Translate the following inference to logic notation: Richard is taking a plane if and only if Joseph is reading a book. For all x, if x_4 reads a book, then x_4 is a soldier. For all x, x_4 is not a soldier. Therefore Richard is not taking a plane or James is a scientist.
p <-> P(a). forall x: P(x) -> Q(x). forall x: ~Q(x). Therefore ~p or q.