Translate the following inference to logic notation: If Michael reads a book, then Joseph is playing squash. For all x, if x_12 plays squash, then x_12 is excited. Michael is not reading a book. If Joseph were excited, then Michael is reading a book. Therefore Joseph is not excited.
p -> P(a). forall x: P(x) -> Q(x). ~p. Q(a) -> p. Therefore ~Q(a).