa Simon\nS. Sylvan Simon\nYves Simoneau\nGiorgio Simonelli\nAlexander Singer\nBryan Singer\nGrant Singer\nManmohan Singh\nTarsem Singh\nTony Singletary\nJohn Singleton\nRoger Singleton-Turner\nRobert Siodmak\nPuneet Sira\nDouglas Sirk\nCheick Oumar Sissoko\nAndrea Sisson\nChris Sivertson\nTom Six\nVilgot Sjöman\nVictor Sjöström\nKari Skogland\nJerzy Skolimowski\nGia Skova\nDavid Slade\nPaul Sloane\nEdward Sloman\nMichael Slovis\nYannis Smaragdis\nAlan Smart\nRalph Smart\nJack Smight\nAdam Smith\nBrian Trenchard-Smith\nCharles Martin Smith\nChristopher Smith\nDavid Smith\nGary Smith\nGeorge Albert Smith\nHarry Everett Smith\nJim Field Smith\nJohn Smith\nJohn N. Smith\nJulia Smith\nKevin Smith\nMichael V. Smith\nNoel M. Smith\nRoy Allen Smith\nSarah Smith\nSeth Grahame-Smith\nSimon J. Smith\nAdam Smoluk\nMichael Snow\nZack Snyder\nMichele Soavi\nSteven Soderbergh\nIain Softley\nGennady Sokolsky\nAleksandr Sokurov\nDavid Solomon\nFrances-Anne Solomon\nTodd Solondz\nAndrew Solt\nStephen Sommers\nBarry Sonnenfeld\nSion Sono\nCeline Song\nChris Soriano\nPaolo Sorrentino\nJen and Sylvia Soska\nTressie Souders\nSimon Spencer\nGeorge Spenton-Foster\nJaap Speyer\nPenelope Spheeris\nBryan Spicer\nSteven Spielberg\nGötz Spielmann\nSpierig brothers\nBob Spiers\nRoger Spottiswoode\nJill Sprecher\nAlejandro Springall\nAaron Springer\nR. G. Springsteen\nAnthony Stacchi\nJohn M. Stahl\nSylvester Stallone\nAndrew Stanton\nWendey Stanzler\nLadislas Starevich\nJack Starrett\nRichard Starzak\nRalph Staub\nMalcolm St. Clair\nJ.A. Steel\nBurr Steers\nPaul L. Stein\nDavid Steinberg\nHans Steinhoff\nSteno (director)\nBoris Stepantsev\nMike Stephens\nJared Stern\nSandor Stern\nSteven Hilliard Stern\nAndrew Stevens\nDan Stevens\nGeorge Stevens\nGeorge Stevens Jr.\nRobert Stevens\nRobert Stevenson\nGordon Stewart\nGinny Stikeman\nBen Stiller\nMauritz Stiller\nWhit Stillman\nFrancis Stokes\nMarcus Stokes\nMike Stoklasa\nNicholas Stoller\nBenjamin Stoloff\nAndrew L. Stone\nEzra Stone\nJamie Magnus Stone\nMatt Stone\nOliver Stone\nTad Stones\nHoward Storm\nJerome Storm\nJean-Marie Straub\nFrank R. Strayer\nSuresh Joachim\nAmanda Street\nGraham Streeter\nBarbra Streisand\nBrenda Strong\nJames Strong\nJohn Stroud\nMel Stuart\nGene Stupnitsky\nJohn Sturges\nPreston Sturges\nK. Subash\nArne Sucksdorff\nElia Suleiman\nSun Yu\nMohit Suri\nStephen Surjik\nA. Edward Sutherland\nHal Sutherland\nKiefer Sutherland\nSeijun Suzuki\nJan Švankmajer\nMary Sweeney\nHarry Sweet\nJustin Swibel\nDavid Swift\nHans-Jürgen Syberberg\nKhady Sylla\nIstván Szabó\nPeter Szewczyk\nDamián Szifron\nMałgorzata SzumowskaTop of page","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rachel Talalay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Talalay"},{"link_name":"Patrick Tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Tam_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Lee Tamahori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tamahori"},{"link_name":"Cyndi Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi_Tang"},{"link_name":"Alain Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Danis Tanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danis_Tanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Andrei Tarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky"},{"link_name":"Béla Tarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Tarr"},{"link_name":"Genndy Tartakovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genndy_Tartakovsky"},{"link_name":"Frank Tashlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tashlin"},{"link_name":"Jacques Tati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Tati"},{"link_name":"Norman Taurog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Taurog"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Tavernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Tavernier"},{"link_name":"Alan Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(director)"},{"link_name":"Don Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Taylor_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Don Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Taylor_(American_filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Ray Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Taylor_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sam Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Taylor_(director)"},{"link_name":"Stanner E.V. 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Taylor\nWilliam Desmond Taylor\nColin Teague\nLewis Teague\nAndré Téchiné\nJulien Temple\nSuzie Templeton\nLarry Teng\nAndy Tennant\nGeorge Terwilliger\nHiroshi Teshigahara\nDuccio Tessari\nTed Tetzlaff\nKirk Thatcher\nWilhelm Thiele\nGerald Thomas\nJohn G. Thomas\nRalph Thomas\nBernard Thompson\nCaroline Thompson\nJ. Lee Thompson\nTommy Thompson\nRobert Thornby\nBilly Bob Thornton\nRichard Thorpe\nRawson Marshall Thurber\nPaul Tibbitt\nGreg Tiernan\nGeorge Tillman Jr.\nConstance Tillotson\nTony Tilse\nMihai Timofti\nBruce Timm\nJames Tinling\nPhil Tippett\nJustin Tipping\nRomeo Tirone\nJohnnie To\nJames Toback\nNorman Tokar\nJan Tománek\nMattson Tomlin\nLiesl Tommy\nMark Tonderai\nAad van Toor\nHisayuki Toriumi\nGiuseppe Tornatore\nMiguel Contreras Torres\nIvan Tors\nAndré de Toth\nLaurent Touil-Tartour\nViktor Tourjansky\nJacques Tourneur\nMaurice Tourneur\nRobert Townsend\nFrederick E.O. Toye\nWendy Toye\nJosh Trank\nDavid Trainer\nDavid Owen Trainor\nPablo Trapero\nPete Travis\nScott Treleaven\nJeff Tremaine\nBrian Trenchard-Smith\nJesús Salvador Treviño\nColin Trevorrow\nJoachim Trier\nJustine Triet\nLaurence Trimble\nNadine Trintignant\nJan Troell\nAlice Troughton\nGary Trousdale\nKeith Truesdell\nFrançois Truffaut\nMing-liang Tsai\nPeter Tscherkassky\nTsui Hark\nShinya Tsukamoto\nStanley Tucci\nAnand Tucker\nRex Tucker\nGary J. Tunnicliffe\nBrad Turner\nJon Turteltaub\nFrank Tuttle\nDavid Twohy\nChris Twomey\nMichael Tyburski\nTom Tykwer\nMorten Tyldum\nGeorge Tyne\nGeorge TzavellasTop of page","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustav Ucicky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ucicky"},{"link_name":"Edgar G. Ulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_G._Ulmer"},{"link_name":"Ron Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Underwood"},{"link_name":"Lee Unkrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Unkrich"},{"link_name":"Upendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upendra_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Uppendahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Uppendahl"},{"link_name":"Urszula Urbaniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula_Urbaniak"},{"link_name":"Carl Urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Urbano"},{"link_name":"Chano Urueta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chano_Urueta"},{"link_name":"Carly Usdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Usdin"},{"link_name":"Kinka Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinka_Usher"},{"link_name":"Peter Ustinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ustinov"},{"link_name":"Roar Uthaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roar_Uthaug"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Gustav Ucicky\nEdgar G. Ulmer\nRon Underwood\nLee Unkrich\nUpendra\nMichael Uppendahl\nUrszula Urbaniak\nCarl Urbano\nChano Urueta\nCarly Usdin\nKinka Usher\nPeter Ustinov\nRoar UthaugTop of page","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Vadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Vadim"},{"link_name":"Ladislao Vajda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislao_Vajda"},{"link_name":"Luis Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Valdez"},{"link_name":"Steve Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Tonino Valerii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonino_Valerii"},{"link_name":"Mike Valerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Valerio"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marc Vallée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Vall%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Jackie van Beek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_van_Beek"},{"link_name":"W. S. 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S. Van Dyke\nThurop Van Orman\nVanelle\nAndre van Heerden\nBuddy Van Horn\nErik Van Looy\nTim Van Patten\nMelvin Van Peebles\nGus Van Sant\nFlorestano Vancini\nNorman Thaddeus Vane\nCarlo Vanzina\nAgnès Varda\nGiuseppe Vari\nRam Gopal Varma\nMarcel Varnel\nPetar B. Vasilev\nTom Vaughan\nMatthew Vaughn\nJoe Vaux\nPam Veasey\nPerry N. Vekroff\nMilo Ventimiglia\nGore Verbinski\nSidney Cole\nTristan de Vere Cole\nJohn David Coles\nPaul Verhoeven\nDziga Vertov\nCharles Vidor\nKing Vidor\nBerthold Viertel\nDenis Villeneuve\nRobert G. Vignola\nJean Vigo\nVijayakrishnan\nAgusti Villaronga\nRobert Vince\nThomas Vinterberg\nPhil Vischer\nLuchino Visconti\nBiju Viswanath\nK. Viswanath\nErik Voake\nJordan Vogt-Roberts\nGéza von Bolváry\nGéza von Cziffra\nDaisy von Scherler Mayer\nJosef von Sternberg\nErich von Stroheim\nLars von Trier\nMargarethe von Trotta\nDylan Verrechia\nBernard Vorhaus\nSlavko Vorkapić\nKurt Voss\nJürgen VsychTop of page","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wachowskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wachowskis"},{"link_name":"Michael Wadleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wadleigh"},{"link_name":"Wai Ka-Fai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai_Ka-Fai"},{"link_name":"Rupert Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Taika Waititi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taika_Waititi"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Wajda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda"},{"link_name":"Chris Walas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Walas"},{"link_name":"John Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Walker_(director)"},{"link_name":"David Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"William Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wall_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Randall Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Richard Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wallace_(director)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lee Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Herb Wallerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Wallerstein"},{"link_name":"Tom Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Walls"},{"link_name":"Aisling Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisling_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Dearbhla Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearbhla_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Raoul Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Charles Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Walters"},{"link_name":"Christoph Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Wan brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_brothers"},{"link_name":"James Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wan"},{"link_name":"Sam Wanamaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Wanamaker"},{"link_name":"Lulu Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Wang_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Wang Quan'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Quan%27an"},{"link_name":"Wang Xiaoshuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xiaoshuai"},{"link_name":"Wayne Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Wang"},{"link_name":"Albert Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ward_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"David S. 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Ward\nVincent Ward\nErnest C. Warde\nAndy Warhol\nAlan Wareing\nAlex van Warmerdam\nDavid Warren\nHarold P. Warren\nNorman J. Warren\nDenzel Washington\nDarrell Wasyk\nJohn Waters\nMark Waters\nPeter Watkins\nJon Watts\nRic Roman Waugh\nScott Waugh\nMichael Waxman\nKeenen Ivory Wayans\nCarl Weathers\nSean Weathers\nKenneth Webb\nMarc Webb\nMillard Webb\nLois Weber\nChris Wedge\nApichatpong Weerasethakul\nPeter Weibel\nPaul Weiland\nEd. Weinberger\nClay Weiner\nHans Weingartner\nBob Weinstein\nHarvey Weinstein\nPeter Weir\nDon Weis\nSam Weisman\nD. B. Weiss\nGlenn Weiss\nHelmut Weiss\nAdam Weissman\nChris Weitz\nPaul Weitz\nBo Welch\nOrson Welles\nArthur Wellin\nWilliam Wellman\nCharlotte Wells\nSimon Wells\nWim Wenders\nAlfred L. 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Wright\nJulius Wu\nRupert Wyatt\nWilliam Wyler\nRobert Wynne-Simmons\nJim WynorskiTop of page","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xie Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Jin"},{"link_name":"Xie Fei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Fei_(director)"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Xie Jin\nXie FeiTop of page","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boaz Yakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaz_Yakin"},{"link_name":"Edward Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Yang"},{"link_name":"Ruby Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Yang"},{"link_name":"Jean Yarbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Yarbrough"},{"link_name":"Tom Yasumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Yasumi"},{"link_name":"David Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yates"},{"link_name":"Hal Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Yates"},{"link_name":"Peter Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Yates"},{"link_name":"Reggie Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Yates"},{"link_name":"Irvin S. 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V.Top of page","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romas Zabarauskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_Zabarauskas"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Zagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Zagar"},{"link_name":"Eduard Zahariev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Zahariev"},{"link_name":"Alex Zakrzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zakrzewski"},{"link_name":"Jerry Zaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Zaks"},{"link_name":"Alex Zamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zamm"},{"link_name":"Moisés Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Rudy Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Zanussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Zanussi"},{"link_name":"Alan Zaslove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Zaslove"},{"link_name":"Kristi Zea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Zea"},{"link_name":"Dan Zeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Zeff"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"Primo Zeglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_Zeglio"},{"link_name":"Sande Zeig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sande_Zeig"},{"link_name":"Alfred Zeisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Zeisler"},{"link_name":"Benh Zeitlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benh_Zeitlin"},{"link_name":"Florian Zeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Zeller"},{"link_name":"David Zellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zellner"},{"link_name":"Frederic Zelnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Zelnik"},{"link_name":"Robert Zemeckis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis"},{"link_name":"David Zennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zennie"},{"link_name":"Hans H. Zerlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_H._Zerlett"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yang_(director)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yimou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yimou"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yuan_(director)"},{"link_name":"Zheng Junli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Junli"},{"link_name":"Thierry Zéno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Z%C3%A9no"},{"link_name":"Chloé Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Tian Zhuangzhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Zhuangzhuang"},{"link_name":"Maheen Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maheen_Zia"},{"link_name":"Howard Zieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zieff"},{"link_name":"Želimir Žilnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelimir_%C5%BDilnik"},{"link_name":"Lydia Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"Michael Zinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Zinberg"},{"link_name":"Fred Zinnemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann"},{"link_name":"Thishiwe Ziqubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thishiwe_Ziqubu"},{"link_name":"Craig Zisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Zisk"},{"link_name":"Randy Zisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Zisk"},{"link_name":"Rob Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Zombie"},{"link_name":"Erick Zonca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Zonca"},{"link_name":"Hisham Zreiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_Zreiq"},{"link_name":"Zucker Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucker,_Abrahams,_and_Zucker"},{"link_name":"Steve Zuckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Zuckerman"},{"link_name":"Ezz El-Dine Zulficar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezz_El-Dine_Zulficar"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Zulfikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Zulfikar"},{"link_name":"Edward Zwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Zwick"},{"link_name":"Joel Zwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Zwick"},{"link_name":"Terry Zwigoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Zwigoff"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Żuławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"Xawery Żuławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xawery_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"Harald Zwart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Zwart"},{"link_name":"Top of page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"Romas Zabarauskas\nJeremiah Zagar\nEduard Zahariev\nAlex Zakrzewski\nJerry Zaks\nAlex Zamm\nMoisés Zamora\nRudy Zamora\nKrzysztof Zanussi\nAlan Zaslove\nKristi Zea\nDan Zeff\nFranco Zeffirelli\nPrimo Zeglio\nSande Zeig\nAlfred Zeisler\nBenh Zeitlin\nFlorian Zeller\nDavid Zellner\nFrederic Zelnik\nRobert Zemeckis\nDavid Zennie\nHans H. Zerlett\nZhang Yang\nZhang Yimou\nZhang Yuan\nZheng Junli\nThierry Zéno\nChloé Zhao\nTian Zhuangzhuang\nMaheen Zia\nHoward Zieff\nŽelimir Žilnik\nLydia Zimmermann\nMichael Zinberg\nFred Zinnemann\nThishiwe Ziqubu\nCraig Zisk\nRandy Zisk\nRob Zombie\nErick Zonca\nHisham Zreiq\nZucker Brothers\nSteve Zuckerman\nEzz El-Dine Zulficar\nMahmoud Zulfikar\nEdward Zwick\nJoel Zwick\nTerry Zwigoff\nAndrzej Żuławski\nXawery Żuławski\nHarald ZwartTop of page","title":"Z"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Pairs_Speedway_Championship

Polish Pairs Speedway Championship

["1 Previous winners","2 Rules","3 References"]

Polish Pairs Speedway ChampionshipSportmotorcycle speedwayFounded1974CountryPolandMost recentchampion(s)Motor Lublin The Polish Pairs Speedway Championship (Polish: Mistrzostwa Polski Par Klubowych, MPPK) is an annual speedway event held each year in different Polish clubs organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM) since 1974. The participating teams are drawn into three groups; each staging a pairs competition. The top two teams in each group qualify for the Final. A host team chosen by the GKSŻ is seeded directly to the Final. The team winning the Final is awarded a gold medal and declared Polish Pairs Champions. Teams finishing second and third are awarded silver and bronze medals respectively. Previous winners Year Venue Winners Runner-up 3rd place 1974 Bydgoszcz Polonia Bydgoszcz Stal Gorzów Wlkp. ROW Rybnik 1975 Leszno Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Sparta Wrocław ROW Rybnik 1976 Gdańsk Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Sparta Wrocław Włókniarz Częstochowa 1977 Ostrów Wlkp. Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Włókniarz Częstochowa Kolejarz Opole 1978 Chorzów Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Unia Leszno Sparta Wrocław 1979 Gniezno Falubaz Zielona Góra Polonia Bydgoszcz Start Gniezno 1980 Zielona Góra Unia Leszno Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Start Gniezno 1981 Toruń Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Apator Toruń Kolejarz Opole 1982 Gorzów Wlkp. Falubaz Zielona Góra Unia Leszno Stal Gorzów Wlkp. 1983 Zielona Góra Falubaz Zielona Góra Śląsk Świętochłowice Stal Gorzów Wlkp. 1984 Toruń Unia Leszno Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Wybrzeże Gdańsk 1985 Rybnik Wybrzeże Gdańsk Unia Leszno ROW Rybnik 1986 Toruń Apator Toruń Wybrzeże Gdańsk Falubaz Zielona Góra 1987 Ostrów Wlkp. Unia Leszno Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Wybrzeże Gdańsk 1988 Rybnik Unia Leszno ROW Rybnik Stal Gorzów Wlkp. 1989 Leszno Unia Leszno Stal Rzeszów Stal Gorzów Wlkp. 1990 Rzeszów Polonia Bydgoszcz Stal Rzeszów ROW Rybnik 1991 Bydgoszcz Polonia Bydgoszcz Unia Leszno Apator Toruń 1992 Gorzów Wlkp. Stal Gorzów Wlkp. Polonia Bydgoszcz Apator Toruń 1993 Grudziądz Polonia-Jutrzenka Bydgoszcz Morawski Zielona Góra Apator-Elektrim Toruń 1994 Leszno Polonia-Jutrzenka Bydgoszcz Unia Leszno Stal-Brunat Gorzów Wlkp. 1995 Częstochowa Polonia-Jutrzenka Bydgoszcz Sparta-Polsat Wrocław Apator-Elektrim Toruń 1996 Gniezno Polonia-Jutrzenka Bydgoszcz Start Gniezno Apator-DGG Toruń 1997 Bydgoszcz Jutrzenka-Polonia Bydgoszcz Apator-DGG Toruń Pergo Gorzów Wlkp. 1998 Gorzów Wlkp. Pergo Gorzów Wlkp. Jutrzenka-Polonia Bydgoszcz Trilux-Start Gniezno 1999 Leszno Jutrzenka-Polonia Bydgoszcz Unia Leszno Atlas Wrocław 2000 Wrocław Polonia Bydgoszcz Lotos-Wybrzeże Gdańsk Włókniarz Częstochowa 2001 Piła Atlas Wrocław Polonia Bydgoszcz Włókniarz Częstochowa 2002 Wrocław Point S-Polonia Bydgoszcz Apator-Adriana Toruń Włókniarz Częstochowa 2003 Leszno Unia Leszno ZKŻ Quick-mix Zielona Góra Apator-Adriana Toruń 2004 Toruń Apator-Adriana Toruń Unia Tarnów Lotos Gdańsk 2005 Wrocław Marma Polskie Folie Rzeszów Budlex-Polonia Bydgoszcz KM Intar Ostrów Wlkp. 2006 Bydgoszcz Włókniarz Częstochowa Budlex-Polonia Bydgoszcz RKM Rybnik 2007 Częstochowa Unia Tarnów Atlas Wrocław Unia Leszno 2008 Toruń Unibax Toruń Unia Leszno ZKŻ Kronopol Zielona Góra 2009 Zielona Góra Falubaz Zielona Góra Unia Tarnów Unia Leszno 2010 Toruń Unibax Toruń Stal Rzeszów Polonia Bydgoszcz 2011 Zielona Góra WTS Wrocław ZKŻ Zielona Góra PSŻ Poznań 2012 Leszno Unia Leszno ZKŻ Zielona Góra GTŻ Grudziądz 2013 Gorzów Wielkopolski Unia Tarnów Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski WTS Wrocław 2014 Gorzów Wielkopolski Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski Unibax Toruń Unia Tarnów 2015 Leszno Unia Leszno Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski Unia Tarnów 2016 Rawicz WTS Wrocław Unia Leszno KS Toruń 2017 Ostrów Wielkopolski Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski ZKŻ Zielona Góra GKM Grudziądz 2018 Ostrów Wielkopolski WTS Wrocław ZKŻ Zielona Góra Włókniarz Częstochowa 2019 Bydgoszcz Unia Leszno Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski Polonia Bydgoszcz 2020 Gdańsk Unia Leszno ZKŻ Zielona Góra WTS Wrocław 2021 Grudziądz GKM Grudziądz Włókniarz Częstochowa ZKŻ Zielona Góra 2022 Poznań Motor Lublin Unia Leszno GKM Grudziądz 2023 Poznań Motor Lublin Unia Leszno Włókniarz Częstochowa Rules Team composition The 6 (or 7) competing teams shall each consist of 3 riders: 2 riders having programmed riders and the third rider being a substitute, as follows: 6 pairs 7 pairs Pair A: No 1, 2, and 13 Pair B: No 3, 4, and 14 Pair C: No 5, 6, and 15 Pair D: 7, 8, and 16 Pair E: 9, 10, and 17 Pair F: 11, 12, and 18 Pair A: No 1, 2, and 15 Pair B: No 3, 4, and 16 Pair C: No 5, 6, and 17 Pair D: 7, 8, and 18 Pair E: 9, 10, and 19 Pair F: 11, 12, and 20 Pair G: 13, 14, and 21 The substitute rider may take the place of any programmed rider, at any time, within the maximum number of permitted heats (5 when is 6 pairs and 6 when is 7 pairs) when decided by the Team Manager. Race format 6 pairs Gate A (inside) B C D (outside) A-C B-D Heat No Riders starting No Pairs No 1 1 3 2 4 A B 2 5 7 6 8 C D 3 11 9 12 10 F E 4 7 1 8 2 D A 5 9 5 10 6 E C 6 3 11 4 12 B F 7 1 5 2 6 A C 8 11 7 12 8 F D 9 9 3 10 4 E B 10 5 11 6 12 C F 11 1 9 2 10 A E 12 3 7 4 8 B D 13 11 1 12 2 F A 14 7 9 8 10 D E 15 5 3 6 4 C B 7 pairs Gate A (inside) B C D (outside) A-C B-D Heat No Riders starting No Pairs No 1 1 3 2 4 A B 2 5 7 6 8 C D 3 9 11 10 12 E F 4 13 1 14 2 G A 5 3 5 4 6 B C 6 7 9 8 10 D E 7 13 11 14 12 G F 8 1 5 2 6 A C 9 7 3 8 4 D B 10 9 13 10 14 E G 11 11 1 12 2 E A 12 3 9 4 10 B E 13 5 11 6 12 F C 14 13 7 14 8 G D 15 1 9 2 10 A E 16 11 3 12 4 F B 17 5 13 6 14 C G 18 7 1 8 2 D A 19 3 13 4 14 B G 20 9 5 10 6 E C 21 11 7 12 8 F D References ^ "Polish Speedway Club Pairs Championship HISTORICAL RESULTS 1974-2023". Speedway History. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ "Historia Speedway Polsce". Speedway History. Retrieved 2 March 2023. vtePolish speedway teams and seasonsEkstraliga Częstochowa Gorzów Grudziądz Leszno Lublin Toruń Wrocław Zielona Góra Ekstraliga 2 Bydgoszcz Gdańsk Krosno Łódź Ostrów Poznań Rybnik Rzeszów National League Daugavpils Gniezno Landshut Opole Piła Tarnów Former Motor Lublin Kraków Lviv Miskolc Prague Rawicz Rivne Świętochłowice Warsaw Wittstock Seasons 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteSpeedway in PolandChampionships Individual Pairs Team Extraleague Polish Speedway First League (1.Liga) Polish Speedway Second League (2.Liga) Individual U-21 Pairs U-21 Team U-21 Helmets and Cups Golden Silver U-21 Bronze U-19 Memorials M. Połukard Criterium of Aces Alfred Smoczyk Edward Jancarz Łukasz Romanek Tournaments Bolesław Chrobry Crest Chain of Ostrów Town Grands Prix Polish SGP European SGP National teams Poland team U21 U19 Governing Bodies Polish Motor Union (Main Commission) Speedway Ekstraliga LLC

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_on_the_Third_Floor

Stranger on the Third Floor

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]

1940 film by Boris Ingster Stranger on the Third Floortheatrical release posterDirected byBoris IngsterScreenplay by Frank Partos Nathanael West (uncredited) Story byFrank PartosProduced byLee S. MarcusStarring Peter Lorre John McGuire Margaret Tallichet Charles Waldron CinematographyNicholas MusuracaEdited byHarry MarkerMusic byRoy WebbProductioncompanyRKO Radio PicturesDistributed byRKO Radio PicturesRelease date August 16, 1940 (1940-08-16) (US) Running time62 or 66-67 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$171,200 (estimated) Stranger on the Third Floor is a 1940 American film noir directed by Boris Ingster and starring Peter Lorre, John McGuire, Margaret Tallichet, and Charles Waldron, and featuring Elisha Cook Jr. It was written by Frank Partos. Modern research has shown that Nathanael West wrote the final version of the screenplay, but was uncredited. Stranger on the Third Floor is often cited as the first "true" film noir of the classic period (1940–1959), though other films that fit the genre such as Rebecca and They Drive by Night were released earlier. Nonetheless, it has many of the hallmarks of film noir: an urban setting, heavy shadows, diagonal lines, voice-over narration, a dream sequence, low camera angles shooting up multi-story staircases, and an innocent protagonist desperate to clear himself after being falsely accused of a crime. Plot Reporter Michael Ward is the key witness in a murder trial. His evidence – that he saw the accused, Joe Briggs, standing over the body of a man in a diner – is instrumental in having Briggs found guilty. Afterwards, Ward's fiancée Jane begins worrying that Ward may not have been correct in what he saw; eventually Ward becomes haunted by this question. One evening, outside his room in the house where he lives, Ward sees an odd-looking stranger. He chases this man down the stairs and out the front door where Ward loses track of him. Ward feels that his neighbor, a man he hates, may have been killed by the stranger. Ward has a terrifying dream in which the neighbor is indeed murdered and he comes under suspicion. It turns out the neighbor was killed the same way as the man in the diner. Ward finds the body, notifies police and points out the similarities in the two murders. He is arrested and, in order to clear him, Jane sets out to find the strange man. Cast Peter Lorre as The Stranger John McGuire as Mike Ward Margaret Tallichet as Jane Charles Waldron as District Attorney Elisha Cook Jr. as Joe Briggs Charles Halton as Albert Meng Ethel Griffies as Mrs. Kane, Michael's landlady Cliff Clark as Martin Oscar O'Shea as the Judge Alec Craig as Briggs' Defense Attorney Emory Parnell as Detective Margaret Tallichet, who played Jane, married film director William Wyler on October 23, 1938, at the home of actor Walter Huston and continued to make films, including Stranger on the Third Floor in 1940. She made two more films, then retired from acting. Production Stranger on the Third Floor was Boris Ingster's directorial debut. Ingster, who was born in Latvia, was formerly a writer, and an associate of noted Russian director Sergei Eisenstein. Ingster would later become a television producer. He directed only three feature films in his career. In the introduction to Turner Classic Movies' Noir Alley presentation of the film, Eddie Muller compared the style of the film to that of German Expressionist films. Jeremy Arnold writes that the film's "extraordinary look and tone are the product of stylized sets, bizarre angles and lighting, and a powerful blurring of dream and reality – qualities strongly influenced by German expressionist films of the 1920s." Robert Portfino called it "a distinct break in style and substance with the preceding mystery, crime, detection and horror films of the 1930s." In their book Kings of the Bs, Todd McCarthy and Charles Flynn wrote that Stranger on the Third Floor "is extremely audacious in terms of what it seeks to say about American society...The trial of the ex-con is a vicious rendering of the American legal system hard at work on an impoverished victim...he sinister role of police and prosecutors in obtaining confessions and convictions hallmarks of the hard-boiled literature that paralleled and predicted what we call film noir." Van Nest Polglase, who has been called "one of the most influential production designers in American cinema", was the film's art director. He had previously worked on King Kong in 1933 and The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1939, and worked on the sets for Citizen Kane. His work on Stranger on the Third Floor "contributes mightily to the claustrophobic feel of the movie." Muller calls his work on this film "spectacular". In addition, the work of special effects artist Vernon L. Walker was excellent despite the constraints of a B movie budget, and the score of Roy Webb, who was RKO's house composer at the time, contributes significantly to the film's mood. Reception Upon its release in 1940, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film pretentious and derivative of French and Russian films, and wrote "John McGuire and Margaret Tallichet, as the reporter and his girl, are permitted to act half-way normal, it is true. But in every other respect, including Peter Lorre's brief role as the whack, it is utterly wild. The notion seems to have been that the way to put a psychological melodrama across is to pile on the sound effects and trick up the photography." The staff writer at Variety also believed the film was derivative, and wrote "The familiar artifice of placing the scribe in parallel plight, with the newspaperman arrested for two slayings and only clearing himself because of his sweetheart's persistent search for the real slayer, is used...Boris Ingster's direction is too studied and when original, lacks the flare to hold attention. It's a film too arty for average audiences, and too humdrum for others." Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader wrote: "An RKO B-film from 1940, done up in high Hollywood expressionism. It's absurdly overwrought (which was often the problem with the German variety), but interesting for it. The director, Boris Ingster, is better with shadows than with actors – venetian blinds carve up the characters with more fateful force than Paul Schrader's similar gambit in American Gigolo, and there's a dream sequence that has to be seen to be disbelieved." Another film reviewer, P.S. Harrison, wrote that "at conclusion, one feels as if one had gone through a nightmare." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86%, with an average rating of 6.6/10, based on seven professional reviews. References Notes ^ a b c Stranger on the Third Floor at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ Biesen, Sheri Chinen (2005). Blackout: World War II and the Origins of Film Noir. JHU Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8018-8217-3. ^ See, e.g., Lyons (2000), p. 36 ("RKO is usually cited as having produced the first true film noir, Stranger on the Third Floor"); Server (1998), p. 158 ("Often credited as the 'first' film noir") ^ Silver, Alain, and Elizabeth Ward, eds. Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style, film noir review and analysis by Bob Porfirio, page 269, 3rd edition, 1992. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 0-87951-479-5. ^ Selby, Spencer. Dark City: The Film Noir. Film listed as: "often referred to as the first true and total film noir", #398 on page 183, 1984. Jefferson, N.C. & London: McFarland Publishing. ISBN 0-89950-103-6. ^ Associated Press, "Margaret Tallichet a Bride," New York Times, October 24, 1938. ^ a b c d e f g Arnold, Jeremy (ndg) "Stranger on the Third Floor (1940)" TCM.com ^ a b c Muller, Eddie (March 11, 2018) Intro and outro to Turner Classic Movie's presentation of Stranger on the Third Floor ^ Crowther, Bosley (September 2, 1940). "Stranger on the Third Floor (1940)". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2007. ^ Staff (September 4, 1940). "Review: Stranger on the 3rd Floor". Variety. Vol. 139, no. 13. p. 18. Retrieved June 6, 2015 – via Internet Archive. ^ Kehr, Dave. "Stranger on the Third Floor". Chicago Reader. Retrieved June 6, 2015. ^ "Stranger on the Third Floor (1940)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 6, 2015. Bibliography Lyons, Arthur (2000). Death on the Cheap: The Lost B Movies of Film Noir. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80996-6 Server, Lee (1998). "The Black List: Essential Film Noir" in The Big Book of Noir, ed. Ed Gorman, Lee Server, and Martin H. Greenberg. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-0574-4 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Stranger on the Third Floor. Stranger on the Third Floor at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Stranger on the Third Floor at IMDb Stranger on the Third Floor at AllMovie Stranger on the Third Floor at the TCM Movie Database Stranger on the Third Floor film clip on YouTube

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"Boris Ingster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Ingster"},{"link_name":"Peter Lorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorre"},{"link_name":"John McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGuire_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tallichet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tallichet"},{"link_name":"Charles Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Waldron"},{"link_name":"Elisha Cook Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Cook_Jr."},{"link_name":"Frank Partos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Partos"},{"link_name":"Nathanael West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_West"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biesen-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bundle_First-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silver-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selby-5"},{"link_name":"Rebecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"They Drive by Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Drive_by_Night"}],"text":"Stranger on the Third Floor is a 1940 American film noir directed by Boris Ingster and starring Peter Lorre, John McGuire, Margaret Tallichet, and Charles Waldron, and featuring Elisha Cook Jr. It was written by Frank Partos. Modern research has shown that Nathanael West wrote the final version of the screenplay, but was uncredited.[2][1]Stranger on the Third Floor is often cited as the first \"true\" film noir of the classic period (1940–1959),[3][4][5] though other films that fit the genre such as Rebecca and They Drive by Night were released earlier. Nonetheless, it has many of the hallmarks of film noir: an urban setting, heavy shadows, diagonal lines, voice-over narration, a dream sequence, low camera angles shooting up multi-story staircases, and an innocent protagonist desperate to clear himself after being falsely accused of a crime.","title":"Stranger on the Third Floor"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Reporter Michael Ward is the key witness in a murder trial. His evidence – that he saw the accused, Joe Briggs, standing over the body of a man in a diner – is instrumental in having Briggs found guilty.Afterwards, Ward's fiancée Jane begins worrying that Ward may not have been correct in what he saw; eventually Ward becomes haunted by this question.One evening, outside his room in the house where he lives, Ward sees an odd-looking stranger. He chases this man down the stairs and out the front door where Ward loses track of him. Ward feels that his neighbor, a man he hates, may have been killed by the stranger. Ward has a terrifying dream in which the neighbor is indeed murdered and he comes under suspicion.It turns out the neighbor was killed the same way as the man in the diner. Ward finds the body, notifies police and points out the similarities in the two murders. He is arrested and, in order to clear him, Jane sets out to find the strange man.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Lorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorre"},{"link_name":"John McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGuire_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tallichet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tallichet"},{"link_name":"Charles Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Waldron"},{"link_name":"Elisha Cook Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Cook_Jr."},{"link_name":"Charles Halton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Halton"},{"link_name":"Ethel Griffies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Griffies"},{"link_name":"Cliff Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Clark"},{"link_name":"Oscar O'Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_O%27Shea"},{"link_name":"Alec Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Craig"},{"link_name":"Emory Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Parnell"},{"link_name":"William Wyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wyler"},{"link_name":"Walter Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Huston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Peter Lorre as The Stranger\nJohn McGuire as Mike Ward\nMargaret Tallichet as Jane\nCharles Waldron as District Attorney\nElisha Cook Jr. as Joe Briggs\nCharles Halton as Albert Meng\nEthel Griffies as Mrs. Kane, Michael's landlady\nCliff Clark as Martin\nOscar O'Shea as the Judge\nAlec Craig as Briggs' Defense Attorney\nEmory Parnell as DetectiveMargaret Tallichet, who played Jane, married film director William Wyler on October 23, 1938, at the home of actor Walter Huston[6] and continued to make films, including Stranger on the Third Floor in 1940. She made two more films, then retired from acting.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"Sergei Eisenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muller-8"},{"link_name":"German Expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muller-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-7"},{"link_name":"Van Nest Polglase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nest_Polglase"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Citizen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muller-8"},{"link_name":"Roy Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Webb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-7"}],"text":"Stranger on the Third Floor was Boris Ingster's directorial debut.[1] Ingster, who was born in Latvia, was formerly a writer, and an associate of noted Russian director Sergei Eisenstein. Ingster would later become a television producer. He directed only three feature films in his career.[7][8]In the introduction to Turner Classic Movies' Noir Alley presentation of the film, Eddie Muller compared the style of the film to that of German Expressionist films.[8] Jeremy Arnold writes that the film's \"extraordinary look and tone are the product of stylized sets, bizarre angles and lighting, and a powerful blurring of dream and reality – qualities strongly influenced by German expressionist films of the 1920s.\"[7] Robert Portfino called it \"a distinct break in style and substance with the preceding mystery, crime, detection and horror films of the 1930s.\"[7] In their book Kings of the Bs, Todd McCarthy and Charles Flynn wrote that Stranger on the Third Floor \"is extremely audacious in terms of what it seeks to say about American society...The trial of the ex-con is a vicious rendering of the American legal system hard at work on an impoverished victim...[T]he sinister role of police and prosecutors in obtaining confessions and convictions [are] hallmarks of the hard-boiled literature that paralleled and predicted what we call film noir.\"[7]Van Nest Polglase, who has been called \"one of the most influential production designers in American cinema\", was the film's art director. He had previously worked on King Kong in 1933 and The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1939, and worked on the sets for Citizen Kane. His work on Stranger on the Third Floor \"contributes mightily to the claustrophobic feel of the movie.\"[7] Muller calls his work on this film \"spectacular\".[8] In addition, the work of special effects artist Vernon L. Walker was excellent despite the constraints of a B movie budget, and the score of Roy Webb, who was RKO's house composer at the time, contributes significantly to the film's mood.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosley Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTrvw-9"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-10"},{"link_name":"Chicago Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader"},{"link_name":"B-film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-film"},{"link_name":"Paul Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schrader"},{"link_name":"American Gigolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gigolo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kehr-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-7"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RottenTom-12"}],"text":"Upon its release in 1940, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film pretentious and derivative of French and Russian films, and wrote \"John McGuire and Margaret Tallichet, as the reporter and his girl, are permitted to act half-way normal, it is true. But in every other respect, including Peter Lorre's brief role as the whack, it is utterly wild. The notion seems to have been that the way to put a psychological melodrama across is to pile on the sound effects and trick up the photography.\"[9]The staff writer at Variety also believed the film was derivative, and wrote \"The familiar artifice of placing the scribe in parallel plight, with the newspaperman arrested for two slayings and only clearing himself because of his sweetheart's persistent search for the real slayer, is used...Boris Ingster's direction is too studied and when original, lacks the flare to hold attention. It's a film too arty for average audiences, and too humdrum for others.\"[10]Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader wrote: \"An RKO B-film from 1940, done up in high Hollywood expressionism. It's absurdly overwrought (which was often the problem with the German variety), but interesting for it. The director, Boris Ingster, is better with shadows than with actors – venetian blinds carve up the characters with more fateful force than Paul Schrader's similar gambit in American Gigolo, and there's a dream sequence that has to be seen to be disbelieved.\"[11]Another film reviewer, P.S. Harrison, wrote that \"at [the film's] conclusion, one feels as if one had gone through a nightmare.\"[7]On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86%, with an average rating of 6.6/10, based on seven professional reviews.[12]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Radziejowski

Michał Stefan Radziejowski

["1 History","2 Death","3 References","4 External links"]

Polish archbishop His EminenceMichał Stefan RadziejowskiCardinal, Primate of PolandArchdioceseGnieznoSeeArchdiocese of GnieznoInstalled1688Term ended1705OrdersConsecration26 January 1681Created cardinal1686RankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBorn3 December 1645RadziejowiceDied13 OctoberGdańskNationalityPolishDenominationRoman CatholicCoat of arms Augustyn Michał Stefan Radziejowski (3 December 1645 – 13 October 1705) was an archbishop of Gniezno and cardinal primate of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, son of Hieronim Radziejowski. After the death of the Polish king John III Sobieski, he functioned as Interrex until the choice of a new king. History Radziejowski first supported the candidacy of François Louis, Prince of Conti. Later he supported August II the Strong, the eventual successor to John III. Death He died in Gdańsk (Danzig), 13 October 1705. References ^ "Augustyn Michal Stefan Cardinal Radziejowski ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2019-04-13. External links Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral Archived 2020-07-17 at the Wayback Machine List of Primates of Poland Catholic Church titles Regnal titles Preceded byJan Stefan Wydżga Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland) 1680–1688 Succeeded byJan Stanisław Zbąski Catholic Church titles Preceded byJan IX Stefan Wydźgavacant Archbishop of GnieznoPrimate of Poland 1688–1705 Succeeded byStanisław II Szembek vteVice-Chancellors of the Crown Jan z Buska Janko z Czarnkowa Klemens Moskarzewski Zawisza Kurozwęcki Stanisław Kurozwęcki Mikołaj Trąba Dunin ze Skrzyńska Jan Szafraniec Stanisław Ciołek Władysław Oporowski Wincenty Kot Grzegorz Lubrański Tomasz Strzępiński Jan Lutek Andrzej Oporowski Wojciech Żychliński Zbigniew Oleśnicki Wincenty Przerębski Maciej Drzewicki Piotr Tomicki Krzysztof Szydłowiecki Samuel Maciejowski Jan Ocieski Jan Przerębski Filip Padniewski Franciszek Krasiński Piotr Myszkowski Stanisław Miński Piotr Dunin-Wolski Jan Zamoyski Jan Borukowski Jan Tarnowski Wojciech Baranowski Wawrzyniec Gembicki Feliks Kryski Henryk Firlej Andrzej Lipski Stanisław Łubieński Jakub Zadzik Tomasz Zamoyski Piotr Gembicki Jerzy Ossoliński Andrzej Leszczyński Wacław Leszczyński Piotr Tylicki Hieronim Radziejowski Stefan Koryciński Andrzej Trzebicki Bogusław Leszczyński Mikołaj Prażmowski Jan Gniński Jan Żniński Andrzej Olszowski Jan Leszczyński Jan Stefan Wydżga Jan Wielopolski Jan Małachowski Michał Stefan Radziejowski Karol Tarło Jan Szembek Jan Kazimierz de Alten Bokum Jan Lipski Jan Małachowski Andrzej Stanisław Młodziejowski Michał Wodzicki Maciej Garnysz Jan Jędrzej Borch Jacek Małachowski Hugo Kołłątaj Wojciech Skarszewski Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a Polish Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Bloomer_Award

H. H. Bloomer Award

["1 Recipients","2 See also","3 References"]

Prize awarded by The Linnean Society of London The H. H. Bloomer Award is an award of the Linnean Society, established in 1963 from a legacy by the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer, which is awarded to "an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biological knowledge." The recipients, alternatively a botanist and a zoologist, are presented with a silver medal and a donation from the Fund. Recipients Source (1963–present): 1963 - J.E. Lousley 1964 - C. E. Raven 1965 - E. C. Wallace 1966 - D. L. Harrison 1967 - A. G. Long 1968 - Miriam L. Rothschild 1969 - T. D. V. Swinscow 1970 - Arthur Erskine Ellis 1971 - J. G. Dony 1972 - Marie Åsberg 1973 - Ursula Katherine Duncan 1974 - A. F. Millidge & G. H. Locket 1975 - Eric Smoothey Edees 1976 - F. C. Stinton 1977 - D. H. Kent 1978 - D. R. Rosevear 1979 - Blanche Henrey 1980 - J. N. Eliot 1981 - David E. Allen 1982 - L. G. Higgins 1983 - O. V. Polunin 1984 - R. L. E. Ford 1985 - B. E. Smythies 1986 - Walter John Le Quesne 1987 - Malcolm Charles Clark 1988 - Roger D. Ransome 1989 - J. C. Gardiner 1990 - M. J. Roberts 1991 - Hugh D. Wilson 1992 - K. A. Spencer 1993 - David C. McClintock 1994 - Dennis Seaward 1995 - Betty E. G. M. Allen 1996 - John Henry Barrett 1997 - John R. I. Wood 1998 - William C. Wright 1999 - Richard H. Roberts 2000 - No award 2001 - Hans Hess 2002 - T. L. Blockeel & Sir Anthony Galsworthy 2003 - David Pearman 2004 - Rosemary FitzGerald 2005 - Peter Chandler 2006 - Eric J. Clement 2007 - John Tennent 2008 - Basil Harley 2009 - Markku Häkkinen 2010 - No award 2011 - Brendan Sayers & Michael Fibiger 2012 - Libby Houston 2013 - No award 2014 - Sir Christopher Lever 2015 - Robert Heckford 2016 - Howard Matcham 2017 - John Walters 2018 - Dan Danahar 2019 - Goronwy Wynne 2020 - Hans de Blauwe 2021 - David Lindo 2024 - Charley Eiseman See also List of biology awards References ^ a b "The H. H. Bloomer Award". The Linnean Society of London. Retrieved 10 March 2022. ^ Gage A.T. and Stearn W.T. (1988) A Bicentenary History of the Linnean Society of London, Linnean Society of London, pp. 165-174 ^ "Bristol botanist awarded prestigious medal for her contribution to natural history". bris.ac.uk. University of Bristol. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linnean Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society"},{"link_name":"Harry Howard Bloomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Howard_Bloomer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The H. H. Bloomer Award is an award of the Linnean Society, established in 1963 from a legacy by the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer, which is awarded to \"an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biological knowledge.\"[1]\nThe recipients, alternatively a botanist and a zoologist, are presented with a silver medal and a donation from the Fund.[2]","title":"H. H. Bloomer Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-1"},{"link_name":"J.E. Lousley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Edward_Lousley"},{"link_name":"C. E. Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Raven"},{"link_name":"E. C. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._C._Wallace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. L. Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._L._Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miriam L. Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_L._Rothschild"},{"link_name":"T. D. V. Swinscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Douglas_Victor_Swinscow"},{"link_name":"Arthur Erskine Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Erskine_Ellis"},{"link_name":"J. G. Dony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._G._Dony&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie Åsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_%C3%85sberg"},{"link_name":"Ursula Katherine Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Katherine_Duncan"},{"link_name":"A. F. Millidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._F._Millidge"},{"link_name":"G. H. Locket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Locket"},{"link_name":"Eric Smoothey Edees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Smoothey_Edees&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"F. C. Stinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._C._Stinton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. H. Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._H._Kent&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. R. Rosevear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._R._Rosevear&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blanche Henrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Henrey"},{"link_name":"J. N. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._N._Eliot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David E. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_E._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L. G. Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._G._Higgins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O. V. Polunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._V._Polunin"},{"link_name":"R. L. E. Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._L._E._Ford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B. E. Smythies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._E._Smythies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter John Le Quesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_John_Le_Quesne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Charles Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_Charles_Clark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roger D. Ransome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_D._Ransome&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. C. Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._C._Gardiner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. J. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._J._Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh D. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_D._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K. A. Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._A._Spencer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David C. McClintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_C._McClintock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dennis Seaward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Seaward&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Betty E. G. M. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Molesworth_Allen"},{"link_name":"John Henry Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Barrett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John R. I. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_R._I._Wood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William C. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Wright"},{"link_name":"Richard H. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_H._Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hans Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hess_(paleontologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T. L. Blockeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._L._Blockeel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Galsworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Galsworthy"},{"link_name":"David Pearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Pearman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosemary FitzGerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_FitzGerald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Chandler_(entomologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric J. Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_J._Clement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Tennent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Tennent_(naturalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basil Harley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil_Harley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Markku Häkkinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markku_H%C3%A4kkinen"},{"link_name":"Brendan Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brendan_Sayers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Fibiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Fibiger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Libby Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Houston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Lever&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Heckford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Heckford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Lindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lindo"},{"link_name":"Charley Eiseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charley_Eiseman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Source (1963–present): [1]1963 - J.E. Lousley\n1964 - C. E. Raven\n1965 - E. C. Wallace\n1966 - D. L. Harrison\n1967 - A. G. Long\n1968 - Miriam L. Rothschild\n1969 - T. D. V. Swinscow\n1970 - Arthur Erskine Ellis\n1971 - J. G. Dony\n1972 - Marie Åsberg\n1973 - Ursula Katherine Duncan\n1974 - A. F. Millidge & G. H. Locket\n1975 - Eric Smoothey Edees\n1976 - F. C. Stinton\n1977 - D. H. Kent\n1978 - D. R. Rosevear\n1979 - Blanche Henrey\n1980 - J. N. Eliot\n1981 - David E. Allen\n1982 - L. G. Higgins\n1983 - O. V. Polunin\n1984 - R. L. E. Ford\n1985 - B. E. Smythies\n1986 - Walter John Le Quesne\n1987 - Malcolm Charles Clark\n1988 - Roger D. Ransome\n1989 - J. C. Gardiner\n1990 - M. J. Roberts\n1991 - Hugh D. Wilson\n1992 - K. A. Spencer\n1993 - David C. McClintock\n1994 - Dennis Seaward\n1995 - Betty E. G. M. Allen\n1996 - John Henry Barrett\n1997 - John R. I. Wood\n1998 - William C. Wright\n1999 - Richard H. Roberts\n2000 - No award\n2001 - Hans Hess\n2002 - T. L. Blockeel & Sir Anthony Galsworthy\n2003 - David Pearman\n2004 - Rosemary FitzGerald\n2005 - Peter Chandler\n2006 - Eric J. Clement\n2007 - John Tennent\n2008 - Basil Harley\n2009 - Markku Häkkinen\n2010 - No award\n2011 - Brendan Sayers & Michael Fibiger\n2012 - Libby Houston[3]\n2013 - No award\n2014 - Sir Christopher Lever\n2015 - Robert Heckford\n2016 - Howard Matcham\n2017 - John Walters\n2018 - Dan Danahar\n2019 - Goronwy Wynne\n2020 - Hans de Blauwe\n2021 - David Lindo\n2024 - Charley Eiseman","title":"Recipients"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of biology awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_awards"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Yu

Jessica Yu

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1990s","2.2 2000s","2.3 2010s","2.4 2020s","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Short films","4.2 Film","4.3 TV Series","5 Awards and nominations","6 Further reading","7 References","8 External links"]

American film director, writer and producer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification, as its only attribution is to self-published sources; articles should not be based solely on such sources. Please help by adding reliable, independent sources. Immediately remove contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced. (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jessica YuYu in 2010Born1965 or 1966 (age 58–59)Alma materYale UniversityOccupation(s)Director, writer, producerYears active1993–presentSpouseMark SalzmanChildren2Websitewww.jessicayu.net Jessica Yu (born 1965 or 1966) (Chinese: 虞琳敏; pinyin: Yú Línmǐn) is an American film director, writer, producer, and editor. She has directed documentary films, dramatic films, and television shows. Yu won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject in 1996 for Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien (1996). Yu's film Last Call at the Oasis (2012) is based upon Alex Prud'homme's Ripple Effect. Her more recent films have been: Misconception (2014), ForEveryone.Net (2016), a documentary film about the inventor of the World Wide Web, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, and a Netflix comedy Maria Bamford: Old Baby (2017). In 2019, Yu was nominated for an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Direction for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special" for the Fosse/Verdon episode "Glory". Early life and education Yu grew up in Los Altos Hills, California. Her father, Dr. Kou-ping Yu, an oncologist, was born in Shanghai. Her mother, Connie Young Yu, writer and historian, is a third-generation Californian. Yu graduated from Gunn High School in Palo Alto. She was a reporter for the school newspaper, The Oracle. She went on to attend Yale University, where she was a two-time NCAA All-American and three-time All-Ivy in fencing. As a world-class foilist, she was a member of the Junior World Team and the United States national team at the World Championships and World University Games. Yu graduated from Yale University in 1987 summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, with a bachelor's degree in English. Career After graduation, Yu thought of pursuing law school like her peers. However, her father discouraged her from doing so. She discovered film production while searching for a job that allowed flexible hours to allow her to compete in fencing. She started as a production assistant in 1989 on a few commercials, where she got to arrange frozen noodles on forks and re-park cars. When she started working in documentary, she became further intrigued by the process. Yu refused to attend film school and gained her film education on the job. She focuses on making documentaries but says that one day she'd love to make a fully animated comedy feature. The opportunity to make film is a random occurrence for Yu. Her documentary films present worldwide issues that people face every day and allow the subjects to speak for themselves as much as possible. She is adamant that story should come before politics. Her films intend to inform the general public to incite people to become active in everyday issues such as water conservation and regulation. When not making documentaries and feature films, Yu spends time directing television shows. 1990s Yu began her career in 1993 with her short Sour Death Balls, a silent black-and-white montage of assorted subjects’ reactions to blindingly bitter candy, which was shot on an old school Bell & Howell wind-up camera. She got her inspirations from daily interactions in her life, i.e. when a child offered local people sour candy. Yu sent the short film to film festivals, and it became her first feature at the Telluride Film Festival in 1993. Yu made her first documentary, Men of Reenaction (1994), which explores the extremes of people searching for authenticity through Civil War reenacting. Her most famous work was her Academy Award-winning Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O’Brien. The documentary short features Berkeley writer Mark O'Brien, a disabled poet with an iron lung. His editor at the Pacific News Service, Sandy Close, introduced the pair and suggested that a film be made. It debuted at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival and won several honors, including the International Documentary Association Achievement Award for Best Documentary, before the Academy Awards. 2000s In the 2000s, Yu's chance to work in episodic TV came when she received an invitation to apprentice at John Wells Productions as the first participant of their director diversity program. Shadowing directors, Yu sensed she was a guinea pig. “If you screw this up,” she told herself, “they’ll never let another woman of color from documentaries do this again.” While working for Wells’ production company, she began directing in television for shows like Grey's Anatomy and The West Wing. On her first directorial assignment, an episode of The West Wing, Yu was heartened that Wells encouraged her stylistic input. “He made a point of saying, ‘You should bring your own ideas to the table,’ rather than just follow prescribed formula.” So she decided to open with a series of mood-establishing low, wide-angle shots to signal the calm before the gathering storm. She directed a sport comedy film, Ping Pong Playa (2007), that explored Asian family culture through a Chinese ping pong playing son that is trying to prove himself to his family. Her producer friends Joan Huang and Jeff Guo approached her with the idea of working on a comedy together. They felt the time was right to have an obnoxious Asian American character on the screen. Yu and her comrades felt that Asian American cinema had plenty of good dramas and wanted to fill the void of superficial comedy. She tried to bring the same loose hand and adaptability she used for documentaries to scripted material. Her approach to Ping Pong Playa was to “have a lighter touch, especially with actors” to give them a sense of freedom. 2010s In her later documentaries such as Last Call at The Oasis (2011) and Misconception (2014) , Yu focused on capturing the big picture and understanding how these issues intertwined with other aspects of life such as climate, population, and the environment. Last Call at The Oasis addresses the water crisis in the United States, and working on the film made her consider the impact of the crisis on her children and their children. This project became more personal to Yu and compelled her to complete it. It took six months of research prior to filming, as Yu wanted to create the big picture of the facts and threats of the water crisis in the domestic United States. Last Call at the Oasis inspired Yu to direct her 2014 documentary Misconception, which paints the population issues from a person-to-person point of view. While filming Last Call at the Oasis people questioned the purpose of acting on water conservation because they cannot control the population growth affecting it. Her main goal is to take this topic and tie with emotionally, entertaining, and interesting stories. The majority of her work after 2015 has been focused on television production and directing. For Netflix, she directed episodes of the dramas 13 Reasons Why and Hollywood and did Maria Bamford's comedy special Old Baby. 2020s Jessica's work in the 2020s includes directing a number of television drama series. This Is Us (Don't Let Me Keep You, 2021), The Morning Show (Kill the Fatted Calf, 2021), In Treatment (Brooke, Laila, Colins, Eladio, 2021). Personal life Yu is married to author Mark Salzman. They and their daughters, Ava and Esme, live in Los Angeles. Jessica has an older sister, Jennifer Yu, a technical publications manager, and a younger brother, Martin Yu, an actor. Filmography Short films Year Title Director Writer Producer Editor 1990 Rose Kennedy: A Life to Remember No No Associate No 1993 Sour Deaths Balls Yes No No No 1996 Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien Yes Yes Yes Yes 1998 Better Late Yes Yes No Yes 2009 The Kinda Sutra Yes No No No 2012 Meet Mr. Toilet Yes No Yes No Focus Forward: Short Films, Big Ideas Yes No No No 2014 We the Economy: 20 Short Films, Big Ideas Yes No No No 2016 James Turrell: You Who Look Yes No No No ForEveryone.Net Yes Yes Yes No Film Year Title Director Writer Producer Editor Notes 1994 Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision No No Associate No The Conductor Yes No Yes No 1995 Picture Bride No Uncredited No No Script advisor 1996 Men of Reenaction Yes Yes No Yes 1998 The Living Museum Yes Yes No Yes 2004 In the Realms of the Unreal Yes Yes Yes Yes 2007 Protagonist Yes Yes Yes Yes Ping Pong Playa Yes Yes No No 2012 Last Call at the Oasis Yes Yes Yes No 2013 The Guide Yes No No Yes 2014 Misconception Yes No No No 2017 Maria Bamford: Old Baby Yes No No No 2023 Quiz Lady Yes No No No TV Series Year Title Notes 2001-2004 The West Wing 3 episodes 2002 ER Episode "Bygones" 2003 The Guardian Episode "You Belong to Me" Mister Sterling Episode "The Sins of the Father" The Lyon's Den Episode "Ex" 2004 American Dreams Episode "Real-to-Reel" 2006-2011 Grey's Anatomy 6 episodes 2012 Scandal Episode "Blown Away" 2012-2014 Parenthood 4 episodes 2015-2017 American Crime 3 episodes 2016 Castle 2 episodes Lady Dynamite Episode "Mein Ramp" Pure Genius Episode "You Must Remember This" 2017 Ten Days in the Valley Episode "Day 4: Below the Line" 2017-2019 13 Reasons Why 6 episodesAlso consulting producer (4 episodes) 2018 I'm Dying Up Here Episode "Deathbed Confessions" The Affair Episode "405" Sorry for Your Loss Episode "Jackie O. and Courtney Love" 2018-2019 Billions 2 episodes 2019 The Rookie Episode "Flesh and Blood" Fosse/Verdon Episode "Glory" Bluff City Law Also executive producer;Episode "Pilot" 2019 This Is Us 3 episodes Stumptown Episode "The Other Woman" 2020 Hollywood Episode "A Hollywood Ending" Ratched Episode "Got No Strings" 2021 Walker Episode "Pilot" This Is Us Episode "The Music and the Mirror" The Morning Show Episode "Kill the Fatted Calf" 2022 This Is Us Episode "Don't Let Me Keep You" 2023 Citadel 2 episodes American Horror Story: Delicate Episode: "Multiple Thy Pain" Awards and nominations This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Jessica Yu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Year Award Category Work Result 1995 International Documentary Association IDA Award 89 mm od Europy Won 1996 Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O’Brien Won 1997 Academy Awards Director of Best Documentary Short Subject Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O’Brien Won Shorts International Film Festival Best Short Film Won Asian American International Film Festival Asian Media Award Won 1999 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize: Documentary The Living Museum Nominated 2002 Online Film & Television Association OFTA Television Award: Best Direction in a Drama Series The West Wing Nominated 2004 Gotham Awards Best Documentary In the Realms of the Unreal Nominated Ojai Film Festival Best Documentary Feature Won Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize: Documentary Nominated Vancouver International Film Festival Best Documentary Feature Won 2005 Writers Guild of America, USA Documentary Screenplay Award Nominated 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards Exceptional Merit in Nonfiction Filmmaking Nominated 2007 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize: Documentary Protagonist Nominated Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival Robert and Frances Flaherty Prize Nominated 2012 Tokyo International Film Festival Earth Grand Prix Last Call at the Oasis Nominated SXSW Film Festival Audience Award Nominated 2013 Aspen Shortsfest Audience Recognition The Guide Won Hamburg International Short Film Festival Friese Award Sour Death Balls Nominated 2014 Tribeca Film Festival Best Documentary Feature Misconception Nominated 2019 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special Fosse/Verdon Nominated Further reading Fry, Nathan, "2002 Alumni Spotlight: Jessica Yu", Ivy League Sports, Council of Ivy Group presidents "Pizarro: Documentary filmmaker shows us her comedic side". The Mercury News. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2018-11-13. Klady, Leonard (1997-05-22). "Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien". Variety. Retrieved 2018-11-13. "Metroactive Movies | Jessica Yu". www.metroactive.com. Retrieved 2018-11-13. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0950506/ References ^ a b c d e f Lowenstein, Lael (Fall 2012). "Finding Her Way". DGA Quarterly. Retrieved May 4, 2020. ^ "Welcome to the 50th Volume of the Oracle". The Oracle. Gunn High School. September 17, 2012. p. 13. Retrieved May 4, 2020. ^ a b c d Fry, Nathan (2002). "2002 Alumni Spotlight: Jessica Yu". The Ivy League. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2020. ^ Belli, Brita (September 18, 2019). "Showcasing Yale women in film, who fought for legitimacy on two fronts". YaleNews. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ Dawson, Nick (April 17, 2012). "The Weight of Water: An Interview with Jessica Yu". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ a b Inoue, Todd S. "Learning to Breathe". Metro Silicon Valley. No. May 22–28, 1997. Retrieved May 4, 2020. ^ a b c Indiewire (September 5, 2008). "indieWIRE INTERVIEW | "Ping Pong Playa" Director Jessica Yu". IndieWire. Retrieved November 12, 2018. ^ "Interview with Jessica Yu". Joel Mora. Retrieved November 12, 2018. ^ "INTERVIEW with Jessica Yu". Filmwax Radio. May 16, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2018. ^ w455 (April 25, 2011), The Jon Stewart Show - Jessica Yu, archived from the original on December 19, 2021, retrieved November 12, 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Yu, Jessica; Inscrutable Films (Firm); Independent Television Service (1995), Men of reenaction, Inscrutable Films, OCLC 53876608 ^ Times, The New York (July 11, 1999). "MARK O'BRIEN, 49, JOURNALIST WHO WROTE WHILE IN IRON LUNG". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ "INTERVIEW with Jessica Yu". Filmwax Radio. May 16, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ The Daily Quirk (January 7, 2015), An Exclusive Interview with Jessica Yu, archived from the original on December 19, 2021, retrieved November 13, 2018 External links Jessica Yu at IMDb  Official website Foreveryone.net We the Economy Social Action and Filmmaking with Jessica You Ping Pong Playa official film website Protagonist official film website In The Realms Of The Unreal official film website by Diorama Films, LLC Breathing Lessons official film website on Pacific News Service at the Wayback Machine (archived April 16, 2007) Sour Death Balls video at Lumen Eclipse at the Wayback Machine (archived May 11, 2007) Jessica Yu at Emmys.com vteFilms directed by Jessica Yu Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien (1996) In the Realms of the Unreal (2004) Protagonist (2007) Ping Pong Playa (2007) Misconception (2014) Quiz Lady (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Artists Emmy Awards Museum of Modern Art

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_American"},{"link_name":"documentary films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_films"},{"link_name":"dramatic films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_(Short_Subject)"},{"link_name":"Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_Lessons:_The_Life_and_Work_of_Mark_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Alex Prud'homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Prud%27homme"},{"link_name":"Misconception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misconception_(film)"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"Tim Berners-Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Fosse/Verdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosse/Verdon"}],"text":"Jessica Yu (born 1965 or 1966) (Chinese: 虞琳敏; pinyin: Yú Línmǐn) is an American film director, writer, producer, and editor. She has directed documentary films, dramatic films, and television shows.Yu won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject in 1996 for Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien (1996).[1] Yu's film Last Call at the Oasis (2012) is based upon Alex Prud'homme's Ripple Effect. Her more recent films have been: Misconception (2014), ForEveryone.Net (2016), a documentary film about the inventor of the World Wide Web, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, and a Netflix comedy Maria Bamford: Old Baby (2017). In 2019, Yu was nominated for an Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Direction for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special\" for the Fosse/Verdon episode \"Glory\".","title":"Jessica Yu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Altos Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos_Hills"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"oncologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologist"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Connie Young Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Young_Yu"},{"link_name":"Californian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gunn High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunn_High_School"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"link_name":"All-Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-Ivy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"foilist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foilist"},{"link_name":"World University Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_University_Games"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Yu grew up in Los Altos Hills, California. Her father, Dr. Kou-ping Yu, an oncologist, was born in Shanghai. Her mother, Connie Young Yu, writer and historian, is a third-generation Californian.[citation needed]Yu graduated from Gunn High School in Palo Alto.[when?] She was a reporter for the school newspaper, The Oracle.[2]She went on to attend Yale University, where she was a two-time NCAA All-American and three-time All-Ivy in fencing.[3] As a world-class foilist, she was a member of the Junior World Team and the United States national team at the World Championships and World University Games.[citation needed] Yu graduated from Yale University in 1987[4] summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa,[citation needed] with a bachelor's degree in English.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"production assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_assistant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"water conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"After graduation, Yu thought of pursuing law school like her peers. However, her father discouraged her from doing so.[6] She discovered film production while searching for a job that allowed flexible hours to allow her to compete in fencing. She started as a production assistant in 1989[3] on a few commercials, where she got to arrange frozen noodles on forks and re-park cars. When she started working in documentary, she became further intrigued by the process.[7] Yu refused to attend film school and gained her film education on the job. She focuses on making documentaries but says that one day she'd love to make a fully animated comedy feature.[7] The opportunity to make film is a random occurrence for Yu.[8] Her documentary films present worldwide issues that people face every day and allow the subjects to speak for themselves as much as possible. She is adamant that story should come before politics.[1] Her films intend to inform the general public to incite people to become active in everyday issues such as water conservation and regulation.[9] When not making documentaries and feature films, Yu spends time directing television shows.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell & Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Telluride Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluride_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"documentary short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_short"},{"link_name":"Mark O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O%27Brien_(poet)"},{"link_name":"iron lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_lung"},{"link_name":"Pacific News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_News_Service"},{"link_name":"Sandy Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Close"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1996 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_Sundance_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"Yu began her career in 1993 with her short Sour Death Balls, a silent black-and-white montage of assorted subjects’ reactions to blindingly bitter candy, which was shot on an old school Bell & Howell wind-up camera.[1] She got her inspirations from daily interactions in her life, i.e. when a child offered local people sour candy. Yu sent the short film to film festivals, and it became her first feature at the Telluride Film Festival in 1993.[10] Yu made her first documentary, Men of Reenaction (1994), which explores the extremes of people searching for authenticity through Civil War reenacting.[11]Her most famous work was her Academy Award-winning Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O’Brien. The documentary short features Berkeley writer Mark O'Brien, a disabled poet with an iron lung. His editor at the Pacific News Service, Sandy Close, introduced the pair and suggested that a film be made.[6][12] It debuted at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival and won several honors, including the International Documentary Association Achievement Award for Best Documentary, before the Academy Awards.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Wells Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_Productions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ping Pong Playa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_Pong_Playa"},{"link_name":"ping pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"In the 2000s, Yu's chance to work in episodic TV came when she received an invitation to apprentice at John Wells Productions as the first participant of their director diversity program. Shadowing directors, Yu sensed she was a guinea pig. “If you screw this up,” she told herself, “they’ll never let another woman of color from documentaries do this again.”[1] While working for Wells’ production company, she began directing in television for shows like Grey's Anatomy and The West Wing.[3] On her first directorial assignment, an episode of The West Wing, Yu was heartened that Wells encouraged her stylistic input. “He made a point of saying, ‘You should bring your own ideas to the table,’ rather than just follow prescribed formula.” So she decided to open with a series of mood-establishing low, wide-angle shots to signal the calm before the gathering storm.[1]She directed a sport comedy film, Ping Pong Playa (2007), that explored Asian family culture through a Chinese ping pong playing son that is trying to prove himself to his family. Her producer friends Joan Huang and Jeff Guo approached her with the idea of working on a comedy together. They felt the time was right to have an obnoxious Asian American character on the screen. Yu and her comrades felt that Asian American cinema had plenty of good dramas and wanted to fill the void of superficial comedy.[7] She tried to bring the same loose hand and adaptability she used for documentaries to scripted material. Her approach to Ping Pong Playa was to “have a lighter touch, especially with actors” to give them a sense of freedom.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"13 Reasons Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Reasons_Why"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(2020_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maria Bamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Bamford"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"In her later documentaries such as Last Call at The Oasis (2011) and Misconception (2014) , Yu focused on capturing the big picture and understanding how these issues intertwined with other aspects of life such as climate, population, and the environment.[13] Last Call at The Oasis addresses the water crisis in the United States, and working on the film made her consider the impact of the crisis on her children and their children. This project became more personal to Yu and compelled her to complete it. It took six months of research prior to filming, as Yu wanted to create the big picture of the facts and threats of the water crisis in the domestic United States.Last Call at the Oasis inspired Yu to direct her 2014 documentary Misconception, which paints the population issues from a person-to-person point of view. While filming Last Call at the Oasis people questioned the purpose of acting on water conservation because they cannot control the population growth affecting it. Her main goal is to take this topic and tie with emotionally, entertaining, and interesting stories.[14]The majority of her work after 2015 has been focused on television production and directing. For Netflix, she directed episodes of the dramas 13 Reasons Why and Hollywood and did Maria Bamford's comedy special Old Baby.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Is Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us"},{"link_name":"The Morning Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Show_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"In Treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Treatment"}],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"Jessica's work in the 2020s includes directing a number of television drama series. This Is Us (Don't Let Me Keep You, 2021), The Morning Show (Kill the Fatted Calf, 2021), In Treatment (Brooke, Laila, Colins, Eladio, 2021).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Salzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Salzman"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Yu is married to author Mark Salzman. They and their daughters, Ava and Esme, live in Los Angeles.[citation needed]Jessica has an older sister, Jennifer Yu, a technical publications manager, and a younger brother, Martin Yu, an actor.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TV Series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"2002 Alumni Spotlight: Jessica Yu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131213162749/http://archives.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/yungwsd.asp"},{"link_name":"\"Pizarro: Documentary filmmaker shows us her comedic side\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mercurynews.com/2008/09/01/pizarro-documentary-filmmaker-shows-us-her-comedic-side/"},{"link_name":"\"Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//variety.com/1997/tv/reviews/breathing-lessons-the-life-and-work-of-mark-o-brien-1117341375/"},{"link_name":"\"Metroactive Movies | Jessica Yu\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.22.97/jessica-yu-9721.html"},{"link_name":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0950506/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/name/nm0950506/"}],"text":"Fry, Nathan, \"2002 Alumni Spotlight: Jessica Yu\", Ivy League Sports, Council of Ivy Group presidents\n\"Pizarro: Documentary filmmaker shows us her comedic side\". The Mercury News. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2018-11-13.\nKlady, Leonard (1997-05-22). \"Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien\". Variety. Retrieved 2018-11-13.\n\"Metroactive Movies | Jessica Yu\". www.metroactive.com. Retrieved 2018-11-13.\nhttps://www.imdb.com/name/nm0950506/","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Lowenstein, Lael (Fall 2012). \"Finding Her Way\". DGA Quarterly. Retrieved May 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dga.org/craft/dgaq/all-articles/1204-fall-2012/close-up-jessica-yu.aspx","url_text":"\"Finding Her Way\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the 50th Volume of the Oracle\". The Oracle. Gunn High School. September 17, 2012. p. 13. Retrieved May 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/gunnoracle/docs/sept2012/13","url_text":"\"Welcome to the 50th Volume of the Oracle\""}]},{"reference":"Fry, Nathan (2002). \"2002 Alumni Spotlight: Jessica Yu\". The Ivy League. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213162749/http://archives.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/yungwsd.asp","url_text":"\"2002 Alumni Spotlight: Jessica Yu\""},{"url":"http://archives.ivyleaguesports.com/documents/yungwsd.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Belli, Brita (September 18, 2019). \"Showcasing Yale women in film, who fought for legitimacy on two fronts\". YaleNews. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yale.edu/2019/09/18/showcasing-yale-women-film-who-fought-legitimacy-two-fronts","url_text":"\"Showcasing Yale women in film, who fought for legitimacy on two fronts\""}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Nick (April 17, 2012). \"The Weight of Water: An Interview with Jessica Yu\". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmakermagazine.com/44028-water-under-the-bridge/","url_text":"\"The Weight of Water: An Interview with Jessica Yu\""}]},{"reference":"Inoue, Todd S. \"Learning to Breathe\". Metro Silicon Valley. No. May 22–28, 1997. Retrieved May 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.22.97/jessica-yu-9721.html","url_text":"\"Learning to Breathe\""}]},{"reference":"Indiewire (September 5, 2008). \"indieWIRE INTERVIEW | \"Ping Pong Playa\" Director Jessica Yu\". IndieWire. Retrieved November 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2008/09/indiewire-interview-ping-pong-playa-director-jessica-yu-247671/","url_text":"\"indieWIRE INTERVIEW | \"Ping Pong Playa\" Director Jessica Yu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Jessica Yu\". Joel Mora. Retrieved November 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://joelcarlosmora.com/interview-with-jessica-yu/","url_text":"\"Interview with Jessica Yu\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERVIEW with Jessica Yu\". Filmwax Radio. May 16, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmwaxradio.com/2012/05/15/interview-with-jessica-yu/","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW with Jessica Yu\""}]},{"reference":"w455 (April 25, 2011), The Jon Stewart Show - Jessica Yu, archived from the original on December 19, 2021, retrieved November 12, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTAUVZSkLnk","url_text":"The Jon Stewart Show - Jessica Yu"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/oTAUVZSkLnk","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Yu, Jessica; Inscrutable Films (Firm); Independent Television Service (1995), Men of reenaction, Inscrutable Films, OCLC 53876608","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53876608","url_text":"53876608"}]},{"reference":"Times, The New York (July 11, 1999). \"MARK O'BRIEN, 49, JOURNALIST WHO WROTE WHILE IN IRON LUNG\". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1999-07-11-9907110152-story.html","url_text":"\"MARK O'BRIEN, 49, JOURNALIST WHO WROTE WHILE IN IRON LUNG\""}]},{"reference":"\"INTERVIEW with Jessica Yu\". Filmwax Radio. May 16, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmwaxradio.com/2012/05/15/interview-with-jessica-yu/","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW with Jessica Yu\""}]},{"reference":"The Daily Quirk (January 7, 2015), An Exclusive Interview with Jessica Yu, archived from the original on December 19, 2021, retrieved November 13, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fq7roh2KcIk","url_text":"An Exclusive Interview with Jessica Yu"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/Fq7roh2KcIk","url_text":"archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Ombo

Kom Ombo

["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Today","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 24°28′N 32°57′E / 24.467°N 32.950°E / 24.467; 32.950This article is about the ancient capital of the Nomos Ombites. For the city in the Nomos Coptites, see Naqada. Place in Aswan Governorate, EgyptKom Ombo كوم أمبو‎Tour boats at the Temple of Kom OmboKom OmboLocation in EgyptCoordinates: 24°28′N 32°57′E / 24.467°N 32.950°E / 24.467; 32.950Country EgyptGovernorateAswan GovernorateArea • Total415 sq mi (1,076 km2)Population (2021) • Total409,311 • Density990/sq mi (380/km2)Time zoneUTC+2 (EST) The double entrance to Kom Ombo Temple Kom Ombo (Egyptian Arabic: كوم أمبو‎; Coptic: ⲙ̄ⲃⲱ əmbō or ⲛ̄ⲃⲱ ənbō; Ancient Greek: Ὄμβοι Omboi or Ὄμβος Ombos; or Latin: Ambo and Ombi) is an agricultural town in Egypt famous for the Temple of Kom Ombo. It was originally an Egyptian city called Nubt, meaning City of Gold (not to be confused with the city north of Naqada that was also called Nubt/Ombos). Nubt is also known as Nubet or Nubyt (Nbyt). It became a Greek settlement during the Greco-Roman Period. The town's location on the Nile, 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Aswan (Syene), gave it some control over trade routes from Nubia to the Nile Valley, but its main rise to prominence came with the erection of the Temple of Kom Ombo in the 2nd century BC. History Main article: Temple of Kom Ombo nbtin hieroglyphs Era: Middle Kingdom(2055–1650 BC) In antiquity the city was in the Thebaid, the capital of the Nomos Ombites, on the east bank of the Nile; latitude 24° 6' north. Ombos was a garrison town under every dynasty of Egypt as well as the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt, and was celebrated for the magnificence of its temples and its hereditary feud with the people of Dendera. Sobek at the Temple of Kom Ombo. Ombos was the first city below Aswan at which any remarkable remains of antiquity occur. The Nile, indeed, at this portion of its course, was ill-suited to a dense population in antiquity. It runs between steep and narrow banks of sandstone, and deposits but little of its fertilizing slime upon the dreary and barren shores. There are two temples at Ombos, constructed of the stone obtained from the neighboring quarries of Hagar Silsilah. The more magnificent of two stands upon the top of a sandy hill, and appears to have been a species of Pantheon, since, according to extant inscriptions, it was dedicated to Haroeris and the other deities of the Ombite nome by the soldiers quartered there. The smaller temple to the northwest was sacred to the goddess Isis. Both, indeed, are of an imposing architecture, and still retain the brilliant colors with which their builders adorned them. However, they are from the Ptolemaic Kingdom, with the exception of a doorway of sandstone, built into a wall of brick. This was part of a temple built by Thutmose III in honor of the crocodile-headed god Sobek. The monarch is represented on tress, the doorjambs, holding the measuring reed and chisel, the emblems of construction, and in the act of dedicating the temple. The Ptolemaic portions of the larger temple present an exception to an almost universal rule in Egyptian architecture. It has no propylon or dromos in front of it, and the portico has an uneven number of columns, in all fifteen, arranged in a triple row. Of these columns, thirteen are still erect. As there are two principal entrances, the temple would seem to be two united in one, strengthening the supposition that it was the Pantheon of the Ombite nome. On a cornice above the doorway of one of the adyta, there is a Greek inscription, recording the erection, or perhaps the restoration of the sekos by Ptolemy VI Philometor and his sister-wife Cleopatra II, 180-145 BCE. The hill on which the Ombite temples stand has been considerably excavated at its base by the river, which here strongly inclines to the Arabian bank. The crocodile was held in especial honor by the people of Ombos; and in the adjacent catacombs are occasionally found mummies of the sacred animal. Juvenal, in his 15th satire, has given a lively description of a fight, of which he was an eye-witness, between the Ombitae and the inhabitants of Dendera, who were hunters of the crocodile. On this occasion the men of Ombos had the worst of it; and one of their number, having stumbled in his flight, was caught and eaten by the Denderites. The satirist, however, has represented Ombos as nearer to Dendera than it actually is, these towns, in fact, being nearly 100 miles (160 km) from each other. The Roman coins of the Ombite nome exhibit the crocodile and the effigy of the crocodile-headed god Sobek. In Kom Ombo there is a rare engraved image of what is thought to be the first representation of medical instruments for performing surgery, including scalpels, curettes, forceps, dilator, scissors and medicine bottles dating from the days of Roman Egypt. At this site there is another Nilometer used to measure the level of the river waters. On the opposite side of the Nile was a suburb of Ombos, called Contra-Ombos. The city was the seat of a bishop during Late Antiquity. Two bishops of Omboi are known by name, Silbanos (before 402) and Verses (402). Under the name Ombi, it is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. Karol Wojtyła (the future Pope John Paul II) was titular bishop of Ombi from 1958 until 1963, when he was appointed Archbishop of Kraków. Geography Climate The Köppen climate classification classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh). Climate data for Kom Ombo Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24(75) 26(79) 30(86) 34.9(94.8) 38.9(102.0) 41.2(106.2) 40.6(105.1) 40.9(105.6) 38.6(101.5) 36.2(97.2) 30.6(87.1) 25.4(77.7) 33.9(93.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 16.1(61.0) 17.6(63.7) 21.4(70.5) 26(79) 30.3(86.5) 32.4(90.3) 32.3(90.1) 32.5(90.5) 30.5(86.9) 28(82) 22.5(72.5) 17.7(63.9) 25.6(78.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.3(46.9) 9.2(48.6) 12.8(55.0) 17.2(63.0) 21.7(71.1) 23.6(74.5) 24(75) 24.2(75.6) 22.4(72.3) 19.8(67.6) 14.5(58.1) 10(50) 17.3(63.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Source: Climate-Data.org Today Today, irrigated sugarcane and cereal account for most of the agricultural industry. Most of the 60,000 villagers are native Egyptians, although there is a large population of Nubians, including many Magyarabs who were displaced from their land upon the creation of Lake Nasser. In 2010, plans to construct a new $700m 100 MW (130,000 hp) solar power plant near the city were unveiled by the Egyptian government. Gallery Cleopatra image at the Temple of Kom Ombo. Medical instruments image at the Temple of Kom Ombo, showing scalpels, forceps, scissors, plus prescriptions and two goddesses sitting on birthing chairs. A painting from the ceiling of the temple at Kom Ombo. A Ptolemaic dynasty ruler with the cartouche "Ptolemy" before Sobek and Hathor, Kom Ombo. Kom Ombo, main part of the temple Giant Relief See also List of cities and towns in Egypt References ^ a b "Kawm Umbū (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 March 2023. ^ "Omboi (Kom Ombo)". Trismegistos. ^ Ptol. iv. 5. § 73 ^ Steph. B. s. v. ^ It. Anton. p. 165 ^ Juv. xv. 35 ^ Not. Imp. sect. 20 ^ "Trismegistos". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2018-02-26. ^ Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol. 2. John Murray. p. 1005. ^ Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques. Vol. 3. p. 83. ^ Klaas A. Worp (1994), "A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 – c. 750)" (PDF), Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 100: 283–318, at . ^ "Ombi". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 23 January 2015. ^ "Climate: Kom Ombo - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Cata.org. Retrieved 14 August 2013. ^ Lassányi, Gábor; Gergely Lantai-Csont (2014). Eltűnő Núbia: Válogatás Lantai-Csont Gergely szudáni fotóiból . Translated by Zsolt Magyar. Budapest: BTM. pp. 16–23. ISBN 978-615-5341-09-0. ^ "The Guardian, July 12, 2010". Guardian. London. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2012-06-27. ^ mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. "Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial (in French).  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Kom Ombo". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kom Ombo. Kom Ombo Temple vteEgyptian cities and towns by population1,000,000 and more Alexandria Cairo Giza Shubra El Kheima 300,000–999,999 Asyut Bilbeis Damietta Faiyum Imbaba Ismailia El Mahalla El Kubra Kom Ombo Mansoura Luxor Port Said Suez Tanta Zagazig 100,000–299,999 6th of October Arish Aswan Benha Beni Suef Damanhur Desouk Edfu Hurghada Kafr El Dawwar Kafr El Sheikh Mallawi Minya New Borg El Arab New Cairo Obour Qena Shibin El Kom Sohag <99,999 Abydos Ain Sokhna Akhmim Dahab Dakhla Dendera Dekernes El Alamein El Gouna Esna Port Fuad Hamrah Dom Hala'ib Kharga Marsa Alam Marsa Matruh Nag Hammadi New Nubariya Nuweiba Rosetta Sadat Safaga Saint Catherine Siwa Sharm El Sheikh Taba Talkha 24°28′N 32°57′E / 24.467°N 32.950°E / 24.467; 32.950 Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Geographic Pleiades Other IdRef

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For the city in the Nomos Coptites, see Naqada.Place in Aswan Governorate, EgyptThe double entrance to Kom Ombo TempleKom Ombo (Egyptian Arabic: كوم أمبو‎; Coptic: ⲙ̄ⲃⲱ əmbō or ⲛ̄ⲃⲱ ənbō;[2] Ancient Greek: Ὄμβοι Omboi [3][4][5] or Ὄμβος Ombos;[6] or Latin: Ambo[7] and Ombi) is an agricultural town in Egypt famous for the Temple of Kom Ombo. It was originally an Egyptian city called Nubt, meaning City of Gold (not to be confused with the city north of Naqada that was also called Nubt/Ombos). Nubt is also known as Nubet or Nubyt (Nbyt).[8] It became a Greek settlement during the Greco-Roman Period. The town's location on the Nile, 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Aswan (Syene), gave it some control over trade routes from Nubia to the Nile Valley, but its main rise to prominence came with the erection of the Temple of Kom Ombo in the 2nd century BC.","title":"Kom Ombo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thebaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebaid"},{"link_name":"Nomos Ombites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Roman Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Dendera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kom_ombo6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sobek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobek"},{"link_name":"Temple of Kom Ombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Kom_Ombo"},{"link_name":"Aswan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan"},{"link_name":"Haroeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus#Heru-ur_(Horus_the_Elder)"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Thutmose III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III"},{"link_name":"Sobek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobek"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy VI Philometor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"15th satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satires_(Juvenal)"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"scalpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpel"},{"link_name":"curettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curette"},{"link_name":"forceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceps"},{"link_name":"dilator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilator"},{"link_name":"scissors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors"},{"link_name":"Nilometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilometer"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAW-11"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"titular sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In antiquity the city was in the Thebaid, the capital of the Nomos Ombites, on the east bank of the Nile; latitude 24° 6' north. Ombos was a garrison town under every dynasty of Egypt as well as the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt, and was celebrated for the magnificence of its temples and its hereditary feud with the people of Dendera.Sobek at the Temple of Kom Ombo.Ombos was the first city below Aswan at which any remarkable remains of antiquity occur. The Nile, indeed, at this portion of its course, was ill-suited to a dense population in antiquity. It runs between steep and narrow banks of sandstone, and deposits but little of its fertilizing slime upon the dreary and barren shores. There are two temples at Ombos, constructed of the stone obtained from the neighboring quarries of Hagar Silsilah.The more magnificent of two stands upon the top of a sandy hill, and appears to have been a species of Pantheon, since, according to extant inscriptions, it was dedicated to Haroeris and the other deities of the Ombite nome by the soldiers quartered there. The smaller temple to the northwest was sacred to the goddess Isis. Both, indeed, are of an imposing architecture, and still retain the brilliant colors with which their builders adorned them. However, they are from the Ptolemaic Kingdom, with the exception of a doorway of sandstone, built into a wall of brick. This was part of a temple built by Thutmose III in honor of the crocodile-headed god Sobek. The monarch is represented on tress, the doorjambs, holding the measuring reed and chisel, the emblems of construction, and in the act of dedicating the temple.The Ptolemaic portions of the larger temple present an exception to an almost universal rule in Egyptian architecture. It has no propylon or dromos in front of it, and the portico has an uneven number of columns, in all fifteen, arranged in a triple row. Of these columns, thirteen are still erect. As there are two principal entrances, the temple would seem to be two united in one, strengthening the supposition that it was the Pantheon of the Ombite nome. On a cornice above the doorway of one of the adyta, there is a Greek inscription, recording the erection, or perhaps the restoration of the sekos by Ptolemy VI Philometor and his sister-wife Cleopatra II, 180-145 BCE. The hill on which the Ombite temples stand has been considerably excavated at its base by the river, which here strongly inclines to the Arabian bank.The crocodile was held in especial honor by the people of Ombos; and in the adjacent catacombs are occasionally found mummies of the sacred animal. Juvenal, in his 15th satire, has given a lively description of a fight, of which he was an eye-witness, between the Ombitae and the inhabitants of Dendera, who were hunters of the crocodile. On this occasion the men of Ombos had the worst of it; and one of their number, having stumbled in his flight, was caught and eaten by the Denderites. The satirist, however, has represented Ombos as nearer to Dendera than it actually is, these towns, in fact, being nearly 100 miles (160 km) from each other. The Roman coins of the Ombite nome exhibit the crocodile and the effigy of the crocodile-headed god Sobek.In Kom Ombo there is a rare engraved image of what is thought to be the first representation of medical instruments for performing surgery, including scalpels, curettes, forceps, dilator, scissors and medicine bottles dating from the days of Roman Egypt.At this site there is another Nilometer used to measure the level of the river waters. On the opposite side of the Nile was a suburb of Ombos, called Contra-Ombos.The city was the seat of a bishop during Late Antiquity. Two bishops of Omboi are known by name, Silbanos (before 402) and Verses (402).[11] Under the name Ombi, it is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. Karol Wojtyła (the future Pope John Paul II) was titular bishop of Ombi from 1958 until 1963, when he was appointed Archbishop of Kraków.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"hot desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The Köppen climate classification classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).Climate data for Kom Ombo\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n24(75)\n\n26(79)\n\n30(86)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n38.9(102.0)\n\n41.2(106.2)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n40.9(105.6)\n\n38.6(101.5)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n33.9(93.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n26(79)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n28(82)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n9.2(48.6)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n24(75)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n10(50)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[13]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians"},{"link_name":"Magyarabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarab_people"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lake Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nasser"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Today, irrigated sugarcane and cereal account for most of the agricultural industry.[citation needed]Most of the 60,000 villagers are native Egyptians, although there is a large population of Nubians, including many Magyarabs[14] who were displaced from their land upon the creation of Lake Nasser.In 2010, plans to construct a new $700m 100 MW (130,000 hp) solar power plant near the city were unveiled by the Egyptian government.[15]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kom_ombo_cleopatra_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SFEC-KOM_OMBO-2010-05-076_(2).JPG"},{"link_name":"forceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceps"},{"link_name":"birthing chairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthing_chair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kom_Ombo_Temple_Relief.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy_before_Sobek_%26_Hathor,_Kom_Ombo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC07900_Kom_Ombo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC07929_The_Temple_of_Kom_Ombo.jpg"}],"text":"Cleopatra image at the Temple of Kom Ombo.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMedical instruments image at the Temple of Kom Ombo, showing scalpels, forceps, scissors, plus prescriptions and two goddesses sitting on birthing chairs.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA painting from the ceiling of the temple at Kom Ombo.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Ptolemaic dynasty ruler with the cartouche \"Ptolemy\" before Sobek and Hathor, Kom Ombo.[16]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKom Ombo, main part of the temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiant Relief","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"The double entrance to Kom Ombo Temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kom_Ombo_Portal_04.jpg/200px-Kom_Ombo_Portal_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sobek at the Temple of Kom Ombo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Kom_ombo6.jpg/220px-Kom_ombo6.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of cities and towns in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt"}]

[{"reference":"\"Kawm Umbū (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/asw%C4%81n/2806__kawm_umb%C5%AB/","url_text":"\"Kawm Umbū (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\""}]},{"reference":"\"Omboi (Kom Ombo)\". Trismegistos.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trismegistos.org/place/1499","url_text":"\"Omboi (Kom Ombo)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trismegistos\". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2018-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trismegistos.org/geo/detail.php?tm=1499&i=1","url_text":"\"Trismegistos\""}]},{"reference":"Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol. 2. John Murray. p. 1005.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft","url_text":"An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1005","url_text":"1005"}]},{"reference":"Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques. Vol. 3. p. 83.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n43/mode/2up","url_text":"Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n43/mode/2up","url_text":"83"}]},{"reference":"Klaas A. Worp (1994), \"A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 – c. 750)\" (PDF), Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 100: 283–318","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas_Worp","url_text":"Klaas A. Worp"},{"url":"https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8214/5_039_223.pdf","url_text":"\"A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 – c. 750)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ombi\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2o16.html","url_text":"\"Ombi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Kom Ombo - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table\". Climate-Cata.org. Retrieved 14 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.climate-data.org/location/32403/","url_text":"\"Climate: Kom Ombo - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table\""}]},{"reference":"Lassányi, Gábor; Gergely Lantai-Csont (2014). Eltűnő Núbia: Válogatás Lantai-Csont Gergely szudáni fotóiból [Disappearing Nubia: Selection from Gergely Lantai-Csont's photos from Sudan]. Translated by Zsolt Magyar. Budapest: BTM. pp. 16–23. ISBN 978-615-5341-09-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5341-09-0","url_text":"978-615-5341-09-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The Guardian, July 12, 2010\". Guardian. London. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2012-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/12/egypt-solar-power","url_text":"\"The Guardian, July 12, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. \"Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre\". UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1824/","url_text":"\"Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). \"Kom Ombo\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"Smith, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kom_Ombo&params=24_28_N_32_57_E_","external_links_name":"24°28′N 32°57′E / 24.467°N 32.950°E / 24.467; 32.950"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kom_Ombo&params=24_28_N_32_57_E_region:EG_type:city(409311)","external_links_name":"24°28′N 32°57′E / 24.467°N 32.950°E / 24.467; 32.950"},{"Link":"https://citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/asw%C4%81n/2806__kawm_umb%C5%AB/","external_links_name":"\"Kawm Umbū (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\""},{"Link":"https://www.trismegistos.org/place/1499","external_links_name":"\"Omboi (Kom Ombo)\""},{"Link":"http://www.trismegistos.org/geo/detail.php?tm=1499&i=1","external_links_name":"\"Trismegistos\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft","external_links_name":"An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1005","external_links_name":"1005"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n43/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1926/page/n43/mode/2up","external_links_name":"83"},{"Link":"https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8214/5_039_223.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 – c. 750)\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2o16.html","external_links_name":"\"Ombi\""},{"Link":"http://en.climate-data.org/location/32403/","external_links_name":"\"Climate: Kom Ombo - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/12/egypt-solar-power","external_links_name":"\"The Guardian, July 12, 2010\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1824/","external_links_name":"\"Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.picturechoice.org/egypt/kom_ombo_temple.html","external_links_name":"Kom Ombo Temple"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kom_Ombo&params=24_28_N_32_57_E_","external_links_name":"24°28′N 32°57′E / 24.467°N 32.950°E / 24.467; 32.950"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/245696221","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122371471","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122371471","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137885-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786079","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/203354826","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Baghdad

Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Baghdad

["1 History","2 Auxiliary bishops","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy (or Archdiocese) of Baghdad is the Metropolitan, proper Archeparchy of the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon, with cathedral see in the Iraqi capital Baghdad. As the Patriarch is its Metropolitan Archeparch, it has no other Ordinary of its own. History It was established on 20 April 1553 as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baghdad (Latin Babylonen Chaldæorum) of the Chaldean Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church using the Syro-Oriental Rite in the Chaldean language. On 17 January 1954, it lost territory to establish the Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Bassorah (Archeparchy of Basra), in southern Iraq. Auxiliary bishops Former Auxiliary eparchs of Baghdad : Auxiliary Bishop: Archbishop Yousef Ghanima (1938 – 1947.09.17), later Patriarch of Babylon Auxiliary Bishop: Archbishop Thomas Michel Bidawid (1970.08.24 – 1971.03.29), Titular Archbishop of Nisibis of the Chaldeans (1970.08.24 – 1971.03.29); previously Archeparch of Ahvaz of the Chaldeans (Iran) (1966.01.06 – 1970.08.24) See also Catholic Church in Iran Chaldean Catholic Church References External links GigaCatholic with incumbent biography links vteChaldean Catholic Church episcopal hierarchyPatriarchate Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon (List) at Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows in Baghdad, Iraq Metropolitan archeparchies Baghdad Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya Tehran Urmyā Other archeparchies Ahvaz Basra Diyarbakir Arbil Mosul Eparchies Aleppo Alquoch Aqra (Akra) Beirut Cairo Mar Addai of Toronto Saint Peter the Apostle of San Diego Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit Saint Thomas the Apostle of Sydney Salmas (suffragan of Urmya) Amadiyah and Zaku Patriarchal dependencies Jerusalem Jordan Titular sees Metropolitan : Rew-Ardashir / Other Archiepiscopal : Kaškar, Nisibis / Episcopal : Anbar, Mardin, Seert Other former eparchies Amadia, Gazireh, Perat-Maishan, Sulaimaniya, Zaku See also Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552 Catholicism portal Christianity portal Portals: Catholicism Iraq

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarch_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"}],"text":"The Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy (or Archdiocese) of Baghdad is the Metropolitan, proper Archeparchy of the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon, with cathedral see in the Iraqi capital Baghdad.As the Patriarch is its Metropolitan Archeparch, it has no other Ordinary of its own.","title":"Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Baghdad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Syro-Oriental Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Oriental_Rite"},{"link_name":"Chaldean language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Bassorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bassorah"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"}],"text":"It was established on 20 April 1553 as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baghdad (Latin Babylonen[sis] Chaldæorum) of the Chaldean Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church using the Syro-Oriental Rite in the Chaldean language.On 17 January 1954, it lost territory to establish the Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Bassorah (Archeparchy of Basra), in southern Iraq.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auxiliary eparchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_eparch"},{"link_name":"Titular Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Nisibis of the Chaldeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisibis_of_the_Chaldeans"},{"link_name":"Ahvaz of the Chaldeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ahvaz"}],"text":"Former Auxiliary eparchs of Baghdad :Auxiliary Bishop: Archbishop Yousef Ghanima (1938 – 1947.09.17), later Patriarch of Babylon\nAuxiliary Bishop: Archbishop Thomas Michel Bidawid (1970.08.24 – 1971.03.29), Titular Archbishop of Nisibis of the Chaldeans (1970.08.24 – 1971.03.29); previously Archeparch of Ahvaz of the Chaldeans (Iran) (1966.01.06 – 1970.08.24)","title":"Auxiliary bishops"}]

[]

[{"title":"Catholic Church in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iran"},{"title":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"}]

[]

[{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bagh0.htm","external_links_name":"GigaCatholic with incumbent biography links"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd40_ligand

CD154

["1 History","2 Expression","3 Specific effects on cells","3.1 Macrophages","3.2 B cells","3.3 Endothelial cells","4 Interactions","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Protein-coding gene in humans CD40LGAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1ALY, 1I9R, 3LKJ, 3QD6IdentifiersAliasesCD40LG, CD154, CD40L, HIGM1, IGM, IMD3, T-BAM, TNFSF5, TRAP, gp39, hCD40L, CD40 ligandExternal IDsOMIM: 300386; MGI: 88337; HomoloGene: 56; GeneCards: CD40LG; OMA:CD40LG - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.X chromosome (human)BandXq26.3Start136,648,158 bpEnd136,660,390 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.X chromosome (mouse)BandX A6|X 31.21 cMStart56,257,503 bpEnd56,269,402 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed ingranulocytelymph nodebloodappendixrectumspleengallbladdermucosa of transverse colonbone marrowepithelium of colonTop expressed inthymusMeckel's cartilagespleenhipbones of pectoral girdleshoulderhumerusright kidneyscapulajejunumMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function cytokine activity CD40 receptor binding tumor necrosis factor receptor binding protein binding Cellular component integral component of membrane membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane extracellular region external side of plasma membrane intracellular anatomical structure cell surface extracellular space Biological process leukocyte cell-cell adhesion positive regulation of interleukin-12 production negative regulation of apoptotic process tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway platelet activation positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process B cell proliferation isotype switching immune response regulation of immune response B cell differentiation inflammatory response T cell costimulation positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity positive regulation of interleukin-4 production positive regulation of interleukin-10 production positive regulation of T cell proliferation regulation of signaling receptor activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez95921947EnsemblENSG00000102245ENSMUSG00000031132UniProtP29965P27548RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000074NM_011616RefSeq (protein)NP_000065NP_035746Location (UCSC)Chr X: 136.65 – 136.66 MbChr X: 56.26 – 56.27 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and integrin αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (TFH cells). On TFH cells, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication. A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome. Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibiting antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system. History In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154. Seth Lederman, Michael Yellin, and Leonard Chess at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8, that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells and which characterized a 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig. Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function. Noelle contested Lederman's patent, but the challenge (called an interference) was rejected on all counts Expression CD40 ligand (CD154) is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form. While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells). Specific effects on cells CD40L plays a central role in costimulation and regulation of the immune response via T cell priming and activation of CD40-expressing immune cells. At least 46 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered. Macrophages In the macrophage, the primary signal for activation is IFN-γ from Th1 type CD4 T cells. The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds CD40 on the macrophage cell surface. As a result, the macrophage expresses more CD40 and TNF receptors on its surface, which helps increase the level of activation. The activated macrophage can then destroy phagocytosed bacteria and produce more cytokines. B cells T cell-dependent B cell activation, showing a TH2-cell (left), B cell (right), and several interaction molecules, the TH2-cell expressing CD40L. B cells can present antigens to a specialized group of helper T cells called TFH cells. If an activated TFH cell recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation. The T cell also produces IL-4, which directly influences B cells. As a result of this stimulation, the B cell can undergo rapid cellular division to form a germinal center where antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation occurs, as well as their differentiation to plasma cells and memory B cells. The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target. Early evidence for these effects were that in CD40 or CD154 deficient mice, there is little class switching or germinal centre formation, and immune responses are severely inhibited. Endothelial cells Activation of endothelial cells by CD40L (e.g. from activated platelets) leads to reactive oxygen species production, as well as chemokine and cytokine production, and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. This inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells promotes recruitment of leukocytes to lesions and may potentially promote atherogenesis. CD40L has shown to be a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability. Interactions CD154 has been shown to interact with RNF128. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000102245 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031132 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Krichevsky A, Belko J, Lee JJ, Chess L (April 1992). "Identification of a novel surface protein on activated CD4+ T cells that induces contact-dependent B cell differentiation (help)". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 175 (4): 1091–101. doi:10.1084/jem.175.4.1091. PMC 2119166. PMID 1348081. ^ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Inghirami G, Lee JJ, Knowles DM, Chess L (December 1992). "Molecular interactions mediating T-B lymphocyte collaboration in human lymphoid follicles. Roles of T cell-B-cell-activating molecule (5c8 antigen) and CD40 in contact-dependent help". Journal of Immunology. 149 (12): 3817–26. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.12.3817. PMID 1281189. ^ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Cleary AM, Pernis A, Inghirami G, Cohn LE, Covey LR, Lee JJ, Rothman P, Chess L (March 1994). "T-BAM/CD40-L on helper T lymphocytes augments lymphokine-induced B cell Ig isotype switch recombination and rescues B cells from programmed cell death". Journal of Immunology. 152 (5): 2163–71. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.152.5.2163. PMID 7907632. S2CID 42460521. ^ "Entrez Gene: CD40LG CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily, member 5, hyper-IgM syndrome)". ^ Lederman S, Yellin MJ, Krichevsky A, Belko J, Lee JJ, Chess L (April 1992). "Identification of a novel surface protein on activated CD4+ T cells that induces contact-dependent B cell differentiation (help)". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 175 (4): 1091–101. doi:10.1084/jem.175.4.1091. PMC 2119166. PMID 1348081. ^ Armitage RJ, Fanslow WC, Strockbine L, Sato TA, Clifford KN, Macduff BM, Anderson DM, Gimpel SD, Davis-Smith T, Maliszewski CR, et al. (May 1992). "Molecular and biological characterization of a murine ligand for CD40". Nature. 357 (6373): 80–2. Bibcode:1992Natur.357...80A. doi:10.1038/357080a0. PMID 1374165. S2CID 4336943. ^ Noelle RJ, Roy M, Shepherd DM, Stamenkovic I, Ledbetter JA, Aruffo A (July 1992). "A 39-kDa protein on activated helper T cells binds CD40 and transduces the signal for cognate activation of B cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 89 (14): 6550–4. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.6550N. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.14.6550. PMC 49539. PMID 1378631. ^ "Patent 5,474,771" (PDF). UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE. U.S. Patent Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-06-18. ^ Schönbeck U, Libby P (January 2001). "The CD40/CD154 receptor/ligand dyad". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 58 (1): 4–43. doi:10.1007/PL00000776. PMC 11146501. PMID 11229815. S2CID 33085593. ^ Grewal IS, Flavell RA (1998). "CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity". Annual Review of Immunology. 16: 111–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.111. PMID 9597126. ^ Šimčíková D, Heneberg P (December 2019). "Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18577. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918577S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4. PMC 6901466. PMID 31819097. ^ Cleary AM, Fortune SM, Yellin MJ, Chess L, Lederman S (October 1995). "Opposing roles of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and CD40 in the death and rescue of human low density tonsillar B cells". Journal of Immunology. 155 (7): 3329–37. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.7.3329. PMID 7561026. S2CID 39514335. ^ Grewal IS, Xu J, Flavell RA (7 December 1995). "Impairment of antigen-specific T-cell priming in mice lacking CD40 ligand". Nature. 378 (6557): 617–20. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..617G. doi:10.1038/378617a0. PMID 8524395. S2CID 4259617. ^ Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, de Almeida JR, Anderson TJ, Verma S (October 2003). "New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I". Circulation. 108 (16): 1917–23. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000089190.95415.9F. PMID 14568885. ^ Wang JH, Zhang YW, Zhang P, Deng BQ, Ding S, Wang ZK, Wu T, Wang J (September 2013). "CD40 ligand as a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability". Neurological Research. 35 (7): 693–700. doi:10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000190. PMC 3770830. PMID 23561892. ^ Lineberry NB, Su LL, Lin JT, Coffey GP, Seroogy CM, Fathman CG (August 2008). "Cutting edge: The transmembrane E3 ligase GRAIL ubiquitinates the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand during the induction of T cell anergy". Journal of Immunology. 181 (3): 1622–6. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1622. PMC 2853377. PMID 18641297. Further reading Parham P (2004). The Immune System (2nd ed.). Garland Science. pp. 169–173. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1. Tong AW, Stone MJ (March 1996). "CD40 and the effect of anti-CD40-binding on human multiple myeloma clonogenicity". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 21 (1–2): 1–8. doi:10.3109/10428199609067572. PMID 8907262. van Kooten C, Banchereau J (January 2000). "CD40-CD40 ligand". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 67 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1002/jlb.67.1.2. PMID 10647992. S2CID 35592719. Schattner EJ (May 2000). "CD40 ligand in CLL pathogenesis and therapy". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 37 (5–6): 461–72. doi:10.3109/10428190009058499. PMID 11042507. S2CID 39398949. Bhushan A, Covey LR (2002). "CD40:CD40L interactions in X-linked and non-X-linked hyper-IgM syndromes". Immunologic Research. 24 (3): 311–24. doi:10.1385/IR:24:3:311. PMID 11817328. S2CID 19537892. Cheng G, Schoenberger SP (2002). "CD40 signaling and autoimmunity". Signal Transduction Pathways in Autoimmunity. Current Directions in Autoimmunity. Vol. 5. pp. 51–61. doi:10.1159/000060547. ISBN 3-8055-7308-1. PMID 11826760. Subauste CS (February 2002). "CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 185 (Suppl 1): S83-9. doi:10.1086/338003. PMID 11865444. Kornbluth RS (October 2002). "An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection". Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research. 11 (5): 787–801. doi:10.1089/152581602760404595. PMID 12427285. Xu Y, Song G (2005). "The role of CD40-CD154 interaction in cell immunoregulation". Journal of Biomedical Science. 11 (4): 426–38. doi:10.1159/000077892. PMID 15153777. S2CID 202658036. Law CL, Grewal IS (2009). "Therapeutic Interventions Targeting CD40L (CD154) and CD40: The Opportunities and Challenges". Therapeutic Targets of the TNF Superfamily. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 647. pp. 8–36. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2. ISBN 978-0-387-89519-2. PMID 19760064. External links CD154+Antigen at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CD40LG genome location and CD40LG gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome or Immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, Type 1 vtePDB gallery 1aly: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CD40 LIGAND 1i9r: STRUCTURE OF CD40L IN COMPLEX WITH THE FAB FRAGMENT OF HUMANIZED 5C8 ANTIBODY vteProteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)1–50 CD1 a-c 1A 1B 1D 1E CD2 CD3 γ δ ε CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 a CD9 CD10 CD11 a b c d CD13 CD14 CD15 CD16 A B CD18 CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22 CD23 CD24 CD25 CD26 CD27 CD28 CD29 CD30 CD31 CD32 A B CD33 CD34 CD35 CD36 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD40 CD41 CD42 a b c d CD43 CD44 CD45 CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49 a b c d e f CD50 51–100 CD51 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD61 CD62 E L P CD63 CD64 A B C CD66 a b c d e f CD68 CD69 CD70 CD71 CD72 CD73 CD74 CD78 CD79 a b CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 a d e h j k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD90 CD91 - CD92 CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD99 CD100 101–150 CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107 a b CD108 CD109 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD120 a b CD121 a b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD138 CD140b CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD150 151–200 CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156 a b c CD157 CD158 (a d e i k) CD159 a c CD160 CD161 CD162 CD163 CD164 CD166 CD167 a b CD168 CD169 CD170 CD171 CD172 a b g CD174 CD177 CD178 CD179 a b CD180 CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD196 CD197 CDw198 CDw199 CD200 201–250 CD201 CD202b CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CDw210 a b CD212 CD213a 1 2 CD217 CD218 (a b) CD220 CD221 CD222 CD223 CD224 CD225 CD226 CD227 CD228 CD229 CD230 CD233 CD234 CD235 a b CD236 CD238 CD239 CD240CE CD240D CD241 CD243 CD244 CD246 CD247 - CD248 CD249 251–300 CD252 CD253 CD254 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD261 CD262 CD263 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD278 CD279 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD286 CD288 CD289 CD290 CD292 CDw293 CD294 CD295 CD297 CD298 CD299 301–350 CD300A CD301 CD302 CD303 CD304 CD305 CD306 CD307 CD309 CD312 CD314 CD315 CD316 CD317 CD318 CD320 CD321 CD322 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD327 CD328 CD329 CD331 CD332 CD333 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD350 vteCell signaling: cytokinesBy familyChemokineCCL CCL1 CCL2/MCP1 CCL3/MIP1α CCL4/MIP1β CCL5/RANTES CCL6 CCL7 CCL8 CCL9 CCL11 CCL12 CCL13 CCL14 CCL15 CCL16 CCL17 CCL18/PARC/DCCK1/AMAC1/MIP4 CCL19 CCL20 CCL21 CCL22 CCL23 CCL24 CCL25 CCL26 CCL27 CCL28 CXCL CXCL1/KC CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCL4 CXCL5 CXCL6 CXCL7 CXCL8/IL8 CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11 CXCL12 CXCL13 CXCL14 CXCL15 CXCL16 CXCL17 CX3CL CX3CL1 XCL XCL1 XCL2 TNF TNFA Lymphotoxin TNFB/LTA TNFC/LTB TNFSF4 TNFSF5/CD40LG TNFSF6 TNFSF7 TNFSF8 TNFSF9 TNFSF10 TNFSF11 TNFSF13 TNFSF13B EDA InterleukinType I(grouped byreceptorsubunit)γ chain IL2/IL15 IL4/IL13 IL7 IL9 IL21 β chain IL3 IL5 GMCSF IL6 like/gp130 IL6 IL11 IL27 IL30 IL31 +non IL OSM LIF CNTF CTF1 IL12 family/IL12RB1 IL12 IL23 IL27 IL35 Other IL14 IL16 IL32 IL34 Type IIIL10 family IL10/IL22 IL19 IL20 IL24 IL26 Interferon type III IL28/IFNL2+3 IL29/IFNL1 InterferonI IFNA1 IFNA2 IFNA4 IFNA5 IFNA6 IFNA7 IFNA8 IFNA10 IFNA13 IFNA14 IFNA16 IFNA17 IFNA21 IFNB1 IFNK IFNW1 II IFNG Ig superfamily IL1 family: IL1A/IL1F1 IL1B/IL1F2 1Ra/IL1F3 IL1F5 IL1F6 IL1F7 IL1F8 IL1F9 IL1F10 33/IL1F11 18/IL1G IL17 family IL17/IL25 (IL17A) Other Hematopoietic KITLG Colony-stimulating factor SPP1 MIF By function/cell proinflammatory cytokine IL1 TNFA Monokine Lymphokine Th1 IFNγ TNFβ Th2 IL4 IL5 IL6 IL10 IL13 vteCytokine receptor modulatorsChemokine See here instead. CSFErythropoietin Agonists: ARA-290 Asialo erythropoietin Carbamylated erythropoietin CNTO-530 Darbepoetin alfa Epoetin alfa Epoetin beta Epoetin delta Epoetin epsilon Epoetin gamma Epoetin kappa Epoetin omega Epoetin theta Epoetin zeta Erythropoietin (EPO) Erythropoietin-Fc Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera) Peginesatide Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B) G-CSF (CSF3) Agonists: Filgrastim Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Lenograstim Leridistim Lipegfilgrastim Nartograstim Pegfilgrastim Pegnartograstim GM-CSF (CSF2) Agonists: Ecogramostim Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Milodistim Molgramostim Regramostim Sargramostim Antibodies: Mavrilimumab Namilumab Otilimab M-CSF (CSF1) Agonists: Cilmostim Interleukin-34 Lanimostim Macrophage colony-stimulating factor Mirimostim Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib SCF (c-Kit) See here instead. Thrombopoietin Agonists: Eltrombopag Pegacaristim Promegapoietin Romiplostim Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF) InterferonIFNAR (α/β, I) Agonists: Albinterferon Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α) Interferon alfa (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21) Interferon alfa 2a Interferon alfa 2b Interferon alfa n1 Interferon alfacon-1 Interferon alpha-n3 Interferon beta (IFN-β) (IFNB1, IFNB3) Interferon beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK) Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1) Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b Antibodies: Anifrolumab Faralimomab MEDI-545 Rontalizumab Sifalimumab Decoy receptors: Bifarcept IFNGR (γ, II) Agonists: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) Interferon gamma 1b Antibodies: Emapalumab Fontolizumab IFNLR (λ, III) See IL-28R (IFNLR) here instead. Interleukin See here instead. TGFβ See here instead. TNF See here instead. OthersJAK(inhibitors)JAK1 Abrocitinib Baricitinib Filgotinib Momelotinib Oclacitinib Peficitinib Ruxolitinib Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) Upadacitinib JAK2 Atiprimod AZD-1480 Baricitinib CHZ868 Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124) CYT387 Lestaurtinib NSC-7908 NSC-33994 Pacritinib Peficitinib Ruxolitinib SD-1008 Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) JAK3 Cercosporamide Decernotinib (VX-509) Peficitinib Ritlecitinib TCS-21311 Tofacitinib (tasocitinib) WHI-P 154 ZM-39923 ZM-449829 TYK2 Deucravacitinib Others Additional cytokines: Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) Oncostatin M (OSM) Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) Additional cytokine receptor modulators: Emfilermin Lestaurtinib Midostaurin Quizartinib Sorafenib Sunitinib

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It binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and integrin αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (TFH cells).[6] On TFH cells, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication.[7] A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome.[8] Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibiting antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system.","title":"CD154"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seth Lederman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Lederman"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Immunex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisel_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154. Seth Lederman, Michael Yellin, and Leonard Chess at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8, that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells and which characterized a 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T cells.[9] Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig.[10] Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function.[11] Noelle contested Lederman's patent, but the challenge (called an interference) was rejected on all counts [12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11229815-13"}],"text":"CD40 ligand (CD154) is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form. While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells).[13]","title":"Expression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0im%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1_2019_-_supplementary_table_S7-15"}],"text":"CD40L plays a central role in costimulation and regulation of the immune response via T cell priming and activation of CD40-expressing immune cells.[14] At least 46 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered.[15]","title":"Specific effects on cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"macrophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"IFN-γ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gamma"},{"link_name":"CD4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4"},{"link_name":"T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"CD40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD40"},{"link_name":"macrophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"TNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factors"},{"link_name":"phagocytosed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis"}],"sub_title":"Macrophages","text":"In the macrophage, the primary signal for activation is IFN-γ from Th1 type CD4 T cells. The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds CD40 on the macrophage cell surface. As a result, the macrophage expresses more CD40 and TNF receptors on its surface, which helps increase the level of activation. The activated macrophage can then destroy phagocytosed bacteria and produce more cytokines.","title":"Specific effects on cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T-dependent_B_cell_activation.png"},{"link_name":"B cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell"},{"link_name":"antigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigens"},{"link_name":"helper T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_T_cell"},{"link_name":"TFH cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_B_helper_T_cells"},{"link_name":"TFH cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_B_helper_T_cells"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"IL-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-4"},{"link_name":"germinal center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_center"},{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"isotype switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotype_switching"},{"link_name":"affinity maturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_maturation"},{"link_name":"plasma cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell"},{"link_name":"memory B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_B_cell"},{"link_name":"class switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_switching"},{"link_name":"germinal centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_centre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"B cells","text":"T cell-dependent B cell activation, showing a TH2-cell (left), B cell (right), and several interaction molecules, the TH2-cell expressing CD40L.B cells can present antigens to a specialized group of helper T cells called TFH cells. If an activated TFH cell recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation.[16] The T cell also produces IL-4, which directly influences B cells. As a result of this stimulation, the B cell can undergo rapid cellular division to form a germinal center where antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation occurs, as well as their differentiation to plasma cells and memory B cells. The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target.\nEarly evidence for these effects were that in CD40 or CD154 deficient mice, there is little class switching or germinal centre formation, and immune responses are severely inhibited.[17]","title":"Specific effects on cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endothelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cells"},{"link_name":"platelets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet"},{"link_name":"reactive oxygen species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species"},{"link_name":"chemokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine"},{"link_name":"cytokine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine"},{"link_name":"adhesion molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion_molecule"},{"link_name":"E-selectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-selectin"},{"link_name":"ICAM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM-1"},{"link_name":"VCAM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCAM-1"},{"link_name":"leukocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"atherogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14568885-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23561892-19"}],"sub_title":"Endothelial cells","text":"Activation of endothelial cells by CD40L (e.g. from activated platelets) leads to reactive oxygen species production, as well as chemokine and cytokine production, and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. This inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells promotes recruitment of leukocytes to lesions and may potentially promote atherogenesis.[18] CD40L has shown to be a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability.[19]","title":"Specific effects on cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"RNF128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNF128"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18641297-20"}],"text":"CD154 has been shown to interact with RNF128.[20]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Immune System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/immunesystem00parh/page/169"},{"link_name":"169–173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/immunesystem00parh/page/169"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8153-4093-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4093-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3109/10428199609067572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3109%2F10428199609067572"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8907262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8907262"},{"link_name":"Banchereau J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacuqes_Banchereau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/jlb.67.1.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlb.67.1.2"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10647992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10647992"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35592719","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35592719"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3109/10428190009058499","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3109%2F10428190009058499"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11042507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11042507"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39398949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39398949"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1385/IR:24:3:311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1385%2FIR%3A24%3A3%3A311"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11817328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11817328"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19537892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19537892"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1159/000060547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1159%2F000060547"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8055-7308-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-7308-1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11826760","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11826760"},{"link_name":"\"CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F338003"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/338003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F338003"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11865444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11865444"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1089/152581602760404595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1089%2F152581602760404595"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12427285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12427285"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1159/000077892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1159%2F000077892"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15153777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15153777"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"202658036","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202658036"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-89520-8_2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-387-89519-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-89519-2"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19760064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19760064"}],"text":"Parham P (2004). The Immune System (2nd ed.). Garland Science. pp. 169–173. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1.\nTong AW, Stone MJ (March 1996). \"CD40 and the effect of anti-CD40-binding on human multiple myeloma clonogenicity\". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 21 (1–2): 1–8. doi:10.3109/10428199609067572. PMID 8907262.\nvan Kooten C, Banchereau J (January 2000). \"CD40-CD40 ligand\". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 67 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1002/jlb.67.1.2. PMID 10647992. S2CID 35592719.\nSchattner EJ (May 2000). \"CD40 ligand in CLL pathogenesis and therapy\". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 37 (5–6): 461–72. doi:10.3109/10428190009058499. PMID 11042507. S2CID 39398949.\nBhushan A, Covey LR (2002). \"CD40:CD40L interactions in X-linked and non-X-linked hyper-IgM syndromes\". Immunologic Research. 24 (3): 311–24. doi:10.1385/IR:24:3:311. PMID 11817328. S2CID 19537892.\nCheng G, Schoenberger SP (2002). \"CD40 signaling and autoimmunity\". Signal Transduction Pathways in Autoimmunity. Current Directions in Autoimmunity. Vol. 5. pp. 51–61. doi:10.1159/000060547. ISBN 3-8055-7308-1. PMID 11826760.\nSubauste CS (February 2002). \"CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection\". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 185 (Suppl 1): S83-9. doi:10.1086/338003. PMID 11865444.\nKornbluth RS (October 2002). \"An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection\". Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research. 11 (5): 787–801. doi:10.1089/152581602760404595. PMID 12427285.\nXu Y, Song G (2005). \"The role of CD40-CD154 interaction in cell immunoregulation\". Journal of Biomedical Science. 11 (4): 426–38. doi:10.1159/000077892. PMID 15153777. S2CID 202658036.\nLaw CL, Grewal IS (2009). \"Therapeutic Interventions Targeting CD40L (CD154) and CD40: The Opportunities and Challenges\". Therapeutic Targets of the TNF Superfamily. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 647. pp. 8–36. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2. ISBN 978-0-387-89519-2. PMID 19760064.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"T cell-dependent B cell activation, showing a TH2-cell (left), B cell (right), and several interaction molecules, the TH2-cell expressing CD40L.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/T-dependent_B_cell_activation.png/300px-T-dependent_B_cell_activation.png"}]

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The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 175 (4): 1091–101. doi:10.1084/jem.175.4.1091. PMC 2119166. PMID 1348081.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2119166","url_text":"\"Identification of a novel surface protein on activated CD4+ T cells that induces contact-dependent B cell differentiation (help)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.175.4.1091","url_text":"10.1084/jem.175.4.1091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2119166","url_text":"2119166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1348081","url_text":"1348081"}]},{"reference":"Armitage RJ, Fanslow WC, Strockbine L, Sato TA, Clifford KN, Macduff BM, Anderson DM, Gimpel SD, Davis-Smith T, Maliszewski CR, et al. 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PMID 9597126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.immunol.16.1.111","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9597126","url_text":"9597126"}]},{"reference":"Šimčíková D, Heneberg P (December 2019). \"Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases\". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18577. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918577S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4. PMC 6901466. 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Journal of Immunology. 155 (7): 3329–37. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.155.7.3329. PMID 7561026. S2CID 39514335.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jimmunol.org/content/155/7/3329.abstract","url_text":"\"Opposing roles of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and CD40 in the death and rescue of human low density tonsillar B cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.155.7.3329","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.155.7.3329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7561026","url_text":"7561026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39514335","url_text":"39514335"}]},{"reference":"Grewal IS, Xu J, Flavell RA (7 December 1995). \"Impairment of antigen-specific T-cell priming in mice lacking CD40 ligand\". Nature. 378 (6557): 617–20. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..617G. doi:10.1038/378617a0. PMID 8524395. S2CID 4259617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.378..617G","url_text":"1995Natur.378..617G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F378617a0","url_text":"10.1038/378617a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8524395","url_text":"8524395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4259617","url_text":"4259617"}]},{"reference":"Szmitko PE, Wang CH, Weisel RD, de Almeida JR, Anderson TJ, Verma S (October 2003). \"New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I\". Circulation. 108 (16): 1917–23. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000089190.95415.9F. PMID 14568885.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000089190.95415.9F","url_text":"\"New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000089190.95415.9F","url_text":"10.1161/01.CIR.0000089190.95415.9F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14568885","url_text":"14568885"}]},{"reference":"Wang JH, Zhang YW, Zhang P, Deng BQ, Ding S, Wang ZK, Wu T, Wang J (September 2013). \"CD40 ligand as a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability\". Neurological Research. 35 (7): 693–700. doi:10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000190. PMC 3770830. PMID 23561892.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770830","url_text":"\"CD40 ligand as a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1743132813Y.0000000190","url_text":"10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770830","url_text":"3770830"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23561892","url_text":"23561892"}]},{"reference":"Lineberry NB, Su LL, Lin JT, Coffey GP, Seroogy CM, Fathman CG (August 2008). \"Cutting edge: The transmembrane E3 ligase GRAIL ubiquitinates the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand during the induction of T cell anergy\". Journal of Immunology. 181 (3): 1622–6. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1622. PMC 2853377. PMID 18641297.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853377","url_text":"\"Cutting edge: The transmembrane E3 ligase GRAIL ubiquitinates the costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand during the induction of T cell anergy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.181.3.1622","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853377","url_text":"2853377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641297","url_text":"18641297"}]},{"reference":"Parham P (2004). The Immune System (2nd ed.). Garland Science. pp. 169–173. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/immunesystem00parh/page/169","url_text":"The Immune System"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/immunesystem00parh/page/169","url_text":"169–173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4093-1","url_text":"0-8153-4093-1"}]},{"reference":"Tong AW, Stone MJ (March 1996). \"CD40 and the effect of anti-CD40-binding on human multiple myeloma clonogenicity\". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 21 (1–2): 1–8. doi:10.3109/10428199609067572. PMID 8907262.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10428199609067572","url_text":"10.3109/10428199609067572"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8907262","url_text":"8907262"}]},{"reference":"van Kooten C, Banchereau J (January 2000). \"CD40-CD40 ligand\". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 67 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1002/jlb.67.1.2. PMID 10647992. S2CID 35592719.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacuqes_Banchereau&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Banchereau J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlb.67.1.2","url_text":"10.1002/jlb.67.1.2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10647992","url_text":"10647992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35592719","url_text":"35592719"}]},{"reference":"Schattner EJ (May 2000). \"CD40 ligand in CLL pathogenesis and therapy\". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 37 (5–6): 461–72. doi:10.3109/10428190009058499. PMID 11042507. S2CID 39398949.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10428190009058499","url_text":"10.3109/10428190009058499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11042507","url_text":"11042507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39398949","url_text":"39398949"}]},{"reference":"Bhushan A, Covey LR (2002). \"CD40:CD40L interactions in X-linked and non-X-linked hyper-IgM syndromes\". Immunologic Research. 24 (3): 311–24. doi:10.1385/IR:24:3:311. PMID 11817328. S2CID 19537892.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1385%2FIR%3A24%3A3%3A311","url_text":"10.1385/IR:24:3:311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11817328","url_text":"11817328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19537892","url_text":"19537892"}]},{"reference":"Cheng G, Schoenberger SP (2002). \"CD40 signaling and autoimmunity\". Signal Transduction Pathways in Autoimmunity. Current Directions in Autoimmunity. Vol. 5. pp. 51–61. doi:10.1159/000060547. ISBN 3-8055-7308-1. PMID 11826760.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000060547","url_text":"10.1159/000060547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-7308-1","url_text":"3-8055-7308-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11826760","url_text":"11826760"}]},{"reference":"Subauste CS (February 2002). \"CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection\". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 185 (Suppl 1): S83-9. doi:10.1086/338003. PMID 11865444.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F338003","url_text":"\"CD154 and type-1 cytokine response: from hyper IgM syndrome to human immunodeficiency virus infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F338003","url_text":"10.1086/338003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11865444","url_text":"11865444"}]},{"reference":"Kornbluth RS (October 2002). \"An expanding role for CD40L and other tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands in HIV infection\". Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research. 11 (5): 787–801. doi:10.1089/152581602760404595. PMID 12427285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2F152581602760404595","url_text":"10.1089/152581602760404595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12427285","url_text":"12427285"}]},{"reference":"Xu Y, Song G (2005). \"The role of CD40-CD154 interaction in cell immunoregulation\". Journal of Biomedical Science. 11 (4): 426–38. doi:10.1159/000077892. PMID 15153777. S2CID 202658036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000077892","url_text":"10.1159/000077892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15153777","url_text":"15153777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202658036","url_text":"202658036"}]},{"reference":"Law CL, Grewal IS (2009). \"Therapeutic Interventions Targeting CD40L (CD154) and CD40: The Opportunities and Challenges\". Therapeutic Targets of the TNF Superfamily. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 647. pp. 8–36. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_2. ISBN 978-0-387-89519-2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotis_badius

Chestnut myotis

["1 Taxonomy","2 References"]

Species of bat Chestnut myotis Conservation status Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Genus: Myotis Species: M. badius Binomial name Myotis badiusTiunov, Kruskop and Feng, 2011 Distribution of Myotis badius The chestnut myotis (Myotis badius) is a species of mouse-eared bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found in South Asia. Taxonomy The bat's initial holotype and paratypes were found in the Longxu, Xianren, Dashi, and Huyan Caves across the Yunnan province in China. Further analysis and comparison of these specimens with other Myotis species suggested that the Yunnan specimens possessed characteristics of baculum morphology and cranial proportions that made them a distinct species. References ^ Jiang, T.L.; Feng, J. (2019). "Myotis badius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T85342628A85342633. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T85342628A85342633.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Myotis badius". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-16. ^ Tiunov, Mikhail P.; Kruskop, Sergei V.; Feng, Jiang (December 2011). "A New Mouse-Eared Bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from South China". Acta Chiropterologica. 13 (2): 271–278. doi:10.3161/150811011X624758. ISSN 1508-1109. S2CID 85693045. vteSpecies of subfamily Myotinae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Subfamily: Myotinae Myotis Large-footed bat (M. adversus) Southern myotis (M. aelleni) Silver-tipped myotis (M. albescens) Myotis alcathoe (M. alcathoe) Szechwan myotis (M. altarium) Anjouan myotis (M. anjouanensis) Annamit myotis (M. annamiticus) M. annatessae Hairy-faced bat (M. annectans) Atacama myotis (M. atacamensis) Peters's myotis (M. ater) Sir David Attenborough's myotis (M. attenboroughi) Southwestern myotis (M. auriculus) Australian myotis (M. australis) Southeastern myotis (M. austroriparius) Chestnut myotis (M. badius) M. bartelsi Bechstein's bat (M. bechsteinii) Lesser mouse-eared bat (M. blythii) Rufous mouse-eared bat (M. bocagii) Far Eastern myotis (M. bombinus) Brandt's bat (M. brandtii) Bocharic myotis (M. bucharensis) California myotis (M. californicus) Long-fingered bat (M. capaccinii) Chilean myotis (M. chiloensis) Large myotis (M. chinensis) Western small-footed bat (M. ciliolabrum) Guatemalan myotis (M. cobanensis) Cryptic myotis (Myotis crypticus) Csorba's mouse-eared bat (M. csorbai) Pond bat (M. dasycneme) Daubenton's bat (M. daubentonii) David's myotis (M. davidii) Kock's mouse-eared bat (M. dieteri) M. diminutus Dominican myotis (M. dominicensis) Elegant myotis (M. elegans) Geoffroy's bat (M. emarginatus) M. escalerai Long-eared myotis (M. evotis) M. fimbriatus Findley's myotis (M. findleyi) M. flavus Hodgson's bat (M. formosus) Cinnamon myotis (M. fortidens) Fraternal myotis (M. frater) Gomantong myotis (M. gomantongensis) Malagasy mouse-eared bat (M. goudoti) Gray bat (M. grisescens) Armenian whiskered bat (M. hajastanicus) M. handleyi Lesser large-footed bat (M. hasseltii) Herman's myotis (M. hermani) Horsfield's bat (M. horsfieldii) M. hyrcanicus Ikonnikov's bat (M. ikonnikovi) M. indochinensis Insular myotis (M. insularum) M. izecksohni Hairy-legged myotis (M. keaysi) Keen's myotis (M. keenii) Chinese water myotis (M. laniger) M. lavali Eastern small-footed myotis (M. leibii) Yellowish myotis (M. levis) Kashmir cave bat (M. longipes) Little brown bat (M. lucifugus) Eastern long-fingered bat (M. macrodactylus) M. macropus Pallid large-footed myotis (M. macrotarsus) Schwartz's myotis (M. martiniquensis) Dark-nosed small-footed myotis (M. melanorhinus) M. midastactus Maluku myotis (M. moluccarum) Burmese whiskered bat (M. montivagus) Morris's bat (M. morrisi) Wall-roosting mouse-eared bat (M. muricola) Greater mouse-eared bat (M. myotis) Whiskered bat (M. mystacinus) Natterer's bat (M. nattereri) Curacao myotis (M. nesopolus) Black myotis (M. nigricans) Nimba mountain bat (M. nimbaensis) Nepal myotis (M. nipalensis) M. nyctor Arizona myotis (M. occultus) Singapore whiskered bat (M. oreias) Montane myotis (M. oxyotus) Peninsular myotis (M. peninsularis) Beijing mouse-eared bat (M. pequinius) Eastern water bat (M. petax) M. phanluongi Flat-headed myotis (M. planiceps) Frosted myotis (M. pruinosus) Felten's myotis (M. punicus) Rickett's big-footed bat (M. ricketti) Ridley's bat (M. ridleyi) Riparian myotis (M. riparius) Thick-thumbed myotis (M. rosseti) Red myotis (M. ruber) Schaub's myotis (M. schaubi) Scott's mouse-eared bat (M. scotti) Northern long-eared bat (M. septentrionalis) M. sibiricus Mandelli's mouse-eared bat (M. sicarius) Himalayan whiskered bat (M. siligorensis) Velvety myotis (M. simus) Indiana bat (M. sodalis) Kei myotis (M. stalkeri) M. taiwanensis Fringed myotis (M. thysanodes) Cape hairy bat (M. tricolor) Cave myotis (M. velifer) M. vivesi Long-legged myotis (M. volans) Welwitsch's bat (M. welwitschii) Yanbaru whiskered bat (M. yanbarensis) Yuma myotis (M. yumanensis) Zenati myotis (Myotis zenatius) Submyotodon S. caliginosus Taiwan broad-muzzled myotis (S. latirostris) S. moupinensis Taxon identifiersMyotis badius Wikidata: Q17636887 Wikispecies: Myotis badius EoL: 43576975 GBIF: 8076134 ITIS: 947242 IUCN: 85342628 NCBI: 2250430 ZooBank: E871B5DC-37B7-4886-BEBE-32F04784638A This Vespertilionidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Corner_(Royal_Berks)_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery

Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery

["1 History","2 Notable graves","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]

WWI CWGC cemetery in Belgium Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks)Commonwealth War Graves CommissionUsed for those deceased April 1915 – November 1917Established1915Location50°44′16″N 02°52′59″E / 50.73778°N 2.88306°E / 50.73778; 2.88306near Ploegsteert, Hainaut, BelgiumDesigned byH Chalton BradshawTotal burials87Burials by nationAllied Powers: United Kingdom: 81 Canada: 1 Australia: 1 Central Powers: Germany: 4 Burials by warWorld War I: 87 UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameFunerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)TypeCulturalCriteriai, ii, viDesignated2023 (45th session)Reference no.1567-WA09 Statistics source: WW1cemeteries.com Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) burial ground in Belgium for the dead of the First World War, located in the village of Ploegsteert in the Ypres Salient on the Western Front. This small cemetery is not to be confused with the much larger Berks Cemetery Extension, which is also the site of the Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing. Both of these are located directly opposite, across the road. History This small cemetery was originally set up by 1st and 4th Royal Berkshire Regiment troops in April 1915. The cemetery later expanded across the road, where the Berks Cemetery Extension was built, and which now also houses the Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing. The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in perpetuity by King Albert I of Belgium in recognition of the sacrifices made by the British Empire in the defence and liberation of Belgium during the war. The current appearance of the cemetery was designed by H. Chalton Bradshaw, who also designed the Cambrai Memorial in France. Notable graves Hyde Park Corner cemetery contains the graves of 87 soldiers, both from the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The burials include: Ronald Poulton-Palmer, who was a well-known rugby union footballer, who captained England in the 1913–1914 season, and played in the last test match before the outbreak of war. He was killed by a sniper in May 1915, while serving a lieutenant in the Royal Berkshire Regiment. Albert French, who was a 16-year-old soldier from Wolverton, Buckinghamshire, England. The finding of his letters from the war was one of the reasons why Ploegsteert, as part of Comines-Warneton, was declared a sister city of Wolverton in 2006. Samuel McBride of the 2nd Battalion Royal Irish Rifles. He was executed for desertion on 7 December 1916. It is now felt by many that these "shot at dawn" men were unfairly tried and executed as they may have been suffering from combat stress reaction rather than acting in cowardice. Gallery Albert French Samuel McBride Ronald Poulton-Palmer Berks Cemetery Extension and Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing as seen from the Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery across the road References ^ CWGC entry, accessed 26 May 2006 ^ First World War, accessed 26 May 2006 ^ "Casualty Details: Poulton Palmer, Ronald William". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 2013-05-13. ^ Irish Shot at Dawn Campaign, accessed 26 May 2006 ^ The Shot at Dawn Campaign website Archived 2011-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 23 May 2006 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery. Cemetery details. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. www.wo1.be Silent Cities Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery at Find a Grave vteCommonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Comines-Warneton municipality, Belgium Berks Cemetery Extension Hyde Park Corner Lancashire Cottage Cemetery Ploegsteert Wood Ploegsteert Memorial

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Chalton Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Chalton_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"Cambrai Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This small cemetery was originally set up by 1st and 4th Royal Berkshire Regiment troops in April 1915. The cemetery later expanded across the road, where the Berks Cemetery Extension was built,[1] and which now also houses the Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing.The cemetery grounds were assigned to the United Kingdom in perpetuity by King Albert I of Belgium in recognition of the sacrifices made by the British Empire in the defence and liberation of Belgium during the war.The current appearance of the cemetery was designed by H. Chalton Bradshaw, who also designed the Cambrai Memorial in France.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Ronald Poulton-Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Poulton-Palmer"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Royal Berkshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Berkshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wolverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverton,_Milton_Keynes"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Comines-Warneton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comines-Warneton"},{"link_name":"sister city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"combat stress reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_stress_reaction"},{"link_name":"cowardice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowardice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hyde Park Corner cemetery contains the graves of 87 soldiers, both from the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The burials include:Ronald Poulton-Palmer, who was a well-known rugby union footballer, who captained England in the 1913–1914 season, and played in the last test match before the outbreak of war. He was killed by a sniper in May 1915, while serving a lieutenant in the Royal Berkshire Regiment.[3]\nAlbert French, who was a 16-year-old soldier from Wolverton, Buckinghamshire, England. The finding of his letters from the war was one of the reasons why Ploegsteert, as part of Comines-Warneton, was declared a sister city of Wolverton in 2006.\nSamuel McBride of the 2nd Battalion Royal Irish Rifles. He was executed for desertion on 7 December 1916.[4] It is now felt by many that these \"shot at dawn\" men were unfairly tried and executed as they may have been suffering from combat stress reaction rather than acting in cowardice.[5]","title":"Notable graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_Corner_(Royal_Berks)_Cemetery_DSC_0068.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_Corner_Cem._6_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_Corner_Cem.3_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S_Mc_Bride_Hyde_Park_Corner_(Royal_Berks)_Cemetery.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_Poulton-Palmer_grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ronald Poulton-Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Poulton-Palmer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_Corner_Cem._1_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ploegsteert-PM_50492.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berks Cemetery Extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission_Cemetery_Extension"},{"link_name":"Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploegsteert_Memorial_to_the_Missing"}],"text":"Albert French\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSamuel McBride\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRonald Poulton-Palmer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerks Cemetery Extension and Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing as seen from the Hyde Park Corner (Royal Berks) Cemetery across the road","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: Poulton Palmer, Ronald William\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 2013-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/94460/POULTON%20PALMER,%20RONALD%20WILLIAM","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: Poulton Palmer, Ronald William\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission

Law commission

["1 Work","2 List of law commissions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Independent organization set up by a government to reform the law A law commission, law reform commission, or law revision commission is an independent body set up by a government to conduct law reform; that is, to consider the state of laws in a jurisdiction and make recommendations or proposals for legal changes or restructuring. The first term is prevalent in the United Kingdom, the second is prevalent in the Commonwealth, and the third one is prevalent in the United States. Work The functions of a law commission body include drafting revised versions of confusing laws, preparing consolidated versions of laws, making recommendations on updating outdated laws and making recommendations on repealing obsolete or spent laws. Law commissions often undertake projects focusing on legislation, although their mandates may be narrower or broader. List of law commissions  Australia: Australian Law Reform Commission  Canada: the Law Commission of Canada was established by the Law Commission of Canada Act on July 1, 1997 and was eliminated in 2006. It replaced the Law Reform Commission of Canada, which was created in 1971 and was dissolved in 1993 by the Mulroney government. On September 25, 2006, funding to the Commission was eliminated by the Harper government.  Alberta: Alberta Law Reform Institute  British Columbia: British Columbia Law Institute, formed to replace the British Columbia Law Reform Commission, which had been disbanded due to lack of funding  Manitoba: Manitoba Law Reform Commission  Nova Scotia: Law Reform Commission of Nova Scotia  Ontario: Law Commission of Ontario  Saskatchewan: – Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan  Fiji: Fiji Law Reform Commission  Samoa: Samoa Law Reform Commission, established under the Law Reform Commission Act 2008  Hong Kong: Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, established in 1980  India: Law Commission of India Bangladesh - Law Commission of Bangladesh established in 1976.  Ireland: The Law Reform Commission, established under the Law Reform Commission Act 1975  Jersey: Jersey Law Commission established by the States of Jersey in 1996  Mauritius: Law Reform Commission of Mauritius established by the Law Reform Commission Act No. 26 of 2005  Nepal: Nepal Law Commission established by the Nepal Law Commissions Act 2007  New Zealand: New Zealand Law Commission established by the Law Commission Act 1985  Nigeria: Nigerian Law Reform Commission  South Africa: South African Law Reform Commission  Uganda: Uganda Law Reform Commission, established by Article 248 of the Ugandan Constitution  United Kingdom England and Wales: The Law Commission Scotland: the Scottish Law Commission, established by the Law Commissions Act 1965 at the same time as the Law Commission in England and Wales Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Law Commission (formerly the Law Reform Advisory Committee) was established in 2007, but has been "non-operational" since 2015. Other bodies concerned with law reform in the United Kingdom included the Law Revision Committee (1934 to 1939) and the Law Reform Committee (1952 - )  United States: Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives California: California Law Revision Commission New York: New York Law Revision Commission New Jersey: New Jersey Law Revision Commission See also Law reform Commonwealth Association of Law Reform Agencies References ^ Tilbury, Michael; Young, Simon N. M.; Ng, Ludwig (2014-01-01). Reforming Law Reform: Perspectives from Hong Kong and Beyond. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789888208241. ^ Fine, Sean (20 October 2015). "After a decade-long Conservative reign, what's on Trudeau's justice agenda?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2015-11-19. ^ LCO-CDO.org Archived 2008-08-20 at archive.today ^ "Welcome to the Northern Ireland Law Commission Website | Northern Ireland Law Commission". www.nilawcommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-03. ^ The Solicitors Journal. 1952. Volume 96. Page 285. External links Scottish Law Commission Law Commission of Canada British Columbia Law Institute Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan California Law Revision Commission Law Commission of Ontario Law Reform Commission of Mauritius Nepal Law Commission South Africa Law Reform Commission Law Commission of Bangladesh

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Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Law Reform Commission of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_Reform_Commission_of_Nova_Scotia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Law Commission of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_Commission_of_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_Reform_Commission_of_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Fiji Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Law_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Samoa Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoa_Law_Reform_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Law Reform Commission Act 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_Reform_Commission_Act_2008&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong#Law_Reform_Commission_(%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83)"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Law Commission of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Law Reform 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Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerian_Law_Reform_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South African Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Law_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Uganda Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uganda_Law_Reform_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"The Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"Law Commissions Act 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Commissions_Act_1965"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"Law Reform Advisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Reform_Advisory_Committee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Law Reform Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Reform_Committee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Office of the Law Revision Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"California Law Revision Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Law_Revision_Commission"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New York Law Revision Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Law_Revision_Commission"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Law Revision Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Law_Revision_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Australia: Australian Law Reform Commission\n Canada: the Law Commission of Canada was established by the Law Commission of Canada Act on July 1, 1997 and was eliminated in 2006.[2] It replaced the Law Reform Commission of Canada, which was created in 1971 and was dissolved in 1993 by the Mulroney government. On September 25, 2006, funding to the Commission was eliminated by the Harper government.\n Alberta: Alberta Law Reform Institute\n British Columbia: British Columbia Law Institute, formed to replace the British Columbia Law Reform Commission, which had been disbanded due to lack of funding\n Manitoba: Manitoba Law Reform Commission\n Nova Scotia: Law Reform Commission of Nova Scotia\n Ontario: Law Commission of Ontario[3]\n Saskatchewan: – Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan\n Fiji: Fiji Law Reform Commission\n Samoa: Samoa Law Reform Commission, established under the Law Reform Commission Act 2008\n Hong Kong: Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, established in 1980\n India: Law Commission of India\nBangladesh - Law Commission of Bangladesh established in 1976.\n Ireland: The Law Reform Commission, established under the Law Reform Commission Act 1975\n Jersey: Jersey Law Commission established by the States of Jersey in 1996\n Mauritius: Law Reform Commission of Mauritius established by the Law Reform Commission Act No. 26 of 2005\n Nepal: Nepal Law Commission established by the Nepal Law Commissions Act 2007\n New Zealand: New Zealand Law Commission established by the Law Commission Act 1985\n Nigeria: Nigerian Law Reform Commission\n South Africa: South African Law Reform Commission\n Uganda: Uganda Law Reform Commission, established by Article 248 of the Ugandan Constitution\n United Kingdom\nEngland and Wales: The Law Commission\nScotland: the Scottish Law Commission, established by the Law Commissions Act 1965 at the same time as the Law Commission in England and Wales\nNorthern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Law Commission (formerly the Law Reform Advisory Committee) was established in 2007, but has been \"non-operational\" since 2015.[4]\nOther bodies concerned with law reform in the United Kingdom included the Law Revision Committee (1934 to 1939) and the Law Reform Committee (1952 - )[5]\n United States: Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the United States House of Representatives\nCalifornia: California Law Revision Commission\nNew York: New York Law Revision Commission\nNew Jersey: New Jersey Law Revision Commission","title":"List of law commissions"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras

Dhyāna sutras

["1 Overview","2 Translations","3 List of Dhyāna sutras","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources","8 Other sources"]

Group of early Buddhist meditation texts Part of a series onEarly Buddhism Scriptures Early Buddhist Texts (EBT) Tripiṭaka Nikayas Āgamas Gandhāran EBTs Prātimokṣa Abhidharma Jatakas Avadanas Mahāvastu Śālistamba Sūtra Tibetan EBTs in the Kangyur Early sangha Gautama Buddha Sāriputta Mahāmoggallāna Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī Mahakasyapa Ānanda Upāli Mahākātyāyana Devadatta Anāthapiṇḍika Pre-sectarian Buddhism Kingdom of Magadha Ashoka Moggaliputtatissa Buddhist councils Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Mahāsāṃghika Ekavyāvahārika Lokottaravāda Gokulika Bahuśrutīya Prajñaptivāda Caitika (Haimavata) Sthaviras Pudgalavada Vātsīputrīya Saṃmitīya Sarvāstivāda (Haimavata) (Kāśyapīya) (Mahīśāsaka) (Dharmaguptaka) Sautrāntika Mulasarvastivada Vaibhāṣika Vibhajyavāda Theravāda (Kāśyapīya) (Mahīśāsaka) (Dharmaguptaka) vte The Dhyāna sutras (Chinese: 禪經 chan jing) (Japanese 禅経 zen-gyo) or "meditation summaries" (Chinese: 禪要) or also known as The Zen Sutras are a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which are mostly based on the Yogacara meditation teachings of the Sarvāstivāda school of Kashmir circa 1st-4th centuries CE. Most of the texts only survive in Chinese and were key works in the development of the Buddhist meditation practices of Chinese Buddhism. Overview The Dhyāna sutras focus on the concrete details of the meditative practice of the Yogacarins of northern Gandhara and Kashmir, who were known as masters of Buddhist meditation. Kashmir probably became a center of dhyāna practice due to the efforts of Madhyāntika (Majjhantika), a disciple of Ānanda, who traveled north to practice and teach meditation. The five main types of meditation in these sutras are: anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing), paṭikūlamanasikāra meditation - mindfulness of the impurities of the body, loving-kindness maitrī meditation, the contemplation on the twelve links of pratītyasamutpāda, the contemplation on the Buddha's thirty-two Characteristics. In addition some sutras contain instructions on contemplation of the dhātu-s (elements); contemplation of white bones and fresh corpses; and contemplation of bodhisattvas such as Amitābha. The content of these texts is connected with the Yogacara abhidharma works, especially the Abhidharmamahāvibhāsā-śāstra (MVŚ, 阿毗達磨大毗婆沙論), which frequently cites the practices of the early Yogacarins, and the large Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra (YBŚ). Though the doctrines in these sutras are mostly in line with early Buddhist orthodoxy, they are the work of Buddhists and translators who also lived and traveled through Central Asia and China, therefore some of them also include Mahayana Buddhist teachings and meditation methods common to the Samadhi sutras. The Dhyāna sutras are thus a set of texts which illustrate the evolution of meditation from early Buddhist methods to Mahayana techniques. Sutras such as the Chanfa Yaojie (Chinese: 禪法要解, compiled in India no later than the third century) contain meditations which are derived from the earlier nikāyas as well as material dealing with the Mahayana bodhisattva ideal and Mahayana śūnyatā teachings. Translations One of the earliest Chinese translators of meditation summaries was the Parthian meditation master An Shigao (安世高, 147-168 CE) who worked on various texts including the influential Anban shouyi jing (Sanskrit: Ānāpānasmṛti-sūtra), or the "Mindfulness of Breathing discourse". During the Eastern Han period the foremost meditation technique taught by An Shigao and his school was a form of anapanasati (annabanna 安那般那) which remained influential for centuries afterwards. Most of these summaries only survive in Chinese translation and often they are not in their original form but also include later accretions such as commentary work by Chinese translators. The difficulty of working with the Chinese translations is shown by the corrupt nature of the Da Anban shouyi jing, which according to Florin Deleanu "gathers together An Shigao's original translation, almost impossible to reconstruct, fragments from An Shigao's own commentary as well as fragments from glosses by Chen Hui, Kang Senghui, Zhi Dun, Daoan, and Xie Fu." A recently discovered manuscript of the Anban Shouyi Jing at Kongo-ji temple (Japan) seems to be an actual An Shigao translation. Other highly influential and widely studied An Shigao meditation treatises by early Chinese Buddhists include the 'Scripture on the Twelve Gates' (Shier men jing) and the 'Canonical Text Concerning the ''Skandha''-s, the Dhātu-s, and the Āyatana-s' (Yin chi ru jing, YCRJ). According to Eric Greene, the Scripture on the twelve gates and its commentary provide some of the most comprehensive information on the practice of early Chinese Meditation (Chan), while Zacchetti concludes in his paper on the YCRJ that this text was considered by An Shigao's disciples, Kang Senghui 康僧會 (? - 280 CE) and Chen Hui 陳慧, to be "one of their main doctrinal sources". Another work, the Discourse on the Essential Secrets of Meditation (Taisho 15 no. 613) is one of the oldest texts to be translated into Chinese on the subject of meditation (circa 2nd or 3rd century CE) and therefore was likely to have had an influence on the meditation practices of Tiantai Buddhism and Chan Buddhism. This text belonged to the Buddhist Dārṣṭāntika school and the first Chinese translation was made by Zhi Qian in the early part of the 3rd century CE. A later important Chinese translator of these texts was Kumārajīva (334–413 CE) who translated several important meditation sutras by 402. Kumarajiva's translated meditation scriptures such as the Chanfa yaojie (禪法要解) were widely promoted by his disciple Tao Sheng. A contemporary of Kumarajiviva, Buddhabhadra, a Sarvastivadin from Kapilavastu, translated the Damoduoluo chan jing (Dharmatrāta Dhyāna sūtra), a Sarvastivada Dārṣṭāntika meditation manual associated with the Indian teachers Dharmatrāta and Buddhasena. This text, written in verse, includes orthodox Sarvastivadin meditation techniques such as ānāpāna-smṛti as well as tantric Mahayanist practices such as visualization and maṇḍala instructions. Hence this work is proof that some later Mahayana meditation practices were derived from techniques developed by Sarvastivada Yogacarins. Taken together, the translations by Kumarajiva and Buddhabhadra of Sarvastivadin meditation manuals laid the groundwork for the practices of Chan Buddhism (Zen) and the works of the Tiantai meditation master Zhiyi. List of Dhyāna sutras Early translations in Chinese Translated or associated with An Shigao and his translation school: T602 Foshou da anban shouyi jing 佛說大安般守意經 - The Great Discourse by the Buddha on the Mindfulness of Ānāpānna. K-ABSYJ - Anban shouyi jing 安般守意經 T603 :Yin chi ru jing 陰持入經 - Canonical Text Concerning the Skandhas, the Dhātus, and the Āyatanas. T1568 Scripture on the Twelve Gates (Shier men jing 十二門經) Explanations on the Scripture of the Twelve Gates (Jie Shier men jing 解十二門經) T605 禪行法想經 - Chan xing fa xiang jing - Discourse on Perception in the Law of Practice of Meditation Renben yusheng jing 人本欲生經 T604 - Foshuo chanxing san shi qi pin jing (佛說禪行三十七品經), possibly not a translation by An Shigao. T607 daodi jing 大道地經 T1694: Yin-chi ru jing zhu 陰持入經註 T105: Wu yin piyu jing 五陰譬喩經 T621 Foshou foyin sanmei jing (佛說佛印三昧經), Mahayana text, possibly not translated by An Shigao T622 the Foshuo zishi sanmei jing (佛說自誓三昧經), Mahayana text, possibly not translated by An Shigao T150A Qichu sanguan jing 七處三觀經 Shiwei jing 思惟經 (Scripture on the Essential Method of Meditation) Other translators: Chan Yao Jing 禪要經, translated by Zhi Qian 223-253 CE. T606: Xiūxíng dào dì jīng 修行道地經 , translated by Dharmaraksa into Chinese in 284 CE. Detailed summary of the work in Demiéville 1954. Fifth century texts Text preserved in Sanskrit The so-called Yogalehrbuch , a meditation manual found in Kizil Caves, reconstituted and edited by Schlingloff 1964. Texts compiled by Kumarajiva T614: Zuòchán sān mēi jīng 坐禪三昧經 , ZSJ (also called the Bodhisattvadhyāna Pusa Chanfa Jing 菩薩禪法經 or The Sūtra on the Practice of Meditation in The Wilderness E lan Rou Xi Chan Fa Jing 阿蘭若習禪法經). Translated into English by Yamabe and Sueki 2009. T616: Chán fǎ yào jiě 禪法要解 , CY. Translated into English by Hang Dat 2011. Other texts: T617: Sīwéi lüè yào fǎ 思惟略要法 , SLF, translated c. 405 CE. Translated into English by Willemen 2012. T618: Dámóduōluó chán jīng 達摩多羅禪經 , but the actual title should be , YBhB, translated into Chinese by Buddhabhadra, 398-421 CE. Translated into English by Chan 2013. T619: Wǔmén chán jīng yào yòngfǎ 五門禪經要用法 , WCYF, trans. Dharmamitra (356-442). Mongolian version translated into German by Pozdnejev 1927. Some parts of the manual, as it is edited in Taishō, are identical to the SLF (T617). T2914: Guān jīng 觀經 , Dunhuang manuscript of the London Collection (Stein 2585). Several sections correspond to the SLF and two were extracted from the WCYF. Another copy of the same text is to be found in the Paris collection (Pelliot chinois 3835–3, available at Gallica) and in Saint Petersburg (Дx15–2). Chinese compositions: T613: Chán mì yào fǎ jīng 禪秘要法經 , CMJ, attributed to Kumarajiva. Translated into English by Greene 2021b. This text, at the beginning, formed one text with the ZCMF (T620), and is an expansion of the WCYF (T619). T620: Zhì chán bìng mì yào fǎ 治禪病祕要法 , ZCMF, attributed to Juqu Jingsheng (5th century CE). Translated into English by Greene 2021b. T643: Guān fó sānmèi hǎi jīng 觀佛三昧海經 , GSHJ, chinese composition, based on Indian or Central Asian sources as demonstrated by Yamabe. See also Vimuttimagga Yogacara Anapanasati Sarvastivada Notes ^ To be distinguished from the Mahayana Yogacara school, though they may have been a precursor. ^ Translation of titles and abbreviations according to Yamabe 1999, p. 58-9 ^ At the request of his students, Kumārajīva made these compilations (zhuàn 撰) on dhyāna drawing from various Indian sources Demiéville 1954, 354, fn. 2 and Yamabe & Sueki 2009, xiv-xvii. References ^ a b c Deleanu, Florin (1992); Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras. Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42-57. ^ a b Chan 2013. ^ a b c Ven. Dr. Yuanci, A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts Archived 2013-05-08 at the Wayback Machine, The Buddhist Academy of China. ^ Cheung Tsui Lan Liza (2013), Doctrines of Spiritual Praxis from Abhidharma to Mahāyāna Yogācāra: With Special Reference to the Śrāvakabhūmi of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra, PhD dissertation, University of Hong Kong. ^ a b c Thich Hang Dat. A Reappraisal of Kumārajīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārajīva's Translation Text on "The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyana" (PDF) (Masters thesis). University of the West. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-18. ^ Deleanu, Florin. 1993. "Mahāyānist Elements in Chinese Translations of Śrāvakayānist Yogācārabhūmi Texts." ^ Phra Kiattisak Ponampon Kittipanyo (2014), Mission, Meditation and Miracles: An Shigao in Chinese Tradition, MA thesis, Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago. ^ a b Huei, Shi Guo (2008). The Textual Formation of the Newly Discovered Anban Shouyi Jing, Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 21, 123-143 ^ Greene, Eric (2014). HEALING BREATHS AND ROTTING BONES:ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUDDHIST AND CHINESE MEDITATION PRACTICES DURING THE EASTERN HANAND THREE KINGDOMS PERIOD, Journal of Chinese Religions 42 (2), 145-184 ^ Zacchetti, (2002). "An Early Chinese Translation Corresponding to Chapter 6 of the Peṭakopadesa," – via JSTOR (subscription required) Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 65 (1), 76. ^ Demiéville 1954, p. 362; Yamabe 1999, p. 75. ^ Yamabe 1999, p. 84-9. ^ Yamabe 2010, p. 1053. ^ Greene 2021a, p. 92. ^ Greene 2021b, p. 122-161. ^ Yamabe 1999. Sources Chan, Yiu-Wing (2013). An English Translation of the Dharmatrāta-Dhyāna-Sūtra (達摩多羅禪經 T15, No.618). With Annotation and a Critical Introduction (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Demiéville, Paul (1954). "La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa" (PDF). Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 44 (2): 339–436. doi:10.3406/befeo.1951.5178. Greene, Eric M. (2021a). Chan Before Chan: Meditation, Repentance, and Visionary Experience in Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. Greene, Eric M. (2021b). The Secrets of Buddhist Meditation: Visionary Meditation Texts from Early Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. Hang Dat, Thich (2011). A Reappraisal of Kumārājīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārājīva's Translation Text on 'The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyāna.' (PDF) (MA Thesis). University of the West. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-18. Pozdnejev, Aleksei Matveevitch (1927). Dhyāna und Samādhi im Mongolischen Lamaismus. Aus dem Russischen übersetzt und eingeleitet von W. A. Unkrig. Hannover: Orient-Buchhandlung Heinz Lafaire.. Schlingloff, Dieter (1964). Ein buddhistisches Yogalehrbuch. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.. Reprinted as: Schlingloff, Dieter (1964). Hartmann, Jens-Uwe; Röllicke, Hermann-Joseph (eds.). Unveränderter Nachdruck unter Beigabe aller seither bekannt gewordenen Fragmente. München: Iudicium. Yamabe, Nobuyoshi (1999). The Sūtra of the Ocean-Like Samadhi of the Visualization of the Buddha: The Interfusion of the Chinese and Indian Cultures in Central Asian as Reflected in a Fifth Century Apocryphal Sūtra (PhD Dissertation). Yale University. ProQuest 304553335. Yamabe, Nobuyoshi; Sueki, Fumihiko (2009). The sutra on the concentration of sitting meditation (Taishō Volume 15, Number 614). Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Yamabe, Nobuyoshi (2010). "Two Chinese Meditation Manuals in Conjunction with Pozdneyev's Mongolian Manual". In Zin, Monika; Franco, Eli (eds.). From Turfan to Ajanta: Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday. Bhairahawa, Rupandehi: Lumbini International Research Institute. pp. 1045–58. Willemen, Charles (2012). Outlining the way to reflect (T. XV 617): Siwei lüeyao fa 思惟略要法. Mumbai: Somaiya Publications.. Other sources Deleanu, Florin. 'Śrāvakayāna Yoga Practices and Mahāyāna Buddhism', Bulletin of the Graduate Division of Literature of Waseda University, Special Issue No. 20 (Philosophy-History), 1993. Deleanu, Florin. 'A Preliminary Study of An Shigao's Translation of the Yogācārabhūmi', The Journal of the Department of Liberal Arts of Kansai Medical University, Vol. 17, 1997. Greene, Eric. Of Bones and Buddhas: Contemplation of the Corpse and its Connection to Meditations on Purity as Evidenced by 5th Century Chinese Meditation Manuals. M.A. Thesis. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Buddhist meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_meditation"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sarvāstivāda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deleanu-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism"}],"text":"The Dhyāna sutras (Chinese: 禪經 chan jing) (Japanese 禅経 zen-gyo) or \"meditation summaries\" (Chinese: 禪要) or also known as The Zen Sutras are a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which are mostly based on the Yogacara[note 1] meditation teachings of the Sarvāstivāda school of Kashmir circa 1st-4th centuries CE.[1] Most of the texts only survive in Chinese and were key works in the development of the Buddhist meditation practices of Chinese Buddhism.","title":"Dhyāna sutras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gandhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Ānanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2013-3"},{"link_name":"anapanasati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati"},{"link_name":"paṭikūlamanasikāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patikulamanasikara"},{"link_name":"maitrī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C4%81"},{"link_name":"pratītyasamutpāda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da"},{"link_name":"Buddha's thirty-two Characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha#The_32_Signs_of_a_Great_Man"},{"link_name":"dhātu-s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha#Eighteen_Dh%C4%81tus_and_Four_Paramatthas"},{"link_name":"bodhisattvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Amitābha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuanci-4"},{"link_name":"abhidharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhidharma"},{"link_name":"Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacarabhumi-sastra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"Samadhi sutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_texts#Samadhi_Sutras"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"nikāyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HangDat-6"},{"link_name":"śūnyatā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"The Dhyāna sutras focus on the concrete details of the meditative practice of the Yogacarins of northern Gandhara and Kashmir, who were known as masters of Buddhist meditation. Kashmir probably became a center of dhyāna practice due to the efforts of Madhyāntika (Majjhantika), a disciple of Ānanda, who traveled north to practice and teach meditation.[2]The five main types of meditation in these sutras are:anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing),\npaṭikūlamanasikāra meditation - mindfulness of the impurities of the body,\nloving-kindness maitrī meditation,\nthe contemplation on the twelve links of pratītyasamutpāda,\nthe contemplation on the Buddha's thirty-two Characteristics.In addition some sutras contain instructions on contemplation of the dhātu-s (elements); contemplation of white bones and fresh corpses; and contemplation of bodhisattvas such as Amitābha.[3]The content of these texts is connected with the Yogacara abhidharma works, especially the Abhidharmamahāvibhāsā-śāstra (MVŚ, 阿毗達磨大毗婆沙論), which frequently cites the practices of the early Yogacarins, and the large Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra (YBŚ).[4]Though the doctrines in these sutras are mostly in line with early Buddhist orthodoxy, they are the work of Buddhists and translators who also lived and traveled through Central Asia and China, therefore some of them also include Mahayana Buddhist teachings and meditation methods common to the Samadhi sutras. The Dhyāna sutras are thus a set of texts which illustrate the evolution of meditation from early Buddhist methods to Mahayana techniques. Sutras such as the Chanfa Yaojie (Chinese: 禪法要解, compiled in India no later than the third century) contain meditations which are derived from the earlier nikāyas as well as material dealing with the Mahayana bodhisattva ideal [5] and Mahayana śūnyatā teachings.[6][verification needed]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia"},{"link_name":"An Shigao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Shigao"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han"},{"link_name":"anapanasati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati"},{"link_name":"Kang Senghui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Senghui"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deleanu-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinesebuddhiststudies.org-9"},{"link_name":"''Skandha''-s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27%27Skandha%27%27-s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dhātu-s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha#Eighteen_Dh.C4.81tus"},{"link_name":"Āyatana-s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tiantai Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiantai_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Chan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuanci-4"},{"link_name":"Dārṣṭāntika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C4%81r%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ntika&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhi Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhi_Qian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yuanci-4"},{"link_name":"Kumārajīva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva"},{"link_name":"Tao Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Buddhabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhabhadra_(translator)"},{"link_name":"Kapilavastu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Dharmatrāta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmatr%C4%81ta"},{"link_name":"Buddhasena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhasena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ānāpāna-smṛti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati"},{"link_name":"tantric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra"},{"link_name":"maṇḍala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2013-3"},{"link_name":"Chan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Tiantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiantai"},{"link_name":"Zhiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhiyi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HangDat-6"}],"text":"One of the earliest Chinese translators of meditation summaries was the Parthian meditation master An Shigao (安世高, 147-168 CE) who worked on various texts including the influential Anban shouyi jing (Sanskrit: Ānāpānasmṛti-sūtra), or the \"Mindfulness of Breathing discourse\".[7] During the Eastern Han period the foremost meditation technique taught by An Shigao and his school was a form of anapanasati (annabanna 安那般那) which remained influential for centuries afterwards. Most of these summaries only survive in Chinese translation and often they are not in their original form but also include later accretions such as commentary work by Chinese translators. The difficulty of working with the Chinese translations is shown by the corrupt nature of the Da Anban shouyi jing, which according to Florin Deleanu \"gathers together An Shigao's original translation, almost impossible to reconstruct, fragments from An Shigao's own commentary as well as fragments\nfrom glosses by Chen Hui, Kang Senghui, Zhi Dun, Daoan, and Xie Fu.\"[1] A recently discovered manuscript of the Anban Shouyi Jing at Kongo-ji temple (Japan) seems to be an actual An Shigao translation.[8] Other highly influential and widely studied An Shigao meditation treatises by early Chinese Buddhists include the 'Scripture on the Twelve Gates' (Shier men jing) and the 'Canonical Text Concerning the ''Skandha''-s, the Dhātu-s, and the Āyatana-s' (Yin chi ru jing, YCRJ). According to Eric Greene, the Scripture on the twelve gates and its commentary provide some of the most comprehensive information on the practice of early Chinese Meditation (Chan),[9] while Zacchetti concludes in his paper on the YCRJ that this text was considered by An Shigao's disciples, Kang\nSenghui 康僧會 (? - 280 CE) and Chen Hui 陳慧, to be \"one of their main doctrinal sources\".[10]Another work, the Discourse on the Essential Secrets of Meditation (Taisho 15 no. 613) is one of the oldest texts to be translated into Chinese on the subject of meditation (circa 2nd or 3rd century CE) and therefore was likely to have had an influence on the meditation practices of Tiantai Buddhism and Chan Buddhism.[3] This text belonged to the Buddhist Dārṣṭāntika school and the first Chinese translation was made by Zhi Qian in the early part of the 3rd century CE.[3]A later important Chinese translator of these texts was Kumārajīva (334–413 CE) who translated several important meditation sutras by 402. Kumarajiva's translated meditation scriptures such as the Chanfa yaojie (禪法要解) were widely promoted by his disciple Tao Sheng. A contemporary of Kumarajiviva, Buddhabhadra, a Sarvastivadin from Kapilavastu, translated the Damoduoluo chan jing (Dharmatrāta Dhyāna sūtra), a Sarvastivada Dārṣṭāntika meditation manual associated with the Indian teachers Dharmatrāta and Buddhasena. This text, written in verse, includes orthodox Sarvastivadin meditation techniques such as ānāpāna-smṛti as well as tantric Mahayanist practices such as visualization and maṇḍala instructions. Hence this work is proof that some later Mahayana meditation practices were derived from techniques developed by Sarvastivada Yogacarins.[2] Taken together, the translations by Kumarajiva and Buddhabhadra of Sarvastivadin meditation manuals laid the groundwork for the practices of Chan Buddhism (Zen) and the works of the Tiantai meditation master Zhiyi.[5]","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An Shigao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Shigao"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinesebuddhiststudies.org-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HangDat-6"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kizil Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizil_Caves"},{"link_name":"Kumarajiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarajiva"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemi%C3%A9ville1954362Yamabe199975-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamabe199984-9-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamabe20101053-16"},{"link_name":"available","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8300946x/f45"},{"link_name":"Gallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallica"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2021a92-17"},{"link_name":"Kumarajiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarajiva"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene2021b122-161-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamabe1999-19"}],"text":"Early translations in ChineseTranslated or associated with An Shigao and his translation school:T602 Foshou da anban shouyi jing 佛說大安般守意經 - The Great Discourse by the Buddha on the Mindfulness of Ānāpānna.\nK-ABSYJ - Anban shouyi jing 安般守意經 [Kongō-ji manuscript][8]\nT603 :Yin chi ru jing 陰持入經 - Canonical Text Concerning the Skandhas, the Dhātus, and the Āyatanas.\nT1568 Scripture on the Twelve Gates (Shier men jing 十二門經)\nExplanations on the Scripture of the Twelve Gates (Jie Shier men jing 解十二門經)\nT605 禪行法想經 - Chan xing fa xiang jing - Discourse on Perception in the Law of Practice of Meditation\nRenben yusheng jing 人本欲生經\nT604 - Foshuo chanxing san shi qi pin jing (佛說禪行三十七品經), possibly not a translation by An Shigao.[5]\nT607 daodi jing 大道地經\nT1694: Yin-chi ru jing zhu 陰持入經註\nT105: Wu yin piyu jing 五陰譬喩經\nT621 Foshou foyin sanmei jing (佛說佛印三昧經), Mahayana text, possibly not translated by An Shigao\nT622 the Foshuo zishi sanmei jing (佛說自誓三昧經), Mahayana text, possibly not translated by An Shigao\nT150A Qichu sanguan jing 七處三觀經\nShiwei jing 思惟經 (Scripture on the Essential Method of Meditation) [LOST TEXT]Other translators:Chan Yao Jing 禪要經, translated by Zhi Qian 223-253 CE.\nT606: Xiūxíng dào dì jīng 修行道地經 [Yogācārabhūmi of Saṅgharakṣa], translated by Dharmaraksa into Chinese in 284 CE. Detailed summary of the work in Demiéville 1954.Fifth century texts[note 2]Text preserved in SanskritThe so-called Yogalehrbuch [Yoga textbook], a meditation manual found in Kizil Caves, reconstituted and edited by Schlingloff 1964.Texts compiled by Kumarajiva[note 3]T614: Zuòchán sān mēi jīng 坐禪三昧經 [A Manual on the Samādhi of Sitting Meditation], ZSJ (also called the Bodhisattvadhyāna Pusa Chanfa Jing 菩薩禪法經 or The Sūtra on the Practice of Meditation in The Wilderness E lan Rou Xi Chan Fa Jing 阿蘭若習禪法經). Translated into English by Yamabe and Sueki 2009.\nT616: Chán fǎ yào jiě 禪法要解 [Essential Explanation of The Method of Dhyāna], CY. Translated into English by Hang Dat 2011.Other texts:T617: Sīwéi lüè yào fǎ 思惟略要法 [The Abridged Essence of Meditation], SLF, translated c. 405 CE. Translated into English by Willemen 2012.\nT618: Dámóduōluó chán jīng 達摩多羅禪經 [Discours on meditation of Dharmatrāta], but the actual title should be [The *Yogācārabhūmi of Buddhasena],[11] YBhB, translated into Chinese by Buddhabhadra, 398-421 CE. Translated into English by Chan 2013.\nT619: Wǔmén chán jīng yào yòngfǎ 五門禪經要用法 [The Essence of the Meditation Manual Consisting of Five Gates], WCYF, trans. Dharmamitra (356-442). Mongolian version translated into German by Pozdnejev 1927. Some parts of the manual, as it is edited in Taishō, are identical to the SLF (T617).[12]\nT2914: Guān jīng 觀經 [Visalization Manual], Dunhuang manuscript of the London Collection (Stein 2585). Several sections correspond to the SLF and two were extracted from the WCYF.[13] Another copy of the same text is to be found in the Paris collection (Pelliot chinois 3835–3, available at Gallica) and in Saint Petersburg (Дx15–2).[14]Chinese compositions:T613: Chán mì yào fǎ jīng 禪秘要法經 [Discourse on the Essential Secrets of Meditation], CMJ, attributed to Kumarajiva. Translated into English by Greene 2021b. This text, at the beginning, formed one text with the ZCMF (T620), and is an expansion of the WCYF (T619).[15]\nT620: Zhì chán bìng mì yào fǎ 治禪病祕要法 [The Secret Essential Methods to Cure the Diseases Caused by Meditation], ZCMF, attributed to Juqu Jingsheng (5th century CE). Translated into English by Greene 2021b.\nT643: Guān fó sānmèi hǎi jīng 觀佛三昧海經 [Sūtra on the ocean-like Samādhi of the contemplation of the Buddha], GSHJ, chinese composition, based on Indian or Central Asian sources as demonstrated by Yamabe.[16]","title":"List of Dhyāna sutras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Yogacara school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogacara_school&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deleanu-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"text":"^ To be distinguished from the Mahayana Yogacara school, though they may have been a precursor.[1]\n\n^ Translation of titles and abbreviations according to Yamabe 1999, p. 58-9\n\n^ At the request of his students, Kumārajīva made these compilations (zhuàn 撰) on dhyāna drawing from various Indian sources Demiéville 1954, 354, fn. 2 and Yamabe & Sueki 2009, xiv-xvii.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An English Translation of the Dharmatrāta-Dhyāna-Sūtra (達摩多羅禪經 T15, No.618). With Annotation and a Critical Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304103638/http://ibc.ac.th/faqing/files/English_Translation_ofBuddhabhadra_Meditation_Sutra.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ibc.ac.th/faqing/files/English_Translation_ofBuddhabhadra_Meditation_Sutra.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/befeo_0336-1519_1951_num_44_2_5178.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/befeo.1951.5178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1951.5178"},{"link_name":"A Reappraisal of Kumārājīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārājīva's Translation Text on 'The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyāna.'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150518100726/http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Sūtra of the Ocean-Like Samadhi of the Visualization of the Buddha: The Interfusion of the Chinese and Indian Cultures in Central Asian as Reflected in a Fifth Century Apocryphal Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/docview/304553335"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"304553335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/304553335"}],"text":"Chan, Yiu-Wing (2013). An English Translation of the Dharmatrāta-Dhyāna-Sūtra (達摩多羅禪經 T15, No.618). With Annotation and a Critical Introduction (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.\nDemiéville, Paul (1954). \"La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa\" (PDF). Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 44 (2): 339–436. doi:10.3406/befeo.1951.5178.\nGreene, Eric M. (2021a). Chan Before Chan: Meditation, Repentance, and Visionary Experience in Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.\nGreene, Eric M. (2021b). The Secrets of Buddhist Meditation: Visionary Meditation Texts from Early Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.\nHang Dat, Thich (2011). A Reappraisal of Kumārājīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārājīva's Translation Text on 'The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyāna.' (PDF) (MA Thesis). University of the West. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-18.\nPozdnejev, Aleksei Matveevitch (1927). Dhyāna und Samādhi im Mongolischen Lamaismus. Aus dem Russischen übersetzt und eingeleitet von W. A. Unkrig. Hannover: Orient-Buchhandlung Heinz Lafaire..\nSchlingloff, Dieter (1964). Ein buddhistisches Yogalehrbuch. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.. Reprinted as: Schlingloff, Dieter (1964). Hartmann, Jens-Uwe; Röllicke, Hermann-Joseph (eds.). Unveränderter Nachdruck unter Beigabe aller seither bekannt gewordenen Fragmente. München: Iudicium.\nYamabe, Nobuyoshi (1999). The Sūtra of the Ocean-Like Samadhi of the Visualization of the Buddha: The Interfusion of the Chinese and Indian Cultures in Central Asian as Reflected in a Fifth Century Apocryphal Sūtra (PhD Dissertation). Yale University. ProQuest 304553335.\nYamabe, Nobuyoshi; Sueki, Fumihiko (2009). The sutra on the concentration of sitting meditation (Taishō Volume 15, Number 614). Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.\nYamabe, Nobuyoshi (2010). \"Two Chinese Meditation Manuals in Conjunction with Pozdneyev's Mongolian Manual\". In Zin, Monika; Franco, Eli (eds.). From Turfan to Ajanta: Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday. Bhairahawa, Rupandehi: Lumbini International Research Institute. pp. 1045–58.\nWillemen, Charles (2012). Outlining the way to reflect (T. XV 617): Siwei lüeyao fa 思惟略要法. Mumbai: Somaiya Publications..","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles"},{"link_name":"Foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Four Noble Truths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths"},{"link_name":"Three 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Florin. 'Śrāvakayāna Yoga Practices and Mahāyāna Buddhism', Bulletin of the Graduate Division of Literature of Waseda University, Special Issue No. 20 (Philosophy-History), 1993.\nDeleanu, Florin. 'A Preliminary Study of An Shigao's Translation of the Yogācārabhūmi', The Journal of the Department of Liberal Arts of Kansai Medical University, Vol. 17, 1997.\nGreene, Eric. Of Bones and Buddhas: Contemplation of the Corpse and its Connection to Meditations on Purity as Evidenced by 5th Century Chinese Meditation Manuals. M.A. Thesis. University of California, 2006.vteTopics in Buddhism\n Outline\nGlossary\nIndex\nFoundations\nFour Noble Truths\nThree Jewels\nBuddha\nDharma\nSangha\nNoble Eightfold Path\nNirvana\nMiddle Way\nThe Buddha\nTathāgata\nBirthday\nFour sights\nEight Great Events\nGreat Renunciation\nPhysical characteristics\nLife of Buddha in art\nFootprint\nRelics\nIconography in Laos and Thailand\nFilms\nMiracles\nFamily\nSuddhodāna (father)\nMāyā (mother)\nMahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)\nYaśodharā (wife)\nRāhula (son)\nĀnanda (cousin)\nDevadatta (cousin)\nPlaces where the Buddha stayed\nBuddha in world religions\nBodhisattvas\nAvalokiteśvara\nGuanyin\nMañjuśrī\nMahāsthāmaprāpta\nĀkāśagarbha\nKṣitigarbha\nSamantabhadra\nVajrapāṇi\nSkanda\nTārā\nMetteyya/Maitreya\nDisciples\nKaundinya\nAssaji\nSāriputta\nMahamoggallāna\nĀnanda\nMahākassapa\nAṅgulimāla\nAnuruddha\nMahākaccana\nNanda\nSubhūti\nPunna\nUpāli\nMahapajapati Gotamī\nKhema\nUppalavanna\nAsita\nChanna\nYasa\nKey concepts\nAvidyā (Ignorance)\nBardo\nBodhicitta\nBuddha-nature\nDhamma theory\nDharma\nEnlightenment\nFive hindrances\nIndriya\nKarma\nKleshas\nMental factors\nMindstream\nParinirvana\nPratītyasamutpāda\nRebirth\nSaṃsāra\nSaṅkhāra\nSkandha\nŚūnyatā\nTaṇhā (Craving)\nTathātā\nTen Fetters\nThree marks of existence\nAnicca\nDukkha\nAnatta\nTwo truths doctrine\nCosmology\nTen spiritual realms\nSix realms\nDeva realm\nHuman realm\nAsura realm\nHungry Ghost realm\nAnimal realm\nNaraka\nThree planes of existence\nBranches\nMahayana\nZen\nChinese Chan\nJapanese Zen\nKorean Seon\nVietnamese Thiền\nPure Land\nTiantai\nHuayan\nRisshū\nNichiren\nMadhyamaka\nYogachara\nVajrayana\nTibetan Buddhism\nChinese Esoteric Buddhism\nShingon\nDzogchen\nTheravada\nNavayana\nEarly Buddhist schools\nPre-sectarian Buddhism\nBasic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna\nPractices\nBhavana\nBodhipakkhiyādhammā\nBrahmavihara\nMettā\nKaruṇā\nMudita\nUpekkha\nBuddhābhiṣeka\nDāna\nDevotion\nDeity yoga\nDhyāna\nFaith\nFive Strengths\nIddhipada\nMeditation\nMantras\nKammaṭṭhāna\nRecollection\nSmarana\nAnapanasati\nSamatha\nVipassanā (Vipassana movement)\nShikantaza\nZazen\nKoan\nGanana\nMandala\nTonglen\nTantra\nTertön\nTerma\nMerit\nMindfulness\nMindful Yoga\nSatipatthana\nNekkhamma\nNianfo\nPāramitā\nParitta\nPuja\nOfferings\nProstration\nChanting\nRefuge\nSādhu\nSatya\nSacca\nSeven Factors of Enlightenment\nSati\nDhamma vicaya\nPīti\nPassaddhi\nŚīla\nFive precepts\nEight precepts\nBodhisattva vow\nPratimokṣa\nThreefold Training\nŚīla\nSamadhi\nPrajñā\nVīrya\nFour Right Exertions\nTwenty-two vows of Ambedkar\nNirvana\nBodhi\nBodhisattva\nBuddhahood\nPratyekabuddha\nFour stages of awakening\nSotāpanna\nSakadagami\nAnāgāmi\nArhat\nMonasticism\nBhikkhu\nBhikkhunī\nŚrāmaṇera\nŚrāmaṇerī\nAnagārika\nAjahn\nSayadaw\nZen master\nRōshi\nLama\nRinpoche\nGeshe\nTulku\nWestern tulku\nKappiya\nDonchee\nHouseholder\nUpāsaka and Upāsikā\nAchar\nŚrāvaka\nThe ten principal disciples\nShaolin Monastery\nMajor figures\nGautama Buddha\nNagasena\nAśvaghoṣa\nNagarjuna\nAsanga\nVasubandhu\nKumārajīva\nBuddhaghosa\nBuddhapālita\nDignāga\nBodhidharma\nZhiyi\nEmperor Wen of Sui\nSongtsen Gampo\nXuanzang\nShandao\nPadmasambhāva\nSaraha\nAtiśa\nNaropa\nKarmapa\nHōnen\nShinran\nDōgen\nNichiren\nShamarpa\nDalai Lama\nPanchen Lama\nAjahn Mun\nB. 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[]

[{"title":"Vimuttimagga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimuttimagga"},{"title":"Yogacara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogacara"},{"title":"Anapanasati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapanasati"},{"title":"Sarvastivada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvastivada"}]

[{"reference":"Thich Hang Dat. A Reappraisal of Kumārajīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārajīva's Translation Text on \"The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyana\" (PDF) (Masters thesis). University of the West. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100726/http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf","url_text":"A Reappraisal of Kumārajīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārajīva's Translation Text on \"The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyana\""},{"url":"http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chan, Yiu-Wing (2013). An English Translation of the Dharmatrāta-Dhyāna-Sūtra (達摩多羅禪經 T15, No.618). With Annotation and a Critical Introduction (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103638/http://ibc.ac.th/faqing/files/English_Translation_ofBuddhabhadra_Meditation_Sutra.pdf","url_text":"An English Translation of the Dharmatrāta-Dhyāna-Sūtra (達摩多羅禪經 T15, No.618). With Annotation and a Critical Introduction"},{"url":"http://ibc.ac.th/faqing/files/English_Translation_ofBuddhabhadra_Meditation_Sutra.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Demiéville, Paul (1954). \"La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa\" (PDF). Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 44 (2): 339–436. doi:10.3406/befeo.1951.5178.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/befeo_0336-1519_1951_num_44_2_5178.pdf","url_text":"\"La Yogācārabhūmi de Saṅgharakṣa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1951.5178","url_text":"10.3406/befeo.1951.5178"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Eric M. (2021a). Chan Before Chan: Meditation, Repentance, and Visionary Experience in Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greene, Eric M. (2021b). The Secrets of Buddhist Meditation: Visionary Meditation Texts from Early Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hang Dat, Thich (2011). A Reappraisal of Kumārājīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārājīva's Translation Text on 'The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyāna.' (PDF) (MA Thesis). University of the West. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100726/http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf","url_text":"A Reappraisal of Kumārājīva's Role in Medieval Chinese Buddhism: An Examination of Kumārājīva's Translation Text on 'The Essential Explanation of the Method of Dhyāna.'"},{"url":"http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pozdnejev, Aleksei Matveevitch (1927). Dhyāna und Samādhi im Mongolischen Lamaismus. Aus dem Russischen übersetzt und eingeleitet von W. A. Unkrig. Hannover: Orient-Buchhandlung Heinz Lafaire.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schlingloff, Dieter (1964). Ein buddhistisches Yogalehrbuch. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schlingloff, Dieter (1964). Hartmann, Jens-Uwe; Röllicke, Hermann-Joseph (eds.). Unveränderter Nachdruck unter Beigabe aller seither bekannt gewordenen Fragmente. München: Iudicium.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Yamabe, Nobuyoshi (1999). The Sūtra of the Ocean-Like Samadhi of the Visualization of the Buddha: The Interfusion of the Chinese and Indian Cultures in Central Asian as Reflected in a Fifth Century Apocryphal Sūtra (PhD Dissertation). Yale University. ProQuest 304553335.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/304553335","url_text":"The Sūtra of the Ocean-Like Samadhi of the Visualization of the Buddha: The Interfusion of the Chinese and Indian Cultures in Central Asian as Reflected in a Fifth Century Apocryphal Sūtra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/304553335","url_text":"304553335"}]},{"reference":"Yamabe, Nobuyoshi; Sueki, Fumihiko (2009). The sutra on the concentration of sitting meditation (Taishō Volume 15, Number 614). Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Yamabe, Nobuyoshi (2010). \"Two Chinese Meditation Manuals in Conjunction with Pozdneyev's Mongolian Manual\". In Zin, Monika; Franco, Eli (eds.). From Turfan to Ajanta: Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday. Bhairahawa, Rupandehi: Lumbini International Research Institute. pp. 1045–58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Willemen, Charles (2012). Outlining the way to reflect (T. XV 617): Siwei lüeyao fa 思惟略要法. Mumbai: Somaiya Publications.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midvale_Park

Midvale Park

["1 Education","2 Parks","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 32°08′54″N 110°59′56″W / 32.148385°N 110.998863°W / 32.148385; -110.998863Master planned community in Tucson, Arizona This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Midvale Park" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Midvale Park" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Midvale Park is a master planned community in the southwest part of Tucson, Arizona. Originally developed in 1982, Midvale Park officially comprises 3550 homes, two parks, and a public elementary school. The development is bordered by Interstate 19 on the east, Mission Road to the west, Irvington Road to the north, and Valencia Road to the south. Education Midvale Park has an elementary school, Raul Grijalva Elementary School, which is part of the Tucson Unified School District. It is named after U.S. Congressman Raul M. Grijalva, who represents the 3rd Congressional District of Arizona. Parks Midvale Park has two parks; Oaktree Park and Grijalva Park. References ^ Archived 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Congressman Raul Grijalva : Home". Grijalva.house.gov. Retrieved 5 June 2018. External links Midvale Park website Archived 2007-10-02 at the Wayback Machine 32°08′54″N 110°59′56″W / 32.148385°N 110.998863°W / 32.148385; -110.998863

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Brooke-Hunt

Violet Brooke-Hunt

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]

Violet Brooke Hunt, from a 1903 publication. Violet Edith Gwynllyn Brooke-Hunt (18 June 1870 – 9 June 1910) was an English writer and social worker. She was active in the Boer War, improving conditions for British troops in hospitals and camps. Early life Violet Brooke-Hunt was born in Tibberton, Gloucestershire. Her parents were Charles George Hunt, a naval officer, and Gertrude Price Hunt. Violet Brooke-Hunt attended Cheltenham Ladies' College. Career Brooke-Hunt already had some community work experience when she moved to London as a young woman. There she continued her work with boys and young men, organizing clubs, sports programs, and vocational classes, and publishing pamphlets. She also published some didactic fiction through the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. During the Boer War she went to South Africa, and was busy with improving the conditions for British troops there, including worship services, light entertainment, better food, cleaner facilities, enrichment classes and reading rooms. She was awarded a medal for her services, and made a Lady of Grace of St John of Jerusalem. She published a memoir of her war work, A Woman's Memories of the War, in 1901. Back in England in 1902, she used her "formidable energy and organisational zeal" to gather Boer War veterans for the coronation of Edward VII; later she organized other clubs and leagues in London, including the Union Jack Club and the Women's Unionist and Tariff Reform Association (Tariff Reform League). Books by Violet Brooke-Hunt include Prisoners of the Tower of London (1901), The Story of Westminster Abbey (1904), and Lord Roberts, a Biography (1914). Personal life Violet Brooke-Hunt was engaged to marry Charles Bathurst in 1897, but the wedding seems not to have taken place. She died just before her 40th birthday, from heart failure attributed to exhaustion. References ^ a b c d Andrew S. Thompson, "Violet Edith Gwynllyn Brooke-Hunt" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press 2004). ^ Julia M. A. Hawkesley, "Miss Violet Brooke-Hunt's Work for Boys" The Churchman (28 October 1899): 525. ^ Jerusha D. Richardson, Women of the Church of England (Chapman and Hall 1908): 317. ^ a b c "Violet Brooke-Hunt: Demise of a Splendid Woman" The Dominion (18 June 1910): 11. via Papers Past ^ "Presents to Miss Brooke-Hunt" King and Navy and Army (27 June 1903): 308-309. ^ Andrew S. Thompson, Imperial Britain: The Empire in British Politics, C. 1880-1932 (Routledge 2014): 57. ISBN 9781317882534 ^ Violet Brooke-Hunt, The Story of Westminster Abbey (James Nisbet 1904). ^ Online Books by Violet Brooke-Hunt, Online Books Page, University of Pennsylvania Libraries. ^ Untitled social item, Country Life Illustrated (3 April 1897): 343. ^ Janet Horowitz Murray, Myra Stark, eds., The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions: 1909-1910 (Routledge 2017). ISBN 9781315394923 External links Works by Violet Brooke-Hunt at Project Gutenberg Violet Brooke-Hunt, "Clubs for Young Men", in Angela Burdett-Coutts, ed., Woman's Mission: A Series of Congress Papers on the Philanthropic Work of Women, by Eminent Writers (S. Low, Marston, limited, 1893): 56-64.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_needs

Consumer choice

["1 Behavioral economics","2 Example: homogeneous divisible goods","3 Characteristics of the indifference curve","4 Example: land","5 Sunk cost effect","6 Role of time constraint effect","7 Effect of online reviews","8 Effect of a price change","9 Income effect","10 Price effect as the sum of substitution and income effects","11 Indifference curves for goods that are perfect substitutes or complements","11.1 Perfect Substitutes","11.2 Perfect Complements","12 Utility","13 Assumptions","13.1 Use value","14 Labor-leisure trade-off","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]

Aspect of economics This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Consumer choice" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onEconomics History Outline Index Branches and classifications Applied Econometrics Heterodox International Micro / Macro Mainstream Mathematical Methodology Political JEL classification codes Concepts, theory and techniques Economic systems Economic growth Market National accounting Experimental economics Computational economics Game theory Operations research Middle income trap Industrial complex By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Feminist Financial Geographical Happiness Health Historical Humanistic Industrial organization Information Institutional Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary Natural resource Organizational Participation Personnel Planning Policy Public Public choice / Social choice theory Regional Rural Service Socio Sociological Solidarity Statistics Urban Welfare Notable economists de Mandeville Quesnay Smith Malthus Say Ricardo von Thünen List Bastiat Cournot Mill Gossen Marx Walras Jevons George Menger Marshall Edgeworth Clark Pareto von Böhm-Bawerk von Wieser Veblen Fisher Pigou Heckscher von Mises Schumpeter Keynes Knight Polanyi Frisch Sraffa Myrdal Hayek Kalecki Röpke Kuznets Tinbergen Robinson von Neumann Hicks Lange Leontief Galbraith Koopmans Schumacher Friedman Samuelson Simon Buchanan Arrow Baumol Solow Rothbard Greenspan Sowell Becker Ostrom Sen Lucas Stiglitz Thaler Hoppe Krugman Piketty more Lists Glossary Economists Publications (journals) Schools Business portal Money portalvte The theory of consumer choice is the branch of microeconomics that relates preferences to consumption expenditures and to consumer demand curves. It analyzes how consumers maximize the desirability of their consumption (as measured by their preferences subject to limitations on their expenditures), by maximizing utility subject to a consumer budget constraint. Factors influencing consumers' evaluation of the utility of goods include: income level, cultural factors, product information and physio-psychological factors. Consumption is separated from production, logically, because two different economic agents are involved. In the first case, consumption is determined by the individual. Their specific tastes or preferences determine the amount of utility they derive from goods and services they consume. In the second case, a producer has different motives to the consumer in that they are focussed on the profit they make. This is explained further by producer theory. The models that make up consumer theory are used to represent prospectively observable demand patterns for an individual buyer on the hypothesis of constrained optimization. Prominent variables used to explain the rate at which the good is purchased (demanded) are the price per unit of that good, prices of related goods, and wealth of the consumer. The law of demand states that the rate of consumption falls as the price of the good rises, even when the consumer is monetarily compensated for the effect of the higher price; this is called the substitution effect. As the price of a good rises, consumers will substitute away from that good, choosing more of other alternatives. If no compensation for the price rise occurs, as is usual, then the decline in overall purchasing power due to the price rise leads, for most goods, to a further decline in the quantity demanded; this is called the income effect. As the wealth of the individual rises, demand for most products increases, shifting the demand curve higher at all possible prices. In addition, people's judgments and decisions are often influenced by systemic biases or heuristics and are strongly dependent on the context in which the decisions are made, small or even unexpected changes in the decision-making environment can greatly affect their decisions. The basic problem of consumer theory takes the following inputs: The consumption set C – the set of all bundles that the consumer could conceivably consume. A preference relation over the bundles of C. This preference relation can be described as an ordinal utility function, describing the utility that the consumer derives from each bundle. A price system, which is a function assigning a price to each bundle. An initial endowment, which is a bundle from C that the consumer initially holds. The consumer can sell all or some of his initial bundle in the given prices, and can buy another bundle in the given prices. He has to decide which bundle to buy, under the given prices and budget, in order to maximize their utility. Behavioral economics Behavioral economics has criticized neoclassical consumer choice theory because reality is more complex that what the theory can determine itself. Firstly, consumers use heuristics, which means they do not scrutinize decisions too closely but rather make broad generalizations. Further, it is deemed not worthwhile to attempt to determine the value of specific behavior. Heuristics are techniques for simplifying the decision-making process by omitting or disregarding certain information and focusing exclusively on particular elements of alternatives. While some heuristics must be utilized purposefully and deliberately, others can be used relatively effortlessly, even without our conscious awareness. Consumption by individuals is typically impacted by advertising and consumer habits as well. Secondly, consumers struggle to give standard utils and instead rank distinct options in order of preference, which is referred to as ordinal utility. Thirdly, it is not always likely that a consumer would stay rational and make the choice which maximizes their utility. Sometimes, individuals are irrational. For example, a consumer making impulsive purchases is not a rational choice. The rise of the internet and social networks may cause changes in consumer behavior, resulting in more planned and sensible purchase processes. Fourthly, individuals can be reluctant to spend cash on particular items because they have preconceived boundaries on how much they can afford to spend on 'luxuries,' according to their mental accounting. Lastly, it is not easy to separate products in the market. Some items, such as an electronic car or a refrigerator, are only purchased occasionally and cannot be mathematically divided. Example: homogeneous divisible goods Consider an economy with two types of homogeneous divisible goods, traditionally called X and Y. The consumption set is R + 2 {\displaystyle R_{+}^{2}} , i.e. the set of all pairs ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} where x ≥ 0 {\displaystyle x\geq 0} and y ≥ 0 {\displaystyle y\geq 0} . Each bundle contains a non-negative quantity of good X and a non-negative quantity of good Y. A typical preference relation can be represented by a set of indifference curves. Each curve represents a set of bundles that give the consumer the same utility. A typical utility function is the Cobb–Douglas function: u ( x , y ) = x α ⋅ y β {\displaystyle u(x,y)=x^{\alpha }\cdot y^{\beta }} , which is shown in the figure below. A typical price system assigns a price to each type of good, such that the cost of bundle ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} is x p X + y p Y {\displaystyle xp_{X}+yp_{Y}} . A typical initial endowment for an individual is fixed income, which along with transparent prices of goods implies a budget constraint. The consumer can choose any point on or below the budget constraint line B C {\displaystyle BC} In the diagram. This line is downward sloped and linear since it represents the boundary of the inequality x p X + y p Y ≤ i n c o m e {\displaystyle xp_{X}+yp_{Y}\leq \mathrm {income} } . In other words, the amount spent on both goods together is less than or equal to the income of the consumer. The consumer will choose the indifference curve with the highest utility that is attainable within their budget constraint. Every point on indifference curve I3 is outside the budget constraint. As a result the most optimal point for the individual is where the indifference curve I2 is tangent to the budget constraint. As a result, the individual will purchase X ∗ {\displaystyle X*} of good X and Y ∗ {\displaystyle Y*} of good Y. Indifference curve analysis begins with the utility function. The utility function is treated as an index of utility. All that is necessary is that the utility index change as more preferred bundles are consumed. The tangent point between the indifference curve and the budget line is the point at which consumer satisfaction is maximized. Indifference curves are typically numbered with the number increasing as more preferred bundles are consumed. The numbers have no cardinal significance; for example, if three indifference curves are labeled 1, 4, and 16 respectively that means nothing more than the bundles "on" indifference curve 4 are more preferred than the bundles "on" indifference curve 1. The income effect and price effect explain how the change in price of a good changes the consumption of the good. The theory of consumer choice examines the trade-offs and decisions people make in their role as consumers as prices and their income change. Characteristics of the indifference curve Indifference curves are heuristic devices used in microeconomics to convey preferences of a consumer graphically along with the limitations of a consumer's budget. An indifference curve shows the various combination of two goods that leave the consumer equally satisfied. For example, every point on the indifference curve I1 (as shown in the figure above), which represents a unique combination of good X and good Y, will give the consumer the same utility. Indifference curves have a few assumptions that explain their nature. Firstly, indifference curves are typically convex to the origin of the graph. This is because it is assumed that a given consumer will sacrifice consumption in one good for more consumption of the other good. Thus, the marginal rate of substitution (MRS), which is the slope of the indifference curve at any single point along the curve, will decrease when moving down a given indifference curve. Indifference curves can also take various other shapes depending on the preferences of the consumer. Secondly, for a given consumer, their indifference curves cannot intersect each other. This is because the same set of consumption for a given individual cannot represent two different utility values. Thirdly, it is assumed that individuals are more satisfied with a bundle of goods on an indifference curve that is further away from the origin. From the graph above, the indifference curve I3 would give the consumer the highest utility whereas I1 would give the lowest utility. The indifference curves shown in the figure above adhere to the three assumptions outlined in that they are convex, do not intersect, and have a higher utility the further the indifference curve is away from the origin. Example: land As a second example, consider an economy that consists of a large land-estate L. The consumption set is P ( L ) {\displaystyle P(L)} , i.e. the set of all subsets of L (all land parcels). A typical preference relation can be represented by a utility function which assigns, to each land parcel, its total "fertility" (the total amount of grain that can be grown in that land). A typical price system assigns a price to each land parcel, based on its area. A typical initial endowment is either a fixed income, or an initial parcel which the consumer can sell and buy another parcel. Sunk cost effect According to the laws of economic logic, sunk costs and making decisions should be irrelevant. However, there is a widespread irrationality in people's actual investment activities, production and daily activities that takes sunk costs into account when making decisions. Sunk costs for individuals may be represented by behaviour in which they make decisions based on the fact that they have paid for this good or service irrespective of current circumstances. An example of this is a consumer who has already purchased their ticket for a concert and may travel through a storm to be able to attend the concert in order to not waste their ticket. Another example is different payment schedules for gym members may result in different levels of potential sunk costs and affect the frequency of gym visits by consumers. That is to say, the payment schedule with other less frequent (e.g., quarterly, semi-annual or annual payment schedule), compared to a month pay the fee to the gym in a larger, these factors to reduce the cost and reduce the psychological sunk costs, more vivid sunk costs significantly increased people's gym visits. In summary, the behaviour of consumers in these two examples can be characterised by their ideal that losses loom larger than gains. Role of time constraint effect This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Consumer choice" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Highly relevant to the study and understanding of consumer choice is the role of time contraint effects. This effect is related to the available time consumers have before making their decision on whether to buy a product or service and which product or service to buy. With the incessant exposure consumers have to businesses through the avenues of social media, television, billboards and radio, time constraint effects can significantly impact the decision-making process of these consumers. Examples of Screen Shots for Set Sizes 4, 9 and 16. A study was conducted to measure the computational processes of subjects when faced with a decision to choose a product from a bundle of slightly differentiated products, whilst faced with a time constraint. The study was conducted through an experiment in which participants were in a supermarket-like environment and were asked to pick a snack food item from a screenshot out of a set of either 4, 9 or 16 similar items with a 3 second time window. The results show that consumers are typically good at optimizing items that they have seen within the search process, i.e., they can easily make a choice from the “seen-set” of items. The results also show that consumers mostly use the hybrid model as a computational process for consumer choice. The data is most qualitatively consistent with the hybrid model rather than the optimal or satisfying models. This reliance on impulsive data however isn't necessarily representative of today's market, throughout the pandemic consumers where largely forced to use online shopping methods making browsing between competitors easier, allowing for indulgence in research and conversations outside of the retailers control and evaluation of the need for a product to be completed at the individuals pace. This indicates that the time constraint effect may be less controlling of consumers choice than initially discussed. However, important consideration should be made based temporal effects of a purchase. A study found that consumers often fall into a prevention-promotion mindset depending on the urgency of a decision. A prevention mindset comes from the need for your goals to align with your responsibilities. A promotion mindset revolves around the experience of new things. When faced with a purchase consumers were found to adopt the prevention mindset however when the purchase was distant a promotion mindset was adopted. In conclusion the role of the time constraint effect on consumer choice is highly relevant when informing consumer choices. With the ability to extend the time constraint by using remote shopping consumers can often make a more informed decision however when the time for purchase arrives consumers often fall into a prevention focus mindset. Effect of online reviews During the online shopping process, retailers encourage customers to share their product reviews on digital platforms such as e-commerce websites and social media, which in turn helps other shoppers to have a better understanding of the product. Online consumer reviews play a crucial role in providing product information before consumers make a purchase decision. These reviews, full of desires, preferences and behavioural insights, are a valuable source of data for both consumers and businesses. By understanding consumer behaviour and preferences, businesses can develop strategic plans to improve the quality of their services and tailor their offerings to better meet the needs of their customers. For example, when consumers do an online search for hotels, they can compare prices, locations, services and other aspects of various potential hotels on the site. The platform can also provide personalised recommendations based on a user's search history and preferences. Based on the attributes listed for each hotel, consumers can make an informed decision that is influenced by the consistency between their perceived hotel performance and their preferences – a classic multi-attribute decision making (MADM) problem. Vocabulary-based sentiment analysis is incorporated into online reviews to create product rankings that take into account the sentiment score of the review, the brand ranking of the product and the usefulness of the review. In the context of travel, travellers' choices and behaviours when selecting restaurants are heavily influenced by their travel classification or purpose, such as leisure, business or adventure. The study's modelling results suggest that travellers show diverse preferences in terms of dining behaviour, depending on factors such as environment, type of cuisine, price range and dietary restrictions. While the study provides valuable insights into restaurant decision-making, it also acknowledges limitations and suggests other directions for research to further explore consumer preferences in various contexts. However, the sheer volume of online reviews and the need to consider various attributes when making decisions can be overwhelming for consumers. In many cases, it can be a challenge to discern genuine reviews from fake ones or marketing-driven content. Therefore, tools and methods must be developed to help consumers make informed choices by helping them rank product candidates based on other consumers' reviews and their preferences. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms has the potential to help sift through large amounts of data, extract useful insights and provide personalised recommendations to consumers. In short, online consumer reviews are an important resource for shoppers and businesses alike. Using this information can help businesses better understand consumer preferences, improve their offerings and ultimately increase customer satisfaction. For consumers, having access to aggregated, relevant and trustworthy information can greatly enhance their decision-making process and overall online shopping experience. Effect of a price change The indifference curves and budget constraint can be used to predict the effect of changes to the budget constraint. The graph below shows the effect of a price increase for good Y. If the price of Y increases, the budget constraint will pivot from B C 2 {\displaystyle BC2} to B C 1 {\displaystyle BC1} . Notice that because the price of X does not change, the consumer can still buy the same amount of X if he or she chooses to buy only good X. On the other hand, if the consumer chooses to buy only good Y, he or she will be able to buy less of good Y because its price has increased. Now, the consumption of good X and Y will be re-allocated to account for the price change in good Y. To maximize their utility, the consumption bundle that is on the highest indifference curve that is tangent to B C 1 {\displaystyle BC1} . This consumption bundle is now (X1, Y1) as shown in the figure below. As a result, the amount of good Y bought has shifted from Y2 to Y1, and the amount of good X bought has shifted from X2 to X1. The opposite effect will occur if the price of Y decreases causing the budget constrain to shift from B C 2 {\displaystyle BC2} to B C 3 {\displaystyle BC3} , and the highest indifference curve that maximises the consumers utility shifts from I2 to I3. If these curves are plotted for many different prices of good Y, a demand curve for good Y can be constructed. The diagram below shows the demand curve for good Y as its price varies. Alternatively, if the price for good Y is fixed and the price for good X is varied, a demand curve for good X can be constructed. Income effect The income effect is the phenomenon observed through changes in purchasing power. It reveals the change in quantity demanded brought by a change in real income. Graphically, as long as the prices remain constant, changing income will create a parallel shift of the budget constraint. Increasing income will shift the budget constraint right since more of both goods can be bought by the consumer. On the other hand, a decrease in income will shift the budget constraint to the left. Depending on the indifference curves, as income increases, the quantity purchased of a good can either increase, decrease or stay the same. In the figure below, good Y is a normal good since the amount purchased increased as the budget constraint shifted from BC1 to the higher income budget constraint, BC2. However, good X is an inferior good since the quantity purchased by the consumer decreased as their income increased. Δ y 1 n {\displaystyle \Delta y_{1}^{n}} is the change in the demand for good 1 when we change income from m ′ {\displaystyle m'} to m {\displaystyle m} , holding the price of good 1 fixed at p 1 ′ {\displaystyle p_{1}'} : Δ y 1 n = y 1 ( p 1 ′ , m ) − y 1 ( p 1 ′ , m ′ ) . {\displaystyle \Delta y_{1}^{n}=y_{1}(p_{1}',m)-y_{1}(p_{1}',m').} The equilibrium points at various levels of consumer's income builds the income consumption curve. This curve traces out the income consumption curve traces out the income effect on the quantity consumed of the goods. Price effect as the sum of substitution and income effects Further information: Slutsky equation and Hicksian demand Every price change can be decomposed into an income effect and a substitution effect; the price effect is the sum of substitution and income effects. The substitution effect is the change in demands resulting from a price change that alters the slope of the budget constraint but leaves the consumer on the same indifference curve. In other words, it illustrates the consumer's new consumption basket after the price change while being compensated as to allow the consumer to be as satisfied as he or she was previously. By this effect, the consumer is posited to substitute toward the good that becomes comparatively less expensive. In the illustration below this corresponds to an imaginary budget constraint denoted SC being tangent to the indifference curve I1. Then the income effect from the rise in purchasing power from a price fall reinforces the substitution effect. If the good is an inferior good, then the income effect will offset in some degree the substitution effect. If the income effect for an inferior good is sufficiently strong, the consumer will buy less of the good when it becomes less expensive. This is also known as a Giffen good (commonly believed to be a rarity). The substitution effect, Δ y 1 s {\displaystyle \Delta y_{1}^{s}} , is the change in the amount demanded for   Y {\displaystyle \ Y} when the price of good   Y {\displaystyle \ Y} falls from   p 1 {\displaystyle \ p_{1}} to   p 1 ′ {\displaystyle \ p_{1}'} (represented by the budget constraint shifting from B C 1 {\displaystyle BC1} to B C 2 {\displaystyle BC2} and thus increasing purchasing power) and, at the same time, the money income falls from m {\displaystyle m} to m ′ {\displaystyle m'} to keep the consumer at the same level of utility on I1: Δ y 1 s = y 1 ( p 1 ′ , m ′ ) − y 1 ( p 1 , m ) = Y s − Y 1 . {\displaystyle \Delta y_{1}^{s}=y_{1}(p_{1}',m')-y_{1}(p_{1},m)=Y_{s}-Y_{1}.} The substitution effect increases the amount demanded of good   Y {\displaystyle \ Y} from   Y 1 {\displaystyle \ Y_{1}} to   Y s {\displaystyle \ Y_{s}} in the diagram. In the example shown, the income effect of the fall in   p 1 {\displaystyle \ p_{1}} partly offsets the substitution effect as the amount demanded of   Y {\displaystyle \ Y} in the absence of an offsetting income change ends up at   Y 2 {\displaystyle \ Y_{2}} thus the income effect from the rise in purchasing power due to the price drop is that the quantity demanded of   Y {\displaystyle \ Y} goes from   Y s {\displaystyle \ Y_{s}} to   Y 2 {\displaystyle \ Y_{2}} . The total effect of the price drop of good Y on the quantity demanded is the sum of the substitution effect and the income effect. Indifference curves for goods that are perfect substitutes or complements Goods X and Y are perfect substitutes Perfect Substitutes A perfect substitute is a good or service which can be used in exactly the same way as the good or service it replaces. Products which are perfect substitutes for one another will exhibit straight lines on the indifference curve (as shown in the figure to the right). This demonstrates that the relative utility of one good is equivalent to the relative utility of the other, regardless of their quantity. An example of perfect substitutes could be Coca Cola compared to Pepsi Max. A consumer who considers these products as perfect substitutes will be indifferent to spending all of their budget on strictly one or the other. Left and Right Shoes are perfect compliments Perfect Complements A perfect complement is a good or service whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. The relationship between both goods X and Y are naturally dependent on each other along with the concept of consumption being dependent upon other consumption. Products that are perfect complements will be demonstrated graphically on an indifference curve with two lines at perfect right angles to one another (as shown in the figure to the right). This demonstrates that the demand and consumption of one good is inherently tied to the other. In other words, when the consumption of one good increases, as does the consumption of the complementary good. An example of complementary goods is shown in the figure to the right. Left shoes and right shoes can be considered perfect compliments as the ratio between sales of left and right shoes will never shift noticeably from 1:1. Utility The usefulness of a good is a key factor when discussing consumer decision making. When a product both meets the needs of a consumer and has value it has utility. Utility can be quatified through a set of numerical values that reflect the relative rankings of various bundles of goods measured by consumers preference in their consumption. Utility function measures the preferences consumers apply to their consumption of goods and services. One of the most well known utility functions is the Cobb-Douglas utility function. Marginal Utility Marginal utility differs from utility as it refers to the additional benefit derived from consuming one more unit of a specific good or service. Marginal utility result can be positive, neutral or negative depending on the outcomes for the consumer. Utility is not constant, and for every additional unit consumed, often the consumer experiences what economists refer to as the diminishing marginal utility or diminishing returns, where each additional unit adds less and less marginal utility. It can be represented by the formula below: MUz=△U/△Z Where MUz represents the marginal utility of good Z; △U and△Z represent changes in utility and consumption of good Z respectively. Assumptions The behavioral assumption of the consumer theory proposed herein is that all consumers seek to maximize utility. Traditionally in economics, this activity of maximizing utility has been deemed as the "rational" behavior of decision makers. More specifically, in the eyes of economists, all consumers seek to maximize their utility function subject to a budgetary constraint. In other words, economists assume that consumers will always choose the "best" bundle of goods they can afford. Consumer theory is therefore based on generating refutable hypotheses about the nature of consumer demand from this behavioral postulate. In order to reason from the central postulate towards a useful model of consumer choice, it is necessary to make additional assumptions about the certain preferences that consumers employ when selecting their preferred "bundle" of goods. These are relatively strict, allowing for the model to generate more useful hypotheses with regard to consumer behavior than weaker assumptions, which would allow any empirical data to be explained in terms of stupidity, ignorance, or some other factor, and hence would not be able to generate any predictions about future demand at all. For the most part, however, they represent statements which would only be contradicted if a consumer was acting in (what was widely regarded as) a strange manner. In this vein, the modern form of consumer choice theory assumes: Consumer choice theory is based on the assumption that the consumer fully understands their own preferences, allowing for a simple but accurate comparison between any two bundles of good presented. That is to say, it is assumed that if a consumer is presented with two consumption bundles A and B each containing different combinations of n goods, the consumer can unambiguously decide if (s)he prefers A to B, B to A, or is indifferent to both. The few scenarios where it is possible to imagine that decision-making would be very difficult are thus placed "outside the domain of economic analysis". However, discoveries in behavioral economics has found that actual decision making is affected by various factors, such as whether choices are presented together or separately through the distinction bias. Preferences are complete When a consumer is faced with a choice between two goods A and B, they must rank them so that only one of the followings is true: the consumer prefers the good A to good B, the consumer prefers good B to good A, or the consumer is indifferent between the goods. Either A ≥ B or B ≥ A (or both) for all (A,B). Preference are transitive This assumption dictates that if good A is preferred to good B and good B is preferred to good C then good A must be preferred to good C. This also means that if the consumer is indifferent between goods A and B and is indifferent between goods B and C she will be indifferent between goods A and C. This is the consistency assumption. This assumption eliminates the possibility of intersecting indifference curves. If A ≥ B and B ≥ C, then A ≥ B (for all A, B, C). Preferences are reflexive Relationships are reflexive if they can be applied when both sides of the relationship are the same. Weak preference relationships are reflexive. A bundle of goods can be said to be weakly preferred to itself, but not strictly preferred to itself. As such, a consumer would say that they consider good A to be at least as good as good B. Alternatively, the axiom can be modified to read that the consumer is indifferent with regard to A and B. Preferences exhibit non-satiation The assumption of non-satiated preferences means that more is better – all else being the same, more of a commodity is better than less of it. This is the "more is always better" assumption; that in general if a consumer is offered two almost identical bundles A and B, but where B includes more of one particular good, the consumer will choose bundle B. In other words, this theory assumes that a consumer will never be completely satisfied, as they will always be happier consuming a little bit more. Among other things this assumption precludes circular indifference curves. Non-satiation in this sense is not a necessary but a convenient assumption. It avoids unnecessary complications in the mathematical models. Indifference curves exhibit diminishing marginal rates of substitution This assumption assures that indifference curves are smooth and convex to the origin and is implicit in the last assumption. This assumption also set the stage for using techniques of constrained optimization. This is because the shape of the indifference curve assures that the first derivative is negative and the second is positive. This assumption incorporates the theory of diminishing marginal utility. This theory of diminishing marginal utility states that the added satisfaction experienced by a consumer from having one additional unit of a good or service will diminish. In other words, the marginal utility of each additional unit will decline. An example of this can be illustrated by a consumer who orders several coffees throughout the course of a day. The marginal utility experienced by the first coffee will be greater than the second. The marginal utility experienced by the second coffee will be greater than the third, and so on. Goods are available in all quantities It is assumed that a consumer may choose to purchase any quantity of a goods they desire, for example, 2.6 eggs and 4.23 loaves of bread. Whilst this makes the model less precise, it is generally acknowledged to provide a useful simplification to the calculations involved in consumer choice theory, especially since consumer demand is often examined over a considerable period of time. Note the assumptions do not guarantee that the demand curve will be negatively sloped. A positively sloped curve is not inconsistent with the assumptions. Use value In Marx's critique of the political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price. Marx acknowledges that commodities being traded also have a general utility, implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold. Labor-leisure trade-off Main article: Backward bending supply curve of labour Consumer theory is also relevant when considering the trade-off between labour and leisure, allowing us to examine the choices made based on consumers preferences and constraints. In this analysis labour and leisure are both considered goods. Since a consumer has a finite amount of time, they must make a choice between leisure (which earns no income for consumption) and labor (which does earn income for consumption). Using this method the opportunity cost of their decisions can dictate consumers actions. The previous model of consumer choice theory is applicable with only slight modifications. Primarily, the total amount of time that an individual has to allocate is known as their "time endowment", and is often denoted as T. Next, the amount an individual allocates to labor (L) and leisure (ℓ) is constrained by T such that: ℓ + L = T {\displaystyle \ell +L=T} Consumption (C), which represents the amount of goods or services a person can take, is determined as the amount of labor they choose multiplied by the amount they are paid per hour of labor (their wage, often denoted w). Thus, the amount that a person consumes is: C = w ( T − ℓ ) {\displaystyle C=w(T-\ell )} Such that, when a consumer chooses no leisure ( ℓ = 0 ) {\displaystyle (\ell =0)} then T − ℓ = T {\displaystyle T-\ell =T} and C = w T {\displaystyle C=wT} . From this labor-leisure tradeoff model, both the substitution effect and the income effect can be used to analyse various changes caused by welfare benefits, labor taxation, or tax credits. It is important to note that the labour-leisure tradeoff will also be impacted on consumers norms, preferences and other non-economical factors. Therefore, real world applications of this relationship should be supported by an understanding of the factors previously listed to ensure oversights for consumer behaviour are avoided. See also Buyer decision process – Decision-making process used by consumers Choice modelling – Method for analyzing revealed preferences Convex preferences – Concept in economics Consumer sovereignty – Economic consumer theory Consumerism – Socio-economic order that encourages the purchase of goods/services in ever-greater amounts Important publications in consumer theory Indifference curves – Concept in economicsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Mass market – Market for goods produced on a large scale for a significant number of end consumers Microeconomics – Behavior of individuals and firms Monopoly – Market structure with a single firm dominating the market Opportunity cost – Benefit lost by a choice between options Producer theory – Process of using materials to produce somethingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – the dual of consumer theory Supply and demand – Economic model of price determination in a market Utility maximization problem – Problem of allocation of money by consumers in order to most benefit themselves References ^ "What is 'consumer choice theory'? — Economy". Economy. Retrieved 2017-05-31. ^ Reisch, Lucia A.; Zhao, Min (November 2017). "Behavioural economics, consumer behaviour and consumer policy: state of the art". Behavioural Public Policy. 1 (2): 190–206. doi:10.1017/bpp.2017.1. hdl:10398/01e85b29-3d75-4be3-95dc-d256ad5dd947. ISSN 2398-063X. S2CID 158160660. ^ Gilovich, Thomas; Griffin, Dale; Kahneman, Daniel (8 July 2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521796798. ^ Moore, Jordan (2021). "Targeted Wealth Management for Prospect Theory Investors". The Journal of Wealth Management. 24 (3): 11–30. doi:10.3905/jwm.2021.1.145. S2CID 236285139. ^ Labrecque, Lauren I.; Vor Dem Esche, Jonas; Mathwick, Charla; Novak, Thomas P.; Hofacker, Charles F. (2013). "Consumer Power: Evolution in the Digital Age". Journal of Interactive Marketing. 27 (4): 257–269. doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2013.09.002. ^ Silberberg & Suen 2001, p. 255 ^ "Indifference Curves in Economics: What Do They Explain?". Investopedia. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ "MRS in Economics: What It Is and the Formula for Calculating It". Investopedia. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ Berliant, M.; Raa, T. T. (1988). "A foundation of location theory: Consumer preferences and demand". Journal of Economic Theory. 44 (2): 336. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(88)90008-7. ^ Egan, Mark (2017). An Analysis of Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein's Nudge. doi:10.4324/9781912282555. ISBN 978-1912282555. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ Reisch, Lucia A.; Zhao, Min (November 2017). "Behavioural economics, consumer behaviour and consumer policy: state of the art". Behavioural Public Policy. 1 (2): 190–206. doi:10.1017/bpp.2017.1. hdl:10398/01e85b29-3d75-4be3-95dc-d256ad5dd947. ISSN 2398-063X. S2CID 158160660. ^ Reutskaja, Elena; Nagel, Rosemarie; Camerer, Colin F.; Rangel, Antonio (2011). "Search Dynamics in Consumer Choice under Time Pressure: An Eye-Tracking Study". The American Economic Review. 101 (2): 900–926. doi:10.1257/aer.101.2.900. JSTOR 29783694. Retrieved 2021-04-26. ^ Hall, Angela; Towers, Neil; Shaw, Duncan R. (2017-01-01). "Understanding how Millennial shoppers decide what to buy: Digitally connected unseen journeys". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 45 (5): 498–517. doi:10.1108/IJRDM-11-2016-0206. ISSN 0959-0552. ^ Mogliner, Cassie; Aiker, Jennifer L; Pennington, Ginger L. "Time Will Tell: The Distant Appeal of Promotion and Imminent Appeal of Prevention". Journal of Consumer Research. doi:10.1086/521901. S2CID 41362420. Retrieved 2023-04-24. ^ Ren, Peijia; Zhu, Bin; Ren, Long; Ding, Ning (2022-10-07). "Online choice decision support for consumers: Data-driven analytic hierarchy process based on reviews and feedback". Journal of the Operational Research Society. 74 (10): 2227–2240. doi:10.1080/01605682.2022.2129491. ISSN 0160-5682. S2CID 252794805. ^ Yan, Zhijun; Xing, Meiming; Zhang, Dongsong; Ma, Baizhang (2015-11-01). "EXPRS: An extended pagerank method for product feature extraction from online consumer reviews". Information & Management. Novel applications of social media analytics. 52 (7): 850–858. doi:10.1016/j.im.2015.02.002. ISSN 0378-7206. ^ Fang, Jin; Partovi, Fariborz Y. (2021-05-01). "Criteria determination of analytic hierarchy process using a topic model". Expert Systems with Applications. 169: 114306. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114306. ISSN 0957-4174. S2CID 232022459. ^ Wang, Le; Wang, Xiao-kang; Peng, Juan-juan; Wang, Jian-qiang (2020-02-01). "The differences in hotel selection among various types of travellers: A comparative analysis with a useful bounded rationality behavioural decision support model". Tourism Management. 76: 103961. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2019.103961. ISSN 0261-5177. S2CID 202319188. ^ J.Singh (2014-06-17). "Income Effect: Income Consumption Curve (with curve diagram)". Economics Discussion. Retrieved 2023-04-24. ^ Gaeth, Gary J.; Levin, Irwin P.; Chakraborty, Goutam; Levin, Aron M. (1991). "Consumer evaluation of multi-product bundles: An information integration analysis". Marketing Letters. 2: 47–57. doi:10.1007/BF00435195. S2CID 167403155. ^ "Marginal Utility". Corporate Finance Institute. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ a b c d Silberberg & Suen 2001, pp. 252–254 ^ a b c d Varian 2006, p. 20 ^ Silberberg & Suen 2001, p. 260 ^ S, Michael; ers (2011-10-17). "Transitivity, Completeness and Reflexivity". Behaviourally Biased. Retrieved 2023-04-23. ^ Binger & Hoffman 1998, pp. 109–17 ^ Silberberg & Suen 2001, pp. 256–257 ^ Binger & Hoffman 1998, pp. 141–143 ^ "Glossary of Terms: Us". Marxists.org. Retrieved 2013-11-07. Binger; Hoffman (1998). Microeconomics with Calculus (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. pp. 141–43. Hicks, John R. (1946) . Value and Capital (2nd ed.). Salvatore. (2008). CHAPTER 3 Consumer Preferences and Choice. pp. 62–63. Silberberg; Suen (2001). The Structure of Economics, A Mathematical Analysis. McGraw-Hill. Varian, Hal R. (2006). Intermediate microeconomics: a modern approach (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393927023. Böhm, Volker; Haller, Hans (1987). "Demand theory". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Vol. 1. pp. 785–92. External links Media related to Consumer theory at Wikimedia Commons vteMicroeconomicsMajor topics Aggregation Budget set Consumer choice Convexity and non-convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Implicit Social Sunk Transaction Cost–benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Cross elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of supply Equilibrium General Exchange Externality Firms Goods and services Goods Service Household Income–consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Market Market failure Market structure Competition Monopolistic Perfect Duopoly Monopoly Bilateral Complementary Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Pareto efficiency Preferences Price Price controls Price ceiling Price floor Price discrimination Price signal Price system/Free Pricing Production Profit Public goods Rationing Rent Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage/Excess supply Substitution effect Surplus Social choice Supply and demand Demand/Law of demand Supply/Law of supply Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Wage Subfields Behavioral Business Computational Development Statistical decision theory Econometrics Engineering economics Civil engineering economics Evolutionary Experimental Game theory Green Industrial organization Institutional Labor Law Managerial Mathematical Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Welfare See also Economics Applied Macroeconomics Political economy Business portal Category vteConsumer behaviourConcepts Consumption Autonomous consumption Induced consumption Consumer culture theory Consumer debt Consumer economy Consumer spending Research types Consumer choice Consumer economics Consumer neuroscience Consumer product Marketing research Consumer attributes Consumer confidence Consumer confusion Consumer ethnocentrism Consumer socialization Consumer's risk Consumption function Cultural consumer Homo economicus Processes Consumers' co-operative Consumer-to-business Factory-to-consumer Consumer service Consumerization Authority control databases International FAST National Germany Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics"},{"link_name":"preferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preference_(economics)"},{"link_name":"consumer demand curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"},{"link_name":"budget constraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"product information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_information"},{"link_name":"economic agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_agent"},{"link_name":"models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(economics)"},{"link_name":"represent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_problem"},{"link_name":"hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis"},{"link_name":"constrained optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_optimization"},{"link_name":"law of demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_demand"},{"link_name":"substitution effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_effect"},{"link_name":"income effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_effect"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"preference relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preference_(economics)"},{"link_name":"ordinal utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_utility"},{"link_name":"price system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_system"}],"text":"The theory of consumer choice is the branch of microeconomics that relates preferences to consumption expenditures and to consumer demand curves. It analyzes how consumers maximize the desirability of their consumption (as measured by their preferences subject to limitations on their expenditures), by maximizing utility subject to a consumer budget constraint.[1]\nFactors influencing consumers' evaluation of the utility of goods include: income level, cultural factors, product information and physio-psychological factors.Consumption is separated from production, logically, because two different economic agents are involved. In the first case, consumption is determined by the individual. Their specific tastes or preferences determine the amount of utility they derive from goods and services they consume. In the second case, a producer has different motives to the consumer in that they are focussed on the profit they make. This is explained further by producer theory. The models that make up consumer theory are used to represent prospectively observable demand patterns for an individual buyer on the hypothesis of constrained optimization. Prominent variables used to explain the rate at which the good is purchased (demanded) are the price per unit of that good, prices of related goods, and wealth of the consumer.The law of demand states that the rate of consumption falls as the price of the good rises, even when the consumer is monetarily compensated for the effect of the higher price; this is called the substitution effect. As the price of a good rises, consumers will substitute away from that good, choosing more of other alternatives. If no compensation for the price rise occurs, as is usual, then the decline in overall purchasing power due to the price rise leads, for most goods, to a further decline in the quantity demanded; this is called the income effect. As the wealth of the individual rises, demand for most products increases, shifting the demand curve higher at all possible prices.In addition, people's judgments and decisions are often influenced by systemic biases or heuristics and are strongly dependent on the context in which the decisions are made, small or even unexpected changes in the decision-making environment can greatly affect their decisions.[2]The basic problem of consumer theory takes the following inputs:The consumption set C – the set of all bundles that the consumer could conceivably consume.\nA preference relation over the bundles of C. This preference relation can be described as an ordinal utility function, describing the utility that the consumer derives from each bundle.\nA price system, which is a function assigning a price to each bundle.\nAn initial endowment, which is a bundle from C that the consumer initially holds. The consumer can sell all or some of his initial bundle in the given prices, and can buy another bundle in the given prices. He has to decide which bundle to buy, under the given prices and budget, in order to maximize their utility.","title":"Consumer choice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Behavioral economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics"},{"link_name":"heuristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristics"},{"link_name":"Heuristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ordinal utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_utility"},{"link_name":"consumer behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behavior"},{"link_name":"purchase processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase_process"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Behavioral economics has criticized neoclassical consumer choice theory because reality is more complex that what the theory can determine itself.Firstly, consumers use heuristics, which means they do not scrutinize decisions too closely but rather make broad generalizations. Further, it is deemed not worthwhile to attempt to determine the value of specific behavior. Heuristics are techniques for simplifying the decision-making process by omitting or disregarding certain information and focusing exclusively on particular elements of alternatives. While some heuristics must be utilized purposefully and deliberately, others can be used relatively effortlessly, even without our conscious awareness.[3] Consumption by individuals is typically impacted by advertising and consumer habits as well.Secondly,[4] consumers struggle to give standard utils and instead rank distinct options in order of preference, which is referred to as ordinal utility.Thirdly, it is not always likely that a consumer would stay rational and make the choice which maximizes their utility. Sometimes, individuals are irrational. For example, a consumer making impulsive purchases is not a rational choice. The rise of the internet and social networks may cause changes in consumer behavior, resulting in more planned and sensible purchase processes.[5]Fourthly, individuals can be reluctant to spend cash on particular items because they have preconceived boundaries on how much they can afford to spend on 'luxuries,' according to their mental accounting.Lastly, it is not easy to separate products in the market. Some items, such as an electronic car or a refrigerator, are only purchased occasionally and cannot be mathematically divided.","title":"Behavioral economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indifference curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indifference_curves"},{"link_name":"Cobb–Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas"},{"link_name":"budget constraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint"},{"link_name":"budget constraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consumer_constraint_choice.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"consumer satisfaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_satisfaction"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_utility"}],"text":"Consider an economy with two types of homogeneous divisible goods, traditionally called X and Y.The consumption set is \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{+}^{2}}\n \n, i.e. the set of all pairs \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y)}\n \n where \n \n \n \n x\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\geq 0}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\geq 0}\n \n. Each bundle contains a non-negative quantity of good X and a non-negative quantity of good Y.\nA typical preference relation can be represented by a set of indifference curves. Each curve represents a set of bundles that give the consumer the same utility. A typical utility function is the Cobb–Douglas function: \n \n \n \n u\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n x\n \n α\n \n \n ⋅\n \n y\n \n β\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle u(x,y)=x^{\\alpha }\\cdot y^{\\beta }}\n \n, which is shown in the figure below.\nA typical price system assigns a price to each type of good, such that the cost of bundle \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y)}\n \n is \n \n \n \n x\n \n p\n \n X\n \n \n +\n y\n \n p\n \n Y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle xp_{X}+yp_{Y}}\n \n.\nA typical initial endowment for an individual is fixed income, which along with transparent prices of goods implies a budget constraint. The consumer can choose any point on or below the budget constraint line \n \n \n \n B\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC}\n \n In the diagram. This line is downward sloped and linear since it represents the boundary of the inequality \n \n \n \n x\n \n p\n \n X\n \n \n +\n y\n \n p\n \n Y\n \n \n ≤\n \n i\n n\n c\n o\n m\n e\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle xp_{X}+yp_{Y}\\leq \\mathrm {income} }\n \n. In other words, the amount spent on both goods together is less than or equal to the income of the consumer.The consumer will choose the indifference curve with the highest utility that is attainable within their budget constraint. Every point on indifference curve I3 is outside the budget constraint. As a result the most optimal point for the individual is where the indifference curve I2 is tangent to the budget constraint. As a result, the individual will purchase \n \n \n \n X\n ∗\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X*}\n \n of good X and \n \n \n \n Y\n ∗\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y*}\n \n of good Y.Indifference curve analysis begins with the utility function. The utility function is treated as an index of utility.[6] All that is necessary is that the utility index change as more preferred bundles are consumed.The tangent point between the indifference curve and the budget line is the point at which consumer satisfaction is maximized.Indifference curves are typically numbered with the number increasing as more preferred bundles are consumed. The numbers have no cardinal significance; for example, if three indifference curves are labeled 1, 4, and 16 respectively that means nothing more than the bundles \"on\" indifference curve 4 are more preferred than the bundles \"on\" indifference curve 1.The income effect and price effect explain how the change in price of a good changes the consumption of the good. The theory of consumer choice examines the trade-offs and decisions people make in their role as consumers as prices and their income change.","title":"Example: homogeneous divisible goods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consumer_constraint_choice_price_shift.svg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Indifference curves are heuristic devices used in microeconomics to convey preferences of a consumer graphically along with the limitations of a consumer's budget.An indifference curve shows the various combination of two goods that leave the consumer equally satisfied.[7] For example, every point on the indifference curve I1 (as shown in the figure above), which represents a unique combination of good X and good Y, will give the consumer the same utility.Indifference curves have a few assumptions that explain their nature.Firstly, indifference curves are typically convex to the origin of the graph. This is because it is assumed that a given consumer will sacrifice consumption in one good for more consumption of the other good. Thus, the marginal rate of substitution (MRS), which is the slope of the indifference curve at any single point along the curve, will decrease when moving down a given indifference curve.[8] Indifference curves can also take various other shapes depending on the preferences of the consumer.Secondly, for a given consumer, their indifference curves cannot intersect each other. This is because the same set of consumption for a given individual cannot represent two different utility values.Thirdly, it is assumed that individuals are more satisfied with a bundle of goods on an indifference curve that is further away from the origin. From the graph above, the indifference curve I3 would give the consumer the highest utility whereas I1 would give the lowest utility.The indifference curves shown in the figure above adhere to the three assumptions outlined in that they are convex, do not intersect, and have a higher utility the further the indifference curve is away from the origin.","title":"Characteristics of the indifference curve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerliantRaa88-9"}],"text":"As a second example, consider an economy that consists of a large land-estate L.The consumption set is \n \n \n \n P\n (\n L\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(L)}\n \n, i.e. the set of all subsets of L (all land parcels).\nA typical preference relation can be represented by a utility function which assigns, to each land parcel, its total \"fertility\" (the total amount of grain that can be grown in that land).\nA typical price system assigns a price to each land parcel, based on its area.\nA typical initial endowment is either a fixed income, or an initial parcel which the consumer can sell and buy another parcel.[9]","title":"Example: land"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sunk costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunk_cost"},{"link_name":"investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"According to the laws of economic logic, sunk costs and making decisions should be irrelevant. However, there is a widespread irrationality in people's actual investment activities, production and daily activities that takes sunk costs into account when making decisions.Sunk costs for individuals may be represented by behaviour in which they make decisions based on the fact that they have paid for this good or service irrespective of current circumstances.[10] An example of this is a consumer who has already purchased their ticket for a concert and may travel through a storm to be able to attend the concert in order to not waste their ticket.Another example is different payment schedules for gym members may result in different levels of potential sunk costs and affect the frequency of gym visits by consumers. That is to say, the payment schedule with other less frequent (e.g., quarterly, semi-annual or annual payment schedule), compared to a month pay the fee to the gym in a larger, these factors to reduce the cost and reduce the psychological sunk costs, more vivid sunk costs significantly increased people's gym visits.[11] In summary, the behaviour of consumers in these two examples can be characterised by their ideal that losses loom larger than gains.","title":"Sunk cost effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ItemBundles.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Highly relevant to the study and understanding of consumer choice is the role of time contraint effects. This effect is related to the available time consumers have before making their decision on whether to buy a product or service and which product or service to buy. With the incessant exposure consumers have to businesses through the avenues of social media, television, billboards and radio, time constraint effects can significantly impact the decision-making process of these consumers.Examples of Screen Shots for Set Sizes 4, 9 and 16.A study was conducted to measure the computational processes of subjects when faced with a decision to choose a product from a bundle of slightly differentiated products, whilst faced with a time constraint. The study was conducted through an experiment in which participants were in a supermarket-like environment and were asked to pick a snack food item from a screenshot out of a set of either 4, 9 or 16 similar items with a 3 second time window.The results show that consumers are typically good at optimizing items that they have seen within the search process, i.e., they can easily make a choice from the “seen-set” of items. The results also show that consumers mostly use the hybrid model as a computational process for consumer choice. The data is most qualitatively consistent with the hybrid model rather than the optimal or satisfying models.[12]This reliance on impulsive data however isn't necessarily representative of today's market, throughout the pandemic consumers where largely forced to use online shopping methods making browsing between competitors easier, allowing for indulgence in research and conversations outside of the retailers control and evaluation of the need for a product to be completed at the individuals pace.[13] This indicates that the time constraint effect may be less controlling of consumers choice than initially discussed.However, important consideration should be made based temporal effects of a purchase. A study found that consumers often fall into a prevention-promotion mindset depending on the urgency of a decision.[14] A prevention mindset comes from the need for your goals to align with your responsibilities. A promotion mindset revolves around the experience of new things. When faced with a purchase consumers were found to adopt the prevention mindset however when the purchase was distant a promotion mindset was adopted.In conclusion the role of the time constraint effect on consumer choice is highly relevant when informing consumer choices. With the ability to extend the time constraint by using remote shopping consumers can often make a more informed decision however when the time for purchase arrives consumers often fall into a prevention focus mindset.","title":"Role of time constraint effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"},{"link_name":"product reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_review"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"purchase decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase_decision"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"consumer behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviour"},{"link_name":"personalised recommendations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personalised_recommendations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"search history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_history"},{"link_name":"multi-attribute decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-attribute_decision_making&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sentiment analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"machine learning algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning_algorithm"}],"text":"During the online shopping process, retailers encourage customers to share their product reviews on digital platforms such as e-commerce websites and social media, which in turn helps other shoppers to have a better understanding of the product.[15] Online consumer reviews play a crucial role in providing product information before consumers make a purchase decision.[16] These reviews, full of desires, preferences and behavioural insights, are a valuable source of data for both consumers and businesses.[17] By understanding consumer behaviour and preferences, businesses can develop strategic plans to improve the quality of their services and tailor their offerings to better meet the needs of their customers.For example, when consumers do an online search for hotels, they can compare prices, locations, services and other aspects of various potential hotels on the site. The platform can also provide personalised recommendations based on a user's search history and preferences. Based on the attributes listed for each hotel, consumers can make an informed decision that is influenced by the consistency between their perceived hotel performance and their preferences – a classic multi-attribute decision making (MADM) problem. Vocabulary-based sentiment analysis is incorporated into online reviews to create product rankings that take into account the sentiment score of the review, the brand ranking of the product and the usefulness of the review.In the context of travel, travellers' choices and behaviours when selecting restaurants are heavily influenced by their travel classification or purpose, such as leisure, business or adventure.[18] The study's modelling results suggest that travellers show diverse preferences in terms of dining behaviour, depending on factors such as environment, type of cuisine, price range and dietary restrictions. While the study provides valuable insights into restaurant decision-making, it also acknowledges limitations and suggests other directions for research to further explore consumer preferences in various contexts.However, the sheer volume of online reviews and the need to consider various attributes when making decisions can be overwhelming for consumers. In many cases, it can be a challenge to discern genuine reviews from fake ones or marketing-driven content. Therefore, tools and methods must be developed to help consumers make informed choices by helping them rank product candidates based on other consumers' reviews and their preferences. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms has the potential to help sift through large amounts of data, extract useful insights and provide personalised recommendations to consumers.In short, online consumer reviews are an important resource for shoppers and businesses alike. Using this information can help businesses better understand consumer preferences, improve their offerings and ultimately increase customer satisfaction. For consumers, having access to aggregated, relevant and trustworthy information can greatly enhance their decision-making process and overall online shopping experience.","title":"Effect of online reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consumer_constraint_choice_price_shift.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Found_demand.svg"}],"text":"The indifference curves and budget constraint can be used to predict the effect of changes to the budget constraint. The graph below shows the effect of a price increase for good Y. If the price of Y increases, the budget constraint will pivot from \n \n \n \n B\n C\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC2}\n \n to \n \n \n \n B\n C\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC1}\n \n. Notice that because the price of X does not change, the consumer can still buy the same amount of X if he or she chooses to buy only good X. On the other hand, if the consumer chooses to buy only good Y, he or she will be able to buy less of good Y because its price has increased.Now, the consumption of good X and Y will be re-allocated to account for the price change in good Y. To maximize their utility, the consumption bundle that is on the highest indifference curve that is tangent to \n \n \n \n B\n C\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC1}\n \n. This consumption bundle is now (X1, Y1) as shown in the figure below. As a result, the amount of good Y bought has shifted from Y2 to Y1, and the amount of good X bought has shifted from X2 to X1. The opposite effect will occur if the price of Y decreases causing the budget constrain to shift from \n \n \n \n B\n C\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC2}\n \n to \n \n \n \n B\n C\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC3}\n \n, and the highest indifference curve that maximises the consumers utility shifts from I2 to I3.If these curves are plotted for many different prices of good Y, a demand curve for good Y can be constructed. The diagram below shows the demand curve for good Y as its price varies. Alternatively, if the price for good Y is fixed and the price for good X is varied, a demand curve for good X can be constructed.","title":"Effect of a price change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_income"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consumer_constraint_choice_income_shift.svg"},{"link_name":"inferior good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_good"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inferior_good.svg"},{"link_name":"income consumption curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income%E2%80%93consumption_curve"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The income effect is the phenomenon observed through changes in purchasing power. It reveals the change in quantity demanded brought by a change in real income. Graphically, as long as the prices remain constant, changing income will create a parallel shift of the budget constraint. Increasing income will shift the budget constraint right since more of both goods can be bought by the consumer. On the other hand, a decrease in income will shift the budget constraint to the left.Depending on the indifference curves, as income increases, the quantity purchased of a good can either increase, decrease or stay the same. In the figure below, good Y is a normal good since the amount purchased increased as the budget constraint shifted from BC1 to the higher income budget constraint, BC2. However, good X is an inferior good since the quantity purchased by the consumer decreased as their income increased.Δ\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta y_{1}^{n}}\n \n is the change in the demand for good 1 when we change income from \n \n \n \n \n m\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m'}\n \n to \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n, holding the price of good 1 fixed at \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{1}'}\n \n:Δ\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n m\n )\n −\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n m\n ′\n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta y_{1}^{n}=y_{1}(p_{1}',m)-y_{1}(p_{1}',m').}The equilibrium points at various levels of consumer's income builds the income consumption curve. This curve traces out the income consumption curve traces out the income effect on the quantity consumed of the goods.[19]","title":"Income effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slutsky equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutsky_equation"},{"link_name":"Hicksian demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicksian_demand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hicks_Substitution_effect.svg"}],"text":"Further information: Slutsky equation and Hicksian demandEvery price change can be decomposed into an income effect and a substitution effect; the price effect is the sum of substitution and income effects.The substitution effect is the change in demands resulting from a price change that alters the slope of the budget constraint but leaves the consumer on the same indifference curve. In other words, it illustrates the consumer's new consumption basket after the price change while being compensated as to allow the consumer to be as satisfied as he or she was previously. By this effect, the consumer is posited to substitute toward the good that becomes comparatively less expensive. In the illustration below this corresponds to an imaginary budget constraint denoted SC being tangent to the indifference curve I1. Then the income effect from the rise in purchasing power from a price fall reinforces the substitution effect. If the good is an inferior good, then the income effect will offset in some degree the substitution effect. If the income effect for an inferior good is sufficiently strong, the consumer will buy less of the good when it becomes less expensive. This is also known as a Giffen good (commonly believed to be a rarity).The substitution effect, \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta y_{1}^{s}}\n \n, is the change in the amount demanded for \n \n \n \n  \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y}\n \n when the price of good \n \n \n \n  \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y}\n \n falls from \n \n \n \n  \n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ p_{1}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n  \n \n p\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ p_{1}'}\n \n (represented by the budget constraint shifting from \n \n \n \n B\n C\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC1}\n \n to \n \n \n \n B\n C\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BC2}\n \n and thus increasing purchasing power) and, at the same time, the money income falls from \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n to \n \n \n \n \n m\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m'}\n \n to keep the consumer at the same level of utility on I1:Δ\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n s\n \n \n =\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n \n m\n ′\n \n )\n −\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n m\n )\n =\n \n Y\n \n s\n \n \n −\n \n Y\n \n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta y_{1}^{s}=y_{1}(p_{1}',m')-y_{1}(p_{1},m)=Y_{s}-Y_{1}.}The substitution effect increases the amount demanded of good \n \n \n \n  \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y}\n \n from \n \n \n \n  \n \n Y\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y_{1}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n  \n \n Y\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y_{s}}\n \n in the diagram. In the example shown, the income effect of the fall in \n \n \n \n  \n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ p_{1}}\n \n partly offsets the substitution effect as the amount demanded of \n \n \n \n  \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y}\n \n in the absence of an offsetting income change ends up at \n \n \n \n  \n \n Y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y_{2}}\n \n thus the income effect from the rise in purchasing power due to the price drop is that the quantity demanded of \n \n \n \n  \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y}\n \n goes from \n \n \n \n  \n \n Y\n \n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y_{s}}\n \n to \n \n \n \n  \n \n Y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ Y_{2}}\n \n. The total effect of the price drop of good Y on the quantity demanded is the sum of the substitution effect and the income effect.","title":"Price effect as the sum of substitution and income effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perfect_Substitutes.webp"}],"text":"Goods X and Y are perfect substitutes","title":"Indifference curves for goods that are perfect substitutes or complements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perfect_compliment.webp"}],"sub_title":"Perfect Substitutes","text":"A perfect substitute is a good or service which can be used in exactly the same way as the good or service it replaces. Products which are perfect substitutes for one another will exhibit straight lines on the indifference curve (as shown in the figure to the right). This demonstrates that the relative utility of one good is equivalent to the relative utility of the other, regardless of their quantity. An example of perfect substitutes could be Coca Cola compared to Pepsi Max. A consumer who considers these products as perfect substitutes will be indifferent to spending all of their budget on strictly one or the other.Left and Right Shoes are perfect compliments","title":"Indifference curves for goods that are perfect substitutes or complements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Perfect Complements","text":"A perfect complement is a good or service whose appeal increases with the popularity of its complement. The relationship between both goods X and Y are naturally dependent on each other along with the concept of consumption being dependent upon other consumption. Products that are perfect complements will be demonstrated graphically on an indifference curve with two lines at perfect right angles to one another (as shown in the figure to the right). This demonstrates that the demand and consumption of one good is inherently tied to the other. In other words, when the consumption of one good increases, as does the consumption of the complementary good. An example of complementary goods is shown in the figure to the right. Left shoes and right shoes can be considered perfect compliments as the ratio between sales of left and right shoes will never shift noticeably from 1:1.","title":"Indifference curves for goods that are perfect substitutes or complements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cobb-Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas_production_function"},{"link_name":"Marginal utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_utility"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The usefulness of a good is a key factor when discussing consumer decision making. When a product both meets the needs of a consumer and has value it has utility.[20] Utility can be quatified through a set of numerical values that reflect the relative rankings of various bundles of goods measured by consumers preference in their consumption.Utility function measures the preferences consumers apply to their consumption of goods and services. One of the most well known utility functions is the Cobb-Douglas utility function.Marginal UtilityMarginal utility differs from utility as it refers to the additional benefit derived from consuming one more unit of a specific good or service.[21] Marginal utility result can be positive, neutral or negative depending on the outcomes for the consumer. Utility is not constant, and for every additional unit consumed, often the consumer experiences what economists refer to as the diminishing marginal utility or diminishing returns, where each additional unit adds less and less marginal utility.It can be represented by the formula below:MUz=△U/△ZWhere MUz represents the marginal utility of good Z; △U and△Z represent changes in utility and consumption of good Z respectively.","title":"Utility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"behavioral assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_assumption"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silberberg252-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varian20-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silberberg252-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silberberg252-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varian20-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silberberg252-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varian20-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varian20-23"},{"link_name":"distinction bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction_bias"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-binger109-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silberberg256-27"},{"link_name":"diminishing marginal utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_marginal_utility"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The behavioral assumption of the consumer theory proposed herein is that all consumers seek to maximize utility. Traditionally in economics, this activity of maximizing utility has been deemed as the \"rational\" behavior of decision makers. More specifically, in the eyes of economists, all consumers seek to maximize their utility function subject to a budgetary constraint.[22] In other words, economists assume that consumers will always choose the \"best\" bundle of goods they can afford.[23] Consumer theory is therefore based on generating refutable hypotheses about the nature of consumer demand from this behavioral postulate.[22]In order to reason from the central postulate towards a useful model of consumer choice, it is necessary to make additional assumptions about the certain preferences that consumers employ when selecting their preferred \"bundle\" of goods. These are relatively strict, allowing for the model to generate more useful hypotheses with regard to consumer behavior than weaker assumptions, which would allow any empirical data to be explained in terms of stupidity, ignorance, or some other factor, and hence would not be able to generate any predictions about future demand at all.[22] For the most part, however, they represent statements which would only be contradicted if a consumer was acting in (what was widely regarded as) a strange manner.[24] In this vein, the modern form of consumer choice theory assumes:Consumer choice theory is based on the assumption that the consumer fully understands their own preferences, allowing for a simple but accurate comparison between any two bundles of good presented.[23] That is to say, it is assumed that if a consumer is presented with two consumption bundles A and B each containing different combinations of n goods, the consumer can unambiguously decide if (s)he prefers A to B, B to A, or is indifferent to both.[22][23] The few scenarios where it is possible to imagine that decision-making would be very difficult are thus placed \"outside the domain of economic analysis\".[23] However, discoveries in behavioral economics has found that actual decision making is affected by various factors, such as whether choices are presented together or separately through the distinction bias.Preferences are complete\nWhen a consumer is faced with a choice between two goods A and B, they must rank them so that only one of the followings is true: the consumer prefers the good A to good B, the consumer prefers good B to good A, or the consumer is indifferent between the goods.\nEither A ≥ B or B ≥ A (or both) for all (A,B).\nPreference are transitive\nThis assumption dictates that if good A is preferred to good B and good B is preferred to good C then good A must be preferred to good C. This also means that if the consumer is indifferent between goods A and B and is indifferent between goods B and C she will be indifferent between goods A and C. This is the consistency assumption. This assumption eliminates the possibility of intersecting indifference curves.\nIf A ≥ B and B ≥ C, then A ≥ B (for all A, B, C).\nPreferences are reflexive\nRelationships are reflexive if they can be applied when both sides of the relationship are the same.[25] Weak preference relationships are reflexive. A bundle of goods can be said to be weakly preferred to itself, but not strictly preferred to itself. As such, a consumer would say that they consider good A to be at least as good as good B. Alternatively, the axiom can be modified to read that the consumer is indifferent with regard to A and B.[26]\nPreferences exhibit non-satiation\nThe assumption of non-satiated preferences means that more is better – all else being the same, more of a commodity is better than less of it. This is the \"more is always better\" assumption; that in general if a consumer is offered two almost identical bundles A and B, but where B includes more of one particular good, the consumer will choose bundle B.[27] In other words, this theory assumes that a consumer will never be completely satisfied, as they will always be happier consuming a little bit more. Among other things this assumption precludes circular indifference curves. Non-satiation in this sense is not a necessary but a convenient assumption. It avoids unnecessary complications in the mathematical models.\nIndifference curves exhibit diminishing marginal rates of substitution\nThis assumption assures that indifference curves are smooth and convex to the origin and is implicit in the last assumption.\nThis assumption also set the stage for using techniques of constrained optimization. This is because the shape of the indifference curve assures that the first derivative is negative and the second is positive.\nThis assumption incorporates the theory of diminishing marginal utility. This theory of diminishing marginal utility states that the added satisfaction experienced by a consumer from having one additional unit of a good or service will diminish. In other words, the marginal utility of each additional unit will decline. An example of this can be illustrated by a consumer who orders several coffees throughout the course of a day. The marginal utility experienced by the first coffee will be greater than the second. The marginal utility experienced by the second coffee will be greater than the third, and so on.\nGoods are available in all quantities\nIt is assumed that a consumer may choose to purchase any quantity of a goods they desire, for example, 2.6 eggs and 4.23 loaves of bread. Whilst this makes the model less precise, it is generally acknowledged to provide a useful simplification to the calculations involved in consumer choice theory, especially since consumer demand is often examined over a considerable period of time.Note the assumptions do not guarantee that the demand curve will be negatively sloped. A positively sloped curve is not inconsistent with the assumptions.[28]","title":"Assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marx's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"use value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_value"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Use value","text":"In Marx's critique of the political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price.[29] Marx acknowledges that commodities being traded also have a general utility, implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold.","title":"Assumptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure"}],"text":"Consumer theory is also relevant when considering the trade-off between labour and leisure, allowing us to examine the choices made based on consumers preferences and constraints. In this analysis labour and leisure are both considered goods. Since a consumer has a finite amount of time, they must make a choice between leisure (which earns no income for consumption) and labor (which does earn income for consumption). Using this method the opportunity cost of their decisions can dictate consumers actions.The previous model of consumer choice theory is applicable with only slight modifications. Primarily, the total amount of time that an individual has to allocate is known as their \"time endowment\", and is often denoted as T. Next, the amount an individual allocates to labor (L) and leisure (ℓ) is constrained by T such that:ℓ\n +\n L\n =\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell +L=T}Consumption (C), which represents the amount of goods or services a person can take, is determined as the amount of labor they choose multiplied by the amount they are paid per hour of labor (their wage, often denoted w). Thus, the amount that a person consumes is:C\n =\n w\n (\n T\n −\n ℓ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=w(T-\\ell )}Such that, when a consumer chooses no leisure \n \n \n \n (\n ℓ\n =\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\ell =0)}\n \n then \n \n \n \n T\n −\n ℓ\n =\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T-\\ell =T}\n \n and \n \n \n \n C\n =\n w\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=wT}\n \n.From this labor-leisure tradeoff model, both the substitution effect and the income effect can be used to analyse various changes caused by welfare benefits, labor taxation, or tax credits.It is important to note that the labour-leisure tradeoff will also be impacted on consumers norms, preferences and other non-economical factors. Therefore, real world applications of this relationship should be supported by an understanding of the factors previously listed to ensure oversights for consumer behaviour are avoided.","title":"Labor-leisure trade-off"}]

[{"image_text":"Examples of Screen Shots for Set Sizes 4, 9 and 16.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ItemBundles.jpg/220px-ItemBundles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goods X and Y are perfect substitutes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Perfect_Substitutes.webp/222px-Perfect_Substitutes.webp.png"},{"image_text":"Left and Right Shoes are perfect compliments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Perfect_compliment.webp/220px-Perfect_compliment.webp.png"}]

[{"title":"Buyer decision process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyer_decision_process"},{"title":"Choice modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_modelling"},{"title":"Convex preferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_preferences"},{"title":"Consumer sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_sovereignty"},{"title":"Consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"title":"Important publications in consumer theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics#Consumer_theory"},{"title":"Indifference curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indifference_curves"},{"title":"Mass market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_market"},{"title":"Microeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics"},{"title":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"title":"Opportunity cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost"},{"title":"Producer theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producer_theory"},{"title":"Supply and demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand"},{"title":"Utility maximization problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_maximization_problem"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_von_Vegesack

Eberhard von Vegesack

["1 References"]

Swedish Army CommanderYou can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (August 2020) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Eberhard Ernst Gotthard von Vegesack}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Major generalCountEberhard von VegesackLitograph of von Vegesack by Alexander WetterlingBirth nameEberhard Ernst Gotthard von VegesackBorn(1763-03-29)29 March 1763Rostock, Mecklenburg-SchwerinDied30 October 1818(1818-10-30) (aged 54)Stockholm, SwedenBuriedKlara ChurchAllegiance SwedenService/branchSwedish ArmyYears of service1784–1818RankMajor generalUnitSvea Artillery RegimentBattles/warsRusso-Swedish War (1788–1790) Pomeranian War Great Sortie of Stralsund (1807) Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09 Finnish War Battle of Lemo (1808) Battle of Lappfjärd (1808) Battle of Oravais (1808) War of the Sixth Coalition Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) Battle of Rakkestad (1814) Battle of Langnes (1814) Eberhard Ernst Gotthard von Vegesack (29 March 1763 – 30 October 1818) was a German-born officer in the Swedish Army who was active from the Russo-Swedish War to the Swedish–Norwegian War. By birth, he was member of the Vegesack family of Baltic German origin. References ^ Theodor Westrin; Ruben Gustafsson Berg; Eugen Fahlstedt, eds. (1921). "Eberhard Ernst Gotthard von Vegesack". Nordisk familjebok konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi. Vol. 31 (2. ed.). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlag. pp. 1003–1004. ^ Herman Hofberg; Frithiof Heurlin; Viktor Millqvist; Olof Rubenson, eds. (1906). "Vegesack, Eberhard Ernst Gotthard von". Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon. Vol. 2 (2. ed.). Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Verlag. p. 701. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Sweden This biographical article related to the military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Channing

Chad Channing

["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Nirvana","1.3 Post-Nirvana work","2 Discography","2.1 With Tic Dolly Row","2.2 With Nirvana","2.3 With Fire Ants","2.4 With The Methodists","2.5 With Before Cars","3 References","4 External links"]

American musician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Chad Channing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chad ChanningBorn (1967-01-31) January 31, 1967 (age 57)OriginSanta Rosa, California U.S.GenresHard rockgrungeindie rockalternative rockpunk rockhardcore punkOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)DrumsvocalsbassYears active1985–presentLabelsSub PopDekemaMember ofBefore CarsFormerly ofNirvanaStonecrowRedbandEast of the EquatorTic Dolly RowMind CircusThe MethodistsFire AntsMusical artist Chad Channing (born January 31, 1967) is an American musician who is best known as the drummer of the rock band Nirvana from 1988 to 1990, during which time they recorded and released their debut album Bleach; he also appears on "Polly" in the follow-up album Nevermind. He currently sings and plays bass in the band Before Cars. Biography Early life Channing was born on January 31, 1967, in Santa Rosa, California, to Wayne and Burnyce Channing. Wayne was a radio disc jockey and the family was constantly moving all over the country due to different jobs being offered to him. At 13, Chad shattered his femur in an accident during gym class. Over the years of rehabilitation and surgeries, he discovered music; he started playing music with a bass guitar that his parents bought him. The bass filled Chad's time as he was unable to go to school. When he was out of his leg casts, his parents bought him a drum set to help build strength in his legs. Channing joined a band with future Nirvana guitarist Jason Everman called Stonecrow in 1985. Everman had known Channing since fifth grade, and the two had played in bands together in high school. Later, while working as a sauté cook on Bainbridge Island, Washington, Channing started the band Tick-Dolly-Row with Chris Karr, John Hurd and Ben Shepherd, also a Bainbridge Islander, who would later become the bassist for Soundgarden. Tick-Dolly-Row shared a bill with Nirvana, who at the time were going under the name Bliss. Not long after, a mutual friend introduced Channing to Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic, who were searching for a drummer. The three got together several times for jam sessions before they started playing shows. Nirvana In June 1988, a few weeks after Channing joined Nirvana, they recorded their first single "Love Buzz", also marking their Sub Pop debut. Nirvana began the recording sessions for Bleach on Christmas Eve 1988, finishing toward the end of January 1989. Everman, a friend of the band, agreed to pay money for recording. Bleach was released on June 15, 1989. Channing played drums with the exception of "Floyd the Barber" and "Paper Cuts", which featured Melvins drummer Dale Crover from sessions prior to Channing joining the band. Reissues of Bleach included the song "Downer", which also had Crover from those sessions. In April 1990, Nirvana recorded eight songs at Smart Studios with producer Butch Vig for the band's sophomore album, although the sessions were halted after Cobain lost his voice. During these sessions Cobain and Novoselic became disenchanted with Channing's drumming, and Channing expressed frustration at not being actively involved in songwriting. These creative and artistic differences culminated in Channing's departure after their April-May 1990 tour, a mutual decision within the band. Nirvana used the Smart recordings as a demo to secure a new contract with a major label and the band re-recorded the tracks for a new studio album in the fall of 1990, recruiting Dave Grohl as their new drummer who adopted many of Channing's drum parts. Although uncredited (until the Deluxe edition), the version of "Polly" used on Nevermind is the original version the band recorded with Channing on percussion, the only song carried over from the Smart sessions. Due to Nirvana's popularity and longevity, the issuing of their older work continued, both during the band's existence and following their demise. The 1992 compilation Incesticide featured the tracks "Dive", "Stain", and "Big Long Now", all crediting Channing as drummer. Live versions of "Polly" and "Breed" that included Channing appeared on From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, a live album released in 1996. The 2004 With the Lights Out box set featured a DVD of a December 1988 Nirvana rehearsal, as well as seven songs scattered across the first two discs of the set, all with Channing on drums. Following Nirvana's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in December 2013, Channing said in an interview with the Radio.com website that he perceived the recognition as a gift for his daughter. However, Channing was later informed of his omission via text message, and was not included in the April 2014 induction, as the accolade only applied to Cobain, Novoselic and Grohl. Channing did attend the ceremony, and his replacement Dave Grohl made a point to publicly thank Channing for his contributions to the band and noted that some of Nirvana's most recognizable drum riffs, such as those on "In Bloom", were in fact written by Channing. Post-Nirvana work After leaving Nirvana, Channing formed the Fire Ants who released the Stripped EP on Dekema Records in 1992, produced by Jack Endino, who had produced Bleach. Members of the Fire Ants included Brian Wood (vocals) and Kevin Wood (guitars), brothers of the late Mother Love Bone singer Andrew Wood, and bassist Dan McDonald. Channing and McDonald collaborated again in 1998 with John Hurd and Erik Spicer, forming The Methodists who released the album Cookie. Chad stepped from behind the drum set to front his new project Before Cars, which released the single "Old Chair" in 2006. They released their debut album Walk Back in 2008, again produced by Jack Endino. Channing supplies lead vocals and bass on all tracks as well as some acoustic guitar. Discography With Tic Dolly Row Live demo (1987) With Nirvana For a more comprehensive list, see Nirvana discography. Release Notes Bleach (1989) Does not appear on "Floyd the Barber", and "Paper Cuts", nor on "Downer" in the 1992 reissue Blew (1989) EP; appears on all tracks Nevermind (1991) Appears on "Polly" (uncredited until the Deluxe edition) Incesticide (1992) Compilation; appears on "Dive", "Stain", and "Big Long Now" From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah (1996) Live album; appears on "Polly" and "Breed" Nirvana (2002) Compilation; appears on "About a Girl" and "Been a Son" With the Lights Out box set (2004) Drums on tracks 16, 17, 21-23 (disc one), tracks 6 & 7 (disc two), and tracks 1-12 (DVD) Bleach deluxe edition (2009) Reissue with bonus Pine Street Theatre live performance; Channing appears on said performance. Channing does not appear on "Floyd the Barber", "Paper Cuts" or "Downer" on the main album Nevermind deluxe/super deluxe edition (2011) Expanded edition; appears on the Smart Studios sessions, and is officially credited for the cymbals on "Polly" on the main album With Fire Ants Ant Acid 7" (1992) Stripped EP (1992) With The Methodists Cookie (1998) With Before Cars Old Chair EP (2006) Walk Back (2008) How We Run (2013) References ^ a b Strong, Martin C. (2003) The Great Indie Discography, Canongate, ISBN 1-84195-335-0, p. 441 ^ Michael Azerrad (1993), Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana, Random House, pp. 78–79, ISBN 0307833739 ^ Darren Levin (March 18, 2014). "Nirvana drummer dumped from Hall of Fame via brutal SMS". Faster Louder. Faster Louder Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014. ^ "Read Nirvana's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Acceptance Speech". Rolling Stone. April 11, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ "Chad Canning". Facebook.com. Retrieved March 15, 2020. ^ "Sessions History | Studio Sessions | April 2–6, 1990 – Studio A, Smart Studios, Madison, WI, US". Live Nirvana. Retrieved October 9, 2011. External links Official MySpace for Chad Channing and Before Cars Red Band MySpace Fire Ants MySpace The Methodists MySpace Rockstage Brasil Preceded byDave Foster Drummer of Nirvana 1988–1990 Succeeded byDale Crover vteNirvana Kurt Cobain Krist Novoselic Aaron Burckhard Dale Crover Chad Channing Jason Everman Dave Grohl Pat Smear Studio albums Bleach Nevermind In Utero Live albums MTV Unplugged in New York From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah Live at Reading Compilation albums Incesticide Nirvana Sliver: The Best of the Box Icon Box sets Singles With the Lights Out Nevermind: The Singles Extended plays Blew Hormoaning Singles "Love Buzz" "Sliver" "Smells Like Teen Spirit" "Come as You Are" "Lithium" "In Bloom" "Heart-Shaped Box" "All Apologies" / "Rape Me" "Pennyroyal Tea" "About a Girl" "You Know You're Right" Split singles "Candy" / "Molly's Lips" "Here She Comes Now" / "Venus in Furs" "Puss" / "Oh, the Guilt" Promotional singles "On a Plain" "The Man Who Sold the World" "Where Did You Sleep Last Night" "Lake of Fire" "Aneurysm" "Drain You" Other chartedsongs "Dumb" "Sappy" "Something in the Way" Other songs "Been a Son" "Blew" "Breed" "Dive" "Do Re Mi" "Endless, Nameless" "Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle" "I Hate Myself and Want to Die" "Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" "Marigold" "Negative Creep" "Old Age" "Opinion" "Plateau" "Polly" "Scentless Apprentice" "Serve the Servants" "Spank Thru" "Talk to Me" Videos Live! Tonight! Sold Out!! MTV Unplugged in New York Live at Reading Live at the Paramount Live and Loud RelatedArticles Discography (Bootlegs) Awards and nominations Songs Concerts "Smells Like Nirvana" Frances Bean Cobain Suicide of Kurt Cobain Kurt Cobain Memorial Park Viretta Park Church of Kurt Cobain 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief Bands 3rd Secret Eyes Adrift Fecal Matter Flipper Foo Fighters Giants in the Trees Melvins The No WTO Combo Scream Sweet 75 Them Crooked Vultures Queens of the Stone Age Touring members Melora Creager John Duncan Lori Goldston Books Nirvana: Flower Sniffin', Kitty Pettin', Baby Kissin' Corporate Rock Whores Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana Who Killed Kurt Cobain? Heavier Than Heaven Journals Love and Death Dirty Blonde Cobain Unseen Taking Punk to the Masses Letters to Kurt Experiencing Nirvana: Grunge in Europe, 1989 I Found My Friends Cobain on Cobain Serving the Servant Albums Nevermind It's an Interview The "Priest" They Called Him Verse Chorus Verse The Songs of Kurt Cobain Montage of Heck: The Home Recordings Tribute albums Smells Like Bleach: A Punk Tribute to Nirvana Newermind: A Tribute to Nirvana Nevermind Tribute In Utero, in Tribute, in Entirety Whatever Nevermind Doused in Mud, Soaked in Bleach Films anddocumentaries 1991: The Year Punk Broke Teen Spirit: The Tribute to Kurt Cobain Hype! The Vigil Kurt & Courtney Classic Albums: Nirvana – Nevermind Last Days All Apologies: Kurt Cobain 10 Years On Nirvana – A Classic Album Under Review – In Utero The Last 48 Hours of Kurt Cobain Kurt Cobain: About a Son Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck Soaked in Bleach When Nirvana Came to Britain Kurt Cobain: Moments That Shook Music Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz

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Wayne was a radio disc jockey and the family was constantly moving all over the country due to different jobs being offered to him. At 13, Chad shattered his femur in an accident during gym class. Over the years of rehabilitation and surgeries, he discovered music; he started playing music with a bass guitar that his parents bought him. The bass filled Chad's time as he was unable to go to school. When he was out of his leg casts, his parents bought him a drum set to help build strength in his legs.[citation needed]Channing joined a band with future Nirvana guitarist Jason Everman called Stonecrow in 1985. Everman had known Channing since fifth grade, and the two had played in bands together in high school. Later, while working as a sauté cook on Bainbridge Island, Washington,[2] Channing started the band Tick-Dolly-Row with Chris Karr, John Hurd and Ben Shepherd, also a Bainbridge Islander, who would later become the bassist for Soundgarden. Tick-Dolly-Row shared a bill with Nirvana, who at the time were going under the name Bliss. Not long after, a mutual friend introduced Channing to Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic, who were searching for a drummer. The three got together several times for jam sessions before they started playing shows.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Buzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Buzz"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(Nirvana_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-1"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"Dale Crover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Crover"},{"link_name":"Smart Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Studios"},{"link_name":"Butch Vig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Vig"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"Polly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_(Nirvana_song)"},{"link_name":"Nevermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevermind_(album)"},{"link_name":"Incesticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesticide"},{"link_name":"Dive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_(Nirvana_song)"},{"link_name":"Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_(song)"},{"link_name":"From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Muddy_Banks_of_the_Wishkah"},{"link_name":"With the Lights Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_the_Lights_Out"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"In Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Bloom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Nirvana","text":"In June 1988, a few weeks after Channing joined Nirvana, they recorded their first single \"Love Buzz\", also marking their Sub Pop debut. Nirvana began the recording sessions for Bleach on Christmas Eve 1988, finishing toward the end of January 1989. Everman, a friend of the band, agreed to pay money for recording.[1] Bleach was released on June 15, 1989. Channing played drums with the exception of \"Floyd the Barber\" and \"Paper Cuts\", which featured Melvins drummer Dale Crover from sessions prior to Channing joining the band. Reissues of Bleach included the song \"Downer\", which also had Crover from those sessions.In April 1990, Nirvana recorded eight songs at Smart Studios with producer Butch Vig for the band's sophomore album, although the sessions were halted after Cobain lost his voice. During these sessions Cobain and Novoselic became disenchanted with Channing's drumming, and Channing expressed frustration at not being actively involved in songwriting. These creative and artistic differences culminated in Channing's departure after their April-May 1990 tour, a mutual decision within the band. Nirvana used the Smart recordings as a demo to secure a new contract with a major label and the band re-recorded the tracks for a new studio album in the fall of 1990, recruiting Dave Grohl as their new drummer who adopted many of Channing's drum parts. Although uncredited (until the Deluxe edition), the version of \"Polly\" used on Nevermind is the original version the band recorded with Channing on percussion, the only song carried over from the Smart sessions.Due to Nirvana's popularity and longevity, the issuing of their older work continued, both during the band's existence and following their demise. The 1992 compilation Incesticide featured the tracks \"Dive\", \"Stain\", and \"Big Long Now\", all crediting Channing as drummer. Live versions of \"Polly\" and \"Breed\" that included Channing appeared on From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, a live album released in 1996. The 2004 With the Lights Out box set featured a DVD of a December 1988 Nirvana rehearsal, as well as seven songs scattered across the first two discs of the set, all with Channing on drums.Following Nirvana's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in December 2013, Channing said in an interview with the Radio.com website that he perceived the recognition as a gift for his daughter. However, Channing was later informed of his omission via text message, and was not included in the April 2014 induction, as the accolade only applied to Cobain, Novoselic and Grohl.[3] Channing did attend the ceremony, and his replacement Dave Grohl made a point to publicly thank Channing for his contributions to the band and noted that some of Nirvana's most recognizable drum riffs, such as those on \"In Bloom\", were in fact written by Channing.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dekema Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekema_Records"},{"link_name":"Jack Endino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Endino"},{"link_name":"Kevin Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Wood_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Mother Love Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Love_Bone"},{"link_name":"Andrew Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wood_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Post-Nirvana work","text":"After leaving Nirvana, Channing formed the Fire Ants who released the Stripped EP on Dekema Records in 1992, produced by Jack Endino, who had produced Bleach. Members of the Fire Ants included Brian Wood (vocals) and Kevin Wood (guitars), brothers of the late Mother Love Bone singer Andrew Wood, and bassist Dan McDonald. Channing and McDonald collaborated again in 1998 with John Hurd and Erik Spicer, forming The Methodists who released the album Cookie.Chad stepped from behind the drum set to front his new project Before Cars, which released the single \"Old Chair\" in 2006. They released their debut album Walk Back in 2008, again produced by Jack Endino. Channing supplies lead vocals and bass on all tracks as well as some acoustic guitar.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Tic Dolly Row","text":"Live demo (1987)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nirvana discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_discography"}],"sub_title":"With Nirvana","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Nirvana discography.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Fire Ants","text":"Ant Acid 7\" (1992)\nStripped EP (1992)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With The Methodists","text":"Cookie (1998)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Before Cars","text":"Old Chair EP (2006)\nWalk Back (2008)\nHow We Run (2013)","title":"Discography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Michael Azerrad (1993), Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana, Random House, pp. 78–79, ISBN 0307833739","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qrSDPW6G5ZIC&pg=PA78","url_text":"Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307833739","url_text":"0307833739"}]},{"reference":"Darren Levin (March 18, 2014). \"Nirvana drummer dumped from Hall of Fame via brutal SMS\". Faster Louder. Faster Louder Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322132945/http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/38786/Nirvana-drummer-dumped-from-Hall-Of-Fame-via-brutal-SMS#","url_text":"\"Nirvana drummer dumped from Hall of Fame via brutal SMS\""},{"url":"http://www.fasterlouder.com.au/news/38786/Nirvana-drummer-dumped-from-Hall-Of-Fame-via-brutal-SMS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Read Nirvana's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Acceptance Speech\". Rolling Stone. April 11, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/read-nirvanas-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-acceptance-speech-20140411","url_text":"\"Read Nirvana's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Acceptance Speech\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Chad Canning\". Facebook.com. Retrieved March 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/Before-Cars-108320485542/","url_text":"\"Chad Canning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sessions History | Studio Sessions | April 2–6, 1990 – Studio A, Smart Studios, Madison, WI, US\". Live Nirvana. Retrieved October 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livenirvana.com/sessions/studio/april-1990.php","url_text":"\"Sessions History | Studio Sessions | April 2–6, 1990 – Studio A, Smart Studios, Madison, WI, US\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Campbell_(ice_hockey)

Gregory Campbell (ice hockey)

["1 Playing career","1.1 Amateur","1.2 Professional","1.2.1 Florida Panthers","1.2.2 Boston Bruins","1.2.3 Columbus Blue Jackets","2 Executive Career","2.1 Columbus Blue Jackets","2.2 Florida Panthers","3 Career statistics","3.1 Regular season and playoffs","3.2 International","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Canadian ice hockey player and coach Ice hockey player Gregory Campbell Campbell with the Boston Bruins in 2014Born (1983-12-17) December 17, 1983 (age 40)London, Ontario, CanadaHeight 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight 197 lb (89 kg; 14 st 1 lb)Position CentreShot LeftPlayed for Florida PanthersBoston BruinsColumbus Blue JacketsNHL draft 67th overall, 2002Florida PanthersPlaying career 2003–2016 Gregory James Campbell (born December 17, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre and current Assistant General Manager of the Florida Panthers. He was drafted by the Panthers in the third round, 67th overall, in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. Campbell is the son of former NHL player and current NHL Director of Hockey Operations Colin Campbell. Playing career Amateur Born in London, Ontario, Campbell grew up in nearby Tillsonburg, playing the majority of his minor hockey with the Tillsonburg Tornados BB teams of the OMHA Southern Counties League and the AAA Elgin-Middlesex Chiefs of the Alliance Pavilion League until Minor Bantam. He played in the 1996 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the New York Rangers minor ice hockey team. Campbell was drafted by the Plymouth Whalers in the sixth round, 102nd overall, in the 1999 OHL Bantam Supplemental Draft after playing the 1998–99 season with the Aylmer Aces Jr.B. club. Campbell was traded by Plymouth on August 2, 2002, to the Kitchener Rangers, along with a third-round draft pick, in exchange for Ryan Ramsey, Gary Klapowski and a second-round pick. According to the Rangers, Campbell was brought in to "fill the need for a strong forward to park in the crease area to play alongside Derek Roy on the Rangers top unit and especially on the powerplay, filling a gap left by graduating power forwards Jeff Szwez and John Osborne, who combined for 42 goals for the Rangers last season." Campbell was a late invitee to the World Junior Championships camp, joining Rangers teammates Steve Eminger and Derek Roy at the camp. Campbell, along with Roy and Eminger (as well as former Bruins teammate Daniel Paille), was ultimately selected to play for Team Canada at the 2003 World Junior Championships, where they won the silver medal, falling to Russia in the tournament final. Through 55 games for Kitchener, Campbell racked up 23 goals and 33 assists for 56 points playing alongside Derek Roy. In 21 playoff games, Campbell scored 15 goals and picked up four assists for 19 points with 34 penalties in minutes, leading his team to contend for the Memorial Cup in 2003. Campbell recorded one goal and six assists for seven points in four games in the tournament. He was named to the Memorial Cup All-Star Team along with Derek Roy, Mike Richards, Steve Eminger, Doug O'Brien and Scott Dickie. Campbell was also awarded the Ed Chynoweth Trophy as the tournament's leading scorer and the George Parsons Trophy as the most sportsmanlike player. Professional Florida Panthers Campbell was drafted 67th overall by the Florida Panthers in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played two NHL games in 2003–04, but did not register a point in the contests. He scored his first goal in the 2005–06 NHL season in a 4–3 loss to the Montreal Canadiens against goaltender Yann Danis. Boston Bruins Campbell in 2012. On June 22, 2010, Campbell was traded by the Panthers, along with Nathan Horton, to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Dennis Wideman and a first-round draft pick (15th overall) in 2010 and a third-round pick in 2011. In the 2010–11 season, Campbell set a career high in penalty minutes (93) and tied for a career high in goals (13). During the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs, he centred the Bruins' top penalty killing unit, which notably neutralized the potent Vancouver Canucks' power play in the Stanley Cup Finals, limiting them to just two power play goals through the seven-game series. On June 15, 2011, Campbell won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins. At the end of the next off-season, on June 12, 2012, he re-signed a three-year, $4.8 million contract extension. On June 5, 2013, during Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals, Campbell suffered a broken right fibula after throwing himself in front of an Evgeni Malkin slapshot during a crucial penalty kill against the Pittsburgh Penguins. Campbell regained his footing, however, and despite being unable to put any pressure on his right leg, he remained on the ice for more than a minute. In doing so, he helped kill off the Penguins power play before painstakingly skating himself to the bench. While Campbell exited the Ice, Bruins fans were heard to be chanting "Campbell, Campbell!" in support of the beloved Bruin. The Bruins went on to win the game 2–1 in double overtime, ultimately progressing to the Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks. They would lose to Chicago in six games, but Campbell did not play any in any Finals games due to his injury. Despite concerns, Campbell was ready to go for the 2013–14 season opener for the Bruins. Campbell stayed in his usual role, centering the fourth line (nicknamed the Merlot Line) between Daniel Paille and Shawn Thornton. Campbell would play in all 82 games for the Bruins en route to a Presidents' Trophy, scoring 8 goals and 13 assists for 21 points. However, he wouldn't register any points in 12 playoff games as the Bruins fell to rival Montreal Canadiens in seven games in the second round. Campbell lost one of his Merlot Line teammates, Thornton, in free agency going into the 2014–15 season. The season would end up being a disappointing one for Campbell and the Bruins, as they would miss the playoffs for the first time in seven seasons. After the season, it was announced that the Bruins would not renew Campbell's contract, ending his five year tenure with the team. Columbus Blue Jackets Campbell signed a two-year contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets on July 1, 2015. On December 17, 2016 Columbus put Campbell on unconditional waivers. Campbell was released on December 19. Reports state that Campbell was unwilling to move to the Blue Jackets minor league system. Campbell officially retired on June 9, 2017, and joined the Columbus Blue Jackets as a developmental coach the same day. Executive Career Columbus Blue Jackets Upon retiring, Campbell joined the Blue Jackets as a player development coach. He would stay in the role for four years. Florida Panthers After four years in the Blue Jackets organization, Campbell followed Bill Zito to the Florida Panthers as was named Vice President of Player Personnel and Development on September 15, 2020. The next season, Campbell was named the general manager (GM) of the Charlotte Checkers, the Panthers American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate. Campbell oversaw a division title with the Checkers in 2021–22 season. Campbell was promoted to Assistant General Manager of the Florida Panthers on September 20, 2023. He continues to serve as GM of the Checkers as well. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs     Regular season   Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1998–99 Aylmer Aces WOHL 49 5 9 14 44 — — — — — 1999–00 St. Thomas Stars GOJHL 55 12 8 20 51 2 0 0 0 2 2000–01 Plymouth Whalers OHL 65 2 12 14 40 10 0 0 0 7 2001–02 Plymouth Whalers OHL 65 17 36 53 105 6 0 2 2 13 2002–03 Kitchener Rangers OHL 55 23 33 56 116 21 15 4 19 34 2003–04 San Antonio Rampage AHL 76 13 16 29 73 — — — — — 2003–04 Florida Panthers NHL 2 0 0 0 5 — — — — — 2004–05 San Antonio Rampage AHL 70 12 16 28 113 — — — — — 2005–06 Florida Panthers NHL 64 3 6 9 40 — — — — — 2005–06 Rochester Americans AHL 11 3 3 6 30 — — — — — 2006–07 Florida Panthers NHL 79 6 3 9 66 — — — — — 2007–08 Florida Panthers NHL 81 5 13 18 72 — — — — — 2008–09 Florida Panthers NHL 77 13 19 32 76 — — — — — 2009–10 Florida Panthers NHL 60 2 15 17 53 — — — — — 2010–11 Boston Bruins NHL 80 13 16 29 93 25 1 3 4 4 2011–12 Boston Bruins NHL 78 8 8 16 80 7 0 2 2 0 2012–13 Boston Bruins NHL 48 4 9 13 41 15 3 4 7 11 2013–14 Boston Bruins NHL 82 8 13 21 47 12 0 0 0 4 2014–15 Boston Bruins NHL 70 6 6 12 45 — — — — — 2015–16 Columbus Blue Jackets NHL 82 3 8 11 78 — — — — — NHL totals 803 71 116 187 696 59 4 9 13 19 International Year Team Event Result   GP G A Pts PIM 2003 Canada WJC 6 1 1 2 4 Junior totals 6 1 1 2 4 See also Notable families in the NHL References ^ a b "Report: Campbell retires, joins Blue Jackets as development coach - Article - TSN". TSN. June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ "Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2019. ^ "Gregory Campbell newest addition to Rangers team". RangersRush. August 2, 2002. Retrieved November 27, 2011. ^ TSN ca Staff (December 8, 2014). "WJC History: 2003 - Halifax - TSN.ca". TSN. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "Rangers win 2003 MasterCard Memorial Cup". Kitchener Rangers. May 26, 2003. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011. ^ "Panthers deal Horton, Campbell to Boston for Wideman, picks". The Sports Network. June 22, 2010. Retrieved June 22, 2010. ^ "'We will never let his name die': How NHL players have been inspired by Willie O'Ree". ESPN.com. January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022. ^ "Gregory Campbell breaks leg source says". ESPN. June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ "Bruins Roster Finalized for Opening Night". Causeway Crowd. October 2, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "Blue Jackets sign center Gregory Campbell to two-year deal". Columbus Blue Jackets. July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2015. ^ "Monday Dec. 19: Gregory Campbell done in Columbus". CSNNE.com. December 19, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2017. ^ "Gregory Campbell retires, joins Blue Jackets staff". NBC Sports. June 9, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "Florida Panthers Announce Changes To Hockey Operations". Pro Hockey Rumors. September 15, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "Florida Panthers Announce Hockey Operations Promotions, Additions | Florida Panthers". www.nhl.com. September 20, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2024. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database

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Campbell is the son of former NHL player and current NHL Director of Hockey Operations Colin Campbell.","title":"Gregory Campbell (ice hockey)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Tillsonburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillsonburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"minor ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Whalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Whalers"},{"link_name":"OHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kitchener Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Derek Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Roy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_World_U20_Championship"},{"link_name":"Steve Eminger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Eminger"},{"link_name":"Daniel Paille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Paille"},{"link_name":"Team Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2003 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Memorial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mike Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Richards_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Doug O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Ed Chynoweth Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Chynoweth_Trophy"},{"link_name":"George Parsons Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Parsons_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Amateur","text":"Born in London, Ontario, Campbell grew up in nearby Tillsonburg, playing the majority of his minor hockey with the Tillsonburg Tornados BB teams of the OMHA Southern Counties League and the AAA Elgin-Middlesex Chiefs of the Alliance Pavilion League until Minor Bantam.[citation needed] He played in the 1996 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the New York Rangers minor ice hockey team.[2]Campbell was drafted by the Plymouth Whalers in the sixth round, 102nd overall, in the 1999 OHL Bantam Supplemental Draft after playing the 1998–99 season with the Aylmer Aces Jr.B. club.[citation needed]Campbell was traded by Plymouth on August 2, 2002, to the Kitchener Rangers, along with a third-round draft pick, in exchange for Ryan Ramsey, Gary Klapowski and a second-round pick. According to the Rangers, Campbell was brought in to \"fill the need for a strong forward to park in the crease area to play alongside Derek Roy on the Rangers top unit and especially on the powerplay, filling a gap left by graduating power forwards Jeff Szwez and John Osborne, who combined for 42 goals for the Rangers last season.\"[3]Campbell was a late invitee to the World Junior Championships camp, joining Rangers teammates Steve Eminger and Derek Roy at the camp. Campbell, along with Roy and Eminger (as well as former Bruins teammate Daniel Paille), was ultimately selected to play for Team Canada at the 2003 World Junior Championships, where they won the silver medal, falling to Russia in the tournament final.[4]Through 55 games for Kitchener, Campbell racked up 23 goals and 33 assists for 56 points playing alongside Derek Roy. In 21 playoff games, Campbell scored 15 goals and picked up four assists for 19 points with 34 penalties in minutes, leading his team to contend for the Memorial Cup in 2003. Campbell recorded one goal and six assists for seven points in four games in the tournament. He was named to the Memorial Cup All-Star Team along with Derek Roy, Mike Richards, Steve Eminger, Doug O'Brien and Scott Dickie. Campbell was also awarded the Ed Chynoweth Trophy as the tournament's leading scorer and the George Parsons Trophy as the most sportsmanlike player.[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Professional","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"2002 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Yann Danis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Danis"}],"sub_title":"Professional - Florida Panthers","text":"Campbell was drafted 67th overall by the Florida Panthers in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played two NHL games in 2003–04, but did not register a point in the contests. He scored his first goal in the 2005–06 NHL season in a 4–3 loss to the Montreal Canadiens against goaltender Yann Danis.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gregory_Campbell2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nathan Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Horton"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Dennis Wideman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Wideman"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2010–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"2011 Stanley Cup playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Eastern Conference Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Stanley_Cup_playoffs"},{"link_name":"fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula"},{"link_name":"Evgeni Malkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeni_Malkin"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Daniel Paille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Paille"},{"link_name":"Shawn Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Presidents' Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents%27_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NHL_season"}],"sub_title":"Professional - Boston Bruins","text":"Campbell in 2012.On June 22, 2010, Campbell was traded by the Panthers, along with Nathan Horton, to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Dennis Wideman and a first-round draft pick (15th overall) in 2010 and a third-round pick in 2011.[6]In the 2010–11 season, Campbell set a career high in penalty minutes (93) and tied for a career high in goals (13). During the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs, he centred the Bruins' top penalty killing unit, which notably neutralized the potent Vancouver Canucks' power play in the Stanley Cup Finals, limiting them to just two power play goals through the seven-game series. On June 15, 2011, Campbell won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins. At the end of the next off-season, on June 12, 2012, he re-signed a three-year, $4.8 million contract extension.[7]On June 5, 2013, during Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals, Campbell suffered a broken right fibula after throwing himself in front of an Evgeni Malkin slapshot during a crucial penalty kill against the Pittsburgh Penguins. Campbell regained his footing, however, and despite being unable to put any pressure on his right leg, he remained on the ice for more than a minute. In doing so, he helped kill off the Penguins power play before painstakingly skating himself to the bench. While Campbell exited the Ice, Bruins fans were heard to be chanting \"Campbell, Campbell!\" in support of the beloved Bruin. The Bruins went on to win the game 2–1 in double overtime, ultimately progressing to the Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks.[8] They would lose to Chicago in six games, but Campbell did not play any in any Finals games due to his injury.Despite concerns, Campbell was ready to go for the 2013–14 season opener for the Bruins.[9] Campbell stayed in his usual role, centering the fourth line (nicknamed the Merlot Line) between Daniel Paille and Shawn Thornton. Campbell would play in all 82 games for the Bruins en route to a Presidents' Trophy, scoring 8 goals and 13 assists for 21 points. However, he wouldn't register any points in 12 playoff games as the Bruins fell to rival Montreal Canadiens in seven games in the second round.Campbell lost one of his Merlot Line teammates, Thornton, in free agency going into the 2014–15 season. The season would end up being a disappointing one for Campbell and the Bruins, as they would miss the playoffs for the first time in seven seasons. After the season, it was announced that the Bruins would not renew Campbell's contract, ending his five year tenure with the team.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Professional - Columbus Blue Jackets","text":"Campbell signed a two-year contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets on July 1, 2015.[10] On December 17, 2016 Columbus put Campbell on unconditional waivers. Campbell was released on December 19. Reports state that Campbell was unwilling to move to the Blue Jackets minor league system.[11] Campbell officially retired on June 9, 2017, and joined the Columbus Blue Jackets as a developmental coach the same day.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Executive Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Columbus Blue Jackets","text":"Upon retiring, Campbell joined the Blue Jackets as a player development coach.[12] He would stay in the role for four years.","title":"Executive Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Manager#Sports_Teams"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Checkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Checkers"},{"link_name":"American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_AHL_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Florida Panthers","text":"After four years in the Blue Jackets organization, Campbell followed Bill Zito to the Florida Panthers as was named Vice President of Player Personnel and Development on September 15, 2020.[13] The next season, Campbell was named the general manager (GM) of the Charlotte Checkers, the Panthers American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate. Campbell oversaw a division title with the Checkers in 2021–22 season.Campbell was promoted to Assistant General Manager of the Florida Panthers on September 20, 2023. He continues to serve as GM of the Checkers as well.[14]","title":"Executive Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"}]

[{"image_text":"Campbell in 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gregory_Campbell2012.jpg/200px-Gregory_Campbell2012.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Notable families in the NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_families_in_the_NHL"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Dar_es_Salaam_building_collapse

2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse

["1 Background","2 Second building","3 Reactions","4 Victims","5 Arrests","5.1 Trial","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 6°49′5.98″S 39°17′4.73″E / 6.8183278°S 39.2846472°E / -6.8183278; 39.2846472Structural failure in Tanzania 2013 Dar es Salaam building collapseRubble left after the collapseDate29 March 2013Time08:25 local time (05:25 UTC)LocationIndira Gandhi Street, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaCasualties36 Total, 32 adults, 4 children dead17/18 injured The Dar es Salaam building collapse occurred during the early hours of Good Friday on 29 March 2013 when a 16-floor residential apartment building collapsed on a nearby mosque compound, killing 36 people and trapping over 60 under the rubble. Background The building was owned by Raza Huseein Damji with the National Housing Corporation (NHC) having a 25 percent share in the project. Poor building design was the suspected cause for the collapse, Kheri Kessy, the Deputy Mayor of Ilala said in 2007, as the approved plan was for a 10 floor apartment building project. The project inspector ensured protocol was followed but when the ten floors were completed the oversight responsibility changed to a different governmental body. The Contractors Registration Board (CRB) Engineers Registration Board (ERB) claimed a stop order was issued when the building exceeded the 10 floor plan approval. The plan limitation was ignored when at the time of collapse there were 16 completed floors and another projected 3 floors to be constructed. Substandard concrete and steel bar reinforcement were cited as reasons that led to the collapse. The Tanzanian Red Cross expressed relief that the casualty figures could have been far higher but the streets were relatively empty of vendors and shoppers due to the holiday. Second building Work on a nearby building of the same owner and construction company has been halted after reports emerged of cracks in the pillars Construction of a nearby building of the same owner and under the same construction company was immediately ordered to stop pending an investigation after reports that it had developed cracks as well. A week after the collapse, on 5 April, The Minister for Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development, Prof Anna Tibaijuka issued an order for the owner to demolish the second 16-storey building, based on information gathered by government officials that it was ill-constructed as well. Similar to the first, the owner erected a 16-storey structure instead of 10 floors as the building permit stipulated. She said, "We are tired of mourning and now it’s time to take action. That building was given a permit for ten floors only but the developer ignored the limitation..." The owner was given 30 days to comply with this order. The order was delayed while the government agencies discussed options. On May 29, 2013, two months after the collapse of the first building, the Ilala municipality issued a one-week demolition notice to the owners of the building. Reactions On site, Police chief Suleiman Kova said the owner of the building would be held responsible President Jakaya Kikwete who visited the site expressed his sorrow and tweeted his prayers for those afflicted by the tragedy. On a second visit the next day, he ordered for strict supervision of construction projects. "The municipal Chief Engineer, Ilala District Chief Inspector of buildings, owner of the building and whoever is connected to the scam must face justice," Kikwete ordered. Professor Ibrahim Lipumba, leader of the Civic United Front visited the site as well where he said, "Innocent lives have been shuttered down. Authorities should have questioned from the beginning the legality for continued construction of the additional floors of the building against the agreed ten floors. Serious inspection of buildings must be a routine duty." Dar regional police chief, Suleiman Kova, said, "the owner of the building would be held responsible and taken to task". Weeks after the incident, in the parliament budget speech, Prof Kulikoyela Kahigi said that the government should bear the blame, considering the fact that former Prime Minister Edward Lowassa formed a task force in 2006 to investigate the state of buildings under construction but its recommendations were ignored. Victims Members of the Tanzanian Red Cross excavate a victim from the rubble Out of the 36 people killed in the collapse, 25 were identified of which were 4 children and 21 adults. The children were all students of the Al Muntazir School who were playing soccer near a mosque after morning prayers. They were identified as Salman Damji, Yusuf Khaki, Zahid Kanji and Suheil Karim. Other victims include Kulwa khalfan, Hamada Mussa, Kessy Ally Manjapa, Hamis Zuberi Mkomwa, Boniface Bernard, Seleman Haji, Seleman Mtego, Sikudhani Mohamed, Ahmed Salum Mirambo, Salum Issa Mapunda, Selemani Rashid Mnyani, John Mtyani Majewa, Mussa Ally Munyamani, David Severin Helman, William Joackim, Abdulhaman Othman Mwiha, Emmanuel Christian, Mmanyi Jumanne Ngadula, Advai Mpinge Desiki, Emmanuel Grayson Wahai and Augustino Kanisius Chuma. Arrests At the behest of Kikwete, three municipal officials and the engineer were held for questioning over the incident. This was increased to include the owner Raza Damji and his son, Aly Raza Damji. Vedasto Ferdinand, a quantity surveyor was also arrested. Trial This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2015) On 4 April 2013, 11 suspects were arrested and charged with 24 counts of manslaughter. These included: Albert Jonas Munuo, an Assistant Registrar with Architects and Quantity Surveyors Registration Board Raza Hussein Ladha Damji, the owner of the building Joseph Frank Ringo, a Principal Enforcement Officer with the AQRB Charles Salu Ogera, an engineer Zonazea Anange Oushoudada, a consulting engineer Vedasto Ferdinarnd Ruhola, a Quantity Surveyor Michael Loth Hema, an architect Goodluck Silvester Mbanga Wilbroad Wilbard Mugyabuso Ibrahim Mohamed, alias Kisoki Mohamed Swaburi Abdulkharim The owners' son who was also arrested was let go for unknown reasons. The suspects were remanded until 16 April pending a bail ruling. On 16 April, the magistrate court justice Devotha Kisoka issued bail to the eleven suspects. The conditions of the bail required each of the accused to secure two reliable guarantors, who would have to sign a bond of TSh 20 million (~US$12,300) each and bring along formal letters of introduction from their local governments. The suspects were also ordered to surrender all travel documents and not leave the city without informing the court. References ^ "AllAfrica- Tanzania: Rescue Efforts Called Off As Death Toll Reaches 36". Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "TheCitizen- Boy, 15, lucky to be alive after friends die in Dar building horror". Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "CNN- Rescuers dig through rubble seeking missing in Tanzania building collapse". 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "BBC- Tanzania: Dar es Salaam building collapse 'kills 17'". BBC News. 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "News.Com.Au- Two Dead in Building Collapse in Dar es Salaam". Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "Xinhuanet- Over 60 trapped in collapsed building in Tanzania's Dar es Salaam". Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "Nation Kenya- Dar es Salaam building collapse toll hits 25". Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "DailyNews- Death toll reaches 30 as survivor recounts ordeal". Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ "DailyNews- Death toll reaches 20 as Kikwete acts tough on contractors". Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ Mwananchi Swahili News ^ Mwananchi Swahili News"Kama nilivyosema,sisi tulitoa kibali cha kujenga ghorofa 10 na mkaguzi wetu alikagua hadi ghorofa ya 10 hivyo kama waliendelea kujenga sisi hatujui kwani kuna CRB (Bodi ya Usajili wa Makandarasi) au ERB (Bodi ya Usajili ya Wahandisi) wao ndio wanahusika zaidi watawaelezeni," alisema Kessy. ^ Simbeye, Finnigan Wa (1 April 2013). "Tanzania: Poor Workmanship to Blame As High Rise Building Collapses". Retrieved 27 January 2017 – via AllAfrica. ^ Disaster Unpreparedness Embarassment Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine; found archived on June 28, 2014 ^ Simbeye, Finnigan Wa (1 April 2013). "Tanzania: Poor Workmanship to Blame As High Rise Building Collapses". Retrieved 27 January 2017 – via AllAfrica. ^ Mfanga, Mwondoshah (29 March 2013). "Rescuers dig through rubble seeking missing in Tanzania building collapse". CNN. Retrieved 27 January 2017. ^ DailyNews - Another high rise block gets stop order Archived 2013-04-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ Tibaijuka Acts Tough on Building Developers Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Minister orders demolition of 16-storey building". Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2013-04-06. ^ Dar building to be demolished at last ^ "Jakaya Kikwete on Twitter". Retrieved 27 January 2017. ^ a b DailyNews TZ Archived 2013-04-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Tanzania building collapse death toll rises". Retrieved 27 January 2017. ^ National opposition divided over speech by opposition ^ Boy, 15 lucky to be alive after friends die in building horror Archived 2013-04-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ 11 Charged over Building Horror ^ Daily News TZ Archived 2013-04-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ Death toll hits 30 Archived 2013-04-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kazoka, Ludovick (2 April 2013). "Tanzania: Rescue Efforts Called Off As Death Toll Reaches 36". Retrieved 27 January 2017 – via AllAfrica. ^ 11 Charged Over Collapsed Building ^ "Tanzania: Suspects in Dar es Salaam Building Collapse Released On Bail". 18 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2017 – via AllAfrica. ^ Dar collapsed building: Suspects granted bail External links Media related to 2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse at Wikimedia Commons 6°49′5.98″S 39°17′4.73″E / 6.8183278°S 39.2846472°E / -6.8183278; 39.2846472

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUSNews-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xinhua-6"}],"text":"Structural failure in TanzaniaThe Dar es Salaam building collapse occurred during the early hours of Good Friday on 29 March 2013 when a 16-floor residential apartment building collapsed on a nearby mosque compound, killing 36 people and trapping over 60 under the rubble.[5][6]","title":"2013 Dar es Salaam building collapse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationKe-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily2-9"},{"link_name":"Ilala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilala_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The building was owned by Raza Huseein Damji[7][8] with the National Housing Corporation (NHC) having a 25 percent share in the project.[9] Poor building design was the suspected cause for the collapse, Kheri Kessy, the Deputy Mayor of Ilala said in 2007, as the approved plan was for a 10 floor apartment building project.[10] The project inspector ensured protocol was followed but when the ten floors were completed the oversight responsibility changed to a different governmental body.[11] The Contractors Registration Board (CRB) Engineers Registration Board (ERB) claimed a stop order was issued when the building exceeded the 10 floor plan approval.[12] The plan limitation was ignored when at the time of collapse there were 16 completed floors and another projected 3 floors to be constructed.[13] Substandard concrete and steel bar reinforcement were cited as reasons that led to the collapse.[14]The Tanzanian Red Cross expressed relief that the casualty figures could have been far higher but the streets were relatively empty of vendors and shoppers due to the holiday.[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSM_Building_Collapse-Crack.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ilala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilala_District"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Work on a nearby building of the same owner and construction company has been halted after reports emerged of cracks in the pillarsConstruction of a nearby building of the same owner and under the same construction company was immediately ordered to stop pending an investigation after reports that it had developed cracks as well.[16] A week after the collapse, on 5 April,\nThe Minister for Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development, Prof Anna Tibaijuka issued an order for the owner to demolish the second 16-storey building, based on information gathered by government officials that it was ill-constructed as well. Similar to the first, the owner erected a 16-storey structure instead of 10 floors as the building permit stipulated. She said, \"We are tired of mourning and now it’s time to take action. That building was given a permit for ten floors only but the developer ignored the limitation...\"[17]\nThe owner was given 30 days to comply with this order.[18]\nThe order was delayed while the government agencies discussed options. On May 29, 2013, two months after the collapse of the first building, the Ilala municipality issued a one-week demolition notice to the owners of the building.[19]","title":"Second building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suleiman_Kova_and_media,_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jakaya Kikwete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeted"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyNews_TZ-21"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Lipumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Lipumba"},{"link_name":"Civic United Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_United_Front"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyNews_TZ-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Edward Lowassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lowassa"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"On site, Police chief Suleiman Kova said the owner of the building would be held responsiblePresident Jakaya Kikwete who visited the site expressed his sorrow and tweeted his prayers for those afflicted by the tragedy.[20] On a second visit the next day, he ordered for strict supervision of construction projects. \"The municipal Chief Engineer, Ilala District Chief Inspector of buildings, owner of the building and whoever is connected to the scam must face justice,\" Kikwete ordered.[21]Professor Ibrahim Lipumba, leader of the Civic United Front visited the site as well where he said, \"Innocent lives have been shuttered down. Authorities should have questioned from the beginning the legality for continued construction of the additional floors of the building against the agreed ten floors. Serious inspection of buildings must be a routine duty.\"[21]Dar regional police chief, Suleiman Kova, said, \"the owner of the building would be held responsible and taken to task\".[22]Weeks after the incident, in the parliament budget speech, Prof Kulikoyela Kahigi said that the government should bear the blame, considering the fact that former Prime Minister Edward Lowassa formed a task force in 2006 to investigate the state of buildings under construction but its recommendations were ignored.[23]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-cross,_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Al Muntazir School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Muntazir_School"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Members of the Tanzanian Red Cross excavate a victim from the rubbleOut of the 36 people killed in the collapse, 25 were identified of which were 4 children and 21 adults. The children were all students of the Al Muntazir School who were playing soccer near a mosque after morning prayers. They were identified as Salman Damji, Yusuf Khaki, Zahid Kanji and Suheil Karim.[24]Other victims include Kulwa khalfan, Hamada Mussa, Kessy Ally Manjapa, Hamis Zuberi Mkomwa, Boniface Bernard, Seleman Haji, Seleman Mtego, Sikudhani Mohamed, Ahmed Salum Mirambo, Salum Issa Mapunda, Selemani Rashid Mnyani, John Mtyani Majewa, Mussa Ally Munyamani, David Severin Helman, William Joackim, Abdulhaman Othman Mwiha, Emmanuel Christian, Mmanyi Jumanne Ngadula, Advai Mpinge Desiki, Emmanuel Grayson Wahai and Augustino Kanisius Chuma.[25]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"At the behest of Kikwete, three municipal officials and the engineer were held for questioning over the incident.[26] This was increased to include the owner Raza Damji and his son, Aly Raza Damji.[27] Vedasto Ferdinand, a quantity surveyor was also arrested.[28]","title":"Arrests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"TSh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanian_shilling"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Trial","text":"On 4 April 2013, 11 suspects were arrested and charged with 24 counts of manslaughter.[29]\nThese included:Albert Jonas Munuo, an Assistant Registrar with Architects and Quantity Surveyors Registration Board\nRaza Hussein Ladha Damji, the owner of the building\nJoseph Frank Ringo, a Principal Enforcement Officer with the AQRB\nCharles Salu Ogera, an engineer\nZonazea Anange Oushoudada, a consulting engineer\nVedasto Ferdinarnd Ruhola, a Quantity Surveyor\nMichael Loth Hema, an architect\nGoodluck Silvester Mbanga\nWilbroad Wilbard Mugyabuso\nIbrahim Mohamed, alias Kisoki\nMohamed Swaburi AbdulkharimThe owners' son who was also arrested was let go for unknown reasons.The suspects were remanded until 16 April pending a bail ruling. On 16 April, the magistrate court justice Devotha Kisoka issued bail to the eleven suspects. The conditions of the bail required each of the accused to secure two reliable guarantors, who would have to sign a bond of TSh 20 million (~US$12,300)[30] each and bring along formal letters of introduction from their local governments. The suspects were also ordered to surrender all travel documents and not leave the city without informing the court.[31]","title":"Arrests"}]

[{"image_text":"Work on a nearby building of the same owner and construction company has been halted after reports emerged of cracks in the pillars","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DSM_Building_Collapse-Crack.jpg/220px-DSM_Building_Collapse-Crack.jpg"},{"image_text":"On site, Police chief Suleiman Kova said the owner of the building would be held responsible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/250px-Suleiman_Kova_and_media%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Members of the Tanzanian Red Cross excavate a victim from the rubble","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Red-cross%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg/250px-Red-cross%2C_2013_DSM_Building_Collapse.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"AllAfrica- Tanzania: Rescue Efforts Called Off As Death Toll Reaches 36\". Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201304020028.html?aa_source=acrdn-f0","url_text":"\"AllAfrica- Tanzania: Rescue Efforts Called Off As Death Toll Reaches 36\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051334/http://allafrica.com/stories/201304020028.html?aa_source=acrdn-f0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TheCitizen- Boy, 15, lucky to be alive after friends die in Dar building horror\". Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130407145126/http://thecitizen.co.tz/news/4-national-news/30206-boy-15-lucky-to-be-alive-after-friends-die-in-building-horror.html","url_text":"\"TheCitizen- Boy, 15, lucky to be alive after friends die in Dar building horror\""},{"url":"http://thecitizen.co.tz/news/4-national-news/30206-boy-15-lucky-to-be-alive-after-friends-die-in-building-horror.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CNN- Rescuers dig through rubble seeking missing in Tanzania building collapse\". 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/29/world/africa/tanzania-building-collapse/?hpt=wo_bn7","url_text":"\"CNN- Rescuers dig through rubble seeking missing in Tanzania building collapse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050114/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/29/world/africa/tanzania-building-collapse/?hpt=wo_bn7","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC- Tanzania: Dar es Salaam building collapse 'kills 17'\". BBC News. 30 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21980028","url_text":"\"BBC- Tanzania: Dar es Salaam building collapse 'kills 17'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130402215458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21980028","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"News.Com.Au- Two Dead in Building Collapse in Dar es Salaam\". Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/world-news/two-dead-in-building-collapse/story-fndir2ev-1226609292002","url_text":"\"News.Com.Au- Two Dead in Building Collapse in Dar es Salaam\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130412000947/http://www.news.com.au/world-news/two-dead-in-building-collapse/story-fndir2ev-1226609292002","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Xinhuanet- Over 60 trapped in collapsed building in Tanzania's Dar es Salaam\". Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130401043942/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-03/29/c_132271997.htm","url_text":"\"Xinhuanet- Over 60 trapped in collapsed building in Tanzania's Dar es Salaam\""},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-03/29/c_132271997.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nation Kenya- Dar es Salaam building collapse toll hits 25\". Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/Dar-es-Salaam-building-collapse-toll-hits-25/-/1066/1735844/-/iox0o8z/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Nation Kenya- Dar es Salaam building collapse toll hits 25\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130407022800/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/Dar-es-Salaam-building-collapse-toll-hits-25/-/1066/1735844/-/iox0o8z/-/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DailyNews- Death toll reaches 30 as survivor recounts ordeal\". Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. 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Retrieved 27 January 2017 – via AllAfrica.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201304180227.html","url_text":"\"Tanzania: Suspects in Dar es Salaam Building Collapse Released On Bail\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Berdoo

San Bernardino, California

["1 History","1.1 Indigenous","1.2 Spanish and Mexican era","1.3 Post-Conquest era","1.4 Modern era","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2020","3.2 2010","3.3 Ethnic diversity","4 Economy","5 Arts and culture","5.1 Museums","5.2 Performing arts","6 Sports","6.1 Inland Empire 66ers","7 Parks and recreation","8 Government","8.1 Foreign consulates","9 Education","9.1 Colleges and universities","10 Media","11 Transportation","11.1 Rail","11.2 Airports","12 Notable people","13 Sister cities","14 See also","15 References","16 Further reading","17 External links"]

Coordinates: 34°6′N 117°18′W / 34.100°N 117.300°W / 34.100; -117.300City in California, United States "San Bernardino" redirects here. For other uses, see San Bernardino (disambiguation). City in California, United StatesSan Bernardino, CaliforniaCitySan Bernardino Santa Fe DepotSan Bernardino County CourthouseDowntown San BernardinoU.S. Post OfficeCalifornia Theatre FlagSealLogoNicknames: SB; San Berdoo; Berdoo; Gate City; City on the Move; The Friendly City; The Heart of Southern California, The 'Dino (sl.)Location within San Bernardino CountySan BernardinoLocation within Southern CaliforniaShow map of southern CaliforniaSan BernardinoLocation within CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaSan BernardinoLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 34°6′N 117°18′W / 34.100°N 117.300°W / 34.100; -117.300CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaMetropolitan statistical areaSan Bernardino/RiversideUrban AreaGreater San Bernardino AreaCountySan BernardinoIncorporatedAugust 10, 1869Named forSan Bernardino de Sena Estancia, named for Bernardino of SienaGovernment • TypeCouncil-manager • MayorHelen Tran (D) • City managerRobert D. Field • City attorneySonia R. CarvalhoArea • City62.45 sq mi (161.75 km2) • Land62.12 sq mi (160.88 km2) • Water0.34 sq mi (0.88 km2)  0.74%Elevation1,053 (Downtown) ft (321 m)Population (2020) • City222,101 • Rank1st in San Bernardino County18th in California102nd in the United States • Density3,473.94/sq mi (1,341.30/km2) • Metro4,224,851Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)ZIP Codes92401–92408, 92410–92415, 92418, 92420, 92423, 92424, 92427Area code909, 840, 760FIPS code06-65000GNIS feature IDs1661375, 2411777Websitesbcity.org San Bernardino (/ˌsæn ˌbɜːrnəˈdiːnoʊ/ ⓘ SAN BUR-nə-DEE-noh) is a city in and the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, United States. Located in the Inland Empire region of Southern California, the city had a population of 222,101 in the 2020 census, making it the 18th-largest city in California. San Bernardino is the economic, cultural, and political hub of the San Bernardino Valley and the Inland Empire. The governments of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico have established the metropolitan area's only consulates in the downtown area of the city. Additionally, San Bernardino serves as an anchor city to the 3rd largest metropolitan area in California (after Los Angeles and San Francisco) and the 12th largest metropolitan area in the United States; the San Bernardino-Riverside MSA. Furthermore, the city's University District serves as a college town, as home to California State University, San Bernardino. San Bernardino was named in 1810, when Spanish priest Francisco Dumetz led an expedition through the area. In 1839, the Mexican government granted Californio ranchero José del Carmen Lugo the right to settle the area, which was formalized when he was granted Rancho San Bernardino in 1842. Following the American Conquest of California, the community on the rancho incorporated as a city in 1854. The city grew significantly in the late 19th century as a commercial hub at the crossroads between Southern California and the American Southwest. Today, San Bernardino is an important hub for the Inland Empire and Southern California. History Main article: History of San Bernardino, California See also: Timeline of San Bernardino, California history Indigenous The city of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, a valley long inhabited by the Tongva. Several of their villages dotted the San Bernardino valley prior to the arrival of Europeans in the valley. Kaawchama was perhaps the most significant in the region, being a regional center for trade that was connected to villages in Southern California and the Colorado River through the Mohave Trail, that was used by the Mohave, Serrano, Cahuilla, Payomkawichum, and others. The village was located in the eastern expanse of Tovaangar, and was established along the Santa Ana River. Spanish and Mexican era With the establishment of Mission San Gabriel in 1771, Spanish missionaries traveling through the area expressed a desire to establish a supply station in the area, which became the Guachama Rancheria. The settlement was also referred to as Politana and became the first Spanish settlement in what they referred to as San Bernardino Valley, named for Bernardino of Siena, being established in 1810 as a mission chapel and supply station by the Mission San Gabriel.: 37–41  Two years later the settlement was destroyed by local tribesmen, following powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years later, the Serrano and Mountain Cahuilla rebuilt the Guachama Rancheria, and in 1819 invited the missionaries to return to the valley. They did and established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization and the 1842 inclusion into the Rancho San Bernardino land grant of the José del Carmen Lugo family.: 37–41  Post-Conquest era View of San Bernardino in 1852 Downtown San Bernardino in 1905 The area was not largely settled until 1851, following the American Conquest of California. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Following the Mormon colonists' purchase of Rancho San Bernardino, and the establishment of the town of San Bernardino in 1851, San Bernardino County was formed in 1853 from parts of Los Angeles County. Mormons laid out the town based on the "City of Zion" plan which was typical of Mormon urban planning. Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California. The city was officially incorporated in 1857. Later that year, most of the colonists were recalled by Brigham Young in 1857 due to the Utah War. Once highly regarded in early California, news of the Mountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons. Some Mormons would stay in San Bernardino and some later returned from Utah, but a real estate consortium from El Monte and Los Angeles bought most of the lands of the old rancho and of the departing colonists. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county and San Bernardino became a typical American frontier town. Many of the new land owners disliked the sober Mormons, indulging in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder, fighting and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair. In 1860 a gold rush began in the mountains nearby with the discovery of gold by William F. Holcomb in Holcomb Valley early 1860. Another strike followed in the upper reach of Lytle Creek. By the 1860s, San Bernardino had also become an important trading hub in Southern California. The city already on the Los Angeles – Salt Lake Road, became the starting point for the Mojave Road from 1858 and Bradshaw Trail from 1862 to the mines along the Colorado River and within the Arizona Territory in the gold rush of 1862–1864. San Bernardino's Santa Fe Depot, built in 1918 in a Mission Revival style Near San Bernardino is a naturally formed arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of a mountain. It measures 1375 feet by 449 feet. According to the Native American legend regarding the landmark arrowhead, an arrow from Heaven burned the formation onto the mountainside in order to show tribes where they could be healed. During the mid-19th century, "Dr." David Noble Smith claimed that a saint-like being appeared before him and told of a far-off land with exceptional climate and curative waters, marked by a gigantic arrowhead. Smith's search for that unique arrowhead formation began in Texas, and eventually ended at Arrowhead Springs in California in 1857. By 1889, word of the springs, along with the hotel on the site (and a belief in the effect on general health of the water from the springs) had grown considerably. Hotel guests often raved about the crystal-clear water from the cold springs, which prompted Seth Marshall to set up a bottling operation in the hotel's basement. By 1905, water from the cold springs was being shipped to Los Angeles under the newly created "Arrowhead" trademark. Indigenous people of the San Bernardino Valley and Mountains were collectively identified by Spanish explorers in the 19th century as Serrano, a term meaning highlander. Serrano living near what is now Big Bear Lake were called Yuhaviatam, or "People of the Pines". In 1866, to clear the way for settlers and gold miners, state militia conducted a 32-day campaign slaughtering men, women, and children. Yuhaviatam leader Santos Manuel guided his people from their ancient homeland to a village site in the San Bernardino foothills. The United States government in 1891 established it as a tribal reservation and named it after Santos Manuel. In 1867, the first Chinese immigrants arrived in San Bernardino. In 1883, California Southern Railroad established a rail link through San Bernardino between Los Angeles and the rest of the country. Modern era The historic California Churrigueresque-style Harris Department Store in 1940 In 1905, the city of San Bernardino passed its first charter. Norton Air Force Base was established during World War II. In 1994, Norton Air Force Base closed to become San Bernardino International Airport. In 1940, Richard and Maurice McDonald founded McDonald's, along with its innovative restaurant concept, in the city. San Bernardino won the All-America City award in 1977. In 1989, a massive derailment took place along Duffy street at the Muscoy area, killing 4 people and destroying seven homes. Then on May 25, an underground petroleum pipeline ruptured, killing 2 more people and burning down 11 more homes. In August 2012, San Bernardino filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy, with more than $1 billion in debt. The move froze the city's payments to creditors, including its pension payments to the California Public Employees' Retirement System for nearly a year. San Bernardino became the largest city at the time to file for a Chapter 9 bankruptcy, superseded by Detroit's filing in July 2013. Following a judge's approval, the city emerged from bankruptcy in February 2017, making it one of the longest municipal bankruptcies in the United States. On December 2, 2015, a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured. Geography View of Downtown San Bernardino According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 59.6 square miles (154 km2), of which 59.2 square miles (153 km2) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.74%, is water. The city lies in the San Bernardino foothills and the eastern portion of the San Bernardino Valley, roughly 60 miles (97 km) east of Los Angeles. Some major geographical features of the city include the San Bernardino Mountains and the San Bernardino National Forest, in which the city's northernmost neighborhood, Arrowhead Springs, is located; the Cajon Pass adjacent to the northwest border; City Creek, Lytle Creek, San Timoteo Creek, Twin Creek, Warm Creek (as modified through flood control channels) feed the Santa Ana River, which forms part of the city's southern border south of San Bernardino International Airport. The city has several notable hills and mountains; among them are Perris Hill (named after Fred Perris, an early engineer, and the namesake of Perris, California); Kendall Hill (which is near California State University); and Little Mountain, which rises among Shandin Hills (generally bounded by Sierra Way, 30th Street, Kendall Drive, and Interstate 215). San Bernardino is unique among Southern Californian cities because of its wealth of water, which is mostly contained in underground aquifers. Seccombe Lake, named after a former mayor, is a manmade lake at Sierra Way and 5th Street. Climate January snowfall in the eastern San Bernardino Valley, Shandin Hills are visible in the background. San Bernardino features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with warm winters and hot, dry summers. Relative to other areas in Southern California, winters are colder, with frost and with chilly to cold morning temperatures common. The particularly arid climate during the summer prevents tropospheric clouds from forming, meaning temperatures rise to what is considered by NOAA scientists as Class Orange. Summer thus has temperatures approaching those typical of hot desert climates, with the highest recorded summer temperature at 118 °F (48 °C) on July 6, 2018. In the winter, snow flurries occur upon occasion. San Bernardino gets an average of 16 inches (406 mm) of rain, hail, or light snow showers each year. Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino's northernmost neighborhood gets snow, heavily at times, due to its elevation of about 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level. The seasonal Santa Ana winds are felt particularly strongly in the San Bernardino area as warm and dry air is channeled through nearby Cajon Pass at times during the autumn months. This phenomenon markedly increases the wildfire danger in the foothills, canyon, and mountain communities that the cycle of cold, wet winters and dry summers helps create. Climate data for San Bernardino, California, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–2004 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 94(34) 93(34) 97(36) 103(39) 112(44) 116(47) 116(47) 116(47) 117(47) 111(44) 99(37) 93(34) 117(47) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 68.4(20.2) 69.2(20.7) 72.7(22.6) 77.8(25.4) 83.4(28.6) 90.1(32.3) 96.2(35.7) 97.3(36.3) 92.8(33.8) 84.0(28.9) 74.3(23.5) 67.1(19.5) 81.1(27.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 55.3(12.9) 56.4(13.6) 59.2(15.1) 63.5(17.5) 68.9(20.5) 74.3(23.5) 79.9(26.6) 80.7(27.1) 76.8(24.9) 69.0(20.6) 59.9(15.5) 54.1(12.3) 66.5(19.2) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 42.1(5.6) 43.6(6.4) 45.7(7.6) 49.2(9.6) 54.3(12.4) 58.5(14.7) 63.6(17.6) 64.2(17.9) 60.8(16.0) 54.1(12.3) 45.5(7.5) 41.1(5.1) 51.9(11.1) Record low °F (°C) 16(−9) 21(−6) 26(−3) 26(−3) 33(1) 37(3) 42(6) 40(4) 36(2) 29(−2) 24(−4) 19(−7) 16(−9) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.15(80) 4.06(103) 2.53(64) 1.02(26) 0.25(6.4) 0.07(1.8) 0.03(0.76) 0.13(3.3) 0.25(6.4) 0.82(21) 1.29(33) 2.41(61) 16.01(406.66) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.0 7.2 6.8 3.2 1.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 1.4 2.4 3.2 4.8 38.3 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: XMACIS2 Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18801,673—18904,012139.8%19006,15053.3%191012,779107.8%192018,72146.5%193037,481100.2%194043,64616.4%195063,05844.5%196091,92245.8%1970106,86916.3%1980118,79411.2%1990164,16438.2%2000185,40112.9%2010209,92413.2%2020222,1015.8%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 The 2020 United States Census reported that the city of San Bernardino had a population of 222,101. The racial makeup of San Bernardino was 53,786 (24.2%) non-Hispanic white, 27,875 (12.6%) African American, 5,029 (2.3%) Native American, and 9,279 (4.2%) Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 151,125 (68%). San Bernardino, California – Racial and ethnic compositionNote: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000 Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2000 % 2010 % 2020 White alone (NH) 53,630 39,977 28,649 28.93% 19.04% 12.90% Black or African American alone (NH) 29,654 29,897 26,134 15.99% 14.24% 11.77% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 1,129 867 742 0.61% 0.41% 0.33% Asian alone (NH) 7,594 8,027 8,734 4.10% 3.82% 3.93% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 582 704 754 0.31% 0.34% 0.34% Other race alone (NH) 288 361 1,123 0.16% 0.17% 0.51% Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 4,502 4,097 4,840 2.43% 1.95% 2.18% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 88,022 125,994 151,125 47.48% 60.02% 68.04% Total 185,401 209,924 222,101 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 2010 Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino. The 2010 United States Census reported that San Bernardino had a population of 209,924. The population density was 3,519.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,358.9/km2). The racial makeup of San Bernardino was 95,734 (45.6%) White (19.0% Non-Hispanic White), 31,582 (15.0%) African American, 2,822 (1.3%) Native American, 8,454 (4.0%) Asian, 839 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 59,827 (28.5%) from other races, and 10,666 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 125,994 persons (60.0%). The Census reported that 202,599 people (96.5% of the population) lived in households, 3,078 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,247 (2.0%) were institutionalized. There were 59,283 households, out of which 29,675 (50.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25,700 (43.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 13,518 (22.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5,302 (8.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 5,198 (8.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 488 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 11,229 households (18.9%) were made up of individuals, and 4,119 (6.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.42. There were 44,520 families (75.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.89. The population was spread out, with 67,238 people (32.0%) under the age of 18, 26,654 people (12.7%) aged 18 to 24, 56,221 people (26.8%) aged 25 to 44, 43,277 people (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 16,534 people (7.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males. There were 65,401 housing units at an average density of 1,096.5 units per square mile (423.4 units/km2), of which 29,838 (50.3%) were owner-occupied, and 29,445 (49.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.5%. 102,650 people (48.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 99,949 people (47.6%) lived in rental housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, San Bernardino had a median household income of $39,097, with 30.6% of the population living below the federal poverty line. Ethnic diversity Map of racial distribution in San Bernardino, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other Western, central, and parts of eastern San Bernardino are home to mixed-ethnic working class populations, of which the Latino and African-American populations comprise the vast majority of the city. Historically, many Latinos, primarily Mexican-Americans and Mexicans, lived on Mount Vernon Avenue on the West Side. Since the 1960s, the Medical Center (formerly known as Muscoy) and Base Line corridors were mostly black, in particular in the east side and west side areas centering on public housing projects Waterman Gardens and the public housing on Medical Center drive. The heart of the Mexican-American community is on the West and Southside of San Bernardino, but is slowly expanding throughout the entire city. San Bernardino's only Jewish congregation moved to Redlands in December 2009. Some Asian Americans live in and around the city of San Bernardino, as in a late 19th-century-era (gone) Chinatown and formerly Japanese-American area in Seccombe Park on the east end of downtown, and a large East-Asian community in North Loma Linda. Others live in nearby Loma Linda to the south across the Santa Ana River. Filipinos are the largest Asian ethnic group in San Bernardino. There is a historic Italian-American community in San Bernardino. There is a rapid increase of Guatemalan immigrants in San Bernardino and the Inland Empire. The white population in San Bernardino has declined while the Hispanic and Asian population increased. According to 2022 American Community Survey, English ancestry is 4.2%, French (except Basque) is 0.9%, German 4.6%, Irish is 3.9% Italian, 2.1% Norwegian, 0.6%Polish, 0.6%Scottish 0.7% and Subsaharan African - 0.8%. Economy Event in Downtown San Bernardino Hotel in Downtown San Bernardino The city's location close to the Cajon and San Gorgonio passes, and at the junctions of the I-10, I-215, and SR-210 freeways, positions it as an intermodal logistics hub. The city hosts the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway's intermodal freight transport yard, the Yellow Freight Systems' cross-docking trucking center, and Pacific Motor Trucking. Large warehouses for Kohl's, Mattel, Pep Boys, and Stater Bros. have been developed near the San Bernardino International Airport. The closing of Norton Air Force Base in 1994 resulted in the loss of 10,000 military and civilian jobs and sent San Bernardino's economy into a downturn that has been somewhat offset by more recent growth in the intermodal shipping industry. The jobless rate in the region rose to more than 12 percent during the years immediately after the base closing. As of 2007 households within one mile of the city core had a median income of only $20,480, less than half that of the Inland region as a whole. Over 15 percent of San Bernardino residents are unemployed as of 2012, and over 40 percent are on some form of public assistance. According to the US Census, 34.6 percent of residents live below the poverty level, making San Bernardino the poorest city for its population in California, and the second poorest in the US next to Detroit. The California Churrigueresque style Harris Company Building Top employers Government, retail, and service industries dominate the economy of the city of San Bernardino. From 1998 to 2004, San Bernardino's economy grew by 26,217 jobs, a 37% increase, to 97,139. Government was both the largest and the fastest-growing employment sector, reaching close to 20,000 jobs in 2004. Other significant sectors were retail (16,000 jobs) and education (13,200 jobs). According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Employer # of employees Stater Bros. 15,000–25,000 County of San Bernardino 5,000–14,999 San Bernardino City Unified School District 5,000–14,999 Kohl's 5,000–14,999 Barrett Business Services, Inc. 1,000–4,999 San Bernardino Community College District 1,000–4,999 California Department of Transportation 1,000–4,999 Loma Linda University Medical Center 1,000–4,999 City of San Bernardino 1,117 California State University, San Bernardino 1,000–4,999 Arts and culture The historic Fox Theatre The Spanish Colonial Revival style Heritage Building, designed after the Casa Consistorial in Sevilla, Spain San Bernardino hosts several major annual events, including: Route 66 Rendezvous, a four-day celebration of America's "Mother Road" that is held in downtown San Bernardino each September; the Berdoo Bikes & Blues Rendezvous, held in the spring; the National Orange Show Festival, a citrus exposition founded in 1911 and also held in the spring; and, the Western Regional Little League Championships held each August, as well as the annual anniversary of the birth of the Mother Charter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, Berdoo California Chapter. San Bernardino is home to the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa, located in the Arrowhead Springs neighborhood, which encompasses 1,916 acres (7.75 km2) directly beneath the Arrowhead geological monument that presides over the San Bernardino Valley. The resort contains hot springs, in addition to mineral baths and steam caves located deep underground. Long the headquarters for Campus Crusade for Christ, the site now remains largely vacant and unused since their operations moved to Florida. The $300 million Yaamava Resort & Casino, one of the few in southern California that does operate as a resort hotel, is located approximately one mile from the Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa. Museums The Robert V. Fullerton Museum of Art, located on the campus of California State University, San Bernardino, contains a collection of Egyptian antiquities, ancient pottery from present-day Italy, and funerary art from ancient China. In addition to the extensive antiquities on display, the museum presents contemporary art and changing exhibitions. The Heritage House holds the collection of the San Bernardino Historic and Pioneer Society, while the San Bernardino County Museum of regional history in Redlands has exhibits relating to the city of San Bernardino as well. The San Bernardino Railroad and History Museum is located inside the historic Santa Fe Depot. A Route 66 museum is located on the historic site of the original McDonald's restaurant. Specialty museums include the Inland Empire Military Museum, the American Sports Museum, and the adjacent WBC Legends of Boxing Museum. Performing arts The historic California Theatre The 1928 California Theatre (San Bernardino), California Theater of the Performing Arts in downtown San Bernardino hosts an array of events, including concerts by the San Bernardino Symphony Orchestra, as well as touring Broadway theater productions presented by Theatrical Arts International, the Inland Empire's largest theater company. San Manuel Amphitheater, originally Glen Helen Pavilion at the Cajon Pass is the largest amphitheater in the United States. National Orange Show Festival The National Orange Show Events Center contains: the Orange Pavilion; a stadium; two large clear-span exhibition halls; a clear-span geodesic dome; and several ballrooms. Coussoulis Arena in the University District is the largest venue of its type in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. Sturges Center for the Fine Arts, including the 1924 Sturges Auditorium, hosts lectures, concerts, and other theater. Children's theater company Junior University presents musical performances at the San Manuel Performing Arts Center at Aquinas High School during the summer and in December. The historic 1929 Fox Theater of San Bernardino, located downtown and owned by American Sports University, has recently been restored for new use. The Lyric Symphony Orchestra in nearby Loma Linda, California presents concerts in the city and nearby communities. Sports San Manuel Stadium, home of the Inland Empire 66ers The California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB) Coyotes compete at the NCAA Division II level in a variety of sports. San Bernardino Valley College competes in the CCCAA and is the only school to offer football at the collegiate level in San Bernardino. CSUSB used to play their home baseball games at the downtown venue, Arrowhead Credit Union Park, but now play all their home games at the uptown venue, Fiscalini Field. San Bernardino has had other professional and semi-pro teams over the years, including the San Bernardino Jazz professional women's volleyball team, the San Bernardino Pride Senior Baseball team, and the San Bernardino Spirit California League Single A baseball team. The Glen Helen Raceway has hosted off-road motorsport races such as rounds of the AMA Motocross Championship, Motocross World Championship and Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series. San Bernardino also hosts the BSR West Super Late Model Series at Orange Show Speedway. The series fields many drivers, including NASCAR Camping World Truck Series regular Ron Hornaday Jr., who drove the No. 33 in a race on July 12, 2008. Inland Empire 66ers The city hosts the Inland Empire 66ers baseball club of the California League, which since 2011 has been the Los Angeles Angels Single A affiliate. The team was the Los Angeles Dodgers Single A affiliate from 2007 to 2010. The 66ers play at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino. Parks and recreation Seccombe Lake Park San Bernardino offers several parks and other recreation facilities. Perris Hill Park is the largest with Roosevelt Bowl, Fiscalini Field, several tennis courts, a Y.M.C.A., a senior center, a shooting range, hiking trails, and a pool. Other notable parks include: the Glen Helen Regional Park, operated by the County of San Bernardino, is located in the northernmost part of the city. Blair Park is another midsized park near the University District, it is home to a well known skate park and various hiking trails on Shandin Hills, also known as Little Mountain. In 2017, San Bernardino park opened its newest park, named in honor of local heroes Bryce Hanes and Jon Cole. Government The historic San Bernardino County Court House, built in 1927 The city of San Bernardino is a charter city; the first charter was passed 1905, while the most recent charter was passed in 2016. San Bernardino is the county seat of San Bernardino County, the largest organized county in the contiguous United States by area. The current Mayor of San Bernardino is Helen Tran. The current city council is made up of Theodore Sánchez, Sandra Ibarra, Juan Figueroa, Fred Shorett, Ben Reynoso, Kim Calvin-Johnson and Damon L. Alexander. Bob Holcomb (1922–2010) was the longest-serving mayor of San Bernardino to date, holding the office from 1971 until 1985 and again from 1989 to 1993. In the California State Senate, San Bernardino is split between the 20th Senate District, represented by Democrat Caroline Menjivar, and the 23rd Senate District, represented by Republican Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh. In the California State Assembly, it is split between the 40th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Pilar Schiavo, and the 47th Assembly District, represented by Republican Greg Wallis. The Rosa Parks Memorial Building hosts government departments of San Bernardino County. In the United States House of Representatives, San Bernardino is in California's 33rd congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D+12 and is represented by Democrat Pete Aguilar. Public safety San Bernardino has long battled high crime rates. According to statistics published by Morgan Quitno, San Bernardino was the 16th most dangerous US city in 2003, 18th in 2004 and 24th in 2005. San Bernardino's murder rate was 29 per 100,000 in 2005, the 13th highest murder rate in the country and the third highest in the state of California after Compton and Richmond. Police efforts have significantly reduced crime in 2008 and a major drop collectively since 1993 when the city's murder rate placed ninth in the nation. Thirty two killings occurred in 2009, a number identical to 2008 and the lowest murder rate in San Bernardino since 2002, but only a third of cases led to arrests. According to findings by the U.S. Census Bureau, San Bernardino was among the most poverty-stricken cities in the nation, second nationally behind Detroit. San Bernardino Downtown Station Bankruptcy On July 10, 2012, the City Council of San Bernardino decided to seek protection under Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code, making it the third California municipality to do so in less than two weeks (after Stockton and the town of Mammoth Lakes), and the second-largest ever. According to state law, the city would normally have to negotiate with creditors first, but, because they declared a fiscal emergency in June, that requirement did not apply. The case was filed on August 1. Foreign consulates The governments of Guatemala, Mexico, and El Salvador have established consulates in the downtown area of the city. Education Pfau Library as seen from University Parkway Most of San Bernardino is within the San Bernardino City Unified School District, the eighth largest district in the state, although it is also served by Colton, Redlands (far south east) and Rialto (far west) Unified School Districts. Local public high schools include Aquinas High School, Arroyo Valley High School, Cajon High School, San Bernardino High School, Pacific, San Gorgonio High School, and Indian Springs High School. RUSD's Rialto High School is in San Bernardino. Colleges and universities San Bernardino is notably home to California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB), a campus of the CSU System. Founded in 1965, CSUSB is located in the University District of San Bernardino. Other higher education in the area includes: California University of Science and Medicine San Bernardino Valley College The Art Institute of California - Inland Empire American Sports University Inland Empire Job Corps Center UEI College Summit Career College Media Downtown San Bernardino San Bernardino is part of the Los Angeles Nielsen area. As such, most its residents receive the same local television and radio stations as residents of Los Angeles. KVCR-DT, a PBS affiliate operated by the San Bernardino Community College District, is the only local San Bernardino television station. KPXN, the Los Angeles Ion Television network affiliate, is licensed to San Bernardino, but the station maintains no physical presence there. Most of the northern section of San Bernardino cannot receive over-the-air television broadcasts from Los Angeles because Mount Baldy, and other San Gabriel Mountain peaks, block transmissions from Mount Wilson. Historically, San Bernardino has had a number of newspapers. Today, the San Bernardino Sun, founded in 1894 (but was the continuation of an earlier paper) publishes in North San Bernardino, and has a circulation area roughly from Yucaipa to Fontana, including the mountain communities. The Precinct Reporter has been publishing weekly since 1965, primarily serving African American residents. Its circulation also includes Riverside County and Pomona Valley. There is also the Black Voice News that previously served Riverside has been in the area over 30 years and has more recently served African Americans that live in the community. Another local newspaper centered mostly around the African American community is the Westside Story Newspaper, established in 1987. Their coverage area extends to the greater area of San Bernardino County. They currently operate locally and online. The Inland Catholic Byte is the newspaper of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino. The Los Angeles Times is also widely circulated. Another local newspaper serving the Mexican-American/Chicano/Californio community is El Chicano. Transportation San Bernardino Santa Fe Depot The city of San Bernardino is a member of the joint-powers authority of Omnitrans and MARTA. A bus rapid transit corridor, called the sbX Green Line, connects the north part of the city near California State University, San Bernardino and the Verdemont Hills area with the Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center in Loma Linda, CA. Additional bus routes and on-demand shuttle service for the disabled and elderly is also provided by Omnitrans. MARTA provides a connection between downtown and the mountain communities. Major local thoroughfares include San Bernardino Freeway, Barstow Freeway, Foothill Freeway, and Waterman Avenue Rail The sbX Civic Center station in Downtown San Bernardino Amtrak's Southwest Chief, operating between Los Angeles and Chicago, has one daily train in each direction that stops at the San Bernardino station. San Bernardino is served by the Metrolink regional rail service. Two lines serve the city: the Inland Empire–Orange County Line and the San Bernardino Line. The San Bernardino Transit Center in the downtown area is where passengers can connect with the sbX Green Line BRT, and regular bus service from MARTA, Omnitrans, and VVTA. Arrow is a passenger rail link to neighboring Redlands that opened in 2022. Trains begin at the San Bernardino Transit Center and make an additional stop at Tippecanoe Avenue before continuing into Redlands. From 1941 to 1947, the city was served by the Pacific Electric Upland–San Bernardino Line. Airports San Bernardino International Airport San Bernardino International Airport is physically located within the city and provides commercial passenger air service. The airport is the former site of Norton Air Force Base which operated from 1942 – 1994. In 1989, Norton was placed on the Department of Defense closure list and the majority of the closure occurred in 1994, with the last offices finally leaving in 1995. Several warehouses have been, and continue to be, built in the vicinity. The facility, itself, is within the jurisdiction of the Inland Valley Development Agency, a joint powers authority, and the San Bernardino Airport Authority. Hillwood, a venture run by H. Ross Perot Jr., is the master developer of the project, which it calls AllianceCalifornia. The airport currently offers commercial passenger service out of its both the domestic and international terminals. Notable people Main article: List of people from San Bernardino, California Sister cities San Bernardino's sister cities are: Villahermosa, Mexico Goyang, South Korea Herzliya, Israel Ifẹ, Nigeria Kigali, Rwanda Mexicali, Mexico Roxas City, Philippines Tachikawa, Japan Tauranga, New Zealand Yushu, China Zavolzhye, Russia See also Greater Los Angeles portal List of largest California cities by population References ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014. ^ Folmer, James. "Party affiliation of the mayors of the 100 largest cities". ^ "City Manager's Office". City of San Bernardino. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2015. ^ "City Attorney's Office". City of San Bernardino. Retrieved November 5, 2019. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020. ^ "San Bernardino". 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San Bernardino Sun. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ Reid, Tim (August 2, 2012). "San Bernardino, California, files for bankruptcy with over $1 billion in debts". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2012. ^ a b "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: San Bernardino County, CA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 8 (PDF p. 9/12). Retrieved March 14, 2024. - Text list ^ "San Bernardino City Unified School District". Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. ^ "3rd Council Ward District" (PDF). City of San Bernardino. Retrieved March 14, 2024. - Linked from here. A school icon is placed where Rialto High is. Please compare with the full street name, number, and ZIP code of the school: "Home". Rialto High School. Retrieved March 14, 2024. 595 S. Eucalyptus Ave. Rialto, CA 92376 - Despite the Rialto address, the school is in the San Bernardino city limits, not the Rialto city limits. The City of Houston stated: "The U.S. Postal Service establishes ZIP codes and mailing addresses in order to maximize the efficiency of their system, not to recognize jurisdictional boundaries." ^ "Bottom Line". ^ "El Chicano by IECN". December 20, 2013. ^ "Pep Rally Celebrates sbX Completion". Omnitrans. April 24, 2014. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014. ^ About sbX Archived August 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Begley, Doug (June 4, 2009). "E Street transit center chosen for Metrolink plan". Press Enterprise. A. H. Belo. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2010. ^ Norton Air Force Base ^ Whitehead, Brian (August 4, 2022). "Long-awaited passenger service takes flight at San Bernardino airport". The San Bernardino Sun. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved August 4, 2022.(registration required) ^ "Sister Cities". ci.san-bernardino.ca.us. City of San Bernardino. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2020. Further reading Books Edward Leo Lyman, San Bernardino: The Rise and Fall of a California Community, Signature Books, 1996. Walter C. Schuiling, San Bernardino County: Land of Contrasts, Windsor Publications, 1984 Nick Cataldo, Images of America: San Bernardino, California, Arcadia Publishing, 2002 Articles James Fallows (May 2015), What It's Like When Your City Goes Broke. "San Bernardino, California, is poor, has a high unemployment rate, is affected by drought, and is in bankruptcy court. But its real problem is something else." External links San Bernardino, California at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage Official website California Welcome Center in San Bernardino City of San Bernardino at the Wayback Machine (archived November 11, 1998) Places adjacent to San Bernardino, California San Gabriel MountainsHesperia San Bernardino MountainsCrestline San Bernardino MountainsBig Bear Lake Rialto San Bernardino Highland Colton Loma Linda Redlands vte City of San BernardinoTopics Inland Empire San Bernardino Valley The Sun List of mayors History Timeline Kaawchama Rancho San Bernardino 1980 Panorama Fire 1989 train disaster Old Fire 2006 punk riot October 2007 wildfires 2015 terrorist attack 2017 school shooting Areas Arrowhead Farms Arrowhead Springs Devore Del Rosa Downtown Hospitality Lane University District Verdemont Transportation Mountain Transit Omnitrans sbX Arrow Inland Empire–Orange County Line San Bernardino Freeway San Bernardino International Airport San Bernardino Line San Bernardino Transit Center Santa Fe Depot San Bernardino–Tippecanoe station State Route 259 Points of interest California Theatre Carousel Mall defunct Fiscalini Field Glen Helen Regional Park Glen Helen Amphitheater Inland Center Inland Regional Center Orange Pavilion San Bernardino County Court House San Bernardino Downtown Station San Manuel Stadium Shandin Hills Wigwam Motel EducationHigher California State University, San Bernardino California University of Science and Medicine San Bernardino Valley College K-12 San Bernardino City USD Arroyo Valley HS Cajon HS Indian Springs HS Pacific HS San Bernardino HS San Gorgonio HS Rialto USD Rialto HS Colton Joint USD Redlands USD Sports Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes Inland Empire 66ers San Bernardino Pioneers defunct vteInland EmpireCounties Riverside San Bernardino Principal cities Riverside San Bernardino Cities and towns100k+ Corona Fontana Hesperia Jurupa Valley Menifee Moreno Valley Murrieta Ontario Rancho Cucamonga Rialto Temecula Victorville Cities and towns25k–100k Adelanto Apple Valley Banning Barstow Beaumont Cathedral City Chino Chino Hills Coachella Colton Desert Hot Springs Eastvale Hemet Highland Indio La Quinta Lake Elsinore Montclair Norco Palm Desert Palm Springs Perris Redlands San Jacinto Twentynine Palms Upland Wildomar Yucaipa Cities and towns10k–25k Big Bear City Bloomington Blythe Calimesa Canyon Lake Crestline Grand Terrace Home Gardens Lake Arrowhead Loma Linda Mead Valley Muscoy Rancho Mirage Valle Vista Woodcrest Yucca Valley Cities and townsunder 10k Big Bear Lake Cabazon El Cerrito Oak Glen Highgrove Indian Wells Joshua Tree Mentone Needles Romoland San Antonio Heights Wrightwood Regions Coachella Valley Cucamonga Valley Elsinore Trough High Desert Morongo Basin Perris Plain Plains of Leon San Bernardino Mountains San Bernardino Valley San Jacinto Mountains San Jacinto Valley Santa Ana Mountains Temecula Valley Temescal Mountains Victor Valley vteSports teams in the Inland Empire regionBaseball CL Inland Empire 66ers Lake Elsinore Storm Rancho Cucamonga Quakes SCBBA Palm Springs Power Basketball NBA G League San Diego Clippers American football WFA Inland Empire Ravens Ice hockey AHL Coachella Valley Firebirds Ontario Reign WSHL Ontario Avalanche Soccer NPSL High Desert Elite FC Temecula FC UPSL AC Miracle Hill MASL Ontario Fury College athleticsNCAA Division I California Baptist Lancers UC Riverside Highlanders NCAA Division II Cal State San Bernardino Coyotes vteThe 100 most populous cities of the United States    New York, New York Los Angeles, California Chicago, Illinois Houston, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Philadelphia, Pennsylvania San Antonio, Texas Dallas, Texas San Diego, California Austin, Texas Jacksonville, Florida San Jose, California Fort Worth, Texas Columbus, Ohio Charlotte, North Carolina Indianapolis, Indiana San Francisco, California Seattle, Washington Denver, Colorado Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Nashville, Tennessee El Paso, Texas Washington, D.C. 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Other articles related to San Bernardino vteMunicipalities and communities of San Bernardino County, California, United StatesCounty seat: San BernardinoCities and towns Adelanto Apple Valley Barstow Big Bear Lake Chino Chino Hills Colton Fontana Grand Terrace Hesperia Highland Loma Linda Montclair Needles Ontario Rancho Cucamonga Redlands Rialto San Bernardino Twentynine Palms Upland Victorville Yucaipa Yucca Valley San Bernardino County mapCDPs Baker Big Bear City Big River Bloomington Bluewater Crestline Fort Irwin Homestead Valley Joshua Tree Lake Arrowhead Lenwood Lucerne Valley Lytle Creek Mentone Morongo Valley Mountain View Acres Muscoy Oak Glen Oak Hills Phelan Piñon Hills Running Springs San Antonio Heights Searles Valley Sleepy Hollow Silver Lakes Spring Valley Lake Wrightwood Yermo Unincorporatedcommunities Alta Loma Amboy Angelus Oaks Argus Arrowhead Highlands Arrowbear Lake Arrowhead Farms Baldy Mesa Basin Bell Mountain Blue Jay Bryman Cadiz Cajon Junction Cedar Glen Cedarpines Park Chase Cima Crafton Crest Park Cushenbury Daggett Danby Declezville Devore Devore Heights Dunn Earp El Mirage Essex Etiwanda Fawnskin Fenner Flynn Forest Falls Goffs Green Valley Lake Guasti Halloran Springs Harvard Havasu Lake Helendale Hinkley Hodge Homer Ibis Ivanpah Johnson Valley Kerens Kramer Kramer Hills La Delta Landers Ludlow Kelso Mars Mojave Heights Mount Baldy Mountain Home Village Mountain Pass Newberry Springs Nipton Oro Grande Parker Dam Patton Pioneer Point Pioneertown Red Mountain Rimforest Skyforest Sugarloaf Sunfair Sunfair Heights Trona Twin Peaks Venus Vidal Vidal Junction Wonder Valley Zzyzx Indianreservations Chemehuevi Reservation Fort Mojave Indian Reservation‡ San Manuel Reservation Twenty-Nine Palms Reservation Colorado River Indian Tribes‡ Ghost towns Afton Agua Mansa Atolia Bagdad Barnwell Beal Belleville Calico Calzona Chambless Crucero Hart Ivanpah Kelso Lanfair Milligan Olive City Pasinogna Politana Prado Providence Ragtown Rice Rincon Seventeen Mile Point Siberia Silver Lake Vanderbilt Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties California portal United States portal vteRadio stations in Riverside, San Bernardino and Temecula, California (Inland Empire and Temecula Valley)By AM frequency 590 1050 1110 1220 1240 1290 1350 1370 1410 1440 1490 1510 1670 By FM frequency 88.3 88.7 88.9 89.1 89.7 90.1 91.1 91.9 92.9 93.5 94.5 95.1 96.1 96.7 97.5 99.1 99.9 100.9 101.3 101.7 102.5 103.3 103.9 104.1 104.7 105.7 LPFM 92.5 94.3 97.1 Translators 90.3 90.9 98.1 98.3 102.3 103.1 106.3 106.5 106.9 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 89.1-1 89.1-2 91.9-1 92.9-1 93.5-1 95.1-1 99.1-1 99.1-2 By call sign K212GC K215BA K251AH K252BF K272FQ K276EF K292GN K293CF K295AI KAEH KATY-FM KCAA KCAL KCAL-FM KDEY-FM KEZY KFOO KFRG KGGI HD2 KGGN KHPY KHTI KJVA-LP KKDD KKLP KKLM (FM) KLRD KLYY KMET KMYT KOLA KOYT-LP KPWK KQIE KQLH-LP KRCV KRQB KSDW KSGN KSPA KSPC KTIE KTMQ KTMZ KUCR KUOR HD2 KVCR KWRM KWVE KXFG KXRS KXSB Defunct KGIC-LP (105.5 FM) KPRO (1570 AM) Radio stations in Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Lancaster-Palmdale Oxnard-Ventura Riverside-San Bernardino Other nearby regions Palm Springs San Diego Victor Valley/Barstow See also List of radio stations in California vteGreater Los Angeles AreaCounties Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino Ventura CitiesandtownsCentral city Los Angeles 200k–500k Anaheim Fontana Irvine Long Beach Moreno Valley Oxnard Riverside San Bernardino Santa Ana Santa Clarita 100k−200k Burbank Corona Costa Mesa Downey El Monte Fullerton Garden Grove Glendale Huntington Beach Inglewood Jurupa Valley Lancaster Murrieta Menifee Norwalk Ontario Orange Palmdale Pasadena Pomona Rancho Cucamonga Rialto Simi Valley Temecula Thousand Oaks Torrance Ventura Victorville West Covina 50k–100k Alhambra Aliso Viejo Apple Valley Arcadia Azusa Baldwin Park Beaumont Bellflower Buena Park Camarillo Carson Cathedral City Chino Chino Hills Colton Compton Covina Cypress Diamond Bar Eastvale Fountain Valley Gardena Glendora Hacienda Heights Hawthorne Hemet Hesperia Highland Indio La Habra Laguna Niguel Lake Elsinore Lake Forest Lakewood Lynwood Mission Viejo Monrovia Montebello Monterey Park Newport Beach Palm Desert Paramount Perris Pico Rivera Placentia Redlands Redondo Beach Rosemead San Clemente San Jacinto Santa Monica South Gate Tustin Upland Westminster Whittier Yorba Linda Yucaipa 25k–50k Adelanto Banning Barstow Bell Bell Gardens Beverly Hills Brea Cerritos Claremont Coachella Culver City Dana Point Desert Hot Springs La Mirada La Puente La Quinta La Verne Laguna Hills Lawndale Manhattan Beach Maywood Monrovia Montclair Moorpark Norco Palm Springs Rancho Palos Verdes Rancho Santa Margarita San Dimas San Gabriel San Juan Capistrano Santa Paula Seal Beach South Pasadena Stanton Temple City Twentynine Palms Walnut West Hollywood Wildomar 10k–25k Agoura Hills Artesia Blythe Calabasas Calimesa Canyon Lake Commerce Cudahy Duarte El Segundo Fillmore Grand Terrace Hawaiian Gardens Hermosa Beach La Cañada Flintridge La Palma Laguna Beach Laguna Woods Loma Linda Lomita Los Alamitos Malibu Palos Verdes Estates Port Hueneme Rancho Mirage San Fernando San Marino Santa Fe Springs Sierra Madre Signal Hill South El Monte Yucca Valley Under 10k Avalon Big Bear Lake Bradbury City of Industry Hidden Hills Indian Wells Irwindale La Habra Heights Needles Ojai Rolling Hills Rolling Hills Estates Vernon Villa Park Westlake Village CDPsover 25k Altadena East Los Angeles Florence-Graham French Valley Hacienda Heights Ladera Ranch North Tustin Rowland Heights South Whittier Temescal Valley West Whittier-Los Nietos Westmont Arearegions Anaheim–Santa Ana edge city Antelope Valley Central Los Angeles Coachella Valley Colorado Desert Conejo Valley Downtown Los Angeles East Los Angeles Gateway Cities Greater Hollywood Greater Los Angeles Harbor Area Inland Empire Mojave Desert Northeast Los Angeles Northwest Los Angeles Orange Coast Palos Verdes Peninsula Pomona Valley Saddleback Valley San Bernardino Valley San Fernando Valley San Gabriel Valley Santa Ana Valley Santa Clarita Valley Simi Valley South Bay South Coast Metro South Los Angeles Victor Valley Westside Los Angeles Landforms Baldwin Hills (range) Channel Islands Chino Hills Hollywood Hills Los Angeles Basin Oxnard Plain Palos Verdes Hills Puente Hills San Fernando Valley San Gabriel Mountains San Gabriel Valley San Jacinto Mountains Santa Ana Mountains Santa Catalina Island Santa Monica Mountains Santa Susana Mountains Sierra Pelona Ridge Simi Hills Verdugo Mountains Bodies ofwater Aliso Creek Arroyo Calabasas Arroyo Seco Ballona Creek Bell Creek Big Bear Lake Coyote Creek Lake Arrowhead Lake Gregory Lake Perris Lake Piru Los Angeles Aqueduct Los Angeles River Malibu Creek Mojave River Pacific Ocean Pyramid Lake Rio Hondo San Gabriel River San Juan Creek San Pedro Bay Santa Ana River Santa Clara River Santa Margarita River Santa Monica Bay Tujunga Wash vteCalifornia county seatsConsolidated city-county San Francisco Municipalities Alturas Auburn Bakersfield Colusa Crescent City El Centro Eureka Fairfield Fresno Hanford Hollister Jackson Lakeport Los Angeles Madera Martinez Marysville Merced Modesto Napa Nevada City Oakland Oroville Placerville Red Bluff Redding Redwood City Riverside Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Diego San Jose San Luis Obispo San Rafael Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Santa Rosa Sonora Stockton Susanville Ukiah Ventura Visalia Willows Woodland Yreka Yuba City CDPs Bridgeport Downieville Independence Mariposa Markleeville Quincy San Andreas Weaverville vteSouthern California megaregionMetropolitan areas and cities in italics are located outside of CaliforniaMetropolitan Los Angeles Major cities: Los Angeles Long Beach Anaheim Santa Ana Santa Clarita Irvine Glendale Huntington Beach Garden Grove Inland Empire Major cities: San Bernardino Riverside Fontana Moreno Valley Ontario Rancho Cucamonga Corona San Diego–Tijuana Major cities: San Diego Tijuana Chula Vista Oceanside Escondido Rosarito Central Coast Major cities: Santa Barbara Santa Maria San Luis Obispo Las Vegas Valley Major cities: Las Vegas Henderson North Las Vegas Megapolitan areas of California Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Bernardino (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˌsæn ˌbɜːrnəˈdiːnoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-us-san_bernardino.ogg/En-us-san_bernardino.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-san_bernardino.ogg"},{"link_name":"SAN BUR-nə-DEE-noh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Inland Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"18th-largest city in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_California_cities_by_population"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAVID_OLSON-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"University District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"college town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_town"},{"link_name":"California State University, San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"Francisco Dumetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Dumetz"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"José del Carmen Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_del_Carmen_Lugo"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"Conquest of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"American Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"}],"text":"City in California, United States\"San Bernardino\" redirects here. For other uses, see San Bernardino (disambiguation).City in California, United StatesSan Bernardino (/ˌsæn ˌbɜːrnəˈdiːnoʊ/ ⓘ SAN BUR-nə-DEE-noh) is a city in and the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, United States. Located in the Inland Empire region of Southern California, the city had a population of 222,101 in the 2020 census,[8] making it the 18th-largest city in California. San Bernardino is the economic, cultural, and political hub of the San Bernardino Valley and the Inland Empire. The governments of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico have established the metropolitan area's only consulates in the downtown area of the city.[9][10] Additionally, San Bernardino serves as an anchor city to the 3rd largest metropolitan area in California (after Los Angeles and San Francisco) and the 12th largest metropolitan area in the United States; the San Bernardino-Riverside MSA.Furthermore, the city's University District serves as a college town, as home to California State University, San Bernardino.San Bernardino was named in 1810, when Spanish priest Francisco Dumetz led an expedition through the area. In 1839, the Mexican government granted Californio ranchero José del Carmen Lugo the right to settle the area, which was formalized when he was granted Rancho San Bernardino in 1842. Following the American Conquest of California, the community on the rancho incorporated as a city in 1854.[11] The city grew significantly in the late 19th century as a commercial hub at the crossroads between Southern California and the American Southwest. Today, San Bernardino is an important hub for the Inland Empire and Southern California.","title":"San Bernardino, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of San Bernardino, California history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_San_Bernardino,_California_history"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of San Bernardino, California history","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Bernardino Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tongva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongva"},{"link_name":"Kaawchama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaawchama"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Mohave Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_Trail"},{"link_name":"Mohave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_people"},{"link_name":"Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrano_people"},{"link_name":"Cahuilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuilla"},{"link_name":"Payomkawichum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payomkawichum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"Tovaangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovaangar"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"}],"sub_title":"Indigenous","text":"The city of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, a valley long inhabited by the Tongva. Several of their villages dotted the San Bernardino valley prior to the arrival of Europeans in the valley. Kaawchama was perhaps the most significant in the region, being a regional center for trade that was connected to villages in Southern California and the Colorado River through the Mohave Trail, that was used by the Mohave, Serrano, Cahuilla, Payomkawichum, and others.[12][13] The village was located in the eastern expanse of Tovaangar, and was established along the Santa Ana River.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mission San Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Spanish missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Guachama Rancheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guachama_Rancheria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"Politana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politana,_California"},{"link_name":"Bernardino of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Mission San Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-14"},{"link_name":"Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrano_people"},{"link_name":"Mountain Cahuilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuilla"},{"link_name":"Guachama Rancheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guachama_Rancheria"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino de Sena Estancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_de_Sena_Estancia"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"José del Carmen Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_del_Carmen_Lugo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-14"}],"sub_title":"Spanish and Mexican era","text":"With the establishment of Mission San Gabriel in 1771, Spanish missionaries traveling through the area expressed a desire to establish a supply station in the area, which became the Guachama Rancheria.[13] The settlement was also referred to as Politana and became the first Spanish settlement in what they referred to as San Bernardino Valley, named for Bernardino of Siena, being established in 1810 as a mission chapel and supply station by the Mission San Gabriel.[14]: 37–41Two years later the settlement was destroyed by local tribesmen, following powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years later, the Serrano and Mountain Cahuilla rebuilt the Guachama Rancheria, and in 1819 invited the missionaries to return to the valley. They did and established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization and the 1842 inclusion into the Rancho San Bernardino land grant of the José del Carmen Lugo family.[14]: 37–41","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SanBernardino-1852.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_view_in_San_Bernardino,_California,_includes_courthouse,_ca.1905_(CHS-8547)_(16475726449)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Conquest of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_California"},{"link_name":"Anglo-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-American"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young"},{"link_name":"Utah War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_War"},{"link_name":"Mountain Meadows Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"El Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Monte,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"William F. Holcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Holcomb"},{"link_name":"Holcomb Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holcomb_Valley"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles – Salt Lake Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_Road#Los_Angeles_%E2%80%93_Salt_Lake_Road_1855%E2%80%931905"},{"link_name":"Mojave Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Road"},{"link_name":"Bradshaw Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradshaw_Trail"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Arizona Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Territory"},{"link_name":"gold rush of 1862–1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Gold_Rush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Santa_Fe_Depot_in_San_Bernardino,_CA_(9494837081).jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Santa_Fe_Depot"},{"link_name":"Mission Revival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"\"Arrowhead\" trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Water"},{"link_name":"Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrano_(people)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"California Southern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Southern_Railroad"}],"sub_title":"Post-Conquest era","text":"View of San Bernardino in 1852Downtown San Bernardino in 1905The area was not largely settled until 1851, following the American Conquest of California. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Following the Mormon colonists' purchase of Rancho San Bernardino, and the establishment of the town of San Bernardino in 1851, San Bernardino County was formed in 1853 from parts of Los Angeles County. Mormons laid out the town based on the \"City of Zion\" plan which was typical of Mormon urban planning.[15] Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California.The city was officially incorporated in 1857. Later that year, most of the colonists were recalled by Brigham Young in 1857 due to the Utah War. Once highly regarded in early California, news of the Mountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons. Some Mormons would stay in San Bernardino and some later returned from Utah, but a real estate consortium from El Monte and Los Angeles bought most of the lands of the old rancho and of the departing colonists. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county and San Bernardino became a typical American frontier town. Many of the new land owners disliked the sober Mormons, indulging in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder, fighting and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair.In 1860 a gold rush began in the mountains nearby with the discovery of gold by William F. Holcomb in Holcomb Valley early 1860. Another strike followed in the upper reach of Lytle Creek. By the 1860s, San Bernardino had also become an important trading hub in Southern California. The city already on the Los Angeles – Salt Lake Road, became the starting point for the Mojave Road from 1858 and Bradshaw Trail from 1862 to the mines along the Colorado River and within the Arizona Territory in the gold rush of 1862–1864.San Bernardino's Santa Fe Depot, built in 1918 in a Mission Revival styleNear San Bernardino is a naturally formed arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of a mountain. It measures 1375 feet by 449 feet. According to the Native American legend regarding the landmark arrowhead, an arrow from Heaven burned the formation onto the mountainside in order to show tribes where they could be healed. During the mid-19th century, \"Dr.\" David Noble Smith claimed that a saint-like being appeared before him and told of a far-off land with exceptional climate and curative waters, marked by a gigantic arrowhead. Smith's search for that unique arrowhead formation began in Texas, and eventually ended at Arrowhead Springs in California in 1857.By 1889, word of the springs, along with the hotel on the site (and a belief in the effect on general health of the water from the springs) had grown considerably. Hotel guests often raved about the crystal-clear water from the cold springs, which prompted Seth Marshall to set up a bottling operation in the hotel's basement. By 1905, water from the cold springs was being shipped to Los Angeles under the newly created \"Arrowhead\" trademark.Indigenous people of the San Bernardino Valley and Mountains were collectively identified by Spanish explorers in the 19th century as Serrano, a term meaning highlander. Serrano living near what is now Big Bear Lake were called Yuhaviatam, or \"People of the Pines\". In 1866, to clear the way for settlers and gold miners, state militia conducted a 32-day campaign slaughtering men, women, and children.[16] Yuhaviatam leader Santos Manuel guided his people from their ancient homeland to a village site in the San Bernardino foothills. The United States government in 1891 established it as a tribal reservation and named it after Santos Manuel.In 1867, the first Chinese immigrants arrived in San Bernardino.In 1883, California Southern Railroad established a rail link through San Bernardino between Los Angeles and the rest of the country.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Night_Scene,_The_Harris_Company_Department_Store,_San_Bernardino,_Calif._(7683984186)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"California Churrigueresque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Churrigueresque"},{"link_name":"Norton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Richard and Maurice McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_and_Maurice_McDonald"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"All-America City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America_City"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"massive derailment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_train_disaster"},{"link_name":"Chapter 9 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_9_of_the_U.S._Bankruptcy_code"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"California Public Employees' Retirement System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalPERS"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS20120711-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW20120817-21"},{"link_name":"Detroit's filing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"a terrorist attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"The historic California Churrigueresque-style Harris Department Store in 1940In 1905, the city of San Bernardino passed its first charter.Norton Air Force Base was established during World War II. In 1994, Norton Air Force Base closed to become San Bernardino International Airport.In 1940, Richard and Maurice McDonald founded McDonald's, along with its innovative restaurant concept, in the city.[17]San Bernardino won the All-America City award in 1977.[18]In 1989, a massive derailment took place along Duffy street at the Muscoy area, killing 4 people and destroying seven homes. Then on May 25, an underground petroleum pipeline ruptured, killing 2 more people and burning down 11 more homes.In August 2012, San Bernardino filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy, with more than $1 billion in debt.[19] The move froze the city's payments to creditors, including its pension payments to the California Public Employees' Retirement System for nearly a year. San Bernardino became the largest city at the time to file for a Chapter 9 bankruptcy,[20][21] superseded by Detroit's filing in July 2013. Following a judge's approval, the city emerged from bankruptcy in February 2017, making it one of the longest municipal bankruptcies in the United States.[22]On December 2, 2015, a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sb_2004_dt_skyline_006a.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Cajon Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajon_Pass"},{"link_name":"Lytle Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytle_Creek_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Timoteo Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Timoteo_Creek"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_River"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Perris Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Perris, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perris,_California"},{"link_name":"Kendall Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Shandin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Interstate 215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_215_(California)"},{"link_name":"manmade lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_reservoir"}],"text":"View of Downtown San BernardinoAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 59.6 square miles (154 km2), of which 59.2 square miles (153 km2) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.74%, is water.The city lies in the San Bernardino foothills and the eastern portion of the San Bernardino Valley, roughly 60 miles (97 km) east of Los Angeles. Some major geographical features of the city include the San Bernardino Mountains and the San Bernardino National Forest, in which the city's northernmost neighborhood, Arrowhead Springs, is located; the Cajon Pass adjacent to the northwest border; City Creek, Lytle Creek, San Timoteo Creek, Twin Creek, Warm Creek (as modified through flood control channels) feed the Santa Ana River, which forms part of the city's southern border south of San Bernardino International Airport. The city has several notable hills and mountains; among them are Perris Hill (named after Fred Perris, an early engineer, and the namesake of Perris, California); Kendall Hill (which is near California State University); and Little Mountain, which rises among Shandin Hills (generally bounded by Sierra Way, 30th Street, Kendall Drive, and Interstate 215).San Bernardino is unique among Southern Californian cities because of its wealth of water, which is mostly contained in underground aquifers.Seccombe Lake, named after a former mayor, is a manmade lake at Sierra Way and 5th Street.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sbsnow_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shandin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandin_Hills"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weather.com-24"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Springs"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_wind"},{"link_name":"Cajon Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajon_Pass"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XMACIS2-26"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"January snowfall in the eastern San Bernardino Valley, Shandin Hills are visible in the background.San Bernardino features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with warm winters and hot, dry summers. Relative to other areas in Southern California, winters are colder, with frost and with chilly to cold morning temperatures common. The particularly arid climate during the summer prevents tropospheric clouds from forming, meaning temperatures rise to what is considered by NOAA scientists as Class Orange. Summer thus has temperatures approaching those typical of hot desert climates, with the highest recorded summer temperature at 118 °F (48 °C) on July 6, 2018.[24] In the winter, snow flurries occur upon occasion. San Bernardino gets an average of 16 inches (406 mm) of rain, hail, or light snow showers each year. Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino's northernmost neighborhood gets snow, heavily at times, due to its elevation of about 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level.The seasonal Santa Ana winds are felt particularly strongly in the San Bernardino area as warm and dry air is channeled through nearby Cajon Pass at times during the autumn months. This phenomenon markedly increases the wildfire danger in the foothills, canyon, and mountain communities that the cycle of cold, wet winters and dry summers helps create.Climate data for San Bernardino, California, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–2004\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n94(34)\n\n93(34)\n\n97(36)\n\n103(39)\n\n112(44)\n\n116(47)\n\n116(47)\n\n116(47)\n\n117(47)\n\n111(44)\n\n99(37)\n\n93(34)\n\n117(47)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n68.4(20.2)\n\n69.2(20.7)\n\n72.7(22.6)\n\n77.8(25.4)\n\n83.4(28.6)\n\n90.1(32.3)\n\n96.2(35.7)\n\n97.3(36.3)\n\n92.8(33.8)\n\n84.0(28.9)\n\n74.3(23.5)\n\n67.1(19.5)\n\n81.1(27.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n55.3(12.9)\n\n56.4(13.6)\n\n59.2(15.1)\n\n63.5(17.5)\n\n68.9(20.5)\n\n74.3(23.5)\n\n79.9(26.6)\n\n80.7(27.1)\n\n76.8(24.9)\n\n69.0(20.6)\n\n59.9(15.5)\n\n54.1(12.3)\n\n66.5(19.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n42.1(5.6)\n\n43.6(6.4)\n\n45.7(7.6)\n\n49.2(9.6)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n63.6(17.6)\n\n64.2(17.9)\n\n60.8(16.0)\n\n54.1(12.3)\n\n45.5(7.5)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n51.9(11.1)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n16(−9)\n\n21(−6)\n\n26(−3)\n\n26(−3)\n\n33(1)\n\n37(3)\n\n42(6)\n\n40(4)\n\n36(2)\n\n29(−2)\n\n24(−4)\n\n19(−7)\n\n16(−9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.15(80)\n\n4.06(103)\n\n2.53(64)\n\n1.02(26)\n\n0.25(6.4)\n\n0.07(1.8)\n\n0.03(0.76)\n\n0.13(3.3)\n\n0.25(6.4)\n\n0.82(21)\n\n1.29(33)\n\n2.41(61)\n\n16.01(406.66)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n6.0\n\n7.2\n\n6.8\n\n3.2\n\n1.7\n\n0.6\n\n0.5\n\n0.5\n\n1.4\n\n2.4\n\n3.2\n\n4.8\n\n38.3\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[25]\n\n\nSource 2: XMACIS2[26]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 United States Census reported that the city of San Bernardino had a population of 222,101. The racial makeup of San Bernardino was 53,786 (24.2%) non-Hispanic white, 27,875 (12.6%) African American, 5,029\t(2.3%) Native American, and 9,279 (4.2%) Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 151,125 (68%).[29]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_Cathedral_-_San_Bernardino,_California_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_Cathedral_(San_Bernardino,_California)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickfacts.census.gov-34"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickfacts.census.gov-34"},{"link_name":"opposite-sex married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"unmarried opposite-sex partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSSLQ"},{"link_name":"same-sex married couples or partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quickfacts.census.gov-34"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino.The 2010 United States Census[33] reported that San Bernardino had a population of 209,924. The population density was 3,519.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,358.9/km2). The racial makeup of San Bernardino was 95,734 (45.6%) White (19.0% Non-Hispanic White),[34] 31,582 (15.0%) African American, 2,822 (1.3%) Native American, 8,454 (4.0%) Asian, 839 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 59,827 (28.5%) from other races, and 10,666 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 125,994 persons (60.0%).[34]The Census reported that 202,599 people (96.5% of the population) lived in households, 3,078 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,247 (2.0%) were institutionalized.There were 59,283 households, out of which 29,675 (50.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25,700 (43.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 13,518 (22.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5,302 (8.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 5,198 (8.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 488 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 11,229 households (18.9%) were made up of individuals, and 4,119 (6.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.42. There were 44,520 families (75.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.89.The population was spread out, with 67,238 people (32.0%) under the age of 18, 26,654 people (12.7%) aged 18 to 24, 56,221 people (26.8%) aged 25 to 44, 43,277 people (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 16,534 people (7.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.There were 65,401 housing units at an average density of 1,096.5 units per square mile (423.4 units/km2), of which 29,838 (50.3%) were owner-occupied, and 29,445 (49.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.5%. 102,650 people (48.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 99,949 people (47.6%) lived in rental housing units.According to the 2010 United States Census, San Bernardino had a median household income of $39,097, with 30.6% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[34]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_San_Bernardino_(5560427800).png"},{"link_name":"Mexican-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American"},{"link_name":"Mexicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Muscoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscoy,_California"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_United_States#Inland_Empire"},{"link_name":"Japanese-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American"},{"link_name":"Loma Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Linda,_California"},{"link_name":"Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Italian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic diversity","text":"Map of racial distribution in San Bernardino, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ OtherWestern, central, and parts of eastern San Bernardino are home to mixed-ethnic working class populations, of which the Latino and African-American populations comprise the vast majority of the city. Historically, many Latinos, primarily Mexican-Americans and Mexicans, lived on Mount Vernon Avenue on the West Side.[35] Since the 1960s, the Medical Center (formerly known as Muscoy) and Base Line corridors were mostly black, in particular in the east side and west side areas centering on public housing projects Waterman Gardens and the public housing on Medical Center drive. The heart of the Mexican-American community is on the West and Southside of San Bernardino, but is slowly expanding throughout the entire city.[36][37] San Bernardino's only Jewish congregation moved to Redlands in December 2009.[38]\nSome Asian Americans live in and around the city of San Bernardino, as in a late 19th-century-era (gone) Chinatown and formerly Japanese-American area in Seccombe Park on the east end of downtown, and a large East-Asian community in North Loma Linda. Others live in nearby Loma Linda to the south across the Santa Ana River. Filipinos are the largest Asian ethnic group in San Bernardino.[39] There is a historic Italian-American community in San Bernardino.[40] There is a rapid increase of Guatemalan immigrants in San Bernardino and the Inland Empire.[41] The white population in San Bernardino has declined while the Hispanic and Asian population increased.[42]According to 2022 American Community Survey, English ancestry is 4.2%, French (except Basque) is 0.9%, German 4.6%, Irish is 3.9% Italian, 2.1% Norwegian, 0.6%Polish, 0.6%Scottish 0.7% and Subsaharan African - 0.8%.[43]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Along_Old_Rt._66,_San_Bernardino,_Rendezvous_2005.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sb_2004_dt_radissonhotalin_Downtown_San_Bernardino_001c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cajon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajon_Pass"},{"link_name":"San Gorgonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gorgonio_Pass"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-10"},{"link_name":"Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Northern_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"intermodal freight transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport"},{"link_name":"cross-docking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-docking"},{"link_name":"Kohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"Pep Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep_Boys"},{"link_name":"Stater Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stater_Bros."},{"link_name":"San Bernardino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ULI-44"},{"link_name":"Norton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Inland region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire_(California)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willon-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romero-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harris_Company_building,_San_Bernardino_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"California Churrigueresque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Churrigueresque"},{"link_name":"service industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_industry"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ULI-44"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Event in Downtown San BernardinoHotel in Downtown San BernardinoThe city's location close to the Cajon and San Gorgonio passes, and at the junctions of the I-10, I-215, and SR-210 freeways, positions it as an intermodal logistics hub. The city hosts the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway's intermodal freight transport yard, the Yellow Freight Systems' cross-docking trucking center, and Pacific Motor Trucking. Large warehouses for Kohl's, Mattel, Pep Boys, and Stater Bros. have been developed near the San Bernardino International Airport.[44]The closing of Norton Air Force Base in 1994 resulted in the loss of 10,000 military and civilian jobs and sent San Bernardino's economy into a downturn that has been somewhat offset by more recent growth in the intermodal shipping industry. The jobless rate in the region rose to more than 12 percent during the years immediately after the base closing. As of 2007 households within one mile of the city core had a median income of only $20,480, less than half that of the Inland region as a whole.[45] Over 15 percent of San Bernardino residents are unemployed as of 2012, and over 40 percent are on some form of public assistance.[46] According to the US Census, 34.6 percent of residents live below the poverty level, making San Bernardino the poorest city for its population in California, and the second poorest in the US next to Detroit.[47]The California Churrigueresque style Harris Company BuildingTop employersGovernment, retail, and service industries dominate the economy of the city of San Bernardino. From 1998 to 2004, San Bernardino's economy grew by 26,217 jobs, a 37% increase, to 97,139. Government was both the largest and the fastest-growing employment sector, reaching close to 20,000 jobs in 2004. Other significant sectors were retail (16,000 jobs) and education (13,200 jobs).[44]According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[48] the top employers in the city are:","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fox_Theatre,_ASU_(cropped).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Historic_Derelict_Facade_-_San_Bernardino_-_CA_-_USA_(51709150211).jpg"},{"link_name":"Spanish Colonial Revival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_style"},{"link_name":"Casa Consistorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_consistorial_de_Sevilla"},{"link_name":"Sevilla, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"downtown San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"National Orange Show Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Orange_Show_Festival"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Little League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_League"},{"link_name":"Hells Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hells_Angels"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Springs,_San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The historic Fox TheatreThe Spanish Colonial Revival style Heritage Building, designed after the Casa Consistorial in Sevilla, SpainSan Bernardino hosts several major annual events, including: Route 66 Rendezvous,[49] a four-day celebration of America's \"Mother Road\" that is held in downtown San Bernardino each September; the Berdoo Bikes & Blues Rendezvous, held in the spring; the National Orange Show Festival,[50] a citrus exposition founded in 1911 and also held in the spring; and, the Western Regional Little League Championships held each August, as well as the annual anniversary of the birth of the Mother Charter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, Berdoo California Chapter.San Bernardino is home to the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa, located in the Arrowhead Springs neighborhood, which encompasses 1,916 acres (7.75 km2) directly beneath the Arrowhead geological monument that presides over the San Bernardino Valley. The resort contains hot springs, in addition to mineral baths and steam caves located deep underground. Long the headquarters for Campus Crusade for Christ, the site now remains largely vacant and unused since their operations moved to Florida.[51] The $300 million Yaamava Resort & Casino, one of the few in southern California that does operate as a resort hotel, is located approximately one mile from the Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa.[52]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State University, San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Historic and Pioneer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/about/history/historical_n_pioneer_society/default.asp"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110217080149/http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/museum/"},{"link_name":"Redlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands,_California"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"WBC Legends of Boxing Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBC_Legends_of_Boxing_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"The Robert V. Fullerton Museum of Art, located on the campus of California State University, San Bernardino, contains a collection of Egyptian antiquities, ancient pottery from present-day Italy, and funerary art from ancient China. In addition to the extensive antiquities on display, the museum presents contemporary art and changing exhibitions.The Heritage House holds the collection of the San Bernardino Historic and Pioneer Society, while the San Bernardino County Museum of regional history in Redlands has exhibits relating to the city of San Bernardino as well.The San Bernardino Railroad and History Museum is located inside the historic Santa Fe Depot. A Route 66 museum is located on the historic site of the original McDonald's restaurant.[53][54]Specialty museums include the Inland Empire Military Museum,[55] the American Sports Museum, and the adjacent WBC Legends of Boxing Museum.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_Theatre_Dwntn_San_Bernardino.jpg"},{"link_name":"California Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Theatre_(San_Bernardino)"},{"link_name":"California Theatre (San Bernardino)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Theatre_(San_Bernardino)"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Symphony"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-californiatheatre.net-56"},{"link_name":"San Manuel Amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Manuel_Amphitheater"},{"link_name":"National Orange Show Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Orange_Show_Festival"},{"link_name":"Coussoulis Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coussoulis_Arena"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Aquinas High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas_High_School_(California)"},{"link_name":"American Sports University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sports_University"},{"link_name":"Loma Linda, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Linda,_California"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Performing arts","text":"The historic California TheatreThe 1928 California Theatre (San Bernardino), California Theater of the Performing Arts in downtown San Bernardino hosts an array of events, including concerts by the San Bernardino Symphony Orchestra, as well as touring Broadway theater productions presented by Theatrical Arts International, the Inland Empire's largest theater company.[56]\nSan Manuel Amphitheater, originally Glen Helen Pavilion at the Cajon Pass is the largest amphitheater in the United States.\nNational Orange Show Festival The National Orange Show Events Center contains: the Orange Pavilion; a stadium; two large clear-span exhibition halls; a clear-span geodesic dome; and several ballrooms.\nCoussoulis Arena in the University District is the largest venue of its type in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties.\nSturges Center for the Fine Arts, including the 1924 Sturges Auditorium, hosts lectures, concerts, and other theater.[57]\nChildren's theater company Junior University presents musical performances at the San Manuel Performing Arts Center at Aquinas High School during the summer and in December.\nThe historic 1929 Fox Theater of San Bernardino, located downtown and owned by American Sports University, has recently been restored for new use.\nThe Lyric Symphony Orchestra in nearby Loma Linda, California presents concerts in the city and nearby communities.[58]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Manuel_Stadium_(San_Bernardino,_California).jpg"},{"link_name":"San Manuel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Manuel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Inland Empire 66ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire_66ers"},{"link_name":"California State University, San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_State_San_Bernardino_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Valley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley_College"},{"link_name":"CCCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Community_College_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead Credit Union Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_Credit_Union_Park"},{"link_name":"Fiscalini Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscalini_Field"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Pride"},{"link_name":"Glen Helen Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Helen_Raceway"},{"link_name":"AMA Motocross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMA_Motocross_Championship"},{"link_name":"Motocross World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Oil_Off_Road_Racing_Series"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Camping World Truck Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series"},{"link_name":"Ron Hornaday Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr."}],"text":"San Manuel Stadium, home of the Inland Empire 66ersThe California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB) Coyotes compete at the NCAA Division II level in a variety of sports. San Bernardino Valley College competes in the CCCAA and is the only school to offer football at the collegiate level in San Bernardino.CSUSB used to play their home baseball games at the downtown venue, Arrowhead Credit Union Park, but now play all their home games at the uptown venue, Fiscalini Field.[59]San Bernardino has had other professional and semi-pro teams over the years, including the San Bernardino Jazz professional women's volleyball team, the San Bernardino Pride Senior Baseball team, and the San Bernardino Spirit California League Single A baseball team.The Glen Helen Raceway has hosted off-road motorsport races such as rounds of the AMA Motocross Championship, Motocross World Championship and Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series.San Bernardino also hosts the BSR West Super Late Model Series at Orange Show Speedway. The series fields many drivers, including NASCAR Camping World Truck Series regular Ron Hornaday Jr., who drove the No. 33 in a race on July 12, 2008.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inland Empire 66ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire_66ers"},{"link_name":"California League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_League"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Single A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"San Manuel Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Manuel_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stadium-60"}],"sub_title":"Inland Empire 66ers","text":"The city hosts the Inland Empire 66ers baseball club of the California League, which since 2011 has been the Los Angeles Angels Single A affiliate. The team was the Los Angeles Dodgers Single A affiliate from 2007 to 2010. The 66ers play at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino.[60]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seccombe-Lake-Park-11.JPG"},{"link_name":"Perris Hill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perris_Hill_Park"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Glen Helen Regional Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Helen_Regional_Park"},{"link_name":"University District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Seccombe Lake ParkSan Bernardino offers several parks and other recreation facilities. Perris Hill Park is the largest with Roosevelt Bowl, Fiscalini Field,[61] several tennis courts, a Y.M.C.A., a senior center, a shooting range, hiking trails, and a pool.Other notable parks include: the Glen Helen Regional Park, operated by the County of San Bernardino, is located in the northernmost part of the city.Blair Park is another midsized park near the University District, it is home to a well known skate park and various hiking trails on Shandin Hills, also known as Little Mountain.In 2017, San Bernardino park opened its newest park, named in honor of local heroes Bryce Hanes and Jon Cole.[62]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Bernardino_County_Court_House_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County_Court_House"},{"link_name":"charter city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_city"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County"},{"link_name":"Mayor of San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"Helen Tran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Tran_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Bob Holcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Holcomb"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbs-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cct-66"},{"link_name":"California State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"the 20th Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_20th_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Caroline Menjivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Menjivar"},{"link_name":"the 23rd Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_23rd_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosilicie_Ochoa_Bogh"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"California State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"the 40th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_40th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Pilar Schiavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Schiavo"},{"link_name":"the 47th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_47th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Greg Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Wallis"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sb_dt_state_001a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rosa Parks Memorial Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Memorial_Building"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 33rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_33rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Cook PVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Partisan_Voting_Index"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Pete Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Morgan Quitno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Quitno"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Bernardino_Main_Post_Office_3_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Downtown Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Downtown_Station"},{"link_name":"Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_9,_Title_11,_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"Stockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California"},{"link_name":"Mammoth Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Lakes,_California"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS20120711-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BW20120817-21"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rtrs20120802-79"}],"text":"The historic San Bernardino County Court House, built in 1927The city of San Bernardino is a charter city; the first charter was passed 1905, while the most recent charter was passed in 2016. San Bernardino is the county seat of San Bernardino County, the largest organized county in the contiguous United States by area.The current Mayor of San Bernardino is Helen Tran.[63] The current city council is made up of Theodore Sánchez, Sandra Ibarra, Juan Figueroa, Fred Shorett, Ben Reynoso, Kim Calvin-Johnson and Damon L. Alexander.[64] Bob Holcomb (1922–2010) was the longest-serving mayor of San Bernardino to date, holding the office from 1971 until 1985 and again from 1989 to 1993.[65][66]In the California State Senate, San Bernardino is split between the 20th Senate District, represented by Democrat Caroline Menjivar, and the 23rd Senate District, represented by Republican Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh.[67] In the California State Assembly, it is split between the 40th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Pilar Schiavo, and the 47th Assembly District, represented by Republican Greg Wallis.[68]The Rosa Parks Memorial Building hosts government departments of San Bernardino County.In the United States House of Representatives, San Bernardino is in California's 33rd congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D+12[69] and is represented by Democrat Pete Aguilar.[70]Public safetySan Bernardino has long battled high crime rates. According to statistics published by Morgan Quitno, San Bernardino was the 16th most dangerous US city in 2003,[71] 18th in 2004[72] and 24th in 2005. San Bernardino's murder rate was 29 per 100,000 in 2005, the 13th highest murder rate in the country and the third highest in the state of California after Compton and Richmond.[73] Police efforts have significantly reduced crime in 2008[74] and a major drop collectively since 1993 when the city's murder rate placed ninth in the nation.[75] Thirty two killings occurred in 2009, a number identical to 2008 and the lowest murder rate in San Bernardino since 2002, but only a third of cases led to arrests.[76][77] According to findings by the U.S. Census Bureau, San Bernardino was among the most poverty-stricken cities in the nation, second nationally behind Detroit.[78]San Bernardino Downtown StationBankruptcyOn July 10, 2012, the City Council of San Bernardino decided to seek protection under Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code, making it the third California municipality to do so in less than two weeks (after Stockton and the town of Mammoth Lakes), and the second-largest ever. According to state law, the city would normally have to negotiate with creditors first, but, because they declared a fiscal emergency in June, that requirement did not apply.[20][21] The case was filed on August 1.[79]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAVID_OLSON-9"}],"sub_title":"Foreign consulates","text":"The governments of Guatemala, Mexico, and El Salvador have established consulates in the downtown area of the city.[9]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pfau_Library.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pfau Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Pfau_Library"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino City Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_City_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusSBSDMap2020-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Redlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Rialto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CensusSBSDMap2020-80"},{"link_name":"Aquinas High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas_High_School_(San_Bernardino,_California)"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Valley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Valley_High_School"},{"link_name":"Cajon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajon_High_School"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_High_School"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_High_School_(San_Bernardino)"},{"link_name":"San Gorgonio High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gorgonio_High_School"},{"link_name":"Indian Springs High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Springs_High_School"},{"link_name":"Rialto High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto_High_School"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"Pfau Library as seen from University ParkwayMost of San Bernardino is within the San Bernardino City Unified School District,[80] the eighth largest district in the state,[81] although it is also served by Colton, Redlands (far south east) and Rialto (far west) Unified School Districts.[80]Local public high schools include Aquinas High School, Arroyo Valley High School, Cajon High School, San Bernardino High School, Pacific, San Gorgonio High School, and Indian Springs High School. RUSD's Rialto High School is in San Bernardino.[82]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State University, San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"CSU System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University_System"},{"link_name":"University District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_District,_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"California University of Science and Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_University_of_Science_and_Medicine"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Valley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley_College"},{"link_name":"The Art Institute of California - Inland Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_California_-_Inland_Empire"},{"link_name":"American Sports University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sports_University"},{"link_name":"UEI College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEI_College"}],"sub_title":"Colleges and universities","text":"San Bernardino is notably home to California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB), a campus of the CSU System. Founded in 1965, CSUSB is located in the University District of San Bernardino.Other higher education in the area includes:California University of Science and Medicine\nSan Bernardino Valley College\nThe Art Institute of California - Inland Empire\nAmerican Sports University\nInland Empire Job Corps Center\nUEI College\nSummit Career College","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_San_Bernardino_2004_dt_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Downtown San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"KVCR-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVCR-DT"},{"link_name":"KPXN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXN"},{"link_name":"television broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Mount Baldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Mount Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Sun"},{"link_name":"Precinct Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_Reporter"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Mexican-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American"},{"link_name":"Chicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Downtown San BernardinoSan Bernardino is part of the Los Angeles Nielsen area. As such, most its residents receive the same local television and radio stations as residents of Los Angeles. KVCR-DT, a PBS affiliate operated by the San Bernardino Community College District, is the only local San Bernardino television station. KPXN, the Los Angeles Ion Television network affiliate, is licensed to San Bernardino, but the station maintains no physical presence there. Most of the northern section of San Bernardino cannot receive over-the-air television broadcasts from Los Angeles because Mount Baldy, and other San Gabriel Mountain peaks, block transmissions from Mount Wilson.Historically, San Bernardino has had a number of newspapers. Today, the San Bernardino Sun, founded in 1894 (but was the continuation of an earlier paper) publishes in North San Bernardino, and has a circulation area roughly from Yucaipa to Fontana, including the mountain communities. The Precinct Reporter has been publishing weekly since 1965, primarily serving African American residents. Its circulation also includes Riverside County and Pomona Valley. There is also the Black Voice News that previously served Riverside has been in the area over 30 years and has more recently served African Americans that live in the community. Another local newspaper centered mostly around the African American community is the Westside Story Newspaper, established in 1987. Their coverage area extends to the greater area of San Bernardino County. They currently operate locally and online.[83] The Inland Catholic Byte is the newspaper of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino. The Los Angeles Times is also widely circulated. Another local newspaper serving the Mexican-American/Chicano/Californio community is El Chicano.[84]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Bernardino,_CA_train_station_(48014031362).jpg"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Santa Fe Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Santa_Fe_Depot"},{"link_name":"Omnitrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnitrans"},{"link_name":"MARTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Area_Regional_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"bus rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"sbX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SbX"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Barstow Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Foothill Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Waterman Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterman_Avenue"}],"text":"San Bernardino Santa Fe DepotThe city of San Bernardino is a member of the joint-powers authority of Omnitrans and MARTA. A bus rapid transit corridor, called the sbX Green Line, connects the north part of the city near California State University, San Bernardino and the Verdemont Hills area with the Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center in Loma Linda, CA.[85][86] Additional bus routes and on-demand shuttle service for the disabled and elderly is also provided by Omnitrans. MARTA provides a connection between downtown and the mountain communities.Major local thoroughfares include San Bernardino Freeway, Barstow Freeway, Foothill Freeway, and Waterman Avenue","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DowntownSB_North_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"sbX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SbX"},{"link_name":"Downtown San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Southwest Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Chief"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"Metrolink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrolink_(California)"},{"link_name":"Inland Empire–Orange County Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire%E2%80%93Orange_County_Line"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Line"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Transit Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Transit_Center"},{"link_name":"sbX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SbX"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(rail_service)"},{"link_name":"Redlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands,_California"},{"link_name":"stop at Tippecanoe Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippecanoe_station"},{"link_name":"Pacific Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric"},{"link_name":"Upland–San Bernardino Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland%E2%80%93San_Bernardino_Line"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"The sbX Civic Center station in Downtown San BernardinoAmtrak's Southwest Chief, operating between Los Angeles and Chicago, has one daily train in each direction that stops at the San Bernardino station.San Bernardino is served by the Metrolink regional rail service. Two lines serve the city: the Inland Empire–Orange County Line and the San Bernardino Line. The San Bernardino Transit Center in the downtown area is where passengers can connect with the sbX Green Line BRT, and regular bus service from MARTA, Omnitrans, and VVTA.[87]Arrow is a passenger rail link to neighboring Redlands that opened in 2022. Trains begin at the San Bernardino Transit Center and make an additional stop at Tippecanoe Avenue before continuing into Redlands.From 1941 to 1947, the city was served by the Pacific Electric Upland–San Bernardino Line.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBD_SAN_BERNARDINO_INTL_AIRPORT_FROM_FLIGHT_LAS-LAX_N516NK_A319_(10386397673).jpg"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"Airport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_authorities"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Airports","text":"San Bernardino International AirportSan Bernardino International Airport is physically located within the city and provides commercial passenger air service. The airport is the former site of Norton Air Force Base which operated from 1942 – 1994. In 1989, Norton was placed on the Department of Defense closure list and the majority of the closure occurred in 1994, with the last offices finally leaving in 1995.[88][circular reference] Several warehouses have been, and continue to be, built in the vicinity.The facility, itself, is within the jurisdiction of the Inland Valley Development Agency, a joint powers authority, and the San Bernardino Airport Authority. Hillwood, a venture run by H. Ross Perot Jr., is the master developer of the project, which it calls AllianceCalifornia. The airport currently offers commercial passenger service out of its both the domestic and international terminals.[89]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Villahermosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villahermosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Goyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Herzliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Ifẹ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Kigali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexicali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Roxas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxas_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tachikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa,_Tokyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushu,_Jilin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zavolzhye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavolzhye,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"}],"text":"San Bernardino's sister cities are:[90]Villahermosa, Mexico\n Goyang, South Korea\n Herzliya, Israel\n Ifẹ, Nigeria\n Kigali, Rwanda\n Mexicali, Mexico\n Roxas City, Philippines\n Tachikawa, Japan\n Tauranga, New Zealand\n Yushu, China\n Zavolzhye, Russia","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Signature Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signature_Books"},{"link_name":"Arcadia Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing"},{"link_name":"James Fallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fallows"},{"link_name":"What It's Like When Your City Goes Broke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2015/05/what-its-like-when-your-city-goes-broke/393221/"}],"text":"BooksEdward Leo Lyman, San Bernardino: The Rise and Fall of a California Community, Signature Books, 1996.\nWalter C. Schuiling, San Bernardino County: Land of Contrasts, Windsor Publications, 1984\nNick Cataldo, Images of America: San Bernardino, California, Arcadia Publishing, 2002ArticlesJames Fallows (May 2015), What It's Like When Your City Goes Broke. \"San Bernardino, California, is poor, has a high unemployment rate, is affected by drought, and is in bankruptcy court. But its real problem is something else.\"","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"View of San Bernardino in 1852","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SanBernardino-1852.jpg/220px-SanBernardino-1852.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown San Bernardino in 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Street_view_in_San_Bernardino%2C_California%2C_includes_courthouse%2C_ca.1905_%28CHS-8547%29_%2816475726449%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Street_view_in_San_Bernardino%2C_California%2C_includes_courthouse%2C_ca.1905_%28CHS-8547%29_%2816475726449%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Bernardino's Santa Fe Depot, built in 1918 in a Mission Revival style","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Santa_Fe_Depot_in_San_Bernardino%2C_CA_%289494837081%29.jpg/220px-The_Santa_Fe_Depot_in_San_Bernardino%2C_CA_%289494837081%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The historic California Churrigueresque-style Harris Department Store in 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Night_Scene%2C_The_Harris_Company_Department_Store%2C_San_Bernardino%2C_Calif._%287683984186%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Night_Scene%2C_The_Harris_Company_Department_Store%2C_San_Bernardino%2C_Calif._%287683984186%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Downtown San Bernardino","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sb_2004_dt_skyline_006a.jpg/250px-Sb_2004_dt_skyline_006a.jpg"},{"image_text":"January snowfall in the eastern San Bernardino Valley, Shandin Hills are visible in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6d/Sbsnow_2.jpg/250px-Sbsnow_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_Cathedral_-_San_Bernardino%2C_California_01.jpg/220px-Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_Cathedral_-_San_Bernardino%2C_California_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of racial distribution in San Bernardino, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_San_Bernardino_%285560427800%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_San_Bernardino_%285560427800%29.png"},{"image_text":"Event in Downtown San Bernardino","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Along_Old_Rt._66%2C_San_Bernardino%2C_Rendezvous_2005.jpg/220px-Along_Old_Rt._66%2C_San_Bernardino%2C_Rendezvous_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hotel in Downtown San Bernardino","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sb_2004_dt_radissonhotalin_Downtown_San_Bernardino_001c.jpg/220px-Sb_2004_dt_radissonhotalin_Downtown_San_Bernardino_001c.jpg"},{"image_text":"The California Churrigueresque style Harris Company Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Harris_Company_building%2C_San_Bernardino_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Harris_Company_building%2C_San_Bernardino_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The historic Fox Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fox_Theatre%2C_ASU_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Fox_Theatre%2C_ASU_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Spanish Colonial Revival style Heritage Building, designed after the Casa Consistorial in Sevilla, Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Historic_Derelict_Facade_-_San_Bernardino_-_CA_-_USA_%2851709150211%29.jpg/220px-Historic_Derelict_Facade_-_San_Bernardino_-_CA_-_USA_%2851709150211%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The historic California Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/California_Theatre_Dwntn_San_Bernardino.jpg/220px-California_Theatre_Dwntn_San_Bernardino.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Manuel Stadium, home of the Inland Empire 66ers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/San_Manuel_Stadium_%28San_Bernardino%2C_California%29.jpg/220px-San_Manuel_Stadium_%28San_Bernardino%2C_California%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seccombe Lake Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Seccombe-Lake-Park-11.JPG/220px-Seccombe-Lake-Park-11.JPG"},{"image_text":"The historic San Bernardino County Court House, built in 1927","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/San_Bernardino_County_Court_House_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-San_Bernardino_County_Court_House_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Rosa Parks Memorial Building hosts government departments of San Bernardino County.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sb_dt_state_001a.jpg/220px-Sb_dt_state_001a.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Bernardino Downtown Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/San_Bernardino_Main_Post_Office_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-San_Bernardino_Main_Post_Office_3_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pfau Library as seen from University Parkway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pfau_Library.JPG/220px-Pfau_Library.JPG"},{"image_text":"Downtown San Bernardino","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Downtown_San_Bernardino_2004_dt_003.jpg/220px-Downtown_San_Bernardino_2004_dt_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Bernardino Santa Fe Depot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/San_Bernardino%2C_CA_train_station_%2848014031362%29.jpg/220px-San_Bernardino%2C_CA_train_station_%2848014031362%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The sbX Civic Center station in Downtown San Bernardino","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/DowntownSB_North_Station.jpg/220px-DowntownSB_North_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Bernardino International Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SBD_SAN_BERNARDINO_INTL_AIRPORT_FROM_FLIGHT_LAS-LAX_N516NK_A319_%2810386397673%29.jpg/220px-SBD_SAN_BERNARDINO_INTL_AIRPORT_FROM_FLIGHT_LAS-LAX_N516NK_A319_%2810386397673%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Bernardino County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Bernardino_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Bernardino_County.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Greater Los Angeles portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"title":"List of largest California cities by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_California_cities_by_population"}]

[{"reference":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission","url_text":"Local Agency Formation Commissions"},{"url":"http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Folmer, James. \"Party affiliation of the mayors of the 100 largest cities\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Party_affiliation_of_the_mayors_of_the_100_largest_cities","url_text":"\"Party affiliation of the mayors of the 100 largest cities\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Manager's Office\". City of San Bernardino. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170616175939/http://www.sbcity.org/cityhall/city_managers_office/default.asp","url_text":"\"City Manager's Office\""},{"url":"http://sbcity.org/cityhall/city_managers_office/default.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Attorney's Office\". City of San Bernardino. Retrieved November 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbcity.org/cityhall/attorney/default.asp","url_text":"\"City Attorney's Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Bernardino\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1661375","url_text":"\"San Bernardino\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"San Bernardino Census\". US Census. Retrieved August 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanbernardinocitycalifornia,US/PST045219","url_text":"\"San Bernardino Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: San Bernardino city, California; United States\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanbernardinocitycalifornia,US/PST045219","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: San Bernardino city, California; United States\""}]},{"reference":"DAVID OLSON (March 7, 2014). \"IMMIGRATION: Guatemala to open San Bernardino consulate\". Press Enterprise. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pe.com/local-news/local-news-headlines/20140307-immigration-guatemala-to-open-san-bernardino-consulate.ece","url_text":"\"IMMIGRATION: Guatemala to open San Bernardino consulate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140317020932/http://www.pe.com/local-news/local-news-headlines/20140307-immigration-guatemala-to-open-san-bernardino-consulate.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Nadia (February 23, 2022). \"Salvadoran community is growing in Fresno. The city is getting a new consulate this spring\". amp.fresnobee.com. The Fresno Bee. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.fresnobee.com/news/local/article258477923.html","url_text":"\"Salvadoran community is growing in Fresno. The city is getting a new consulate this spring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresno_Bee","url_text":"The Fresno Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"City of San Bernardino - Local History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbcity.org/cityhall/library/services/history/default.asp","url_text":"\"City of San Bernardino - Local History\""}]},{"reference":"Zappia, Natale A. (2014). Traders and raiders : the indigenous world of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859. Chapel Hill. pp. 77, 179. ISBN 978-1-4696-1585-1. OCLC 883632043. Wa'aachnga, also known as Kaawchama. This village became the site of present-day Redlands and the location of the San Bernardino Asistencia, built in 1820.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883632043","url_text":"Traders and raiders : the indigenous world of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1585-1","url_text":"978-1-4696-1585-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883632043","url_text":"883632043"}]},{"reference":"Crafts, E. P. R. (1906). Pioneer Days in the San Bernardino Valley. Redlands, California: Kingsley, Moles & Collins Co. pp. 12–13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown_Press

The Middletown Press

["1 History","2 Further reading","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Newspaper in Middletown, Connecticut The Middletown PressTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Hearst CommunicationsFounded1878, as the Middlesex MonitorHeadquarters386 Main St., 4th Fl., Middletown, Connecticut 06457 United StatesWebsitemiddletownpress.com The Middletown Press is a daily newspaper based in Middletown, Connecticut that is the main newspaper of Middletown and its surrounding area in Middlesex County, Connecticut. History It was founded in 1878 as the Middlesex Monitor, a daily flyer, by Ernest King and his son Ernest. It carried information about the 1884 presidential elections. It became a one-cent daily newspaper (also called a penny press). The name would later change to The Evening Press when its price went up to two cents in 1918, and one year later it became The Middletown Press in 1919. “It was blatantly a Democratic paper in a town dominated by Democrats,” in its early history, according to Elizabeth A. Warner, author of A Pictorial History of Middletown, who credits the overt political affiliation as part of the reason for its success. Competitors then or over the years included weekly papers The Sentinel and Witness and The Constitution and daily The Daily Herald (all of which may not have been Middletown focused). Direct competition on Middletown news was provided by The Middletown Tribune, a Republican newspaper, that was established in 1893 and operated until 1906, and later by The Middletown Times which operated during 1913-1914. Otherwise, "the Middletown Press had a monopoly on Middletown news." It was later owned by Berkshire, Massachusetts-based Eagle Publishing Company, publisher of the Berkshire Eagle and other papers. The Eagle's last independent publisher was Michael G. Miller, grandson of Kelton Bedell Miller, who founded the paper. Michael was president of The Eagle Publishing Company which owned The Eagle, the Middletown Press in Middletown, Connecticut, and two daily newspapers in Vermont: the Bennington Banner and the Brattleboro Reformer, as well as a weekly newspaper, the Journal in Manchester, Vermont; his brother Mark C. Miller was editor of The Eagle, while brother Kelton B. Miller II was publisher of the Vermont newspapers. A sister, Margo Miller, a writer for The Boston Globe, sat on Eagle Publishing's board. The Eagle paper was said to be struggling financially in the early 1990s, burdened by mismanagement and debt incurred by the decision to purchase new multi-million dollar four-color printing presses. That purchase necessitated that the company expand into larger quarters. In 1995, The Middletown Press was purchased, along with other New England newspapers, by MediaNews Group. It was sold soon after to Journal Register Company. In 2013, the Journal Register Company became known as 21st Century Media, an American media company. 21st Century Media was an American media company, serving an audience of 21 million Americans in 992 communities. It is the successor of Ingersoll Publications and Journal Register Company. The company operated more than 350 multi-platform products in 992 communities. On April 5, 2013, the assets of Journal Register Company and its affiliates were sold to 21st CMH Acquisition Co. The Journal Register Company then became known as 21st Century Media. The company was led by CEO John Paton who openly blogged about the changes he is making to transform Journal Register from a newspaper company to a "digital first, print last" company. Paton, formerly CEO of ImpreMedia, started on February 1, 2010 by announcing he would provide all reporters with Flip video cameras as a sign of his commitment to the company's digital transformation. On March 17, 2010, the company named an advisory board composed of new media visionary Jeff Jarvis (author of "What Would Google Do" and BuzzMachine); Jay Rosen of New York University who is currently running the innovative Studio 20 program at NYU and who writes pressthink.org (Rosen is also a former member of Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board); and Emily Bell, the director of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University. On March 11, 2010, the company named Bill Higginson, Journal Register's former Senior Vice President, Production, as the company's President and COO. *On March 4, 2010, the company named Jeff Bairstow as chief financial officer. Bairstow joined Journal Register after working for Synarc Inc., a leading provider of medical imaging analysis, subject-recruitment and biochemical-marker services. In 2013, MediaNews Group and 21st Century Media merged into Digital First Media. It was included in the Connecticut cluster of newspapers, one of six clusters, owned by 21st Century Media. In 2017, 21st Century Media/Digital First Media sold its Connecticut papers to Hearst Communications in 2017. The Middletown Press is now a daily broadsheet which covers news in the Middletown area. The Hartford Courant is a daily broadsheet which includes a Middletown story in every issue. Further reading “The Press Influence is Large,” an article published in The Middletown Press on Oct. 29, 1935 as part of the 50th Anniversary Edition, cited by Argus. See also Record-Journal, daily newspaper of Meriden, Connecticut, nearby List of newspapers in Connecticut List of newspapers published by 21st Century Media References ^ a b Sammi Aibinder (November 17, 2014). "A Pressing Issue: Local Paper Embraces Modernity". Wesleyan Argus. ^ cited in Argus ^ "For sale: Newspaper group, good assets, lot of debt." Vermont Business Magazine, February, 1995. ^ Elfland, Mike. "Sentinel & Enterprise Sale Set," Telegram & Gazette (Worcester, Mass.), January 8, 1997. ^ "Business Briefs," Union-News (Springfield, Mass.), August 26, 1995 ^ "UPDATE 3-Journal Register Co seeks bankruptcy protection". Reuters. 2009-02-21. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ a b "Digital First Media Announces Journal Register Company Sale Complete" (Press release). Digital First Media. April 5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013. ^ "MediaNews Group and 21st Century Media Transaction Has Been Finalized" (Press release). Digitalfirstmedia.com. 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2014-06-29. ^ Journal Register Company: Our Publications Archived 2010-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, accessed April 21, 2010. ^ "Quarterly Updates - 2nd Quarter 2017". Dirks, Van Essen & Murray. 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2017-10-28. External links Middletown Press, official site vteHearst CommunicationsDaily newspapers The Advocate Times Union Beaumont Enterprise Connecticut Post The Courier (Conroe, Texas) Edwardsville Intelligencer Greenwich Time The Hour Houston Chronicle Huron Daily Tribune Journal-Courier Laredo Morning Times Manistee News Advocate The Middletown Press Midland Daily News Midland Reporter-Telegram New Haven Register The News-Times The Pioneer Plainview Daily Herald The Register Citizen San Antonio Express-News San Francisco Chronicle seattlepi.com SFGATE The Telegraph Connecticut Magazine Weekly newspapers Cleveland Advocate Eastex Advocate Examiner Newspapers (Bellaire, Memorial, River Oaks, West University) The Lake Houston Observer The Potpourri (Magnolia and Tomball) Sugar Land Sun The Villager (The Woodlands, Texas) La Voz de Houston MagazinesUnited States Autoweek Best Products Bicycling Bring a Trailer Car and Driver Cosmopolitan Country Living Delish Elle Elle Decor Esquire First Finds Food Network Magazine Good Housekeeping Harper's Bazaar House Beautiful HGTV Men's Health Oprah Daily Popular Mechanics Prevention Redbook Road & Track Runner's World Seventeen Shondaland The Pioneer Woman Town & Country Woman's Day Women's Health International Bicycling Car and Driver Cosmopolitan Country Living Delish Elle Elle Decor Esquire Good Housekeeping Harper's Bazaar House Beautiful Men's Health Prevention Runner's World Women's Health Best (UK) Digital Spy (UK) Inside Soap (UK) Prima (UK) RED (UK) Gente (Italy) Marie Claire (Italy) Marie Claire Maison (Italy) JAN (Netherlands) Quest (Netherlands) Quest Junior (Netherlands) Quote (Netherlands) Fotogramas (Spanin) 25Ans (Japan) 25Ans Wedding (Japan) ELLE Girl (Japan) Fujingaho (Japan) Hodinkee (Japan) Men's Club (Japan) Modern Living (Japan) Richesse (Japan) Hearst Television(Hearst MediaProduction Group)Stations affiliatedABC KETV KHBS / KHOG KMBC KOAT KOCO KSBW-DT2 WAPT WCVB / WMUR WISN WJCL WMTW WPBF WTAE WZVN 1 The CW KCWE KHBS-DT2 / KHOG-DT2 KQCA WCWG WKCF WNNE WPXT NBC KCRA KSBW WBAL WBBH WDSU WESH WGAL WLWT WPTZ WVTM WXII WYFF CBS KCCI WLKY Other Independent WMOR MyNetworkTV KQCA2 Radio stations WBAL WIYY Entertainment& syndication A&E Networks (50%) ESPN Inc. (20%) King Features Syndicate NorthSouth Productions (50%) Reed Brennan Media Associates Business media Black Book First Databank Fitch Ratings BMI Research Motor Real estate Hearst Tower Hearst Service Center Hearst Ranch 1 Owned by Montclair Communications and operated by Hearst under an LMA. 2 Carries the network in a secondary status.

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It carried information about the 1884 presidential elections. It became a one-cent daily newspaper (also called a penny press). The name would later change to The Evening Press when its price went up to two cents in 1918, and one year later it became The Middletown Press in 1919.[1]“It was blatantly a Democratic paper in a town dominated by Democrats,” in its early history, according to Elizabeth A. Warner, author of A Pictorial History of Middletown, who credits the overt political affiliation as part of the reason for its success.[2]Competitors then or over the years included weekly papers The Sentinel and Witness and The Constitution and daily The Daily Herald (all of which may not have been Middletown focused). Direct competition on Middletown news was provided by The Middletown Tribune, a Republican newspaper, that was established in 1893 and operated until 1906, and later by The Middletown Times which operated during 1913-1914. Otherwise, \"the Middletown Press had a monopoly on Middletown news.\"[1]It was later owned by Berkshire, Massachusetts-based Eagle Publishing Company, publisher of the Berkshire Eagle and other papers. The Eagle's last independent publisher was Michael G. Miller, grandson of Kelton Bedell Miller, who founded the paper. Michael was president of The Eagle Publishing Company which owned The Eagle, the Middletown Press in Middletown, Connecticut, and two daily newspapers in Vermont: the Bennington Banner and the Brattleboro Reformer, as well as a weekly newspaper, the Journal in Manchester, Vermont; his brother Mark C. Miller was editor of The Eagle, while brother Kelton B. Miller II was publisher of the Vermont newspapers. A sister, Margo Miller, a writer for The Boston Globe, sat on Eagle Publishing's board.[3] The Eagle paper was said to be struggling financially in the early 1990s, burdened by mismanagement and debt incurred by the decision to purchase new multi-million dollar four-color printing presses. That purchase necessitated that the company expand into larger quarters.In 1995, The Middletown Press was purchased, along with other New England newspapers, by MediaNews Group.[4]\nIt was sold soon after to Journal Register Company.[5]In 2013, the Journal Register Company became known as 21st Century Media, an American media company.21st Century Media was an American media company, serving an audience of 21 million Americans in 992 communities. It is the successor of Ingersoll Publications[6] and Journal Register Company.[7]\nThe company operated more than 350 multi-platform products in 992 communities. On April 5, 2013, the assets of Journal Register Company and its affiliates were sold to 21st CMH Acquisition Co. The Journal Register Company then became known as 21st Century Media.[7]The company was led by CEO John Paton who openly blogged about the changes he is making to transform Journal Register from a newspaper company to a \"digital first, print last\" company. Paton, formerly CEO of ImpreMedia, started on February 1, 2010 by announcing he would provide all reporters with Flip video cameras as a sign of his commitment to the company's digital transformation.On March 17, 2010, the company named an advisory board composed of new media visionary Jeff Jarvis (author of \"What Would Google Do\" and BuzzMachine); Jay Rosen of New York University who is currently running the innovative Studio 20 program at NYU and who writes pressthink.org (Rosen is also a former member of Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board); and Emily Bell, the director of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University.\nOn March 11, 2010, the company named Bill Higginson, Journal Register's former Senior Vice President, Production, as the company's President and COO. *On March 4, 2010, the company named Jeff Bairstow as chief financial officer. Bairstow joined Journal Register after working for Synarc Inc., a leading provider of medical imaging analysis, subject-recruitment and biochemical-marker services.\nIn 2013, MediaNews Group and 21st Century Media merged into Digital First Media.[8]It was included in the Connecticut cluster of newspapers, one of six clusters, owned by 21st Century Media.[9] In 2017, 21st Century Media/Digital First Media sold its Connecticut papers to Hearst Communications in 2017.[10]The Middletown Press is now a daily broadsheet which covers news in the Middletown area. The Hartford Courant is a daily broadsheet which includes a Middletown story in every issue.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"“The Press Influence is Large,” an article published in The Middletown Press on Oct. 29, 1935 as part of the 50th Anniversary Edition, cited by Argus.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"Sammi Aibinder (November 17, 2014). \"A Pressing Issue: Local Paper Embraces Modernity\". Wesleyan Argus.","urls":[{"url":"http://wesleyanargus.com/2014/11/17/middletown-press/","url_text":"\"A Pressing Issue: Local Paper Embraces Modernity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Argus","url_text":"Wesleyan Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE 3-Journal Register Co seeks bankruptcy protection\". Reuters. 2009-02-21. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/journalregister-bankruptcy-idUSN2131564520090222","url_text":"\"UPDATE 3-Journal Register Co seeks bankruptcy protection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141107/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/02/22/journalregister-bankruptcy-idUSN2131564520090222","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Digital First Media Announces Journal Register Company Sale Complete\" (Press release). Digital First Media. April 5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalfirstmedia.com/digital-media-announces-journal-register-company-sale-complete/","url_text":"\"Digital First Media Announces Journal Register Company Sale Complete\""}]},{"reference":"\"MediaNews Group and 21st Century Media Transaction Has Been Finalized\" (Press release). Digitalfirstmedia.com. 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2014-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalfirstmedia.com/medianews-group-21st-century-media-transaction-finalized/","url_text":"\"MediaNews Group and 21st Century Media Transaction Has Been Finalized\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quarterly Updates - 2nd Quarter 2017\". Dirks, Van Essen & Murray. 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2017-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://dirksvanessen.com/articles/view/225/2nd-quarter-2017/","url_text":"\"Quarterly Updates - 2nd Quarter 2017\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_masters_dispute

Taylor Swift masters dispute

["1 Background","1.1 Law","1.2 Context","2 Dispute","2.1 Acquisition by Braun","2.2 Swift's response","2.3 Borchetta's reply","3 Further strife","4 Aftermath","4.1 Sale to Shamrock","4.2 Swift's re-recordings","4.3 Press investigation","4.4 Sale of Ithaca","5 Reactions","5.1 Entertainment industry","5.2 Politicians","5.3 Music critics","5.4 Legal scholars","6 Legacy","6.1 Recognition","6.2 Financial impact","6.3 Synchronization","6.4 Fan action","6.5 Peer acknowledgment","6.6 Systemic changes","6.7 Academic attention","6.8 Inspiration","7 See also","8 Footnotes","9 References"]

2019 dispute over ownership of recordings Taylor Swift (pictured in 2006) signed her record deal with Big Machine Records in 2005 at age 15, giving the ownership of the masters of her first six studio albums to the label. On June 30, 2019, the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift entered into a dispute with her former record label, Big Machine Records, its founder Scott Borchetta, and its new owner Scooter Braun, over the ownership of the masters of her first six studio albums. It was a highly publicized dispute drawing widespread media coverage and led Swift to release the re-recorded albums—Fearless (Taylor's Version), Red (Taylor's Version), Speak Now (Taylor's Version), and 1989 (Taylor's Version)—from 2021 through 2023 to gain complete ownership of her music. In November 2018, Swift signed a record deal with Republic Records after her Big Machine contract expired. Mainstream media reported in June 2019 that Braun purchased Big Machine from Borchetta for $330 million, funded by various private equity firms. Braun had become the owner of all of the masters, music videos, and artworks copyrighted by Big Machine, including those of Swift's first six studio albums. In response, Swift stated she had tried to purchase the masters but Big Machine had offered unfavorable conditions, and she knew the label would sell them to someone else but did not expect Braun as the buyer, alleging him to be an "incessant, manipulative bully". Borchetta claimed that Swift declined an opportunity to purchase the masters. Scooter Braun (pictured in 2019) purchased Big Machine in 2019 and became the owner of the masters of Swift's first six albums, which he later sold to Shamrock Holdings in 2020. Consequently, Big Machine and Swift were embroiled in a series of disagreements leading to further friction; Swift alleged that the label blocked her from performing her songs at the 2019 American Music Awards and using them in her documentary Miss Americana (2020), while Big Machine released Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 (2020), an unreleased work by Swift, without her approval. Swift announced she would re-record the six albums and own the new masters herself. In October 2020, Braun sold the old masters to the Disney family's investment firm, Shamrock Holdings, for $405 million under the condition that he keeps profiting from the masters. Swift expressed her disapproval again, rejected Shamrock's offer for an equity partnership, and released the re-recorded albums via Republic, to critical and commercial success, breaking multiple sales, streaming, and chart records. Various musicians, journalists, politicians, and scholars supported Swift's stance, prompting a discourse on artists' rights, intellectual property, private equity, and ethics in the music industry. Publications described her response and move to re-record as influential measures, encouraging new artists to negotiate for greater ownership of their music. iHeartRadio, the largest radio network in the United States, proclaimed it will replace the older versions in its airplay with Swift's re-recorded tracks. Billboard named Swift the Greatest Pop Star of 2021 for the successful and unprecedented outcomes of her re-recording venture. Braun has since expressed regret over purchasing Swift's masters and Big Machine at large, and subsequently sold his entire holding company, Ithaca, to Hybe Corporation. Background See also: Taylor Swift Law Under U.S. copyright law, a music release is subject to two separate copyrights: the copyright to the song or musical composition itself, and the copyright to the specific recording of that song, which is usually contained on a master. The master is the first recording of the music, from which copies are made for sales and distribution. The owner of the master, therefore, owns the copyright to all formats of the recording, such as digital versions for download or streaming, or physical versions such as CDs and vinyl LPs. A party who wishes to use or reproduce a recording must obtain a copyright license authorized by the master-owner. Before the emergence of digital platforms, musicians relied on record labels to promote their music through means such as airplay or physical distributions to retailers. Labels would typically require artists to give them the rights to the masters "in perpetuity". On the other hand, owning the musical work is referred to as the publishing rights, which covers the musical materials before it became a sound recording—the lyrics, melodies, sheet music, composition, and instrumental arrangements. Songwriters generally own the publishing rights, and are referred to as "publishers" of the music. Context Taylor Swift is a singer-songwriter from West Reading, Pennsylvania, United States. In 2003, at age 13, she visited major record labels in Nashville, Tennessee, for record deals but was rejected. In 2004, Swift performed original songs at an RCA Records showcase, and received an artist development deal, following which she moved to Nashville and worked with experienced Music Row songwriters such as Troy Verges, Brett Beavers, Brett James, Mac McAnally, and the Warren Brothers. In 2005, she became the youngest artist (age 15) signed by the Sony/ATV Tree publishing house, but left the Sony-owned RCA Records due to her concerns that "development deals may shelve artists". In November 2004, Swift participated in an industry showcase at Nashville's Bluebird Café, where she was noticed by a DreamWorks Records executive, Scott Borchetta, who had an idea of establishing his own independent record label. Eventually, Swift signed a 13-year recording deal with Borchetta's new Nashville-based label, Big Machine Records, as its first recording artist. The deal gave Big Machine the ownership of the masters to Swift's first six albums in exchange for a cash advance. From 2006 to 2017, Swift released six studio albums with Big Machine: Taylor Swift (2006), Fearless (2008), Speak Now (2010), Red (2012), 1989 (2014), and Reputation (2017), all of which were commercially lucrative and established Swift as one of the most successful music artists in history. Although Big Machine owned the masters, Swift retained the publishing rights to the albums due to her role as the main songwriter of all of the songs she had released under the label. This would allow her to re-record the songs in the future if she desired, as per the artist-label agreement that limits the artist from re-recording a song for a fixed period of time; Swift would not have been able to re-record her musical work had she not been a songwriter. In August 2018, as per Billboard, Swift's attorney Donald Passman and her management team proposed to Big Machine Label Group that the masters be sold back to Swift as their contract was nearing expiration; the label group responded that it would happen only if she renewed her recording contract with Big Machine, agreeing to create more albums under the label for the next decade. The two parties never arrived at an agreement. Ultimately, Swift's contract with Big Machine Records expired in November 2018, following which she signed a new, global contract with Republic Records, a New York-based label owned by Universal Music Group. Variety reported that Swift's catalog constituted around 80 percent of Big Machine's revenue. Swift revealed a negotiation as part of her Republic contract—any sale of Universal's shares in Spotify, the largest on-demand music streaming platform in the world, resulted in equity shares for all of Universal's artists on a non-recoupable basis. The contract also allowed Swift to fully own the albums distributed by the label—both the masters and the publishing rights—starting with her seventh studio album, Lover (2019), and as reported by Forbes, offered a royalty payment of 50 percent or more compared to the 10 to 15 percent Swift "likely" had been receiving from Big Machine. Dispute Acquisition by Braun Scooter and I have been aligned with 'big vision brings big results' from the very first time we met in 2010. Since then I have watched him build an incredible and diverse company that is a perfect complement to the Big Machine Label Group. Our artist-first spirit and combined roster of talent, executives, and assets is now a global force to be reckoned with. This is a very special day and the beginning of what is sure to be a fantastic partnership and historic run. – Scott Borchetta on selling Big Machine to Scooter Braun Scooter Braun is an American media proprietor, talent manager, and businessman known for managing the careers of music artists Justin Bieber, Ariana Grande, Demi Lovato, and Kanye West through his media company, SB Projects. In June 2019, The Wall Street Journal, followed by other mainstream media, reported that Braun's holding company, Ithaca Holdings LLC., had fully acquired Big Machine Label Group by purchasing it for an estimated $330 million. The purchase encompassed all aspects of Big Machine's business, including its client roster, distribution deals, publishing rights, and music masters, and was financed by American private equity companies such as the Carlyle Group, 23 Capital, and Soros Fund Management, all of which owned a stake in Ithaca. In a joint announcement, the companies claimed that the buyout "creates one of the most powerful label, management, streaming, publishing and media companies by combining complimentary services, artists, executives and expertise". As part of the acquisition, the ownership of all of the masters and copyrights owned by Big Machine, including those of Swift's first six studio albums, transferred to Braun. Borchetta joined the Ithaca board of directors, acquiring a minority interest in Ithaca, and remained as the president and CEO of Big Machine. Swift's response For years I asked, pleaded for a chance to own my work. Instead I was given an opportunity to sign back up to Big Machine Records and 'earn' one album back at a time, one for every new one I turned in. ... I learned about Scooter Braun's purchase of my masters as it was announced to the world. All I could think about was the incessant, manipulative bullying I've received at his hands for years. – Taylor Swift, Tumblr, June 30, 2019 On June 30, 2019, Big Machine announced via social media that the label group had been acquired by Braun, following which Swift denounced the acquisition on Tumblr the same day. She stated that she had tried to buy her masters for years, but was not given a chance unless she signed another contract that would require her to create six more albums under the label in exchange for the masters of the first six, which she felt was "unacceptable". While she knew that Big Machine was for sale, she said she was unaware that Braun—whom she described as an "incessant, manipulative bully"—would be the buyer: "Essentially, my musical legacy is about to lie in the hands of someone who tried to dismantle it". She highlighted Braun's involvement in the creation of West's music video for his 2016 single "Famous", which she described as "a revenge porn music video which strips body naked". Swift also claimed that Braun influenced Kim Kardashian, then-married to West, to orchestrate an "illegally recorded" snippet of Swift's phone call with West, and had "two of clients" collude to bully Swift online, referring to a FaceTime screenshot of Bieber, West and Braun, posted to Bieber's Instagram after Kardashian released the snippet. Swift accused Borchetta of betraying her loyalty for selling the masters to Braun despite being aware of Braun's role in antagonizing Swift. Passman argued that Borchetta never gave Swift "an opportunity to purchase her masters, or the label, outright with a check in the way is now apparently doing for others". Borchetta's reply In response, Borchetta published a blog post titled "It's Time For Some Truth" on the Big Machine website. On June 25, 2019, Big Machine shareholders and Braun's Ithaca Holdings held a phone call regarding the transaction. While Swift's father Scott was one of the label's minority shareholders (4 percent), he did not join the call due to a "very strict" non-disclosure agreement. A final call was held on June 28, when Scott Swift was represented by a lawyer from Swift's management company, 13 Management. Borchetta said he texted Swift on June 29, claiming that she was aware of Braun's transaction beforehand. He denied that Braun had been hostile toward Swift, and posted a text message he alleged Swift had sent before signing to Republic Records; in the message, Swift said she would accept another seven-year contract with Big Machine on the condition that she took ownership of her audiovisual works. Borchetta agreed, but asked for a ten-year contract. The authenticity of the message has not been verified. Further strife Swift at the American Music Awards of 2019 On November 14, 2019, Swift accused Braun and Borchetta of preventing her from performing her older songs at the American Music Awards of 2019 and using older material for her 2020 documentary Miss Americana. She said they were "exercising tyrannical control" over her music, and claimed Borchetta told her team that she would be allowed to use the music only if she agreed to not re-record "copycat versions" of her songs; Swift commented, "the message being sent to me is very clear. Basically, be a good little girl and shut up. Or you'll be punished." In response, Big Machine rejected Swift's claim, "we have worked diligently to have a conversation about these matters with Taylor and her team to productively move forward. However, despite our persistent efforts to find a private and mutually satisfactory solution, Taylor made a unilateral decision last night to enlist her fanbase." However, on November 18, the label issued a statement saying they had "agreed to grant all licenses of their artists' performances to stream post show and for re-broadcast on mutually approved platforms" for the AMAs, without naming Swift. It also stated that Big Machine negotiated with the AMAs producer, Dick Clark Productions (DCP). DCP denied agreeing to issue any statement with Big Machine. Swift's publicist Tree Paine released a statement the next day. Paine said Swift avoided performing her older songs at the Tmall Double Eleven Gala 2020, a Singles Day event in Shanghai, China, and sang only three songs from Lover, because "it was clear that Big Machine Label Group felt any televised performance of catalog songs violated her agreement", attaching a screenshot of a portion of an alleged email from Big Machine that reads: "Please be advised that will not agree to issue licenses for existing recordings or waivers of its re-recording restrictions in connection with these two projects: The Netflix documentary and The Alibaba 'Double Eleven' event." Paine also denied Big Machine's statement that said Swift "has admitted to contractually owing millions of dollars and multiple assets" to the label, and claimed the label is attempting to deflect from "the $7.9 million of unpaid royalties" that the label owes to Swift "over several years", as assessed by "an independent, professional auditor". Swift performed six songs at the 2019 AMAs on November 24, 2019, four of which were from her first six albums, and received the Artist of the Decade award. In April 2020, Big Machine released Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008, a live album of Swift's performances at a 2008 radio show. Swift said she did not authorize the release, and dismissed it as "just another case of shameless greed in the time of Coronavirus". Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 earned only 33 units in the US and did not chart anywhere. From August 2019 to January 2020, Big Machine released 4,000 vinyl LPs of each of the singles from Taylor Swift for the album's 13th anniversary, which was met with immediate backlash from Swift's supporters. Aftermath Swift's solution to her crisis was to create new recordings of all of the musical work in the six albums, using the publishing rights she retained, and to have the finished product sound as close to the original as possible. She announced in August 2019, on a special episode of CBS News Sunday Morning with American journalist Tracy Smith, that she would "re-record" and release the six albums to own the complete rights herself, as soon as her Big Machine contract allowed her to. By re-recording, Swift is technically covering her own songs as new recordings, resulting in new masters she fully owns, enabling her to control the licensing of her songs for commercial use, known as synchronization, by evading the owners of the older masters and subsequently devaluing them. Sale to Shamrock In October 2020, Braun sold the masters, associated videos and artworks to Shamrock Holdings, an American private equity firm owned by the Disney estate, for a reported $405 million. Swift stated that she attempted to negotiate with Braun, but that he offered her a chance to buy the masters back only if she signed an "ironclad" NDA that only allowed her to speak positively about Braun during the process; she refused to sign the NDA. She also claimed that Braun mandated Shamrock not to notify her about the sale until it is complete, and that she further declined an offer by Shamrock to become an equity partner, on the grounds that Braun and Ithaca Holdings would continue to financially benefit from her work. Swift upheld her original decision and began the re-recording process in November 2020. In response, Shamrock released a statement: "We made this investment because we believe in the immense value and opportunity that comes with work. We fully respect and support her decision and, while we hoped to formally partner, we also knew was a possible outcome that we considered." According to a June 2023 Music Business Worldwide report, Braun and Ithaca earned a profit of $265 million from buying and selling the masters. Swift's re-recordings Swift began releasing her re-recorded music in 2021. The re-recorded albums and songs are identified by the note "(Taylor's Version)" added to all of their titles, to distinguish them from the older recordings. In February 2021, Swift announced that she had finished re-recording Fearless and released "Love Story (Taylor's Version)", a re-recording of the album's lead single "Love Story", on February 12. Fearless (Taylor's Version) was released on April 9 to rave reviews from music critics, who praised Swift's move to re-record her music, viewing it as an act of preservation of artists' rights. On September 15, following a viral TikTok trend involving "Wildest Dreams" (2015) that was gaining traction, the older recording of the song accumulated 735,000 plays on Spotify, marking the highest single-day streams ever for the song on the streaming platform. On September 17, Swift teased the re-recorded song's bridge as part of the said trend with a snippet on TikTok, captioning "if you guys want to use my version of wildest dreams for the slow zoom trend, here she is!". "Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)" was subsequently released to streaming platforms. Swift stated that she saw "Wildest Dreams" trending on TikTok and thought fans should have " version" of the song. In its first four hours of availability, "Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)" amassed 2,003,391 Spotify streams, breaking the record the older "Wildest Dreams" had set a few days prior. On November 12, 2021, Swift released Red (Taylor's Version), the re-recorded issue of Red, consisting of all 30 songs that were originally meant for the 2012 version. The album broke several sales, streaming, and chart records, and was met with widespread acclaim, becoming her highest-rated album by critics on Metacritic. Its closing track, "All Too Well (10 Minute Version) (Taylor's Version) (From the Vault)", scored Swift the eighth Billboard Hot 100 number-one song of her career and garnered the Guinness World Record for the longest song ever to top the chart. The song's producer Jack Antonoff told Rolling Stone that a 10-minute-long song topping the Hot 100 teaches artists to "not listen" to what the industry has to say. "This Love (Taylor's Version)", a track from 1989 (Taylor's Version), was released on May 6, 2022. In September 2022, Swift reportedly turned down an offer to headline the Super Bowl LVII halftime show in 2023, refusing to play the show until her re-recording process is finished. In March 2023, ahead of the Eras Tour, Swift released a re-recording of the Speak Now deluxe edition track "If This Was a Movie", along with re-recordings of "Safe & Sound" and "Eyes Open" from The Hunger Games: Songs from District 12 and Beyond. At the tour's first Nashville show on May 5, Swift announced Speak Now (Taylor's Version), which was released on July 7. It broke the Spotify record for the most-single days streams for an album in 2023, made Swift the first woman to score 12 Billboard 200 number-one albums, and the fastest woman to collect 10 number-one albums in the UK, surpassing Madonna. 1989 (Taylor's Version) was released on October 27, 2023. Globally, it garnered the highest single-day streams for an album in 2023 on Spotify, and its tracks occupied the top six of the Billboard Global 200 concurrently, making Swift the first artist to do so. In the US, 1989 (Taylor's Version) became Swift's record-extending sixth album to sell one million copies in a single week, and surpassed Midnights, her tenth studio album, for the highest first-week vinyl sales of the 21st century. 1989 (Taylor's Version) debuted atop the Billboard 200 with over 1.6 million units, surpassing the original 1989's first-week figures by 400,000 units, and marked the largest album sales week of Swift's career and the 2020s decade. The vault tracks "Is It Over Now?", "Now That We Don't Talk", and "'Slut!'" occupied the top three spots of the Hot 100 in that order. Press investigation On November 16, 2020, Variety journalist Shirley Halperin reported, "some insiders speculate the value could be as high as $450 million once certain earn-backs are factored in". According to a November 2021 report by Financial Times, Braun believed that Swift was "just bluffing" about re-recording. The newspaper stated that, after purchasing Big Machine, Braun began searching for buyers for the masters of Swift's back catalog, and that he and co-investors told potential buyers that Swift would not actually re-record the albums, calling her announcement an "empty threat"; Braun also told the buyers that Swift's posts about the dispute would only generate more publicity, boosting streams and downloads of the albums. Financial Times also alleged that the deal between Braun and Shamrock included "a post-purchase earnout to Braun and Carlyle Group, if sales and streams hit specific targets". On December 10, 2021, The New York Times published that the Carlyle Group contacted Braun and encouraged him to reach a ceasefire with Swift, such as a joint-venture partnership, to prevent her from re-recording, according to an undisclosed group of "four people close to the situation", three of whom said the firm was "unhappy to be dragged into the dispute in such a public way". Business Insider reporter Anna Silman released an investigation exclusive in March 2022. Silman wrote that one of Swift's many reasons to detest Braun's procurement of the masters is his poor handling of the relationship between Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez, the latter being one of Swift's closest friends and vice versa. Silman also stated that Braun controlled news stories of several media outlets and blogs. American rapper Lil Twist told Silman that Braun used tabloid websites such as TMZ and Page Six to plant negative stories about the rapper. Silman claimed that Braun refused to speak on the record, and that many others were afraid to go on record due to Braun's "rep for litigiousness". Additionally, she stated that Braun's lawyer, Marty Singer, threatened Business Insider several times over the investigation, claiming Silman is biased and has "deep ties to the Taylor Swift camp." Sale of Ithaca In April 2021, Braun merged Ithaca with South Korean entertainment company Hybe Corporation, which purchased Ithaca for a 100 percent stake through its wholly owned subsidiary, Hybe America. The deal, valued at $1 billion, brought the SB Projects and Big Machine rosters, including Bieber, Grande, Lovato, J Balvin, Thomas Rhett, Florida Georgia Line, and Lady A, together with K-pop acts like BTS, Tomorrow X Together, and Seventeen. Braun joined the board of Hybe. In a September 2022 interview with NPR's Jay Williams, Braun stated he regrets the way the Big Machine acquisition was handled, admitted he came from a "place of arrogance" when he assumed that he and Swift "could work things out", and that he learned "an important lesson". Braun also stated that he was forced to make the purchase under a "very strict NDA" and hence was not allowed to talk to anybody about it. Reactions The controversy was highly publicized, drawing reactions and critiques from across the internet. Swift's re-recordings were one of the most widely discussed and covered news topics of 2020–2021, and were described by media outlets as one of 2021's most prominent pop-culture events. Evening Standard called it "music's biggest feud", because "back catalogues regularly change hands behind the scenes, but almost never make headlines". Hashtags "#IStandWithTaylor" and "#WeStandWithTaylor" trended worldwide on Twitter following Swift's post. Billboard wrote, since the controversy, acts "lined up for Team Swift or Team Braun, creating the most public battle about an artists' masters in recent memory". Entertainment industry Kelly Clarkson urged Swift to re-record the albums. Swift's response and social media posts sparked support from many of her contemporaries. Musicians who openly supported her include Dionne Warwick, Anne Murray, Cher, Selena Gomez, Halsey, Iggy Azalea, Sara Bareilles, Lily Allen, Tinashe, Ella Eyre, Hayley Kiyoko, Camila Cabello, Jordan Pruitt, Brendon Urie, Kelsea Ballerini, JoJo, Azealia Banks, The Regrettes, Echosmith, Antonoff, Haim, Alessia Cara, Allie X, Hrvy, Gretchen Peters, Iza, Katy Perry, and Anita Baker, who agreed with Swift that artists should rightfully own their music. American musician Sky Ferreira supported Swift and told about her own battle over her masters: "the entertainment industry is filled with under qualified bullies & morons with way too much power for their own good." When questioned about his stance, English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran said "I have been speaking directly to , like I always do." American singer Kelly Clarkson, in a tweet, urged Swift to re-record the albums; "You should go in & re-record all the songs that you don't own the masters on exactly how you did them ... I'd buy all of the new versions just to prove a point." Various other singers unfollowed Braun on their social media accounts. Beside musicians, celebrities like Cara Delevingne, Heidi Montag, Sara Sampaio, Martha Hunt, Gigi Hadid, Antoni Porowski, Bobby Berk, Ruby Rose, Jameela Jamil, Joseph Kahn, Mike Birbiglia, and Mamrie Hart also supported Swift via social media posts. A few musicians supported Braun, including Australian singer-songwriter Sia, American singer Ty Dolla Sign, and Braun's clients Bieber and Lovato. Lovato and Sia said they believe Braun is a "good man" and that his actions were not personal. American entertainer Todrick Hall, who was formerly a client of Braun, supported Swift and accused Braun of homophobia; Hall engaged in a back-and-forth argument with Lovato on Twitter. In an Instagram post, Bieber apologized to Swift for the FaceTime screenshot (with Braun and West) he posted in 2016 with a caption targeting her; however, Bieber defended Braun, saying Braun has supported Swift since she let Bieber be the opening act of her Fearless Tour and added "years have passed, we haven't crossed paths and gotten to communicate our differences, hurts or frustrations. So for you to take it to social media and get people to hate on Scooter isn't fair." Bieber's wife Hailey called him a "gentleman" under the post, which prompted Delevingne to criticize the Biebers for what she considered as insincere amity. Grande, also a client of Braun, posted an Instagram story congratulating Braun on the purchase but deleted it after Swift posted her statement. David Geffen, a music executive whom Braun has often described as a mentor, supported Braun but said "only time will tell who made the wise decision". Politicians US Democratic politicians Elizabeth Warren (pictured left) and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (right) criticized the "predatory" purchases of creative businesses by private equity groups for harming the US economy. On November 19, 2019, US senator Elizabeth Warren, who was one of the Democratic candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election, stated on Twitter that Swift is "one of many" whose work has been threatened by private equity firms, who keep "gobbling up more and more of our economy, costing jobs and crushing entire industries." Holding private equity firms accountable was a large part of Warren's presidential campaign. US representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez also sided with Swift. She tweeted: "Private equity groups' predatory practices actively hurt millions of Americans. Their leveraged buyouts have destroyed the lives of retail workers across the country, scrapping 1+ million jobs. Now they're holding own music hostage. They need to be reined in." American businessman Glenn Youngkin was the former co-CEO of the Carlyle Group, the major sponsor in Braun's purchase of Big Machine and Swift's masters. Youngkin contested in the 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election as the Republican candidate for the office of the Governor of Virginia. On October 6, 2021, ahead of the election, former governor and Democratic candidate Terry McAuliffe launched a series of negative advertisements on Facebook, Instagram, and Google Search, tying Youngkin to the purchase. The ad included the slogan "#WeStandWithTaylor", a hashtag used by Swifties during the fallout of the dispute, and asked her supporters to vote for McAuliffe. Youngkin's spokesperson, Christian Martinez, stated "McAuliffe has reached the stage of desperation in his campaign where he's rolling out the most baseless attacks to see what sticks". Additionally, NPR highlighted a July 2021 report by Associated Press that claimed McAuliffe himself had invested a minimum of $690,000 in Carlyle between 2007 and 2016. McAuliffe's spokesperson, Renzo Olivari, confirmed that McAuliffe was a "passive" Carlyle investor who by 2019, at the time of the sale of the masters, owned less than $5,000 in Carlyle stock. Jared Polis, the 43rd Governor of Colorado, mentioned Swift's re-recording venture as a highlight of 2021 in his annual gubernatorial address to the state on January 14, 2022, and sang the chorus of "22 (Taylor's Version)" in reference to the new year of 2022. Music critics Publications highlighted Swift's public opposition to the acquisition as trailblazing: while the issue of master ownership and the conflicts between record labels and artists such as Prince, the Beatles, Janet Jackson, and Def Leppard have been prevalent, Swift was one of the few to make it public. Rolling Stone journalists described the dispute as one of the 50 "most important moments" of the 2010s. Dominic Rushe of The Guardian said Swift's situation hinted at a change in the digital music era, where artists are more informed of their ownership and would not rely on record labels for marketing as heavily as in the past. Recognizing the visibility she brought to "one of the music industry's longest standing issues", Pitchfork critic Sam Sodomsky said Swift "is also so huge—not just an artist but a brand—that she can enact change by wielding the leverage of the reliability of her success", and that when she makes a statement, it is "financially lucrative for the industry to listen". The Evening Standard's Katie Rosseinsky wrote, "it is not just another celebrity feud, this could have wide-reaching repercussions for the music industry." The New York Times, The A.V. Club and MarketWatch felt Swift's criticism targeted private equity firms, highlighting her mention of the Carlyle Group in her social media posts. The New York Times said, "at a time of public outrage over corporate greed and a heightened awareness of gender-based power dynamics, the 29-year-old Ms. Swift was able to turn a commercial dispute into a cause célèbre." Meera Jagannathan of MarketWatch described the Carlyle Group as a "powerful and politically connected" firm based in Washington, D.C., whose investments constitute a global portfolio of 272 companies, including Supreme, Dunkin' Brands, and many aerospace and defense companies. Critical commentary on Swift's decision to re-record remained favorable as well. Variety's Chris Willman wrote that Swift's highly publicized move to re-record her back catalog would inspire other artists to "further deputize or weaponize fans in their own business disputes", unlike comparatively less successful attempts by her contemporaries to own their music. The Atlantic's Spencer Kornhaber opined that the re-recordings have been "a dazzling victory lap", disproving industry observers who had doubted Swift. Elle's Fawzia Khan and The New Yorker's Carrie Battan hailed the "(Taylor's Version)" tag attached to the re-recorded music as genius re-branding of Swift's back catalog. Charlotte Richards, writing for Money Marketing, said the situation helps understand "dangerous investing", such as Braun's. The New Zealand Herald reporter Lydia Burgham dubbed the move "ultimate middle finger to the bureaucracy of the music industry", while revealing how "even someone of Swift's star power cannot hold on to the rights to her recorded work." With the success of Red (Taylor's Version), Hannah Towey of Business Insider said "the Taylor's Version era is already sending shockwaves throughout the industry." Unlike most artists when faced with this kind of injustice, Swift actually had the ability to stand up for herself, and in doing so, invoke meaningful dialogue and inspire change within the notoriously slow-moving music industry ... Re-recording a back catalogue of six full albums and respective secret bonus tracks, then developing a hugely successful campaign to drive loyal fans towards the new versions of their beloved albums—and away from the original master recordings, prompting a dip in streams that will be mimicked in the rights holders' income statement—is something only very, very few artists can do. Taylor Swift is, indeed, amongst that handful.— Eilish Gilligan, Taylor Swift's Re-Recordings Expose The Music Industry's Chokehold On Intellectual Property, Refinery29 The Wall Street Journal journalist Neil Shah wrote, for using her back catalog in mass media, such as for commercials and movies, Swift can shut out Shamrock and Braun by directly lending the concerned song to the third party, approving the copyright license herself. Kate Dwyer of Marie Claire said the re-recorded albums free Swift from the sexist tabloid scrutiny of her private life that overshadowed her past works, by re-introducing listeners and critics to the same songs but without "as much gender bias", and that the audiences who "didn't believe she was a feminist before (for whatever, sexist reason) can't deny the feminist undertones of becoming the industry spokesperson for artists' rights." Legal scholars Various lawyers and law firms have published their analyses of the controversy. The majority highlighted the lack of legal grounds and that a lawsuit is not viable. Susan H. Hilderley, music attorney at University of California's Los Angeles School of Law, told The Washington Post that Swift not owning her masters is "nothing out of the ordinary". Hilderley noted Swift was an unknown artist when she signed her record deal and that signing off the masters to the record label is the "kind of terms" usually followed in artist-label agreements. In a similar vein, Erin M. Jacobson, a music attorney specializing in artist-label negotiations, said on CBC News that "the structure of a label owning the master has been in place for such a long time that a lot of people are just used to that". She affirmed that Swift has no legal recourse on the contract but can effect change in the music industry and benefit all artists. The Hollywood Reporter consulted music lawyers Howard King and Derek Crownover regarding the controversy; King said Swift would not sue Braun or the label because of the "personal" nature of the dispute—her predicament being not the sale itself but that Braun is the buyer—having no legal recourse. In agreement, Crownover said: "from the satellite view, I don't see any legal ramifications that could come of this, unless there were restrictions on the sale of the masters to third parties." James Jeffries-Chung of Norton Rose Fulbright asserted Shamrock cannot prevent Swift from re-recording her music by any legal measure since she is the publisher of her songs and that all they can hope is "listeners may be less interested in hearing modern takes of songs they enjoyed a decade ago and stick with the originals." Any time Taylor brings attention to an issue, it gets magnified ... She has a very loud megaphone and she's not afraid to use it. She's had great success in effectuating change.— James Sammataro, music attorney, The Hollywood Reporter Many opined that Swift's moves will bring about systemic changes in the music industry and artist-label relationships. Meredith Rose, senior policy counsel at Public Knowledge, wrote in her American Bar Association post that "if Swift—who is, without exaggeration, one of the biggest powerhouse pop stars of an entire generation—can't get her own masters back, who could? Turns out, almost nobody." According to Tonya Butler, professor and chair of the Music Business Management Department at Berklee College of Music, "regardless of the reasons why re-recording, whether it's spite or good business, the fact she is bringing to attention the re-recording restriction agreement alone makes the whole controversy valuable." McBrayer's Peter J. Rosene stated that each "Taylor's Version" album lowers the value of the master of its respective original held by Shamrock and predicted that the sales of the re-recordings "might, in fact, outperform the original albums." Justin Tilghman of the University of Georgia School of Law opined that the clause that prohibits an artist from re-recording their own songs for a designated period of time can "go too far and, in effect, violate the public policy the Framers had in mind when drafting the Useful Art Clauses." American author Steve Stoute said "you build it; we make you think that you own it; you act like you own it; but at the end of the day, we own it." He opined that Swift's dilemma is a "painful" illustration of the fundamental issue with the music business that has been following a "sharecropping" model. According to professor R. Polk Wagner of the University of Pennsylvania Law School, Swift associating her lyrics with a range of goods and services through trademark applications represents her understanding that "she is bigger than the music". He added "it's more of a branding right, thinking of Taylor Swift as a conglomerate." Doug McMahon of Irish firm McCann Fitzgerald LLP opined that the controversy shows how "the bundle of related copyrights that exist in a piece of music can give rise to complex disputes" and upheld Swift's move to re-record as a "relatively novel solution", in regards to the copyright legislations in Ireland. Legacy Recognition At the 2019 Billboard Women in Music event, Swift was conferred the inaugural Woman of the Decade award for the 2010s. In her acceptance speech, Swift addressed Braun for the first time publicly, criticizing his "toxic male privilege" and the "unregulated world of private equity coming in and buying music as if it's real estate—as if it's an app or a shoe line." She claimed that none of the investors "bothered to contact me or my team directly—to perform their due diligence on their investment; on their investment in me. To ask how I might feel about the new owner of my art, the music I wrote, the videos I created, photos of me, my handwriting, my album designs." In December 2021, Billboard recognized Swift as "The Greatest Pop Star of 2021", saying she "rewrote industry rules and had one of the most impactful years of her storied pop career without even releasing an entirely new album." The magazine stated that the "unequivocal success" of Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red (Taylor's Version) prove the widespread acceptance of the recordings, which replaced the older versions as "the ones listeners will be digesting and caring about moving forward." The Recording Academy said the "Taylor's Versions" are a music trend that defined 2021. Swift and her re-recording venture were featured in a video montage by Vox summarizing major world events of the year. Rolling Stone listed Braun's purchase of Swift's masters as one of the 50 worst decisions made in music industry history, and noted Swift's role in shifting the public perception of the concept of re-recording or re-mastering. The term "(Taylor's Version)" and its variants have since achieved cultural prominence as taglines. Organizations such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and National Football League (NFL) have since used or parodied the term in their promotional digital content. Financial impact The re-recordings were widely successful. The original Fearless was charting at number 157 on the US Billboard 200 chart before the impact of Fearless (Taylor's Version), after which the original dropped 19 percent in sales and fell off the chart completely, while the re-recording debuted at number one. Ben Sisario of The New York Times opined that Fearless (Taylor's Version) "accomplished what appeared to be one of Swift's goals: burying the original Fearless." This became a pattern: Each announcement of a Taylor's Version album caused a spike in interest in the original album, but upon release of the new recording, the original plummeted in consumption and exited the chart; the original Red dropped by 45 percent, Speak Now by 59 percent and 1989 by 44 percent, following the release of their respective re-recordings. In October 2023, Bloomberg News estimated the value of the four re-recordings to be $400 million. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry reported that Swift was the world's best-selling soloist and female artist of 2021. Forbes estimated her 2021 earnings to be US$52,000,000, and opined that Swift "recreating her catalog also sets up for a potentially massive payday". Her publication rights over her first six albums were valued at $200 million in 2022. Rolling Stone reported in January 2022 that Swift was the highest-paid female musician of 2021, owing to Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red (Taylor's Version), ahead of artists who released brand new albums that year. In December 2022, Billboard reiterated that Swift was the top earning musician overall in 2021, taking home an estimated $65.8 million, followed by English band the Rolling Stones ($55.5 million). Synchronization Every week, we get a dozen synch requests to use "Shake It Off" in some advertisement or "Blank Space" in some movie trailer, and we say no to every single one of them. And the reason I'm rerecording my music next year is because I do want my music to live on. I do want it to be in movies, I do want it to be in commercials. But I only want that if I own it.— Swift to Billboard in 2019, Forbes Swift has pointedly refused to authorize synchronization requests for the original versions of her songs from her first six albums, advising use of her re-recorded versions instead. American actor and Swift's brother, Austin, manages the licensing of her songs. A cover version of "Look What You Made Me Do" (2017), the lead single of Reputation, was featured in the opening credits of an episode (aired May 24, 2020) of spy thriller series Killing Eve. The artist credited as the performer of the cover, Jack Leopards & the Dolphin Club, had no documented existence before the song's release. It was fronted by an unnamed male vocalist, speculated by some media outlets to be Austin, and was produced by Jack Antonoff and Nils Sjöberg, the latter being a pseudonym of Swift. Because Swift could not re-record Reputation at the time the episode aired, some believed that the cover version was Swift's way of bypassing the potential issues that would arise with Big Machine over licensing the copyright to Killing Eve. A copyright license is mandatory for using a song in a visual work; otherwise, the owner of the copyright is allowed to fine or press charges against the party who used the song unlicensed. A Match.com commercial produced by Ryan Reynolds (pictured) was the first production to make use of a re-recorded Swift song. The re-recorded tracks have been featured in various visual media: "Love Story (Taylor's Version)" appeared in an advertisement produced by Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds for the dating app Match.com. "Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)" was extensively used in the trailers for the animated adventure film Spirit Untamed (2021) and in an episode of Netflix fantasy series Fate: The Winx Saga (2022). The trailers of Amazon Prime Video romantic drama series The Summer I Turned Pretty made use of parts of "This Love (Taylor's Version)" and "Back to December (Taylor's Version)". "Message in a Bottle" (2021) and "Bad Blood (Taylor's Version)" are featured in animated superhero film DC League of Super-Pets (2022). According to Billboard, filmmakers are aware that "Swift songs in scenes or trailers instantly build streaming and ticket-buying audiences" and, in return, use of the songs generates interest in the re-recorded albums. Mike Knobloch, president of music and publishing in American mass media corporation NBC Universal (which released Spirit Untamed) and who also worked with Swift's team for the Fifty Shades Darker track "I Don't Wanna Live Forever" (2016), claimed that "Swift is exposing new music to the widest possible audience. For now, her strategy focuses on family films, but that approach is unlikely to last forever ... She's on a short list of artists that are impactful to the broadest audience. If that translates to family films as a target, then that makes sense. But I don't think she's doing that exclusively." Fan action Journalists and media outlets credited Swift's fans, known commonly as "Swifties", with aiding Swift in magnifying the publicity surrounding the controversy and the success of her re-recording efforts. Whereas, Braun claimed that Swift "weaponized" her fanbase by making the dispute public. On June 30, 2019, following the news that Braun had acquired Big Machine—and along with it Swift's back catalog—many of Braun's friends congratulated him on their social media accounts; American entrepreneur David Grutman captioned a screenshot of the news headline with "WHEN YOUR FRIEND BUYS TAYLOR SWIFT" in his Instagram story, which Braun re-posted to his account. The story and its re-post were quickly deleted after Swift's fans claimed it as reflecting Braun's true intent. On November 22, 2019, Braun posted on Instagram claiming he received death threats from Swift's fans, and wanted to have a conversation with Swift regarding the dispute. He wrote, "I am certain there is no situation ever worth jeopardising anyone's safety." Big Machine headquarters in Nashville was shut down early on November 14, 2019, due to "direct and hostile death threats" made to the company's employees. An online petition launched by a fan on Change.org, calling Braun, Borchetta and the Carlyle Group "to stop holding Swift's art hostage", garnered 35,000 signers in its first three hours. Michael Jones, managing director of campaigns in Change.org, described the petition as "one the fastest-growing petitions on the platform this month". Fans also mined information about the Carlyle Group and claimed it has ties to the civil war in Yemen. Subsequently, publications such as The New York Times confirmed that Carlyle owns the aerospace manufacturer Wesco Aircraft Holdings, which supplies parts for building Saudi Arabian combat aircraft that are used to drop bombs in Yemen. Following the release of Fearless (Taylor's Version), fans blocked the tracks of Fearless (2008) on their digital music platforms, such as Spotify, to prevent accidentally streaming it—in order to make the older recordings "disappear". On the May 12, 2022, episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, in his opening monologue, host Jimmy Fallon summarized several fan speculations about the next re-recorded album from Swift, theorizing that it is either Speak Now (Taylor's Version), 1989 (Taylor's Version), or both at the same time. Peer acknowledgment Musicians ranging from senior artists like Bryan Adams (pictured left) to 2021 newcomers like Olivia Rodrigo (right) were influenced by the controversy. American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo stated that she negotiated with her record label to own her music's masters herself, after observing Swift's battle, and British singer Rita Ora thanked Swift for providing an incentive to purchase her masters herself. American singer Joe Jonas said that he wishes to re-record the Jonas Brothers' back catalog just like Swift. Canadian musician Bryan Adams, American vocal group 98 Degrees and American rock band the Departed were inspired by Swift to re-record. American musician Dave Grohl, frontman of the rock band Foo Fighters, said he was "deeply impressed" by Swift and supports her vision. American rapper Snoop Dogg cited Swift's re-recordings and stated he wanted to re-record his debut album, Doggystyle (1993), but could not bring himself to do it because he was unable to replicate the "feeling". American singer-songwriter Ashanti announced her intention to re-record her self-titled debut album to gain its masters, and told Metro that she felt "empowered" by Swift; Ashanti further stated "I think Taylor is amazing for what she's done and to be able to be a female in this very male-dominated industry, to accomplish that is amazing. Owning your property and getting a chance to have ownership of your creativity is so so important. Male, female, singer, rapper, whatever, I hope this is a lesson for artists to get in there and own." Indonesian singer-songwriter Niki stated Swift inspired her to re-record and "reimagine" her original songs that she had deleted from YouTube after signing to her record label, incorporating them into her second studio album, Nicole (2022). American socialite Paris Hilton released an "updated" version of her 2006 song, "Stars Are Blind", re-titled as "Stars are Blind (Paris' Version)", on December 30, 2022. American singer SZA praised Swift in her 2023 Billboard Woman of the Year interview: "Taylor letting that whole situation go with her masters, then selling all of those fucking records. That's the biggest 'fuck you' to the establishment I've ever seen in my life, and I deeply applaud that shit." American rapper Offset, a former member of hip hop group Migos, claimed to be "rap's Taylor Swift" following a dispute with Quality Control Music, his former record label, over his solo career. He has said he is seeking "control over his master recordings". Irish actress Saoirse Ronan and American filmmaker Greta Gerwig said Swift's fight for ownership resonated with them while making the 2019 film adaptation of Little Women, whose author Louisa May Alcott also held onto her copyright. American musician Melissa Etheridge called the re-recording project "probably the most impressive musical business feat I've ever seen. Ever." British musician Imogen Heap called the project "a badass card to stay in control of work in a commercial music industry that largely works against musicians." American singer and songwriter Maren Morris said she found "deep inspiration" in Swift's "courage" "turning the tables on exploitative businessmen and taking back ownership". In 2023, The Guardian opined that "a revolution is brewing in the music business", witnessing a new generation of female artists, such as Zara Larsson, Dua Lipa, and Rina Sawayama, following Swift's precedence to acquire ownership of their music rights and maintaining a defiant attitude towards forfeiting all rights to the music label. Systemic changes Swift is one of few artists with the power and profile to create change in the music world—when she acts, the industry listens. In reclaiming her masters, and drawing attention to the saga surrounding it, she has made a dramatic statement about the importance of artists owning their work and refusing to let others capitalise on their creativity. Sure, she's a multi-millionaire but in using her platform in this way, she's galvanising other, less established artists to fight for a better deal.— Katie Rosseinsky, "How Taylor Swift is changing the music industry one re-record at a time", Evening Standard On November 12, 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Universal Music Group, the parent company of Swift's current label, has doubled the amount of time that restricts artists from re-recording their works in their recording deals hereafter. The newspaper said the change represents "shifting power dynamics in the music business", as artists have started to demand better revenue shares and ownership of the masters to their music, incentivized by Swift's situation. Weverse said "the recording industry had been watching rerecording project closely to see where it might go and has recently begun to react" and pointed out that musicians have started to demand the rights to their masters "more and more often" following the controversy. On November 17, 2021, iHeartRadio announced that its radio stations will only play "Taylor's Version" songs henceforth, with plans to replace the rest of the older recordings with the re-recorded tracks as they are officially released. Following the success of Swift's re-recordings, record labels and companies began to contractually prohibit music artists from ever re-recording their songs or increasing the waiting period to 10–30 years. In October 2023, Billboard reported that the major labels—Universal, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group—overhauled clauses on re-recording in the contracts for new signees, with several music attorneys opposing this change. Additionally, more artists have moved toward a licensing deal where they retain control of the masters, though traditional contracts where the label owns the masters remain more common. In January 2024, The Guardian reported that the retention periods for music publishing is down from 25 years three decades ago to between 12 and 15 years. According to music industry journalist Eamonn Forde, the publishing part of the music business was "ahead of the curve." On the other hand, label re-recording restrictions are getting longer after the Taylor Swift issue, and that labels do not want re-records, they need to protect their assets. "They don"t want their product replaced by something else", stated music industry attorney Erin M. Jacobson. However, in order "to stay competitive, the traditional labels have to consider some alternate structures or terms that are a little more artist-friendly", she said. Academic attention See also: Cultural impact of Taylor Swift § Academic programs The controversy has also been a topic of study in higher educational institutions. On October 4, 2021, Rafael Landívar University in Guatemala hosted a conference on the topic "International Copyright Protection: Analyzing Taylor Swift's Case". In January 2022, a spring semester course focusing on Swift's career and its cultural impact was launched at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, with "copyright and ownership" as one of the topics covered by the syllabus. Queen's University at Kingston offers a fall semester course, titled "Taylor Swift's Literary Legacy (Taylor's Version)", focusing on her sociopolitical impact on contemporary culture; its syllabus includes studying select songs from Swift's studio albums, with the use of re-recorded versions wherever possible. The University of Virginia Darden School of Business released a new case study on the masters controversy in September 2023. In November 2023, the University of South Dakota announced a law course centered around Swift's interactions with the law, which will examine her re-recordings and related copyright issues. Inspiration Songs from each of Swift's 2020 albums, "My Tears Ricochet" and "Mad Woman" from Folklore, and "It's Time to Go" from Evermore, were underscored by critics for their references to the dispute, Borchetta, and Braun. "My Tears Ricochet" is about how Swift felt betrayed by Borchetta and uses a funeral metaphor, while "Mad Woman" is about the "gaslighting" Swift experienced at the hands of Braun. Widespread interpretation has that the tracks "Vigilante Shit" and "Karma" from her 2022 album, Midnights, also diss Braun. Vulture critic Jason P. Frank opined, American singer Demi Lovato's decision to release her 2023 remix album, Revamped, was inspired by Swift's re-recordings. A docuseries commissioned by Warner Bros. Discovery, titled Taylor Swift vs. Scooter Braun: Bad Blood, will be released to Discovery+ in the UK and Ireland in June 2024. See also Cultural impact of Taylor Swift Taylor Swift sexual assault trial 2022 Ticketmaster controversy Footnotes ^ Namely, Taylor Swift (2006), Fearless (2008), Speak Now (2010), Red (2012), 1989 (2014) and Reputation (2017). ^ The contract, signed in 2005, stated that Swift would henceforth release six studio albums under Big Machine. Therefore, following the cessation of the promotional activities for her sixth studio album, Reputation (2017), the contract officially expired in November 2018. ^ This is an excerpt from the lengthy post Swift made on Tumblr, and is not meant to condense or summarize her entire statement. ^ a b Not to be confused with the Walt Disney Company. Shamrock is a private corporation founded by Roy E. Disney as the Disney family's investment firm. The family completely owns Shamrock and remains its sole investor. ^ The Big Machine Label Group encompasses Big Machine Records, The Valory Music Co., BMLG Records, Big Machine/John Varvatos Records, publishing company Big Machine Music, and digital radio station Big Machine Radio. ^ According to The New York Times, the Carlyle Group owned about one-third of Ithaca Holdings and contributed "a significant sum" for the purchase. ^ Swift performed a medley of "The Man" (2020), "Love Story" (2008), "I Knew You Were Trouble" (2012), "Blank Space" (2014), "Shake It Off" (2014) with singers Camila Cabello and Halsey, and "Lover" (2019) featuring American ballet dancer Misty Copeland. The shirt Swift wore for "The Man" and the piano she played for "Lover" displayed the titles of the six albums. ^ Swift's recording contract with Big Machine stipulates that she shall be able to re-record a song or an album only after five years since their respective release dates. For instance, Fearless was released on November 11, 2008, and thus it had been eligible for re-recording since November 11, 2013. ^ Swift and Gomez regard each other as one of their greatest friends and have expressed their admiration for each other numerous times in the media since 2008. Their friendship has been widely covered by media outlets and mainstream publications. References ^ McGrath, Rachel (August 11, 2023). "Taylor Swift's Rerecordings Explained: This Is Why She's Releasing 'Taylor's Versions'". HuffPost. Retrieved April 8, 2024. ^ a b c d e Finnis, Alex (November 17, 2020). "Taylor Swift masters: The controversy around Scooter Braun selling the rights to her old music explained". i. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ a b "Taylor Swift on Tumblr". June 30, 2019. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021. ^ a b c d e Kim, Kyle (November 8, 2021). 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Retrieved May 7, 2024. vteTaylor Swift Albums discography Singles discography Awards and nominations Live performances Songs Videography Public image Studio albums Taylor Swift Fearless Speak Now Red 1989 Reputation Lover Folklore Evermore Midnights The Tortured Poets Department Re-recorded albums Fearless (Taylor's Version) Red (Taylor's Version) Speak Now (Taylor's Version) 1989 (Taylor's Version) Extended plays The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection Beautiful Eyes Live albums Speak Now World Tour – Live Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 Lover (Live from Paris) Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions Concert tours Fearless Tour Speak Now World Tour The Red Tour The 1989 World Tour Reputation Stadium Tour The Eras Tour Films Miss Americana Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions All Too Well: The Short Film The Eras Tour Family Austin Swift Marjorie Finlay Impact and legacy Cultural impact Political impact Swifties Impact of the Eras Tour Nannaria swiftae Castianeira swiftay Controversies 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Sexual assault trial Masters dispute Ticketmaster incident Death of Ana Clara Benevides Deepfake pornography Related City of Lover Taylor Swift Productions Olivia Benson High Watch Samuel Goldwyn Estate Ashley Leechin Taylor Sheesh SwiftOnSecurity Bryan West University of York Swift Society Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"Big Machine Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"Big Machine Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records"},{"link_name":"Scott Borchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Borchetta"},{"link_name":"Scooter Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Braun"},{"link_name":"masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"her first six studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_albums_discography#Studio_albums"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albums-2"},{"link_name":"re-recorded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-recording_(music)"},{"link_name":"Fearless (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"Red (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"Speak Now (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Now_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"1989 (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"record deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"Republic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mainstream media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_media"},{"link_name":"private equity firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity_firm"},{"link_name":"copyrighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disrupt_SF_TechCrunch_Disrupt_San_Francisco_2019_-_Day_2_(48838717986).jpg"},{"link_name":"Scooter Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Braun"},{"link_name":"Shamrock Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Holdings"},{"link_name":"2019 American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2019"},{"link_name":"Miss Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Americana"},{"link_name":"Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Clear_Channel_Stripped_2008"},{"link_name":"investment firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_company"},{"link_name":"Shamrock Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-7"},{"link_name":"equity partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_partner"},{"link_name":"sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_sales"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_streaming_service"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"},{"link_name":"radio network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Hybe Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybe_Corporation"}],"text":"2019 dispute over ownership of recordingsTaylor Swift (pictured in 2006) signed her record deal with Big Machine Records in 2005 at age 15, giving the ownership of the masters of her first six studio albums to the label.On June 30, 2019, the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift entered into a dispute with her former record label, Big Machine Records, its founder Scott Borchetta, and its new owner Scooter Braun, over the ownership of the masters of her first six studio albums.[note 1] It was a highly publicized dispute drawing widespread media coverage and led Swift to release the re-recorded albums—Fearless (Taylor's Version), Red (Taylor's Version), Speak Now (Taylor's Version), and 1989 (Taylor's Version)—from 2021 through 2023 to gain complete ownership of her music.In November 2018, Swift signed a record deal with Republic Records after her Big Machine contract expired.[note 2] Mainstream media reported in June 2019 that Braun purchased Big Machine from Borchetta for $330 million, funded by various private equity firms. Braun had become the owner of all of the masters, music videos, and artworks copyrighted by Big Machine, including those of Swift's first six studio albums. In response, Swift stated she had tried to purchase the masters but Big Machine had offered unfavorable conditions, and she knew the label would sell them to someone else but did not expect Braun as the buyer, alleging him to be an \"incessant, manipulative bully\".[note 3] Borchetta claimed that Swift declined an opportunity to purchase the masters.Scooter Braun (pictured in 2019) purchased Big Machine in 2019 and became the owner of the masters of Swift's first six albums, which he later sold to Shamrock Holdings in 2020.Consequently, Big Machine and Swift were embroiled in a series of disagreements leading to further friction; Swift alleged that the label blocked her from performing her songs at the 2019 American Music Awards and using them in her documentary Miss Americana (2020), while Big Machine released Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 (2020), an unreleased work by Swift, without her approval. Swift announced she would re-record the six albums and own the new masters herself. In October 2020, Braun sold the old masters to the Disney family's investment firm, Shamrock Holdings,[note 4] for $405 million under the condition that he keeps profiting from the masters. Swift expressed her disapproval again, rejected Shamrock's offer for an equity partnership, and released the re-recorded albums via Republic, to critical and commercial success, breaking multiple sales, streaming, and chart records.Various musicians, journalists, politicians, and scholars supported Swift's stance, prompting a discourse on artists' rights, intellectual property, private equity, and ethics in the music industry. Publications described her response and move to re-record as influential measures, encouraging new artists to negotiate for greater ownership of their music. iHeartRadio, the largest radio network in the United States, proclaimed it will replace the older versions in its airplay with Swift's re-recorded tracks. Billboard named Swift the Greatest Pop Star of 2021 for the successful and unprecedented outcomes of her re-recording venture. Braun has since expressed regret over purchasing Swift's masters and Big Machine at large, and subsequently sold his entire holding company, Ithaca, to Hybe Corporation.","title":"Taylor Swift masters dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"}],"text":"See also: Taylor Swift","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. copyright law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"copyrights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrights"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_sales"},{"link_name":"download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_streaming_service"},{"link_name":"CDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"vinyl LPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vox-9"},{"link_name":"record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-10"},{"link_name":"publishing rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_contract"},{"link_name":"sheet music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_publisher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"}],"sub_title":"Law","text":"Under U.S. copyright law, a music release is subject to two separate copyrights: the copyright to the song or musical composition itself, and the copyright to the specific recording of that song, which is usually contained on a master.[4] The master is the first recording of the music, from which copies are made for sales and distribution. The owner of the master, therefore, owns the copyright to all formats of the recording, such as digital versions for download or streaming, or physical versions such as CDs and vinyl LPs.[2] A party who wishes to use or reproduce a recording must obtain a copyright license authorized by the master-owner.[5] Before the emergence of digital platforms, musicians relied on record labels to promote their music through means such as airplay or physical distributions to retailers. Labels would typically require artists to give them the rights to the masters \"in perpetuity\".[6] On the other hand, owning the musical work is referred to as the publishing rights, which covers the musical materials before it became a sound recording—the lyrics, melodies, sheet music, composition, and instrumental arrangements. Songwriters generally own the publishing rights, and are referred to as \"publishers\" of the music.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"West Reading, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Reading,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_2008-11-26-11"},{"link_name":"record deals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americansongwriter2-12"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"artist development deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_development_deal"},{"link_name":"Music Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Row"},{"link_name":"Troy Verges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Verges"},{"link_name":"Brett Beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Beavers"},{"link_name":"Brett James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_James"},{"link_name":"Mac McAnally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_McAnally"},{"link_name":"the Warren Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warren_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonydeal-14"},{"link_name":"Sony/ATV Tree publishing house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:292-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-albuminfo-17"},{"link_name":"Bluebird Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird_Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Records"},{"link_name":"Scott Borchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Borchetta"},{"link_name":"independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Big Machine Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews-3"},{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)"},{"link_name":"Fearless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)"},{"link_name":"Speak Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Now"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor_Swift_album)"},{"link_name":"Reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_(album)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-19"},{"link_name":"most successful music artists in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Big Machine Label Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Label_Group"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"},{"link_name":"Republic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Records"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(finance)"},{"link_name":"recoupable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recoupable"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-19"},{"link_name":"Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lover_(album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vox-9"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"royalty payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-26"}],"sub_title":"Context","text":"Taylor Swift is a singer-songwriter from West Reading, Pennsylvania, United States. In 2003, at age 13, she visited major record labels in Nashville, Tennessee,[7] for record deals but was rejected.[8] In 2004, Swift performed original songs at an RCA Records showcase, and received an artist development deal, following which she moved to Nashville and worked with experienced Music Row songwriters such as Troy Verges, Brett Beavers, Brett James, Mac McAnally, and the Warren Brothers.[9][10] In 2005, she became the youngest artist (age 15) signed by the Sony/ATV Tree publishing house,[11] but left the Sony-owned RCA Records due to her concerns that \"development deals may shelve artists\".[12][13] In November 2004, Swift participated in an industry showcase at Nashville's Bluebird Café, where she was noticed by a DreamWorks Records executive, Scott Borchetta, who had an idea of establishing his own independent record label.[14] Eventually, Swift signed a 13-year recording deal with Borchetta's new Nashville-based label, Big Machine Records, as its first recording artist. The deal gave Big Machine the ownership of the masters to Swift's first six albums in exchange for a cash advance.[2]From 2006 to 2017, Swift released six studio albums with Big Machine: Taylor Swift (2006), Fearless (2008), Speak Now (2010), Red (2012), 1989 (2014), and Reputation (2017), all of which were commercially lucrative[15] and established Swift as one of the most successful music artists in history.[16] Although Big Machine owned the masters, Swift retained the publishing rights to the albums due to her role as the main songwriter of all of the songs she had released under the label. This would allow her to re-record the songs in the future if she desired, as per the artist-label agreement that limits the artist from re-recording a song for a fixed period of time; Swift would not have been able to re-record her musical work had she not been a songwriter.[17][4]In August 2018, as per Billboard, Swift's attorney Donald Passman and her management team proposed to Big Machine Label Group[note 5] that the masters be sold back to Swift as their contract was nearing expiration; the label group responded that it would happen only if she renewed her recording contract with Big Machine, agreeing to create more albums under the label for the next decade. The two parties never arrived at an agreement.[19]Ultimately, Swift's contract with Big Machine Records expired in November 2018, following which she signed a new, global contract with Republic Records, a New York-based label owned by Universal Music Group. Variety reported that Swift's catalog constituted around 80 percent of Big Machine's revenue.[20] Swift revealed a negotiation as part of her Republic contract—any sale of Universal's shares in Spotify, the largest on-demand music streaming platform in the world, resulted in equity shares for all of Universal's artists on a non-recoupable basis.[15] The contract also allowed Swift to fully own the albums distributed by the label—both the masters and the publishing rights—starting with her seventh studio album, Lover (2019),[5] and as reported by Forbes, offered a royalty payment of 50 percent or more compared to the 10 to 15 percent Swift \"likely\" had been receiving from Big Machine.[21]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-27"},{"link_name":"Scooter Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Braun"},{"link_name":"media proprietor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_proprietor"},{"link_name":"talent manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_manager"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Demi Lovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"SB Projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_Projects"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vox-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Ithaca Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Braun#Ithaca_Holdings"},{"link_name":"LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-27"},{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-27"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"the Carlyle Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group"},{"link_name":"Soros Fund Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros_Fund_Management"},{"link_name":"stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)"},{"link_name":"[note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyout"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vox-9"},{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"minority interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_interest"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-27"}],"sub_title":"Acquisition by Braun","text":"Scooter and I have been aligned with 'big vision brings big results' from the very first time we met in 2010. Since then I have watched him build an incredible and diverse company that is a perfect complement to the Big Machine Label Group. Our artist-first spirit and combined roster of talent, executives, and assets is now a global force to be reckoned with. This is a very special day and the beginning of what is sure to be a fantastic partnership and historic run.\n\n\n– Scott Borchetta on selling Big Machine to Scooter Braun[22]Scooter Braun is an American media proprietor, talent manager, and businessman known for managing the careers of music artists Justin Bieber, Ariana Grande, Demi Lovato, and Kanye West through his media company, SB Projects.[5][23] In June 2019, The Wall Street Journal, followed by other mainstream media, reported that Braun's holding company, Ithaca Holdings LLC., had fully acquired Big Machine Label Group by purchasing it for an estimated $330 million.[24][22] The purchase encompassed all aspects of Big Machine's business, including its client roster, distribution deals, publishing rights, and music masters,[22] and was financed by American private equity companies such as the Carlyle Group, 23 Capital, and Soros Fund Management, all of which owned a stake in Ithaca.[note 6] In a joint announcement, the companies claimed that the buyout \"creates one of the most powerful label, management, streaming, publishing and media companies by combining complimentary services, artists, executives and expertise\".[22] As part of the acquisition, the ownership of all of the masters and copyrights owned by Big Machine, including those of Swift's first six studio albums, transferred to Braun.[5] Borchetta joined the Ithaca board of directors, acquiring a minority interest in Ithaca, and remained as the president and CEO of Big Machine.[22]","title":"Dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tumblr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tumblr_post-5"},{"link_name":"Tumblr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews-3"},{"link_name":"Famous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_(Kanye_West_song)"},{"link_name":"revenge porn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_porn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vox-9"},{"link_name":"Kim Kardashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kardashian"},{"link_name":"FaceTime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FaceTime"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-19"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-34"}],"sub_title":"Swift's response","text":"For years I asked, pleaded for a chance to own my work. Instead I was given an opportunity to sign back up to Big Machine Records and 'earn' one album back at a time, one for every new one I turned in. ... I learned about Scooter Braun's purchase of my masters as it was announced to the world. All I could think about was the incessant, manipulative bullying I've received at his hands for years.\n\n\n– Taylor Swift, Tumblr, June 30, 2019[3]On June 30, 2019, Big Machine announced via social media that the label group had been acquired by Braun, following which Swift denounced the acquisition on Tumblr the same day. She stated that she had tried to buy her masters for years, but was not given a chance unless she signed another contract that would require her to create six more albums under the label in exchange for the masters of the first six, which she felt was \"unacceptable\". While she knew that Big Machine was for sale, she said she was unaware that Braun—whom she described as an \"incessant, manipulative bully\"—would be the buyer: \"Essentially, my musical legacy is about to lie in the hands of someone who tried to dismantle it\".[2] She highlighted Braun's involvement in the creation of West's music video for his 2016 single \"Famous\", which she described as \"a revenge porn music video which strips [her] body naked\".[5] Swift also claimed that Braun influenced Kim Kardashian, then-married to West, to orchestrate an \"illegally recorded\" snippet of Swift's phone call with West, and had \"two of [Braun's] clients\" collude to bully Swift online, referring to a FaceTime screenshot of Bieber, West and Braun, posted to Bieber's Instagram after Kardashian released the snippet.[26][27] Swift accused Borchetta of betraying her loyalty for selling the masters to Braun despite being aware of Braun's role in antagonizing Swift.[15] Passman argued that Borchetta never gave Swift \"an opportunity to purchase her masters, or the label, outright with a check in the way [Borchetta] is now apparently doing for others\".[28]","title":"Dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews-3"},{"link_name":"non-disclosure agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZHerald-36"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-19"}],"sub_title":"Borchetta's reply","text":"In response, Borchetta published a blog post titled \"It's Time For Some Truth\" on the Big Machine website.[15] On June 25, 2019, Big Machine shareholders and Braun's Ithaca Holdings held a phone call regarding the transaction. While Swift's father Scott was one of the label's minority shareholders (4 percent),[2] he did not join the call due to a \"very strict\" non-disclosure agreement. A final call was held on June 28, when Scott Swift was represented by a lawyer from Swift's management company, 13 Management.[15] Borchetta said he texted Swift on June 29, claiming that she was aware of Braun's transaction beforehand.[29] He denied that Braun had been hostile toward Swift,[30] and posted a text message he alleged Swift had sent before signing to Republic Records; in the message, Swift said she would accept another seven-year contract with Big Machine on the condition that she took ownership of her audiovisual works. Borchetta agreed, but asked for a ten-year contract. The authenticity of the message has not been verified.[15]","title":"Dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards_(cropped).png"},{"link_name":"American Music Awards of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2019"},{"link_name":"American Music Awards of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2019"},{"link_name":"Miss Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Americana"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-38"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-38"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Dick Clark Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark_Productions"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheCut-40"},{"link_name":"Tree Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_Paine"},{"link_name":"Tmall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmall"},{"link_name":"Singles Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles%27_Day"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-38"},{"link_name":"waivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiver"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-38"},{"link_name":"[note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Artist of the Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards#Artist_of_the_Decade"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_Nov_25,_2019-43"},{"link_name":"Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Clear_Channel_Stripped_2008"},{"link_name":"the time of Coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usat-45"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Swift at the American Music Awards of 2019On November 14, 2019, Swift accused Braun and Borchetta of preventing her from performing her older songs at the American Music Awards of 2019 and using older material for her 2020 documentary Miss Americana.[31] She said they were \"exercising tyrannical control\" over her music, and claimed Borchetta told her team that she would be allowed to use the music only if she agreed to not re-record \"copycat versions\" of her songs; Swift commented, \"the message being sent to me is very clear. Basically, be a good little girl and shut up. Or you'll be punished.\"[32]In response, Big Machine rejected Swift's claim, \"we have worked diligently to have a conversation about these matters with Taylor and her team to productively move forward. However, despite our persistent efforts to find a private and mutually satisfactory solution, Taylor made a unilateral decision last night to enlist her fanbase.\"[32] However, on November 18, the label issued a statement saying they had \"agreed to grant all licenses of their artists' performances to stream post show and for re-broadcast on mutually approved platforms\" for the AMAs, without naming Swift.[33] It also stated that Big Machine negotiated with the AMAs producer, Dick Clark Productions (DCP). DCP denied agreeing to issue any statement with Big Machine.[34]Swift's publicist Tree Paine released a statement the next day. Paine said Swift avoided performing her older songs at the Tmall Double Eleven Gala 2020, a Singles Day event in Shanghai, China, and sang only three songs from Lover, because \"it was clear that Big Machine Label Group felt any televised performance of catalog songs violated her agreement\",[32] attaching a screenshot of a portion of an alleged email from Big Machine that reads: \"Please be advised that [Big Machine] will not agree to issue licenses for existing recordings or waivers of its re-recording restrictions in connection with these two projects: The Netflix documentary and The Alibaba 'Double Eleven' event.\"[35] Paine also denied Big Machine's statement that said Swift \"has admitted to contractually owing millions of dollars and multiple assets\" to the label, and claimed the label is attempting to deflect from \"the $7.9 million of unpaid royalties\" that the label owes to Swift \"over several years\", as assessed by \"an independent, professional auditor\".[32] Swift performed six songs at the 2019 AMAs on November 24, 2019, four of which were from her first six albums,[note 7] and received the Artist of the Decade award.[37]In April 2020, Big Machine released Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008, a live album of Swift's performances at a 2008 radio show. Swift said she did not authorize the release, and dismissed it as \"just another case of shameless greed in the time of Coronavirus\".[38] Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 earned only 33 units in the US and did not chart anywhere.[39] From August 2019 to January 2020, Big Machine released 4,000 vinyl LPs of each of the singles from Taylor Swift for the album's 13th anniversary, which was met with immediate backlash from Swift's supporters.[40][41]","title":"Further strife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"CBS News Sunday Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_Sunday_Morning"},{"link_name":"Tracy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Smith_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"re-record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-recording_(music)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[note 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_license"},{"link_name":"synchronization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_rights"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"}],"text":"Swift's solution to her crisis was to create new recordings of all of the musical work in the six albums, using the publishing rights she retained, and to have the finished product sound as close to the original as possible.[4] She announced in August 2019, on a special episode of CBS News Sunday Morning with American journalist Tracy Smith,[42] that she would \"re-record\" and release the six albums to own the complete rights herself,[43][44][45] as soon as her Big Machine contract allowed her to.[note 8] By re-recording, Swift is technically covering her own songs as new recordings, resulting in new masters she fully owns, enabling her to control the licensing of her songs for commercial use, known as synchronization, by evading the owners of the older masters and subsequently devaluing them.[17]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shamrock Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-54"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_E._Disney"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-7"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-56"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"equity partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_partner"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-30"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-30"},{"link_name":"Music Business Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Business_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Sale to Shamrock","text":"In October 2020, Braun sold the masters, associated videos and artworks to Shamrock Holdings,[46] an American private equity firm owned by the Disney estate,[note 4] for a reported $405 million.[48] Swift stated that she attempted to negotiate with Braun, but that he offered her a chance to buy the masters back only if she signed an \"ironclad\" NDA that only allowed her to speak positively about Braun during the process; she refused to sign the NDA.[49][50] She also claimed that Braun mandated Shamrock not to notify her about the sale until it is complete,[51] and that she further declined an offer by Shamrock to become an equity partner, on the grounds that Braun and Ithaca Holdings would continue to financially benefit from her work.[25] Swift upheld her original decision and began the re-recording process in November 2020.[52] In response, Shamrock released a statement: \"We made this investment because we believe in the immense value and opportunity that comes with [Swift's] work. We fully respect and support her decision and, while we hoped to formally partner, we also knew [Swift's re-recording venture] was a possible outcome that we considered.\"[25] According to a June 2023 Music Business Worldwide report, Braun and Ithaca earned a profit of $265 million from buying and selling the masters.[53]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-62"},{"link_name":"Love Story (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Fearless (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"Wildest Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildest_Dreams_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildest_Dreams_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-68"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-69"},{"link_name":"Red (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement-70"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"All Too Well (10 Minute Version) (Taylor's Version) (From the Vault)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Too_Well_(10_Minute_Version)_(Taylor%27s_Version)_(From_the_Vault)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Jack Antonoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Antonoff"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"This Love (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Love_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-77"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Eras Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eras_Tour"},{"link_name":"Safe & Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_%26_Sound_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"Eyes Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes_Open_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games: Songs from District 12 and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Songs_from_District_12_and_Beyond"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Speak Now (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Now_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_debut-82"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"1989 (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_2023-84"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trust-2023-86"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Midnights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnights"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Is It Over Now?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_It_Over_Now%3F"},{"link_name":"Now That We Don't Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_That_We_Don%27t_Talk"},{"link_name":"\"'Slut!'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Slut!%22"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Swift's re-recordings","text":"Swift began releasing her re-recorded music in 2021. The re-recorded albums and songs are identified by the note \"(Taylor's Version)\" added to all of their titles, to distinguish them from the older recordings.[54]In February 2021, Swift announced that she had finished re-recording Fearless and released \"Love Story (Taylor's Version)\", a re-recording of the album's lead single \"Love Story\", on February 12.[55] Fearless (Taylor's Version) was released on April 9 to rave reviews from music critics, who praised Swift's move to re-record her music, viewing it as an act of preservation of artists' rights.[56][57][58] On September 15, following a viral TikTok trend involving \"Wildest Dreams\" (2015) that was gaining traction, the older recording of the song accumulated 735,000 plays on Spotify, marking the highest single-day streams ever for the song on the streaming platform. On September 17, Swift teased the re-recorded song's bridge as part of the said trend with a snippet on TikTok, captioning \"if you guys want to use my version of wildest dreams for the slow zoom trend, here she is!\". \"Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)\" was subsequently released to streaming platforms. Swift stated that she saw \"Wildest Dreams\" trending on TikTok and thought fans should have \"[her] version\" of the song.[59][60] In its first four hours of availability, \"Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)\" amassed 2,003,391 Spotify streams, breaking the record the older \"Wildest Dreams\" had set a few days prior.[61]On November 12, 2021, Swift released Red (Taylor's Version), the re-recorded issue of Red, consisting of all 30 songs that were originally meant for the 2012 version.[62] The album broke several sales, streaming, and chart records,[63][64] and was met with widespread acclaim,[65] becoming her highest-rated album by critics on Metacritic.[66] Its closing track, \"All Too Well (10 Minute Version) (Taylor's Version) (From the Vault)\", scored Swift the eighth Billboard Hot 100 number-one song of her career and garnered the Guinness World Record for the longest song ever to top the chart.[67] The song's producer Jack Antonoff told Rolling Stone that a 10-minute-long song topping the Hot 100 teaches artists to \"not listen\" to what the industry has to say.[68] \"This Love (Taylor's Version)\", a track from 1989 (Taylor's Version), was released on May 6, 2022.[69] In September 2022, Swift reportedly turned down an offer to headline the Super Bowl LVII halftime show in 2023, refusing to play the show until her re-recording process is finished.[70]In March 2023, ahead of the Eras Tour, Swift released a re-recording of the Speak Now deluxe edition track \"If This Was a Movie\", along with re-recordings of \"Safe & Sound\" and \"Eyes Open\" from The Hunger Games: Songs from District 12 and Beyond.[71] At the tour's first Nashville show on May 5, Swift announced Speak Now (Taylor's Version), which was released on July 7.[72] It broke the Spotify record for the most-single days streams for an album in 2023,[73] made Swift the first woman to score 12 Billboard 200 number-one albums,[74] and the fastest woman to collect 10 number-one albums in the UK, surpassing Madonna.[75]1989 (Taylor's Version) was released on October 27, 2023.[76] Globally, it garnered the highest single-day streams for an album in 2023 on Spotify,[77] and its tracks occupied the top six of the Billboard Global 200 concurrently, making Swift the first artist to do so.[78] In the US, 1989 (Taylor's Version) became Swift's record-extending sixth album to sell one million copies in a single week,[79] and surpassed Midnights, her tenth studio album, for the highest first-week vinyl sales of the 21st century.[80] 1989 (Taylor's Version) debuted atop the Billboard 200 with over 1.6 million units, surpassing the original 1989's first-week figures by 400,000 units, and marked the largest album sales week of Swift's career and the 2020s decade.[81] The vault tracks \"Is It Over Now?\", \"Now That We Don't Talk\", and \"'Slut!'\" occupied the top three spots of the Hot 100 in that order.[82]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-54"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"joint-venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-92"},{"link_name":"Business Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"exclusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_(news)"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"[note 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"news stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"Lil Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Twist"},{"link_name":"tabloid websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_journalism"},{"link_name":"TMZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMZ"},{"link_name":"Page Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_six"},{"link_name":"on the record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_(journalism)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Press investigation","text":"On November 16, 2020, Variety journalist Shirley Halperin reported, \"some insiders speculate the value [of Swift's masters] could be as high as $450 million once certain earn-backs are factored in\".[46] According to a November 2021 report by Financial Times, Braun believed that Swift was \"just bluffing\" about re-recording. The newspaper stated that, after purchasing Big Machine, Braun began searching for buyers for the masters of Swift's back catalog, and that he and co-investors told potential buyers that Swift would not actually re-record the albums, calling her announcement an \"empty threat\"; Braun also told the buyers that Swift's posts about the dispute would only generate more publicity, boosting streams and downloads of the albums. Financial Times also alleged that the deal between Braun and Shamrock included \"a post-purchase earnout to Braun and Carlyle Group, if sales and streams hit specific targets\".[83] On December 10, 2021, The New York Times published that the Carlyle Group contacted Braun and encouraged him to reach a ceasefire with Swift, such as a joint-venture partnership, to prevent her from re-recording, according to an undisclosed group of \"four people close to the situation\", three of whom said the firm was \"unhappy to be dragged into the dispute in such a public way\".[84]Business Insider reporter Anna Silman released an investigation exclusive in March 2022. Silman wrote that one of Swift's many reasons to detest Braun's procurement of the masters is his poor handling of the relationship between Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez, the latter being one of Swift's closest friends and vice versa.[note 9] Silman also stated that Braun controlled news stories of several media outlets and blogs. American rapper Lil Twist told Silman that Braun used tabloid websites such as TMZ and Page Six to plant negative stories about the rapper. Silman claimed that Braun refused to speak on the record, and that many others were afraid to go on record due to Braun's \"rep for litigiousness\". Additionally, she stated that Braun's lawyer, Marty Singer, threatened Business Insider several times over the investigation, claiming Silman is biased and has \"deep ties to the Taylor Swift camp.\"[86]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"merged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions"},{"link_name":"Hybe Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybe_Corporation"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"J Balvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Balvin"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rhett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rhett"},{"link_name":"Florida Georgia Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Georgia_Line"},{"link_name":"Lady A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_A"},{"link_name":"K-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"BTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow X Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_X_Together"},{"link_name":"Seventeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Sale of Ithaca","text":"In April 2021, Braun merged Ithaca with South Korean entertainment company Hybe Corporation, which purchased Ithaca for a 100 percent stake through its wholly owned subsidiary, Hybe America. The deal, valued at $1 billion, brought the SB Projects and Big Machine rosters, including Bieber, Grande, Lovato, J Balvin, Thomas Rhett, Florida Georgia Line, and Lady A, together with K-pop acts like BTS, Tomorrow X Together, and Seventeen. Braun joined the board of Hybe.[87] In a September 2022 interview with NPR's Jay Williams, Braun stated he regrets the way the Big Machine acquisition was handled, admitted he came from a \"place of arrogance\" when he assumed that he and Swift \"could work things out\", and that he learned \"an important lesson\". Braun also stated that he was forced to make the purchase under a \"very strict NDA\" and hence was not allowed to talk to anybody about it.[88][89]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pop-culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-20"},{"link_name":"Hashtags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-38"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-100"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vox-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"}],"text":"The controversy was highly publicized, drawing reactions and critiques from across the internet. Swift's re-recordings were one of the most widely discussed and covered news topics of 2020–2021, and were described by media outlets as one of 2021's most prominent pop-culture events.[90] Evening Standard called it \"music's biggest feud\", because \"back catalogues regularly change hands behind the scenes, but almost never make headlines\".[16] Hashtags \"#IStandWithTaylor\" and \"#WeStandWithTaylor\" trended worldwide on Twitter following Swift's post.[32][91][5] Billboard wrote, since the controversy, acts \"lined up for Team Swift or Team Braun, creating the most public battle about an artists' masters in recent memory\".[19]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelly_Clarkson_2018_DoD_Warrior_Games_Opening_Ceremony_14_-_Cropped_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Anne Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Murray"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"Halsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsey_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Iggy Azalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Azalea"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-103"},{"link_name":"Sara Bareilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bareilles"},{"link_name":"Lily Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Allen"},{"link_name":"Tinashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinashe"},{"link_name":"Ella Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Eyre"},{"link_name":"Hayley Kiyoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Kiyoko"},{"link_name":"Camila Cabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Cabello"},{"link_name":"Jordan Pruitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Pruitt"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-104"},{"link_name":"Brendon Urie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Urie"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Kelsea Ballerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsea_Ballerini"},{"link_name":"JoJo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoJo_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-106"},{"link_name":"Azealia Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azealia_Banks"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"The Regrettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Regrettes"},{"link_name":"Echosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echosmith"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-108"},{"link_name":"Haim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alessia Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessia_Cara"},{"link_name":"Allie X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_X"},{"link_name":"Hrvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvy"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Peters"},{"link_name":"Iza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iza_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-103"},{"link_name":"Anita Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Baker"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Sky Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"entertainment industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_industry"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Ed Sheeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Sheeran"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-100"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Cara Delevingne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Delevingne"},{"link_name":"Heidi Montag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Montag"},{"link_name":"Sara Sampaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Sampaio"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-103"},{"link_name":"Martha Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-106"},{"link_name":"Gigi Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Hadid"},{"link_name":"Antoni Porowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Porowski"},{"link_name":"Bobby Berk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Berk"},{"link_name":"Ruby Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Rose"},{"link_name":"Jameela Jamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameela_Jamil"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-104"},{"link_name":"Mike Birbiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Birbiglia"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-108"},{"link_name":"Mamrie Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamrie_Hart"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-103"},{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-106"},{"link_name":"Ty Dolla Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vox-9"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Todrick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todrick_Hall"},{"link_name":"homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"opening act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_act"},{"link_name":"Fearless Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearless_Tour"},{"link_name":"Hailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey_Bieber"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-103"},{"link_name":"David Geffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Geffen"},{"link_name":"music executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_executive"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-35"}],"sub_title":"Entertainment industry","text":"Kelly Clarkson urged Swift to re-record the albums.Swift's response and social media posts sparked support from many of her contemporaries. Musicians who openly supported her include Dionne Warwick,[92] Anne Murray,[93] Cher, Selena Gomez, Halsey, Iggy Azalea,[94] Sara Bareilles, Lily Allen, Tinashe, Ella Eyre, Hayley Kiyoko, Camila Cabello, Jordan Pruitt,[95] Brendon Urie,[96] Kelsea Ballerini, JoJo,[97] Azealia Banks,[98] The Regrettes, Echosmith,[99] Antonoff, Haim, Alessia Cara, Allie X, Hrvy, Gretchen Peters, Iza, Katy Perry,[94] and Anita Baker,[100] who agreed with Swift that artists should rightfully own their music. American musician Sky Ferreira supported Swift and told about her own battle over her masters: \"the entertainment industry is filled with under qualified bullies & morons with way too much power for their own good.\"[101] When questioned about his stance, English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran said \"I have been speaking directly to [Swift], like I always do.\"[91] American singer Kelly Clarkson, in a tweet, urged Swift to re-record the albums; \"You should go in & re-record all the songs that you don't own the masters on exactly how you did them ... I'd buy all of the new versions just to prove a point.\"[102] Various other singers unfollowed Braun on their social media accounts.[103][104] Beside musicians, celebrities like Cara Delevingne, Heidi Montag, Sara Sampaio,[94] Martha Hunt,[97] Gigi Hadid, Antoni Porowski, Bobby Berk, Ruby Rose, Jameela Jamil, Joseph Kahn,[95] Mike Birbiglia,[99] and Mamrie Hart also supported Swift via social media posts.[94]A few musicians supported Braun, including Australian singer-songwriter Sia,[97] American singer Ty Dolla Sign, and Braun's clients Bieber and Lovato. Lovato and Sia said they believe Braun is a \"good man\" and that his actions were not personal.[5][105] American entertainer Todrick Hall, who was formerly a client of Braun, supported Swift and accused Braun of homophobia; Hall engaged in a back-and-forth argument with Lovato on Twitter. In an Instagram post, Bieber apologized to Swift for the FaceTime screenshot (with Braun and West) he posted in 2016 with a caption targeting her; however, Bieber defended Braun, saying Braun has supported Swift since she let Bieber be the opening act of her Fearless Tour and added \"years have passed, we haven't crossed paths and gotten to communicate our differences, hurts or frustrations. So for you to take it to social media and get people to hate on Scooter isn't fair.\" Bieber's wife Hailey called him a \"gentleman\" under the post, which prompted Delevingne to criticize the Biebers for what she considered as insincere amity. Grande, also a client of Braun, posted an Instagram story congratulating Braun on the purchase but deleted it after Swift posted her statement.[94] David Geffen, a music executive whom Braun has often described as a mentor, supported Braun but said \"only time will tell who made the wise decision\".[29]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Warren,_official_portrait,_114th_Congress_(cropped)(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez"},{"link_name":"creative businesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_industries"},{"link_name":"private equity groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity_group"},{"link_name":"US economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_economy"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"2020 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"our economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez"},{"link_name":"leveraged buyouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveraged_buyouts"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Glenn Youngkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin"},{"link_name":"2021 Virginia gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Terry McAuliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Google Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"},{"link_name":"Swifties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifties"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-117"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-117"},{"link_name":"Jared Polis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Polis"},{"link_name":"Governor of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"the state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"22 (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Politicians","text":"US Democratic politicians Elizabeth Warren (pictured left) and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (right) criticized the \"predatory\" purchases of creative businesses by private equity groups for harming the US economy.On November 19, 2019, US senator Elizabeth Warren, who was one of the Democratic candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election, stated on Twitter that Swift is \"one of many\" whose work has been threatened by private equity firms, who keep \"gobbling up more and more of our economy, costing jobs and crushing entire industries.\" Holding private equity firms accountable was a large part of Warren's presidential campaign.[106] US representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez also sided with Swift. She tweeted: \"Private equity groups' predatory practices actively hurt millions of Americans. Their leveraged buyouts have destroyed the lives of retail workers across the country, scrapping 1+ million jobs. Now they're holding [Swift's] own music hostage. They need to be reined in.\"[107]American businessman Glenn Youngkin was the former co-CEO of the Carlyle Group, the major sponsor in Braun's purchase of Big Machine and Swift's masters. Youngkin contested in the 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election as the Republican candidate for the office of the Governor of Virginia. On October 6, 2021, ahead of the election, former governor and Democratic candidate Terry McAuliffe launched a series of negative advertisements on Facebook, Instagram, and Google Search, tying Youngkin to the purchase. The ad included the slogan \"#WeStandWithTaylor\", a hashtag used by Swifties during the fallout of the dispute, and asked her supporters to vote for McAuliffe.[108][109] Youngkin's spokesperson, Christian Martinez, stated \"McAuliffe has reached the stage of desperation in his campaign where he's rolling out the most baseless attacks to see what sticks\". Additionally, NPR highlighted a July 2021 report by Associated Press that claimed McAuliffe himself had invested a minimum of $690,000 in Carlyle between 2007 and 2016. McAuliffe's spokesperson, Renzo Olivari, confirmed that McAuliffe was a \"passive\" Carlyle investor who by 2019, at the time of the sale of the masters, owned less than $5,000 in Carlyle stock.[108]Jared Polis, the 43rd Governor of Colorado, mentioned Swift's re-recording venture as a highlight of 2021 in his annual gubernatorial address to the state on January 14, 2022, and sang the chorus of \"22 (Taylor's Version)\" in reference to the new year of 2022.[110][111]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Def Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Leppard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-35"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-121"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-122"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-122"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-121"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-20"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"MarketWatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketWatch"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-124"},{"link_name":"corporate greed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_greed"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-92"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Dunkin' Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkin%27_Brands"},{"link_name":"aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-125"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-126"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-62"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Money Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_Marketing"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"The New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Business Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_(news_website)"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-131"},{"link_name":"Refinery29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinery29"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Marie Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire"},{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_journalism"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"Music critics","text":"Publications highlighted Swift's public opposition to the acquisition as trailblazing: while the issue of master ownership and the conflicts between record labels and artists such as Prince, the Beatles, Janet Jackson, and Def Leppard have been prevalent, Swift was one of the few to make it public.[6][29][112][113] Rolling Stone journalists described the dispute as one of the 50 \"most important moments\" of the 2010s.[114] Dominic Rushe of The Guardian said Swift's situation hinted at a change in the digital music era, where artists are more informed of their ownership and would not rely on record labels for marketing as heavily as in the past.[113] Recognizing the visibility she brought to \"one of the music industry's longest standing issues\", Pitchfork critic Sam Sodomsky said Swift \"is also so huge—not just an artist but a brand—that she can enact change by wielding the leverage of the reliability of her success\", and that when she makes a statement, it is \"financially lucrative for the industry to listen\".[112] The Evening Standard's Katie Rosseinsky wrote, \"it is not just another celebrity feud, this could have wide-reaching repercussions for the music industry.\"[16]The New York Times, The A.V. Club and MarketWatch felt Swift's criticism targeted private equity firms, highlighting her mention of the Carlyle Group in her social media posts.[115] The New York Times said, \"at a time of public outrage over corporate greed and a heightened awareness of gender-based power dynamics, the 29-year-old Ms. Swift was able to turn a commercial dispute into a cause célèbre.\"[84] Meera Jagannathan of MarketWatch described the Carlyle Group as a \"powerful and politically connected\" firm based in Washington, D.C., whose investments constitute a global portfolio of 272 companies, including Supreme, Dunkin' Brands, and many aerospace and defense companies.[116]Critical commentary on Swift's decision to re-record remained favorable as well. Variety's Chris Willman wrote that Swift's highly publicized move to re-record her back catalog would inspire other artists to \"further deputize or weaponize fans in their own business disputes\", unlike comparatively less successful attempts by her contemporaries to own their music.[117] The Atlantic's Spencer Kornhaber opined that the re-recordings have been \"a dazzling victory lap\", disproving industry observers who had doubted Swift.[118] Elle's Fawzia Khan and The New Yorker's Carrie Battan hailed the \"(Taylor's Version)\" tag attached to the re-recorded music as genius re-branding of Swift's back catalog.[54][119] Charlotte Richards, writing for Money Marketing, said the situation helps understand \"dangerous investing\", such as Braun's.[120] The New Zealand Herald reporter Lydia Burgham dubbed the move \"ultimate middle finger to the bureaucracy of the music industry\", while revealing how \"even someone of Swift's star power cannot hold on to the rights to her recorded work.\"[121] With the success of Red (Taylor's Version), Hannah Towey of Business Insider said \"the Taylor's Version era is already sending shockwaves throughout the industry.\"[122]Unlike most artists when faced with this kind of injustice, Swift actually had the ability to stand up for herself, and in doing so, invoke meaningful dialogue and inspire change within the notoriously slow-moving music industry ... Re-recording a back catalogue of six full albums and respective secret bonus tracks, then developing a hugely successful campaign to drive loyal fans towards the new versions of their beloved albums—and away from the original master recordings, prompting a dip in streams that will be mimicked in the rights holders' income statement—is something only very, very few artists can do. Taylor Swift is, indeed, amongst that handful.— Eilish Gilligan, Taylor Swift's Re-Recordings Expose The Music Industry's Chokehold On Intellectual Property, Refinery29[123]The Wall Street Journal journalist Neil Shah wrote, for using her back catalog in mass media, such as for commercials and movies, Swift can shut out Shamrock and Braun by directly lending the concerned song to the third party, approving the copyright license herself.[17] Kate Dwyer of Marie Claire said the re-recorded albums free Swift from the sexist tabloid scrutiny of her private life that overshadowed her past works, by re-introducing listeners and critics to the same songs but without \"as much gender bias\", and that the audiences who \"didn't believe she was a feminist before (for whatever, sexist reason) can't deny the feminist undertones of becoming the industry spokesperson for artists' rights.\"[124]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law firms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-134"},{"link_name":"Erin M. Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_M._Jacobson"},{"link_name":"CBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-135"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-34"},{"link_name":"Norton Rose Fulbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Rose_Fulbright"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-34"},{"link_name":"Public Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Knowledge"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-131"},{"link_name":"Berklee College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Framers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Useful Art Clauses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useful_art"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Steve Stoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Stoute"},{"link_name":"sharecropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-35"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School"},{"link_name":"goods and services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIPRD-139"},{"link_name":"LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"Legal scholars","text":"Various lawyers and law firms have published their analyses of the controversy. The majority highlighted the lack of legal grounds and that a lawsuit is not viable. Susan H. Hilderley, music attorney at University of California's Los Angeles School of Law, told The Washington Post that Swift not owning her masters is \"nothing out of the ordinary\". Hilderley noted Swift was an unknown artist when she signed her record deal and that signing off the masters to the record label is the \"kind of terms\" usually followed in artist-label agreements.[125] In a similar vein, Erin M. Jacobson, a music attorney specializing in artist-label negotiations, said on CBC News that \"the structure of a label owning the master has been in place for such a long time that a lot of people are just used to that\". She affirmed that Swift has no legal recourse on the contract but can effect change in the music industry and benefit all artists.[126]The Hollywood Reporter consulted music lawyers Howard King and Derek Crownover regarding the controversy; King said Swift would not sue Braun or the label because of the \"personal\" nature of the dispute—her predicament being not the sale itself but that Braun is the buyer—having no legal recourse. In agreement, Crownover said: \"from the satellite view, I don't see any legal ramifications that could come of this, unless there were restrictions on the sale of the masters to third parties.\"[28] James Jeffries-Chung of Norton Rose Fulbright asserted Shamrock cannot prevent Swift from re-recording her music by any legal measure since she is the publisher of her songs and that all they can hope is \"listeners may be less interested in hearing modern takes of songs they enjoyed a decade ago and stick with the originals.\"[127]Any time Taylor brings attention to an issue, it gets magnified ... She has a very loud megaphone and she's not afraid to use it. She's had great success in effectuating change.— James Sammataro, music attorney, The Hollywood Reporter[28]Many opined that Swift's moves will bring about systemic changes in the music industry and artist-label relationships. Meredith Rose, senior policy counsel at Public Knowledge, wrote in her American Bar Association post that \"if Swift—who is, without exaggeration, one of the biggest powerhouse pop stars of an entire generation—can't get her own masters back, who could? Turns out, almost nobody.\"[122] According to Tonya Butler, professor and chair of the Music Business Management Department at Berklee College of Music, \"regardless of the reasons why [Swift is] re-recording, whether it's spite or good business, the fact she is bringing to attention the re-recording restriction agreement alone makes the whole controversy valuable.\"[4] McBrayer's Peter J. Rosene stated that each \"Taylor's Version\" album lowers the value of the master of its respective original held by Shamrock and predicted that the sales of the re-recordings \"might, in fact, outperform the original albums.\"[128] Justin Tilghman of the University of Georgia School of Law opined that the clause that prohibits an artist from re-recording their own songs for a designated period of time can \"go too far and, in effect, violate the public policy the Framers had in mind when drafting the Useful Art Clauses.\"[129]American author Steve Stoute said \"you build it; we make you think that you own it; you act like you own it; but at the end of the day, we own it.\" He opined that Swift's dilemma is a \"painful\" illustration of the fundamental issue with the music business that has been following a \"sharecropping\" model.[29] According to professor R. Polk Wagner of the University of Pennsylvania Law School, Swift associating her lyrics with a range of goods and services through trademark applications represents her understanding that \"she is bigger than the music\". He added \"it's more of a branding right, thinking of Taylor Swift as a conglomerate.\"[130] Doug McMahon of Irish firm McCann Fitzgerald LLP opined that the controversy shows how \"the bundle of related copyrights that exist in a piece of music can give rise to complex disputes\" and upheld Swift's move to re-record as a \"relatively novel solution\", in regards to the copyright legislations in Ireland.[131]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Women in Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music"},{"link_name":"Woman of the Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music#Woman_of_the_Decade_Award"},{"link_name":"toxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_masculinity"},{"link_name":"male privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_privilege"},{"link_name":"due diligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_diligence"},{"link_name":"album designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_cover"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-142"},{"link_name":"The Recording Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"video montage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_montage"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"taglines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagline"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"sub_title":"Recognition","text":"At the 2019 Billboard Women in Music event, Swift was conferred the inaugural Woman of the Decade award for the 2010s. In her acceptance speech, Swift addressed Braun for the first time publicly, criticizing his \"toxic male privilege\" and the \"unregulated world of private equity coming in and buying [artists'] music as if it's real estate—as if it's an app or a shoe line.\" She claimed that none of the investors \"bothered to contact me or my team directly—to perform their due diligence on their investment; on their investment in me. To ask how I might feel about the new owner of my art, the music I wrote, the videos I created, photos of me, my handwriting, my album designs.\"[132]In December 2021, Billboard recognized Swift as \"The Greatest Pop Star of 2021\", saying she \"rewrote industry rules and had one of the most impactful years of her storied pop career without even releasing an entirely new album.\" The magazine stated that the \"unequivocal success\" of Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red (Taylor's Version) prove the widespread acceptance of the recordings, which replaced the older versions as \"the ones listeners will be digesting and caring about moving forward.\"[133] The Recording Academy said the \"Taylor's Versions\" are a music trend that defined 2021.[134] Swift and her re-recording venture were featured in a video montage by Vox summarizing major world events of the year.[135] Rolling Stone listed Braun's purchase of Swift's masters as one of the 50 worst decisions made in music industry history,[136] and noted Swift's role in shifting the public perception of the concept of re-recording or re-mastering.[137]The term \"(Taylor's Version)\" and its variants have since achieved cultural prominence as taglines.[138] Organizations such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and National Football League (NFL) have since used or parodied the term in their promotional digital content.[139][140]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-152"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:232-155"},{"link_name":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"the world's best-selling soloist and female artist of 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-26"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"sub_title":"Financial impact","text":"The re-recordings were widely successful.[133][141] The original Fearless was charting at number 157 on the US Billboard 200 chart before the impact of Fearless (Taylor's Version), after which the original dropped 19 percent in sales and fell off the chart completely, while the re-recording debuted at number one. Ben Sisario of The New York Times opined that Fearless (Taylor's Version) \"accomplished what appeared to be one of Swift's goals: burying the original Fearless.\"[142][143] This became a pattern: Each announcement of a Taylor's Version album caused a spike in interest in the original album, but upon release of the new recording, the original plummeted in consumption and exited the chart; the original Red dropped by 45 percent, Speak Now by 59 percent and 1989 by 44 percent, following the release of their respective re-recordings.[144][145] In October 2023, Bloomberg News estimated the value of the four re-recordings to be $400 million.[146]The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry reported that Swift was the world's best-selling soloist and female artist of 2021.[147] Forbes estimated her 2021 earnings to be US$52,000,000,[148] and opined that Swift \"recreating her catalog also sets [her] up for a potentially massive payday\".[21] Her publication rights over her first six albums were valued at $200 million in 2022.[149] Rolling Stone reported in January 2022 that Swift was the highest-paid female musician of 2021, owing to Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red (Taylor's Version), ahead of artists who released brand new albums that year.[150] In December 2022, Billboard reiterated that Swift was the top earning musician overall in 2021, taking home an estimated $65.8 million, followed by English band the Rolling Stones ($55.5 million).[151]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synch requests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_rights"},{"link_name":"Shake It Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_It_Off"},{"link_name":"Blank Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_Space"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-26"},{"link_name":"synchronization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_rights"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-56"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Swift"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-56"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Look What You Made Me Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"spy thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_fiction"},{"link_name":"Killing Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Eve"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Jack Antonoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Antonoff"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryan_Reynolds_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Match.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match.com"},{"link_name":"Ryan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Ryan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Match.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match.com"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-26"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Spirit Untamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Untamed"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix_Animation"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Fate: The Winx Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate:_The_Winx_Saga"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"romantic drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_Drama"},{"link_name":"The Summer I Turned Pretty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Summer_I_Turned_Pretty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Back to December (Taylor's Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_December_(Taylor%27s_Version)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-77"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Message in a Bottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_in_a_Bottle_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"superhero film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_film"},{"link_name":"DC League of Super-Pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_League_of_Super-Pets"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"NBC Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"Fifty Shades Darker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Shades_Darker_(film)"},{"link_name":"I Don't Wanna Live Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Wanna_Live_Forever"},{"link_name":"family films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_films"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-56"}],"sub_title":"Synchronization","text":"Every week, we get a dozen synch requests to use \"Shake It Off\" in some advertisement or \"Blank Space\" in some movie trailer, and we say no to every single one of them. And the reason I'm rerecording my music next year is because I do want my music to live on. I do want it to be in movies, I do want it to be in commercials. But I only want that if I own it.— Swift to Billboard in 2019, Forbes[21]Swift has pointedly refused to authorize synchronization requests for the original versions of her songs from her first six albums, advising use of her re-recorded versions instead.[48] American actor and Swift's brother, Austin, manages the licensing of her songs.[48] A cover version of \"Look What You Made Me Do\" (2017), the lead single of Reputation, was featured in the opening credits of an episode (aired May 24, 2020) of spy thriller series Killing Eve. The artist credited as the performer of the cover, Jack Leopards & the Dolphin Club, had no documented existence before the song's release. It was fronted by an unnamed male vocalist, speculated by some media outlets to be Austin,[152] and was produced by Jack Antonoff and Nils Sjöberg, the latter being a pseudonym of Swift.[153] Because Swift could not re-record Reputation at the time the episode aired, some believed that the cover version was Swift's way of bypassing the potential issues that would arise with Big Machine over licensing the copyright to Killing Eve. A copyright license is mandatory for using a song in a visual work; otherwise, the owner of the copyright is allowed to fine or press charges against the party who used the song unlicensed.[154][155]A Match.com commercial produced by Ryan Reynolds (pictured) was the first production to make use of a re-recorded Swift song.The re-recorded tracks have been featured in various visual media: \"Love Story (Taylor's Version)\" appeared in an advertisement produced by Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds for the dating app Match.com.[21] \"Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)\" was extensively used in the trailers for the animated adventure film Spirit Untamed (2021)[156] and in an episode of Netflix fantasy series Fate: The Winx Saga (2022).[157] The trailers of Amazon Prime Video romantic drama series The Summer I Turned Pretty made use of parts of \"This Love (Taylor's Version)\" and \"Back to December (Taylor's Version)\".[69][158] \"Message in a Bottle\" (2021) and \"Bad Blood (Taylor's Version)\" are featured in animated superhero film DC League of Super-Pets (2022).[159]According to Billboard, filmmakers are aware that \"Swift songs in scenes or trailers instantly build streaming and ticket-buying audiences\" and, in return, use of the songs generates interest in the re-recorded albums. Mike Knobloch, president of music and publishing in American mass media corporation NBC Universal (which released Spirit Untamed) and who also worked with Swift's team for the Fifty Shades Darker track \"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\" (2016), claimed that \"Swift is exposing new music to the widest possible audience. For now, her strategy focuses on family films, but that approach is unlikely to last forever ... She's on a short list of artists that are impactful to the broadest audience. If that translates to family films as a target, then that makes sense. But I don't think she's doing that exclusively.\"[48]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swifties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifties"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-126"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-169"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"David Grutman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grutman"},{"link_name":"Instagram story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram_story"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"death threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_threat"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheCut-40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-20"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Change.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change.org"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"the civil war in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"combat aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_aircraft"},{"link_name":"drop bombs in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen_(2016%E2%80%93present)#Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-92"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-124"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-125"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-169"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon"},{"link_name":"monologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monologue"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fallon"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"}],"sub_title":"Fan action","text":"Journalists and media outlets credited Swift's fans, known commonly as \"Swifties\", with aiding Swift in magnifying the publicity surrounding the controversy and the success of her re-recording efforts.[117][160][161] Whereas, Braun claimed that Swift \"weaponized\" her fanbase by making the dispute public.[162]On June 30, 2019, following the news that Braun had acquired Big Machine—and along with it Swift's back catalog—many of Braun's friends congratulated him on their social media accounts; American entrepreneur David Grutman captioned a screenshot of the news headline with \"WHEN YOUR FRIEND BUYS TAYLOR SWIFT\" in his Instagram story, which Braun re-posted to his account. The story and its re-post were quickly deleted after Swift's fans claimed it as reflecting Braun's true intent.[163] On November 22, 2019, Braun posted on Instagram claiming he received death threats from Swift's fans, and wanted to have a conversation with Swift regarding the dispute.[34] He wrote, \"I am certain there is no situation ever worth jeopardising anyone's safety.\"[16] Big Machine headquarters in Nashville was shut down early on November 14, 2019, due to \"direct and hostile death threats\" made to the company's employees.[164] An online petition launched by a fan on Change.org, calling Braun, Borchetta and the Carlyle Group \"to stop holding Swift's art hostage\", garnered 35,000 signers in its first three hours. Michael Jones, managing director of campaigns in Change.org, described the petition as \"one the fastest-growing petitions on the platform this month\".[165]Fans also mined information about the Carlyle Group and claimed it has ties to the civil war in Yemen. Subsequently, publications such as The New York Times confirmed that Carlyle owns the aerospace manufacturer Wesco Aircraft Holdings, which supplies parts for building Saudi Arabian combat aircraft that are used to drop bombs in Yemen.[84][115][116] Following the release of Fearless (Taylor's Version), fans blocked the tracks of Fearless (2008) on their digital music platforms, such as Spotify, to prevent accidentally streaming it—in order to make the older recordings \"disappear\".[166][160] On the May 12, 2022, episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, in his opening monologue, host Jimmy Fallon summarized several fan speculations about the next re-recorded album from Swift, theorizing that it is either Speak Now (Taylor's Version), 1989 (Taylor's Version), or both at the same time.[167]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130710-ByanAdamsLucca-0019_(9273168286).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivia_Rodrigo_at_Vice_President%27s_West_Wing_office.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Rita Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Ora"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Joe Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jonas"},{"link_name":"Jonas Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Bryan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Adams"},{"link_name":"98 Degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98_Degrees"},{"link_name":"the Departed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Departed_(band)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Doggystyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggystyle"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)"},{"link_name":"her self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_(album)"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Niki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_(album)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Paris Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Stars Are Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_Are_Blind"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"SZA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZA"},{"link_name":"Billboard Woman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music#Woman_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Offset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Migos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migos"},{"link_name":"Quality Control Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Control_Music"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Saoirse Ronan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoirse_Ronan"},{"link_name":"Greta Gerwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Gerwig"},{"link_name":"the 2019 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women"},{"link_name":"Louisa May Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Melissa Etheridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Etheridge"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Imogen Heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Heap"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Maren Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maren_Morris"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Zara Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Rina Sawayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rina_Sawayama"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"Peer acknowledgment","text":"Musicians ranging from senior artists like Bryan Adams (pictured left) to 2021 newcomers like Olivia Rodrigo (right) were influenced by the controversy.American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo stated that she negotiated with her record label to own her music's masters herself, after observing Swift's battle,[168] and British singer Rita Ora thanked Swift for providing an incentive to purchase her masters herself.[169] American singer Joe Jonas said that he wishes to re-record the Jonas Brothers' back catalog just like Swift.[170] Canadian musician Bryan Adams, American vocal group 98 Degrees and American rock band the Departed were inspired by Swift to re-record.[171][172][173] American musician Dave Grohl, frontman of the rock band Foo Fighters, said he was \"deeply impressed\" by Swift and supports her vision.[174] American rapper Snoop Dogg cited Swift's re-recordings and stated he wanted to re-record his debut album, Doggystyle (1993), but could not bring himself to do it because he was unable to replicate the \"feeling\".[175] American singer-songwriter Ashanti announced her intention to re-record her self-titled debut album to gain its masters, and told Metro that she felt \"empowered\" by Swift; Ashanti further stated \"I think Taylor is amazing for what she's done and to be able to be a female in this very male-dominated industry, to accomplish that is amazing. Owning your property and getting a chance to have ownership of your creativity is so so important. Male, female, singer, rapper, whatever, I hope this is a lesson for artists to get in there and own.\"[176]Indonesian singer-songwriter Niki stated Swift inspired her to re-record and \"reimagine\" her original songs that she had deleted from YouTube after signing to her record label, incorporating them into her second studio album, Nicole (2022).[177] American socialite Paris Hilton released an \"updated\" version of her 2006 song, \"Stars Are Blind\", re-titled as \"Stars are Blind (Paris' Version)\", on December 30, 2022.[178] American singer SZA praised Swift in her 2023 Billboard Woman of the Year interview: \"Taylor letting that whole situation go with her masters, then selling all of those fucking records. That's the biggest 'fuck you' to the establishment I've ever seen in my life, and I deeply applaud that shit.\"[179] American rapper Offset, a former member of hip hop group Migos, claimed to be \"rap's Taylor Swift\" following a dispute with Quality Control Music, his former record label, over his solo career. He has said he is seeking \"control over his master recordings\".[180] Irish actress Saoirse Ronan and American filmmaker Greta Gerwig said Swift's fight for ownership resonated with them while making the 2019 film adaptation of Little Women, whose author Louisa May Alcott also held onto her copyright.[181] American musician Melissa Etheridge called the re-recording project \"probably the most impressive musical business feat I've ever seen. Ever.\"[182] British musician Imogen Heap called the project \"a badass card to stay in control of [Swift's] work in a commercial music industry that largely works against musicians.\"[183] American singer and songwriter Maren Morris said she found \"deep inspiration\" in Swift's \"courage\" \"turning the tables on exploitative businessmen and taking back ownership\".[184] In 2023, The Guardian opined that \"a revolution is brewing in the music business\", witnessing a new generation of female artists, such as Zara Larsson, Dua Lipa, and Rina Sawayama, following Swift's precedence to acquire ownership of their music rights and maintaining a defiant attitude towards forfeiting all rights to the music label.[185]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-millionaire"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-20"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Weverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weverse"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wait-198"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wait-198"},{"link_name":"Erin M. Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_M._Jacobson"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"}],"sub_title":"Systemic changes","text":"Swift is one of few artists with the power and profile to create change in the music world—when she acts, the industry listens. In reclaiming her masters, and drawing attention to the saga surrounding it, she has made a dramatic statement about the importance of artists owning their work and refusing to let others capitalise on their creativity. Sure, she's a multi-millionaire but in using her platform in this way, she's galvanising other, less established artists to fight for a better deal.— Katie Rosseinsky, \"How Taylor Swift is changing the music industry one re-record at a time\", Evening Standard[16]On November 12, 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Universal Music Group, the parent company of Swift's current label, has doubled the amount of time that restricts artists from re-recording their works in their recording deals hereafter. The newspaper said the change represents \"shifting power dynamics in the music business\", as artists have started to demand better revenue shares and ownership of the masters to their music, incentivized by Swift's situation.[186] Weverse said \"the recording industry had been watching [Swift's] rerecording project closely to see where it might go and has recently begun to react\" and pointed out that musicians have started to demand the rights to their masters \"more and more often\" following the controversy.[187] On November 17, 2021, iHeartRadio announced that its radio stations will only play \"Taylor's Version\" songs henceforth, with plans to replace the rest of the older recordings with the re-recorded tracks as they are officially released.[188]Following the success of Swift's re-recordings, record labels and companies began to contractually prohibit music artists from ever re-recording their songs or increasing the waiting period to 10–30 years. In October 2023, Billboard reported that the major labels—Universal, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group—overhauled clauses on re-recording in the contracts for new signees, with several music attorneys opposing this change.[189] Additionally, more artists have moved toward a licensing deal where they retain control of the masters, though traditional contracts where the label owns the masters remain more common.[189] In January 2024, The Guardian reported that the retention periods for music publishing is down from 25 years three decades ago to between 12 and 15 years. According to music industry journalist Eamonn Forde, the publishing part of the music business was \"ahead of the curve.\" On the other hand, label re-recording restrictions are getting longer after the Taylor Swift issue, and that labels do not want re-records, they need to protect their assets. \"They don\"t want their product replaced by something else\", stated music industry attorney Erin M. Jacobson. However, in order \"to stay competitive, the traditional labels have to consider some alternate structures or terms that are a little more artist-friendly\", she said.[190]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cultural impact of Taylor Swift § Academic programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift#Academic_programs"},{"link_name":"higher educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Rafael Landívar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Land%C3%ADvar_University"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"spring semester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_term"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Tisch School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"syllabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabus"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Queen's University at Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"sociopolitical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia Darden School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Darden_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"University of South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"}],"sub_title":"Academic attention","text":"See also: Cultural impact of Taylor Swift § Academic programsThe controversy has also been a topic of study in higher educational institutions. On October 4, 2021, Rafael Landívar University in Guatemala hosted a conference on the topic \"International Copyright Protection: Analyzing Taylor Swift's Case\".[191] In January 2022, a spring semester course focusing on Swift's career and its cultural impact was launched at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, with \"copyright and ownership\" as one of the topics covered by the syllabus.[192] Queen's University at Kingston offers a fall semester course, titled \"Taylor Swift's Literary Legacy (Taylor's Version)\", focusing on her sociopolitical impact on contemporary culture; its syllabus includes studying select songs from Swift's studio albums, with the use of re-recorded versions wherever possible.[193] The University of Virginia Darden School of Business released a new case study on the masters controversy in September 2023.[194] In November 2023, the University of South Dakota announced a law course centered around Swift's interactions with the law, which will examine her re-recordings and related copyright issues.[195]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Tears Ricochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Tears_Ricochet"},{"link_name":"Mad Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Woman"},{"link_name":"Folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_(Taylor_Swift_album)"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-205"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-206"},{"link_name":"Evermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evermore"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-207"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-206"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-205"},{"link_name":"Vigilante Shit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante_Shit"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"Midnights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnights"},{"link_name":"diss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diss_(music)"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)"},{"link_name":"Demi Lovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"Revamped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revamped"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"docuseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_documentary"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery"},{"link_name":"Discovery+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%2B"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"}],"sub_title":"Inspiration","text":"Songs from each of Swift's 2020 albums, \"My Tears Ricochet\" and \"Mad Woman\" from Folklore,[196][197] and \"It's Time to Go\" from Evermore, were underscored by critics for their references to the dispute, Borchetta, and Braun.[198] \"My Tears Ricochet\" is about how Swift felt betrayed by Borchetta and uses a funeral metaphor,[197] while \"Mad Woman\" is about the \"gaslighting\" Swift experienced at the hands of Braun.[196] Widespread interpretation has that the tracks \"Vigilante Shit\" and \"Karma\" from her 2022 album, Midnights, also diss Braun.[199][200][201]Vulture critic Jason P. Frank opined, American singer Demi Lovato's decision to release her 2023 remix album, Revamped, was inspired by Swift's re-recordings.[202] A docuseries commissioned by Warner Bros. Discovery, titled Taylor Swift vs. Scooter Braun: Bad Blood, will be released to Discovery+ in the UK and Ireland in June 2024.[203]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-albums_2-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_(album)"},{"link_name":"Fearless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearless_(Taylor_Swift_album)"},{"link_name":"Speak Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_Now"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Taylor_Swift_album)"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(album)"},{"link_name":"Reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_(album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inews-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tumblr_post-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A_7-1"},{"link_name":"the Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Roy E. Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_E._Disney"},{"link_name":"investment firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_firm"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"The Valory Music Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records#Valory_Music_Co."},{"link_name":"BMLG Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMLG_Records"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"},{"link_name":"The Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"Love Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"I Knew You Were Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Knew_You_Were_Trouble"},{"link_name":"Blank Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_Space"},{"link_name":"Shake It Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_It_Off"},{"link_name":"Camila Cabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Cabello"},{"link_name":"Halsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsey_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lover_(Taylor_Swift_song)"},{"link_name":"Misty Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_Copeland"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_Nov_25,_2019-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"^ Namely, Taylor Swift (2006), Fearless (2008), Speak Now (2010), Red (2012), 1989 (2014) and Reputation (2017).[1]\n\n^ The contract, signed in 2005, stated that Swift would henceforth release six studio albums under Big Machine. Therefore, following the cessation of the promotional activities for her sixth studio album, Reputation (2017), the contract officially expired in November 2018.[2]\n\n^ This is an excerpt from the lengthy post Swift made on Tumblr,[3] and is not meant to condense or summarize her entire statement.\n\n^ a b Not to be confused with the Walt Disney Company. Shamrock is a private corporation founded by Roy E. Disney as the Disney family's investment firm. The family completely owns Shamrock and remains its sole investor.[47]\n\n^ The Big Machine Label Group encompasses Big Machine Records, The Valory Music Co., BMLG Records, Big Machine/John Varvatos Records, publishing company Big Machine Music, and digital radio station Big Machine Radio.[18]\n\n^ According to The New York Times, the Carlyle Group owned about one-third of Ithaca Holdings and contributed \"a significant sum\" for the purchase.[25]\n\n^ Swift performed a medley of \"The Man\" (2020), \"Love Story\" (2008), \"I Knew You Were Trouble\" (2012), \"Blank Space\" (2014), \"Shake It Off\" (2014) with singers Camila Cabello and Halsey, and \"Lover\" (2019) featuring American ballet dancer Misty Copeland.[36] The shirt Swift wore for \"The Man\" and the piano she played for \"Lover\" displayed the titles of the six albums.[37]\n\n^ Swift's recording contract with Big Machine stipulates that she shall be able to re-record a song or an album only after five years since their respective release dates. For instance, Fearless was released on November 11, 2008, and thus it had been eligible for re-recording since November 11, 2013.[16]\n\n^ Swift and Gomez regard each other as one of their greatest friends and have expressed their admiration for each other numerous times in the media since 2008. Their friendship has been widely covered by media outlets and mainstream publications.[85]","title":"Footnotes"}]

[{"image_text":"Taylor Swift (pictured in 2006) signed her record deal with Big Machine Records in 2005 at age 15, giving the ownership of the masters of her first six studio albums to the label.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Taylor_Swift.jpg/260px-Taylor_Swift.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scooter Braun (pictured in 2019) purchased Big Machine in 2019 and became the owner of the masters of Swift's first six albums, which he later sold to Shamrock Holdings in 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Disrupt_SF_TechCrunch_Disrupt_San_Francisco_2019_-_Day_2_%2848838717986%29.jpg/260px-Disrupt_SF_TechCrunch_Disrupt_San_Francisco_2019_-_Day_2_%2848838717986%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swift at the American Music Awards of 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards_%28cropped%29.png/170px-191125_Taylor_Swift_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards_%28cropped%29.png"},{"image_text":"Kelly Clarkson urged Swift to re-record the albums.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kelly_Clarkson_2018_DoD_Warrior_Games_Opening_Ceremony_14_-_Cropped_01.jpg/170px-Kelly_Clarkson_2018_DoD_Warrior_Games_Opening_Ceremony_14_-_Cropped_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Match.com commercial produced by Ryan Reynolds (pictured) was the first production to make use of a re-recorded Swift song.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ryan_Reynolds_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Ryan_Reynolds_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Cultural impact of Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift"},{"title":"Taylor Swift sexual assault trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift_sexual_assault_trial"},{"title":"2022 Ticketmaster controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ticketmaster_controversy"}]

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Retrieved May 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/tv/global/taylor-swift-vs-scooter-braun-docuseries-discovery-plus-1235994008/","url_text":"\"'Taylor Swift vs. Scooter Braun' Docuseries Coming to Discovery+ in U.K.\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_H._Killian

Eugene H. Killian

["1 Notes"]

American politician Eugene H. Killian (December 1, 1873 – February 19, 1943) was an American printer, newspaper man, and politician. Born in Watertown, Wisconsin, Killian was a linotype printer and wrote several articles about Watertown for the Watertown Daily Times. He was also involved with the Typographical Union and the Wisconsin State Federation of Labor. Killian served on the Watertown Fire and Police Commission and was a Republican. Killian served in the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1921 to 1925. He died in Watertown, Wisconsin. Notes ^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1923,' Biographical Sketch of Eugene H. Killian, pg. 624 ^ 'In Assembly Journal of the Sixth-Sixth Session of the Wisconsin Legislature January 13-August 3, 1943, Democratic Printing Company, Madison, Wisconsin: 1943, March 16, 1943, Eugene H. Killian, pg. 321-322 This article about a Republican Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly born in the 1870s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavn%C3%ADk_dynasty

Slavník dynasty

["1 History","1.1 Etymology","1.2 Origin and early history","1.3 Slavniks' downfall","1.4 Aftermath","2 Territory","3 Family members","3.1 Certain","3.2 Related","3.3 Possible","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Sources"]

Foundations of a church in the Slavniks' gord Libice nad Cidlinou, Central Bohemia The Slavniks/Slavníks or Slavnikids (Czech: Slavníkovci; German: Slawnikiden; Polish: Sławnikowice) was a dynasty in the Duchy of Bohemia during the 10th century. It is considered to be of White Croat origin. The center of the semi-independent principality was the gord of Libice located at the confluence of the rivers Cidlina and Elbe. The Slavníks competed with the Přemyslid dynasty for control over Bohemia and eventually succumbed to them. History Etymology The name Slavník comes from the Proto-Slavic *slava ("glory") + *-nikъ. Origin and early history St. Adalbert (Vojtěch) and his brother Gaudentius (Radim). The statues in Libice Generally it is considered by many scholars to be a dynasty of White Croats in Bohemia. The vast majority of what is known about the Slavnik family, is from the works by John Canaparius, Bruno of Querfurt, and Cosmas of Prague. Prince (dux) Slavník (†981), is generally considered as the founder of the dynasty, as there is no other known older relevant personality. He therefore also gave the name to the whole family. According to Bruno of Querfurt, Slavník was the grandson of the Saxon duke Henry I, by maternal line most probably of an unknown Slavic woman, with whom Otto I had an illegitimate son William. This connection explains the friendly relationship between Slavnik's son Vojtěch, Saint Adalbert of Prague, with Otto III, and the Otto's efforts (Congress of Gniezno) around St. Adalbert's canonization, and the installation of Adalbert's brother Radim Gaudentius as the first archbishop of Gniezno Cathedral. According to Canaprius and Bruno of Querfurt, Slavnik was a noble ruler, and although he ruled over a vast territory and had plenty of gold and silver and minions, he was a humble man, generous towards to the poor people. His wife Střezislava, a noble woman characterized by modesty and compassion, came from a noble Slavic family, "worthy of his royal blood". As such, they were appreciated by both nobles and common people. Slavník had at least 6 sons, among whom two – Vojtěch (Adalbert) and the illegitimate Radim (Gaudentius) – later became saints. Slavnik's duchy tried to keep its quasi-independence by maintaining friendly relationships with its neighbours, such as with the blood-related Saxon Ottonian dynasty, or with the Přemyslid dynasty or Zlicans (supposedly related to Střezislava), and with the Polish Piast dynasty. Slavniks' downfall Slavnik's heir was his son Soběslav who rushed to consolidate the princedom's independence. For instance, he began to coin money in Libice, known among numismatists as the silver senars, in spite of the primacy of Prague. Prague was the capital of the Duchy of Bohemia, ruled by Boleslaus II, and the Diocese of Prague was founded there in 973. However, after Adalbert was appointed the head of the Diocese in 982, a conflict escalated between Boleslaus II of Bohemia and Poland's Duke Bolesław I Chrobry in 985, and in 989 Adalbert left the Diocese, only to return in 991 or 992 when a truce was signed. Although he managed to found the Břevnov Monastery, as he was from another principality's noble family, he did not have enough authority and support by Boleslaus II in the Diocese, and in late 994 offered his episcopal see to Strachkvas, Boleslaus II's brother, who nevertheless refused it. In 995 Adalbert again temporarily left for Rome. In these conflicts lies the answer of their downfall. Slavniks did not help Boleslaus II, they were either neutral or allied with Bolesław I of Poland. This was a direct challenge to Boleslaus II; he could not afford any mighty rivals and was determined to add the Slavnik lands to his dukedom. In early September of 995, while Soběslav was at war against Lusatian tribes as Boleslaw's and Otto III's ally, Boleslaus II with confederates (the Vršovci) stormed Libice on September 28, and massacred all of the family, although he originally promised a truce to Soběslav's brothers until his return. Only three Slavnik family members survived, because they were not present at Libice at that time: Soběslav, Adalbert and Radim (Gaudentius). Aftermath Soběslav temporarily lived in Poland and was comforted by Bolesław I. The ruler also stood out as an intermediary for Adalbert toward Boleslaus II, appealing for Adalbert's return, but the nobility and the people did not accept Adalbert, as they were afraid of his possible vengeful intentions. In 996, when Strachkvas Přemyslid was going to assume the office of a bishop in Prague, he suddenly died during the ceremony. The strength of the conflict of the two dynasties is also demonstrated by the Přemyslid rulers' refusal to ransom Saint Adalbert's body from the Prussians who murdered him, so it was purchased by Bolesław I, and was quickly canonized by the common effort with Otto III. Soon after, a temporary anarchy escalated in Bohemia, as two weak dukes Boleslaus III and Vladivoj followed, leading to the Bolesław I's temporary control of Prague. Eventually, a year later, Soběslav was killed by Bohemians defending a bridge near Prague, shielding the retreat of Polish forces from Prague in 1004. Territory The territory of the dynasty in the Duchy of Bohemia under Boleslaus I. and Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia. According to the Czech archaeologist E. Šimek (1930), who researched the note by Cosmas of Prague, the center of the Slavnik's principality was Libice, a castrum located at the confluence of the rivers Cidlina and Elbe, and fort Stara Kouřim. It included castrum Litomyšl, and their border in the East went as far as castrum Kłodzko on the Nisa river in now South-Western Poland. In the North their land went as far Charvatce, probably previous or newly founded settlement by the White Croats. In the West their territory stretched along the rivers Jizera, and further in the South-West along Vltava and in the short part Mže. The territory included settlements Netolice, Doudleby and Chýnov. Family members This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Certain Slavník (†981) Strezislava (†987) Soběslav or Soběbor (†1004) Spytimír (†995) Pobraslav (†995) Porej (†995) Časlav (†995) Vojtěch Saint Adalbert of Prague (†997) Related Radim Gaudentius Possible Witizla Vok Radslav the Zlican Radla – a priest or a monk, the teacher of Adalbert Astrik See also List of rulers of Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia White Croatia Notes ^ First variant (without diacritic mark) is more common in English-language literature References ^ Vach 2006, p. 255–256. ^ Dvornik 2006, p. 228-260. ^ Dvornik 2006, p. 15-22. ^ Gluhak 1990, p. 150. ^ Sedov 2013, p. 431. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 142-185. ^ a b c Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-107-65139-5. ^ Łowmiański, Henryk (2004) . Nosić, Milan (ed.). Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) (in Croatian). Translated by Kryżan-Stanojević, Barbara. Maveda. pp. 19, 94. OCLC 831099194. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 157. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 167. As the noble families have the tradition of repeating the names, the mentioned Spoitamor or Spitimir from Annales Fuldenses (872) could have been related to the Slavniks family ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 146-147, 164. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 145-147, 164. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 160-163. Potens in honore et divitiis... vir magnus inter cunctos terrae illius habitatores... cum esset dominus terrae, fuit tamen mediocris homo ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 161-163. Hic accepit uxorem dignam generis sui.. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 161. Honoraverunt eos nobiles et divites et coluerunt maxime pauperum turbae ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 166. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 174-177. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 177. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 173-180. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 180-181. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 178-179(I). Quaerelas eciam imperatori fecit, quod dux Boemiorum Bolizlavus sine misericordia sibi suisque fratribus plura mala fecisset... Duxo vero ille pro amore sancti fratris magnis promissis et amicus opibus eum solatur... In servicium imperatoris profectus paganorum expugnationes adiuvit ^ Loserth 2008b, p. . ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 178-179(II). Dux vero ille pro amore sancti fratris mognis promissis et amicis opibus eum solatur ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 179(I). Declinavit ad praefatum ducem, quia sibi amicissimus erat... Dux vero cognita voluntate eius, dat ei navem ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 179(II). Nolumus eum, quia si veniet, non venit pro nostra salute sed pro puniendis malis et iniuriis que fratribus suis fecimus et fecisse iuvat... Omnino nolumus, nec est tibi locus in populo tuo, qui vis vindicare occisos fratres vulnere magno... Scimus qua cogitas o homo, omnino nolumus ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 178–179. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 182. ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 183. Zobislaus frater Aethelberti praesulis et Christi martyris subsecutus in ponte vulneratus opperiit et magnum hostibus gaudim, suis autem luctum ineffabilem reliquit... Sed quando digna indigni scribimus, nunc est mortuus gladio frater maximus ^ Loserth 2008b, p. 159. Huius tam insignis ducis metropolis fuit Lubic sita loco ubi amnis Cydlina nomen perdit suum, intrans liberioris aquae in fluvium Labe. Habuit autem sui principatus hos terminos: Ad occidentalem plagam contra Boemiam rivulum Suriam et castrum quod est situm in monte Oseca iuxta flumen Msam. Similiter plagam ad australem contra Teutonicos orientales has urbes habuit terminales: Chinov, Dudlebi, Netolici usque ad mediam silvam. Item solis ad ortum contra Moraviae regnum castrum sub silva situm nomine Luthomisl usque ad rivulum Svitava qui est in media silva. Item ad aquilonalem plagam contra Poloniam castellum Cladzco situm iuxta flumen nomine Nizam ^ Šimek 2006, p. 192-193. ^ a b Šimek 2006, p. 194-195. ^ Šimek 2006, p. 193-194. ^ Šimek 2006, p. 193. ^ Šimek 2006, p. 194. ^ Šimek 2006, p. 195. Sources In Serbo-Croatian Dvornik, Francis. "Propast Slavnikovića ". In Nosić (2006). Gluhak, Alemko (1990). Porijeklo imena Hrvat (in Croatian). Zagreb, Čakovec: Alemko Gluhak. Loserth, Johann (2008a). "Češka kneževina za vladavine Boleslava II ". In Nosić (2008). Loserth, Johann (2008b). "Propast hrvatske kneževske obitelji Slavnikovića ". In Nosić (2008). Nosić, Milan, ed. (2006). Bijeli Hrvati I (in Croatian). Maveda. ISBN 953-7029-04-2. Nosić, Milan, ed. (2008). Bijeli Hrvati II (in Croatian). Maveda. ISBN 978-953-7029-12-8. Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) . Славяне в раннем Средневековье . Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1. Šimek, Emanuel. "Zapadne granice Slavnikove države, Pogranična tvrđava 'in monte Osseca' i potok 'Surina' ". In Nosić (2006). Vach, Miloslav. "Češki Hrvati ". In Nosić (2006). In Czech Hásková, Jarmila (1995). "Slavníkovci ve výpovědi svých mincí" . Archeologické rozhledy. XLVII (2): 225–230. Lutovský, Michal (1995). "Několik poznámek k problematice slavníkovské domény" . Archeologické rozhledy. XLVII (2): 239–245. Lutovský, Michal; Petráň Zdeněk (2005). Slavníkovci. Mýtus českého dějepisectví . Praha: Libri. ISBN 80-7277-291-0. Sláma, Jiří (1995). "Slavníkovci – významná či okrajová záležitost českých dějin 10. století?" . Archeologické rozhledy. XLVII (2): 182–224. Třeštík, Dušan (1997). Počátky Přemyslovců. Vstup Čechů do dějin (530–935) . Praha: NLN. ISBN 80-7106-138-7. Třeštík, Dušan; Žemlička, Josef, eds. (1998). Svatý Vojtěch, Čechové a Evropa . Praha: NLN. ISBN 80-7106-237-5. Turek, Rudolf (1946). Slavníkova Libice . Praha: Orbis. In German Josef Teige: "Blätter aus der altböhmischen Genealogie. Slavnikiden /Die Vrsovcen /Die Herren von Lichtenburg". Damböck, 2005. R. Turek. Die fruhmittelalterlichen Stammegebiete in Bohmen. Praha, 1957, S. 23—25, 184—191. Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic

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It is considered to be of White Croat origin. The center of the semi-independent principality was the gord of Libice located at the confluence of the rivers Cidlina and Elbe. The Slavníks competed with the Přemyslid dynasty for control over Bohemia and eventually succumbed to them.","title":"Slavník dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"*slava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slava"},{"link_name":"*-nikъ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-nik%D1%8A"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The name Slavník comes from the Proto-Slavic *slava (\"glory\") + *-nikъ.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socha_Svateho_Vojtecha_a_Radima.jpg"},{"link_name":"White Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Croats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVach2006255%E2%80%93256-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik2006228-260-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik200615-22-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990150-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013431-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b142-185-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerendUrba%C5%84czyk2013-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John Canaparius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Canaparius"},{"link_name":"Bruno of Querfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_of_Querfurt"},{"link_name":"Cosmas of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b157-10"},{"link_name":"Slavník","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavn%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b167-11"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_(archbishop_of_Mainz)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b146-147,_164-12"},{"link_name":"Adalbert of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Congress of Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Radim Gaudentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radim_Gaudentius"},{"link_name":"Gniezno Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gniezno_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b145-147,_164-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b160-163-14"},{"link_name":"Střezislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99ezislava"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b161-163-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b161-16"},{"link_name":"Vojtěch (Adalbert)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Radim (Gaudentius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radim_Gaudentius"},{"link_name":"Ottonian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Přemyslid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zlicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlicans"},{"link_name":"Piast dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b166-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerendUrba%C5%84czyk2013-8"}],"sub_title":"Origin and early history","text":"St. Adalbert (Vojtěch) and his brother Gaudentius (Radim). The statues in LibiceGenerally it is considered by many scholars to be a dynasty of White Croats in Bohemia.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]The vast majority of what is known about the Slavnik family, is from the works by John Canaparius, Bruno of Querfurt, and Cosmas of Prague.[9] Prince (dux) Slavník (†981), is generally considered as the founder of the dynasty, as there is no other known older relevant personality.[10] He therefore also gave the name to the whole family. According to Bruno of Querfurt, Slavník was the grandson of the Saxon duke Henry I, by maternal line most probably of an unknown Slavic woman, with whom Otto I had an illegitimate son William.[11] This connection explains the friendly relationship between Slavnik's son Vojtěch, Saint Adalbert of Prague, with Otto III, and the Otto's efforts (Congress of Gniezno) around St. Adalbert's canonization, and the installation of Adalbert's brother Radim Gaudentius as the first archbishop of Gniezno Cathedral.[12]According to Canaprius and Bruno of Querfurt, Slavnik was a noble ruler, and although he ruled over a vast territory and had plenty of gold and silver and minions, he was a humble man, generous towards to the poor people.[13] His wife Střezislava, a noble woman characterized by modesty and compassion, came from a noble Slavic family, \"worthy of his royal blood\".[14] As such, they were appreciated by both nobles and common people.[15] Slavník had at least 6 sons, among whom two – Vojtěch (Adalbert) and the illegitimate Radim (Gaudentius) – later became saints.Slavnik's duchy tried to keep its quasi-independence by maintaining friendly relationships with its neighbours, such as with the blood-related Saxon Ottonian dynasty, or with the Přemyslid dynasty or Zlicans (supposedly related to Střezislava), and with the Polish Piast dynasty.[16][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soběslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_(d._1004)"},{"link_name":"numismatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Boleslaus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Bolesław I Chrobry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b174-177-18"},{"link_name":"Břevnov Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99evnov_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Strachkvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strachkvas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b177-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b173-180-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b180-181-21"},{"link_name":"Lusatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Vršovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ovci"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b178-179(I)-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2021]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E&#91;%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2021)%22%3Epage&nbsp;needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E&#93;%3C/sup%3E-23"}],"sub_title":"Slavniks' downfall","text":"Slavnik's heir was his son Soběslav who rushed to consolidate the princedom's independence. For instance, he began to coin money in Libice, known among numismatists as the silver senars, in spite of the primacy of Prague. Prague was the capital of the Duchy of Bohemia, ruled by Boleslaus II, and the Diocese of Prague was founded there in 973. However, after Adalbert was appointed the head of the Diocese in 982, a conflict escalated between Boleslaus II of Bohemia and Poland's Duke Bolesław I Chrobry in 985, and in 989 Adalbert left the Diocese, only to return in 991 or 992 when a truce was signed.[17] Although he managed to found the Břevnov Monastery, as he was from another principality's noble family, he did not have enough authority and support by Boleslaus II in the Diocese, and in late 994 offered his episcopal see to Strachkvas, Boleslaus II's brother, who nevertheless refused it. In 995 Adalbert again temporarily left for Rome.[18]In these conflicts lies the answer of their downfall. Slavniks did not help Boleslaus II, they were either neutral or allied with Bolesław I of Poland.[19] This was a direct challenge to Boleslaus II; he could not afford any mighty rivals and was determined to add the Slavnik lands to his dukedom.[20] In early September of 995, while Soběslav was at war against Lusatian tribes as Boleslaw's and Otto III's ally, Boleslaus II with confederates (the Vršovci) stormed Libice on September 28, and massacred all of the family, although he originally promised a truce to Soběslav's brothers until his return.[21]Only three Slavnik family members survived, because they were not present at Libice at that time: Soběslav, Adalbert and Radim (Gaudentius).[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b178-179(II)-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b179(I)-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b179(II)-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b178%E2%80%93179-27"},{"link_name":"Prussians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Prussians"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b182-28"},{"link_name":"Boleslaus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslaus_III,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Vladivoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivoj,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b183-29"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Soběslav temporarily lived in Poland and was comforted by Bolesław I.[23] The ruler also stood out as an intermediary for Adalbert toward Boleslaus II, appealing for Adalbert's return,[24] but the nobility and the people did not accept Adalbert, as they were afraid of his possible vengeful intentions.[25]In 996, when Strachkvas Přemyslid was going to assume the office of a bishop in Prague, he suddenly died during the ceremony.[26] The strength of the conflict of the two dynasties is also demonstrated by the Přemyslid rulers' refusal to ransom Saint Adalbert's body from the Prussians who murdered him, so it was purchased by Bolesław I, and was quickly canonized by the common effort with Otto III.[27]Soon after, a temporary anarchy escalated in Bohemia, as two weak dukes Boleslaus III and Vladivoj followed, leading to the Bolesław I's temporary control of Prague. Eventually, a year later, Soběslav was killed by Bohemians defending a bridge near Prague, shielding the retreat of Polish forces from Prague in 1004.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Boleslaus I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoserth2008b159-30"},{"link_name":"Libice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libice_nad_Cidlinou"},{"link_name":"Cidlina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidlina_River"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0imek2006192-193-31"},{"link_name":"Stara Kouřim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kou%C5%99im"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BerendUrba%C5%84czyk2013-8"},{"link_name":"Litomyšl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litomy%C5%A1l"},{"link_name":"Kłodzko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odzko"},{"link_name":"Nisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0imek2006194-195-32"},{"link_name":"Charvatce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charvatce"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0imek2006193-194-33"},{"link_name":"Jizera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizera_(river)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0imek2006193-34"},{"link_name":"Vltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vltava"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0imek2006194-35"},{"link_name":"Mže","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%BEe"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0imek2006194-195-32"},{"link_name":"Netolice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netolice"},{"link_name":"Doudleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doudleby"},{"link_name":"Chýnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BDnov"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0imek2006195-36"}],"text":"The territory of the dynasty in the Duchy of Bohemia under Boleslaus I. and Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia.According to the Czech archaeologist E. Šimek (1930), who researched the note by Cosmas of Prague,[29] the center of the Slavnik's principality was Libice, a castrum located at the confluence of the rivers Cidlina and Elbe,[30] and fort Stara Kouřim.[7] It included castrum Litomyšl, and their border in the East went as far as castrum Kłodzko on the Nisa river in now South-Western Poland.[31] In the North their land went as far Charvatce, probably previous or newly founded settlement by the White Croats.[32] In the West their territory stretched along the rivers Jizera,[33] and further in the South-West along Vltava[34] and in the short part Mže.[31] The territory included settlements Netolice, Doudleby and Chýnov.[35]","title":"Territory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slavník","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavn%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Strezislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strezislava"},{"link_name":"Soběslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_(d._1004)"},{"link_name":"Saint Adalbert of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague"}],"sub_title":"Certain","text":"Slavník (†981)\nStrezislava (†987)\nSoběslav or Soběbor (†1004)\nSpytimír (†995)\nPobraslav (†995)\nPorej (†995)\nČaslav (†995)\nVojtěch Saint Adalbert of Prague (†997)","title":"Family members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radim Gaudentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radim_Gaudentius"}],"sub_title":"Related","text":"Radim Gaudentius","title":"Family members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Witizla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witizla"},{"link_name":"Radslav the Zlican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radslav_the_Zlican"},{"link_name":"Radla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radla"},{"link_name":"Astrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrik"}],"sub_title":"Possible","text":"Witizla\nVok\nRadslav the Zlican\nRadla – a priest or a monk, the teacher of Adalbert\nAstrik","title":"Family members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ First variant (without diacritic mark) is more common in English-language literature","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Kobayashi

Kenji Kobayashi

["1 Early life and apprenticeship","2 Shogi professional","2.1 Promotion history","2.2 Titles and other championships","2.3 Awards and honors","2.4 Theoretical contributions","3 JSA director","4 References","5 External links"]

Japanese shogi player Kenji KobayashiNative name小林健二Born (1957-03-31) March 31, 1957 (age 67)HometownTakamatsu, KagawaCareerAchieved professional statusDecember 20, 1975(1975-12-20) (aged 18)Badge Number123Rank9-danRetiredMarch 31, 2022(2022-03-31) (aged 65)TeacherSusumu Itaya  (9-dan)Tournaments won2Career record699–775 (.474)Notable studentsTakashi IkenagaYūta KomoriRyō ShimamotoSeiya TomitaAkihiro IdaKenshi TokudaSaito Morimoto Shinobu IwaneKeika KitamuraJuri KimuraWebsitesJSA profile page Kenji Kobayashi (小林健二, Kobayashi Kenji, born March 31, 1957) is a Japanese retired professional shogi player who achieved the rank of 9-dan. He is also a former director of the Japanese Shogi Association. Early life and apprenticeship Kobayashi was born in Takamatsu, Kagawa on March 31, 1957. He entered the Japan Shogi Association's apprentice school in 1972 at the rank of 6-kyū under the guidance of professional shogi player Susumu Itaya . At first, Kobayashi pursued his apprenticeship at the Japan Shogi Association's school in Tokyo; however, he soon began to have health problems, and moved to Nagoya to study under Itaya as a uchi-deshi (a live-in apprentice). He was promoted to the rank of apprentice professional 1-dan in 1974 and obtained full-professional status and the rank of 4-dan in December 1975. Shogi professional Kobayashi became the 40th professional to win his 600th official game when he defeated Kaishū Tanaka  in Meijin Class C1 tournament play on June 9, 2009. In March 2018, Kobayashi finished the 76th Meijin Class C2 league (April 2017 – March 2018) with a record of 3 wins and 7 losses, earning a second consecutive demotion point which meant he was only one point away from automatic demotion to "Free Class" play. As a result, he declared his intention to the Japan Shogi Association to become a Free Class player as of April 2018 rather than risk automatic demotion. Kobayashi retired from professional shogi on March 31, 2022. His career record was 699 wins and 774 loses. Promotion history The promotion history for Kobayashi is as follows: 6-kyū: 1972 1-dan: 1974 4-dan: December 20, 1975 5-dan: April 1, 1979 6-dan: April 1, 1981 7-dan: April 1, 1983 8-dan: April 1, 1986 9-dan: March 1, 2002 Titles and other championships Kobayashi never appeared in a major title match, but he won two non-major shogi championships during his career: the Young Lions  in 1977 and the Hayazashi Senshuken  in 1994. Awards and honors Kobayashi received the Japan Shogi Association's "Best New Player" (1980) and "Technique Award" (1990) Annual Shogi Awards. He also received the association's "25 Years Service Award" in 2000 for being an active professional for twenty-five years and the "Shogi Honor Award" in 2009 for winning 600 official games. Theoretical contributions Together with Masataka Sugimoto he was well-known for systematizing Fourth File Rook josekis before the advent of the Fujii System, and also as the creator of the Super Fourth File Rook opening (スーパー四間飛車). JSA director Kobayashi served on the Japan Shogi Association's board of directors as a director from 1999 to 2004. References ^ "Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ^ a b c "Kishi Meikan: Kudan Kobayashi Kenji" 棋士名鑑: 九段 小林 健二 . 平成26年版 将棋年鑑 2014 (Shogi Yearbook: Heisei 26 (2014) edition) (in Japanese). MyNabi Publishing/Japan Shogi Association. 2014. pp. 551–552. ISBN 978-4-8399-5175-7. Retrieved November 8, 2019 – via Google Books. ^ a b c Geneki Purō Kishi DētaBukku 2016 A-Ta Gyō 現役プロ棋士データブック2016 あ-た Letter "Ta" to letter "Wa"] (in Japanese). MyNabi Publishing/Japan Shogi Association. 2015. p. 46. ASIN B019SSNKVA. Retrieved November 8, 2019 – via Google Books. ^ "Kobayashi Kenji Kudan, Roppyakushō (Shōgi Eiyoshō) wo Tasei" 小林健二九段, 600勝(将棋栄誉賞)を達成 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. June 10, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ^ "Dai Nanajūrokki Meijinsen･Jun'isen Ckumi Nikyū" 第76期名人戦･順位戦 C級2組 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ^ "Kobayashi Kudan, Kanzaki Hachidan ga Furī Kurasu ni" 小林九段, 神崎八段がフリークラスに . Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved November 7, 2019. ^ "Nisenjūhachinendo kara no Furī Kurasu Tenshutsusha" 2018年度からのフリークラス転出者 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. March 30, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ^ "Kobayashi Kenji Kudan Fujii Sōta Ōshō no "Daishishō" ga Intai Ōshō Rīgu Yonki de Ari, Kishi Nananin Haishutsu no Hakuraku" 小林健二九段 藤井聡太王将の "大師匠"が引退 王将リーグ4期のトップ棋士であり, 棋士7人輩出の伯楽 . Sports Nippon (in Japanese). March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ "Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōdan Rireki" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 昇段履歴 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved August 5, 2018. ^ "Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yūshō Rireki" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 優勝履歴 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ^ "Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōgi Taishō" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 将棋大賞 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ^ "Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Sonota Hyōshō" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 その他表彰 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ^ "｢Gōwan｣ no Kobayashi" ｢剛腕｣の小林 . Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). October 8, 2004. Retrieved November 8, 2019. 小林は十数年前, 居飛車穴熊退治を掲げて｢スーパー四間飛車｣と呼ばれる精密な序盤作戦を編み出したが... (tr. Although Kobayashi is well-known for developing the so-called "Super Fourth File Rook" opening decades ago as a counter to the static-rook Anaguma castle strategy, ...) ^ "Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yakuin Rireki" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 役員履歴 (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019. External links ShogiHub: Professional Player Info · Kobayashi, Kenji Kobayashi's school website: 小林健二九段将棋教室 (in Japanese) Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Japan Korea Netherlands

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional shogi player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_shogi_player"},{"link_name":"dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(rank)#Modern_usage_in_shogi"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(company)"},{"link_name":"Japanese Shogi Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Shogi_Association"}],"text":"Kenji Kobayashi (小林健二, Kobayashi Kenji, born March 31, 1957) is a Japanese retired professional shogi player who achieved the rank of 9-dan. He is also a former director of the Japanese Shogi Association.","title":"Kenji Kobayashi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takamatsu, Kagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamatsu,_Kagawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"apprentice school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_shogi_player#Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"kyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(rank)#Modern_usage_in_shogi"},{"link_name":"Susumu Itaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susumu_Itaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E8%B0%B7%E9%80%B2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014yearbook-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016databook-3"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"uchi-deshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchi-deshi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016databook-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014yearbook-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016databook-3"}],"text":"Kobayashi was born in Takamatsu, Kagawa on March 31, 1957.[1] He entered the Japan Shogi Association's apprentice school in 1972 at the rank of 6-kyū under the guidance of professional shogi player Susumu Itaya [ja].[2][3] At first, Kobayashi pursued his apprenticeship at the Japan Shogi Association's school in Tokyo; however, he soon began to have health problems, and moved to Nagoya to study under Itaya as a uchi-deshi (a live-in apprentice).[3] He was promoted to the rank of apprentice professional 1-dan in 1974 and obtained full-professional status and the rank of 4-dan in December 1975.[2][3]","title":"Early life and apprenticeship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaishū Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaish%C5%AB_Tanaka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E9%AD%81%E7%A7%80"},{"link_name":"Meijin Class C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijin_(shogi)#Qualifying"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Meijin Class C2 league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijin_(shogi)#Qualifying"},{"link_name":"Free Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijin_(shogi)#Players_by_Meijin_class"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Kobayashi became the 40th professional to win his 600th official game when he defeated Kaishū Tanaka [ja] in Meijin Class C1 tournament play on June 9, 2009.[4]In March 2018, Kobayashi finished the 76th Meijin Class C2 league (April 2017 – March 2018) with a record of 3 wins and 7 losses, earning a second consecutive demotion point which meant he was only one point away from automatic demotion to \"Free Class\" play.[5] As a result, he declared his intention to the Japan Shogi Association to become a Free Class player as of April 2018 rather than risk automatic demotion.[6][7]Kobayashi retired from professional shogi on March 31, 2022. His career record was 699 wins and 774 loses.[8]","title":"Shogi professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"kyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(rank)#Modern_usage_in_shogi"}],"sub_title":"Promotion history","text":"The promotion history for Kobayashi is as follows:[9]6-kyū: 1972\n1-dan: 1974\n4-dan: December 20, 1975\n5-dan: April 1, 1979\n6-dan: April 1, 1981\n7-dan: April 1, 1983\n8-dan: April 1, 1986\n9-dan: March 1, 2002","title":"Shogi professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_Lions_(shogi)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E6%88%A6"},{"link_name":"Hayazashi Senshuken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayazashi_Senshuken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%8C%87%E3%81%97%E5%B0%86%E6%A3%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%89%8B%E6%A8%A9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Titles and other championships","text":"Kobayashi never appeared in a major title match, but he won two non-major shogi championships during his career: the Young Lions [ja] in 1977 and the Hayazashi Senshuken [ja] in 1994.[10]","title":"Shogi professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annual Shogi Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Shogi_Awards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honors","text":"Kobayashi received the Japan Shogi Association's \"Best New Player\" (1980) and \"Technique Award\" (1990) Annual Shogi Awards.[11] He also received the association's \"25 Years Service Award\" in 2000 for being an active professional for twenty-five years and the \"Shogi Honor Award\" in 2009 for winning 600 official games.[12]","title":"Shogi professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masataka Sugimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Sugimoto"},{"link_name":"Fourth File Rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_File_Rook"},{"link_name":"josekis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseki"},{"link_name":"Fujii System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujii_System"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014yearbook-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Theoretical contributions","text":"Together with Masataka Sugimoto he was well-known for systematizing Fourth File Rook josekis before the advent of the Fujii System, and also as the creator of the Super Fourth File Rook opening (スーパー四間飛車).[2][13]","title":"Shogi professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Shogi Association's board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Shogi_Association#General_meetings_and_the_board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(company)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Kobayashi served on the Japan Shogi Association's board of directors as a director from 1999 to 2004.[14]","title":"JSA director"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 [Professional Shogi Player Database: Kenji Kobayashi] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html","url_text":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Shogi_Association","url_text":"Japan Shogi Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Kishi Meikan: Kudan Kobayashi Kenji\" 棋士名鑑: 九段 小林 健二 [Player Directory: Kenji Kobayashi 9-dan]. 平成26年版 将棋年鑑 2014 (Shogi Yearbook: Heisei 26 (2014) edition) (in Japanese). MyNabi Publishing/Japan Shogi Association. 2014. pp. 551–552. ISBN 978-4-8399-5175-7. Retrieved November 8, 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UEcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA551","url_text":"\"Kishi Meikan: Kudan Kobayashi Kenji\" 棋士名鑑: 九段 小林 健二"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8399-5175-7","url_text":"978-4-8399-5175-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Geneki Purō Kishi DētaBukku 2016 [Jō] A-Ta Gyō 現役プロ棋士データブック2016 [上] あ-た [2016 Active Shogi Professional Databook [Last volume] Letter \"Ta\" to letter \"Wa\"] (in Japanese). MyNabi Publishing/Japan Shogi Association. 2015. p. 46. ASIN B019SSNKVA. Retrieved November 8, 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NoIRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"Geneki Purō Kishi DētaBukku 2016 [Jō] A-Ta Gyō 現役プロ棋士データブック2016 [上] あ-た"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B019SSNKVA","url_text":"B019SSNKVA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Kobayashi Kenji Kudan, Roppyakushō (Shōgi Eiyoshō) wo Tasei\" 小林健二九段, 600勝(将棋栄誉賞)を達成 [Kenji Kobayashi 9d reaches 600 wins (awarded \"Shogi Honor Award\")] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. June 10, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/news/2009/06/600.html","url_text":"\"Kobayashi Kenji Kudan, Roppyakushō (Shōgi Eiyoshō) wo Tasei\" 小林健二九段, 600勝(将棋栄誉賞)を達成"}]},{"reference":"\"Dai Nanajūrokki Meijinsen･Jun'isen Ckumi Nikyū\" 第76期名人戦･順位戦 C級2組 [76th Meijin Tournament Class C2] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/match/junni/2017/76c2/index.html","url_text":"\"Dai Nanajūrokki Meijinsen･Jun'isen Ckumi Nikyū\" 第76期名人戦･順位戦 C級2組"}]},{"reference":"\"Kobayashi Kudan, Kanzaki Hachidan ga Furī Kurasu ni\" 小林九段, 神崎八段がフリークラスに [Kobayashi 9d and Kanzaki 8d move to Free Class play]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/DA3S13438386.html","url_text":"\"Kobayashi Kudan, Kanzaki Hachidan ga Furī Kurasu ni\" 小林九段, 神崎八段がフリークラスに"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"Asahi Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"\"Nisenjūhachinendo kara no Furī Kurasu Tenshutsusha\" 2018年度からのフリークラス転出者 [Players Moving to the Free Class from the 2018 Shogi Year] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. March 30, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/news/2018/03/2018_1.html","url_text":"\"Nisenjūhachinendo kara no Furī Kurasu Tenshutsusha\" 2018年度からのフリークラス転出者"}]},{"reference":"\"Kobayashi Kenji Kudan Fujii Sōta Ōshō no \"Daishishō\" ga Intai Ōshō Rīgu Yonki de Ari, Kishi Nananin Haishutsu no Hakuraku\" 小林健二九段 藤井聡太王将の \"大師匠\"が引退 王将リーグ4期のトップ棋士であり, 棋士7人輩出の伯楽 [Kenji Kobayashi 9-dan retires. He was one of Sōta Fujii Ōshō's early teachers, spent four seasons in the Ōshō tournament's top league and helped seven of his pupils become professional shogi players.]. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2022/03/31/kiji/20220331s000413F2666000c.html","url_text":"\"Kobayashi Kenji Kudan Fujii Sōta Ōshō no \"Daishishō\" ga Intai Ōshō Rīgu Yonki de Ari, Kishi Nananin Haishutsu no Hakuraku\" 小林健二九段 藤井聡太王将の \"大師匠\"が引退 王将リーグ4期のトップ棋士であり, 棋士7人輩出の伯楽"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Nippon","url_text":"Sports Nippon"}]},{"reference":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōdan Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 昇段履歴 [Professional Shogi Player Database: Kenji Kobayashi Promotion History] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved August 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html?id=123#jsTabE04_02","url_text":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōdan Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 昇段履歴"}]},{"reference":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yūshō Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 優勝履歴 [Professional Shogi Player Database: Kenji Kobayashi Championship History] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc02","url_text":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yūshō Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 優勝履歴"}]},{"reference":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōgi Taishō\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 将棋大賞 [Professional Shogi Player Database: Kenji Kobayashi Annual Shogi Awards] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc03","url_text":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōgi Taishō\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 将棋大賞"}]},{"reference":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Sonota Hyōshō\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 その他表彰 [Professional Shogi Player Database: Kenji Kobayashi Other Awards] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc04","url_text":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Sonota Hyōshō\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 その他表彰"}]},{"reference":"\"｢Gōwan｣ no Kobayashi\" ｢剛腕｣の小林 [\"Spectacular\" Kobayashi]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). October 8, 2004. Retrieved November 8, 2019. 小林は十数年前, 居飛車穴熊退治を掲げて｢スーパー四間飛車｣と呼ばれる精密な序盤作戦を編み出したが... (tr. Although Kobayashi is well-known for developing the so-called \"Super Fourth File Rook\" opening decades ago as a counter to the static-rook Anaguma castle strategy, ...)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi.com/shougi/open23/pre_11/04.html","url_text":"\"｢Gōwan｣ no Kobayashi\" ｢剛腕｣の小林"}]},{"reference":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yakuin Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 役員履歴 [Professional Shogi Player Database: Kenji Kobayashi JSA Officer History] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc05","url_text":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yakuin Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 役員履歴"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html","external_links_name":"JSA profile page"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html","external_links_name":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UEcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA551","external_links_name":"\"Kishi Meikan: Kudan Kobayashi Kenji\" 棋士名鑑: 九段 小林 健二"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NoIRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"Geneki Purō Kishi DētaBukku 2016 [Jō] A-Ta Gyō 現役プロ棋士データブック2016 [上] あ-た"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B019SSNKVA","external_links_name":"B019SSNKVA"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/news/2009/06/600.html","external_links_name":"\"Kobayashi Kenji Kudan, Roppyakushō (Shōgi Eiyoshō) wo Tasei\" 小林健二九段, 600勝(将棋栄誉賞)を達成"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/match/junni/2017/76c2/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dai Nanajūrokki Meijinsen･Jun'isen Ckumi Nikyū\" 第76期名人戦･順位戦 C級2組"},{"Link":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/DA3S13438386.html","external_links_name":"\"Kobayashi Kudan, Kanzaki Hachidan ga Furī Kurasu ni\" 小林九段, 神崎八段がフリークラスに"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/news/2018/03/2018_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Nisenjūhachinendo kara no Furī Kurasu Tenshutsusha\" 2018年度からのフリークラス転出者"},{"Link":"https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2022/03/31/kiji/20220331s000413F2666000c.html","external_links_name":"\"Kobayashi Kenji Kudan Fujii Sōta Ōshō no \"Daishishō\" ga Intai Ōshō Rīgu Yonki de Ari, Kishi Nananin Haishutsu no Hakuraku\" 小林健二九段 藤井聡太王将の \"大師匠\"が引退 王将リーグ4期のトップ棋士であり, 棋士7人輩出の伯楽"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html?id=123#jsTabE04_02","external_links_name":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōdan Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 昇段履歴"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc02","external_links_name":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yūshō Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 優勝履歴"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc03","external_links_name":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Shōgi Taishō\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 将棋大賞"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc04","external_links_name":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Sonota Hyōshō\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 その他表彰"},{"Link":"http://www.asahi.com/shougi/open23/pre_11/04.html","external_links_name":"\"｢Gōwan｣ no Kobayashi\" ｢剛腕｣の小林"},{"Link":"https://www.shogi.or.jp/player/pro/123.html#anc05","external_links_name":"\"Kishi Dētabēsu: Kobayashi Kenji Yakuin Rireki\" 棋士データベース: 小林健二 役員履歴"},{"Link":"http://shogihub.com/players/20","external_links_name":"Professional Player Info · Kobayashi, Kenji"},{"Link":"http://kobaken-shogi.main.jp/","external_links_name":"小林健二九段将棋教室"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/293589/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/254086986","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4bvxJdPYcMcCXFV7yh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1114847011","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91037849","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00977404","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200512054","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p39087101X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Franke

Victor Franke

["1 External links"]

German military officer of South West Africa This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Victor Franke" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Victor Franke (1907) Franke Tower in Omaruru (2016) Erich Victor Carl August Franke (21 July 1865 – 7 August 1936) was a German military officer and the last commander of the Schutztruppe in German South West Africa. Franke was born in Zuckmantel, Austrian Silesia. He was Bezirksamtmann (district officer) in several German South West Africa locations, especially Ovamboland and Kaokoveld. He was stationed at Outjo from 1899 until 1910. He was involved in several campaigns against native tribes who resisted German colonial rule. In the early phases of the Herero Genocide of 1904, he was dubbed "Hero of Omaruru", because of his victory over numerically superior Herero forces at Omaruru. He also had successful campaigns against the Herero at Okahandja and Windhoek. At the beginning of World War I, he led a successful counter-attack against Portuguese forces at Naulila, Portuguese Angola (see German campaign in Angola). On 12 November 1914, he became commander of the Schutztruppe after the death of Joachim von Heydebreck. He and 2,166 men surrendered to South African forces near Khorab on 9 July 1915. Five weeks later, South African troops controlled the entire German colony. In 1919, Franke left South West Africa, and in 1920 retired from the German Army as a Major-General. Today, the "Franke Tower" in Omaruru stands as a monument to Franke's 1904 military exploits. Three kilometres outside the town of Otavi on the Tsumeb Road is a memorial marking the German surrender at Khorab. Also, in the town of Outjo is the "Franke House Museum". External links Namibian Biography Page by Klaus Dierks Newspaper clippings about Victor Franke in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele_Fadele

Dele Fadele

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 References","5 External links"]

English musician and music journalist Dele FadeleBornAyodele Fadele(1962-08-08)8 August 1962Highbury, London, EnglandDiedMarch 2018(2018-03-00) (aged 55)London, EnglandOccupationJournalist Ayodele Fadele (8 August 1962 – March 2018) was an English musician and music journalist who was active from the mid-1980s. He wrote for the NME in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and was one of the first music critics to introduce then emerging US rap artists such as Public Enemy, De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest to mainstream British music fans. Fadele had broad musical tastes, ranging from hip-hop and acid house to shoegazing, industrial and grunge. He wrote long pieces on artists including Nick Cave, New Order, 808 State, Einstürzende Neubauten, Marianne Faithfull and Osibisa. He was gregarious and according to Andrew Collins was always "absolutely impassioned" when he arrived at the NME office each morning He died in March 2018 from stomach cancer. His death was not known to his former music industry colleagues until August 2020. Many of them wrote shocked but highly appreciative obituaries in the following days. Chuck D of Public Enemy said that Fadele was the "first black journalist from the UK that ever interviewed me", and that he "thought that was amazing. And it was for our first important spread in the UK music press too." Early life Ayodele Fadele was born in Highbury, London, on 8 August 1962 but raised in Ibadan, Nigeria, where his father practiced as an architect. He had three brothers and two sisters. He later studied civil engineering at Syracuse University in New York. Career In the 1990s, Fadele was a member of the electronic band Welfare Heroin. Fadele was always outspoken; Courtney Love described his damning review of Hole's 1991 gig at the Camden Underworld as "the worst" review she had ever received. In the article, Fadele described hearing the band as akin to "suddenly a dark cloud descends and you're enveloped by gloom". He continued "Hole...ability to depress in the name of entertainment is unrivalled." In 1992, Fadele was the first critic to highlight Morrissey's adoption of right-wing imagery and support for the British National Party and anti-immigration attitudes, when he accused the singer of "fanning the flames of race-hate". In the article, Fadele asked: "So, could the same writer harbour such seemingly ignorant thoughts as England for the English (his inverted commas) considering his beloved England's past colonial adventures?" Neither Fadele nor NME were apparently ever forgiven by Morrissey – according to The Guardian, "When ... the paper's sole black writer Dele Fadele persuaded NME's editors to publish a critical cover story about it, Morrissey refused to speak to the magazine for 12 years." Death Fadele died after a short illness with stomach cancer in March 2018. He had been out of contact with fellow music journalists for a number of years, and his death was only noticed by the UK press in August 2020 when it was reported that he had died two years earlier. Former Melody Maker writer Simon Price was one of the first to hear, and on 21 August 2020 tweeted, "Word has been slowly breaking that Dele Fadele, the legendary NME writer, passed away two years ago." The news was met with widespread tributes and professional accolades. Writing for The Quietus in an article published that day, John Doran said that Fadele was "one of those gloriously larger than life figures who instantaneously makes you realise that it is sometimes the music writers and photographers who live much wilder lives than the media-managed stars they document." Musician and writer John Robb wrote how Fadele's "deep love of music was hypnotic ... we would spend hours talking about noise rock, hip hop and afrobeat – he was incredibly clued up on a myriad of musical styles and was a completely switched on and inspiring presence." Fellow NME journalist David Quantick said that he "Learned last night that Dele Fadele had died, some time ago. He was a brilliant friend, a lovely man and a fantastic writer. And he sneaked into a lot of record collections with Welfare Heroine's cover of 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely'." References ^ a b c d e Jonze, Tim (14 September 2020). "'He was a groundbreaker and a visionary': music writer Dele Fadele remembered". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ a b c Robb, John (20 August 2020). "Dele Fadele – music journalist legend RIP". Louder Than War. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ Fadele, Dele (16 May 1987). "Public Enemy: The Enemy Without". NME. ^ Fadele, Dele (15 December 1990). "A Tribe Called Quest: Why Are You Being So Treasonable Now?". NME. ^ "Dele Fadele". Rock's Backpages. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ Fadele, Dele (6 March 1993). "808 State: Town and Country Club, London". NME. ^ a b c Doran, John (21 August 2020). "Music Journalist Dele Fadele Has Died". The Quietus. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ Long, Pat (2012). The History of the NME: High times and low lives at the world's most famous music magazine. Portico. ISBN 978-1907554483. ^ a b Reilly, Nick (21 August 2020). "Tributes paid following the death of legendary NME writer Dele Fadele". NME. Retrieved 17 January 2021. ^ a b Fadele, Dele (22 August 1992). "Morrissey: Caucasian Rut". NME. ^ Stubbs, David (4 July 2019). "Why It's Time To Ditch Your Morrissey-Loving Friend". The Quietus. Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ Jonze, Tim (30 May 2019). "Bigmouth strikes again and again: why Morrissey fans feel so betrayed". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ Thomas-Mason, Lee (17 May 2020). "Remembering when Cornershop set fire to Morrissey posters, 1992". Far Out. Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ Price, Simon (21 August 2020). "Word has been slowly breaking that Dele Fadele, the legendary NME writer, passed away two years ago. He was one of a few NME writers with whom I felt a kindred connection despite the rivalry. He always ripped the piss out of me, but affectionately, I thought. (1/4)" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 January 2021 – via Twitter. ^ Quantick, David (21 August 2020). "Learned last night that Dele Fadele had died, some time ago. He was a brilliant friend, a lovely man and a fantastic writer. And he sneaked into a lot of record collections with Welfare Heroine's cover of Where Do You Go To My Lovely. I miss you, Dele" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 January 2021 – via Twitter. External links Dele Fadele article archive at The Quietus Dele Fadele article archive at Rock's Backpages Dele Fadele discography at Discogs

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jr-2"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"De La Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Soul"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-1"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop"},{"link_name":"acid house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_house"},{"link_name":"shoegazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegazing"},{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nick Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(band)"},{"link_name":"808 State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/808_State"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Einstürzende Neubauten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einst%C3%BCrzende_Neubauten"},{"link_name":"Marianne Faithfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull"},{"link_name":"Osibisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osibisa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qt-7"},{"link_name":"Andrew Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Collins_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chuck D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_D"},{"link_name":"Public Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jr-2"}],"text":"Ayodele Fadele (8 August 1962 – March 2018)[1] was an English musician and music journalist who was active from the mid-1980s.[2] He wrote for the NME in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and was one of the first music critics to introduce then emerging US rap artists such as Public Enemy,[3] De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest[4] to mainstream British music fans.[1]Fadele had broad musical tastes, ranging from hip-hop and acid house to shoegazing, industrial and grunge.[5] He wrote long pieces on artists including Nick Cave, New Order, 808 State,[6] Einstürzende Neubauten, Marianne Faithfull and Osibisa.[7] He was gregarious and according to Andrew Collins was always \"absolutely impassioned\" when he arrived at the NME office each morning [8]He died in March 2018 from stomach cancer. His death was not known to his former music industry colleagues until August 2020. Many of them wrote shocked but highly appreciative obituaries in the following days. Chuck D of Public Enemy said that Fadele was the \"first black journalist from the UK that ever interviewed me\", and that he \"thought that was amazing. And it was for our first important spread in the UK music press too.\"[2]","title":"Dele Fadele"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-1"}],"text":"Ayodele Fadele was born in Highbury, London, on 8 August 1962 but raised in Ibadan, Nigeria, where his father practiced as an architect. He had three brothers and two sisters. He later studied civil engineering at Syracuse University in New York.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qt-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nr-9"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_(band)"},{"link_name":"Camden Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Underworld"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nr-9"},{"link_name":"Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"British National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rh-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rh-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the 1990s, Fadele was a member of the electronic band Welfare Heroin.[7][9] Fadele was always outspoken; Courtney Love described his damning review of Hole's 1991 gig at the Camden Underworld as \"the worst\" review she had ever received.[1] In the article, Fadele described hearing the band as akin to \"suddenly [feeling] a dark cloud descends and you're enveloped by gloom\". He continued \"Hole['s]...ability to depress in the name of entertainment is unrivalled.\"[9]In 1992, Fadele was the first critic to highlight Morrissey's adoption of right-wing imagery and support for the British National Party and anti-immigration attitudes, when he accused the singer of \"fanning the flames of race-hate\".[10] In the article, Fadele asked: \"So, could the same writer harbour such seemingly ignorant thoughts as England for the English (his inverted commas) considering his beloved England's past colonial adventures?\"[10][11]Neither Fadele nor NME were apparently ever forgiven by Morrissey – according to The Guardian, \"When ... the paper's sole black writer Dele Fadele persuaded NME's editors to publish a critical cover story about it, Morrissey refused to speak to the magazine for 12 years.\"[12][13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stomach cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-1"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"Simon Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Price"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Quietus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qt-7"},{"link_name":"John Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robb_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jr-2"},{"link_name":"David Quantick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Quantick"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Fadele died after a short illness with stomach cancer in March 2018.[1] He had been out of contact with fellow music journalists for a number of years, and his death was only noticed by the UK press in August 2020 when it was reported that he had died two years earlier. Former Melody Maker writer Simon Price was one of the first to hear, and on 21 August 2020 tweeted, \"Word has been slowly breaking that Dele Fadele, the legendary NME writer, passed away two years ago.\"[14] The news was met with widespread tributes and professional accolades.Writing for The Quietus in an article published that day, John Doran said that Fadele was \"one of those gloriously larger than life figures who instantaneously makes you realise that it is sometimes the music writers and photographers who live much wilder lives than the media-managed stars they document.\"[7] Musician and writer John Robb wrote how Fadele's \"deep love of music was hypnotic ... we would spend hours talking about noise rock, hip hop and afrobeat – he was incredibly clued up on a myriad of musical styles and was a completely switched on and inspiring presence.\"[2]Fellow NME journalist David Quantick said that he \"Learned last night that Dele Fadele had died, some time ago. He was a brilliant friend, a lovely man and a fantastic writer. And he sneaked into a lot of record collections with Welfare Heroine's [sic] cover of 'Where Do You Go To My Lovely'.\"[15]","title":"Death"}]

[]

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NME.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/808-state-town-and-country-club-london","url_text":"\"808 State: Town and Country Club, London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Doran, John (21 August 2020). \"Music Journalist Dele Fadele Has Died\". The Quietus. Retrieved 17 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/28808-dele-fadele-rip","url_text":"\"Music Journalist Dele Fadele Has Died\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus","url_text":"The Quietus"}]},{"reference":"Long, Pat (2012). The History of the NME: High times and low lives at the world's most famous music magazine. Portico. 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Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stubbs","url_text":"Stubbs, David"},{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/26748-morrissey-racism-fans-idiots","url_text":"\"Why It's Time To Ditch Your Morrissey-Loving Friend\""}]},{"reference":"Jonze, Tim (30 May 2019). \"Bigmouth strikes again and again: why Morrissey fans feel so betrayed\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/30/bigmouth-strikes-again-morrissey-songs-loneliness-shyness-misfits-far-right-party-tonight-show-jimmy-fallon","url_text":"\"Bigmouth strikes again and again: why Morrissey fans feel so betrayed\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas-Mason, Lee (17 May 2020). \"Remembering when Cornershop set fire to Morrissey posters, 1992\". Far Out. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_trial

Field trial

["1 Pointer and setter trials","1.1 HPR trials","2 Spaniel trials","3 Retriever trials","4 Basset, Beagle and Dachshund field trials","4.1 Basset trials","4.2 Beagle trials","4.3 Dachshund trials","5 Field and hunt tests","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]

This article is about a competitive event for hunting dogs. For a scientific examination of an intervention in the real world, see field experiment. A field trial meeting at Bala, North Wales by George Earl A field trial is a competitive event for gun dogs. Field trials are conducted for pointing dogs and setters, retrievers and spaniels, with each assessing the different types various working traits. In the United States, field trials are also conducted for basset hounds, beagles, and dachshunds. Pointer and setter trials Pointer and setter trials are trials for both pointing dogs and setters. During pointer and setter trials the dogs are run in a brace (pair of dogs run together) with two judges observing, the dogs are worked into the wind on live gamebirds, they are required to quarter their assigned beat, finding and pointing any game in the beat. Once on the point the dog must remain staunch until the judge indicates then move in and flush the bird, once the bird is flushed a shot is fired and dog must drop to the ground. Dogs are judged for their ability to find game, their style and staunchness on point, their backing of the other dog, their quartering ability and their pace, eliminating faults include flushing the game early, chasing the game, running out of control or giving tongue (barking). In the United States, dog handlers, judges and observers at American Kennel Club run pointer and setter trials often follow on horseback. Handlers, judges and observers at United Kennel Club trails are all on foot. The first pointer and setter field trial was conducted in Bedfordshire in 1865. HPR trials HPR trials are trials for hunt, point, retrieve or "versatile" pointer breeds, in these trials the dog is expected to find and point game as in a pointer and setter trial, but after the game is shot they are also expected to retrieve the shot game. HPR trials are usually conducted on varying terrain to test the dogs in different environments, and they usually include at least one retrieve from water. Spaniel trials A spaniel field trial Spaniel trials are designed to replicate the rough shoot that is typically undertaken by spaniels, where the spaniel quarters the ground in front of its handler flushing game and afterwards retrieving it. Usually two dogs are trialled simultaneously with a judge walking in line approximately 40 yards (37 m) apart judging each dog, the dogs are expected to work independently with the judges watching the dog's manner whilst quartering, courage in cover and game finding ability. It is desirable for both winged and ground game to be available during spaniel trials, once the game is shot the judge gives approval and the spaniel is expected to retrieve the game to hand. Once all of the dogs have run the course, if the judges cannot agree on a winner a runoff is conducted where three or four dogs are run simultaneously so the judges can make a determination. The first spaniel field trial was conducted in Britain in 1899. Retriever trials Golden Retriever retrieves a game bird at a retriever trial Retriever trials are designed to replicate the work of a retriever; whereas working retrievers used by sportsmen often hunt for game and retrieve, retriever trials only focus on the conduct of the retrieve. In the United Kingdom retriever trails are conducted in a similar manner to driven shoots, where retrievers are used to collect shot game either whilst walking in line or waiting at the pegs. Usually six dogs are trialled together in a line with three judges each judging a pair of dogs but alternating the dogs down the line so every dog is observed by each judge. Dogs are judged on their style, marking, ability to take directions and retrieving to hand, no dog is permitted to retrieve game without the judge's consent, when not retrieving dogs are expected to remain quietly by their handlers side watching the other dogs work. In the United States dogs are usually trialled individually and they are assessed equally retrieving from land and from water, with both marked retrieves and blind retrieves. Marked retrieves are where the dog observes the fall of the bird, blind retrieves are when the dog is sent to retrieve an unobserved bird by command. Andy Bear was a three-time State Champion (1991, 1992, 1996). Basset, Beagle and Dachshund field trials In the United States trials of Basset Hounds, Beagles and Dachshunds are also conducted, also called field trials the different breeds of hound compete whilst tracking a rabbit or a hare. Basset trials Sponsored by the American Kennel Club, Basset trials are conducted in either braces (pairs of hounds), small packs of seven hounds or large packs of 25 hounds, tracking a live rabbit or hare. There is also a gundog brace competition where a brace of Bassets are cast to locate a rabbit which is then shot at with a blank cartridge. Beagle trials Beagle trials sponsored by the American Kennel Club are run in the same brace, small pack, large pack and gundog brace events as Basset trials. United Kennel Club sponsored Beagle trials are conducted in two forms; in the first four beagles and their handlers each try to out-perform each other in locating game, in the second five hounds are worked together following a scent trail with the judge comparaing their individual performances. Dachshund trials Sponsored by the American Kennel Club, Dachshund trials are conducted in braces in the same manner as Basset or Beagle brace trials. Field and hunt tests Field tests and hunt tests are non-competitive activities designed to test a gundog's natural hunting abilities in a field environment without the added pressure of competition. Unlike in field trials where dogs compete against each other, in hunt tests dogs compete to pass the requirements of the tests. In the United Kingdom they are called field tests and are most frequently run by gun clubs or local field sports organisations. In the United States they are called hunt tests and are more formally organised, being run by both the American Kennel Club and United Kennel Club, with separate tests for pointing dogs, retrievers, and spaniels. References Citations ^ a b c d Douglas (2003), p. 143. ^ a b Moxon (1974), p. 156. ^ a b Douglas (2003), p. 144. ^ Morgan (2009), p. 195. ^ Morgan (2009), p. 196. ^ a b c Hudson (1995), p. 120. ^ a b c d Douglas (2003), p. 142. ^ a b Douglas (2003), p. 141. ^ Moxon (1974), pp. 145–146. ^ Moxon (1974), p. 145. ^ Moxon (1974), p. 146. ^ Morgan (2009), p. 210. ^ Morgan (2009), p. 211. ^ Morgan (2009), pp. 155, 167 & 181. ^ a b Morgan (2009), p. 161. ^ Morgan (2009), pp. 171–173. ^ Morgan (2009), p. 173. ^ Morgan (2009), pp. 182 & 188. ^ a b Douglas (2003), p. 139. ^ a b Morgan (2009), p. 231. ^ Morgan (2009), pp. 269–272, 281–284 & 293–297. Bibliography Douglas, James (2003). The complete gundog training manual. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press. ISBN 978-1-904057-05-5. Hudson, David (1995). The shooting man's dog: a complete guide to gundogs. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press. ISBN 1-85310-560-0. Morgan, Diane (2009). The encyclopedia of dog sports and activities: a field guide to 36 fun activities for you and your dog. Neptune City: T.F.H Publications. ISBN 978-0-7938-1275-2. Moxon, P. R. A. (1974). Gundogs: training and field trials (10th revised ed.). London: Popular Dogs Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-09-121670-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field trials. Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Pointing Breeds (PDF). New York: American Kennel Club. December 2018. Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Retrievers (PDF). New York: American Kennel Club. November 2017. Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Spaniels (PDF). New York: American Kennel Club. August 2017. vteMajor dog sports Agility Carting Conformation shows Disc dog Dock jumping Earthdog trials Field trials Fighting Flyball Greyhound racing Junior Showmanship Lure coursing Musical canine freestyle Mushing Obedience Rally obedience Schutzhund Sheepdog trials Skijoring Sled dog racing Tracking Weight pulling

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dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_dog"},{"link_name":"retrievers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retriever"},{"link_name":"spaniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009269%E2%80%93272,_281%E2%80%93284_&_293%E2%80%93297-21"}],"text":"Field tests and hunt tests are non-competitive activities designed to test a gundog's natural hunting abilities in a field environment without the added pressure of competition.[19][20] Unlike in field trials where dogs compete against each other, in hunt tests dogs compete to pass the requirements of the tests.[20] In the United Kingdom they are called field tests and are most frequently run by gun clubs or local field sports organisations.[19] In the United States they are called hunt tests and are more formally organised, being run by both the American Kennel Club and United Kennel Club, with separate tests for pointing dogs, retrievers, and spaniels.[21]","title":"Field and hunt tests"}]

[{"image_text":"A field trial meeting at Bala, North Wales by George Earl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_FIELD_TRIAL_MEETING_AT_BALA%2C_NORTH_WALES.PNG/300px-A_FIELD_TRIAL_MEETING_AT_BALA%2C_NORTH_WALES.PNG"},{"image_text":"A spaniel field trial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Spaniel_Field_Trial.jpg/220px-Spaniel_Field_Trial.jpg"},{"image_text":"Golden Retriever retrieves a game bird at a retriever trial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FTCB181207.jpg/220px-FTCB181207.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Douglas, James (2003). The complete gundog training manual. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press. ISBN 978-1-904057-05-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completegundogtr0000doug","url_text":"The complete gundog training manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904057-05-5","url_text":"978-1-904057-05-5"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, David (1995). The shooting man's dog: a complete guide to gundogs. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press. ISBN 1-85310-560-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-560-0","url_text":"1-85310-560-0"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Diane (2009). The encyclopedia of dog sports and activities: a field guide to 36 fun activities for you and your dog. Neptune City: T.F.H Publications. ISBN 978-0-7938-1275-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7938-1275-2","url_text":"978-0-7938-1275-2"}]},{"reference":"Moxon, P. R. A. (1974). Gundogs: training and field trials (10th revised ed.). London: Popular Dogs Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-09-121670-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-121670-2","url_text":"0-09-121670-2"}]},{"reference":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Pointing Breeds (PDF). New York: American Kennel Club. December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.akc.org/pdf/rulebooks/RFTPNT.pdf","url_text":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Pointing Breeds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Club","url_text":"American Kennel Club"}]},{"reference":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Retrievers (PDF). New York: American Kennel Club. November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.akc.org/pdf/rulebooks/RFTRET.pdf","url_text":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Retrievers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Club","url_text":"American Kennel Club"}]},{"reference":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Spaniels (PDF). New York: American Kennel Club. August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.akc.org/pdf/rulebooks/RFTSPN.pdf","url_text":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Spaniels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Kennel_Club","url_text":"American Kennel Club"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completegundogtr0000doug","external_links_name":"The complete gundog training manual"},{"Link":"http://images.akc.org/pdf/rulebooks/RFTPNT.pdf","external_links_name":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Pointing Breeds"},{"Link":"https://images.akc.org/pdf/rulebooks/RFTRET.pdf","external_links_name":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Retrievers"},{"Link":"http://images.akc.org/pdf/rulebooks/RFTSPN.pdf","external_links_name":"Field Trial Rules and Standard Procedure for Spaniels"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Erie_District_School_Board

Grand Erie District School Board

["1 History","2 Current elementary schools","3 Current secondary schools","4 Secondary school athletics","5 Elementary schools in Norfolk County","6 Closed schools","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Bibliography","9 External links"]

School district in Ontario, Canada This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Grand Erie District School Board" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Grand Erie District School BoardGEDSBLocation349 Erie AveBrantford, OntarioN3T 5V3 CanadaDistrict informationChair of the boardSusan GibsonDirector of educationJoAnna RobertoSchools72 (58 Elementary Schools, 14 Secondary Schools – 2020-21)BudgetCA $333.7 million (2020-21)District IDB66168Students and staffStudents26,207 (460 of total on an Education Services Agreement – 2020-21)Staff2,756 (Full-Time Equivalent - 2020-21)Other informationWebsitewww.granderie.ca The Grand Erie District School Board (GEDSB, Originally known as Haldimand Norfolk Brant (English-language Public) District School Board No. 23 prior to May 1998) is a school board that has legal jurisdiction over Norfolk County, Haldimand County, and Brant County in the province of Ontario, Canada. The main headquarters are in Brantford. History The board was formed from the amalgamation of the Norfolk Board of Education, the Brant County Board of Education, and the Haldimand Board of Education in 1998. The announcement of the new board was made in September 1997 as a part of the "Fewer School Boards Act." This was based on a report created in 1996 by the Bob Rae government; who recommended the changes. While the board was officially established on January 1, 1998, many of the administrative positions lasted until the beginning of May in 1998. In 1998, under Progressive Conservative Premier Mike Harris' government, the way public schools were funded dramatically changed. Among the changes, the province replaced local boards' power to levy taxes to fund schools with a centralized system of education grants. The new regime was accompanied by a law forcing school boards to adopt balanced budgets. These changes contributed to school closures and consolidations in the Grand Erie Board. Current elementary schools Agnes G. Hodge Public School Banbury Heights Public School Bellview Public School Bloomsburg Public School Boston Public School Branlyn Community School Brier Park Public School Burford District Elementary School Caledonia Centennial Public School Cedarland Public School Centennial-Grand Woodlands School Central Public School Cobblestone Elementary School Courtland Public School Delhi Public School Echo Place School Ecole Confédération Elementary School (French Immersion) Ecole Dufferin Public School (French Immersion) Elgin Avenue Public School Glen Morris Public School Graham Bell - Victoria Public School Grandview Public School Greenbrier Public School Hagersville Elementary School Houghton Public School J.L. Mitchener Public School James Hillier Public School Jarvis Public School King George Elementary School Lakewood Elementary School Langton Public School Lansdowne-Costain Public School Lynndale Heights Public School Major Ballachey Public School Mt. Pleasant School North Ward School Oakland-Scotland Public School Oneida Central Public School Onondaga-Brant Public School Paris Central Public School Port Rowan Public School Prince Charles Public School Princess Elizabeth Public School Rainham Central School River Heights School Russell Reid Public School Ryerson Heights Elementary School Seneca Central Public School St. George-German Public School Teeterville Public School Thompson Creek Elementary School Walpole North Elementary School Walsh Public School Walter Gretzky Elementary Waterford Public School West Lynn Public School Woodman-Cainsville School Current secondary schools Brantford Collegiate Institute and Vocational School Cayuga Secondary School Delhi District Secondary School Dunnville Secondary School Grand Erie Learning Alternatives (GELA) Grand Erie Learning Alternatives (GELA) – Simcoe Hagersville Secondary School McKinnon Park Secondary School North Park Collegiate and Vocational School Paris District High School Pauline Johnson Collegiate and Vocational School Simcoe Composite School Tollgate Technological Skills Centre Valley Heights Secondary School Waterford District High School Secondary school athletics The secondary schools in the board play in three different sports associations. Schools in Brant County play in the Brant County Secondary School Athletics Association, Norfolk Country Schools play in Norfolk Secondary School Athletics Association, and Haldimand County schools compete in Southern Ontario Secondary School Athletics Association Zone II. Schools winning BCSSAA and NSSAA move onto CWOSSA while Haldimand schools play in SOSSA. All schools move on from there to OFSAA. Elementary schools in Norfolk County Boston Public School is a 200-student feeder school to Waterford District High School that consists of eight grades. Courtland Public School is a feeder school to Valley Heights Secondary School and Delhi District Secondary School. Delhi Public School (to grade 8) is a 450-student feeder schools for Delhi District Secondary School. Elgin Avenue Public School is a 450-student feeder school to Simcoe Composite School and Waterford District High School. Houghton Public School is a grade 8 feeder school to Valley Heights Secondary School. Langton Public School is a 250-student eighth grade feeder school for Valley Heights Secondary School. Lynndale Heights Public School is a K-8 public elementary school located in Simcoe, Ontario. Waterford Public School is a public elementary school in Waterford, Ontario. Boston and Bloomsburg Public Schools, located outside of Waterford are feeder schools to Waterford District High School. West Lynn Public School is a K-8 school located in Simcoe, Ontario. Following grade 8, students attend Simcoe Composite School for high school. Located within the Grand Erie District, but not part of the public school system, is the Old Colony Mennonite School, a private co-educational school for German Mennonites in the community of Langton, Ontario. The school teaches kindergarten through the eighth grade as in a typical parochial school. Due to its "Old Colony" name, Old Order and Conservative Mennonites tend to dominate the campus. High school students usually go to Valley Heights Secondary School but recent changes in the school board's policy has opened up all secondary schools in Norfolk County for the eighth-grade graduates. Closed schools Walsingham Public School was an elementary school that educated in grades K-8, located in Walsingham Township, that was closed along with St. Williams Public School when consolidation review almagmated these two sites into the Port Rowan Public School. The schools were feeder schools to Valley Heights Secondary School. Due to the nearby presence of the Old Colony Mennonite School, which taught the local German Mennonite population, it had to attract students from both the northern and southern parts of Walsingham. Musician Geoff Suderman-Gladwell taught here. North and South Public Schools were elementary schools in Simcoe, Ontario, that taught children from kindergarten to sixth grade. These schools were feeder schools to Elgin Avenue Public School. The schools were established in the 1928. Windham Public School was closed in 2009. Students now attend either Delhi Public School or Teeterville public school, making both schools K-8 (formerly K-6). Nixon Public School was located near Simcoe, Ontario; it along with Lyndoch were closed and consolidated at an enlarged Walsh Elementary. Port Dover Public School served Port Dover, Ontario, and was a feeder school to Port Dover Composite School before being amalgamated into Doverwood Public School which subsequently was closed when Port Dover Composite was converted to Lakewood Elementary School. Two of the schools located in Paris, Ontario, Bethel-Oakhill and Queen's Ward schools closed during the 2009–2010 school year and were replaced by Cobblestone Elementary School. Walpole South Elementary School was a former K to 8 school located on Sandusk Rd south of the 3rd Concession of Walpole Township adjacent to the Nanticoke Refinery. Opened in 1965 by the Walpole Board of Education amalgamated into the Haldimand County Board of Education in 1968, it was precipitously closed in June 1998 because of a Hydrogen Sulphide leak which occurred at the neighbouring refinery. The students were housed at Hagersville Secondary school for the last few weeks of the school year and then the school population was amalgamated with Jarvis Public School that fall with use of portables until a new addition to house the extra students opening in February 2000. See also Ontario portalSchools portal List of school districts in Ontario List of high schools in Ontario References ^ "Find a School Board". Ontario Ministry of Education. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ "Ontario Regulation 107/08". e-Laws. Government of Ontario. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ "Profile Canada information". Profile Canada. Retrieved 2008-07-04. ^ "The Cohort Group (Grand Erie District School Board)" (PDF). Bath.ac.uk. 2001-11-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2005. Retrieved 2008-07-04. Bibliography Inventing Secondary Education: The Rise of the High School in Nineteenth-Century Ontario, R. D. Gidney and W. P. J. Millar, McGill-Queen's University Press (May 1990), ISBN 0-7735-0787-6 Stacking the Deck: The Streaming of Working-Class Kids in Ontario Schools, Bruce Curtis, D. W. Livingstone, and Harry Smaller, Lorimer (January 1, 1992), ISBN 0-921908-11-3 Special Education in Ontario Schools, Ken Weber, Highland Press (1999), ISBN 0-9693061-7-2 External links Official website vteGrand Erie District School BoardSecondary or high schools Brantford Cayuga Delhi Dunnville Grand Erie Learning Alternatives - Brantford, Simcoe, Six Nations Hagersville McKinnon Park North Park Paris Pauline Johnson Simcoe Composite Tollgate Tech Valley Heights Waterford Primary or elementary schools Agnes Hodge Anna Melick Banbury Heights Bellview Bloomsburg Boston Branlyn Brier Park Burford Caledonia Centennial Cedarland Centennial-Grand Woodlands Central Cobblestone Courtland Delhi Doverwood Dufferin Elgin Ave Fairview (Dunnville) Fairview (Brantford) Glen Morris Graham Bell-Victoria Grandview Central Grandview Greenbrier Hagersville Houghton J.L. Mitchener James Hillier Jarvis King George School Langton Lansdowne-Costain Lynndale Heights Major Ballachey Mt. Pleasant School North Ward Oakland-Scotland Oneida Central Onondaga-Brant Paris Central Port Rowan Prince Charles Princess Elizabeth Rainham Central River Heights Russell Reid Ryerson Heights Seneca Central St. George-German Teeterville Thompson Creek Walpole Walsh Walter Gretzky Waterford West Lynn Woodman-Cainsville/Echo Place vteNorfolk County, OntarioMunicipal elections 2000 2003 2006 2010 Provincial andfederal government Current Current federal electoral district Current provincial electoral district Defunct Federal electoral district of Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant Federal electoral district of Norfolk Federal electoral district of Norfolk—Elgin Federal electoral district of Norfolk—Haldimand Federal electoral district of Norfolk North Federal electoral district of Norfolk South Provincial electoral district of Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant Radio and newspapers CHCD-FM CKNC-FM Delhi News-Record (weekly) Simcoe Reformer (daily) The Port Rowan Good News (weekly) Attractions and services Backus Mill Backstage Capitol Theatre Bird Studies Canada County Fair and Horse Show Delhi Community Arena Fort Norfolk General Hospital Gopher Dunes Green Energy Hub Long Point Provincial Park Lynn Valley Trail Ontario tobacco belt Talbot Gardens Local sports teams Delhi Travellers Port Dover Sailors Norfolk IceCats Roads and highways Highway 3 Highway 19 Highway 24 Highway 51 Highway 59 Norfolk County roads School boards Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board Grand Erie District School Board Norfolk Board of Education Communities Blayney Clear Creek Courtland Delhi Delhi District Secondary School Frogmore Glen Meyer Hillcrest Langton Valley Heights Secondary School Long Point Lynedoch Mabee's Corners Nixon Nixon Public School Old Cut Pine Grove Port Dover Friday the 13th motorcycle rally Port Dover Composite School Raid on Port Dover Timeline Port Rowan Port Ryerse Ranelagh Simcoe Baptist Bible College Canada and Theological Seminary Greenhouse Canada Springvale Walsh Walsh Public School Waterford Waterford District High School Other communities Bodies of water Big Creek Deer Creek Kent Creek Lake Erie Lynn River Venison Creek Miscellaneous 133rd Battalion (Norfolk's Own), CEF Dennis' Horseradish Doan's Hollow Public School Haldimand-Norfolk Housing Corporation Nixon Airport Ride Norfolk South Norfolk Railway Trapped (novel)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"school board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_board"},{"link_name":"Norfolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Haldimand County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Brant County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brant_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford"}],"text":"The Grand Erie District School Board (GEDSB, Originally known as Haldimand Norfolk Brant (English-language Public) District School Board No. 23 prior to May 1998[2]) is a school board that has legal jurisdiction over Norfolk County, Haldimand County, and Brant County in the province of Ontario, Canada. The main headquarters are in Brantford.","title":"Grand Erie District School Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Brant County Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brant_County_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Haldimand Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Bob Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rae"},{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Mike Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Harris"}],"text":"The board was formed from the amalgamation of the Norfolk Board of Education, the Brant County Board of Education, and the Haldimand Board of Education in 1998. The announcement of the new board was made in September 1997 as a part of the \"Fewer School Boards Act.\" This was based on a report created in 1996 by the Bob Rae government; who recommended the changes. While the board was officially established on January 1, 1998, many of the administrative positions lasted until the beginning of May in 1998.In 1998, under Progressive Conservative Premier Mike Harris' government, the way public schools were funded dramatically changed. Among the changes, the province replaced local boards' power to levy taxes to fund schools with a centralized system of education grants. The new regime was accompanied by a law forcing school boards to adopt balanced budgets. These changes contributed to school closures and consolidations in the Grand Erie Board.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Agnes G. Hodge Public School\nBanbury Heights Public School\nBellview Public School\nBloomsburg Public School\nBoston Public School\nBranlyn Community School\nBrier Park Public School\nBurford District Elementary School\nCaledonia Centennial Public School\nCedarland Public School\nCentennial-Grand Woodlands School\nCentral Public School\nCobblestone Elementary School\nCourtland Public School\nDelhi Public School\nEcho Place School\nEcole Confédération Elementary School (French Immersion)\nEcole Dufferin Public School (French Immersion)\nElgin Avenue Public School\nGlen Morris Public School\nGraham Bell - Victoria Public School\nGrandview Public School\nGreenbrier Public School\nHagersville Elementary School\nHoughton Public School\nJ.L. Mitchener Public School\nJames Hillier Public School\nJarvis Public School\nKing George Elementary School\nLakewood Elementary School\nLangton Public School\nLansdowne-Costain Public School\nLynndale Heights Public School\nMajor Ballachey Public School\nMt. Pleasant School\nNorth Ward School\nOakland-Scotland Public School\nOneida Central Public School\nOnondaga-Brant Public School\nParis Central Public School\nPort Rowan Public School\nPrince Charles Public School\nPrincess Elizabeth Public School\nRainham Central School\nRiver Heights School\nRussell Reid Public School\nRyerson Heights Elementary School\nSeneca Central Public School\nSt. George-German Public School\nTeeterville Public School\nThompson Creek Elementary School\nWalpole North Elementary School\nWalsh Public School\nWalter Gretzky Elementary\nWaterford Public School\nWest Lynn Public School\nWoodman-Cainsville School","title":"Current elementary schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cayuga Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Delhi District Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_District_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Dunnville Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnville_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Hagersville Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagersville_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"McKinnon Park Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinnon_Park_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"North Park Collegiate and Vocational School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Park_Collegiate_and_Vocational_School"},{"link_name":"Paris District High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_District_High_School"},{"link_name":"Simcoe Composite School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe_Composite_School"},{"link_name":"Valley Heights Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Heights_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Waterford District High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_District_High_School"}],"text":"Brantford Collegiate Institute and Vocational School\nCayuga Secondary School\nDelhi District Secondary School\nDunnville Secondary School\nGrand Erie Learning Alternatives (GELA)\nGrand Erie Learning Alternatives (GELA) – Simcoe\nHagersville Secondary School\nMcKinnon Park Secondary School\nNorth Park Collegiate and Vocational School\nParis District High School\nPauline Johnson Collegiate and Vocational School\nSimcoe Composite School\nTollgate Technological Skills Centre\nValley Heights Secondary School\nWaterford District High School","title":"Current secondary schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OFSAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFSAA"}],"text":"The secondary schools in the board play in three different sports associations. Schools in Brant County play in the Brant County Secondary School Athletics Association, Norfolk Country Schools play in Norfolk Secondary School Athletics Association, and Haldimand County schools compete in Southern Ontario Secondary School Athletics Association Zone II. Schools winning BCSSAA and NSSAA move onto CWOSSA while Haldimand schools play in SOSSA. All schools move on from there to OFSAA.","title":"Secondary school athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feeder school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeder_school"},{"link_name":"Valley Heights Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Heights_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Delhi District Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_District_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Delhi District Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_District_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Simcoe Composite School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe_Composite_School"},{"link_name":"Waterford District High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_District_High_School"},{"link_name":"grade 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_grade"},{"link_name":"Valley Heights Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Heights_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Valley Heights Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Heights_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"K-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Canada#Levels_in_education"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Simcoe, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Waterford, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Simcoe, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Simcoe Composite School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe_Composite_School"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"eighth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_grade"},{"link_name":"parochial school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_school"},{"link_name":"Valley Heights Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Heights_Secondary_School"}],"text":"Boston Public School is a 200-student feeder school to Waterford District High School that consists of eight grades.\nCourtland Public School is a feeder school to Valley Heights Secondary School and Delhi District Secondary School.\nDelhi Public School (to grade 8) is a 450-student feeder schools for Delhi District Secondary School.\nElgin Avenue Public School is a 450-student feeder school to Simcoe Composite School and Waterford District High School.\nHoughton Public School is a grade 8 feeder school to Valley Heights Secondary School.\nLangton Public School is a 250-student eighth grade feeder school for Valley Heights Secondary School.\nLynndale Heights Public School is a K-8 public elementary school located in Simcoe, Ontario.\nWaterford Public School is a public elementary school in Waterford, Ontario. Boston and Bloomsburg Public Schools, located outside of Waterford are feeder schools to Waterford District High School.\nWest Lynn Public School is a K-8 school located in Simcoe, Ontario. Following grade 8, students attend Simcoe Composite School for high school.Located within the Grand Erie District, but not part of the public school system, is the Old Colony Mennonite School, a private co-educational school for German Mennonites in the community of Langton, Ontario. The school teaches kindergarten through the eighth grade as in a typical parochial school. Due to its \"Old Colony\" name, Old Order and Conservative Mennonites tend to dominate the campus. High school students usually go to Valley Heights Secondary School but recent changes in the school board's policy has opened up all secondary schools in Norfolk County for the eighth-grade graduates.","title":"Elementary schools in Norfolk County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Walsingham Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsingham,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Valley Heights Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Heights_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"German Mennonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schools"},{"link_name":"Simcoe, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"sixth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_grade"},{"link_name":"Elgin Avenue Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Avenue_Public_School"},{"link_name":"Simcoe, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Port Dover, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Dover,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Paris, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Nanticoke Refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanticoke_Refinery"},{"link_name":"Haldimand County Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldimand_County_Board_of_Education"}],"text":"Walsingham Public School was an elementary school that educated in grades K-8, located in Walsingham Township, that was closed along with St. Williams Public School when consolidation review almagmated these two sites into the Port Rowan Public School. The schools were feeder schools to Valley Heights Secondary School. Due to the nearby presence of the Old Colony Mennonite School, which taught the local German Mennonite population, it had to attract students from both the northern and southern parts of Walsingham.[3] Musician Geoff Suderman-Gladwell taught here.[4]North and South Public Schools were elementary schools in Simcoe, Ontario, that taught children from kindergarten to sixth grade. These schools were feeder schools to Elgin Avenue Public School. The schools were established in the 1928. Windham Public School was closed in 2009. Students now attend either Delhi Public School or Teeterville public school, making both schools K-8 (formerly K-6). Nixon Public School was located near Simcoe, Ontario; it along with Lyndoch were closed and consolidated at an enlarged Walsh Elementary. Port Dover Public School served Port Dover, Ontario, and was a feeder school to Port Dover Composite School before being amalgamated into Doverwood Public School which subsequently was closed when Port Dover Composite was converted to Lakewood Elementary School.Two of the schools located in Paris, Ontario, Bethel-Oakhill and Queen's Ward schools closed during the 2009–2010 school year and were replaced by Cobblestone Elementary School.Walpole South Elementary School was a former K to 8 school located on Sandusk Rd south of the 3rd Concession of Walpole Township adjacent to the Nanticoke Refinery. Opened in 1965 by the Walpole Board of Education amalgamated into the Haldimand County Board of Education in 1968, it was precipitously closed in June 1998 because of a Hydrogen Sulphide leak which occurred at the neighbouring refinery. The students were housed at Hagersville Secondary school for the last few weeks of the school year and then the school population was amalgamated with Jarvis Public School that fall with use of portables until a new addition to house the extra students opening in February 2000.","title":"Closed schools"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhdys

Puhdys

["1 History","2 Members","2.1 Current members","2.2 Former members","3 Discography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

German rock band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Puhdys" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PuhdysThe Puhdys in 2013Background informationOriginOranienburg, East GermanyGenresRock, hard rock, progressive rock, art rock, pop rockYears active1965–2016LabelsBMG, AmigaMembersDieter BirrDieter HertrampfPeter MeyerPeter RasymPast membersGunter WosylusHarry JeskeKlaus ScharfschwerdtWebsitepuhdys.com The Puhdys (German pronunciation: ) were a German rock band formed in Oranienburg, East Germany, in 1969, although by then they had been performing together—with various lineups—as the Puhdys since 1965. Although they are especially popular in their native eastern Germany, the Puhdys enjoyed significant success outside the GDR, and were one of the first East German bands allowed to tour West Germany. They are one of the most successful German-language rock groups. History The Puhdys developed out of the Udo-Wendel-Combo, founded in 1965. When guitarist and singer Wendel left the band late in the year, it needed a new name. The four members took the letters from their first names — keyboardist Peter Meyer, drummer Udo Jacob, bassist (and sometimes manager) Harry Jeske, and lead guitarist and singer Dieter Hertrampf (who had replaced Wendel) — to become the Puhdys (the name otherwise has no specific meaning). The band went through further personnel changes until 1969, when they were given a professional performance license, which was all-important in East Germany. By then, Jacob had been replaced by Gunter Wosylus and vocalist-guitarist Dieter Birr had joined, cementing the band's lineup for the next ten years; the band dates this, rather than 1965, as its foundation. (The two Dieters are differentiated by their nicknames: "Quaster" Hertrampf, from a corruption of the title of The Shadows' "Quartermaster's Stores", after his long attempt to learn the Hank Marvin guitar solo; and "Maschine" Birr, once called an "eating machine" by his bandmates for his voracious appetite). Their first concert took place in Freiberg, Saxony, on 21 November 1969. Early performances were heavily influenced by British hard rock bands such as Deep Purple and Uriah Heep, although the band were fond of earlier American rockers such as Elvis Presley. At first, they largely performed cover versions of foreign acts. Although there was a great demand for covers in East Germany, largely because the audience was unable to buy western albums, rock music was still viewed with suspicion in East Germany. The artistic climate changed after Erich Honecker came to power in 1971, and the Puhdys were offered the chance to record for the state-run Amiga label, as long as they performed in the German language and remained apolitical. The result was the band's first single, "Türen öffnen sich zur Stadt" (Doors Open To The City), recorded in 1971. At over five minutes in length, it showed the influence of progressive rock, in particular Uriah Heep's "Gypsy", and established the Puhdys as one of East Germany's top bands. Its music was composed by Birr, who had emerged as the band's main singer, and the lyrics were written by Wolfgang Tilgner, who would remain one of the band's principal lyricists, along with Burkhard Lasch. The following year, the Puhdys were offered the chance to appear in the Heiner Carow film The Legend of Paul and Paula. Although the film was quickly withdrawn in the GDR for its not-so-subtle political message, it had already been seen by three million viewers, and the four Puhdys songs in it became big hits. Also in 1973, the band played to its first large audience at the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students in East Berlin. The first Puhdys album, released in early 1974, was very successful, and remains a well-regarded album among the band's fans, despite being in part derivative of western artists; this was due in part to the political impossibility of using the original songs in Paul and Paula, and director Carow's desire for close German-language equivalents. It compiled the band's singles up to that point, including three of the four songs from the film ("Geh zu ihr", Go To Her, based on Slade's "Look Wot You Dun "; "Wenn ein Mensch lebt", If Someone Lives, which drew heavily on the Bee Gees' "Spicks and Specks"; and "Zeiten und Weiten", Times And Widths); the fourth ("Manchmal im Schlaf", Sometimes In Sleep) was included on the second album, released in 1975, which was somewhat less well received, although it included "Steine" (Stones) and "Lied für Generationen" (Song For Generations), two of the band's better-known songs, and it arguably established a more distinctive performance style than the first album. Whatever the weaknesses of their second album, the Puhdys' third, Sturmvogel (Stormbird, 1976) made up for them, and proved to be very popular. Avoiding hard rock, the band recorded a cover version of "Schlafe ein und fang die Träume" (Fall Asleep And Reach Your Dreams), by the Polish band 2 plus 1 (which had also recorded the song in German; its original title was "Kołysanka Matki", Mother's Lullaby). Sturmvogel also included fan favorites "Lebenszeit" (Lifetime), "Reise zum Mittelpunkt der Erde" (Journey To The Center Of The Earth), and the title track. However, the tune that was to become the band's signature song was released as a single. "Alt wie ein Baum" (As Old As A Tree) was released in 1976. Sung by Hertrampf, the tune quickly became a sing-along anthem, and the Puhdys often played it twice or three times at a single concert. It appeared on the band's first greatest hits album the following year. Although the Puhdys had performed and toured in other communist countries, beginning with the Soviet Union in 1973, their biggest following outside the GDR was in West Germany, where their albums had begun to be released. However, GDR officials were reluctant to allow artists to travel to the west for fear of defection. The band were the first East German rock band to do so, in Belgium and the Netherlands in 1974; they were finally allowed to perform in West Germany with a concert in Hamburg on 9 November 1976, followed by performances in Dortmund and West Berlin. Unusually, they were allowed to keep part of their hard currency royalties, which in East Germany were normally taken by the state. Following the success of these concerts, the band's albums were released in West Germany in 1977. The band followed up Sturmvogel with an album of 1950s and early 1960s rock 'n' roll songs, Rock 'n' Roll Music, which was one of the band's top sellers in East Germany, in part due to the unavailability of the records by the original artists; it sold less well in the west. The band asked Chuck Berry himself for the lyrics to "Brown Eyed Handsome Man"; he replied that he had forgotten them. It was followed by the harder rocking Perlenfischer (Pearl Diver, 1977) and 10 Wilde Jahre (10 Crazy Years, 1978), the latter of which included "Doch die Gitter schweigen" (Still The Prison Bars Are Silent, later recorded in English as "Prison Walls Are Silent"), an epic tune that was commissioned for celebrations of the GDR's 30th anniversary in 1979; its topic, a prisoner's longing to escape. Following Wilde Jahre, the band produced a well regarded live double album recorded at Berlin's Friedrichstadpalast theater. Tired of touring, Wosylus left the band; he later opened the GDR's first private recording studio and hosted a radio show with Birr before leaving the country for Hamburg in 1984. He was replaced by former Prinzip drummer Klaus Scharfschwerdt. The first album with Scharfschwerdt was Heiß wie Schnee (Hot As Snow), released in 1980. By this time, the band's popularity outside the GDR was at its peak (other East German bands, notably Karat and City were also being noticed abroad), and they were being cited as an influence on the burgeoning Neue Deutsche Welle, as German-language rock was booming in West Germany; the follow-up Schattenreiter (Shadow Rider), recorded in West Germany, was even more successful. It included the band's tribute to John Lennon, "He, John" (Hey John), which they have performed in concert ever since, often interspersed with portions of Lennon's "Imagine", upon which it was based; it was the biggest-selling single in the GDR in 1981. At around this time, an official fan club was formed in the West German city of Paderborn. In acknowledgement of their popularity, they were awarded the National Prize of East Germany for artistic achievement in 1982. Seeking to expand their following outside Germany, the Puhdys recorded an English-language album, Far From Home in London with lyrical help provided by West German singer Wolfgang Michels. Consisting of re-recorded versions of some of their German hits, it failed to be the international breakthrough they were hoping for, although it gave the band a chance to perform one-off concerts in several countries including the United States to try to generate interest. Like City's English album Dreamland, recorded the previous year, it was hampered by Birr's and Hertrampf's thickly accented English, though it won greater acceptance in Germany. The Fern, fern, fern backing vocals on the title track, originally Fern von Zuhause, were left in the original language. Never ones to ignore a musical trend, and apparently influenced by the significantly younger Scharfschwerdt, the Puhdys adopted elements of new wave and synthpop on Computer-Karriere, their 1983 effort. A loose concept album about technology, it contained the dance hit "TV-Show", with vocals by Scharfschwerdt. It closed with a German cover of Dave Morgan's "Hiroshima", which had already been a hit in Germany in 1978 for the British band Wishful Thinking. Tilgner translated the lyrics. Synthesizers also figured prominently on the 1984 follow-up, Das Buch, which courted trouble with the censors on the song "Ich will nicht vergessen" (I Don't Want To Forget), and its references to "Deutschland", a taboo in the GDR, which the band explained as a reference to Heinrich Heine, although the more immediate referent was divided Germany (Denk' ich an die Leute, drüben und hier, I think of the people over there and here). The title track, essentially a monologue set to music about a book on another planet describing a post-nuclear-war Earth, featured a Free German Youth choir. The band, who except for Scharfschwerdt were now in their 40s, declared they would play until their "Rockerrente" (Rocker's Pension) in the prophetic song of that name. By the time of Ohne Schminke in 1986, the Puhdys had undergone only one change in personnel, drummer Klaus Scharfschwerdt, center. The band followed up Das Buch with a second live double album, Live in Sachsen (Live In Saxony), recorded in Karl-Marx-Stadt, which was marred only by a clearly playback version of "Das Buch"; it contained the "Medley 15 Jahre Puhdys", which the band would continue to play live, unaltered, for another 15 years. After this, and the 1986 album Ohne Schminke (Without Make-Up), the band's schedule slowed down; they were by now recognized as the GDR's senior rockers, and had inspired younger groups such as Rockhaus and Pankow. Birr recorded his solo album Intim (Intimate) in 1986 with Meyer and future Puhdy Peter Rasym; the following year, Hertrampf released his, Liebe pur (Pure Love), assisted by Scharfschwerdt and Jeske. In 1988, a Teldec pressing of Das Buch in West Germany was the first Puhdys album to be released on CD. By the end of the 1980s, the Puhdys decided to disband. Their 1988 album Neue Helden (New Heroes), recorded with an orchestra, was intended to be their last; its faintly political lyrics were written by singer-songwriter Kurt Demmler under a pseudonym. The album's original cover, which pictured two babies wearing diapers (nappies) in the flags of the Soviet Union and United States, was banned in the GDR; legend has it this was due to the presence of the American flag, not to the context. The cover was replaced for the domestic release with a simple green cover (the international release on Koch Records was unaltered). The band went on a 20th-anniversary "Farewell Tour", accompanied by Czechoslovak band Turbo and West German veterans The Lords. However, the opening of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the subsequent moves toward German reunification meant that interest in East German artists plummeted, as GDR citizens were now easily able to buy music by international artists; the political climate meant also that many major stars came to Berlin to perform, often for free, in late 1989 and 1990. Birr's new band Maschine und Männer, with Scharfschwerdt, had trouble attracting audiences. The Puhdys reunited for a one-off concert at the Brandenburg Gate in 1991, and, received enthusiastically, decided to continue; the situation in East Germany had changed, and there were signs of both Ostalgie — nostalgia for the GDR — and an emergent regional identity as Ossis. The band released the album Wie ein Engel (Like An Angel) the following year. While the title track (about the then-current dangers of "S-Bahn surfing", youths climbing on the roof of moving Berlin commuter trains) was a minor hit, accompanied by a low-budget music video, the album is best known for the anthem "Was bleibt" (What's Left), inspired by a book by East German writer Christa Wolf, which asked obliquely what would remain from the GDR. Sales figures showed that Wie ein Engel had initially sold around 24,000 copies; while this was hardly a blockbuster in Germany, as almost all the sales were in the east it was a regional top seller. Re-releases of the Puhdys catalog on CD in 1993 also sold respectably, and numerous compilations were released. The Puhdys celebrated their 25th anniversary with a concert at the Huxleys Neue Welt theater in former West Berlin. Confounding expectations, the show sold out, as did two further shows added on subsequent nights. They used these shows to release the album Zeiten ändern sich (Times Change), which dealt more directly with the problems of German unification, such as in the Scharfswerdt composition "Deutschland Deutschland"; its cover bore drawings of the Brandenburg Gate, a handshake reminiscent of the symbol of the former SED, and barbed wire. The album was also notable for being the vocal debut of bassist Harry Jeske, who sang, or at least talked, the autobiographical tune "Halbzeit" (Halftime). Once again a major concert draw, at least in eastern Germany, the Puhdys toured frequently, releasing In flagranti, another live album, in 1996; however, despite a couple of non-album singles (including the official anthems for the Eisbären Berlin ice hockey and Hansa Rostock football teams) it was another three years before the next studio album, Frei wie die Geier (Free Like Vultures 1997). After this, the 59-year-old Jeske called it quits, citing ill health, and left the band at a concert on his 60th birthday. He subsequently moved to the Philippines, the homeland of his young wife. A 2005 concert in Eberswalde Harry Jeske was quickly replaced by Peter "Bimbo" Rasym (as in bimbo, "kid" in Italian, not the English meaning). The new lineup recorded Wilder Frieden (Crazy Peace) in 1999, which showed the influence of new, hard-edged German bands, particularly Rammstein (themselves Puhdys fans); the song Wut will nicht sterben featured Rammstein singer Till Lindemann and a solo by Rammstein guitarist Richard Kruspe. The Puhdys sold out the 23,000-seat Waldbühne in (western) Berlin for their 3000th concert, which was also their 30th anniversary concert, and was released as a DVD. Birr, Meyer, and Hertrampf made an appearance in the TV film Comeback für Freddy Baker starring Mario Adorf. The band played at a millennium concert on Berlin's Alexanderplatz. Another new album, Zufrieden? (Satisfied?) was released in 2001; it owed its cover, a photo of a lingerie-clad model, to a contest in the tabloid Bild. Despite the presence of the first Rasym/Schafschwerdt composition, the album cemented Birr's dominant position in the band, as he wrote the lyrics, composing the music with Meyer; in contrast, Hertrampf had had his last major lead vocal part on "Die Wärme der Nacht" (The Warmth Of The Night) on Das Buch. A secular Christmas album, Dezembertage (December Days) followed late in the year, to coincide with what had become regular Christmastime concert series. In 2003, the group recorded Undercover, an album of cover versions of East German rock songs, at the suggestion of their manager Rolf Henning. It was the first time the Puhdys had attempted to cover an Ostrock tune since their version of Lift's "Wasser und Wein" (Water and Wine) on Schattenreiter 22 years previously. Although the album garnered stronger than usual media coverage in western Germany, some fans were critical of what they saw as unadventurous song choices; most of the tracks (such as Karat's "Über sieben Brücken" and Silly's "Battaillon d'Amour") were each artist's biggest hit. The same year, Birr became seriously ill after contracting Lyme disease from a tick bite; after he recovered, the Puhdys resumed their heavy touring schedule. He composed all of the tracks for the band's 2005 CD, Alles hat seine Zeit (Everything Has Its Time); it was claimed that the cover picture, which depicted Birr at the center with the other bandmembers with their backs to the camera, had caused friction within the band. Members Keyboardist Peter Meyer is also the band's saxophone player. Current members Dieter "Maschine" Birr – guitar, vocals Dieter "Quaster" Hertrampf – guitar, vocals Peter "Eingehängt" Meyer – keyboards, saxophone, backing vocals Klaus Scharfschwerdt – drums (since 1979) (died 2022) Peter "Bimbo" Rasym — bass, backing vocals (since 1997) Former members Harry Jeske – bass (1969–1997) (died 2020) Gunther Wosylus – drums (1969–1979) Discography Following the practice of other East German recording artists, most Puhdys albums until Neue Helden bear a release number as well as a title; these are omitted here, except for the band's first two self-titled albums. The album numbers vary slightly on some West German releases, so that Schattenreiter was Puhdys 9 in West Germany, but Puhdys 10 in East Germany; as the cover artwork was created in the West, the East German release has a large "10" device on the cover to conceal the number 9. Not all available compilation albums are listed. 1974 Die Puhdys (1) 1975 Puhdys (2) 1976 Sturmvogel (Stormbird) 1977 Rock'n'Roll Music — an album of cover versions of 1950s rock songs 1977 Die großen Erfolge (The Great Successes) — greatest hits album 1977 Perlenfischer (Pearl Fisher) 1979 10 wilde Jahre ... 1969–1978 (Ten Crazy Years) 1979 Puhdys live (some later releases add the title Live im Friedrichstadtpalast, referring to the Berlin theater where it was recorded) 1980 Heiß wie Schnee (Hot As Snow) 1981 Far From Home — English-language album 1981 Schattenreiter (Shadow Rider) 1983 Computerkarriere (Computer Career) 1984 Das Buch (The Book) 1984 Live in Sachsen (Live in Saxony) 1986 Ohne Schminke (Without Makeup) 1986 Dieter Birr "Intim" 1987 Dieter Hertrampf "Liebe Pur" 1989 Neue Helden (New Heroes) 1989 Jubiläumsalbum (Anniversary Album) — album of cover versions of 1950s and 1960s rock songs along with cover versions of Puhdys songs by other artists 1992 Rock aus Deutschland Vol. 19: Puhdys — Series of compilations of East German artists 1992 Wie ein Engel (Like An Angel) 1993 Castle Masters Collection – Compilation 1993 Das Beste Aus 25 Jahren – Compilation 1994 Zeiten ändern sich (Times Change) 1994 Live-25 Jahre Die Totale Aktion 1994 Raritäten (Rarities) 1995 Bis Ans Ende Der Welt – Compilation 1995 Das Beste Aus 25 Jahren-Volume 2 1996 Live: In flagranti 1996 Pur – Compilation 1996 Die Schönsten Balladen (The Most Beautiful Ballads) — Compilation 1997 Frei wie die Geier (As Free As Vultures) 1999 Wilder Frieden (Crazy Peace) 1999 20 Hits aus dreißig Jahren (20 Hits From 30 Years) — Compilation 2000 Was bleibt (What Remains) — Compilation 2001 Zufrieden? (Satisfied?) 2001 Dezembertage (December Days) — Christmas album 2003 Undercover — Covers album 2004 Raritäten Volume 2 (Rarities Volume 2) — Includes Puhdys songs by other artists originally on Jubiläumsalbum 2005 Alles hat seine Zeit (Everything Has Its Time) 2005 36 Lieder aus 36 Jahren (36 Songs From 36 Years) — Compilation 2005 Nur Das Beste – Compilation 2006 Dezembernächte (December Nights) – Second Christmas album 2007 Das Beste Aus Der DDR – Compilation 2009 Akustisch 2009 Abenteuer (Adventure) 2009 1969–2009 40 Jahre Lieder Für Generationen – Set of 33 CD's 2011 Live Aus Der O2-World 2012 Es war schön 2013 Heilige Nächte 2014: Rocklegenden, Puhdys + City + Karat 2015: Rocklegenden Live, Puhdys + City + Karat 2016: Das letzte Konzert See also Bell, Book & Candle — Band formed by Andy Birr, son of Dieter Birr, and Hendrik Röder, son of Peter Meyer, best known for the 1998 hit "Rescue Me" References ^ "Puhdys Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ Ostbeat.de ^ Ostmusik.de Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hinternet.de ^ Radiosumava.cz Archived 19 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine ^ Stern.de ^ Multiart-agenture.de Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ Berlinonline.de ^ Ostmusik.de Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine W. Tilgner, V. Ettelt "Die Puhdys", Berlin 1983 M. Fehlberg "Lebenszeit. Ein Puhdys-Porträt", Berlin 1979 K. Wolf "Wenn Träume sterben – Puhdys zwischen Vision und Realität", Dresden 1993 L. Hannover, P. Wicke (Hrsg.) "Puhdys. Eine Kultband aus dem Osten", Berlin 1994 H. Jeske "Mein wildes Leben und die Puhdys", Berlin 1997 U. Beyer "30 Jahre Puhdys", Die vollständige Puhdys-Diskografie, Berlin 1999 U. Beyer "Die Puhdys: Lieder für Generationen: Die komplette Diskographie", Berlin 2002 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puhdys. Official website Puhdys at AllMusic Complete discography Puhdys at deutsche-mugge.de (in German) The Legend of Paul and Paula at IMDb Comeback für Freddy Baker at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Latvia Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz

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Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Handsome_Man"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Karat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat_(band)"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_(band)"},{"link_name":"Neue Deutsche Welle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(John_Lennon_song)"},{"link_name":"Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn"},{"link_name":"National Prize of East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Prize_of_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Michels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Michels"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_(band)"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"synthpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthpop"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"Dave Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Morgan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_(song)"},{"link_name":"Wishful Thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishful_Thinking_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Heine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine"},{"link_name":"Free German Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_German_Youth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puhdysohneschminke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karl-Marx-Stadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Marx-Stadt"},{"link_name":"Pankow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankow_(German_band)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Demmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Demmler"},{"link_name":"Koch Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Records"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_(Czech_band)"},{"link_name":"The Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lords_(German_band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate"},{"link_name":"Ostalgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostalgie"},{"link_name":"Ossis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossi_(East_Germans)"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Christa Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Wolf"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"SED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Eisbären Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisb%C3%A4ren_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Hansa Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_Rostock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puhdys,_Familiengarten_Eberswalde.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eberswalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde"},{"link_name":"the English meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbo"},{"link_name":"Rammstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammstein"},{"link_name":"Till Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"Richard Kruspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kruspe"},{"link_name":"Waldbühne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldb%C3%BChne"},{"link_name":"Mario Adorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Adorf"},{"link_name":"millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium"},{"link_name":"Alexanderplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderplatz"},{"link_name":"Bild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild"},{"link_name":"Christmastime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(band)"},{"link_name":"Karat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat_(band)"},{"link_name":"Silly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lyme disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease"},{"link_name":"tick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Puhdys developed out of the Udo-Wendel-Combo, founded in 1965. When guitarist and singer Wendel left the band late in the year, it needed a new name. The four members took the letters from their first names — keyboardist Peter Meyer, drummer Udo Jacob, bassist (and sometimes manager) Harry Jeske, and lead guitarist and singer Dieter Hertrampf (who had replaced Wendel) — to become the Puhdys (the name otherwise has no specific meaning).[2]The band went through further personnel changes until 1969, when they were given a professional performance license, which was all-important in East Germany. By then, Jacob had been replaced by Gunter Wosylus and vocalist-guitarist Dieter Birr had joined, cementing the band's lineup for the next ten years; the band dates this, rather than 1965, as its foundation. (The two Dieters are differentiated by their nicknames: \"Quaster\" Hertrampf, from a corruption of the title of The Shadows' \"Quartermaster's Stores\", after his long attempt to learn the Hank Marvin guitar solo; and \"Maschine\" Birr, once called an \"eating machine\" by his bandmates for his voracious appetite).[3]Their first concert took place in Freiberg, Saxony, on 21 November 1969. Early performances were heavily influenced by British hard rock bands such as Deep Purple and Uriah Heep, although the band were fond of earlier American rockers such as Elvis Presley. At first, they largely performed cover versions of foreign acts. Although there was a great demand for covers in East Germany, largely because the audience was unable to buy western albums, rock music was still viewed with suspicion in East Germany. The artistic climate changed after Erich Honecker came to power in 1971, and the Puhdys were offered the chance to record for the state-run Amiga label, as long as they performed in the German language and remained apolitical.The result was the band's first single, \"Türen öffnen sich zur Stadt\" (Doors Open To The City), recorded in 1971. At over five minutes in length, it showed the influence of progressive rock, in particular Uriah Heep's \"Gypsy\", and established the Puhdys as one of East Germany's top bands. Its music was composed by Birr, who had emerged as the band's main singer, and the lyrics were written by Wolfgang Tilgner, who would remain one of the band's principal lyricists, along with Burkhard Lasch.The following year, the Puhdys were offered the chance to appear in the Heiner Carow film The Legend of Paul and Paula. Although the film was quickly withdrawn in the GDR for its not-so-subtle political message, it had already been seen by three million viewers, and the four Puhdys songs in it became big hits. Also in 1973, the band played to its first large audience at the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students in East Berlin.The first Puhdys album, released in early 1974, was very successful, and remains a well-regarded album among the band's fans, despite being in part derivative of western artists; this was due in part to the political impossibility of using the original songs in Paul and Paula, and director Carow's desire for close German-language equivalents. It compiled the band's singles up to that point, including three of the four songs from the film (\"Geh zu ihr\", Go To Her, based on Slade's \"Look Wot You Dun \"; \"Wenn ein Mensch lebt\", If Someone Lives, which drew heavily on the Bee Gees' \"Spicks and Specks\"; and \"Zeiten und Weiten\", Times And Widths); the fourth (\"Manchmal im Schlaf\", Sometimes In Sleep) was included on the second album, released in 1975, which was somewhat less well received, although it included \"Steine\" (Stones) and \"Lied für Generationen\" (Song For Generations), two of the band's better-known songs, and it arguably established a more distinctive performance style than the first album.Whatever the weaknesses of their second album, the Puhdys' third, Sturmvogel (Stormbird, 1976) made up for them, and proved to be very popular. Avoiding hard rock, the band recorded a cover version of \"Schlafe ein und fang die Träume\" (Fall Asleep And Reach Your Dreams), by the Polish band 2 plus 1 (which had also recorded the song in German; its original title was \"Kołysanka Matki\", Mother's Lullaby). Sturmvogel also included fan favorites \"Lebenszeit\" (Lifetime), \"Reise zum Mittelpunkt der Erde\" (Journey To The Center Of The Earth), and the title track.However, the tune that was to become the band's signature song was released as a single. \"Alt wie ein Baum\" (As Old As A Tree) was released in 1976. Sung by Hertrampf, the tune quickly became a sing-along anthem, and the Puhdys often played it twice or three times at a single concert. It appeared on the band's first greatest hits album the following year.Although the Puhdys had performed and toured in other communist countries, beginning with the Soviet Union in 1973, their biggest following outside the GDR was in West Germany, where their albums had begun to be released. However, GDR officials were reluctant to allow artists to travel to the west for fear of defection. The band were the first East German rock band to do so, in Belgium and the Netherlands in 1974; they were finally allowed to perform in West Germany with a concert in Hamburg on 9 November 1976, followed by performances in Dortmund and West Berlin. Unusually, they were allowed to keep part of their hard currency royalties, which in East Germany were normally taken by the state. Following the success of these concerts, the band's albums were released in West Germany in 1977.The band followed up Sturmvogel with an album of 1950s and early 1960s rock 'n' roll songs, Rock 'n' Roll Music, which was one of the band's top sellers in East Germany, in part due to the unavailability of the records by the original artists; it sold less well in the west. The band asked Chuck Berry himself for the lyrics to \"Brown Eyed Handsome Man\"; he replied that he had forgotten them.[4] It was followed by the harder rocking Perlenfischer (Pearl Diver, 1977) and 10 Wilde Jahre (10 Crazy Years, 1978), the latter of which included \"Doch die Gitter schweigen\" (Still The Prison Bars Are Silent, later recorded in English as \"Prison Walls Are Silent\"), an epic tune that was commissioned for celebrations of the GDR's 30th anniversary in 1979; its topic, a prisoner's longing to escape.Following Wilde Jahre, the band produced a well regarded live double album recorded at Berlin's Friedrichstadpalast theater. Tired of touring, Wosylus left the band; he later opened the GDR's first private recording studio and hosted a radio show with Birr before leaving the country for Hamburg in 1984. He was replaced by former Prinzip drummer Klaus Scharfschwerdt.The first album with Scharfschwerdt was Heiß wie Schnee (Hot As Snow), released in 1980. By this time, the band's popularity outside the GDR was at its peak (other East German bands, notably Karat and City were also being noticed abroad), and they were being cited as an influence on the burgeoning Neue Deutsche Welle, as German-language rock was booming in West Germany; the follow-up Schattenreiter (Shadow Rider), recorded in West Germany, was even more successful. It included the band's tribute to John Lennon, \"He, John\" (Hey John), which they have performed in concert ever since, often interspersed with portions of Lennon's \"Imagine\", upon which it was based; it was the biggest-selling single in the GDR in 1981. At around this time, an official fan club was formed in the West German city of Paderborn. In acknowledgement of their popularity, they were awarded the National Prize of East Germany for artistic achievement in 1982.Seeking to expand their following outside Germany, the Puhdys recorded an English-language album, Far From Home in London with lyrical help provided by West German singer Wolfgang Michels. Consisting of re-recorded versions of some of their German hits, it failed to be the international breakthrough they were hoping for, although it gave the band a chance to perform one-off concerts in several countries including the United States to try to generate interest. Like City's English album Dreamland, recorded the previous year, it was hampered by Birr's and Hertrampf's thickly accented English, though it won greater acceptance in Germany. The Fern, fern, fern backing vocals on the title track, originally Fern von Zuhause, were left in the original language.Never ones to ignore a musical trend, and apparently influenced by the significantly younger Scharfschwerdt, the Puhdys adopted elements of new wave and synthpop on Computer-Karriere, their 1983 effort. A loose concept album about technology, it contained the dance hit \"TV-Show\", with vocals by Scharfschwerdt. It closed with a German cover of Dave Morgan's \"Hiroshima\", which had already been a hit in Germany in 1978 for the British band Wishful Thinking. Tilgner translated the lyrics.Synthesizers also figured prominently on the 1984 follow-up, Das Buch, which courted trouble with the censors on the song \"Ich will nicht vergessen\" (I Don't Want To Forget), and its references to \"Deutschland\", a taboo in the GDR, which the band explained as a reference to Heinrich Heine, although the more immediate referent was divided Germany (Denk' ich an die Leute, drüben und hier, I think of the people over there and here). The title track, essentially a monologue set to music about a book on another planet describing a post-nuclear-war Earth, featured a Free German Youth choir. The band, who except for Scharfschwerdt were now in their 40s, declared they would play until their \"Rockerrente\" (Rocker's Pension) in the prophetic song of that name.By the time of Ohne Schminke in 1986, the Puhdys had undergone only one change in personnel, drummer Klaus Scharfschwerdt, center.The band followed up Das Buch with a second live double album, Live in Sachsen (Live In Saxony), recorded in Karl-Marx-Stadt, which was marred only by a clearly playback version of \"Das Buch\"; it contained the \"Medley 15 Jahre Puhdys\", which the band would continue to play live, unaltered, for another 15 years. After this, and the 1986 album Ohne Schminke (Without Make-Up), the band's schedule slowed down; they were by now recognized as the GDR's senior rockers, and had inspired younger groups such as Rockhaus and Pankow. Birr recorded his solo album Intim (Intimate) in 1986 with Meyer and future Puhdy Peter Rasym; the following year, Hertrampf released his, Liebe pur (Pure Love), assisted by Scharfschwerdt and Jeske. In 1988, a Teldec pressing of Das Buch in West Germany was the first Puhdys album to be released on CD.By the end of the 1980s, the Puhdys decided to disband. Their 1988 album Neue Helden (New Heroes), recorded with an orchestra, was intended to be their last; its faintly political lyrics were written by singer-songwriter Kurt Demmler under a pseudonym. The album's original cover, which pictured two babies wearing diapers (nappies) in the flags of the Soviet Union and United States, was banned in the GDR; legend has it this was due to the presence of the American flag, not to the context. The cover was replaced for the domestic release with a simple green cover (the international release on Koch Records was unaltered). The band went on a 20th-anniversary \"Farewell Tour\", accompanied by Czechoslovak band Turbo and West German veterans The Lords.[5]However, the opening of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the subsequent moves toward German reunification meant that interest in East German artists plummeted, as GDR citizens were now easily able to buy music by international artists; the political climate meant also that many major stars came to Berlin to perform, often for free, in late 1989 and 1990. Birr's new band Maschine und Männer, with Scharfschwerdt, had trouble attracting audiences.The Puhdys reunited for a one-off concert at the Brandenburg Gate in 1991, and, received enthusiastically, decided to continue; the situation in East Germany had changed, and there were signs of both Ostalgie — nostalgia for the GDR — and an emergent regional identity as Ossis. The band released the album Wie ein Engel (Like An Angel) the following year. While the title track (about the then-current dangers of \"S-Bahn surfing\", youths climbing on the roof of moving Berlin commuter trains) was a minor hit, accompanied by a low-budget music video, the album is best known for the anthem \"Was bleibt\" (What's Left), inspired by a book by East German writer Christa Wolf, which asked obliquely what would remain from the GDR. Sales figures showed that Wie ein Engel had initially sold around 24,000 copies; while this was hardly a blockbuster in Germany, as almost all the sales were in the east it was a regional top seller. Re-releases of the Puhdys catalog on CD in 1993 also sold respectably, and numerous compilations were released.The Puhdys celebrated their 25th anniversary with a concert at the Huxleys Neue Welt theater in former West Berlin. Confounding expectations, the show sold out, as did two further shows added on subsequent nights. They used these shows to release the album Zeiten ändern sich (Times Change), which dealt more directly with the problems of German unification, such as in the Scharfswerdt composition \"Deutschland Deutschland\"; its cover bore drawings of the Brandenburg Gate, a handshake reminiscent of the symbol of the former SED, and barbed wire. The album was also notable for being the vocal debut of bassist Harry Jeske, who sang, or at least talked, the autobiographical tune \"Halbzeit\" (Halftime).Once again a major concert draw, at least in eastern Germany, the Puhdys toured frequently, releasing In flagranti, another live album, in 1996; however, despite a couple of non-album singles (including the official anthems for the Eisbären Berlin ice hockey and Hansa Rostock football teams) it was another three years before the next studio album, Frei wie die Geier (Free Like Vultures 1997). After this, the 59-year-old Jeske called it quits, citing ill health, and left the band at a concert on his 60th birthday. He subsequently moved to the Philippines, the homeland of his young wife.A 2005 concert in EberswaldeHarry Jeske was quickly replaced by Peter \"Bimbo\" Rasym (as in bimbo, \"kid\" in Italian, not the English meaning). The new lineup recorded Wilder Frieden (Crazy Peace) in 1999, which showed the influence of new, hard-edged German bands, particularly Rammstein (themselves Puhdys fans); the song Wut will nicht sterben featured Rammstein singer Till Lindemann and a solo by Rammstein guitarist Richard Kruspe. The Puhdys sold out the 23,000-seat Waldbühne in (western) Berlin for their 3000th concert, which was also their 30th anniversary concert, and was released as a DVD. Birr, Meyer, and Hertrampf made an appearance in the TV film Comeback für Freddy Baker starring Mario Adorf. The band played at a millennium concert on Berlin's Alexanderplatz.Another new album, Zufrieden? (Satisfied?) was released in 2001; it owed its cover, a photo of a lingerie-clad model, to a contest in the tabloid Bild. Despite the presence of the first Rasym/Schafschwerdt composition, the album cemented Birr's dominant position in the band, as he wrote the lyrics, composing the music with Meyer; in contrast, Hertrampf had had his last major lead vocal part on \"Die Wärme der Nacht\" (The Warmth Of The Night) on Das Buch. A secular Christmas album, Dezembertage (December Days) followed late in the year, to coincide with what had become regular Christmastime concert series.In 2003, the group recorded Undercover, an album of cover versions of East German rock songs, at the suggestion of their manager Rolf Henning.[6] It was the first time the Puhdys had attempted to cover an Ostrock tune since their version of Lift's \"Wasser und Wein\" (Water and Wine) on Schattenreiter 22 years previously. Although the album garnered stronger than usual media coverage in western Germany, some fans were critical of what they saw as unadventurous song choices; most of the tracks (such as Karat's \"Über sieben Brücken\" and Silly's \"Battaillon d'Amour\") were each artist's biggest hit.[7]The same year, Birr became seriously ill after contracting Lyme disease from a tick bite; after he recovered, the Puhdys resumed their heavy touring schedule.[8] He composed all of the tracks for the band's 2005 CD, Alles hat seine Zeit (Everything Has Its Time); it was claimed that the cover picture, which depicted Birr at the center with the other bandmembers with their backs to the camera, had caused friction within the band.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puhdys-0116.jpg"}],"text":"Keyboardist Peter Meyer is also the band's saxophone player.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dieter \"Maschine\" Birr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Birr"},{"link_name":"Dieter \"Quaster\" Hertrampf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Hertrampf"},{"link_name":"Klaus Scharfschwerdt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Scharfschwerdt"}],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"Dieter \"Maschine\" Birr – guitar, vocals\nDieter \"Quaster\" Hertrampf – guitar, vocals\nPeter \"Eingehängt\" Meyer – keyboards, saxophone, backing vocals\nKlaus Scharfschwerdt – drums (since 1979) (died 2022)\nPeter \"Bimbo\" Rasym — bass, backing vocals (since 1997)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former members","text":"Harry Jeske – bass (1969–1997) (died 2020)\nGunther Wosylus – drums (1969–1979)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Das Buch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Buch_(Puhdys_album)"}],"text":"Following the practice of other East German recording artists, most Puhdys albums until Neue Helden bear a release number as well as a title; these are omitted here, except for the band's first two self-titled albums. The album numbers vary slightly on some West German releases, so that Schattenreiter was Puhdys 9 in West Germany, but Puhdys 10 in East Germany; as the cover artwork was created in the West, the East German release has a large \"10\" device on the cover to conceal the number 9.Not all available compilation albums are listed.1974 Die Puhdys (1)\n1975 Puhdys (2)\n1976 Sturmvogel (Stormbird)\n1977 Rock'n'Roll Music — an album of cover versions of 1950s rock songs\n1977 Die großen Erfolge (The Great Successes) — greatest hits album\n1977 Perlenfischer (Pearl Fisher)\n1979 10 wilde Jahre ... 1969–1978 (Ten Crazy Years)\n1979 Puhdys live (some later releases add the title Live im Friedrichstadtpalast, referring to the Berlin theater where it was recorded)\n1980 Heiß wie Schnee (Hot As Snow)\n1981 Far From Home — English-language album\n1981 Schattenreiter (Shadow Rider)\n1983 Computerkarriere (Computer Career)\n1984 Das Buch (The Book)\n1984 Live in Sachsen (Live in Saxony)\n1986 Ohne Schminke (Without Makeup)\n1986 Dieter Birr \"Intim\"\n1987 Dieter Hertrampf \"Liebe Pur\"\n1989 Neue Helden (New Heroes)\n1989 Jubiläumsalbum (Anniversary Album) — album of cover versions of 1950s and 1960s rock songs along with cover versions of Puhdys songs by other artists\n1992 Rock aus Deutschland Vol. 19: Puhdys — Series of compilations of East German artists\n1992 Wie ein Engel (Like An Angel)\n1993 Castle Masters Collection – Compilation\n1993 Das Beste Aus 25 Jahren – Compilation\n1994 Zeiten ändern sich (Times Change)\n1994 Live-25 Jahre Die Totale Aktion\n1994 Raritäten (Rarities)\n1995 Bis Ans Ende Der Welt – Compilation\n1995 Das Beste Aus 25 Jahren-Volume 2\n1996 Live: In flagranti\n1996 Pur – Compilation\n1996 Die Schönsten Balladen (The Most Beautiful Ballads) — Compilation\n1997 Frei wie die Geier (As Free As Vultures)\n1999 Wilder Frieden (Crazy Peace)\n1999 20 Hits aus dreißig Jahren (20 Hits From 30 Years) — Compilation\n2000 Was bleibt (What Remains) — Compilation\n2001 Zufrieden? (Satisfied?)\n2001 Dezembertage (December Days) — Christmas album\n2003 Undercover — Covers album\n2004 Raritäten Volume 2 (Rarities Volume 2) — Includes Puhdys songs by other artists originally on Jubiläumsalbum\n2005 Alles hat seine Zeit (Everything Has Its Time)\n2005 36 Lieder aus 36 Jahren (36 Songs From 36 Years) — Compilation\n2005 Nur Das Beste – Compilation\n2006 Dezembernächte (December Nights) – Second Christmas album\n2007 Das Beste Aus Der DDR – Compilation\n2009 Akustisch\n2009 Abenteuer (Adventure)\n2009 1969–2009 40 Jahre Lieder Für Generationen – Set of 33 CD's\n2011 Live Aus Der O2-World\n2012 Es war schön\n2013 Heilige Nächte\n2014: Rocklegenden, Puhdys + City + Karat\n2015: Rocklegenden Live, Puhdys + City + Karat\n2016: Das letzte Konzert","title":"Discography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_at_Drugfree.org

Partnership to End Addiction

["1 History","1.1 Founding","1.2 This Is Your Brain on Drugs","1.3 The 1990s","1.4 The 2000s","1.5 Current approaches","2 See also","3 Sources"]

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(November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Partnership to End AddictionFormation1985; 39 years ago (1985)FounderPhillip JoanouTypeNational Non-ProfitTax ID no. 13-3413627FocusSupport for families struggling with a loved with suffering from a substance use disorderHeadquarters711 Third Avenue 5th Floor, Suite 500LocationNew York City, New York, U.S.Area served United StatesMethodFamily Support, Substance Use and Addiction Prevention, Treatment, and RecoveryChief Executive OfficerCreighton DruryEmployees 100Websitehttps://drugfree.org/Formerly called Partnership for a Drug-Free America (1985–2010) Partnership at DrugFree.org (2010–2014) Partnership for Drug-Free Kids (2014–2020) Partnership to End Addiction, formerly called The Partnership for a Drug Free America, is a non-profit organization aiming to prevent the misuse of illegal drugs. The organization is most widely known for its TV ad This Is Your Brain on Drugs. Early public service announcements created by the organization have been called iconic, and during their initial release were part of the largest privately run public-service campaign in history. The organization's marketing experience was written up as a 58-page marketing "case study" for study by students at the Harvard Business School. An analysis of the Partnership's efforts by Forbes magazine suggested that it had earned "a single-brand advertising clout" during the Reagan era comparable to that of McDonald's.The Partnership coordinates efforts with government officials, including Andre Hollis, the deputy assistant defense secretary for counternarcotics, in 2002. History Founding In the mid-1980s, a small group of advertising professionals working with the American Association of Advertising Agencies proposed a marketing campaign to reduce teenage drug use. The group was formed officially in 1985. The group saw the merits of focused approach similar to that for a commercial product or service. Public service announcements or PSAs had previously been shown by networks whenever possible, regardless of intended audience. Many PSAs aired late at night, or were used by networks to fill slots lacking other advertisements. Marston urged, instead, a targeted focused anti-drug campaign similar to that for a specific brand of cereal or an automobile, but instead "unselling" drugs or rather selling the benefits of not using drugs. An anti cocaine advertisement the PDFA released in 1987. Hedrick said that the group knew "next to nothing about illegal drugs and the youthful target audience for their ads". The organization was loosely modeled along the lines of a standard advertising agency, with a creative director post and "account executives" to head specific effort. Further, the agency did continual reassessments of public perception. Take the decision to buy and use heroin (or pot, or coke or any illegal drug) and treat it like any other purchasing choice. Liken potential addicts to a group of consumers whose buying habits can be manipulated by celebrity endorsements, catchy slogans, and powerful images. Then use those tricks not to sell the product, but to un-sell it. If the approach works, drugs will finally lose their cool.— Pamela Warrick in the Los Angeles Times The agency solicited help from copywriters, media planning and placement experts often competed to submit advertising assignments without charge. The agency gained free exposure from print media and broadcast networks, including spots during prime time. The group "deliberately designed to disturb and upset." Executives from The New York Times Company and Procter & Gamble sat on the Partnership's board of directors. An early grant of $300,000 from the American Association of Advertising Agencies contributed towards rent and other expenses. Later funds were provided by grants from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, whose founder, Robert Wood Johnson II, left the foundation shares of stock upon his death in 1968. By 1993, it had 30 employees. This Is Your Brain on Drugs The organization first became more widely known in 1987, with its This Is Your Brain on Drugs broadcast and print public service advertisements (PSAs). This said that if a person's brain is an egg, then using illegal drugs would be like frying it. It was shown repeatedly on broadcast media. Time magazine called it "iconic". It has been recognized as "one of the most influential" ad campaigns in the history of marketing, or one of the "most unforgettable images in modern American advertising". TV Guide put it among the "top 100 ads of all time". It became the organization's "calling card." The ad had varying impacts on viewers. One student felt the "brain on drugs" commercial was not accurate, since she saw fellow students smoking marijuana but with brains that were clearly not frying. She claimed that the ad "stirred her curiosity" and called the ad more of a "dare" tactic. Another student said "the fried egg commercial really scared me when I was in high school. I remember picturing that egg in the frying pan and thinking that it wasn't worth it." Following This Is Your Brain on Drugs, the agency was able to solicit donations of free advertising time with an estimated worth of "$1 million worth of advertising every day" for more than a decade, totaling more than $2 billion in free space and time. The "frying pan" ad was described as a "relic" in one report, although New York Sun reporter Amanda Gordon noted that the organization gives gold-plated frying pan awards (mounted under glass) at fundraisers. The 1990s In 1989, Johnson & Johnson chief executive James E. Burke took over leadership of the organization. In 1992, the Partnership switched focus to targeting inner-city youth, where the drug problem had been more severe, and ran a campaign led by Ginna Marston. Research suggested most children felt "nearly alone in their hostility toward drugs." In one television commercial, a camera zooms in and out on two adolescents, one of whom is trying to get the other to try marijuana. The tagline then reads: "A friend who offers you drugs is not your friend." It was a "strikingly different tack" from the milder Just Say No campaign championed by previous first lady Nancy Reagan. The ads were often "infused with menace and melodrama." Some spots by a Goodby, Berlin & Silverstein copy team hinted that the earlier Just Say No had been simplistic. Marston explained the utility of depicting young people "resisting drugs in real situations": The new campaign addresses kids' feelings and their sense of emotional isolation on this issue. ... The problem is not drugs, but an attitude of hopelessness ... They start to feel they don't count, they don't matter. They feel bad about themselves and give up on themselves; those are the ones who get into drugs ... It's not to kill time, as happens in the general market ... but to kill pain.— Ginna Marston, 1992, PDFA campaign director. The organization used real stories about the effects of drug use. A 28-year-old former drug user met for lunch with the Partnership's Doria Steedman, and at one point "pulled out her teeth" to show the ravages of the drug use; this idea was used in a subsequent commercial. In 1994, an independent assessment from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine suggested that the anti-drug campaign was having a measurable "deterrence effect" on American adolescents: No one presumes advertising is going to stop all drug abuse in America ... Using the idea that attitudes change behavior and using the best ad minds to denormalize drug use, they have sent a very strong message over the years, and their work is a very important component in the national effort to reduce drug use."— Chris Policano, spokesman for Phoenix House, in 1994 In 1996, research efforts suggested a link between getting preteens and teenagers to wait longer before using drugs for the first time, and the decreasing likelihood of becoming a regular drug user. A new campaign was announced, aimed at "getting parents involved in the war against drugs. Marston and other executives adjusted their media strategy accordingly as fast-moving trends made one drug "hot" while others fell out of favor. The campaign was primarily oriented towards television and print media. The Partnership coordinated efforts with Barry McCaffrey, the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, in targeting efforts against heroin. McCaffrey endorsed the Partnership's campaigns and spoke at their news conferences. Later, it worked with state alliance programs. PDFA was the subject of criticism when it was revealed by Cynthia Cotts of The Village Voice that their federal tax returns showed that they had received several million dollars worth of funding from major pharmaceutical, tobacco and alcohol corporations including American Brands (Jim Beam whiskey), Philip Morris (Marlboro and Virginia Slims cigarettes, Miller beer), Anheuser Busch (Budweiser, Michelob, Busch beer), R.J. Reynolds (Camel, Salem, Winston cigarettes), as well as pharmaceutical firms Bristol Meyers-Squibb, Merck & Company and Procter & Gamble. In 1997, it discontinued any direct fiscal association with tobacco and alcohol suppliers, although it still receives donations from pharmaceutical and opioid companies. In 1999, filmmaker Robert Zemeckis made a documentary entitled The Pursuit of Happiness: Smoking, Drinking and Drugging in the 20th Century which made an in-depth examination of the problem of drug use, covering 100 years and interviewing professionals and historians. Zemeckis included Marston in the film. The 2000s In 2002, Burke retired as chairman, and was replaced by Roy J. Bostock. The Partnership had been tracking ecstasy use since 1996, and in 2002 found that 52% of students were aware of the dangers associated with its use as compared to 46% from the year before. In 2002, the White House director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, John P. Walters, questioned whether the Partnership's campaigns were lessening the use of illegal drugs. He stated, "The resulting campaign is far too complex, calling as it does for the lockstep shuttling in and out, at 6 to 8 week intervals, of TV, radio, print, outdoor and interactive messages in multiple languages against 36 different strategies aimed at eleven different targets. He raised concerns of improper interpretations of survey data as well as the federal government shifting $50 million away from other media purchases. Partnership chairman James E. Burke argued before a Senate subcommittee for better targeting of funds for media purchases. In 2010, it collaborated with the Drug Enforcement Administration on a public relations event titled "National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day". The event involved 4,000 "drop spots" to discard unused prescription drugs as a way to lessen opportunities for misuse. In the mid-2000s, the Partnership gradually shifted away from de-emphasizing the risks of marijuana and focused more on targets such as prescription drugs, possibly responding to a shift of emphasis by the U.S. government. Reporter Elizabeth Sprague of CBS News noticed that the Partnership had not produced a single anti-marijuana PSA since 2005. By 2007, the agency had produced over 3,000 spots from 1985 to 2007. In 2010, the organization changed its name from Partnership for a Drug-Free America to Partnership at Drugfree.org. A 2013 article by the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice describes The Partnership as "...always felt free to lie — blatantly, openly, stupidly — about drugs. In fact, lying to obscure the realities of drug abuse in order to protect powerful interests and constituencies is the reason the Partnership exists. The Partnership is the latest in America's long history of phony lobbies — the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) is the White House branch — that revel in misinformation and misdirected policies that perpetuate the social crises they claim to be attacking because they tacitly profit from making them worse." Some studies suggest its PSAs have had "little proven effect on drug use." In 2013, the Montana Meth Project joined The Partnership To End Addiction. Current approaches The Partnership holds a special position under law within the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. It cooperates with government agencies in initiatives to help reduce drug use. While the organization has focused drug prevention advertising on broadcast media such as television, it has recently shifted media support to digital technology. Currently, it aims to assist parents in prevention efforts. The organization informs and offers resources for parents and teenagers on its website. The Partnership shifted focus towards teenagers' misuse of prescription drugs. The group was part of a campaign known as National Prescription Drug Take Back Day which encouraged residents to dispose of their old prescription drugs to nearby city halls or police departments. Partnership executive Sean Clarkin suggests that parents sit down with their teens and ask "what's going on" as a possible beginning for a conversation about drug use. The Partnership has reduced its commitment to broadcast media and shifted towards reaching out to parents via the Internet, which increased from 10% of its budget to 31% for 2010. It has focused on web efforts such as the site "Time to Talk" (timetotalk.org), The drugfree.org website attracts a million visitors each month. The agency is making a $55 million three-year commitment with cable operator Comcast including its "Time to Talk" campaign. See also Ad Council Ginna Marston Public service announcement This Is Your Brain on Drugs I learned it by watching you! WeGotYou Montana Meth Project Sources ^ Gershon, Livia (2022-10-19). "The Story Behind "This is Your Brain on Drugs"". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2024-01-06. ^ a b c d e "Top 10 Public-Service Announcements: There Goes My Appetite". Time. 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Produced in 1987 by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, this iconic PSA makes use of everyday household items — namely, an egg and a frying pan — to illustrate how narcotics affect the body. (Fresh egg = your brain; fried egg = your brain on drugs.) ^ Moreau, Joseph (2016). ""I Learned it by Watching YOU!" The Partnership for a Drug-Free America and the Attack on "Responsible Use" Education in the 1980s". Journal of Social History. 49 (3): 710–737. ISSN 0022-4529. ^ a b "(cases)". tzhealth.com. September 13, 1993. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-12-24. 9-594-028 Title: Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A) ^ V. Kasturi Rangan (1993). "Faculty & Research: HBS Course Materials". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Rangan, V. Kasturi, Diana Chapman Walsh, Barbara Moeykens, and Rima E. Rudd. "Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A)." Harvard Business School Case 594-028. ... Rangan, V. Kasturi, Diana Chapman Walsh, Barbara Moeykens, and Rima E. Rudd. "Partnership for a Drug-Free America (B)." Harvard Business School Supplement 594-029. ^ Matthew W. Finkin (1996). "*221 Employee Privacy, American Values, and the Law". Chicago-Kent Law Review. Retrieved 2011-12-24. (cited this case study:) See Partnership For a Drug-Free America: Overview (Partnership for a Drug Free Am., New York, N.Y.), May 1, 1996, at 1. It claims that a drop in drug usage is attributable to its efforts. See Diana Chapman Walsh et al., The Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A) 26 tbl. 5D (Harvard Bus. Sch. No. N9- 594-028, 1993). ^ Pamela Warrick (August 30, 1996). "Can You Just Say No?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Pamela Warrick (August 30, 1996). "Can You Just Say No?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ a b c Elliott, Stuart (October 1, 1993). "The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ a b c d e f g Famous fried eggs: Erika Alexander (December 6, 2000). "Students debate effectiveness, accuracy of well-known anti-drug commercial". CNN. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Oliver, Myrna (July 16, 2004). "Carole Fields-Arnold, 59; Talent Agent Co-Founded Drug, Alcohol Program". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ "Rebecca Shaw, Michael Kelly". The New York Times. February 26, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Rebecca Blackwood Shaw ... The bride, 38, plans to take her husband's name. She is the director of creative development for the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, a nonprofit organization in New York, where she oversees the production of public service announcements. ^ a b c d Stuart Elliott (September 27, 2007). "Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ a b c d Stuart Elliott (October 1, 1993). "The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Flint, Joe (October 27, 2011). "Daniel Burke dies at 82; former president of Capital Cities/ABC". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Neuman, William (October 26, 2011). "Daniel B. Burke, Leading Media Executive, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Strom, Stephanie (April 4, 2007). "$500 Million Pledged to Fight Childhood Obesity". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-27. Robert Wood Johnson, who built Johnson & Johnson into one of the world's largest health and medical care products companies, established his foundation at his death in 1968 ... ^ a b Amanda Gordon (November 28, 2007). "Parents and Tennagers Rock for 'Drug-Free America'". New York Sun. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ a b c Courtney Kane (October 23, 2002). "The Media Business: Advertising — Addenda — A Succession At Anti-Drug Group". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. James E. Burke will soon step down after 13 years as chairman of the Partnership for a Drug-Free America in New York ... ^ a b c d e Joseph B. Treaster (October 2, 1992). "The Media Business — Television Ads Are Directed At Urban Youths and Drugs". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Times Staff & Wire Reports (March 5, 1997). "Preteen 'Pot' Use Doubles, Study Says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Marijuana use among U.S. preteens doubled in 1996, ... ^ Jerry Crowe (July 14, 1996). "Heroin Deaths Fuel Music Industry's Soul-Searching". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Males, Mike (July 1997). "Pot Boiler: Why Are Media Enlisting in the Government's Crusade Against Marijuana?". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Partnership to End Addiction. Retrieved 2023-12-30. ^ "Robert Zemeckis on Smoking, Drinking and Drugging in the 20th Century: In Pursuit of Happiness". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... A feature-length documentary on smoking, drinking and drugging in the 20th century. Through interviews with historians and professionals in the drug treatment field interspersed with film clips ... ^ a b Andy Meisler (August 29, 1999). "Television/Radio; Getting Down to What Makes America High". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Kathleen Fackelmann (December 16, 2002). "Survey: Teen drug use on decline". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-12-24. For the first time, use of the club drug Ecstasy dropped among teens in the United States, and use of cigarettes and alcohol continued to decline, according to a just-released survey. This year's annual Monitoring the Future survey tracked substance use among 44,000 eighth-, 10th- and 12th-grade students. The survey has been tracking teens' drug use since 1975. ^ a b Burke, James E. (June 19, 2002). "Senate Hearing 107–600: Effectiveness of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign". U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ a b Shafer, Jack (Sep 24, 2010). "Bogus Drug Coverage of the Week". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... a public-relations event staged by the Drug Enforcement Administration called the "National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day." Allied with medical boards, police chiefs, district attorneys, boards of pharmacy, and the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, ... ^ a b Elizabeth Sprague (November 9, 2009). "Pot No Longer Focus of Anti-Drug Campaigns". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ "Accounts and People of Note in the Ad Industry". The New York Times. December 13, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Males, Mike (Oct 2013). "Partnership for a Drug Wrecked America". Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ "Meth Project Joins The Partnership at Drugfree.org". Partnership to End Addiction. Retrieved 2023-12-30. ^ Finkin, Matthew W. (Jan 7, 2011). "U.S. Code – Title 21 > Chapter 22 > § 1708: National youth anti-drug media campaign". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... (C) Evaluation of effectiveness of media campaign In using amounts for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the national media campaign under paragraph (1)(E), the Director shall— ... the Attitude Tracking Study published by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America; ^ Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 2006, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109–469 (text) (PDF), 120 Stat. 3501, enacted December 29, 2006, codified at 21 U.S.C. § 1708 ^ Stuart Elliott (September 27, 2007). "Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ "Hannah Michelle Weeks on preventing teen substance abuse". Lock the Cabinet. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-11. ^ a b "Prescription Drug Take Back Day to be held Saturday". Los Angeles Times. October 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Sabriya Rice (July 22, 2010). "Want to keep your child drug-free? Here are five signs of possible trouble". CNN. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ "About Us". The Partnership at DrugFree.org. 2011-12-26. Retrieved 2011-12-26. (from the webpage) The Partnership at Drugfree.org is here for parents, ... vteAnti-drug ad campaignsSlogans Above the Influence Just Say No Winners Don't Use Drugs Public service announcements Addicted to Life Dog's View I learned it by watching you! McGruff the Crime Dog Note from Mom Nothing Happens Stoner Sloth This Is Your Brain on Drugs Washington State PSAs WeGotYou Organizations and programs Drug Abuse Resistance Education FRANK National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign Partnership for Drug-Free Kids Authority control databases ISNI

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The organization is most widely known for its TV ad This Is Your Brain on Drugs.Early public service announcements created by the organization have been called iconic,[1][2] and during their initial release were part of the largest privately run public-service campaign in history.[3] The organization's marketing experience was written up as a 58-page[4] marketing \"case study\" for study by students at the Harvard Business School.[5][6] An analysis of the Partnership's efforts by Forbes magazine suggested that it had earned \"a single-brand advertising clout\" during the Reagan era comparable to that of McDonald's.[7]The Partnership coordinates efforts with government officials, including Andre Hollis, the deputy assistant defense secretary for counternarcotics, in 2002.","title":"Partnership to End Addiction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Association of Advertising Agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Advertising_Agencies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX27-9"},{"link_name":"Public service announcements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX36-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cocaine_can_make_you_blind_advertisement.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX36-10"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX44c5-13"},{"link_name":"prime time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_time"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX27gdss-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"American Association of Advertising Agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Advertising_Agencies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Robert Wood Johnson II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_II"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX55-4"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"In the mid-1980s, a small group of advertising professionals working with the American Association of Advertising Agencies proposed a marketing campaign to reduce teenage drug use. The group was formed officially in 1985.[8][9] The group saw the merits of focused approach similar to that for a commercial product or service. Public service announcements or PSAs had previously been shown by networks whenever possible, regardless of intended audience. Many PSAs aired late at night, or were used by networks to fill slots lacking other advertisements. Marston urged, instead, a targeted focused anti-drug campaign similar to that for a specific brand of cereal or an automobile, but instead \"unselling\" drugs[10] or rather selling the benefits of not using drugs.An anti cocaine advertisement the PDFA released in 1987.Hedrick said that the group knew \"next to nothing about illegal drugs and the youthful target audience for their ads\".[8] [11] The organization was loosely modeled along the lines of a standard advertising agency, with a creative director post[12] and \"account executives\" to head specific effort.[10] Further, the agency did continual reassessments of public perception.Take the decision to buy and use heroin (or pot, or coke or any illegal drug) and treat it like any other purchasing choice. Liken potential addicts to a group of consumers whose buying habits can be manipulated by celebrity endorsements, catchy slogans, and powerful images. Then use those tricks not to sell the product, but to un-sell it. If the approach works, drugs will finally lose their cool.— Pamela Warrick in the Los Angeles Times[8]The agency solicited help from copywriters, media planning and placement experts often competed to submit advertising assignments without charge.[8][13] The agency gained free exposure from print media and broadcast networks, including spots during prime time.[8] [14] The group \"deliberately designed [advertisements] to disturb and upset.\"[8] Executives from The New York Times Company and Procter & Gamble[15][16] sat on the Partnership's board of directors.[8] An early grant of $300,000 from the American Association of Advertising Agencies contributed towards rent and other expenses.[8] Later funds were provided by grants from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, whose founder, Robert Wood Johnson II, left the foundation shares of stock upon his death in 1968.[17] By 1993, it had 30 employees.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX36-10"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Brain on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Drugs"},{"link_name":"public service advertisements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX15-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX15-2"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX15-2"},{"link_name":"history of marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_marketing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX36-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX15-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX36-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX36-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX36-10"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Brain on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Drugs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"New York Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Sun"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX51-18"}],"sub_title":"This Is Your Brain on Drugs","text":"The organization first became more widely known in 1987,[10] with its This Is Your Brain on Drugs broadcast and print public service advertisements (PSAs).[2] This said that if a person's brain is an egg, then using illegal drugs would be like frying it.[2] It was shown repeatedly on broadcast media. Time magazine called it \"iconic\".[2] It has been recognized as \"one of the most influential\" ad campaigns in the history of marketing,[10][2] or one of the \"most unforgettable images in modern American advertising\".[8] TV Guide put it among the \"top 100 ads of all time\".[10] It became the organization's \"calling card.\"[8]The ad had varying impacts on viewers. One student felt the \"brain on drugs\" commercial was not accurate, since she saw fellow students smoking marijuana but with brains that were clearly not frying. She claimed that the ad \"stirred her curiosity\" and called the ad more of a \"dare\" tactic.[10] Another student said \"the fried egg commercial really scared me when I was in high school. I remember picturing that egg in the frying pan and thinking that it wasn't worth it.\"[10]Following This Is Your Brain on Drugs, the agency was able to solicit donations of free advertising time with an estimated worth of \"$1 million worth of advertising every day\" for more than a decade, totaling more than $2 billion in free space and time.[8]The \"frying pan\" ad was described as a \"relic\" in one report, although New York Sun reporter Amanda Gordon noted that the organization gives gold-plated frying pan awards (mounted under glass) at fundraisers.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"chief executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX13-19"},{"link_name":"Ginna Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginna_Marston"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX22-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX22-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX22-20"},{"link_name":"Just Say No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Say_No"},{"link_name":"Nancy Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX27-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX27-9"},{"link_name":"Goodby, Berlin & Silverstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodby,_Silverstein_%26_Partners"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX27gdss-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX22-20"},{"link_name":"Ginna Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginna_Marston"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX27gdss-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX22-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Phoenix House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_House"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX19-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Barry McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warrick-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX27gdss-14"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"American Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brands"},{"link_name":"Jim Beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Beam"},{"link_name":"Philip Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA"},{"link_name":"Marlboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlboro_(cigarette)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Slims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Slims"},{"link_name":"Miller beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_beer"},{"link_name":"Anheuser Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser_Busch"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)"},{"link_name":"Michelob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelob"},{"link_name":"Busch beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_beer"},{"link_name":"R.J. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company"},{"link_name":"Camel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_(cigarette)"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_(cigarette)"},{"link_name":"Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_(cigarette)"},{"link_name":"Bristol Meyers-Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Meyers-Squibb"},{"link_name":"Merck & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Robert Zemeckis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX26-26"}],"sub_title":"The 1990s","text":"In 1989, Johnson & Johnson chief executive James E. Burke took over leadership of the organization.[19] In 1992, the Partnership switched focus to targeting inner-city youth, where the drug problem had been more severe, and ran a campaign led by Ginna Marston.[20] Research suggested most children felt \"nearly alone in their hostility toward drugs.\"[20] In one television commercial, a camera zooms in and out on two adolescents, one of whom is trying to get the other to try marijuana. The tagline then reads: \"A friend who offers you drugs is not your friend.\"[20] It was a \"strikingly different tack\" from the milder Just Say No campaign championed by previous first lady Nancy Reagan.[9] The ads were often \"infused with menace and melodrama.\"[9] Some spots by a Goodby, Berlin & Silverstein copy team hinted that the earlier Just Say No had been simplistic.[14] Marston explained the utility of depicting young people \"resisting drugs in real situations\":[20]The new campaign addresses kids' feelings and their sense of emotional isolation on this issue. ... The problem is not drugs, but an attitude of hopelessness ... They start to feel they don't count, they don't matter. They feel bad about themselves and give up on themselves; those are the ones who get into drugs ... It's not to kill time, as happens in the general market ... but to kill pain.— Ginna Marston, 1992, PDFA campaign director.[14][20]The organization used real stories about the effects of drug use. A 28-year-old former drug user met for lunch with the Partnership's Doria Steedman, and at one point \"pulled out her [false] teeth\" to show the ravages of the drug use; this idea was used in a subsequent commercial.[8]In 1994, an independent assessment from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine suggested that the anti-drug campaign was having a measurable \"deterrence effect\" on American adolescents:No one presumes advertising is going to stop all drug abuse in America ... Using the idea that attitudes change behavior and using the best ad minds to denormalize drug use, they have sent a very strong message over the years, and their work is a very important component in the national effort to reduce drug use.\"— Chris Policano, spokesman for Phoenix House, in 1994[8]In 1996, research efforts suggested a link between getting preteens and teenagers to wait longer before using drugs for the first time, and the decreasing likelihood of becoming a regular drug user.[8] A new campaign was announced, aimed at \"getting parents involved in the war against drugs.[21]Marston and other executives adjusted their media strategy accordingly as fast-moving trends made one drug \"hot\" while others fell out of favor.[8] The campaign was primarily oriented towards television and print media.[22]The Partnership coordinated efforts with Barry McCaffrey, the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, in targeting efforts against heroin. McCaffrey endorsed the Partnership's campaigns and spoke at their news conferences.[8] Later, it worked with state alliance programs.[14]PDFA was the subject of criticism when it was revealed by Cynthia Cotts of The Village Voice that their federal tax returns showed that they had received several million dollars worth of funding from major pharmaceutical, tobacco and alcohol corporations including American Brands (Jim Beam whiskey), Philip Morris (Marlboro and Virginia Slims cigarettes, Miller beer), Anheuser Busch (Budweiser, Michelob, Busch beer), R.J. Reynolds (Camel, Salem, Winston cigarettes), as well as pharmaceutical firms Bristol Meyers-Squibb, Merck & Company and Procter & Gamble. In 1997, it discontinued any direct fiscal association with tobacco and alcohol suppliers, although it still receives donations from pharmaceutical and opioid companies.[23][24]In 1999, filmmaker Robert Zemeckis made a documentary entitled The Pursuit of Happiness: Smoking, Drinking and Drugging in the 20th Century which made an in-depth examination of the problem of drug use, covering 100 years and interviewing professionals and historians.[25] Zemeckis included Marston in the film.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX13-19"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX23-27"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy"},{"link_name":"John P. Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Walters"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX13-19"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX54-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX54-28"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX16-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX16-29"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX44a-30"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX44a-30"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX51-18"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_Juvenile_and_Criminal_Justice"},{"link_name":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX26-26"},{"link_name":"Montana Meth Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Meth_Project"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"The 2000s","text":"In 2002, Burke retired as chairman, and was replaced by Roy J. Bostock.[19] The Partnership had been tracking ecstasy use since 1996, and in 2002 found that 52% of students were aware of the dangers associated with its use as compared to 46% from the year before.[27]In 2002, the White House director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, John P. Walters, questioned whether the Partnership's campaigns were lessening the use of illegal drugs.[19] He stated, \"The resulting campaign is far too complex, calling as it does for the lockstep shuttling in and out, at 6 to 8 week intervals, of TV, radio, print, outdoor and interactive messages in multiple languages against 36 different strategies aimed at eleven different targets.[28] He raised concerns of improper interpretations of survey data as well as the federal government shifting $50 million away from other media purchases. Partnership chairman James E. Burke argued before a Senate subcommittee for better targeting of funds for media purchases.[28]In 2010, it collaborated with the Drug Enforcement Administration on a public relations event titled \"National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day\".[29] The event involved 4,000 \"drop spots\" to discard unused prescription drugs as a way to lessen opportunities for misuse.[29] In the mid-2000s, the Partnership gradually shifted away from de-emphasizing the risks of marijuana and focused more on targets such as prescription drugs, possibly responding to a shift of emphasis by the U.S. government.[30] Reporter Elizabeth Sprague of CBS News noticed that the Partnership had not produced a single anti-marijuana PSA since 2005.[30] By 2007, the agency had produced over 3,000 spots from 1985 to 2007.[18]In 2010, the organization changed its name from Partnership for a Drug-Free America to Partnership at Drugfree.org.[31]A 2013 article by the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice describes The Partnership as \"...always felt free to lie — blatantly, openly, stupidly — about drugs. In fact, lying to obscure the realities of drug abuse in order to protect powerful interests and constituencies is the reason the Partnership exists. The Partnership is the latest in America's long history of phony lobbies — the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) is the White House branch — that revel in misinformation and misdirected policies that perpetuate the social crises they claim to be attacking because they tacitly profit from making them worse.\"[32] Some studies suggest its PSAs have had \"little proven effect on drug use.\"[26]In 2013, the Montana Meth Project joined The Partnership To End Addiction.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Anti-Drug_Media_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX44c52-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX35-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX35-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX44c5-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX44c5-13"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsX44c5-13"}],"sub_title":"Current approaches","text":"The Partnership holds a special position under law within the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign of the Office of National Drug Control Policy.[34][35] It cooperates with government agencies in initiatives to help reduce drug use. While the organization has focused drug prevention advertising on broadcast media such as television, it has recently shifted media support to digital technology.[36] Currently, it aims to assist parents in prevention efforts. The organization informs and offers resources for parents and teenagers on its website.[37] The Partnership shifted focus towards teenagers' misuse of prescription drugs.[38] The group was part of a campaign known as National Prescription Drug Take Back Day which encouraged residents to dispose of their old prescription drugs to nearby city halls or police departments.[38] Partnership executive Sean Clarkin suggests that parents sit down with their teens and ask \"what's going on\" as a possible beginning for a conversation about drug use.[39] The Partnership has reduced its commitment to broadcast media and shifted towards reaching out to parents[40] via the Internet, which increased from 10% of its budget to 31% for 2010.[13] It has focused on web efforts such as the site \"Time to Talk\" (timetotalk.org), The drugfree.org website attracts a million visitors each month.[13] The agency is making a $55 million three-year commitment with cable operator Comcast including its \"Time to Talk\" campaign.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Story Behind \"This is Your Brain on Drugs\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//daily.jstor.org/the-story-behind-this-is-your-brain-on-drugs/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-twsX15_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-twsX15_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-twsX15_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-twsX15_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-twsX15_2-4"},{"link_name":"\"Top 10 Public-Service Announcements: There Goes My Appetite\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090908002507/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1920454_1920455_1920449,00.html"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"the 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Here are five signs of possible trouble\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/07/22/child.drug.free/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"About Us\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.drugfree.org/about"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anti-drug_ad_campaigns"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-drug_ad_campaigns"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-drug_ad_campaigns"},{"link_name":"Above the Influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_the_Influence"},{"link_name":"Just Say No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Say_No"},{"link_name":"Winners Don't Use Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winners_Don%27t_Use_Drugs"},{"link_name":"Addicted to Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicted_to_Life"},{"link_name":"Dog's View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%27s_View"},{"link_name":"I learned it by watching you!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_learned_it_by_watching_you!"},{"link_name":"McGruff the Crime Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGruff_the_Crime_Dog"},{"link_name":"Note from Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_from_Mom"},{"link_name":"Nothing Happens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Happens"},{"link_name":"Stoner Sloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoner_Sloth"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Brain on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Drugs"},{"link_name":"Washington State PSAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_anti-cannabis_public_service_announcements"},{"link_name":"WeGotYou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeGotYou"},{"link_name":"Drug Abuse Resistance Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education"},{"link_name":"FRANK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRANK_(drugs)"},{"link_name":"National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Anti-Drug_Media_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Partnership for Drug-Free Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership_for_Drug-Free_Kids"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140758#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000417899710"}],"text":"^ Gershon, Livia (2022-10-19). \"The Story Behind \"This is Your Brain on Drugs\"\". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2024-01-06.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Top 10 Public-Service Announcements: There Goes My Appetite\". Time. 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Produced in 1987 by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, this iconic PSA makes use of everyday household items — namely, an egg and a frying pan — to illustrate how narcotics affect the body. (Fresh egg = your brain; fried egg = your brain on drugs.)\n\n^ Moreau, Joseph (2016). \"\"I Learned it by Watching YOU!\" The Partnership for a Drug-Free America and the Attack on \"Responsible Use\" Education in the 1980s\". Journal of Social History. 49 (3): 710–737. ISSN 0022-4529.\n\n^ a b \"(cases)\". tzhealth.com. September 13, 1993. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-12-24. 9-594-028 Title: Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A)\n\n^ V. Kasturi Rangan (1993). \"Faculty & Research: HBS Course Materials\". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Rangan, V. Kasturi, Diana Chapman Walsh, Barbara Moeykens, and Rima E. Rudd. \"Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A).\" Harvard Business School Case 594-028. ... Rangan, V. Kasturi, Diana Chapman Walsh, Barbara Moeykens, and Rima E. Rudd. \"Partnership for a Drug-Free America (B).\" Harvard Business School Supplement 594-029.\n\n^ Matthew W. Finkin (1996). \"*221 Employee Privacy, American Values, and the Law\". Chicago-Kent Law Review. Retrieved 2011-12-24. (cited this case study:) See Partnership For a Drug-Free America: Overview (Partnership for a Drug Free Am., New York, N.Y.), May 1, 1996, at 1. It claims that a drop in drug usage is attributable to its efforts. See Diana Chapman Walsh et al., The Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A) 26 tbl. 5D (Harvard Bus. Sch. No. N9- 594-028, 1993).\n\n^ Pamela Warrick (August 30, 1996). \"Can You Just Say No?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Pamela Warrick (August 30, 1996). \"Can You Just Say No?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ a b c Elliott, Stuart (October 1, 1993). \"The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Famous fried eggs: Erika Alexander (December 6, 2000). \"Students debate effectiveness, accuracy of well-known anti-drug commercial\". CNN. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Oliver, Myrna (July 16, 2004). \"Carole Fields-Arnold, 59; Talent Agent Co-Founded Drug, Alcohol Program\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ \"Rebecca Shaw, Michael Kelly\". The New York Times. February 26, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Rebecca Blackwood Shaw ... The bride, 38, plans to take her husband's name. She is the director of creative development for the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, a nonprofit organization in New York, where she oversees the production of public service announcements.\n\n^ a b c d Stuart Elliott (September 27, 2007). \"Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ a b c d Stuart Elliott (October 1, 1993). \"The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Flint, Joe (October 27, 2011). \"Daniel Burke dies at 82; former president of Capital Cities/ABC\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Neuman, William (October 26, 2011). \"Daniel B. Burke, Leading Media Executive, Dies at 82\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Strom, Stephanie (April 4, 2007). \"$500 Million Pledged to Fight Childhood Obesity\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-27. Robert Wood Johnson, who built Johnson & Johnson into one of the world's largest health and medical care products companies, established his foundation at his death in 1968 ...\n\n^ a b Amanda Gordon (November 28, 2007). \"Parents and Tennagers Rock for 'Drug-Free America'\". New York Sun. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ a b c Courtney Kane (October 23, 2002). \"The Media Business: Advertising — Addenda — A Succession At Anti-Drug Group\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. James E. Burke will soon step down after 13 years as chairman of the Partnership for a Drug-Free America in New York ...\n\n^ a b c d e Joseph B. Treaster (October 2, 1992). \"The Media Business — Television Ads Are Directed At Urban Youths and Drugs\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Times Staff & Wire Reports (March 5, 1997). \"Preteen 'Pot' Use Doubles, Study Says\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Marijuana use among U.S. preteens doubled in 1996, ...\n\n^ Jerry Crowe (July 14, 1996). \"Heroin Deaths Fuel Music Industry's Soul-Searching\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Males, Mike (July 1997). \"Pot Boiler: Why Are Media Enlisting in the Government's Crusade Against Marijuana?\". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. Retrieved 18 January 2018.\n\n^ \"Frequently Asked Questions\". Partnership to End Addiction. Retrieved 2023-12-30.\n\n^ \"Robert Zemeckis on Smoking, Drinking and Drugging in the 20th Century: In Pursuit of Happiness\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... A feature-length documentary on smoking, drinking and drugging in the 20th century. Through interviews with historians and professionals in the drug treatment field interspersed with film clips ...\n\n^ a b Andy Meisler (August 29, 1999). \"Television/Radio; Getting Down to What Makes America High\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Kathleen Fackelmann (December 16, 2002). \"Survey: Teen drug use on decline\". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-12-24. For the first time, use of the club drug Ecstasy dropped among teens in the United States, and use of cigarettes and alcohol continued to decline, according to a just-released survey. This year's annual Monitoring the Future survey tracked substance use among 44,000 eighth-, 10th- and 12th-grade students. The survey has been tracking teens' drug use since 1975.\n\n^ a b Burke, James E. (June 19, 2002). \"Senate Hearing 107–600: Effectiveness of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign\". U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ a b Shafer, Jack (Sep 24, 2010). \"Bogus Drug Coverage of the Week\". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... a public-relations event staged by the Drug Enforcement Administration called the \"National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day.\" Allied with medical boards, police chiefs, district attorneys, boards of pharmacy, and the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, ...\n\n^ a b Elizabeth Sprague (November 9, 2009). \"Pot No Longer Focus of Anti-Drug Campaigns\". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ \"Accounts and People of Note in the Ad Industry\". The New York Times. December 13, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Males, Mike (Oct 2013). \"Partnership for a Drug Wrecked America\". Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Retrieved 13 June 2023.\n\n^ \"Meth Project Joins The Partnership at Drugfree.org\". Partnership to End Addiction. Retrieved 2023-12-30.\n\n^ Finkin, Matthew W. (Jan 7, 2011). \"U.S. Code – Title 21 > Chapter 22 > § 1708: National youth anti-drug media campaign\". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... (C) Evaluation of effectiveness of media campaign In using amounts for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the national media campaign under paragraph (1)(E), the Director shall— ... the Attitude Tracking Study published by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America;\n\n^ Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 2006, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109–469 (text) (PDF), 120 Stat. 3501, enacted December 29, 2006, codified at 21 U.S.C. § 1708\n\n^ Stuart Elliott (September 27, 2007). \"Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ \"Hannah Michelle Weeks on preventing teen substance abuse\". Lock the Cabinet. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-11.\n\n^ a b \"Prescription Drug Take Back Day to be held Saturday\". Los Angeles Times. October 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ Sabriya Rice (July 22, 2010). \"Want to keep your child drug-free? Here are five signs of possible trouble\". CNN. Retrieved 2011-12-24.\n\n^ \"About Us\". The Partnership at DrugFree.org. 2011-12-26. Retrieved 2011-12-26. (from the webpage) The Partnership at Drugfree.org is here for parents, ...vteAnti-drug ad campaignsSlogans\nAbove the Influence\nJust Say No\nWinners Don't Use Drugs\nPublic service announcements\nAddicted to Life\nDog's View\nI learned it by watching you!\nMcGruff the Crime Dog\nNote from Mom\nNothing Happens\nStoner Sloth\nThis Is Your Brain on Drugs\nWashington State PSAs\nWeGotYou\nOrganizations and programs\nDrug Abuse Resistance Education\nFRANK\nNational Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign\nPartnership for Drug-Free KidsAuthority control databases \nISNI","title":"Sources"}]

[{"image_text":"The Partnership coordinates efforts with government officials, including Andre Hollis, the deputy assistant defense secretary for counternarcotics, in 2002.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ShauntayHintonRedRibbon2002.jpg/220px-ShauntayHintonRedRibbon2002.jpg"},{"image_text":"An anti cocaine advertisement the PDFA released in 1987.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Cocaine_can_make_you_blind_advertisement.jpg/220px-Cocaine_can_make_you_blind_advertisement.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Ad Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Council"},{"title":"Ginna Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginna_Marston"},{"title":"Public service announcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"title":"This Is Your Brain on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Drugs"},{"title":"I learned it by watching you!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_learned_it_by_watching_you!"},{"title":"WeGotYou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeGotYou"},{"title":"Montana Meth Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Meth_Project"}]

[{"reference":"Gershon, Livia (2022-10-19). \"The Story Behind \"This is Your Brain on Drugs\"\". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2024-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://daily.jstor.org/the-story-behind-this-is-your-brain-on-drugs/","url_text":"\"The Story Behind \"This is Your Brain on Drugs\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Public-Service Announcements: There Goes My Appetite\". Time. 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Produced in 1987 by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, this iconic PSA makes use of everyday household items — namely, an egg and a frying pan — to illustrate how narcotics affect the body. (Fresh egg = your brain; fried egg = your brain on drugs.)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090908002507/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1920454_1920455_1920449,00.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 Public-Service Announcements: There Goes My Appetite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1920454_1920455_1920449,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moreau, Joseph (2016). \"\"I Learned it by Watching YOU!\" The Partnership for a Drug-Free America and the Attack on \"Responsible Use\" Education in the 1980s\". Journal of Social History. 49 (3): 710–737. ISSN 0022-4529.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43920720","url_text":"\"\"I Learned it by Watching YOU!\" The Partnership for a Drug-Free America and the Attack on \"Responsible Use\" Education in the 1980s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529","url_text":"0022-4529"}]},{"reference":"\"(cases)\". tzhealth.com. September 13, 1993. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-12-24. 9-594-028 Title: Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426073601/http://tzhealth.com/Optical%20spectrometers%20accessories%20html/Dont%20Delight%20Your%20Customers%20Away%20HBR%20OnPoint%20Collection%20Publication%20Date%20Product%20Type%20HBR%20OnPoint%20Collection.htm","url_text":"\"(cases)\""},{"url":"http://tzhealth.com/Optical%20spectrometers%20accessories%20html/Dont%20Delight%20Your%20Customers%20Away%20HBR%20OnPoint%20Collection%20Publication%20Date%20Product%20Type%20HBR%20OnPoint%20Collection.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"V. Kasturi Rangan (1993). \"Faculty & Research: HBS Course Materials\". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Rangan, V. Kasturi, Diana Chapman Walsh, Barbara Moeykens, and Rima E. Rudd. \"Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A).\" Harvard Business School Case 594-028. ... Rangan, V. Kasturi, Diana Chapman Walsh, Barbara Moeykens, and Rima E. Rudd. \"Partnership for a Drug-Free America (B).\" Harvard Business School Supplement 594-029.","urls":[{"url":"http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=pub&facEmId=vrangan","url_text":"\"Faculty & Research: HBS Course Materials\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew W. Finkin (1996). \"*221 Employee Privacy, American Values, and the Law\". Chicago-Kent Law Review. Retrieved 2011-12-24. (cited this case study:) See Partnership For a Drug-Free America: Overview (Partnership for a Drug Free Am., New York, N.Y.), May 1, 1996, at 1. It claims that a drop in drug usage is attributable to its efforts. See Diana Chapman Walsh et al., The Partnership for a Drug-Free America (A) 26 tbl. 5D (Harvard Bus. Sch. No. N9- 594-028, 1993).","urls":[{"url":"http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/privacy/EmployeePrivacy%28Finkin%29.htm","url_text":"\"*221 Employee Privacy, American Values, and the Law\""}]},{"reference":"Pamela Warrick (August 30, 1996). \"Can You Just Say No?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-30/news/ls-38870_1_drug-user/3","url_text":"\"Can You Just Say No?\""}]},{"reference":"Pamela Warrick (August 30, 1996). \"Can You Just Say No?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-30/news/ls-38870_1_drug-user/3","url_text":"\"Can You Just Say No?\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Stuart (October 1, 1993). \"The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/01/business/media-business-advertising-partnership-for-drug-free-america-accentuates.html","url_text":"\"The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Famous fried eggs: Erika Alexander (December 6, 2000). \"Students debate effectiveness, accuracy of well-known anti-drug commercial\". CNN. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/fyi/interactive/news/brain/brain.on.drugs.html","url_text":"\"Students debate effectiveness, accuracy of well-known anti-drug commercial\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Myrna (July 16, 2004). \"Carole Fields-Arnold, 59; Talent Agent Co-Founded Drug, Alcohol Program\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/16/local/me-fields16","url_text":"\"Carole Fields-Arnold, 59; Talent Agent Co-Founded Drug, Alcohol Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebecca Shaw, Michael Kelly\". The New York Times. February 26, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Rebecca Blackwood Shaw ... The bride, 38, plans to take her husband's name. She is the director of creative development for the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, a nonprofit organization in New York, where she oversees the production of public service announcements.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/fashion/weddings/28SHAW.html","url_text":"\"Rebecca Shaw, Michael Kelly\""}]},{"reference":"Stuart Elliott (September 27, 2007). \"Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E4DA1F3EF934A1575AC0A9619C8B63","url_text":"\"Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience\""}]},{"reference":"Stuart Elliott (October 1, 1993). \"The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/01/business/media-business-advertising-partnership-for-drug-free-america-accentuates.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm","url_text":"\"The Media Business: Advertising — The Partnership for a Drug-Free America accentuates the positive in a new campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Flint, Joe (October 27, 2011). \"Daniel Burke dies at 82; former president of Capital Cities/ABC\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/27/local/la-me-dan-burke-20111027","url_text":"\"Daniel Burke dies at 82; former president of Capital Cities/ABC\""}]},{"reference":"Neuman, William (October 26, 2011). \"Daniel B. Burke, Leading Media Executive, Dies at 82\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/business/daniel-burke-executive-known-for-capital-cities-abc-deal-dies-at-82.html","url_text":"\"Daniel B. Burke, Leading Media Executive, Dies at 82\""}]},{"reference":"Strom, Stephanie (April 4, 2007). \"$500 Million Pledged to Fight Childhood Obesity\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-27. Robert Wood Johnson, who built Johnson & Johnson into one of the world's largest health and medical care products companies, established his foundation at his death in 1968 ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/health/04obesity.html?scp=2&sq=%22robert+wood+johnson+foundation%22&st=nyt","url_text":"\"$500 Million Pledged to Fight Childhood Obesity\""}]},{"reference":"Amanda Gordon (November 28, 2007). \"Parents and Tennagers Rock for 'Drug-Free America'\". New York Sun. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nysun.com/out-and-about/parents-and-tennagers-rock-for-drug-free-america/67121/","url_text":"\"Parents and Tennagers Rock for 'Drug-Free America'\""}]},{"reference":"Courtney Kane (October 23, 2002). \"The Media Business: Advertising — Addenda — A Succession At Anti-Drug Group\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. James E. Burke will soon step down after 13 years as chairman of the Partnership for a Drug-Free America in New York ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/23/business/the-media-business-advertising-addenda-a-succession-at-anti-drug-group.html?ref=jameseburke","url_text":"\"The Media Business: Advertising — Addenda — A Succession At Anti-Drug Group\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph B. Treaster (October 2, 1992). \"The Media Business — Television Ads Are Directed At Urban Youths and Drugs\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/02/business/the-media-business-television-ads-are-directed-at-urban-youths-and-drugs.html","url_text":"\"The Media Business — Television Ads Are Directed At Urban Youths and Drugs\""}]},{"reference":"Times Staff & Wire Reports (March 5, 1997). \"Preteen 'Pot' Use Doubles, Study Says\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Marijuana use among U.S. preteens doubled in 1996, ...","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1997-03-05/news/mn-35058_1_drug-free-america","url_text":"\"Preteen 'Pot' Use Doubles, Study Says\""}]},{"reference":"Jerry Crowe (July 14, 1996). \"Heroin Deaths Fuel Music Industry's Soul-Searching\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-14/news/mn-24199_1_heroin-abuse/2","url_text":"\"Heroin Deaths Fuel Music Industry's Soul-Searching\""}]},{"reference":"Males, Mike (July 1997). \"Pot Boiler: Why Are Media Enlisting in the Government's Crusade Against Marijuana?\". Extra!. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. Retrieved 18 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fair.org/extra/pot-boiler/","url_text":"\"Pot Boiler: Why Are Media Enlisting in the Government's Crusade Against Marijuana?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". Partnership to End Addiction. Retrieved 2023-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://drugfree.org/article/frequently-asked-questions/","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Zemeckis on Smoking, Drinking and Drugging in the 20th Century: In Pursuit of Happiness\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... A feature-length documentary on smoking, drinking and drugging in the 20th century. Through interviews with historians and professionals in the drug treatment field interspersed with film clips ...","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130130105733/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/989551/Ginna-Marston/filmography","url_text":"\"Robert Zemeckis on Smoking, Drinking and Drugging in the 20th Century: In Pursuit of Happiness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/person/989551/Ginna-Marston/filmography","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andy Meisler (August 29, 1999). \"Television/Radio; Getting Down to What Makes America High\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/29/arts/television-radio-getting-down-to-what-makes-america-high.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"\"Television/Radio; Getting Down to What Makes America High\""}]},{"reference":"Kathleen Fackelmann (December 16, 2002). \"Survey: Teen drug use on decline\". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-12-24. For the first time, use of the club drug Ecstasy dropped among teens in the United States, and use of cigarettes and alcohol continued to decline, according to a just-released survey. This year's annual Monitoring the Future survey tracked substance use among 44,000 eighth-, 10th- and 12th-grade students. The survey has been tracking teens' drug use since 1975.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-12-16-teens-drugs_x.htm","url_text":"\"Survey: Teen drug use on decline\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, James E. (June 19, 2002). \"Senate Hearing 107–600: Effectiveness of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign\". U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-107shrg81080/html/CHRG-107shrg81080.htm","url_text":"\"Senate Hearing 107–600: Effectiveness of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Shafer, Jack (Sep 24, 2010). \"Bogus Drug Coverage of the Week\". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... a public-relations event staged by the Drug Enforcement Administration called the \"National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day.\" Allied with medical boards, police chiefs, district attorneys, boards of pharmacy, and the Partnership for a Drug-Free America, ...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/press_box/2010/09/bogus_drug_coverage_of_the_week.html","url_text":"\"Bogus Drug Coverage of the Week\""}]},{"reference":"Elizabeth Sprague (November 9, 2009). \"Pot No Longer Focus of Anti-Drug Campaigns\". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/07/15/national/main5161388.shtml","url_text":"\"Pot No Longer Focus of Anti-Drug Campaigns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accounts and People of Note in the Ad Industry\". The New York Times. December 13, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/13/business/media/13adnewsletter3.html","url_text":"\"Accounts and People of Note in the Ad Industry\""}]},{"reference":"Males, Mike (Oct 2013). \"Partnership for a Drug Wrecked America\". Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cjcj.org/news/blog/partnership-for-a-drug-wrecked-america","url_text":"\"Partnership for a Drug Wrecked America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meth Project Joins The Partnership at Drugfree.org\". Partnership to End Addiction. Retrieved 2023-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://drugfree.org/newsroom/news-item/meth-project-joins-the-partnership-at-drugfree-org/","url_text":"\"Meth Project Joins The Partnership at Drugfree.org\""}]},{"reference":"Finkin, Matthew W. (Jan 7, 2011). \"U.S. Code – Title 21 > Chapter 22 > § 1708: National youth anti-drug media campaign\". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ... (C) Evaluation of effectiveness of media campaign In using amounts for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the national media campaign under paragraph (1)(E), the Director shall— ... the Attitude Tracking Study published by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America;","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/21/1708.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Code – Title 21 > Chapter 22 > § 1708: National youth anti-drug media campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Stuart Elliott (September 27, 2007). \"Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E4DA1F3EF934A1575AC0A9619C8B63","url_text":"\"Advertising; Public Service Groups Follow the Audience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hannah Michelle Weeks on preventing teen substance abuse\". Lock the Cabinet. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232228/http://www.lockthecabinet.com/news/hannah-michelle-weeks-on-preventing-teen-substance-abuse/","url_text":"\"Hannah Michelle Weeks on preventing teen substance abuse\""},{"url":"http://www.lockthecabinet.com/news/hannah-michelle-weeks-on-preventing-teen-substance-abuse/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prescription Drug Take Back Day to be held Saturday\". Los Angeles Times. October 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/10/prescription-drug-take-back-saturday.html","url_text":"\"Prescription Drug Take Back Day to be held Saturday\""}]},{"reference":"Sabriya Rice (July 22, 2010). \"Want to keep your child drug-free? Here are five signs of possible trouble\". CNN. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/07/22/child.drug.free/index.html","url_text":"\"Want to keep your child drug-free? Here are five signs of possible trouble\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". The Partnership at DrugFree.org. 2011-12-26. Retrieved 2011-12-26. (from the webpage) The Partnership at Drugfree.org is here for parents, ...","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drugfree.org/about","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Wonder_(company)

World of Wonder (company)

["1 History","2 Television","2.1 RuPaul's Drag Race","3 Documentary films","4 Content","5 WOWIE Awards","6 WOW Presents Plus","7 Awards and nominations","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

American production company World of WonderCompany typePrivateIndustryEntertainmentFounded1991; 33 years ago (1991)Founder Randy Barbato Fenton Bailey HeadquartersLos Angeles, California, United StatesServices Film production Film distribution Television production Television distribution Websiteworldofwonder.net World of Wonder Productions is an American production company founded in 1991 by filmmakers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey. Based in Los Angeles, California, the company specializes in documentary television and film productions with a key focus on LGBTQ topics. Together, Barbato and Bailey have produced programming through World of Wonder for HBO, Bravo, HGTV, Showtime, BBC, Netflix, MTV and VH1, with credits including the Million Dollar Listing docuseries, RuPaul's Drag Race, and the documentary films The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2000) and Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures (2016). World of Wonder is best known for its contributions towards LGBTQ programming, for which they won an Outfest Annual Achievement Award in 2011. Their most well known production is RuPaul's Drag Race. They have managed the career of drag queen and titular host RuPaul since the early 1990s, eventually producing the television franchise alongside the majority of its live shows, podcasts, television specials, and conventions. History Filmmakers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey at the Miami International Film Festival presentation of Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures (2016). Photo: David Heischrek World of Wonder was co-founded as a record label and management company by Barbato and Bailey in the mid-1980s after meeting in New York University's (NYU) graduate film program, with the name coming from a British magazine Bailey used to read as a child. The two formed Fabulous Pop Tarts, a disco pop rock duo, and began performing regularly at Danceteria and other clubs in downtown New York City. They produced two albums, Age of the Thing, which included their hit single New York City Beat, and Gagging on the Lovely Extravaganza, which included guest appearances by Lady Miss Kier, RuPaul, Martyn Phillips, and Filthy the Dog. Barbato and Bailey moved on to begin organizing projects in television production and licensing, documentary filmmaking, and the career expansion of their friends and fellow artists, particularly RuPaul, whom they met in Atlanta in the 1980s. They produced RuPaul's first album, RuPaul is: StarBooty!, in 1986, and became his manager shortly after launching World of Wonder in 1991. They have since produced all of his television shows, his DragCon bi-coastal conventions and music productions, and have earned multiple Emmy Awards. One of Barbato and Bailey's early television documentaries, Died on the 4th of July: Nelson Sullivan's World of Wonder, shares its name with the production company. The documentary, a one-hour portrait of Nelson Sullivan, was created from an archive of over 1,200 hours of video footage taken over the decade preceding Sullivan's death of a heart attack on July 4, 1989. Died on the 4th of July aired on the UK's Channel 4, was included on the DVD release of Party Monster: The Shockumentary, and contributed to Sullivan's posthumous rise in notoriety. The early focus on Sullivan solidified the company's interest in documentary filmmaking. In 2014, Barbato and Bailey were honored with the International Documentary Association's (IDA) Pioneer Award, "celebrating exceptional achievement, leadership, and vision in the nonfiction and documentary community." World of Wonder operates out of a historic art deco building on Hollywood Boulevard. Designed by architects S. Tilden Norton and Fredrick H. Wallis and erected in 1930, the building served as the original home of the Directors Guild of America. The World of Wonder Storefront Gallery now occupies the ground floor retail space, with production and management offices occupying the upper three stories. The basement, once home to the punk rock club The Masque, now houses the company's video archive and a soundstage. Television World of Wonder primarily produces television content for networks in the US and UK, including BBC, Channel 4, FIVE, HBO, Cinemax, TLC, PBS, Showtime, A&E, MTV, VH1 and Bravo. Productions over the past three decades include RuPaul's Drag Race, Manhattan Cable with Laurie Pike, Takeover TV, The Adam and Joe Show,Tori & Dean: Inn Love, Good Work, Million Dollar Listing, Heli-Loggers, Pam: Girl on the Loose, Big Freedia: Queen of Bounce, and Island Hunters. World of Wonder also produced the documentary series One Punk Under God, Sex Change Hospital, and TransGeneration, one of the first unscripted television shows to focus on the transgender community, which won the 2006 GLAAD Award for Outstanding Documentary. Another franchise by World of Wonder, Million Dollar Listing, debuted in Los Angeles in 2006, and has since expanded to include New York, San Francisco, and Miami series. The spin-off, Sell It Like Serhant, featuring one of Million Dollar Listing New York's top brokers, Ryan Serhant, launched in 2018. In 2021, Barbato and Bailey produced and directed Catch and Kill: The Podcast Tapes and Small Town News: KPVM Pahrump for HBO. The company has received several Emmy Awards nominations for their documentary programming. RuPaul's Drag Race World of Wonder produced The RuPaul Show, hosted by RuPaul from 1996 until 1998. The company partnered with RuPaul to pitch the reality television show RuPaul's Drag Race to Logo TV, which was immediately picked up for a season and aired in February 2009. The company also produced multiple spinoff series: RuPaul's Drag U, which lasted for three seasons from 2010 until 2012 RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, beginning in 2012 and featuring returning drag queens RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked, a behind-the scenes after show aired following each new episode of the original series World of Wonder's work in television has been honored with over two dozen Emmy nominations, including multiple wins for RuPaul's Drag Race. The show has notably received awards for Outstanding Reality Competition Program and Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program. Documentary films World of Wonder has produced many feature-length documentary films, many focusing on provocative subjects, several of which have garnered industry awards and nominations. These include Inside Deep Throat, which premiered at Sundance Film Festival, HBO biopic Wishful Drinking, starring Carrie Fisher, which received two Emmy nominations, and Becoming Chaz, which premiered at Sundance as the Oprah Winfrey Network's (OWN) first ever documentary and was nominated for three Emmy awards. World of Wonder has also produced feature films Party Monster, starring Macaulay Culkin and Seth Green, and Menendez: Blood Brothers, starring Courtney Love, Nico Totorella, Benito Martinez, and Myko Oliver. Barbato and Bailey have produced a host of other original documentaries, including Party Monster: The Shockumentary, The Eyes of Tammy Faye, Monica in Black and White, Gender Revolution with Katie Couric, and The Last Beekeeper. In 2017, Out of Iraq, a documentary chronicling the relationship between two soliders serving in Iraq won a daytime Emmy for Logo TV. In March 2018, the documentary When the Beat Drops, directed by Jamal Sims, premiered at the Miami International Film Festival, where it won the Knight Documentary Achievement Award. In 2018, World of Wonder produced and directed Liberty: Mother of Exiles, an HBO documentary examining the history of the Statue of Liberty. The company was also commissioned by YouTube to create Stonewall Outloud, a documentary based on the Stonewall protests of 1969, using the audio recordings of StoryCorps founder, Dave Isay. Content Over the years, World of Wonder has expanded its presence into new media types, including conventions, video-on-demand, social media, and blogging. The WOW Report, a blog providing daily coverage of the pop culture and nightlife sectors, was named Best Counter Culture Blog by LA Weekly in 2011. In 2015, World of Wonder added conventions to their portfolio with the launch of RuPaul's DragCon LA, located at the Los Angeles Convention Center. The company is also responsible for RuPaul's DragCon NYC, launched in 2017 and hosted in Javits Convention Center. The New York City edition of the convention is largest collection of drag art and culture in the world, with over 50,000 attendees in the sell-out first year. DragCon and World of Wonder expanded to London in 2020 with RuPaul's DragCon UK. During the COVID-19 pandemic, DragCon LA was hosted online as Digital DragCon. In January 2020, the production company began their first Las Vegas Strip residency, RuPaul's Drag Race Live!, where former contestants from the Drag Race franchise perform at the Flamingo Las Vegas, directed by RuPaul and Jamal Sims. World of Wonder also has a YouTube channel with the name WOWPresents, which features over 5,000 videos and has more than 1.9 million subscribers. WOWIE Awards First introduced in 2013, the WOWIE Awards are World of Wonder’s tribute to the best in LGBTQIA+ entertainment, trailblazers, activism, artistry, and pop culture. The awards coincided with World of Wonder’s annual holiday party until 2022, when they included it as a closing event at DragCon LA. Since 2020, the awards ceremony is streamed live on the WOWPresents YouTube channel. Categories include Best Drag Queen Music Video, Best Red Carpet Look, Best Breakout Star, Best Blog or Website and Best LGBTQ Comedian. WOW Presents Plus Main article: WOW Presents Plus In November 2017, World of Wonder launched the subscription streaming service WOW Presents Plus. The service contains a multitude of original series and live events spanning the realm of pop culture and LGBTQ society. Exclusive original series include: Sketchy Queens, UNHhhh, and Painted with Raven. The service is also the main international distributor in some regions for RuPaul's Drag Race and the international versions of the franchise. It also includes many web series found on WOWPresents' YouTube channel, such as Detox's Life Rehab and La Vida de Valentina. Awards and nominations See also: List of awards and nominations received by RuPaul's Drag Race Best Counter Culture Blog, awarded to The WOW Report by LA Weekly in 2011. Television Critics Association (TCA) Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming, awarded to RuPaul's Drag Race in 2014. GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Reality Program, awarded to Big Freedia in 2014. IDA Pioneer Award, awarded to Barbato and Bailey in 2014. Nomination for Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program, Million Dollar Listing: New York, 2015. Nomination for Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography For A Nonfiction Program and Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special, Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures, 2016. Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Special, awarded to Out of Iraq in 2017. 29 Emmy Awards nominations and 13 wins for RuPaul's Drag Race, including Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program in 2016 and 2017, as well as Outstanding Makeup and Outstanding Editing in 2017. RuPaul's Drag Race has been nominated for twenty-nine Emmy Awards and has won thirteen, including Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program in 2016 and the same award in 2017 along with Outstanding Makeup for a Variety, Nonfiction or Reality Program and Outstanding Picture Editing for a Structured Reality or Competition Program. Knight Documentary Achievement Award, awarded to When the Beat Drops in 2017. 2 Streamy Awards nominations for Show of the Year in 2017 and Best Unscripted Series in 2019, UNHhhh. References ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (2019-07-16). "'RuPaul's Drag Race' Producers Talk Staggering 14 Emmy Nominations, The Most In VH1 History". Deadline. 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"Logo Documentary "Out Of Iraq" Wins Daytime Emmy | NewNowNext". www.newnownext.com. Retrieved 2019-10-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Argentina Takes Top Prizes; US Docs, Spain, Venezuela Make Strong Showings At 35th MDC's Miami Film Festival Awards" SW The Magazine. Retrieved 2018-03-30. ^ “When the Beat Drops” Miami Film Festival. Retrieved 2018-03-30. ^ "Liberty: Mother of Exiles - About | Liberty: Mother of Exiles | Documentaries". HBO. Retrieved 2019-10-01. ^ Bloom, David. "World of Wonder Races Beyond RuPaul Into Retail, Live Events, SVOD And More". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-10-01. ^ a b Ohanesian, Liz (June 9, 2011). "Best Counterculture Blog: the WOW Report". LA Weekly. Retrieved August 2, 2016. ^ "RuPaul's DragCon Draws Record Attendance, New York Convention Announced". May 2017. Lawrence Yee, Variety. Retrieved July 4, 2017 ^ Im, Jimmy (2019-05-30). "How 'RuPaul's Drag Race' helped mainstream drag culture — and spawned a brand bringing in millions". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-10-01. ^ "RuPaul Reigns Supreme at DragCon NYC" Vogue. Retrieved 2018-03-30. ^ "RuPaul's DragCon UK Was Just Announced!". What A Drag. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ Ramsden, Sam (22 December 2019). "These Are The Queens Attending The First Ever RuPaul's DragCon UK". Bustle. Retrieved 24 August 2022. ^ Cooper, Matt (May 2, 2020). "Sashay down to RuPaul's Digital DragCon: It's your weekend quarantine must-watch". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 3, 2020. ^ Niemetz, Spencer (2020-01-31). "Jamal Sims Talks Bringing the Magic of Drag to Las Vegas in RuPaul's Drag Race Live". The WOW Report. Retrieved 2021-02-11. ^ "WOWPresents - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved January 16, 2024. ^ Samonte, Jujiin (May 5, 2023). "For the First Time Ever, Wowie Awards Gives Recognition To Homegrown Queer Artists". Mega Magazine. Retrieved January 30, 2024. ^ Damshenas, Sam (December 3, 2020). "All four Drag Race champions from 2020 to perform at WOWIE Awards". Gay Times. Retrieved January 30, 2024. ^ Piedra, Xavier (December 7, 2018). "Trixie Mattel & Billboard Pride Among World of Wonder's 2018 WOWIE Award Winners". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ Hartshorn, Tori (December 8, 2017). "World of Wonder Presents The 13th Annual WOWie Awards". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved January 30, 2024. ^ "‘Drag Race’ Producers Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato on WOW Presents Plus, Their New Streaming Service for Queer Programming" Decider. Retrieved 2018-03-30. ^ Spangler, Todd (2017-11-06). "'RuPaul's Drag Race' Producers Launch Subscription-Video Service With LGBTQ Content and More". Variety. Retrieved 2019-10-01. ^ "Detox's Life Rehab - WOW Presents Plus". WOW Presents Plus. Retrieved January 30, 2024. ^ Sandberg, Bryn Elise (June 19, 2014). "Critics' Choice Television Awards 2014: Complete Winners List". Hollywood Insider. ^ "25th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Winners Announced". Deadline.com. April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014. ^ Townsend, Megan (May 3, 2014). "George Takei, "Orange is the New Black", "Concussion" among #GLAADAwards recipients in New York City". GLAAD. Retrieved May 4, 2014. ^ "IDA Awards: Netflix's Ted Sarandos to Receive Special Honor (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. October 15, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2016. ^ "2014 IDA Documentary Awards". International Documentary Association. 15 May 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2016. ^ "Nominees/Winners". Television Academy. Retrieved 2019-10-01. ^ Lewis, Dave (July 14, 2016). "Complete list of 2016 Emmy Nominations". LA Times. Retrieved August 2, 2016. ^ "Out of Iraq (2016) - IMDb". 2 June 2016 – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Amazon & Netflix Lead Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winners". 29 April 2017. Nellie Andreeva, Deadline Hollywood. April 29, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017 ^ "Logo Documentary "Out Of Iraq" Wins Daytime Emmy". Dan Avery, Logo. May 1, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017 ^ "Miami Film Festival 2018 Awards: A Sort of Family, La Familia, and Others" Miami New Times. Retrieved 2018-03-30. ^ "7th Annual Nominees & Winners". Streamy Awards. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2020. Further reading Bailey, Fenton; Barbato, Randy (2013). The World According to Wonder. Hollywood: World of Wonder Productions. ISBN 978-0-9855834-0-8. Vargas-Cooper, Natasha (February 2013). "Freakshow: World of Wonder is Hollywood's Nuttiest Production Company". Out. External links Official website vteDrag Race (franchise)Americas Brazil Canada vs. the World Chile Mexico United States RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Holi-slay Spectacular Live Untucked Untucked Vegas Revue RuPaul's Drag U episodes RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race Asia-Pacific Australia and New Zealand Philippines Thailand Europe Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain All Stars Sweden United Kingdom vs. the World Related Contestants Discography Pit Crew Producer Entertainment Group RuPaul's DragCon LA NYC UK Rusical Snatch Game Terminology Tongue popping World of Wonder WOW Presents Plus Authority control databases National Czech Republic Other MusicBrainz label

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America"},{"link_name":"production company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilday-2"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"documentary television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_documentary"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"HGTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGTV"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trailblazers2014di-3"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-7"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Listing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Listing"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's Drag Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilday-2"},{"link_name":"The Eyes of Tammy Faye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Tammy_Faye_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trailblazers2014di-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapplethorpe:_Look_at_the_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapplethorpeRS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-12"},{"link_name":"Outfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfest"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"drag queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_host"},{"link_name":"RuPaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"World of Wonder Productions is an American production company[1] founded in 1991 by filmmakers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey.[2] Based in Los Angeles, California, the company specializes in documentary television and film productions with a key focus on LGBTQ topics. Together, Barbato and Bailey have produced programming through World of Wonder for HBO, Bravo, HGTV,[3] Showtime, BBC,[4] Netflix,[5] MTV and VH1,[6][7] with credits including the Million Dollar Listing docuseries, RuPaul's Drag Race,[2] and the documentary films The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2000)[3][7][8] and Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures (2016).[9][10][11][12]World of Wonder is best known for its contributions towards LGBTQ programming, for which they won an Outfest Annual Achievement Award in 2011.[13] Their most well known production is RuPaul's Drag Race. They have managed the career of drag queen and titular host RuPaul since the early 1990s, eventually producing the television franchise alongside the majority of its live shows, podcasts, television specials, and conventions.[14]","title":"World of Wonder (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fenton_Bailey_and_Randy_Barbato_at_MIFF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miami International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"graduate film program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Film"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Wonder_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Danceteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danceteria"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcnext-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lady Miss Kier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Miss_Kier"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"RuPaul is: StarBooty!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul_Is:_Starbooty!"},{"link_name":"DragCon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_DragCon_LA"},{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"Nelson Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Party Monster: The Shockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Monster:_The_Shockumentary"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"International Documentary Association's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Documentary_Association"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"art deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"S. Tilden Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_%26_Wallis"},{"link_name":"Fredrick H. Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrick_H._Wallis"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"The Masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masque"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Filmmakers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey at the Miami International Film Festival presentation of Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures (2016). Photo: David HeischrekWorld of Wonder was co-founded as a record label and management company by Barbato and Bailey in the mid-1980s after meeting in New York University's (NYU) graduate film program,[15] with the name coming from a British magazine Bailey used to read as a child.[16] The two formed Fabulous Pop Tarts, a disco pop rock duo, and began performing regularly at Danceteria and other clubs in downtown New York City.[15][17] They produced two albums, Age of the Thing,[18] which included their hit single New York City Beat, and Gagging on the Lovely Extravaganza, which included guest appearances by Lady Miss Kier, RuPaul, Martyn Phillips, and Filthy the Dog.[19]Barbato and Bailey moved on to begin organizing projects in television production and licensing, documentary filmmaking, and the career expansion of their friends and fellow artists, particularly RuPaul, whom they met in Atlanta in the 1980s.[20] They produced RuPaul's first album, RuPaul is: StarBooty!, in 1986, and became his manager shortly after launching World of Wonder in 1991. They have since produced all of his television shows, his DragCon bi-coastal conventions and music productions, and have earned multiple Emmy Awards.[20]One of Barbato and Bailey's early television documentaries, Died on the 4th of July: Nelson Sullivan's World of Wonder, shares its name with the production company. The documentary, a one-hour portrait of Nelson Sullivan, was created from an archive of over 1,200 hours of video footage taken over the decade preceding Sullivan's death of a heart attack on July 4, 1989.[21] Died on the 4th of July aired on the UK's Channel 4, was included on the DVD release of Party Monster: The Shockumentary,[22] and contributed to Sullivan's posthumous rise in notoriety.[21] The early focus on Sullivan solidified the company's interest in documentary filmmaking. In 2014, Barbato and Bailey were honored with the International Documentary Association's (IDA) Pioneer Award, \"celebrating exceptional achievement, leadership, and vision in the nonfiction and documentary community.\"[23]World of Wonder operates out of a historic art deco building on Hollywood Boulevard. Designed by architects S. Tilden Norton and Fredrick H. Wallis and erected in 1930, the building served as the original home of the Directors Guild of America.[24][25] The World of Wonder Storefront Gallery now occupies the ground floor retail space, with production and management offices occupying the upper three stories. The basement, once home to the punk rock club The Masque, now houses the company's video archive and a soundstage.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Cinemax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemax"},{"link_name":"TLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"A&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Network"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Takeover TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover_TV"},{"link_name":"The Adam and Joe Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adam_and_Joe_Show"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Tori & Dean: Inn Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_%26_Dean:_Inn_Love"},{"link_name":"Good Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Work_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"Pam: Girl on the Loose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!%27s_Pam:_Girl_on_the_Loose!"},{"link_name":"Big Freedia: Queen of Bounce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Freedia:_Queen_of_Bounce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trailblazers2014di-3"},{"link_name":"One Punk Under God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Punk_Under_God"},{"link_name":"Sex Change Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Change_Hospital"},{"link_name":"TransGeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransGeneration"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-7"},{"link_name":"GLAAD Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award_for_Outstanding_Documentary"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ryan Serhant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Serhant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB-7"},{"link_name":"Catch and Kill: The Podcast Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_and_Kill:_The_Podcast_Tapes"},{"link_name":"Small Town News: KPVM Pahrump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Town_News:_KPVM_Pahrump"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"World of Wonder primarily produces television content for networks in the US and UK, including BBC, Channel 4, FIVE, HBO, Cinemax, TLC, PBS, Showtime, A&E, MTV, VH1 and Bravo.[7] Productions over the past three decades include RuPaul's Drag Race, Manhattan Cable with Laurie Pike,[27][28] Takeover TV, The Adam and Joe Show,[29]Tori & Dean: Inn Love, Good Work, Million Dollar Listing, Heli-Loggers, Pam: Girl on the Loose, Big Freedia: Queen of Bounce, and Island Hunters.[3] World of Wonder also produced the documentary series One Punk Under God, Sex Change Hospital, and TransGeneration, one of the first unscripted television shows to focus on the transgender community,[7] which won the 2006 GLAAD Award for Outstanding Documentary.[30]Another franchise by World of Wonder, Million Dollar Listing, debuted in Los Angeles in 2006, and has since expanded to include New York, San Francisco, and Miami series.[31] The spin-off, Sell It Like Serhant, featuring one of Million Dollar Listing New York's top brokers, Ryan Serhant, launched in 2018.[7] In 2021, Barbato and Bailey produced and directed Catch and Kill: The Podcast Tapes and Small Town News: KPVM Pahrump for HBO.[32][33] The company has received several Emmy Awards nominations for their documentary programming.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The RuPaul Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_RuPaul_Show"},{"link_name":"RuPaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Logo TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_TV"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rupaul-34"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's Drag U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_U"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race:_Untucked"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Reality Competition Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Reality_Competition_Program"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Host_for_a_Reality_or_Competition_Program"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-35"}],"sub_title":"RuPaul's Drag Race","text":"World of Wonder produced The RuPaul Show, hosted by RuPaul from 1996 until 1998. The company partnered with RuPaul to pitch the reality television show RuPaul's Drag Race to Logo TV, which was immediately picked up for a season and aired in February 2009.[34] The company also produced multiple spinoff series:RuPaul's Drag U, which lasted for three seasons from 2010 until 2012\nRuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, beginning in 2012 and featuring returning drag queens\nRuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked, a behind-the scenes after show aired following each new episode of the original series[20]World of Wonder's work in television has been honored with over two dozen Emmy nominations, including multiple wins for RuPaul's Drag Race. The show has notably received awards for Outstanding Reality Competition Program and Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program.[35]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry"},{"link_name":"Inside Deep Throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-36"},{"link_name":"biopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopic"},{"link_name":"Wishful Drinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishful_Drinking"},{"link_name":"Carrie Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Oprah Winfrey Network's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Party Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Monster_(film)"},{"link_name":"Macaulay Culkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin"},{"link_name":"Seth Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Green"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Menendez: Blood Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menendez:_Blood_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"Nico Totorella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Tortorella"},{"link_name":"Benito Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Martinez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kilday-2"},{"link_name":"Gender Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Katie Couric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Couric"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-42"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-22"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"daytime Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Jamal Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Sims"},{"link_name":"Miami International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-46"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Stonewall protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots"},{"link_name":"StoryCorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StoryCorps"},{"link_name":"Dave Isay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Isay"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-48"}],"text":"World of Wonder has produced many feature-length documentary films, many focusing on provocative subjects, several of which have garnered industry awards and nominations. These include Inside Deep Throat, which premiered at Sundance Film Festival,[36] HBO biopic Wishful Drinking, starring Carrie Fisher, which received two Emmy nominations,[37] and Becoming Chaz, which premiered at Sundance as the Oprah Winfrey Network's (OWN) first ever documentary[38] and was nominated for three Emmy awards.[39]World of Wonder has also produced feature films Party Monster, starring Macaulay Culkin and Seth Green,[40] and Menendez: Blood Brothers, starring Courtney Love, Nico Totorella, Benito Martinez, and Myko Oliver.[41]Barbato and Bailey have produced a host of other original documentaries, including Party Monster: The Shockumentary,[22] The Eyes of Tammy Faye, Monica in Black and White,[2] Gender Revolution with Katie Couric,[42][22] and The Last Beekeeper.[43] In 2017, Out of Iraq, a documentary chronicling the relationship between two soliders serving in Iraq won a daytime Emmy for Logo TV.[44] In March 2018, the documentary When the Beat Drops, directed by Jamal Sims, premiered at the Miami International Film Festival, where it won the Knight Documentary Achievement Award.[45][46] In 2018, World of Wonder produced and directed Liberty: Mother of Exiles, an HBO documentary examining the history of the Statue of Liberty.[47] The company was also commissioned by YouTube to create Stonewall Outloud, a documentary based on the Stonewall protests of 1969, using the audio recordings of StoryCorps founder, Dave Isay.[48]","title":"Documentary films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video-on-demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"blogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogging"},{"link_name":"LA Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-49"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's DragCon LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_DragCon_LA"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's DragCon NYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_DragCon_NYC"},{"link_name":"Javits Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javits_Center"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's DragCon UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_DragCon_UK"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-55"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"RuPaul's Drag Race Live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_Live!"},{"link_name":"Drag Race franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_Race_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Flamingo Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Over the years, World of Wonder has expanded its presence into new media types, including conventions, video-on-demand, social media, and blogging. The WOW Report, a blog providing daily coverage of the pop culture and nightlife sectors, was named Best Counter Culture Blog by LA Weekly in 2011.[49]In 2015, World of Wonder added conventions to their portfolio with the launch of RuPaul's DragCon LA, located at the Los Angeles Convention Center.[50] The company is also responsible for RuPaul's DragCon NYC, launched in 2017 and hosted in Javits Convention Center. The New York City edition of the convention is largest collection of drag art and culture in the world, with over 50,000 attendees in the sell-out first year.[51][52] DragCon and World of Wonder expanded to London in 2020 with RuPaul's DragCon UK.[53][54] During the COVID-19 pandemic, DragCon LA was hosted online as Digital DragCon.[55]In January 2020, the production company began their first Las Vegas Strip residency, RuPaul's Drag Race Live!, where former contestants from the Drag Race franchise perform at the Flamingo Las Vegas, directed by RuPaul and Jamal Sims.[56] World of Wonder also has a YouTube channel with the name WOWPresents, which features over 5,000 videos and has more than 1.9 million subscribers.[57]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"First introduced in 2013, the WOWIE Awards are World of Wonder’s tribute to the best in LGBTQIA+ entertainment, trailblazers, activism, artistry, and pop culture. The awards coincided with World of Wonder’s annual holiday party until 2022, when they included it as a closing event at DragCon LA.[58] Since 2020, the awards ceremony is streamed live on the WOWPresents YouTube channel.[59] Categories include Best Drag Queen Music Video, Best Red Carpet Look, Best Breakout Star, Best Blog or Website and Best LGBTQ Comedian.[60][61]","title":"WOWIE Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subscription streaming service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_service"},{"link_name":"WOW Presents Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOW_Presents_Plus"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Sketchy Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketchy_Queens"},{"link_name":"UNHhhh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHhhh"},{"link_name":"Painted with Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_with_Raven"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"In November 2017, World of Wonder launched the subscription streaming service WOW Presents Plus.[62] The service contains a multitude of original series and live events spanning the realm of pop culture and LGBTQ society.[63] Exclusive original series include: Sketchy Queens, UNHhhh, and Painted with Raven. The service is also the main international distributor in some regions for RuPaul's Drag Race and the international versions of the franchise. It also includes many web series found on WOWPresents' YouTube channel, such as Detox's Life Rehab and La Vida de Valentina.[64]","title":"WOW Presents Plus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of awards and nominations received by RuPaul's Drag Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-49"},{"link_name":"Television Critics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_Critics_Association"},{"link_name":"Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Reality_Programming"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-69"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Unstructured_Reality_Program"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-70"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Cinematography For A Nonfiction Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Cinematography_for_a_Nonfiction_Program"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Documentary_or_Nonfiction_Special"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmmyNom-71"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Special_Class_Special"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-74"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Makeup for a Variety, Nonfiction or Reality Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Makeup_for_a_Variety,_Nonfiction_or_Reality_Program"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Picture Editing for a Structured Reality or Competition Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Picture_Editing_for_a_Structured_Reality_or_Competition_Program"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-35"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-75"},{"link_name":"Streamy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"See also: List of awards and nominations received by RuPaul's Drag RaceBest Counter Culture Blog, awarded to The WOW Report by LA Weekly in 2011.[49]\nTelevision Critics Association (TCA) Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming, awarded to RuPaul's Drag Race in 2014.[65]\nGLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Reality Program, awarded to Big Freedia in 2014.[66][67]\nIDA Pioneer Award, awarded to Barbato and Bailey in 2014.[68][69]\nNomination for Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program, Million Dollar Listing: New York, 2015.[70]\nNomination for Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography For A Nonfiction Program and Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special, Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures, 2016.[71]\nDaytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Special, awarded to Out of Iraq in 2017.[72][73][74]\n29 Emmy Awards nominations and 13 wins for RuPaul's Drag Race, including Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program in 2016 and 2017, as well as Outstanding Makeup and Outstanding Editing in 2017.\nRuPaul's Drag Race has been nominated for twenty-nine Emmy Awards and has won thirteen, including Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program in 2016 and the same award in 2017 along with Outstanding Makeup for a Variety, Nonfiction or Reality Program and Outstanding Picture Editing for a Structured Reality or Competition Program.[35]\nKnight Documentary Achievement Award, awarded to When the Beat Drops in 2017.[75]\n2 Streamy Awards nominations for Show of the Year in 2017 and Best Unscripted Series in 2019, UNHhhh.[76]","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9855834-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9855834-0-8"},{"link_name":"\"Freakshow: World of Wonder is Hollywood's Nuttiest Production Company\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.out.com/entertainment/movies/2013/02/18/world-wonder-fenton-bailey-randy-barbato?page=0,0"},{"link_name":"Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(magazine)"}],"text":"Bailey, Fenton; Barbato, Randy (2013). The World According to Wonder. Hollywood: World of Wonder Productions. ISBN 978-0-9855834-0-8.\nVargas-Cooper, Natasha (February 2013). \"Freakshow: World of Wonder is Hollywood's Nuttiest Production Company\". Out.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Filmmakers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey at the Miami International Film Festival presentation of Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures (2016). Photo: David Heischrek","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fenton_Bailey_and_Randy_Barbato_at_MIFF.jpg/220px-Fenton_Bailey_and_Randy_Barbato_at_MIFF.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Ramos, Dino-Ray (2019-07-16). \"'RuPaul's Drag Race' Producers Talk Staggering 14 Emmy Nominations, The Most In VH1 History\". Deadline. Retrieved 2019-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/07/rupauls-drag-race-emmy-nominations-producers-tom-campbell-randy-barbato-vh1-lgbtq-inclusion-representation-diversity-1202647184/","url_text":"\"'RuPaul's Drag Race' Producers Talk Staggering 14 Emmy Nominations, The Most In VH1 History\""}]},{"reference":"Kilday, Gregg (October 2, 2014). \"Robert Redford to Be Honored by International Documentary Association\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/robert-redford-be-honored-by-737804","url_text":"\"Robert Redford to Be Honored by International Documentary Association\""}]},{"reference":"Ritchie, Kevin (February 13, 2014). \"Realscreen's Trailblazers 2014: Fenton Bailey, Randy Barbato\". Real Scren. Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://realscreen.com/2015/02/13/realscreens-trailblazers-2014-fenton-bailey-randy-barbato/","url_text":"\"Realscreen's Trailblazers 2014: Fenton Bailey, Randy Barbato\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freakshow: World of Wonder is Hollywood's Nuttiest Production Company\". www.out.com. 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2019-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.out.com/entertainment/movies/2013/02/18/world-wonder-fenton-bailey-randy-barbato","url_text":"\"Freakshow: World of Wonder is Hollywood's Nuttiest Production Company\""}]},{"reference":"D'Addario, Daniel (2018-09-28). \"TV Review: Netflix's 'Dancing Queen'\". Variety. Retrieved 2019-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/reviews/dancing-queen-review-netflix-alyssa-edwards-1202957290/","url_text":"\"TV Review: Netflix's 'Dancing Queen'\""}]},{"reference":"Turchiano, Danielle (2018-03-16). \"How 'RuPaul's Drag Race' Sashayed Into a 10th Season\". Variety. 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Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/museums/la-ca-cm-knight-mapplethorpe-notebook-20160306-column.html","url_text":"\"How Robert Mapplethorpe went from America's pariah to America's sweetheart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Gleibermann, Owen (January 23, 2016). \"Sundance Review – Mapplethorpe: Look at the pictures\". BBC. Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160123-sundance-review-mapplethorpe-look-at-the-pictures","url_text":"\"Sundance Review – Mapplethorpe: Look at the pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"OUTFEST 2011 To Present 15th Annual Achievement Award\". BroadwayWorld.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Batson

Brendon Batson

["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Administrative career","4 Personal life","5 Honours","6 References","7 Bibliography"]

English footballer (born 1953) Brendon BatsonOBE Statue of the Three Degrees showing Batson (centre) alongside Cunningham (left) and Regis (right)Personal informationFull name Brendon Martin BatsonDate of birth (1953-02-06) 6 February 1953 (age 71)Place of birth St. George's, GrenadaPosition(s) Right-backYouth career ArsenalSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1971–1974 Arsenal 10 (0)1974–1978 Cambridge United 163 (6)1978–1982 West Bromwich Albion 172 (1)Total 345 (7)International career1980–1981 England B 3 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Brendon Martin Batson OBE (born 6 February 1953) is a former professional footballer who played as a right-back. In his eleven-year career, he played for Arsenal, Cambridge United and West Bromwich Albion. Born in Grenada, he made three appearances for the England B team. Club career Born in St. George's, Grenada, Batson moved with his family to Trinidad at the age of 6 and then migrated from the West Indies to England when he was nine years old in 1962. Until then he had never even seen a game of football and a teacher at his school, on watching his early efforts and reflecting on his birthplace opined, "Well, perhaps cricket is your game." However, he was signed as a schoolboy by Arsenal, and whilst at the club's academy won the FA Youth Cup of 1971. Batson signed as a professional at 17 years old at the club and eventually went on to feature for the Gunners' first team, becoming the first black player to do so. In all, he made 10 appearances for Arsenal, before moving to Cambridge United in 1974. He spent four years at Cambridge, captaining the side to the Fourth Division Championship under manager Ron Atkinson in the 1976–77 season. At Cambridge, Batson made a total of 163 appearances and scored six goals altogether. When Atkinson moved to West Bromwich Albion in 1978, he successfully encouraged Batson to follow him and team up with fellow black players Cyrille Regis and Laurie Cunningham, leaving in a deal worth £28,000. Although not by any means the first black footballers to play professionally in England, the players nicknamed Three Degrees by Atkinson, a reference to contemporary vocal trio of the same name, were pioneering, iconic and extremely popular with West Brom's fans. This trio's fame is to such an extent that in 2012 plans were put forward for a statue of which would honor the footballing trio being purposely displayed in October 2014 at The Hawthorns. The completed statue was publicly unveiled in New Square in the town on 21 May 2019. Whilst a West Bromwich Albion player, he featured in a benefit match for Len Cantello, that saw a team of white players play against a team of black players. He played 160 games for the Baggies before his career was cut short in 1982 by a serious knee injury. International career Batson was capped three times for the England B team against the United States, Spain and Australia. Administrative career Following the end to his playing days, Batson was thereafter appointed as the deputy chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association in 1984. He then spent a total of 18 years in this position and remains as a trustee of the association. He later rejoined West Brom within the role of a managing director at the club, helping to form the West Bromwich Albion Former Players' Association in 2003. Batson in 2007, joined the Sports Grounds Safety Authority, then known at the time as the Football Licensing Agency (FLA). He is the longest serving member of the board of the authority. Personal life Batson was married to Cecily, who died in September 2009. Batson was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2001 New Year Honours and Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours, both for services to football. Honours Arsenal Youth FA Youth Cup: 1970–71 Cambridge United Fourth Division: 1976–77 Individual PFA Team of the Year: 1976–77 Fourth Division, 1977–78 Third Division English Football Hall of Fame: 2024 References ^ a b "Brendan Batson". 11v11.com. ^ a b c "Brendon Batson". FURD.org. ^ "Brendon Batson: Biography". Tripod.com. ^ a b "The FA Youth Cup". Arsenal.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. ^ "Black History Month: Brendon Batson's story". Arsenal F.C. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024. ^ Hern, Bill; Gleave, David (2020). Football's Black Pioneers. Leicester: Conker Editions. pp. 168–169. ISBN 9781999900854. ^ a b c d "Brendon Batson". Arsenal.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2017. ^ "Cyrille Regis & Brendon Batson reflect on their time at West Bromwich Albion". Offside Rule Podcast.com. ^ "Three Degrees: Statue honouring West Brom footballers unveiled". ITV News. ^ Adrian Chiles (17 November 2016). "The match that pitted white players against black players". BBC. Retrieved 18 November 2016. ^ "FORMER PLAYERS". WBA.co.uk. ^ "SGSA Board Member Honoured For Services To Football". Safety at Sports Grounds.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015. ^ "West Bromwich Albion legend Brendon Batson speaks of late wife heartbreak". Birmingham Mail.co.uk. ^ "No. 56070". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 2000. p. 14. ^ "Batson awarded MBE". BBC.co.uk. ^ "No. 61092". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2014. p. N11. ^ "2015 New Year Honours List" (PDF). Gov.uk. ^ Lynch. The Official P.F.A. Footballers Heroes. p. 141. ^ Lynch. The Official P.F.A. Footballers Heroes. p. 142. ^ "Brendon Batson inducted into Football Hall of Fame". Arsenal F.C. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024. Bibliography D. Bowler & J. Bains (2000), Samba in the Smethwick End: Regis, Cunningham, Batson and the Football Revolution, ISBN 1-84018-188-5 Paul Rees (2014), The Three Degrees: The Men Who Changed British Football Forever ISBN 978-1-4721-1926-1 Brendon Batson (2023), The Third Degree: My Autobiography ISBN 978-1-7398-3424-1 Awards vte1976–77 Football League Fourth Division PFA Team of the Year GK: Poole DF: Batson DF: Smith DF: Dowman DF: Ford MF: Miller MF: Bond MF: Hutchins FW: Curtis FW: Joicey FW: Kitchen vte1977–78 Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year GK: Davies DF: Batson DF: Ross DF: Turner DF: Kennedy MF: Thomas MF: Shinton MF: Moss FW: Buckley FW: McNeil FW: Kemp vteEnglish Football Hall of FamePlayersMen Adams Allchurch Anderson Ardiles Armfield Ball Banks Barnes Bastin Batson Beardsley Bell Bergkamp Beckham Best Blanchflower Bloomer Bonds Brady Bremner Brooking Buchan Butcher Callaghan Cantona Carter Charles B. Charlton J. Charlton Clemence Cohen Crompton Dalglish Dean Doherty Edwards Fashanu Ferdinand Finney Francis Gallacher Gascoigne Gerrard Giggs Giles Gray Greaves Hansen Haynes Henry Hoddle E. Hughes M. Hughes Hunt Hunter Hurst Ince Irwin James Jennings Jones Keane Keegan Kompany Lampard Law Lawrenson Lawton Lee Leslie Le Tissier Liddell Lineker Lofthouse Mackay Mannion Matthews McGrath McIlroy McLintock Meredith Milburn Moore Mortensen Mullery Neville Owen Pearce Peters Ramsey Regis Roberts Robertson Br. Robson Rush Schmeichel Scholes Seaman Shackleton Shearer Sheringham Shilton Souness Southall Speed Stephenson Stiles Strachan Summerbee Swift Trautmann Tull Vieira Wharton Wilkins B. Wilson R. Wilson B. Wright I. Wright Zola Women Bampton Brown-Finnis Carney Cope Coultard Davis Gore Lopez Parker Parr Powell A. Scott J. Scott Sempare Spacey Smith Thomas Unitt Walker Whalley White Yankey Managers Allison Busby Catterick Chapman Clough Cullis Ferguson Gradi Greenwood Kendall Mee Mercer Nicholson Paisley Ramsey Revie Bo. Robson Shankly Venables Wenger Winterbottom Referees Taylor Welch Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

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In his eleven-year career, he played for Arsenal, Cambridge United and West Bromwich Albion.[1] Born in Grenada, he made three appearances for the England B team.","title":"Brendon Batson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. George's, Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s,_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup_Finals_of_the_1970s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsenalCup-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cambridge United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fourth Division Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"Ron Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"1976–77 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal-7"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cyrille Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrille_Regis"},{"link_name":"Laurie Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"contemporary vocal trio of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Degrees"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Hawthorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hawthorns"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"benefit match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Cantello_Testimonial_Match"},{"link_name":"Len Cantello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Cantello"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"}],"text":"Born in St. George's, Grenada, Batson moved with his family to Trinidad at the age of 6 and then migrated from the West Indies to England when he was nine years old in 1962.[2] Until then he had never even seen a game of football and a teacher at his school, on watching his early efforts and reflecting on his birthplace opined, \"Well, perhaps cricket is your game.\"[3] However, he was signed as a schoolboy by Arsenal, and whilst at the club's academy won the FA Youth Cup of 1971.[4] Batson signed as a professional at 17 years old at the club and eventually went on to feature for the Gunners' first team, becoming the first black player to do so.[5][6] In all, he made 10 appearances for Arsenal, before moving to Cambridge United in 1974. He spent four years at Cambridge, captaining the side to the Fourth Division Championship under manager Ron Atkinson in the 1976–77 season. At Cambridge, Batson made a total of 163 appearances and scored six goals altogether.[2][7]When Atkinson moved to West Bromwich Albion in 1978, he successfully encouraged Batson to follow him and team up with fellow black players Cyrille Regis and Laurie Cunningham, leaving in a deal worth £28,000. Although not by any means the first black footballers to play professionally in England, the players nicknamed Three Degrees by Atkinson, a reference to contemporary vocal trio of the same name, were pioneering, iconic and extremely popular with West Brom's fans.[8] This trio's fame is to such an extent that in 2012 plans were put forward for a statue of which would honor the footballing trio being purposely displayed in October 2014 at The Hawthorns. The completed statue was publicly unveiled in New Square in the town on 21 May 2019.[9]Whilst a West Bromwich Albion player, he featured in a benefit match for Len Cantello, that saw a team of white players play against a team of black players.[10] He played 160 games for the Baggies before his career was cut short in 1982 by a serious knee injury.[7][2]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_B_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_men%27s_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stats-1"}],"text":"Batson was capped three times for the England B team against the United States, Spain and Australia.[1]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professional Footballers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Footballers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sports Grounds Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Grounds_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal-7"}],"text":"Following the end to his playing days, Batson was thereafter appointed as the deputy chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association in 1984. He then spent a total of 18 years in this position and remains as a trustee of the association. He later rejoined West Brom within the role of a managing director at the club, helping to form the West Bromwich Albion Former Players' Association in 2003.[11] Batson in 2007, joined the Sports Grounds Safety Authority, then known at the time as the Football Licensing Agency (FLA). He is the longest serving member of the board of the authority.[12][7]","title":"Administrative career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2001 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBE-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBE*-15"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2015 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OBE-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OBE*-17"}],"text":"Batson was married to Cecily, who died in September 2009.[13] Batson was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2001 New Year Honours[14][15]\nand Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours,[16][17] both for services to football.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup_Finals_of_the_1970s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArsenalCup-4"},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Football_League#Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal-7"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_(1970s)"},{"link_name":"1976–77 Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_(1970s)#Fourth_Division_4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch_141-18"},{"link_name":"1977–78 Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_(1970s)#Third_Division_5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch_142-19"},{"link_name":"English Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Arsenal YouthFA Youth Cup: 1970–71[4]Cambridge UnitedFourth Division: 1976–77[7]IndividualPFA Team of the Year: 1976–77 Fourth Division,[18] 1977–78 Third Division[19]\nEnglish Football Hall of Fame: 2024[20]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84018-188-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84018-188-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4721-1926-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4721-1926-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-7398-3424-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7398-3424-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1976%E2%80%9377_Football_League_Fourth_Division_PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1976%E2%80%9377_Football_League_Fourth_Division_PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1976%E2%80%9377_Football_League_Fourth_Division_PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"1976–77 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Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Charlton"},{"link_name":"J. 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Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"R. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Wilson_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"B. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wright_(footballer,_born_1924)"},{"link_name":"I. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wright"},{"link_name":"Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Zola"},{"link_name":"Bampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Bampton"},{"link_name":"Brown-Finnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Brown-Finnis"},{"link_name":"Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Carney"},{"link_name":"Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Cope"},{"link_name":"Coultard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Coultard"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Davis"},{"link_name":"Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Gore"},{"link_name":"Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Parker"},{"link_name":"Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Parr"},{"link_name":"Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Powell"},{"link_name":"A. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Scott_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"J. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Scott_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sempare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Sempare"},{"link_name":"Spacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marieanne_Spacey"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Smith"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Unitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Unitt"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Walker_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Whalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Whalley_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye_White"},{"link_name":"Yankey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Yankey"},{"link_name":"Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Allison"},{"link_name":"Busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Busby"},{"link_name":"Catterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Catterick"},{"link_name":"Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"Cullis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Cullis"},{"link_name":"Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Gradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Gradi"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Mee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Mee"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nicholson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Paisley"},{"link_name":"Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Revie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Revie"},{"link_name":"Bo. Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Robson"},{"link_name":"Shankly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shankly"},{"link_name":"Venables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Venables"},{"link_name":"Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Wenger"},{"link_name":"Winterbottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Winterbottom"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Taylor_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Welch"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4961146#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/469572/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000040225854"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/16723631"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrGJhC4hgJ4vpktJkdQq"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb99108183"}],"text":"D. Bowler & J. Bains (2000), Samba in the Smethwick End: Regis, Cunningham, Batson and the Football Revolution, ISBN 1-84018-188-5\nPaul Rees (2014), The Three Degrees: The Men Who Changed British Football Forever ISBN 978-1-4721-1926-1\nBrendon Batson (2023), The Third Degree: My Autobiography ISBN 978-1-7398-3424-1Awards\nvte1976–77 Football League Fourth Division PFA Team of the Year\nGK: Poole\nDF: Batson\nDF: Smith\nDF: Dowman\nDF: Ford\nMF: Miller\nMF: Bond\nMF: Hutchins\nFW: Curtis\nFW: Joicey\nFW: Kitchen\n\nvte1977–78 Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year\nGK: Davies\nDF: Batson\nDF: Ross\nDF: Turner\nDF: Kennedy\nMF: Thomas\nMF: Shinton\nMF: Moss\nFW: Buckley\nFW: McNeil\nFW: Kemp\n\nvteEnglish Football Hall of FamePlayersMen\nAdams\nAllchurch\nAnderson\nArdiles\nArmfield\nBall\nBanks\nBarnes\nBastin\nBatson\nBeardsley\nBell\nBergkamp\nBeckham\nBest\nBlanchflower\nBloomer\nBonds\nBrady\nBremner\nBrooking\nBuchan\nButcher\nCallaghan\nCantona\nCarter\nCharles\nB. Charlton\nJ. Charlton\nClemence\nCohen\nCrompton\nDalglish\nDean\nDoherty\nEdwards\nFashanu\nFerdinand\nFinney\nFrancis\nGallacher\nGascoigne\nGerrard\nGiggs\nGiles\nGray\nGreaves\nHansen\nHaynes\nHenry\nHoddle\nE. Hughes\nM. Hughes\nHunt\nHunter\nHurst\nInce\nIrwin\nJames\nJennings\nJones\nKeane\nKeegan\nKompany\nLampard\nLaw\nLawrenson\nLawton\nLee\nLeslie\nLe Tissier\nLiddell\nLineker\nLofthouse\nMackay\nMannion\nMatthews\nMcGrath\nMcIlroy\nMcLintock\nMeredith\nMilburn\nMoore\nMortensen\nMullery\nNeville\nOwen\nPearce\nPeters\nRamsey\nRegis\nRoberts\nRobertson\nBr. Robson\nRush\nSchmeichel\nScholes\nSeaman\nShackleton\nShearer\nSheringham\nShilton\nSouness\nSouthall\nSpeed\nStephenson\nStiles\nStrachan\nSummerbee\nSwift\nTrautmann\nTull\nVieira\nWharton\nWilkins\nB. Wilson\nR. Wilson\nB. Wright\nI. Wright\nZola\nWomen\nBampton\nBrown-Finnis\nCarney\nCope\nCoultard\nDavis\nGore\nLopez\nParker\nParr\nPowell\nA. Scott\nJ. Scott\nSempare\nSpacey\nSmith\nThomas\nUnitt\nWalker\nWhalley\nWhite\nYankey\nManagers\nAllison\nBusby\nCatterick\nChapman\nClough\nCullis\nFerguson\nGradi\nGreenwood\nKendall\nMee\nMercer\nNicholson\nPaisley\nRamsey\nRevie\nBo. Robson\nShankly\nVenables\nWenger\nWinterbottom\nReferees\nTaylor\nWelchAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Brendan Batson\". 11v11.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/players/brendan-batson-29789/","url_text":"\"Brendan Batson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brendon Batson\". FURD.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furd.org/default.asp?intPageID=33","url_text":"\"Brendon Batson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brendon Batson: Biography\". Tripod.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://caribbean.halloffame.tripod.com/Brendon_Batson.html","url_text":"\"Brendon Batson: Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"The FA Youth Cup\". Arsenal.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312045456/http://www.arsenal.com/155/unhoused-import-pages/the-fa-youth-cup?ts=dn","url_text":"\"The FA Youth Cup\""},{"url":"http://www.arsenal.com/155/unhoused-import-pages/the-fa-youth-cup?ts=dn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Black History Month: Brendon Batson's story\". Arsenal F.C. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arsenal.com/news/black-history-month-brendon-batsons-story","url_text":"\"Black History Month: Brendon Batson's story\""}]},{"reference":"Hern, Bill; Gleave, David (2020). Football's Black Pioneers. Leicester: Conker Editions. pp. 168–169. ISBN 9781999900854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781999900854","url_text":"9781999900854"}]},{"reference":"\"Brendon Batson\". Arsenal.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228164520/http://www.arsenal.com/history/profiles/38/brendon-batson","url_text":"\"Brendon Batson\""},{"url":"http://www.arsenal.com/history/profiles/38/brendon-batson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cyrille Regis & Brendon Batson reflect on their time at West Bromwich Albion\". Offside Rule Podcast.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://offsiderulepodcast.com/2015/08/07/cyrille-regis-brendon-batson-reflect-on-their-time-at-west-bromwich-albion/","url_text":"\"Cyrille Regis & Brendon Batson reflect on their time at West Bromwich Albion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Degrees: Statue honouring West Brom footballers unveiled\". ITV News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/central/2019-05-21/three-degrees-statue-honouring-west-brom-footballers-unveiled/","url_text":"\"Three Degrees: Statue honouring West Brom footballers unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"Adrian Chiles (17 November 2016). \"The match that pitted white players against black players\". BBC. Retrieved 18 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-37924448","url_text":"\"The match that pitted white players against black players\""}]},{"reference":"\"FORMER PLAYERS\". WBA.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wba.co.uk/club/former_players.aspx","url_text":"\"FORMER PLAYERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"SGSA Board Member Honoured For Services To Football\". Safety at Sports Grounds.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150204091756/http://www.safetyatsportsgrounds.org.uk/news/sgsa%2Dboard%2Dmember%2Dhonoured%2Dservices%2Dfootball","url_text":"\"SGSA Board Member Honoured For Services To Football\""},{"url":"http://www.safetyatsportsgrounds.org.uk/news/sgsa-board-member-honoured-services-football","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"West Bromwich Albion legend Brendon Batson speaks of late wife heartbreak\". Birmingham Mail.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/west-bromwich-albion-legend-brendon-131869","url_text":"\"West Bromwich Albion legend Brendon Batson speaks of late wife heartbreak\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 56070\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 2000. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/56070/supplement/14","url_text":"\"No. 56070\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Batson awarded MBE\". BBC.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1092592.stm","url_text":"\"Batson awarded MBE\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 61092\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2014. p. N11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61092/supplement/N11","url_text":"\"No. 61092\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 New Year Honours List\" (PDF). Gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/391413/New_Year_Honours_List_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 New Year Honours List\""}]},{"reference":"Lynch. The Official P.F.A. Footballers Heroes. p. 141.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lynch. The Official P.F.A. Footballers Heroes. p. 142.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Brendon Batson inducted into Football Hall of Fame\". Arsenal F.C. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arsenal.com/news/brendon-batson-inducted-football-hall-fame","url_text":"\"Brendon Batson inducted into Football Hall of Fame\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_on_Gardiner

Evolution on Gardiner

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 12°27′36″S 130°50′39″E / 12.460013°S 130.844228°E / -12.460013; 130.844228This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2015) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for geographic features. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Evolution on Gardiner" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mixed in Darwin, AustraliaEvolution on GardinerAugust 2014General informationTypeMixedLocationDarwin, AustraliaCoordinates12°27′36″S 130°50′39″E / 12.460013°S 130.844228°E / -12.460013; 130.844228Construction startedJuly 2006CompletedJuly 2008HeightRoof100 m (328 ft)Technical detailsFloor count33Floor area1,500 m2 (16,000 sq ft)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Burling Brown ArchitectsMain contractorSunbuild Evolution on Gardiner is a high-rise residential building and the tallest structure in Darwin, Northern Territory. It is located on the eastern part of the Darwin CBD on Knuckey Street. The roof of the tower is 100 metres above ground, reaching Darwin's maximum height limit of 120 meters above sea level. The project was designed by architectural firm Burling Brown Architects and was built by Darwin-based Sunbuild. When first proposed in 2004, the project faced opposition from the Department of Defence, who control the airspace over the city. Defence objected to the height of the tower which would be more than twice the height of any other building in Darwin at the time, calling for it to be reduced to 28 stories. Sunbuild successfully lobbied the department to have the height restriction raised in order to ensure the project's viability and secure construction. Construction began on Evolution in July 2006 and was completed in July 2008. The building has five commercial suites on the ground floor, 104 apartments, two penthouses, 1500 m2 of floor space, and three high-speed lifts for quick vertical transport. References ^ a b "Evolution at natural end". NT News. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2008. ^ "Evolution Information Emporis". Emporis. ^ Maurice Dunleavy (21 May 2009). "Darwin's tropical tower of luxury". The Australian. ^ "Evolution Information". Sunbuild. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008. External links Website vteDarwin landmarksBuildings and structures Convention Centre Evolution on Gardiner Fannie Bay Gaol Outrigger Pandanas Parliament House Victoria Hotel Lyons Cottage Burnett House Precincts Casuarina Square Palmerston Shopping Centre Smith Street Parks and open spaces Bicentennial Park Charles Darwin National Park George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens Cultural institutions Darwin Military Museum Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory Northern Centre for Contemporary Art Northern Territory Library Sport Casuarina Pool Darwin Bowls Club Darwin Football Stadium Darwin Game Fishing Club Darwin Golf Club Darwin Surf Life Saving Club Darwin Turf Club Darwin Wave Pool Gardens Oval Hidden Valley Raceway Marrara Oval Marrara Sporting Complex Nightcliff Pool Northline Speedway Parap Pool Richardson Park Territory Netball Stadium Territory Rugby League Stadium Winnellie Park Transportation Airport Darwinbus Darwin railway station Entertainment Brown's Mart Theatre Darwin Entertainment Centre Mindil Beach Casino & Resort Beaches and islands Bundilla Beach Casuarina Beach Lameroo Beach Mindil Beach Wagait Beach Authority control databases: Geographic Structurae

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Road_Gallery

Borough Road Gallery

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°29′55″N 0°6′6″W / 51.49861°N 0.10167°W / 51.49861; -0.10167This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Borough Road Gallery" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Entrance to the Borough Road Gallery at 103 Borough Road in London. The painter David Bomberg, whose pictures feature in the Borough Road Gallery. The Borough Road Gallery is an art gallery at London South Bank University on Borough Road in south London, England. The gallery celebrates the artist David Bomberg who taught at the Borough Polytechnic, now London South Bank University. The gallery includes the Sarah Rose Collection of his pictures and those of other artists in the Borough Group, totalling around 150 works. The gallery opened in June 2012, financed by the UK Heritage Lottery Fund. Artists whose works are featured include: David Bomberg (1890–1957), Dennis Creffield (born 1931), Cliff Holden (born 1919), Thomas Holden (born 1957), Edna Mann (1926–1985), Dorothy Mead (1928–1975), and Miles Richmond (1922–2008). See also Borough Group References ^ "London Borough Gallery". London SE1. Retrieved 14 November 2014. ^ "A David Bomberg Legacy – The Sarah Rose Collection at London South Bank University, Borough Road". UK: BBC. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2013. ^ "About". Borough Road Gallery. UK: London South Bank University. Retrieved 14 November 2013. ^ "Borough Road Gallery". Eventbrite. Retrieved 14 November 2014. External links Official website 51°29′55″N 0°6′6″W / 51.49861°N 0.10167°W / 51.49861; -0.10167 This article relating to a museum in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a London building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"title":"Borough Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_Group"}]

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