Translate the following inference to logic notation: If Karen were a politician, then Mary is writing a letter. For all x, x_11 will not take a plane. If Mary writes a letter, then Karen is a politician. For all x, x_11 will write a letter if and only if x_11 will take a plane. Therefore Karen is not a politician.
p -> P(a). forall x: ~Q(x). P(a) -> p. forall x: P(x) <-> Q(x). Therefore ~p.