Translate the following inference to logic notation: If Richard takes a plane, then David is excited. David is not excited. For all x, x_11 will go running if and only if x_11 will drive a car. Charles is not driving a car. Therefore Charles is not running and Richard is not taking a plane.
p -> q. ~q. forall x: P(x) <-> Q(x). ~Q(a). Therefore ~P(a) and ~p.