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who got the first nobel prize in physics?
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[
"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen"
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[
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"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Physics\"\nNobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he",
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"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Physics\"\nreceive a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount. Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was",
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"chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Röntgen\"\nWilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. Born to a German father and a Dutch mother, Röntgen attended high school in Utrecht, Netherlands. In",
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"chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Röntgen\"\nWilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. Born to a German father and a Dutch mother, Röntgen attended high school in Utrecht, Netherlands. In",
"is_relevant": null,
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"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize\"\nWilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize. In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the Academy \"\"was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize\"\". The Academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for Jacobus van 't Hoff. Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics. The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 4
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"chunk_id": "11456312",
"chunk_text": "\"Pierre Curie\"\nPierre Curie Pierre Curie (; ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, \"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"\". Born in Paris on 15 May 1859, Pierre Curie was the son of Eugene Curie (28 August 1827 – 25 February 1910), a doctor of Alsatian Protestant origin, and Sophie-Claire Depouilly Curie (15 January 1832 –",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 5
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"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize\"\nHis son, George Paget Thomson, received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they also have the properties of waves. William Henry Bragg and his son, William Lawrence Bragg, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing the X-ray spectrometer. Niels Bohr was awarded the Physics prize in 1922, as was his son, Aage Bohr, in 1975. Manne Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1924, was the father of Kai Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1981. Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of Ulf von Euler, who was awarded",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 6
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"chunk_text": "\"History of physics\"\ntime of the conception and evolution of the theory. The basic ideas of quantum theory were introduced in 1900 by Max Planck (1858–1947), who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918 for his discovery of the quantified nature of energy. The quantum theory (which previously relied in the \"\"correspondence\"\" at large scales between the quantized world of the atom and the continuities of the \"\"classical\"\" world) was accepted when the Compton Effect established that light carries momentum and can scatter off particles, and when Louis de Broglie asserted that matter can be seen as behaving as a wave",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 7
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"chunk_id": "16708877",
"chunk_text": "\"Albert A. Michelson\"\nAlbert A. Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson FFRS HFRSE (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. Michelson was born in Strzelno, Province of Posen in Germany (now Poland), the son of Samuel Michelson and his wife, Rozalia Przyłubska, both of Jewish descent. He moved to the US with his parents in 1855, at the age of two. He grew up",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 8
},
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"chunk_id": "8874311",
"chunk_text": "\"Albert Einstein\"\nAlbert Einstein Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed \"\"the world's most famous equation\"\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"\"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"\", a pivotal step",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 9
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"chunk_text": "\"Theodore William Richards\"\nTheodore William Richards Theodore William Richards (January 31, 1868 – April 2, 1928) was the first American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, earning the award \"\"in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of the chemical elements.\"\" Theodore Richards was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania to William Trost Richards, a land- and seascape painter, and Anna née Matlack, a poet. Richards received most of his pre-college education from his mother. During one summer's stay at Newport, Rhode Island, Richards met Professor Josiah Parsons Cooke of Harvard, who showed the young boy Saturn's",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 10
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"chunk_id": "9849942",
"chunk_text": "\"Svante Arrhenius\"\nSvante Arrhenius Svante August Arrhenius (; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate, and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death. His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius definition of an acid, lunar crater Arrhenius, the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 11
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"chunk_id": "3595524",
"chunk_text": "\"Wolfgang Pauli\"\nWolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"\"decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle\"\". The discovery involved spin theory, which is the basis of a theory of the structure of matter. Pauli was born in Vienna to a chemist Wolfgang Joseph Pauli (\"\"né\"\" Wolf Pascheles, 1869–1955) and his wife",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 12
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"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Chemistry\"\non December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, \"\"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.\"\" From 1901 to 2018, the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals. Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the \"\"greatest benefit on mankind\"\" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 13
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"chunk_id": "15011908",
"chunk_text": "\"John Bardeen\"\nJohn Bardeen John Bardeen (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory. The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry and ushered the birth of the Information Age. The semiconductor device also made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device,",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 14
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"chunk_id": "8874415",
"chunk_text": "\"Albert Einstein\"\nto Einstein in 1922. Footnotes Citations Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed \"\"the world's most famous equation\"\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"\"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 15
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"chunk_id": "1842548",
"chunk_text": "\"Paul Dirac\"\nPaul Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century. Dirac made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation which describes the behaviour of fermions and predicted the existence of antimatter. Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Erwin Schrödinger \"\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"\". He also made significant contributions to the reconciliation of general relativity",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 16
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"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize controversies\"\nresearch CERN, commented in a scientific meet in Kolkata titled \"\"Frontiers of Science\"\" that \"\"it is unfortunate that pioneering Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose did not win the Nobel Prize for work on quantum physics in the 1920s that provided the foundation of the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate\"\". Albert Einstein's 1921 Nobel Prize Award mainly recognized his 1905 discovery of the mechanism of the photoelectric effect and \"\"for his services to Theoretical Physics\"\". The Nobel committee passed on several nominations for his many other seminal contributions, although these led to prizes for others who later",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 17
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"chunk_text": "\"Marie Curie\"\nthe Nobel Prize in Physics, \"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.\"\" At first the committee had intended to honor only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, but a committee member and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination. Marie Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 18
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"chunk_id": "15181302",
"chunk_text": "\"Max Planck\"\nMax Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948 the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes 83 institutions representing a",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 19
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"chunk_id": "10790013",
"chunk_text": "\"Henri Becquerel\"\nHenri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him. Becquerel was born in Paris into a wealthy family which produced four generations of physicists: Becquerel's grandfather (Antoine César Becquerel), father (Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel), and son (Jean Becquerel). Henri started off his education by attending the Lycée Louis-le-Grand school, a",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 20
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"chunk_text": "\"Niels Bohr\"\nasteroid, 3948 Bohr, was named after him, as was the Bohr lunar crater and bohrium, the chemical element with atomic number 107. Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 21
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"chunk_text": "\"Planck constant\"\nusually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard in 1902. Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan. The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 22
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"chunk_id": "11376143",
"chunk_text": "\"Niels Bohr\"\nNiels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has been supplanted",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 23
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"chunk_id": "3375379",
"chunk_text": "\"Max Planck\"\nalone a Christian God.\"\" Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948 the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 24
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"chunk_text": "\"Wave–particle duality\"\ninstead of disproving it. While energy of ejected electrons reflected Planck's constant, the existence of photons was not explicitly proven until the discovery of the photon antibunching effect, of which a modern experiment can be performed in undergraduate-level labs. This phenomenon could only be explained via photons, and not through any semi-classical theory (which could alternatively explain the photoelectric effect). When Einstein received his Nobel Prize in 1921, it was not for his more difficult and mathematically laborious special and general relativity, but for the simple, yet totally revolutionary, suggestion of quantized light. Einstein's \"\"light quanta\"\" would not be called",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 25
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"chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Röntgen\"\n1887. Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine. He inherited two Million Reichsmarks after his father's death. With the inflation following World War I, Röntgen fell into bankruptcy later in life, spending his final years at his country home at Weilheim, near Munich. In keeping with his will, all his personal and scientific correspondence was destroyed upon his death. In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics. The award was officially \"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him\"\". Röntgen donated",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 26
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"chunk_text": "\"History of physics\"\nthe Nobel Prize in 1921. The gradual acceptance of Einstein's theories of relativity and the quantized nature of light transmission, and of Niels Bohr's model of the atom created as many problems as they solved, leading to a full-scale effort to reestablish physics on new fundamental principles. Expanding relativity to cases of accelerating reference frames (the \"\"general theory of relativity\"\") in the 1910s, Einstein posited an equivalence between the inertial force of acceleration and the force of gravity, leading to the conclusion that space is curved and finite in size, and the prediction of such phenomena as gravitational lensing and",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 27
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"chunk_text": "\"Albert A. Michelson\"\nvantage point as a graduate student regularly watching him play billiards. Michelson was a member of the Royal Society, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Computer Measurement Group gives an annual A. A. Michelson Award. Albert A. Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson FFRS HFRSE (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 28
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"chunk_id": "6216670",
"chunk_text": "\"James Franck\"\nJames Franck James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German physicist who won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Physics with Gustav Hertz \"\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"\". He completed his doctorate in 1906 and his habilitation in 1911 at the Frederick William University in Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of professor extraordinarius. He served as a volunteer in the German Army during World War I. He was seriously injured in 1917 in a gas attack and was awarded the",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 29
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"chunk_id": "13592518",
"chunk_text": "\"Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff\"\nJacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jacobus Henricus \"\"Henry\"\" van 't Hoff, Jr. (; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry. In 1875, he predicted the correct structures of allenes and cumulenes as well as their",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 30
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"chunk_id": "6470006",
"chunk_text": "\"Louis de Broglie\"\nLouis de Broglie Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, duc de Broglie (; or ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave–particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics. De Broglie won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 31
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"chunk_id": "11644016",
"chunk_text": "\"Philipp Lenard\"\nPhilipp Lenard Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (7 June 1862 – 20 May 1947) was a German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. Lenard was a nationalist and anti-Semite; as an active proponent of the Nazi ideology, he supported Adolf Hitler in the 1920s and was an important role model for the \"\"Deutsche Physik\"\" movement during the Nazi period. Notably, he labeled Albert Einstein's contributions to science as \"\"Jewish physics\"\". Philipp Lenard was born in Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 7",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 32
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"chunk_text": "\"Planck constant\"\n(along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) in convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to \"\"the theory of radiation and quanta\"\". Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics \"\"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\"\". The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"\"photoelectrons\"\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 33
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"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize\"\nrelevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes. Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium, making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 34
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"chunk_id": "5767826",
"chunk_text": "\"Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff\"\nPrize in Chemistry as the culmination of his career. The following are named after him: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jacobus Henricus \"\"Henry\"\" van 't Hoff, Jr. (; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry.",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 35
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"chunk_id": "4736837",
"chunk_text": "\"Gustav Ludwig Hertz\"\nGustav Ludwig Hertz Gustav Ludwig Hertz (22 July 1887 – 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work on inelastic electron collisions in gases, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Hertz was born in Hamburg, the son of Auguste (née Arning) and a lawyer, Gustav Theodor Hertz (1858–1904), Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' brother. He attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before studying at the Georg-August University of Göttingen (1906–1907), the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (1907–1908), and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1908–1911). He received his doctorate in 1911 under Heinrich Leopold Rubens. From",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 36
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"chunk_id": "10612607",
"chunk_text": "\"Wolfgang Pauli\"\nand Sciences. In May 1929, Pauli left the Roman Catholic Church. In December of that year, he married Käthe Margarethe Deppner. The marriage was an unhappy one, ending in divorce in 1930 after less than a year. He married again in 1934 to Franziska Bertram (1901–1987). They had no children. Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"\"decisive contribution",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 37
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"chunk_id": "9241969",
"chunk_text": "\"Maria Goeppert Mayer\"\nMaria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer (June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-born American theoretical physicist, and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics, the first being Marie Curie. A graduate of the University of Göttingen, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms. At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the laser permitted this. Today, the unit for the two-photon absorption",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 38
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"chunk_id": "11828638",
"chunk_text": "\"Erwin Schrödinger\"\nErwin Schrödinger Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (, ; ; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as ' or ', was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and matrix mechanics. Schrödinger proposed an original interpretation of the physical meaning of the wave function. In addition, he was the author of many works in various fields of physics: statistical",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1897411",
"chunk_text": "\"Wave–particle duality\"\nof electrons through a thin metal film and observed the predicted interference patterns. At Bell Labs, Clinton Joseph Davisson and Lester Halbert Germer guided their beam through a crystalline grid. De Broglie was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929 for his hypothesis. Thomson and Davisson shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for their experimental work. In his work on formulating quantum mechanics, Werner Heisenberg postulated his uncertainty principle, which states: where Heisenberg originally explained this as a consequence of the process of measuring: Measuring position accurately would disturb momentum and vice versa, offering an example (the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3609314",
"chunk_text": "\"Wave–particle duality\"\nthe threshold frequency could release only one electron; the higher the frequency of a photon, the higher the kinetic energy of the emitted electron, but no amount of light (using technology available at the time) below the threshold frequency could release an electron. To \"\"violate\"\" this law would require extremely high-intensity lasers which had not yet been invented. Intensity-dependent phenomena have now been studied in detail with such lasers. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. In 1924, Louis-Victor de Broglie formulated the de Broglie hypothesis, claiming",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6216693",
"chunk_text": "\"James Franck\"\nof Chicago Library. James Franck James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German physicist who won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Physics with Gustav Hertz \"\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"\". He completed his doctorate in 1906 and his habilitation in 1911 at the Frederick William University in Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of professor extraordinarius. He served as a volunteer in the German Army during World War I. He was seriously injured in 1917 in a gas attack and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8478548",
"chunk_text": "\"Eugene Wigner\"\nEugene Wigner Eugene Paul \"\"E. P.\"\" Wigner (; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, engineer and mathematician. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 \"\"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles\"\". A graduate of the Technical University of Berlin, Wigner worked as an assistant to Karl Weissenberg and Richard Becker at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, and David Hilbert at the University of Göttingen. Wigner and Hermann Weyl were responsible for introducing group theory",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16315107",
"chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Physics\"\nrendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize. Only three women (1.4% of laureates) have won the Nobel Prize in Physics: Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018. Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "691800",
"chunk_text": "\"Hendrik Lorentz\"\nHendrik Lorentz Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (; 18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations underpinning Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. According to the biography published by the Nobel Foundation, \"\"It may well be said that Lorentz was regarded by all theoretical physicists as the world's leading spirit, who completed what was left unfinished by his predecessors and prepared the ground for the fruitful reception of the new ideas based",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20827865",
"chunk_text": "\"Robert Hofstadter\"\nRobert Hofstadter Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist. He was the joint winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) \"\"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons\"\". Hofstadter was born into a Jewish family in New York City on February 5, 1915, to Polish immigrants, Louis Hofstadter, a salesman, and the former Henrietta Koenigsberg. He attended elementary and high schools in New York City and entered City College of New York, graduating with a B.S. degree",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15273961",
"chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Wien\"\nWilhelm Wien Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (; 13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature. He also formulated an expression for the black-body radiation, which is correct in the photon-gas limit. His arguments were based on the notion of adiabatic invariance, and were instrumental for the formulation of quantum mechanics. Wien received the 1911 Nobel Prize for his work on heat radiation.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14762286",
"chunk_text": "Electricity\nParsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for \"\"his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"\". The",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13449779",
"chunk_text": "\"Matrix mechanics\"\nBA\"\" does not necessarily equal 0. The fundamental commutation relation of matrix mechanics, implies then that \"\"there are no states which simultaneously have a definite position and momentum\"\". This principle of uncertainty holds for many other pairs of observables as well. For example, the energy does not commute with the position either, so it is impossible to precisely determine the position and energy of an electron in an atom. In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics. The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_1
|
when is the next deadpool movie being released?
|
n/a
|
[
"May 18, 2018"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11247489",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nwas written by Reese and Wernick and played in front of \"\"Logan\"\". \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was released on May 18, 2018, with Baccarin, T. J. Miller, Uggams, Hildebrand, and Kapičić all returning. Josh Brolin joined them as Cable. The film explores the team X-Force, which includes Deadpool and Cable. In March 2017, Reese said that a future film focused on that group would be separate from \"\"Deadpool 3\"\", \"\"so I think we'll be able to take two paths. [\"\"X-Force\"\"] is where we're launching something bigger, but then [\"\"Deadpool 3\"\" is] where we're contracting and staying personal and small.\"\" After the acquisition",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944682",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nis dedicated to her memory. The film's score is the first to receive a parental advisory warning for explicit content, and the soundtrack also includes the original song \"\"Ashes\"\" by Céline Dion. \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was released in the United States on May 18, 2018. It has grossed over $738 million worldwide, becoming the seventh highest-grossing film of 2018, as well as the third highest-grossing R-rated film and the third highest-grossing \"\"X-Men\"\" film. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its humor, acting (particularly Reynolds, Brolin, and Beetz's performances), story, and action sequences, with some calling it better than the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "728070",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nchimichangas, traditionally Deadpool's favorite food, as well as \"\"Deadpool\"\"-inspired Harder drinks. The campaign also included the chance to win a trip to the film's premiere through Harder, and the Los Angeles pop-up benefitted the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival. \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" premiered at Leicester Square in London on May 10, 2018. It was released in the United States on May 18, 2018, having been previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year. Leitch's initial cut of the film was around two hours and twelve minutes, with \"\"nips and tucks\"\" done to it to get the run time down to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "728058",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nJanuary, the film's release was moved up to May 18, 2018. In February 2018, Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film, the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing, and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title, \"\"Daisy\"\". Some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that these reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film, and consisted of sweeping changes. However, the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did, up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944740",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nat the convention moderated by Soni and featuring other cast members. Some of the scenes cut from the theatrical version of the film were debuted at the panel. At the end of September 2018, Fox announced that it would release an untitled \"\"Deadpool\"\" film in theaters on December 21. The studio suggested that press and fans \"\"guess away\"\" as to what this new film would be, but it was believed to be a re-cut version of \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" that would carry a PG-13 rating rather than being R-rated like the initial theatrical release. Reynolds hinted that the version of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "728008",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nDeadpool 2 Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eleventh installment in the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series, and a direct sequel to the 2016 film \"\"Deadpool\"\". The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and Ryan Reynolds, with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin, Morena Baccarin, Julian Dennison, Zazie Beetz, T.J. Miller, Brianna Hildebrand, and Jack Kesy. In the film, Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from the time-traveling soldier Cable.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18236642",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nintegrate him into the PG-13 MCU. Deadpool 2 Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eleventh installment in the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series, and a direct sequel to the 2016 film \"\"Deadpool\"\". The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and Ryan Reynolds, with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin, Morena Baccarin, Julian Dennison, Zazie Beetz, T.J. Miller, Brianna Hildebrand, and Jack Kesy. In the film, Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944683",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nfirst film, although a feeling of cynicism drew some criticism. An extended edition was released in August 2018, and a re-cut, PG-13 version of the film titled \"\"Once Upon a Deadpool\"\" was released theatrically in December 2018. A sequel, \"\"Deadpool 3\"\", is in development. After successfully working as the mercenary Deadpool for two years, Wade Wilson fails to kill one of his targets on his anniversary with Vanessa, his girlfriend. That night, after the pair decide to start a family together, the target tracks Wilson down and kills Vanessa. Wilson kills the man in revenge. He blames himself for her",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944746",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nHD on August 7, 2018, and physically on August 21. The latter release covered the 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray, and DVD formats, including both the theatrical version and \"\"Super Duper $@%!#& Cut\"\" unrated extended edition. The physical release includes an audio commentary for the theatrical version in 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray formats, from Reynolds, Leitch, Reese, and Wernick. The Blu-ray format also includes a gag reel, deleted and extended scenes, alternate takes, featurettes on Easter eggs, the cast and characters, Leitch's directing, and the action and stunts, and more. As of December 18, 2018, \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" has grossed $323",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3308052",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nplot as formulaic as well as the sheer number of jokes in the film. It also received many awards and nominations, including two Critics' Choice Awards and two Golden Globe nominations. A sequel, \"\"Deadpool 2\"\", was released in May 2018. Wade Wilson is a dishonorably discharged special forces operative working as a mercenary when he meets Vanessa, a prostitute. They become romantically involved, and a year later she accepts his marriage proposal. Wilson is diagnosed with terminal cancer, and leaves Vanessa without warning so she will not have to watch him die. A mysterious recruiter approaches Wilson, offering an experimental",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3308051",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nMay of that year. Several vendors provided visual effects for the film, ranging from the addition of blood and gore to the creation of the CG character Colossus. \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released in the United States on February 12, 2016, after an unconventional marketing campaign. The film achieved both financial and critical success. It earned over $783 million against a $58 million budget, breaking numerous records: it became the highest-grossing R-rated film, the highest-grossing \"\"X-Men\"\" film, and the ninth-highest-grossing 2016 film. Critics praised Reynolds' performance, the film's style and faithfulness to the comics, and its action sequences. Some detractors criticized the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11350936",
"chunk_text": "\"Superhero film\"\nworldwide financial success earning in excess of $2 billion. Soon after, 20th Century Fox released \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" on May 18, 2018 which proved a major success in both regards itself In addition, the long awaited sequel for the Academy Award winning animated film \"\"The Incredibles\"\", \"\"Incredibles 2\"\", had its wide release on June 15, 2018 met with considerable critical praise and earned $182.68 million on its premiere weekend. The next superhero film In the Marvel Universe \"\"Ant-Man and the Wasp\"\" was released on July 6, with competing studios declining to release major films on American Independence Day in the face",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944710",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nThanos, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Also in April, Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film, while Fox gave the sequel a June 1, 2018 release date. Noting the release date, Leitch wanted to ensure that the film \"\"was worthy of a summer tentpole movie, and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films\"\", specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film \"\"bigger\"\" than the first one. However, he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11247428",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nfootage was leaked online in July 2014, and was met with an overwhelmingly enthusiastic response. That September, Fox gave \"\"Deadpool\"\" a release date of February 12, 2016. Production was set to begin in March 2015, with Simon Kinberg joining as producer. Reynolds attributed Fox's green-lighting of the film entirely to the leak. He, Miller and the writers had previously discussed leaking the footage themselves, and Reynolds initially thought that Miller had done so. He later believed the leak came from someone at Fox. In exchange for being able to make the film the way they wanted, Fox gave the crew",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7568072",
"chunk_text": "\"Marketing for Deadpool (film)\"\nantihero Deadpool. After spending 10 years in development hell, \"\"Deadpool\"\" received a greenlight from Fox with a much smaller budget than is usually given to a big superhero film, $58 million. This gave the production team—including Miller in his directorial debut—the leeway they needed to create a comic-accurate film, after Reynolds' less-faithful portrayal of the character in \"\"\"\" was not well received. Focus was placed on reproducing the tone, humor, and violence of the comics. \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released in the United States on February 12, 2016, and became a critical and financial success, breaking numerous box office records around the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "450281",
"chunk_text": "\"Paul Wernick\"\nTim Miller. The R-rated film was released on February 12, 2016. Its opening weekend was the highest grossing of all time for R-Rated films, and it went on to gross more than $780 million worldwide. The team's next project, sci-fi thriller \"\"Life\"\", was released in March 2017. The film was directed by Daniel Espinosa, produced by Skydance, and through Sony Pictures, with Ryan Reynolds, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Rebecca Ferguson starring. They wrote \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" in 2018, which like its predecessor was released to positive reviews. Wernick and Reese were announced as the co-screenwriters of the feature film adaptation of \"\"Cowboy",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3308049",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nDeadpool (film) Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series and the first standalone \"\"Deadpool\"\" film. Directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, the film stars Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano and Brianna Hildebrand. In the film, Wilson—as the antihero Deadpool—hunts down the man who gave him mutant abilities and caused his scarred physical appearance. Development of a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7568071",
"chunk_text": "\"Marketing for Deadpool (film)\"\nMarketing for Deadpool (film) \"\"Deadpool\"\" is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series. The film was directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, and stars Ryan Reynolds in the title role alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano, Leslie Uggams, Brianna Hildebrand, and Stefan Kapičić. In \"\"Deadpool\"\", Wade Wilson hunts the man who gave him mutant abilities, but also a scarred physical appearance, as the wisecracking, fourth wall-breaking",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17026955",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nfrom Bates' score was released by Columbia Records on May 18, 2018, coinciding with the film's release. A soundtrack album covering all of the songs previously released in the soundtrack album, including \"\"Ashes\"\" and the cue from Bates' score, and adding six tracks including songs heard only in the extended cut of the film was released by Columbia Records on August 10, 2018, ahead of the extended cut's release on August 21. \"\"Deadpool 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\"\" debuted on the US \"\"Billboard\"\" 200 chart at number 18, surpassing the peak of the first \"\"Deadpool\"\" film soundtrack (number 30 in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11247490",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nof 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney. Deadpool (film) Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series and the first standalone \"\"Deadpool\"\" film. Directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, the film stars Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3413424",
"chunk_text": "\"Ryan Reynolds\"\na sequel. Also in 2016, Reynolds had a supporting role in the Ariel Vromen-directed thriller \"\"Criminal\"\". On December 15, 2016, Reynolds received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard. Reynolds co-starred with Jake Gyllenhaal and Rebecca Ferguson in the science fiction thriller \"\"Life\"\" in 2017, which reunited him with \"\"Safe House\"\" director Daniel Espinosa. Reynolds began filming \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" in June 2017, and the film opened on May 18, 2018. He will also star as the titular character in a live-action film adaptation of the \"\"Detective Pikachu\"\" video game in which Reynolds is the voice",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "728067",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nthe film's characters; the song \"\"Ashes\"\" was ultimately produced, as recorded by Céline Dion. Leitch directed a music video to go with the release of the song, and Reynolds both wanted to produce a music video to accompany the song; Leitch was initially conflicted about this, as he wanted audiences to discover the song, which was filmed in The Colosseum at Caesars Palace. It features dancer Yanis Marshall performing as Deadpool in high heels while Dion sings the song. The song was released as a single with the music video on May 3, 2018, before Sony Classical Records released a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15847471",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nanother by Reynolds, Reese, and Wernick. On November 7, Fox re-released the film and its special features on Blu-ray for the holiday season, as \"\"Deadpool's Holiday Blu-ray package\"\". The film was re-released again in April 2018 in a \"\"Deadpool\"\" Two Year Anniversary Edition Blu-ray package, with collectible covers as well as \"\"stickers, car decals, temporary tattoos and a set of paper dolls\"\". A 4K UHD Steelbook version was also released exclusively through Best Buy featuring original artwork. \"\"Deadpool\"\" grossed $363.1 million in the United States and Canada and $420 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $783.1 million,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6759974",
"chunk_text": "\"The Happytime Murders\"\nof those puppets, and then you have avatars or CG puppets that are standing right next to the real puppets.\"\" \"\"The Happytime Murders\"\" was released to cinemas by STX Entertainment on August 24, 2018. The film was originally scheduled for August 17, 2018, but was pushed back a week. The first official red-band trailer was released on May 18, 2018, with select screenings of \"\"Deadpool 2.\"\" \"\"The Happytime Murders\"\" was released on Digital HD on November 20, 2018 and on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2018. \"\"The Happytime Murders\"\" has grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "728083",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nmillion in the United States and Canada, and $415.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $738.8 million, against a production budget of $110 million. On April 20, 2018, both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was the best pre-selling R-rated film in their respective histories. The film opened in 4,332 theaters, setting the record for widest R-rated release ever (beating the 4,103 count by \"\"It\"\" in September 2017). It made $18.6 million from Thursday night previews and $53.3 million on its first day, setting records for both by an R-rated film, beating \"\"It\"\"s $13.5 million",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10881273",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (video game)\"\ndigital storefronts on January 1, 2016. As of July 15, 2016 the game was made available to purchase again on Steam as well as PlayStation Store's DLC but only in the US markets. The game was re-released on November 18, 2015 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One to coincide with the 2016 film of the same name. On November 16, 2017, the game was once again removed from digital storefronts due to licensing issues. \"\"Deadpool\"\" is an action beat 'em up video game, with new combos becoming available to Deadpool as he progresses. The game, which is rated \"\"mature\"\", frequently",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15847470",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nbeing blocked in China during this initial release, \"\"Deadpool\"\" eventually premiered in the country during the 2018 Beijing International Film Festival, which ran over a week from April 15–22. The original version of the film played at the festival without any edits being made specifically for Chinese censors. \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released for digital download on April 26, 2016, moved up from the physical home media release, which came on May 10. The latter release, for Blu-ray and DVD, included behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, and two audio commentaries: one by Tim Miller and Deadpool co-creator Rob Liefeld, and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17026953",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nsell the excitement of the audience before the X-Force characters are unexpectedly killed. While writing the film's score, Bates was kept aware of the licensed songs that were being used in conjunction with his music because he felt it was \"\"paramount\"\" to his understanding of the film and Reynolds' intentions for it. He also attempted to compose the music on either side of each song in such a way that it could augment the songs and elevate their intended effects. \"\"Ashes\"\" was released as a single by Columbia Records on May 3, 2018, along with a music video directed by",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "728009",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nPlans for a sequel to \"\"Deadpool\"\" began before that film's release, and were confirmed in February 2016. Though the original creative team of Reynolds, Reese, Wernick, and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film, Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds and was soon replaced by Leitch. An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable, with Brolin ultimately cast. Filming took place in British Columbia, Canada, from June to October 2017. During filming, stunt woman Joi \"\"SJ\"\" Harris died in a motorcycle accident; the film",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18236640",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nthen [\"\"Deadpool 3\"\" is] where we're contracting and staying personal and small.\"\" After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) under Disney, and that the company would be willing to make future R-rated Deadpool films \"\"as long as we let the audiences know what's coming\"\". In May 2018, Reynolds stated that a third Deadpool film may not be made given the franchise's shift of focus to X-Force, though Reese and Wernick felt a third film would \"\"absolutely\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2195796",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nThis earned the score a parental advisory warning, making it the first score album to receive such a warning. \"\"Ashes\"\" was released as a single on May 3, 2018. Bates' score was released as Deadpool 2 (Original Motion Picture Score) by Sony Classical Records on May 11. A soundtrack album collecting the previously released singles and other songs heard in the film was released by Columbia Records as Deadpool 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) on May 18. Bates' score received positive reviews, especially when compared to the reception of the first film's score, while the soundtrack songs were generally praised;",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3413423",
"chunk_text": "\"Ryan Reynolds\"\nMarvel Comics source material. The film takes place within the larger X-Men film universe, being made possible by the reset timeline in \"\"\"\". \"\"Deadpool\"\" made several box-office records, including: a worldwide opening of $264.9 million from 62 markets, which is the biggest of 2016, the biggest for an R-rated film, and the second biggest for Fox, only behind \"\"\"\" ($303.9 million). It also recorded the biggest IMAX 2D worldwide opening of all time with $27.4 million from 606 IMAX theatres, eclipsing \"\"The Dark Knight Rises\"\" ($23.8 million). The film's financial and critical success led the studio to move forward with",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11695843",
"chunk_text": "Deadpool\n\"\"Merc with a Mouth\"\" because of his tendency to talk and joke constantly, including breaking the fourth wall for humorous effect and running gags. The character's popularity has seen him featured in numerous forms of other media. In the 2004 series \"\"Cable & Deadpool\"\", he refers to his own scarred appearance as \"\"Ryan Reynolds crossed with a Shar-Pei\"\". Reynolds himself would eventually portray the character in the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series, appearing in \"\"\"\" (2009)\"\",\"\" \"\"Deadpool\"\" (2016)\"\",\"\" and its sequel \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" (2018). Created by artist/writer Rob Liefeld and writer Fabian Nicieza, Deadpool made his first appearance in the pages of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14126080",
"chunk_text": "\"Development of Gambit\"\nconfirmed that Tatum was still attached to the project, and a month later Kinberg described the film as being in \"\"active development\"\". He stated his hope for the project to be ready by the end of 2017, for filming to then begin at the start of 2018. He noted that there were already three \"\"X-Men\"\" franchise films set for release in 2018 at that point, so \"\"Gambit\"\" \"\"can wait for a moment.\"\" Kinberg compared Tatum's commitment to the role of Gambit to the determination shown by Reynolds and Jackman to get their most recent \"\"X-Men\"\" films (\"\"Deadpool\"\" and \"\"Logan\"\" (2017),",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944706",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nand the character of Deadpool allows them to be \"\"flexible with the timeline, per se\"\". Reese and Wernick preferred to use jokes in the film that only certain members of the audience would understand, though Reynolds would not allow some to be used if he thought not enough people would enjoy them (including a reference to golfer Davis Love III). Following the announcement of the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in December 2017, the film includes several Disney related jokes including a running gag about the Disney film \"\"Frozen\"\" (2013). However, Fox did make the producers remove",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944713",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nthe film needed due to her having only a minor role in the comics. Initial filming had begun by June 17, 2017, at Hatley Castle in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the \"\"X-Men\"\" films. Principal photography began in Vancouver, on June 26, under the working title \"\"Love Machine\"\". The East Lawn building of Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam served as the location for the final battle sequence. Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film. At the end of June, Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film. The next month,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "728047",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nT.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film, and that \"\"it's not going to be the same movie in a different location [like \"\"The Hangover Part II\"\"]. It's got different stakes, different things happen, some pretty tragic, dark shit happens in the first part of the film, in the beginning, and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that.\"\" By then, Kapičić had been working with Leitch on set, and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018. Production on the \"\"X-Men\"\" film \"\"Dark Phoenix\"\" was taking place",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18733973",
"chunk_text": "\"Widows (2018 film)\"\nMarch 2015, with Davis joining the cast in September 2016. The rest of the cast was added in the next several months, and filming began in Chicago in May 2017. \"\"Widows\"\" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on November 6, 2018 and in the United States on November 16, by 20th Century Fox. The film has grossed over $71 million worldwide and received praise for its direction, screenplay and performances (particularly Davis, Debicki and Kaluuya), with critics crediting it for blending \"\"dramatic themes with popcorn thrills.\"\" Harry",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5596260",
"chunk_text": "\"X-Men (film series)\"\n2017 and a Deadpool duology from 2016 to 2018. Three \"\"X-Men\"\" prequels were also released from 2011 to 2016. \"\"X-Men\"\", \"\"X2: X-Men United\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"The Wolverine\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"Deadpool\"\", \"\"Logan\"\" and \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" were all met with positive reviews from critics, \"\"X-Men: The Last Stand\"\" and \"\"\"\" were met with mixed reviews, while \"\"\"\" received negative reviews. With eleven films released, the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series is the sixth highest-grossing film series, having grossed over worldwide. It is set to continue with the releases of \"\"Dark Phoenix\"\" and \"\"The New Mutants\"\" in 2019 and \"\"Gambit\"\" in 2020. The film introduces Wolverine and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9686323",
"chunk_text": "\"Terry Crews\"\nin the science fiction comedy film \"\"Sorry to Bother You\"\". The film was released in theaters on July 6, 2018. Also in 2018, he appeared as Bedlam in the superhero film \"\"Deadpool 2\"\". Crews made appearances in the music videos for \"\"Pressure\"\" and “Algorithm” by English rock band Muse. Crews considers his first job in the entertainment industry to be a stint as a courtroom sketch artist in Flint, Michigan. He later performed the role for the local station, WJRT. During his football career, Crews supplemented his income by producing portraits of fellow players, and in some cases this was",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14866200",
"chunk_text": "\"Logan (film)\"\nin the United States, where it was given a wide release on March 3, 2017. In October 2015, Fox confirmed that \"\"Logan\"\" would be released in the IMAX format. In the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, the film was preceded by a short film, \"\"Deadpool: No Good Deed\"\". In it, Deadpool notices a man getting robbed, and springs into action—but first has to change into his costume in a phone booth. As he is finishing up, the man is shot; the short film ends with Deadpool commenting on the strangeness of the phone booth's presence, and eating the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11642387",
"chunk_text": "\"X-Men in other media\"\nfurther \"\"Wolverine\"\" spin-off, \"\"The Wolverine\"\", directed by James Mangold, set in Japan, was released in July 2013 and \"\"\"\", a sequel to both the original trilogy and \"\"X-Men: First Class\"\", with Singer returned to direct, was released in 2014. The spin-off \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released on February 12, 2016 and a sequel to \"\"Days of Future Past\"\" titled \"\"\"\" was released on May 27, 2016. A Wolverine sequel titled \"\"Logan\"\" with Mangold returning was released on March 3, 2017 set in the year 2029. A sequel to \"\"Deadpool\"\" titled \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was released on May 18, 2018. A sequel to \"\"Apocalypse\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944700",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nMartens, and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director. Leitch was the \"\"strong frontrunner\"\" for the role, and signed on a month later. Reynolds, a fan of Leitch's \"\"John Wick\"\", said the director \"\"really understands those \"\"Deadpool\"\" sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise\"\", and \"\"can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10–15 times what it cost\"\". The first completed draft from Wernick and Reese was expected around June 2016; multiple had been completed by January 2017. The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force, which",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20910835",
"chunk_text": "\"The New Mutants (film)\"\nBear would not be the main antagonist of the film, just that it was \"\"very much inspired\"\" by the run of the \"\"New Mutants\"\" comics in which Demon Bear was featured as the main villain. In January 2018, the film's release date was pushed back to February 22, 2019, which allowed it to avoid \"\"Deadpool 2\"\", which also had its release changed at that time to a date that would have had both films in theaters at the same time in certain markets, while also allowing time for the reshoots required to make the film more frightening. When asked about",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1094365",
"chunk_text": "\"Hobbs & Shaw\"\nfilm centered around characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced in October 2017 by Universal Pictures and set a release date of July 26, 2019 with Chris Morgan returning to write the script. Variety reported that Shane Black was being considered to direct the film. The announcement of the spin-off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson, criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth \"\"Fast & Furious\"\" film to be delayed for another year. In February 2018, \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" director David Leitch entered talks to direct the film. In April 2018, Leitch was confirmed as the director for the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12452835",
"chunk_text": "\"Dark Phoenix (film)\"\nlate 2018. \"\"Dark Phoenix\"\" is scheduled to be released in the United States on June 7, 2019. In 1992, nearly a decade after the events of \"\"\"\", the X-Men are national heroes going on increasingly risky missions. When a solar flare hits them during a rescue mission in space, Jean Grey loses control of her abilities and unleashes the Phoenix. Additionally, Olivia Munn reprises her role of Psylocke, while Kota Eberhardt and Andrew Stehlin portray mutants Selene and Red Lotus, respectively. Daniel Cudmore—who previously portrayed Colossus in the franchise—and Lamar Johnson appear in undisclosed roles. After joining the 2003 film",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15847468",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nScreen Rant called it possibly \"\"the best film marketing campaign in the history of cinema\"\". HostGator's Jeremy Jensen attributed the campaign's success to Reynolds, and to Fox for embracing the film's R rating. \"\"Deadpool\"\"s world premiere was held at the Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016, before its initial theatrical release in Hong Kong the next day. This was followed by releases in 49 other markets over the next few days, including the United States on February 12. The movie was released in several formats, including IMAX, DLP, premium large formats, and D-Box. Kinberg explained that unlike the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17026954",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nLeitch. \"\"Welcome to the Party\"\" was released on May 15. Sony Classical Records released a score album for the film on May 11, 2018. It is the first score album to receive a parental advisory warning—it is labelled \"\"Parental Advisory: Explicit Content\"\" for the phrases sung by the choir in the score. A vinyl release for the album is scheduled for August 17. All music composed by Tyler Bates: All music composed by Tyler Bates: A soundtrack album compiling the songs from the film, including the previously released singles \"\"Ashes\"\" and \"\"Welcome to the Party\"\", as well as a cue",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18944697",
"chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\ngreen-lit a sequel, with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay. Though director Tim Miller and producer/star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time, Fox was \"\"intent on keeping the creative team together\"\". Miller and Reynolds' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April, though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel. He began work developing the script with the writers, while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him \"\"casting approval and other creative controls\"\". In June 2016, Kinberg expected filming to begin at the beginning",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4830504",
"chunk_text": "\"X-Men Origins: Wolverine\"\nWolverine\"\" through retroactive continuity. A third Wolverine film titled \"\"Logan\"\" was released on March 3, 2017. It is Hugh Jackman's last time portraying the character. The 2016 spin-off film \"\"Deadpool\"\" and its 2018 sequel \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" feature Ryan Reynolds reprising his role as the title character. Several jokes are aimed at the expense of the version of Deadpool in \"\"X-Men Origins: Wolverine\"\" due to the negative reaction of the character's portrayal. A \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" mid-credits scene depicts that film's version of Wilson traveling backwards in time to the events of \"\"X-Men Origins: Wolverine\"\" to kill the widely criticized Weapon XI",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_2
|
which mode is used for short wave broadcast service?
|
n/a
|
[
"Olivia",
"MFSK"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4324760",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nabove. Continuous wave (CW) is on-and-off keying of a carrier, used for Morse code communications and Hellschreiber facsimile-based teleprinter transmissions. It is a data mode, although often listed separately. Radioteletype, fax, digital, slow-scan television, and other systems use forms of frequency-shift keying or audio subcarriers on a shortwave carrier. These generally require special equipment to decode, such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card. Note that on modern computer-driven systems, digital modes are typically sent by coupling a computer's sound output to the SSB input of a radio. Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4324756",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nsimplest type and the most commonly used for shortwave broadcasting. The instantaneous amplitude of the carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal (speech, or music, for example). At the receiver, a simple detector recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier. Single sideband transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation. An amplitude-modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the carrier frequency. If one set of these components is eliminated as well as the residual carrier, only the remaining set is transmitted. This reduces power in the transmission, as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4324758",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nand amateur radio operators. Lower sideband (LSB) is customarilly used below 9 MHz and USB (upper sideband) above 9 MHz. Vestigal sideband transmits the carrier and one complete sideband, but filters out the other sideband. It is a compromise between AM and SSB, enabing simple receivers to be used, but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM. One advantage is only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used. It can be heard in the transmission of certain radio time signal stations. Vestigial sideband is used for over the air Television Broadcasts both analog and digital. Narrow-band frequency",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4324759",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nmodulation (NBFM or NFM) is used typically above 20 MHz. Because of the larger bandwidth required, NBFM is commonly used for VHF communication. Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands, and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth. NBFM is limited to short-range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz. It is a digital signal, like the data modes, below, but is for transmitting audio, like the analog modes",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20615901",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nShortwave bands Shortwave bands are frequency allocations for use within the shortwave radio spectrum (the upper MF band and all of the HF band). They are the primary medium for applications such as maritime communications, international broadcasting and worldwide amateur radio activity because they take advantage of ionospheric skip propagation to send data around the world. The bands are conventionally stated in wavelength, measured in metres. Propagation behavior on the shortwave bands depends on the time of day, the season and the level of solar activity. Most international broadcasters use amplitude modulation with 5 kHz steps between channels; a few",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5707601",
"chunk_text": "Sideband\ntransmission systems such as BPSK where the signal is continually present. If part of one sideband and all of the other remain, it is called vestigial sideband, used mostly with television broadcasting, which would otherwise take up an unacceptable amount of bandwidth. Transmission in which only one sideband is transmitted is called single-sideband modulation or SSB. SSB is the predominant voice mode on shortwave radio other than shortwave broadcasting. Since the sidebands are mirror images, which sideband is used is a matter of convention. In SSB, the carrier is suppressed, significantly reducing the electrical power (by up to 12dB) without",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "207116",
"chunk_text": "Free-to-air\nsome content, the 11.7-12.2 GHz is also used. Ku-band signals can be received using smaller dishes, often as small as under a meter in diameter, allowing FTA satellite to be picked up from smaller spaces such as apartment balconies (note, however, that these dishes are not quite as small as those commonly used for commercial services such as Dish Network, DirecTV, Bell ExpressVu, Shaw Direct, etc. Dishes intended for those services may not deliver an adequate signal on Ku-band). The European-developed DVB-S and DVB-S2 standards are the most commonly used broadcast methods, with analog transmissions almost completely discontinued as of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4324763",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\naudio broadcasting format for shortwave DRM operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels. There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM, as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format. The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and over-the-horizon radar. Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized antenna designs (like the ALLISS antenna technology) to concentrate radio energy at the target area. Shortwave does possess a number of advantages over newer technologies, including the following: Shortwave radio's",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7605135",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave listening\"\ndigital shortwave broadcasts using DRM can cover the same geographic region with much less transmitter power — roughly one-fifth — than traditional AM mode broadcasts, significantly reducing the electricity cost of operating a station. A traditional AM (analog) international shortwave station can have a power rating of 50 kilowatts to as much as one million watts per transmitter, with typical power levels in the 50–500 kilowatt range. Endorsed by the ITU, it has been approved as an international standard for digital broadcasts on the HF (shortwave) bands. A DRM broadcast rivals FM mono quality and can also send graphic images",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15421290",
"chunk_text": "\"AM broadcasting\"\nto 1700 kHz, using 10 kHz spacing (525–1705 kHz), including the ITU Extended AM broadcast band, authorized in Region 2, between 1605 and 1705 kHz, previously used for police radio. \"\"Shortwave\"\" (also known as High frequency (HF)) transmissions range from approximately 2.3 to 26.1 MHz, divided into 14 broadcast bands. Shortwave broadcasts generally use a narrow 5 kHz channel spacing. Shortwave is used by audio services intended to be heard at great distances from the transmitting station. The long range of shortwave broadcasts comes at the expense of lower audio fidelity. Most broadcast services use AM transmissions, although some use",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8739940",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio receiver\"\nor more stages of a superheterodyne receiver with digital signal processing for filtering, demodulation or other processing. A well equipped shortwave radio receiver can receive CW and SSB modes in addition to the AM mode traditionally used by broadcasters. Some modern shortwave radio receivers can receive digital radio signals. Some receivers only tune within frequency bands allocated by international agreement. This may be necessary in some countries where restrictive laws prevent persons from listening to non-broadcast stations. Others offer continuous tuning over the whole shortwave frequency range, allowing the user to listen to amateur radio, marine, air, and utility stations",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18246920",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nShortwave radio Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave radio frequencies. There is no official definition of the band, but the range always includes all of the high frequency band (HF), and generally extends from ; from the high end of the medium frequency band (MF) just above the mediumwave AM broadcast band, to the end of the HF band. Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20615902",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nuse single sideband or reduced carrier single sideband modulation. The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), organized under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, allocates bands for various services in periodic conferences. The most recent WRC took place in 2012. At WRC-97 in 1997, the following bands were allocated for international broadcasting: Amateur radio operators in many countries are allocated several shortwave bands for private, non-commercial use. Amateur radio is a communications service, educational tool and hobby. It is particularly useful in providing emergency communication where standard telecommunications infrastructure is compromised or nonexistent, such as a disaster area or remote region",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8609234",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave listening\"\nBoard of Governors, which oversees U.S. international broadcasting, has also resulted in reduced broadcasting hours in the English language. Radio Netherlands, Voice of Russia (formerly Radio Moscow), Radio Canada International and Radio Australia are among the prominent broadcasters who have ceased broadcasting on shortwave. Although most of the prominent broadcasters continue to scale back their analog shortwave transmissions or completely terminate them, shortwave is still very common and active in developing regions such as parts of Africa. Some international broadcasters have turned to a digital mode of broadcasting called Digital Radio Mondiale for their shortwave outlets. One reason is that",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4324762",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\ntraditional analog audio broadcasting. Although countries generally follow the table above, there may be small differences between countries or regions. For example, in the official bandplan of the Netherlands, the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz, the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz, the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz, and the 120, 90 and 60 m bands are absent altogether. Additionally, international broadcasters sometimes operate outside the normal WRC-allocated bands or use off-channel frequencies. This is done for practical reasons, or to attract attention in crowded bands (60m, 49m, 40m, 41m, 31m, 25m). The new digital",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18246928",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nRadiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927. The 15 meter band (21 MHz) was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952. Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by ionospheric reflection back to the earth by the ionosphere, (a phenomenon known as \"\"skywave propagation\"\"). A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a skip zone where reception fails. With a fixed working frequency, large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night. As a result of the multi-layer structure of the ionosphere, propagation",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13278462",
"chunk_text": "\"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing\"\ndifference in performance may diminish with advances in equalizer design. COFDM is also used for other radio standards, for Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), the standard for digital audio broadcasting at VHF frequencies, for Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), the standard for digital broadcasting at shortwave and medium wave frequencies (below 30 MHz) and for DRM+ a more recently introduced standard for digital audio broadcasting at VHF frequencies. (30 to 174 MHz) The USA again uses an alternate standard, a proprietary system developed by iBiquity dubbed \"\"HD Radio\"\". However, it uses COFDM as the underlying broadcast technology to add digital audio to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10056924",
"chunk_text": "Radio\nto specify the light intensity of television pixels. It was the method used for the first audio radio transmissions, and remains in use today. \"\"AM\"\" is often used to refer to the medium wave broadcast band (see AM radio), but it is used in various radiotelephone services such as the Citizens Band, amateur radio and especially in aviation, due to its ability to be received under very weak signal conditions and its immunity to capture effect, allowing more than one signal to be heard simultaneously. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier. The instantaneous frequency of the carrier is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11201954",
"chunk_text": "\"IEEE 802.15\"\nCFR 15.255 in North America). The millimeter-wave WPAN allows very high data rate, short range (10 m) for applications including high speed internet access, streaming content download (video on demand, HDTV, home theater, etc.), real time streaming and wireless data bus for cable replacement. A total of three PHY modes were defined in the standard: IEEE 802.15.4-2003 (Low Rate WPAN) deals with low data rate but very long battery life (months or even years) and very low complexity. The standard defines both the physical (Layer 1) and data-link (Layer 2) layers of the OSI model. The first edition of the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4501081",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave broadband antenna\"\nShortwave broadband antenna A shortwave broadband antenna is a radio antenna, that without adjustment, can be used for transmission (and reception) of a shortwave radio channel chosen from greater part of the shortwave radio spectrum. Some shortwave broadband antennas can even be used on the whole shortwave radio spectrum (1.6-30 MHz) which consist of the upper part of medium frequency (1.6-3 MHz) and the whole of high frequency (3-30 MHz). A true shortwave broadband antenna will work continuously across most of, if not all of the shortwave spectrum with good radiation efficiency and minimal compromise of the radiation pattern. At",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17504740",
"chunk_text": "\"Independent sideband\"\nphase modulation (PM) of the carrier occurs. AM and PM together then create quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ISB may or may not have the carrier suppressed. Suppressed-carrier ISB was employed in point-to-point (usually overseas) radiotelephony and radioteletype by shortwave (HF). In military use, ISB usually referred to a close pair of FSK radioteletype channels which could be demodulated by a single receiver, and employed in fleet broadcast, point-to-point, and between larger vessels and shore stations on HF and UHF. Independent sideband Independent sideband (ISB) is an AM single sideband mode which is used with some AM radio transmissions. Normally each",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11376235",
"chunk_text": "8VSB\n8VSB 8VSB is the modulation method used for broadcast in the ATSC digital television standard. ATSC and 8VSB modulation is used primarily in North America; in contrast, the DVB-T standard uses COFDM. A modulation method specifies how the radio signal fluctuates to convey information. ATSC and DVB-T specify the modulation used for over-the-air digital television; by comparison, QAM is the modulation method used for cable. The specifications for a cable-ready television, then, might state that it supports 8VSB (for broadcast TV) and QAM (for cable TV). 8VSB is an 8-level vestigial sideband modulation. In essence, it converts a binary stream",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10432065",
"chunk_text": "\"Medium wave\"\nMedium wave Medium wave (MW) is the part of the medium frequency (MF) radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. For Europe the MW band ranges from 526.5 kHz to 1606.5 kHz, using channels spaced every 9 kHz, and in North America an extended MW broadcast band ranges from 525 kHz to 1705 kHz, using 10 kHz spaced channels. The term is a historic one, dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was divided on the basis of the wavelength of the waves into long wave (LW), medium wave, and short wave (SW) radio bands. Wavelengths",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3593607",
"chunk_text": "\"Radio broadcasting\"\nand the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely. See shortwave for the differences between shortwave, medium wave, and long wave spectra. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or religious broadcasting organizations. FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere except Japan and Russia. Russia, like the former Soviet Union, uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz frequency band. Edwin Howard Armstrong invented FM radio to overcome",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15419186",
"chunk_text": "\"Yaesu FT-77 (S)\"\nYaesu FT-77 (S) The Yaesu FT-77 is a transceiver to be used in the 3,5 – 29,9 MHz shortwaveradio amateur segment. This means the coverage of the 80-40-30-20-15-17-12 and 10 meter HF bands. Its construction is based on a metal-cased transceiver with a polymer front. In its standard configuration the rig is very basic – even without a standard mike - with marginal control features and can handle the AM, CW and SSB modes on the above-mentioned bands. A 25 kHz frequency marker unit, a print to operate in FM mode and 1 fixed crystal operation mode are available as",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4324757",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nroughly of the energy sent by an AM signal is in the “carrier”, which is not needed to recover the information contained in the signal. It also reduces signal bandwidth, enabling less than one-half the AM signal bandwidth to be used. The drawback is the receiver is more complicated, since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal. Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal. As a result, single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast. Single sideband is used for long-range voice communications by ships and aircraft, Citizen's Band,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9482596",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\noften simultaneously occurs on different paths, scattered by the E or F region and with different numbers of hops, a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques. Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band, absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer, the D layer, may impose a serious limit. This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules, absorbing some of a radio frequency's energy and converting it to heat. Predictions of skywave propagation depend on: Several different types of modulation are used to incorporate information in a short-wave signal. Amplitude modulation is the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "691500",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nof the globe. Designated bands in the shortwave spectrum are used for ships, aircraft, and land vehicles. Shortwave (HF radio) is used by transoceanic aircraft for communications with air-traffic control centers out of VHF radio range. Most countries with HF citizens'-band allocations use 40 or 80 channels between approximately 26.5 MHz and 27.9 MHz, in 10 kHz steps. Due to antenna-length requirements and the band's long-distance propagation characteristics (undesirable in these cases), much land-mobile radio activity has moved to VHF or UHF and most cordless-phone use is at UHF or higher. Some segments of the HF spectrum are allocated for",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10432068",
"chunk_text": "\"Medium wave\"\nstations on the same frequency. In North America, the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) sets aside certain channels for nighttime use over extended service areas via skywave by a few specially licensed AM broadcasting stations. These channels are called clear channels, and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW. Initially, broadcasting in the United States was restricted to two wavelengths: \"\"entertainment\"\" was broadcast at 360 meters (833 kHz), with stations required to switch to 485 meters (619 kHz) when broadcasting weather forecasts, crop price reports and other government reports. This arrangement had numerous",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15947923",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio receiver\"\nas well as broadcasters. Tuners on analog receivers may include a bandspread control to allow accurate tuning of closely spaced frequencies. Receivers with digital tuning usually allow direct entry of frequencies with sufficient accuracy and precision so as not to require additional fine-tuning adjustment. Common for all shortwave receiver types: Additional for superheterodyne receivers: Additional for software-defined radio / digital baseband receivers: A feature coming into wide use in modern shortwave receivers is DSP technology, short for digital signal processing. DSP is the use of digital means to process signals, and a primary benefit in shortwave receivers is the ability",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7111127",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave relay station\"\nShortwave relay station Shortwave relay stations are transmitter sites used by international broadcasters to extend their coverage to areas that cannot be reached easily from their home state. E.g., the BBC operates an extensive net of relay stations. These days the programs are fed to the relay sites by satellite, cable/optical fiber or the Internet. Frequencies, transmitter power and antennas depend on the desired coverage. Some regional relays even operate in the medium wave or FM bands. Relay stations are also important to reach listeners in countries that practice radio jamming. Depending on the effect of the shortwave dead zone",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20994997",
"chunk_text": "LowFER\nand Canadian radio operators who conduct low-frequency experimental operations on the LowFER band are known as \"\"LowFERs\"\". Many LowFERs are also licensed radio amateurs, although an amateur radio license is not required for LowFER communications in those countries. Practical antennas at these frequencies are much shorter than the wavelength, making it difficult to efficiently radiate much useful power. By current U.S. and Canadian regulations, LowFER transmitters may not use antennas longer than 50 feet or final RF stage input powers that exceeds 1 Watt. Telegraphy and digital modes are the most commonly used for communications, but speech transmission via amplitude",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12772168",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave broadcasting in the United States\"\nShortwave broadcasting in the United States Shortwave broadcasting in the United States allows private ownership of commercial and non-commercial shortwave stations that are not relays of existing AM/MW or FM radio stations, as are common in Africa, Europe, Asia, Oceania except Australia and Latin America. In addition to private broadcasters, the United States also has government broadcasters and relay stations for international public broadcasters. Most privately owned shortwave stations have been religious broadcasters, either wholly owned and programmed by Roman Catholic and evangelical Protestant charities or offering brokered programming consisting primarily of religious broadcasters. To better reach other continents of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2335390",
"chunk_text": "\"Digital Radio Mondiale\"\nlow-bit rate digital information is modulated using COFDM. It can run in simulcast mode by switching between DRM and AM, and it is also prepared for linking to other alternatives (e.g., DAB or FM services). DRM has been tested successfully on shortwave, mediumwave (with 9 as well as 10 kHz channel spacing) and longwave. There is also a lower bandwidth two-way communication version of DRM as a replacement for SSB communications on HF - note that it is \"\"not\"\" compatible with the official DRM specification. It may be possible in some future time for the 4.5 kHz bandwidth DRM version",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2842873",
"chunk_text": "\"Amateur radio\"\nmodes such as radioteletype (RTTY) which previously required cumbersome mechanical equipment. Hams led the development of packet radio in the 1970s, which has employed protocols such as AX.25 and TCP/IP. Specialized digital modes such as PSK31 allow real-time, low-power communications on the shortwave bands. EchoLink using Voice over IP technology has enabled amateurs to communicate through local Internet-connected repeaters and radio nodes, while IRLP has allowed the linking of repeaters to provide greater coverage area. Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the high frequency bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK441",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11567571",
"chunk_text": "\"Beacon mode service\"\ntone. It can be used to signal other spacecraft to transmit their data to an orbiter; however, its primary function is to transmit spacecraft health information. Addressing multiple spacecraft is accomplished by using four unique CW frequencies with 16 possible tones, used somewhat like DTMF signaling technology. In the outer solar system, UHF frequencies are not used; instead, the primary (or backup) transmitter is programmed to transmit the required tone (generally in the X or Ku band). Spacecraft may respond in any transmit configuration compatible with valid orbiter receive configurations, but outside the beacon mode service. The beacon mode service",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12214228",
"chunk_text": "\"Surface wave\"\ndistances). In the development of radio, ground waves were used extensively. Early commercial and professional radio services relied exclusively on long wave, low frequencies and ground-wave propagation. To prevent interference with these services, amateur and experimental transmitters were restricted to the high frequencies (HF), felt to be useless since their ground-wave range was limited. Upon discovery of the other propagation modes possible at medium wave and short wave frequencies, the advantages of HF for commercial and military purposes became apparent. Amateur experimentation was then confined only to authorized frequencies in the range. Mediumwave and shortwave reflect off the ionosphere at",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15335141",
"chunk_text": "\"WSJT (amateur radio software)\"\nand may be used on many different bands. WSJT's communication modes can be divided into fast and slow modes. While fast modes send character-by-character without error correction, the slow modes aim to optimize for minimal QRO (high-power) use. As of WSJT10, supported fast modes are JTMS, FSK441, ISCAT, and JT6M, and the slow modes are JT65 and JT4. WSJT-X 1.8 additionally implements the \"\"slow\"\" JT9, FT8, and QRA64. Some modes have derived submodes with larger tone spacing. Two other modes, WSPR and Echo are included for measuring propagation and testing moon bounce echo. FSK441, introduced in 2001 as the first",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14928921",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave listening\"\ntechnology designed for optimum reception of shortwave signals, along with outdoor antennas to enhance performance. With the advent of the Internet, many international broadcasters have scaled back or terminated their shortwave transmissions in favor of web-based program distribution, while others are moving from traditional analog to digital broadcasting modes in order to allow more efficient delivery of shortwave programming. The number of organized shortwave listening clubs has diminished along with printed magazines devoted to the hobby; however, many enthusiasts continue to exchange information and news on the web. The practice of listening to distant stations in the medium wave AM",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9597034",
"chunk_text": "\"WSJT (amateur radio software)\"\nin order to facilitate HF operation. JT9, intended for MF and HF use, was introduced in an experimental version of WSJT, known as WSJT-X. It uses the same logical encoding as JT65, but modulates to a 9-FSK signal. With 1-minute transmission intervals, JT9 occupies less than 16 Hz bandwidth. JT9 also has versions designed for longer transmission intervals of 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes or 30 minutes. These extended versions take increasingly less bandwidth and permit reception of even weaker signals. Joe Taylor, K1JT, announced on June 29, 2017 the availability of a new mode in the WSJT-X software,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6206165",
"chunk_text": "\"Short-range device\"\nand LPD433 bands. , they have been put off-market. In January 2018, four extra 500 mW frequencies will be available for \"\"smart use\"\". Short-range device A short-range device (SRD), described by ECC Recommendation 70-03, is a radio-frequency transmitter device used in telecommunication for the transmission of information, which has low capability of causing harmful interference to other radio equipment. Short-range devices are low-power transmitters typically limited to 25–100 mW effective radiated power (ERP) or less, depending on the frequency band, which limits their useful range to few hundred meters, and do not require a license from its user. Applications for",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6004158",
"chunk_text": "DVB-T\ndata carrier on a single radio frequency (RF) channel, COFDM works by splitting the digital data stream into a large number of slower digital streams, each of which digitally modulates a set of closely spaced adjacent sub-carrier frequencies. In the case of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These are actually 1,705 or 6,817 sub-carriers that are approximately 4 kHz or 1 kHz apart. DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM). DVB-T has been adopted or proposed for digital television broadcasting by many countries (see map), using mainly VHF",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17884416",
"chunk_text": "\"FM broadcasting\"\nchannel. The (L+R) Main channel signal is transmitted as baseband audio limited to the range of 30 Hz to 15 kHz. The (L−R) signal is amplitude modulated onto a 38 kHz double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) signal occupying the baseband range of 23 to 53 kHz. A 19 kHz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 kHz sub-carrier frequency and with a precise phase relationship to it, as defined by the formula below, is also generated. This is transmitted at 8–10% of overall modulation level and used by the receiver to regenerate the 38 kHz sub-carrier with the correct phase. The final",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11572206",
"chunk_text": "\"Very low frequency\"\n(or have assumed permission) to operate at frequencies below 8.3 kHz. Radiated power from amateur stations is very small, ranging from 1 μW to 100 μW for fixed base station antennas, and up to 10 mW from kite or balloon antennas. Despite the low power, stable propagation with low attenuation in the earth-ionosphere cavity enable very narrow bandwidths to be used to reach distances up to several thousand km. The modes used are QRSS, MFSK, and coherent BPSK. Operations tend to congregate around the frequencies 8.27 kHz, 6.47 kHz, 5.17 kHz and 2.97 kHz. Bandwidths of a few tens of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14610482",
"chunk_text": "\"Short Message Service technical realisation (GSM)\"\nShort Message Service technical realisation (GSM) The Short Message Service is realised by the use of the Mobile Application Part (MAP) of the SS7 protocol, with Short Message protocol elements being transported across the network as fields within the MAP messages. These MAP messages may be transported using \"\"traditional\"\" TDM based signalling, or over IP using SIGTRAN and an appropriate adaptation layer. The Short Message protocol itself is defined by 3GPP TS 23.040 for the \"\"Short Message Service - Point to Point (SMS-PP)\"\", and 3GPP TS 23.041 for the \"\"Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)\"\". Four MAP procedures are defined for the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20634597",
"chunk_text": "Modem\nat the same time. Typically, transparent modems are polled in a round robin manner to collect small amounts of data from scattered locations that do not have easy access to wired infrastructure. Transparent modems are most commonly used by utility companies for data collection. Smart modems come with media access controllers inside, which prevents random data from colliding and resends data that is not correctly received. Smart modems typically require more bandwidth than transparent modems, and typically achieve higher data rates. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale throughout the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17325144",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave broadband antenna\"\nin various configurations as a BBA-100. Shortwave broadband antenna A shortwave broadband antenna is a radio antenna, that without adjustment, can be used for transmission (and reception) of a shortwave radio channel chosen from greater part of the shortwave radio spectrum. Some shortwave broadband antennas can even be used on the whole shortwave radio spectrum (1.6-30 MHz) which consist of the upper part of medium frequency (1.6-3 MHz) and the whole of high frequency (3-30 MHz). A true shortwave broadband antenna will work continuously across most of, if not all of the shortwave spectrum with good radiation efficiency and minimal",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5912074",
"chunk_text": "\"Dedicated short-range communications\"\nDedicated short-range communications Dedicated short-range communications are one-way or two-way short-range to medium-range wireless communication channels specifically designed for automotive use and a corresponding set of protocols and standards. In October 1999, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band to be used by intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In August 2008, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) allocated 30 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for ITS. By 2003, it was used in Europe and Japan in electronic toll collection. DSRC systems in Europe, Japan and U.S. are not",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5811665",
"chunk_text": "\"Very-small-aperture terminal\"\nfor subscribers, including: telephony, fax, television, high-speed data communication services, Internet access, satellite news gathering (SNG), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and others. These systems provide high-quality service because they create efficient communication systems for both residential and business users. All the outdoor parts on the dish are collectively called the ODU (Outdoor Unit), i.e., OMT to split signal between BUC and LNB. The IDU is effectively a modem, usually with ethernet port and 2 x F-connectors for the coax to BUC (Transmit) and from LNB (Receive). The Astra2Connect has an all-in-one OMT/BUC/LNA that looks like a Quad LNB in shape",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "691502",
"chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nto 27.995 MHz portion, AM and FM mode, with two overlapping sets of 40 channels (27.60125 to 27.99125 MHz in 10 kHz steps, and 27.605 to 27.995 MHz in 10 kHz steps). These transmissions are usually rebroadcasts of church services and can sometimes be heard hundreds or even thousands of km (miles). Part of the 11 m/27 MHz band was also allocated in many countries for early-model cordless phones. In the US and Canada, as well as the Americas (ITU Region 2) as a whole, there are no pre-designated HF allocations for military use. Similar rules exist in Europe, where",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_3
|
the south west wind blows across nigeria between?
|
n/a
|
[
"till September"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11374365",
"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nsouth atlantic ocean, locally known as the south western wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds. The tropical maritime airmass (MT) is responsible for Nigeria's rainy season. This wind (the tropical maritime airmass) invades the country from February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country, reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June. Its invasion is as a result of the northward retreat, of the tropical continental airmass (CT)",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18589867",
"chunk_text": "Onikwu\nThe dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert, locally known as Harmattan, or by its main name, The Tropical Continental (CT) airmass, while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the south Atlantic Ocean, locally known as the south west wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds. The region Onikwu/Ndoni is flood prone communities, this is because the inland part of Rivers state consists of tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical Niger",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3415618",
"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nnorthern end is south of the 15 degrees line at about 14 degrees. Nigeria's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degree line creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria especially during the monsoons. The Tropical Continental Airmass (CT) locally known as the harmattan, is a wind originating from North Africa which crosses the Sahara Desert into west Africa to Nigeria. This airmass dominates Nigeria's climate during the dry season from December to March. The Tropical continental airmass is dusty and creates a haze within the atmosphere of west Africa and Nigeria when it predominates.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1014648",
"chunk_text": "Nigeria\n(), Niger (), Chad (), Cameroon (), and has a coastline of at least s. Nigeria lies between latitudes 4° and 14°N, and longitudes 2° and 15°E. The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at . The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue, which converge and empty into the Niger Delta. This is one of the world's largest river deltas, and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves. Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is a year. In the southeast stands the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13995721",
"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nnorth easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical(south westerlies) and the Continental tropical(north easterlies), begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity, heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria.Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from in the lowlands of the river Niger Benue trough to over along the south western escarpment",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nNigeria, has a temperature range of to , and an annual rainfall of about with a single rainfall maxima in September. The single Dry season experienced in this climate, the tropical savanna climate in central Nigeria beginning from December to march, is hot and dry with the Harmattan wind, a continental tropical (CT) airmass laden with dust from the Sahara Desert prevailing throughout this period. With the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April, heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nairmass (CT) in turn, causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time (around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass (Tropical continental airmass (CT)), further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria. The Tropical continental airmass (CT)",
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"chunk_id": "1014604",
"chunk_text": "Nigeria\nNigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria (), is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the southeast, and Benin in the west. Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nGeography of Nigeria Nigeria is a country in West Africa. Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa highlands, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, the Niger River, River Benue and Niger Delta. Nigeria is found in the Tropics, where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid. Nigeria is affected by four climate types; these climate types",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nexperiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. The Tropical Maritime Airmass is a warm humid and unstable trade wind due to its warmth. Convectional currents are easily set up within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the obudu plateau or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of cumulonimbus cloud leading to thunderstorms within the airmass. During the dominance of the Tropical Maritime",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nany other location. Geography of Nigeria Nigeria is a country in West Africa. Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa highlands, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, the Niger River, River Benue and Niger Delta. Nigeria is found in the Tropics, where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid. Nigeria is affected by four climate types;",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nclear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warm weather conditions.In the middle of the dry season around December, a dusty wind from the Sahara Desert called the harmattan enters Nigeria from the northeastern part of the country blocking sun rays partially from shining and also creating haze in the atmosphere, this activities of the wind lowers temperatures considerably saving inhabitants for sometime, from the scorching heat that would have occurred as a result of clearer skies during the dry season. But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nvery high, usually above the rainfall totals giving for tropical rainforest climates worldwide. Over of rainfall is received in the coastal region of Nigeria around the Niger delta area. Bonny town found in the coastal region of the Niger delta area in southern Nigeria receives well over of rainfall annually. The rest of the southeast receives between 2,000 and of rain per year. The southern region of Nigeria experiences a double rainfall maxima characterised by two high rainfall peaks, with a short dry season and a longer dry season falling between and after each peaks. The first rainy season begins",
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"chunk_text": "Harmattan\nHarmattan The Harmattan is a season in the West African subcontinent, which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind, of the same name, which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. The name is related to the word \"\"haramata\"\" in the Twi language. The temperature is cold in most places, but can also be hot in certain places, depending on local circumstances. The Harmattan blows during the dry season, which occurs during the lowest-sun months. In this season the",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nfinally retreats from most part of Nigeria, and the West African atmosphere around April to May, leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria. The sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass, which contained dust (in form of haze) that reduced the intensity of the sun. The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria. This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures",
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"chunk_text": "Nigeria\nObudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as \"\"salt water swamp\"\", also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rainforest. Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys (which merge into each other and form a \"\"y\"\" shape). To the southwest of the Niger is \"\"rugged\"\" highland. To the",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nare distinguishable, as one moves from the southern part of Nigeria to the northern part of Nigeria through Nigeria's middle belt. The tropical monsoon climate, designated by the Köppen climate classification as \"\"Am\"\", is found in the southern part of the country. This climate is influenced by the monsoons originating from the South Atlantic ocean, which is brought into the country by the (maritime tropical) MT airmass, a warm moist sea to land seasonal wind. Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall, which is a result of the condensation of water",
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"page_id": 16
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"chunk_text": "\"Niger Delta\"\nNiger Delta The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria. It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, which include: all six states from the South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone and two states (Abia and Imo) from South East geopolitical zone. Of all the states that the region covers, only Cross River is not an oil-producing state. The Niger Delta is a very densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nWest Africa comes directly under the sun at this time. The sun is overhead throughout west Africa and over Nigeria during this period of the sun's northward migration to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere. The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased insolation received from the sun being overhead over west Africa. Temperatures can climb as high as over west Africa during this time. Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as in cities like Maiduguri. The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region",
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"page_id": 18
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"chunk_text": "Awka\ndry winds from across the Sahara desert. The monsoon winds from the Atlantic creates six months of heavy tropical rains, which occur between April and July, followed by a short dry period in August lasting two to three weeks with the rain resuming in September and October. This is followed by five months of dryness (November - March) marked by a Harmattan wind, also known as Ugulu in Igbo, which is a particularly dry and dusty wind which enters Nigeria in late December or in the early part of January and is characterized by a grey haze limiting visibility and",
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"page_id": 19
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"chunk_text": "\"Cross River (Nigeria)\"\nCross River (Nigeria) Cross River (native name: Oyono) is the main river in southeastern Nigeria and gives its name to Cross River State. It originates in Cameroon, where it takes the name of the Manyu River. Although not long by African standards its catchment has high rainfall and it becomes very wide. Over its last to the sea its flows through swampy rainforest with numerous creeks and forms an inland delta near its confluence with the Calabar River, about wide and long between the cities of Oron on the west bank and Calabar, on the east bank, more than from",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nlocated in the southern part of Nigeria. It is one of the world's largest arcuate fan-shaped river deltas. The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic ocean. The swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering creeks and distributaries of the River Niger. The vegetation of the Niger Delta consist mainly of forest swamps. The forest are of two types, nearest the sea is a belt of saline/brackish Mangrove swamp separated from the sea by sand beach ridges within the mangrove swamp. Numerous sandy islands occur with",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nof low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria (between March to May). The Tropical continental airmass (CT) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa, is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass (CT) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land. This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental",
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"page_id": 22
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"chunk_text": "\"Cross River (Nigeria)\"\nthe Cross River and the Sanaga River of Cameroon. Cross River (Nigeria) Cross River (native name: Oyono) is the main river in southeastern Nigeria and gives its name to Cross River State. It originates in Cameroon, where it takes the name of the Manyu River. Although not long by African standards its catchment has high rainfall and it becomes very wide. Over its last to the sea its flows through swampy rainforest with numerous creeks and forms an inland delta near its confluence with the Calabar River, about wide and long between the cities of Oron on the west bank",
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"page_id": 23
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"chunk_text": "\"Oron people\"\nCivil War. Oron is found in the flood plain of South Eastern Nigeria, with the land mainly intersected by numerous streams and tributaries flowing into Cross River. The entire coastline stretches from Uya Oron to Udung Uko. Oron is in the tropical region and has a uniformly high temperature all the year round. The two main seasons are the dry which spans between October and April and wet season which starts around May and ends in September. There are also two prevailing winds – the South-West onshore winds which brings heavy rains and the North- East trade winds blowing across",
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"page_id": 24
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"chunk_text": "\"South wind\"\nSouth wind A south wind is a wind that originates in the south and blows north. Words used in English to describe the south wind are auster, buster (a violent south gale), föhn/foehn (alps), gibli (Libya with various spellings), friagem (a cold south wind blowing into Brazil from the Antarctic), khamsin (a hot spring wind in Egypt, with various spellings), kona (stormy southwest wind in Hawaii), notus (see mythology below for origin) and sirocco (North Africa). In Native American Iroquois tradition, the south wind is brought by the Fawn, and has a warm and gentle temperament reminiscent of the sweet",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nof the suns rays in the rainy season; this in turn cools the land, and the winds above the ground remains cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season. But afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid, a feature of tropical climates. In the rainy season it is damp, and the rainfalls are usually abundant. The dry season of Nigeria is a period of little cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria. The sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nlocation in the tropics, this elevation is high enough to reach the temperate climate line in the tropics thereby giving the highlands, mountains and the plateau regions standing above this height, a cool mountain climate. Nigeria, like the rest of West Africa and other tropical lands, has only two seasons. These are the dry season and the rainy season. The dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert, locally known as Harmattan, or by its main name, The Tropical Continental (CT) airmass, while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the",
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"chunk_id": "13019789",
"chunk_text": "\"Trans–West African Coastal Highway\"\nTrans–West African Coastal Highway The Trans–West African Coastal Highway is a transnational highway project to link 12 West African coastal nations, from Mauritania in the north-west of the region to Nigeria in the east, with feeder roads already existing to two landlocked countries, Mali and Burkina Faso. The eastern end of the highway terminates at Lagos, Nigeria. Some organizations such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) consider its western end to be Nouakchott, Mauritania, and others such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa consider it to be Dakar, Senegal, giving rise to these alternative names",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nAirmass (MT) in the rainy season of Nigeria, mornings are bright and sunny, the sun's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents, these currents rise vertically and cumulonimbus clouds are formed, by afternoons to evenings, torrential downpour follows. The Easterly wave or the African easterly waves is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September in Nigeria. The nature of this waves changes at about the 15 degrees line. The waves that pass south of this line carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds. Nigeria's",
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"page_id": 29
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"chunk_id": "1013545",
"chunk_text": "Niger\nNiger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about /1e6 round 0 million live mostly in",
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"page_id": 30
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"chunk_text": "\"Asaba, Delta\"\nOcean. Asaba forms a connector between western, eastern and northern Nigeria through the Niger River from the north and via the Asaba Niger Bridge, an east-west link and a Nigerian landmark. Asaba lies approximately 60 degrees north of the equator and about the same distance east of the meridian; about north of where the River Niger flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The greater Asaba occupies an area of about 300 square kilometers. It maintains an average tropical temperature of 32 °C during the dry season and an average fertile rainfall of during the rainy season. Asaba is traditionally led by",
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"chunk_id": "3415602",
"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\ndry conditions between early December and late February. The tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate, is extensive in area and covers most of Western Nigeria to central Nigeria beginning from the Tropical rainforest climate boundary in southern Nigeria to the central part of Nigeria, where it exerts enormous influence on the region. This climate, the tropical savanna climate exhibits a well marked rainy season and a dry season with a single peak known as the summer maximum due to its distance from the equator. Temperatures are above throughout the year. Abuja, Nigeria's capital city found in central",
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"page_id": 32
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"chunk_id": "16912807",
"chunk_text": "Yorubaland\nYorubaland Yorubaland () is the cultural region of the Yoruba people in West Africa. It spans the modern day countries of Nigeria, Togo and Benin, and covers a total land area of 142,114 km or about the same size as the combined land areas of Greece and Montenegro, of which 106,016 km, representing about 74.6% within Nigeria, 18.9% in Benin, and the remaining 6.5% in Togo. The geocultural space contains an estimated 55 million people, the overwhelming majority of this population being ethnic Yorubas. About 5.3 million people are estimated to practice the Yoruba religion worldwide, with the largest number",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nThe haze is as a result of the dust within the airmass limiting visibility and blocking much of the sun's rays from reaching the earth. The mass has no ability of forming rain due to low humidity within the airmass, since it crosses the Sahara Desert, it picks up dust instead of water thereby creating little chances for rainfall. The airmass makes life difficult as a result of low visibility which hampers transportation. The dust haze creates an almost desert conditions in the country during the dominance of the Tropical continental airmass (the harmattan). But its coming brings some relief",
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"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nvegetation: forests (where there is significant tree cover), savannahs (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and montane land. (The latter is the least common, and is mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border.) Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts. Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas, is mangrove swamp (see Central African mangroves). North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps, and north of that is rain forest. The",
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"chunk_text": "Nigeria\ndivided into Muslims and Christians, with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions. Islam dominates North Western (Hausa, Fulani and others) and a good portion of Northern Eastern (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups) Nigeria. It also has a number of adherents in the South Western, Yoruba part of the country. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa. Protestant and locally cultivated Christianity are also widely practiced in Western areas, while Roman Catholicism is a more prominent Christian feature of South Eastern Nigeria. Both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism are observed in the Ibibio, Annang, Efik and",
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"chunk_text": "Yorubaland\nof practitioners being found in Nigeria. Geophysically, Yorubaland spreads north from the Gulf of Guinea and west from the Niger River into Benin and Togo. In the northern section, Yorubaland begins in the suburbs just west of Lokoja and continues unbroken up to the Ogou tributary of the Mono River in Togo, a distance of around 610 km. In the south, it begins in an area just west of the Benin river occupied by the Ilaje Yorubas and continues uninterrupted up to Porto Novo, a total distance of about 270 km as the crow flies. West of Porto Novo Gbe",
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"page_id": 37
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"chunk_id": "3829740",
"chunk_text": "\"Mambilla Plateau\"\nis comparatively cold. Daytime temperatures hardly ever exceeds making it the coolest region in Nigeria. Strong winds prevail during the daytime, and the rainy season lasts from mid-March until the end of November. As a result of its high elevation, the plateau experiences temperate weather conditions but on a smaller scale due to its location in a tropical environment. The rainy season on the Mambilla Plateau is associated with frequent and heavy rainfall due to orographic activities on the plateau involving moist winds from the south Atlantic Ocean in southern Nigeria and the steep edges and escarpments of the plateau.The",
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"page_id": 38
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"chunk_id": "9264185",
"chunk_text": "\"Yewa River\"\nYewa River The Yewa River is a trans-boundary river between Republic of Benin and Nigeria, running along the Bight of Benin; at one point it crosses the border between the two countries. Other variants of the name are Yeoua, Yewa, Yéoua, and Yéwa. Its elevation is sea level. The Yewa's major sources are the Atan and Ilaro rivers. The Yewa empties into Badagry Creek which empties, in turn, into Lagos Harbor. The river is in a West African tropical climate zone and is an important source of fishing for local inhabitants. An important aspect of the local fishing is the",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 39
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"chunk_text": "\"Transport in Nigeria\"\nkilometers of track, most of which is Cape gauge. The country has two major rail lines: a western line that connects Lagos to Nguru, and an eastern line that connects Port Harcourt to Maiduguri. The Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway is being built in segments to replace the western Cape gauge line. Several metro systems are under construction. Nigeria has the largest road network in West Africa and the second largest south of the Sahara, with roughly 108,000 km of surfaced roads in 1990. However they are poorly maintained and are often cited as a cause for the country's high rate",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 40
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"chunk_id": "1014652",
"chunk_text": "Nigeria\nSudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry northeast corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry, experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems, which has caused conflict. Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are",
"is_relevant": null,
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"page_id": 41
},
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"chunk_id": "19915983",
"chunk_text": "\"Dass, Nigeria\"\nis located within the Guinea savannah type of climate with 6-7 month of rainfall, usually starting from April and 5-6 month dry season from November to March every year respectively. The town records more than 1000mm annually. The rainfall in the area originates from the Atlantic maritime air masses, occurring on the leeward side of North Central Highland of Jos plateau. The two air masses that cover Nigeria which the study area is part, come into contact at inter tropical discontinuity (ITD) which resulted into occurrence of the rainfall in the area. The cold dry wind of continental origin forms",
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"page_id": 42
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"chunk_id": "6150706",
"chunk_text": "Benin\nthe Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Many, however, continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a sect originating in the 19th century, is also present in a significant minority. Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the",
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"page_id": 43
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"chunk_id": "13767268",
"chunk_text": "\"Akwa Ibom State\"\nAkwa Ibom State Akwa Ibom is a state in Nigeria. It is located in the coastal southern part of the country called the Niger Delta, lying between latitudes 4°32′N and 5°33′N, and longitudes 7°25′E and 8°25′E. The state is located in the South-South geopolitical zone, and is bordered on the east by Cross River State, on the west by Rivers State and Abia State, and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost tip of Cross River State. Akwa Ibom is one of Nigeria's 36 states, with a population of over five million people. The state was created",
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"page_id": 44
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"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1014430",
"chunk_text": "Niger\npolice to punish criticism of the state. Trade Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11373251",
"chunk_text": "Nigeria\nher husband and domestic violence are common. Women have less land rights. Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 live births in 2015. Female genital mutilation is common. In 2015, there was a federal ban. In Nigeria, at least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula, largely as a result of lack of medical care. Early marriages can result in fistula. Most workers in the informal sector are women. Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria (), is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3415599",
"chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nvapour in the rapidly rising air. The Tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range. Then temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year, for example, Warri town in the southern part of Nigeria, records a maximum of for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is in its coldest month. The temperature difference of Warri town is not more than 2 °C (5 °F). The southern part of Nigeria experiences heavy and abundant rainfall. These storms are usually convectional in nature due to the regions proximity, to the equatorial belt. The annual rainfall received in this region is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10609030",
"chunk_text": "\"South wind\"\nflowers, babbling brooks, and the voices of birds of summer. In Greek mythology, Notus was the god of the south wind and bringer of the storms of late summer and autumn. In Egyptian mythology, Shehbui is the god of the south wind. He was depicted as a man with the head of a lion. South wind A south wind is a wind that originates in the south and blows north. Words used in English to describe the south wind are auster, buster (a violent south gale), föhn/foehn (alps), gibli (Libya with various spellings), friagem (a cold south wind blowing into",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3415741",
"chunk_text": "\"Transport in Nigeria\"\nroad system is barely usable, especially in high rainfall areas of the south. Nigeria's strategic location and size results in four routes of the Trans-African Highway network using its national road system: Nigeria has 8,600 km of inland waterways. The longest are the Niger River and its tributary, the Benue River but the most used, especially by larger powered boats and for commerce, are in the Niger Delta and all along the coast from Lagos Lagoon to Cross River. In 2004 Nigeria had 105 kilometers of pipelines for condensates, 1,896 kilometers for natural gas, 3,638 kilometers for oil, and 3,626",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_4
|
what does hp mean in war and order?
|
n/a
|
[
"hit points or health points"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] |
[
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7628554",
"chunk_text": "Horsepower\nHorsepower Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at which work is done). There are many different standards and types of horsepower. Two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower (or imperial horsepower), which is about 745.7 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the output power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 0
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19835947",
"chunk_text": "Horsepower-hour\nHorsepower-hour A horsepower-hour (hph or hp⋅h) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed capable of delivering during an hour (1 (one) horsepower integrated over a time interval of an hour). Based on differences in the definition of what constitutes the 'power of a horse', a horsepower-hour differs slightly from the German \"\"Pferdestärkenstunde\"\" (PSh): The horsepower-hour is still used in the railroad industry when sharing motive power (locomotives.) For example, if Railroad A borrows a 2,500 horsepower locomotive from Railroad B and operates",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 1
},
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"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4974982",
"chunk_text": "\"Riviera: The Promised Land\"\nfrom healing to transformation, that may be used at any time. Once all allies have had their HP depleted to zero, the battle will end triggering a Game Over, which will give the player the option to retry the battle with the enemies' stats lowered and the OverDrive Gauge filled. If all enemies have had their HP deplete to zero, instead, the player will achieve victory and receive a rank based on their performance in battle. The rank is based both on time spent in battle and the finisher, but the rank will also be lowered if the player retried.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 2
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3490737",
"chunk_text": "\"Health (gaming)\"\nHealth (gaming) Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities such as characters or objects within role-playing games and video games, that indicates their continued ability to function. Health is usually measured in hit points or health points, shortened to HP which lowers by set amounts when the entity is attacked or injured. When the HP of a player character or non-player character reaches zero, that character is incapacitated and barred from taking further action. In some games, such as those with cooperative multiplayer and party based role playing games, it may be possible for an ally to revive",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 3
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19835948",
"chunk_text": "Horsepower-hour\nit for twelve hours, Railroad A owes a debt of (2,500 hp × 12 h) = 30,000 hp⋅h. Railroad A may repay the debt by loaning Railroad B a 3,000 horsepower locomotive for ten hours. Horsepower-hour A horsepower-hour (hph or hp⋅h) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed capable of delivering during an hour (1 (one) horsepower integrated over a time interval of an hour). Based on differences in the definition of what constitutes the 'power of a horse', a horsepower-hour differs",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 4
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13645368",
"chunk_text": "P.T.O.\nwith a set of rolled scores in certain attributes – Air command ability, Sea command ability, Bravery, and overall War ability. Scores range from 01 to 99, and the total between the four scores is 102. Air and Sea abilities affect the actual combat performance of ships and planes under that commander's control. Bravery affects the commander's decision making when the fleet is under AI control. War is an overall rating, which is useful when it comes to convincing the Army and other military officials to agree with your submissions for objectives, budgeting, and industrial production. \"\"Computer Gaming World\"\" in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 5
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13588224",
"chunk_text": "\"SaGa: Scarlet Grace\"\nsome attacks can knock an enemy back, pushing their action further down the Timeline. If all characters are adjacent on the Timeline following the end of a turn, a Consecutive Attack is triggered, allowing all characters to attack. A Consecutive Attack allows actions for the next turn to cost less BP, with the amount of BP reducing further if stronger characters took part and dealt higher damage. Each party member have health points (HP) and Life Points (LP). While HP can be replenished in battle using items and varieties of healing magic, but LP cannot be replenished except by a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 6
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "15120743",
"chunk_text": "\"War emergency power\"\na more forceful push would break the wire, allowing extra power. In normal service, the P-51H Mustang was rated at 1,380 hp, but WEP would deliver up to 2,218 hp, an increase of 61%. In the P-51D Mustang, the model most produced and used during World War II, the WEP increased the HP from 1490 to 1720. The Vought F4U Corsair, not originally equipped for WEP, later boasted a power increase of up to 410 hp (17%) when WEP was engaged. Several methods were used to boost engine power by manufacturers, including water injection and methanol-water injection. Some earlier engines",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 7
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19632381",
"chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\nan annex or appendix. These are then issued alongside the base order. The annexes and appendices allow the OPORD to be more easily read and understood by encouraging the inclusion or removal of material after its relevancy to the order's end user is determined. The OPORD is the primary means by which a unit commander and his or her staff deliver instructions and information to subordinate units regarding the missions they are tasked to undertake or support. But it is not the only type of order that may be issued for a mission: OPORD [sequential order number and fiscal year]",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 8
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14887673",
"chunk_text": "R.U.S.E.\nthe range of fire. When units are ordered to attack, a crosshair indicates their rate of success in eliminating the target. It can either be: very easy, easy, balanced, danger or high danger. The latter meant that the target is highly dangerous and the unit(s) may refuse to engage when ordered to do so. Critically injured units will pull back with a (!) on top of the unit. Units that are unable to engage contact will pull back automatically when threatened. Sometimes a unit may be unable to pull back because it is experiencing shock or stress. Damaged units recover",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 9
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18771871",
"chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\nits use during the Vietnam War. Now his version of OPORD is used by all military forces within the Department of Defense. A standardized five paragraph order format is used by the United States Department of Defense and most other military forces. An OPORD is formatted to organize an operation into five easily understood paragraphs: Situation, Mission, Execution, Sustainment (formerly Service and Support, currently referred to as Admin & Logistics by the US Marine Corps), and Command and Control. Higher echelon's OPORDs often contain extensive details. The author of the order will often move the majority of this material to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 10
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19410059",
"chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\n[code name] - [issuing headquarters] (place the overall security classification and an abbreviated title at the top of the second and any following pages.) 1. SITUATION. 2. MISSION. A concise statement that includes the Who, What, Where, When, and Why of the operation to be conducted. 3. EXECUTION. 4. SUSTAINMENT. 5. COMMAND AND CONTROL. Operations order An Operations Order, often abbreviated to OPORD, is a plan format meant to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. An OPORD describes the situation the unit faces, the mission of the unit, and what supporting activities the unit will conduct in",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 11
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11651485",
"chunk_text": "\"Order of battle\"\nOrder of battle In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbreviations are in use, including OOB, O/B, or OB, while ORBAT remains the most common in the United Kingdom. An order of battle should be distinguished from a table of organisation, which is the intended composition of a given unit or formation according to the military doctrine of its armed force. As combat operations develop during a campaign,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 12
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9251639",
"chunk_text": "\"War emergency power\"\nWar emergency power War Emergency Power (WEP) is an American term for a throttle setting on some World War II military aircraft engines. For use in emergency situations, it produced more than 100% of the engine's normal rated power for a limited amount of time, often about five minutes. Similar systems used by non-US forces are now often referred to as WEP as well, although they may not have been at the time, as with the German Luftwaffe's \"\"Notleistung\"\" systems. Maximum normal power would be limited by a mechanical stop, for instance a wire across the throttle lever slot, but",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 13
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "10432642",
"chunk_text": "\"Dark Ages (1999 video game)\"\nboost stats so they can learn skills with the fewest points actually spent possible, enabling the excess points to be spent in CON or WIS, allowing the character to enjoy a greatly improved HP or MP pool and regeneration while leveling. HP and MP are the standards hit point and magic points. HP is reduced from receiving damage in combat from enemies, and if it is reduced to 0 results in the death of the character except under special circumstances. If a character is a member of a party, instead of immediate death the character is in a swooning state",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 14
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7628572",
"chunk_text": "Horsepower\nwith its brakes applied, in addition to a static load. If the drawbar force (formula_14) is measured in pounds-force (lbf) and speed (formula_15) is measured in miles per hour (mph), then the drawbar power (formula_9) in horsepower (hp) is: Example: How much power is needed to pull a drawbar load of 2,025 pounds-force at 5 miles per hour? Horsepower Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at which work is done). There are many different standards and types of horsepower. Two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower (or imperial horsepower), which is about",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 15
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "5370966",
"chunk_text": "\"Disaster Report\"\nreporter, must investigate the reasons for the disaster. HP is the character's health and QP is the amount of energy the character has left. QP can be restored by drinking water. If the character becomes thirsty from running or other strenuous tasks, the player must provide the character with drinking water. If the player does not do this, the character begins to slowly lose health. Water can be drunk from clean taps or from bottled water filled up along the way. It is possible to give the character's companion water. Ultimately, the aim of the game is to move through",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 16
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18771869",
"chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\nOperations order An Operations Order, often abbreviated to OPORD, is a plan format meant to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. An OPORD describes the situation the unit faces, the mission of the unit, and what supporting activities the unit will conduct in order to achieve their commander's desired end state. Normally an OPORD is generated at the battalion, regimental, brigade, divisional, or corps headquarters and disseminated to its assigned or attached elements. The issuance of an OPORD triggers subordinate unit leadership to develop orders specific to the role or roles that the unit will assume within",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 17
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4931931",
"chunk_text": "\"Order of War\"\nOrder of War Order of War is a World War II Strategy video game developed by Wargaming.net and published by Square Enix. It was released on September 22, 2009. In the summer of 1944, World War II entered its end-game when the Allies launched two major operations that would drive back German forces on both the Western and Eastern Fronts at once. Order of War contains two campaigns, one American and one German. Order of War allows players to lead American forces to victory in the west and also places players in command of the German forces charged with repelling",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 18
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "274026",
"chunk_text": "War\nWar War is a state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties. The scholarly study of war is sometimes called polemology ( ), from the Greek \"\"polemos\"\", meaning \"\"war\"\", and \"\"-logy\"\",",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 19
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7763852",
"chunk_text": "\"Pool of Radiance\"\n(HP) fall below zero, he or she must be bandaged by another character or the character will die. The game contains random encounters, and game reviewers for \"\"Dragon\"\" magazine observed that random encounters seem to follow standard patterns of encounter tables in pen and paper \"\"AD&D\"\" game manuals. They also observed that the depictions of monsters confronting the party \"\"looked as though they had jumped from the pages of the \"\"Monster Manual\"\".\"\" Different combat options are available to characters based on class. For example, fighters can wield melee or ranged weapons; magic-users can cast spells; thieves have the option to",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 20
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "2912877",
"chunk_text": "\"Dokapon Ikari no Tekken\"\nbattle commands followed by the table below. The player's ability is followed by Hit Points (HP) How much life the player has when it hits 0, the player will die and lose their turn. Attack (ATK) How much damage the player will give. The damage done is determined by your AT stat versus their DF stat. The higher value causes more damage. Defense (DEF) is to reduce the damage from the attacker. The higher value cause more power to reduce the attack damage. Magic (MG) is the magic skill value when players use magic spells. It will cause more damage.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 21
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16836793",
"chunk_text": "\"HP Sauce\"\nYork, Ontario. HP Sauce HP Sauce is a brown sauce originally produced by HP Foods in the United Kingdom, now produced by the H. J. Heinz Company in the Netherlands. It was named after London's Houses of Parliament. Since its first appearance on British dinner tables, HP Sauce has become an icon of British culture. It was the best-selling brand of brown sauce in the UK in 2005, with 73.8% of the retail market. HP Sauce has a tomato base, blended with malt vinegar and spirit vinegar, sugars (molasses, glucose-fructose syrup, sugar), dates, cornflour, rye flour, salt, spices and tamarind.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 22
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13176997",
"chunk_text": "\"Panzer General II\"\nhexes); its line of sight (in hexes); its attack abilities against armored targets, unarmored targets, ships, and airplanes; its defense against ranged, close, and air attacks; as well as values for initiative and remaining ammunition and fuel. The final value, health, is represented by a number, usually 1 to 10. When attacking or defending, the unit receives experience points based on the amount of damage inflicted to its enemy (also some points are received when damage is caused by the enemy). Each 100 experience points correspond to one experience level (a value ranging from 0 to 5). When attaining a",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 23
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "17326271",
"chunk_text": "\"Fuzzy associative matrix\"\nFuzzy associative matrix A fuzzy associative matrix expresses fuzzy logic rules in tabular form. These rules usually take two variables as input, mapping cleanly to a two-dimensional matrix, although theoretically a matrix of any number of dimensions is possible. Suppose a professional is tasked with writing fuzzy logic rules for a video game monster. In the game being built, entities have two variables: hit points (HP) and firepower (FP): This translates to: Multiple rules can fire at once, and often will, because the distinction between \"\"very low\"\" and \"\"low\"\" is fuzzy. If it is more \"\"very low\"\" than it is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 24
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "13817983",
"chunk_text": "\"Dungeons & Dragons gameplay\"\nconstitution; it represents a character's endurance to pain. Reflex is based on dexterity or intelligence and can be modified by a shield; it represents a character's ability to dodge. Will is based on wisdom or charisma; it represents a character's strength of mind and resistance to mental attack. These defenses are typically lower than AC, so an attack against fortitude is usually better than an attack against AC. Hit points (HP) are a measure of a character's vitality or health; they are determined by the character's class (certain occupations breed hardier people) or race, and Constitution score. Hit points are",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 25
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "11216400",
"chunk_text": "\"Hire purchase\"\nHire purchase A hire purchase (HP), known as installment plan in North America, is an arrangement whereby a customer agrees to a contract to acquire an asset by paying an initial installment (e.g. 40% of the total) and repays the balance of the price of the asset plus interest over a period of time. Other analogous practices are described as closed-end leasing or rent to own. The hire purchase agreement was developed in the United Kingdom in the 19th century to allow customers with a cash shortage to make an expensive purchase they otherwise would have to delay or forgo.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 26
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6220689",
"chunk_text": "\"HP 9845C\"\nr/w memory to enable quick access. HP 9845C The HP 9845C was one of the first desktop computers in 1980 equipped with color screen and light pen for design and illustration work. It was used to create the color war room graphics in the 1983 movie \"\"WarGames\"\". The attached HP 98770A color display enabled the color graphics with its own CPU and separate power supply, a vector generator based on the AMD2900 bit-slice architecture, graphics memory with three planes of each, the connection interface to the mainframe consists of a direct data bus attachment, and a light-pen logic. were available.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 27
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "12561326",
"chunk_text": "\"Shattered Union\"\nthe lower right corner. This bar shows all the immediate stats for the unit, including EI, EV, and EA stats, their armor rating (how much attack power a unit can shrug off before it takes damage), their health rating (how much more damage the unit can take until it dies) and their gas level. Gas is required for vehicle and helicopter units to move- moving one hex drains one point of gas. If a unit runs out of fuel, it can still attack within its range, but it cannot move for a turn or so until it is resupplied. Infantry,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 28
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14921121",
"chunk_text": "\"Exile (1988 video game series)\"\nor finding an exit. While Sadler fights primarily with his sword, he can also use magic spells once he acquires the ability to do so. Like in most action RPGs, Sadler gains a certain amount of cash and experience points for every enemy he kills. In addition to HP (hit points) and MP (magic points), two more statistics are represented on screen: AP (attack power, the player's offensive capabilities) and AC (armor class, the player's defensive capabilities), which are determined by Sadler's current level and equipment. One notable aspect in the original computer versions are the presence of illicit drugs.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 29
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "969307",
"chunk_text": "\"War emergency power\"\nwater-jet exhausts which propel the surface-effect riding EFV vehicle at sea speeds reaching 35 knots. Although the EFV prototypes have demonstrated revolutionary performance on water and land, the reliability of their extremely boosted powerplants has yet to meet stringent military standards and the vehicle failed to enter Marine Corps service. War emergency power War Emergency Power (WEP) is an American term for a throttle setting on some World War II military aircraft engines. For use in emergency situations, it produced more than 100% of the engine's normal rated power for a limited amount of time, often about five minutes. Similar",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 30
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7113503",
"chunk_text": "\"La Tale\"\nand appearance. Names are also given to characters at this point (be warned that even if a character is deleted, the name will not be reusable). Hit points (HP) are displayed on the top left corner of the screen in orange, upon having a low amount of HP the bar will begin to flash red. HP can be recovered by using potions, consumables, and by sitting. Few items and equipment have HP regeneration ability, enabling gradual HP recovery per set of time. For example, the Syringe in fashion shop has a 70% HP and SP recovery over the time span",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 31
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "233522",
"chunk_text": "\"Order of battle\"\nIraqi Freedom. Order of battle In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbreviations are in use, including OOB, O/B, or OB, while ORBAT remains the most common in the United Kingdom. An order of battle should be distinguished from a table of organisation, which is the intended composition of a given unit or formation according to the military doctrine of its armed force. As combat operations develop during",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 32
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14518763",
"chunk_text": "\"Tooth-to-tail ratio\"\nTooth-to-tail ratio The tooth-to-tail ratio (T3R) is a military term that refers to the amount of military personnel it takes to supply and support (\"\"tail\"\") each combat soldier (\"\"tooth\"\"). While both \"\"tooth\"\" and \"\"tail\"\" soldiers may find themselves in combat or other life-threatening situations, \"\"tooth\"\" soldiers are those whose primary function is to neutralize the enemy. The ratio is not a specific measure but rather a general indication of an army's actual military might in relation to the resources it devotes to supply, upkeep, and logistics. An army's tooth-to-tail ratio is often inversely related to its technological capabilities and subsequently",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 33
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19990040",
"chunk_text": "\"Blaze Union: Story to Reach the Future\"\nin a rock-paper-scissors fashion. Each unit comes with six stats: Morale, an indicator with a function similar to Hit points; GEN, generality; ATK, attack; TEC, technique; and LUK, luck. Player characters have a seventh statistic called REP, and enemy units' seventh statistic is POW.UP. In comparison to \"\"Yggdra Union\"\", REP (or reputation) is no longer a stat based on one out of six; instead, it is shown on the status screen as a percentage of total battles won. POW.UP is a reducible stat that increases card POW upon player victory. Each unit also has the potential for five 'effects', which",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 34
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7879592",
"chunk_text": "\"The Final Fantasy Legend\"\nleader is irreplaceable. Higher-level party members may be recruited at later towns in the game. A character's performance in battle is determined by numerical values (\"\"statistics\"\") for four categories. Each statistic has a range of 1 to 99. The categories are \"\"strength\"\", the effectiveness of physical attacks; \"\"defense\"\", the ability to reduce damage received; \"\"agility\"\", the effectiveness of ranged weapons or skills and at avoiding attacks; and \"\"mana\"\", the effectiveness of magical attacks. A character's health is measured in \"\"hit points\"\" (\"\"HP\"\"), consisting of a current HP statistic and a maximum HP statistic, ranging from 0 to 999. Character statistics",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 35
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "7628563",
"chunk_text": "Horsepower\n1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 lbf ≈ 4.448 N, 1 J = 1 N⋅m, 1 W = 1 J/s: 1 hp ≈ 746 W The various units used to indicate this definition (\"\"PS\"\", \"\"cv\"\", \"\"hk\"\", \"\"pk\"\", \"\"ks\"\" and \"\"ch\"\") all translate to \"\"horse power\"\" in English. British manufacturers often intermix metric horsepower and mechanical horsepower depending on the origin of the engine in question. Sometimes the metric horsepower rating of an engine is conservative enough so that the same figure can be used for both 80/1269/EEC with metric hp and SAE J1349 with imperial hp. DIN 66036 defines one",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 36
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "14774892",
"chunk_text": "\"Life During Wartime (novel)\"\n(At one point on Mingolla's journey, an AI combining a downed Sikorsky helicopter and a long-range guided missile imparts \"\"revelation\"\" to him.) PsiCorps' intensive drug therapy to hone Mingolla's potential as well as the presence and use of \"\"Sammy\"\" (short for \"\"Samurai\"\", an intense stimulant) and Frost, a super-addictive version of cocaine, make the third person point of view essential for this novel. Life During Wartime (novel) Life during Wartime is a science fantasy novel written by American author Lucius Shepard. His second novel, it was published by Bantam Books in 1987, in which year it was nominated for the",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 37
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "9475512",
"chunk_text": "\"HP Sauce\"\nHP Sauce HP Sauce is a brown sauce originally produced by HP Foods in the United Kingdom, now produced by the H. J. Heinz Company in the Netherlands. It was named after London's Houses of Parliament. Since its first appearance on British dinner tables, HP Sauce has become an icon of British culture. It was the best-selling brand of brown sauce in the UK in 2005, with 73.8% of the retail market. HP Sauce has a tomato base, blended with malt vinegar and spirit vinegar, sugars (molasses, glucose-fructose syrup, sugar), dates, cornflour, rye flour, salt, spices and tamarind. It is",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 38
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "6761326",
"chunk_text": "\"Strength & Honour\"\nbecause this person is very unstable and may turn disloyal at any time. Most characters in Strength and Honor do not like working for people with low popularity and may rebel against you if they find themselves being a subordinate to one of low popularity. Characters with high political ability make your best governors and ministers. The higher political ability will allow them to successfully run administrative type positions. Because you are dependent on a large economy, characters with high political skills and popularity is a way to increase the populous and recruitment of personnel into your armies and cities.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 39
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "19458014",
"chunk_text": "\"Love and War (Cornell novel)\"\nher relationship with Jan, but she thinks he is simply jealous and doesn't want her to abandon him. The 'Papers of Felsecar' contains a message from a future Doctor, who has left behind the cypher to translate the Heavenite message. Ace spends the night with Jan who reveals that his secret name is Aradath, which means 'big fire', in relation to the prokinetic abilities he gained from the military drugs. Suddenly, a cloud of fungal spores drifts into the camp, but in the confusion it is impossible to tell who was infected. Christopher appears before Ace, in a reanimated corpse.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 40
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "4856296",
"chunk_text": "\"Rise and Fall: Civilizations at War\"\nupgrades that have been purchased; whether or not they are in formation, and, if so, its size. Three resources—wood, gold, and glory—are used to build structures, train units, purchase upgrades; a fourth resource, stamina, is spent using \"\"hero mode.\"\" Wood and gold are deposited in settlements, or one of their various upgrades, such as town centers. Glory and stamina are both earned: glory by building and fighting, and stamina when the hero unit kills an enemy. In several RTS games, upgrades—sometimes called \"\"Ages\"\"—are available that represent time periods or technological levels; \"\"Rise and Fall\"\" uses a similar concept. When upgrades",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 41
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "16436658",
"chunk_text": "\"History of the present illness\"\nfour or more of these elements. Also usable is SOCRATES. For chronic pain, the Stanford Five may be assessed to understand the pain experience from the patient's primary belief system. History of the present illness Following the chief complaint in medical history taking, a history of the present illness (abbreviated HPI) (termed history of presenting complaint (HPC) in the UK) refers to a detailed interview prompted by the chief complaint or presenting symptom (for example, pain). Different sources include different questions to be asked while conducting an HPI. Several acronyms have been developed to categorize the appropriate questions to include.",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 42
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "1120065",
"chunk_text": "\"War Rule\"\nWar Rule The War Rule is a name used for various Dead Sea Scrolls. http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/deadsea.scrolls.exhibit/full-images/warrule.gif This six-line fragment, commonly referred to as the \"\"Pierced Messiah\"\" text, is written in a Herodian script of the first half of the first century C.E. and refers to a Messiah from the Branch of David, to a judgement, and to a killing. Hebrew is composed primarily of consonants; vowels must be supplied by the reader. The appropriate vowels depend on the context. Thus, the text (line 4) may be translated as \"\"and the Prince of the Congregation, the Branch of David, will kill him,\"\"",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 43
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18707459",
"chunk_text": "\"Powered by the Apocalypse\"\nTyrant Kings, The Servants of the One True Faith, and The Lawgivers of the Wasteland. Character stats are Steel, Sway, Force and Lore, with playbooks including the Hunter, the Envoy, the Seeker and the Sentinel. Designed by James Iles and successfully kickstarted in December, 2014. After another successful Kickstarter campaign, a second edition was released in June 2018. MASHED explores life in a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) during the Korean War. Default statistics are Luck, Nerve, Skill, and Tough. The character playbooks are the Angel (nurse), Corpsman, Cowboy (pilot or mechanic), Cutter (surgeon), Doc (physician), Grunt (aka pogue), and",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 44
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "8011431",
"chunk_text": "\"Wizards at War\"\nWizards at War Wizards at War is the eighth book in the Young Wizards series by Diane Duane. In this book, for the first time in a millennia, the wizards would have to go to war... The Lone Power, suspecting that a new threat is rising to its dark abilities, creates a surge of Dark Matter, called \"\"the Pullulus\"\", to eclipse the universe. Because of the way that the Pullulus affects the universe's structure, the Senior Wizards lose their wizardry and only wizards before adulthood are still able to fight. Ponch uses his tracking abilities to lead Nita, Kit, Ronan,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 45
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "3490738",
"chunk_text": "\"Health (gaming)\"\na character whose reached 0 hit points and let them return to action. In single player games, running out of health usually equates to \"\"dying\"\" and (in the case of a player character) losing a life or receiving a Game Over. Any entity within a game could have a health value, including the player character, non-player characters and objects. Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value. Health might be displayed as a numeric value, such as \"\"50/100\"\". Here, the first number indicates the current amount of HP an entity has and the second number indicates the entity's maximum HP. In",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 46
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20746004",
"chunk_text": "\"Generals Order\"\ntypical deck's offensive force. All character cards have a summon cost, Military attack(also known as STR, strength or damage) and Intelligence attack(also known as INT, intel). For a character/general to be successfully summoned, the player must discard an equal number of hand cards as the summon cost of the character. All characters are summoned within own city/fortress unless stated. A character summoned on this turn cannot attack or move until the next turn unless stated otherwise(they still can activate special effects/特效 though). Military attack is most commonly used and is the determining factor in direct combat(commanding your general to attack",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 47
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "18753911",
"chunk_text": "\"War and Peace (game)\"\nSpain and Russia where it was harder for armies to live off the land; all units in their home country get a -1 DRM whereas unsupplied units get a +1 DRM). If more than one strength point is to be lost then one of them must be cavalry if there is one in the hex. Neutral countries are immune from attrition, enabling a defeated major power to rebuild their forces until they rejoin the war. Diplomacy takes place in the alliance phase. This system is used to allow nations to ally with one another. Alliances essentially allow you to acquire",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 48
},
{
"bge_score": null,
"chunk_id": "20830702",
"chunk_text": "HPxHC\nHPxHC HPxHC, also known as Harry Potter's Hardcore is an EP by the parodical hardcore band International Superheroes of Hardcore. The EP was distributed by hardcore label Bridge Nine Records and contains four new tracks. The EP is only available on vinyl or digital release. Digital tracks are available to purchasers of the vinyl. The vinyl was limited to 3200 copies. There are four colors available each representing the Hogwart's House Colours (Blue, Yellow, Maroon and Green). It was the band's last release. The lyrics on the EP remain as satirical commentaries on pop culture and the hardcore music scene,",
"is_relevant": null,
"oracle_score": null,
"page_id": 49
}
] |
test_5
|
who wrote the first declaration of human rights?
|
n/a
|
[
"Cyrus"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] | [{"bge_score":null,"chunk_id":"4408107","chunk_text":"\"John Peters Humphrey\"\nJohn Peters Humphrey(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_6
|
who is the owner of reading football club?
|
n/a
|
[
"Xiu Li Dai",
"Dai Xiuli",
"Dai Yongge",
"Yongge Dai"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] | [{"bge_score":null,"chunk_id":"16333583","chunk_text":"\"Anton Zingarevich\"\nAnton Zingarevich Anto(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_7
|
when is the next scandal episode coming out?
|
n/a
|
[
"February 1, 2018"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] | [{"bge_score":null,"chunk_id":"18094491","chunk_text":"\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nin a blind emergency(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_8
|
when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl?
|
n/a
|
[
"Super Bowl LII,",
"2017"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] | [{"bge_score":null,"chunk_id":"11598890","chunk_text":"\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\n2004 and 2018), a(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_9
|
who was the first lady nominated member of the rajya sabha?
|
n/a
|
[
"Mary Kom"
] |
[] |
n/a
|
n/a
|
n/a
|
[] | [{"bge_score":null,"chunk_id":"18965053","chunk_text":"\"First Ladies and Gentlemen of India\"\nto t(...TRUNCATED)
|
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