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---
language:
- code
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- dense
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:81143
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: NeuML/pubmedbert-base-embeddings
widget:
- source_sentence: sample_idx:census_d7d7e89c-c93a-422d-8958-9b4a90b69558_1563
  sentences:
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v1. Naive B cell from blood of a 26-year
    old male, activated with CD3.
  - sample_idx:census_d7d7e89c-c93a-422d-8958-9b4a90b69558_5036
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v1. A 26-year-old male individual's
    blood sample, containing naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells,
    with no activation or treatment, and in G1 phase.
- source_sentence: sample_idx:census_cf83c98a-3791-4537-bbde-a719f6d73c13_738
  sentences:
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Blasts cells derived from the blood
    of a 4-month old male.
  - sample_idx:census_cf83c98a-3791-4537-bbde-a719f6d73c13_1016
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. This is a megakaryocyte-erythroid
    progenitor cell (MEP-like) derived from a 1-month-old female patient with KMT2A-rearranged
    (KMT2A-r) infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The cell exhibits increased
    lineage plasticity, downregulated steroid response pathways, and belongs to a
    hematopoietic stem and progenitor-like (HSPC-like) population that forms an immunosuppressive
    signaling circuit with cytotoxic lymphocytes.
- source_sentence: sample_idx:census_2872f4b0-b171-46e2-abc6-befcf6de6306_2050
  sentences:
  - sample_idx:census_2872f4b0-b171-46e2-abc6-befcf6de6306_1719
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v2. Memory B cell derived from a 65-79
    year-old male, taken from the mesenteric lymph node.
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v2. IgA plasma cell sample taken from
    the mesenteric lymph node of a 65-79 year-old female.
- source_sentence: sample_idx:census_3f31f8ce-bbf6-4df8-8203-aa240ed03026_299
  sentences:
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Neuron cell type from a 50-year-old
    male human cerebral cortex, specifically from the Cingulate gyrus, rostral (CgGr),
    Ventral division of MFC - A24 region, with European self-reported ethnicity, analyzed
    at the nucleus level.
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Neuron cell type from a 50-year-old
    male human cerebral cortex, specifically the rostral cingulate gyrus, ventral
    division of MFC, A24, with European ethnicity.
  - sample_idx:census_3f31f8ce-bbf6-4df8-8203-aa240ed03026_30
- source_sentence: sample_idx:census_1b9d8702-5af8-4142-85ed-020eb06ec4f6_14644
  sentences:
  - sample_idx:census_1b9d8702-5af8-4142-85ed-020eb06ec4f6_16130
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Classical monocytes derived from
    the blood of a female individual in her seventies.
  - This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v2. Sample is a CD8-positive, alpha-beta
    memory T cell, specifically a cytotoxic T cell, from the lamina propria tissue
    of an individual in her eighth decade of life.
datasets:
- jo-mengr/cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on NeuML/pubmedbert-base-embeddings
  results:
  - task:
      type: triplet
      name: Triplet
    dataset:
      name: cellxgene pseudo bulk 100k multiplets natural language annotation cell
        sentence 1
      type: cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation_cell_sentence_1
    metrics:
    - type: cosine_accuracy
      value: 0.5158140063285828
      name: Cosine Accuracy
---

# SentenceTransformer based on NeuML/pubmedbert-base-embeddings

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [NeuML/pubmedbert-base-embeddings](https://huggingface.co/NeuML/pubmedbert-base-embeddings) on the [cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jo-mengr/cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation) dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [NeuML/pubmedbert-base-embeddings](https://huggingface.co/NeuML/pubmedbert-base-embeddings) <!-- at revision d6eaca8254bc229f3ca42749a5510ae287eb3486 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Training Dataset:**
    - [cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jo-mengr/cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation)
- **Language:** code
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): MMContextEncoder(
    (text_encoder): BertModel(
      (embeddings): BertEmbeddings(
        (word_embeddings): Embedding(30522, 768, padding_idx=0)
        (position_embeddings): Embedding(512, 768)
        (token_type_embeddings): Embedding(2, 768)
        (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
        (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
      )
      (encoder): BertEncoder(
        (layer): ModuleList(
          (0-11): 12 x BertLayer(
            (attention): BertAttention(
              (self): BertSdpaSelfAttention(
                (query): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (key): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (value): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
              (output): BertSelfOutput(
                (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
                (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
                (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
              )
            )
            (intermediate): BertIntermediate(
              (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=3072, bias=True)
              (intermediate_act_fn): GELUActivation()
            )
            (output): BertOutput(
              (dense): Linear(in_features=3072, out_features=768, bias=True)
              (LayerNorm): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-12, elementwise_affine=True)
              (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
            )
          )
        )
      )
      (pooler): BertPooler(
        (dense): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=768, bias=True)
        (activation): Tanh()
      )
    )
    (text_adapter): AdapterModule(
      (net): Sequential(
        (0): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=512, bias=True)
        (1): ReLU(inplace=True)
        (2): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=1024, bias=True)
        (3): BatchNorm1d(1024, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
      )
    )
    (pooling): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  )
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("jo-mengr/mmcontext-pubmedbert-100k")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'sample_idx:census_1b9d8702-5af8-4142-85ed-020eb06ec4f6_14644',
    "This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v2. Sample is a CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, specifically a cytotoxic T cell, from the lamina propria tissue of an individual in her eighth decade of life.",
    "This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Classical monocytes derived from the blood of a female individual in her seventies.",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[ 1.0000, -0.0963, -0.2026],
#         [-0.0963,  1.0000,  0.9080],
#         [-0.2026,  0.9080,  1.0000]])
```

<!--
### Direct Usage (Transformers)

<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>

</details>
-->

<!--
### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

You can finetune this model on your own dataset.

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

</details>
-->

<!--
### Out-of-Scope Use

*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
-->

## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Triplet

* Dataset: `cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation_cell_sentence_1`
* Evaluated with [<code>TripletEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.TripletEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| **cosine_accuracy** | **0.5158** |

<!--
## Bias, Risks and Limitations

*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
-->

<!--
### Recommendations

*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
-->

## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation

* Dataset: [cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jo-mengr/cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation) at [9916878](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jo-mengr/cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation/tree/9916878bbf20fb8f9d6a0be4c997236e027cabd4)
* Size: 81,143 training samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, <code>negative_1</code>, and <code>negative_2</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                                         | positive                                                                                         | negative_1                                                                                        | negative_2                                                                                     |
  |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                                         | string                                                                                           | string                                                                                            | string                                                                                         |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 56 characters</li><li>mean: 58.72 characters</li><li>max: 60 characters</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 92 characters</li><li>mean: 216.13 characters</li><li>max: 900 characters</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 101 characters</li><li>mean: 215.14 characters</li><li>max: 870 characters</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 56 characters</li><li>mean: 58.75 characters</li><li>max: 60 characters</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                                                    | positive                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | negative_1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             | negative_2                                                                |
  |:--------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>sample_idx:census_218acb0f-9f2f-4f76-b90b-15a4b7c7f629_26009</code> | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v2. A proliferating lymphocyte cell sample, obtained from a 34-year-old female Asian individual, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.</code>                                                    | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v2. Sample is a 25-year-old female with European ethnicity, having CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell type. This cell type exhibits elevated expression of type 1 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in monocytes, reduction of naïve CD4+ T cells correlating with monocyte ISG expression, and expansion of repertoire-restricted cytotoxic GZMH+ CD8+ T cells.</code> | <code>sample_idx:census_218acb0f-9f2f-4f76-b90b-15a4b7c7f629_14165</code> |
  | <code>sample_idx:census_1b9d8702-5af8-4142-85ed-020eb06ec4f6_6333</code>  | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v1. Sample is a cell from the omentum tissue, specifically an effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell, from a female in her sixth decade.</code>                                                    | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v2. Conventional dendritic cell from the jejunal epithelium of a female in her eighth decade.</code>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | <code>sample_idx:census_1b9d8702-5af8-4142-85ed-020eb06ec4f6_2714</code>  |
  | <code>sample_idx:census_adda0684-f8ea-4403-b393-2a25607077c4_271</code>   | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Neuron cell type from a 29-year-old male, specifically from the thalamic complex, specifically the thalamus (THM) - posterior nuclear complex of thalamus (PoN) - medial geniculate nuclei (MG).</code> | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Neuron from the thalamic complex (thalamus, posterior nuclear complex of thalamus, medial geniculate nuclei) of a 42-year-old male, identified as a midbrain-derived inhibitory neuron.</code>                                                                                                                                                                    | <code>sample_idx:census_adda0684-f8ea-4403-b393-2a25607077c4_425</code>   |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation

* Dataset: [cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jo-mengr/cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation) at [9916878](https://huggingface.co/datasets/jo-mengr/cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation/tree/9916878bbf20fb8f9d6a0be4c997236e027cabd4)
* Size: 9,011 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, <code>negative_1</code>, and <code>negative_2</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                                         | positive                                                                                         | negative_1                                                                                        | negative_2                                                                                     |
  |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                                         | string                                                                                           | string                                                                                            | string                                                                                         |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 56 characters</li><li>mean: 58.73 characters</li><li>max: 60 characters</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 99 characters</li><li>mean: 209.99 characters</li><li>max: 941 characters</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 102 characters</li><li>mean: 213.87 characters</li><li>max: 981 characters</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 56 characters</li><li>mean: 58.73 characters</li><li>max: 60 characters</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                                                    | positive                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | negative_1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | negative_2                                                               |
  |:--------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>sample_idx:census_0b4a15a7-4e9e-4555-9733-2423e5c66469_490</code>   | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Cell sample from the cortex of kidney, taken from a 43-year-old male of European ethnicity with a reported history of kidney cancer. The cell type is identified as a kidney collecting duct intercalated cell.</code> | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Kidney collecting duct intercalated cell from a 43-year old European male with kidney cancer, taken from the cortex of kidney and cryopreserved for further analysis.</code>                                         | <code>sample_idx:census_0b4a15a7-4e9e-4555-9733-2423e5c66469_9</code>    |
  | <code>sample_idx:census_4976b234-9028-4b4b-8a2f-8ac59d636219_269</code>   | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Neuron cell type from a 29-year-old male cerebellum, specifically from the Cerebellar Vermis - CBV region, with European self-reported ethnicity, analyzed at the nucleus level.</code>                                | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 3' v3. Endothelial cells derived from the cerebellum (specifically, cerebellar vermis) of a 42-year-old male, classified under the vascular supercluster term.</code>                                                       | <code>sample_idx:census_4976b234-9028-4b4b-8a2f-8ac59d636219_923</code>  |
  | <code>sample_idx:census_44882825-0da1-4547-b721-2c6105d4a9d1_10258</code> | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v1. Cell sample from the tonsil of a 9-year-old female with recurrent tonsillitis, characterized as a centroblast B cell with IGLC2, IGLV7-43, IGLJ3 immunoglobulin genes expressed.</code>                                | <code>This measurement was conducted with 10x 5' v1. Centroblast cells derived from a 3-year-old male human tonsil sample, with obstructive sleep apnea and recurrent tonsillitis, undergoing affinity maturation and differentiation into memory or plasma cells.</code> | <code>sample_idx:census_44882825-0da1-4547-b721-2c6105d4a9d1_9654</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 256
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 256
- `learning_rate`: 0.05
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `bf16`: True

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 256
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 256
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 0.05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: True
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `hub_revision`: None
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `liger_kernel_config`: None
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional
- `router_mapping`: {}
- `learning_rate_mapping`: {}

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | cellxgene pseudo bulk 100k multiplets natural language annotation loss | cellxgene_pseudo_bulk_100k_multiplets_natural_language_annotation_cell_sentence_1_cosine_accuracy |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:----------------------------------------------------------------------:|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| 0.3155 | 100  | 4.3241        | 22.9958                                                                | 0.5035                                                                                            |
| 0.6309 | 200  | 3.2968        | 21.9224                                                                | 0.5026                                                                                            |
| 0.9464 | 300  | 2.9589        | 21.0856                                                                | 0.5008                                                                                            |
| 1.2618 | 400  | 2.7865        | 21.0013                                                                | 0.5055                                                                                            |
| 1.5773 | 500  | 2.6859        | 19.5792                                                                | 0.5096                                                                                            |
| 1.8927 | 600  | 2.6192        | 19.5848                                                                | 0.5105                                                                                            |
| 2.2082 | 700  | 2.5577        | 19.8195                                                                | 0.5115                                                                                            |
| 2.5237 | 800  | 2.4599        | 18.7359                                                                | 0.5118                                                                                            |
| 2.8391 | 900  | 2.4419        | 18.0783                                                                | 0.5138                                                                                            |
| 3.1546 | 1000 | 2.423         | 17.2768                                                                | 0.5156                                                                                            |
| 3.4700 | 1100 | 2.4112        | 16.9335                                                                | 0.5164                                                                                            |
| 3.7855 | 1200 | 2.4067        | 16.4885                                                                | 0.5158                                                                                            |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.6
- Sentence Transformers: 5.0.0
- Transformers: 4.55.0.dev0
- PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu121
- Accelerate: 1.9.0
- Datasets: 2.19.1
- Tokenizers: 0.21.4

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

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