Translate the following inference to logic notation: For all x, if x_8 listens to a song, then x_8 is a carpenter. If Thomas takes a plane, then Thomas is listening to a song. For all x, if x_8 were a carpenter, then x_8 is taking a plane. Thomas is not listening to a song. Therefore Thomas is not taking a plane.
forall x: P(x) -> Q(x). R(a) -> P(a). forall x: Q(x) -> R(x). ~P(a). Therefore ~R(a).