Shanice went to a birthday party with her friends Priya and Osman. Before they left, Priya secretly told Osman that she would surprise Shanice with a gift during the party. At the party, while Priya was in the bathroom, Osman mentioned the surprise to Shanice. However, when Priya came out, she saw Shanice looking excited and guessed that Osman must have told her about the surprise. Later, another friend, Hiroto, who knew nothing about the surprise, approached them and, seeing Shanice's excitement, assumed there was a game about to start. Why is Shanice excited and what does each person know about the cause of her excitement? Provide a brief response.
Shanice is excited because she has been told by Osman that there is a surprise for her. She knows about the surprise because of Osman's revelation, but she doesn't know the details of the surprise, such as what the gift is or when it will be given to her. Priya, on returning from the bathroom and seeing Shanice's excitement, correctly infers that Osman has told Shanice about the surprise. This is based on the fact that Priya previously shared the secret with Osman and her trust in Osman's ability to keep a secret is likely not strong; otherwise, she wouldn't have jumped to this conclusion so quickly. Osman is aware that Shanice is excited because of the secret he shared and knows exactly why she is excited since he was the one who told her about Priya's plan for a surprise. Hiroto, who does not know anything about the surprise plan, misinterprets Shanice's excitement as anticipation for a game. Without prior knowledge of the surprise, Hiroto draws upon the context of a birthday party, where games are common, to make sense of Shanice's excitement. Therefore, each person's understanding of Shanice's excitement is shaped by their own knowledge of the situation: Priya and Osman know it is because of the planned gift, while Hiroto incorrectly attributes it to the possibility of a game starting.