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. years the over formats numerous in released been has " Last at Enough Time " | " Time Enough at Last " has been released in numerous formats over the years .
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. edition 's collector Zone Twilight a of part as VHS on available was it 1988 In | In 1988 it was available on VHS as part of a Twilight Zone collector 's edition .
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. scheme release tape @-@ per @-@ episodes @-@ two available widely more a of part as , 1999 and 1998 in made were releases Two | Two releases were made in 1998 and 1999 , as part of a more widely available two @-@ episodes @-@ per @-@ tape release scheme .
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. episode the of parody 's Show Carey Drew The of clip the as well as Meredith Burgess with interview only @-@ audio an is Included . 2004 , 24 December released was which of volume first the , Edition Definitive The β Zone Twilight The of part as available exclusively now is it , released were DVDs episode @-@ multi individual similar Although | Although similar individual multi @-@ episode DVDs were released , it is now exclusively available as part of The Twilight Zone β The Definitive Edition , the first volume of which was released December 24 , 2004 . Included is an audio @-@ only interview with Burgess Meredith as well as the clip of The Drew Carey Show 's parody of the episode .
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. episode the of success the on capitalizing , form MP3 and eBook in released been has it inspired which story The | The story which inspired it has been released in eBook and MP3 form , capitalizing on the success of the episode .
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. six volume in included was " Time " ; USA the through stations 200 about on broadcast were which β " ? reverse the not why so β series television into turned were series radio many 1950s the In " , stating β series the on based dramas radio of series a produced Group Picture Falcon the , 2003 In | In 2003 , the Falcon Picture Group produced a series of radio dramas based on the series β stating , " In the 1950s many radio series were turned into television series β so why not the reverse ? " β which were broadcast on about 200 stations through the USA ; " Time " was included in volume six .
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Amazon.com. as such sites on later and Video Google via download for offered episodes Zone Twilight first the of one became " Time " , 2005 In | In 2005 , " Time " became one of the first Twilight Zone episodes offered for download via Google Video and later on sites such as Amazon.com.
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. team design the by " noir twisted " dubbed , horror contemporary and noir style @-@ 1940s of combination a is that premise a features It . Engine Vicious proprietary 's Cycle Vicious by powered is and 2007 , 28 August on America North in released was It . Publisher D3 by published and Software Cycle Vicious by developed , Portable PlayStation the for game video adventure @-@ action themed @-@ horror a is ) ~ <unk> no Tantei <unk> ~ <unk> <unk> <unk> : Hepburn , ο½ <unk> ο½ <unk> : Japanese ( Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred ( Japanese : <unk> ο½ <unk> ο½ , Hepburn : <unk> <unk> <unk> ~ <unk> Tantei no <unk> ~ ) is a horror @-@ themed action @-@ adventure video game for the PlayStation Portable , developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by D3 Publisher . It was released in North America on August 28 , 2007 and is powered by Vicious Cycle 's proprietary Vicious Engine . It features a premise that is a combination of 1940s @-@ style noir and contemporary horror , dubbed " twisted noir " by the design team .
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. enemies fallen of heads severed the from him to available powers the on solely relies he β weapons conventional no has Fred , heroes game action many Unlike . him killed who man the on revenge get to tries and murder his of clues the together pieces he as Fred follows plot The . death his to leading events the of memories few has and , decapitated and murdered been recently has Fred . heads switch to ability the with investigator private a is , Neuman Fred , character title whose experience player @-@ single a is game The | The game is a single @-@ player experience whose title character , Fred Neuman , is a private investigator with the ability to switch heads . Fred has recently been murdered and decapitated , and has few memories of the events leading to his death . The plot follows Fred as he pieces together the clues of his murder and tries to get revenge on the man who killed him . Unlike many action game heroes , Fred has no conventional weapons β he relies solely on the powers available to him from the severed heads of fallen enemies .
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. writing game video for award ever @-@ first 's America of Guild Writers the won it , 2008 In . depth combat of lack and controls its for criticism received It . points high as motif inspired @-@ noir and humor dark its mentioning reviewers with , reviews positive generally received game The | The game received generally positive reviews , with reviewers mentioning its dark humor and noir @-@ inspired motif as high points . It received criticism for its controls and lack of combat depth . In 2008 , it won the Writers Guild of America 's first @-@ ever award for video game writing .
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. city the around scattered , fishing and pinball as such , plot the to unrelated minigames several are There . missions @-@ side various completing or enemies defeating by earned be can which , items special and money are collectible Also . benefits other among , abilities fighting his increase temporarily and heads 's Fred upgrade to use and collect can player the which , worms mutated grossly of proliferation a to led has Falls Hope in radiation of level high The . found are heads certain until accessible not are city the of parts certain and , Falls Hope of city the navigate to heads these uses Fred . materials other and , gasoline , water out spit and up suck to used be can which , head Corpse the and , ram battering a as use can Fred which , head Idol Stone the include Examples . abilities unique has which of each , heads of assortment an collect can he , Falls Hope of city the explores Fred As . ) " headhunting " as to referred ( heads their collecting and , them decapitating , enemies certain defeating by heads " switch " to ability his and head missing 's Fred around revolves Fred Head Dead of gameplay core The . puzzles and , platforming , combat including , styles gameplay of variety a incorporates that game adventure @-@ action person @-@ third a is Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred is a third @-@ person action @-@ adventure game that incorporates a variety of gameplay styles , including combat , platforming , and puzzles . The core gameplay of Dead Head Fred revolves around Fred 's missing head and his ability to " switch " heads by defeating certain enemies , decapitating them , and collecting their heads ( referred to as " headhunting " ) . As Fred explores the city of Hope Falls , he can collect an assortment of heads , each of which has unique abilities . Examples include the Stone Idol head , which Fred can use as a battering ram , and the Corpse head , which can be used to suck up and spit out water , gasoline , and other materials . Fred uses these heads to navigate the city of Hope Falls , and certain parts of the city are not accessible until certain heads are found . The high level of radiation in Hope Falls has led to a proliferation of grossly mutated worms , which the player can collect and use to upgrade Fred 's heads and temporarily increase his fighting abilities , among other benefits . Also collectible are money and special items , which can be earned by defeating enemies or completing various side @-@ missions . There are several minigames unrelated to the plot , such as pinball and fishing , scattered around the city .
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. version usable a for " Shops Head " at traded be can heads Collected . head their remove can Fred time which during , them stun will opponent an to damage of amount large a Dealing . foes multiple on attacks powerful unleash to it use can player the and , time over up builds energy Rage . points " Rage " Fred gives which , head its removing by enemy an kill instantly to Event Time Quick a complete can player the , counterattack a During . attacks ranged and , counterattacks specific @-@ head , combos include attacks These . with equipped is Fred head the on depending , disposal their at attacks several have players , combat In | In combat , players have several attacks at their disposal , depending on the head Fred is equipped with . These attacks include combos , head @-@ specific counterattacks , and ranged attacks . During a counterattack , the player can complete a Quick Time Event to instantly kill an enemy by removing its head , which gives Fred " Rage " points . Rage energy builds up over time , and the player can use it to unleash powerful attacks on multiple foes . Dealing a large amount of damage to an opponent will stun them , during which time Fred can remove their head . Collected heads can be traded at " Head Shops " for a usable version .
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. combat for suitable are which of seven , heads available nine are There . heads other his of terrified are they because , Falls Hope of residents the with socialize to use must Fred that head mannequin a also is There . mill saw a as such , levels platforming navigate him lets and dramatically size his decreases head <unk> the while , buildings of sides the on climb to him allow which claws sharp Fred gives head Bone the β head specific a requires one Each . game the through progress to order in solve to has player the that puzzles environmental of types several are There | There are several types of environmental puzzles that the player has to solve in order to progress through the game . Each one requires a specific head β the Bone head gives Fred sharp claws which allow him to climb on the sides of buildings , while the <unk> head decreases his size dramatically and lets him navigate platforming levels , such as a saw mill . There is also a mannequin head that Fred must use to socialize with the residents of Hope Falls , because they are terrified of his other heads . There are nine available heads , seven of which are suitable for combat .
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. monsters undead and wildlife mutated like phenomena strange to leading , city the in radiation of level high a caused has and construction finished recently has " Plant Nukular " new 's Pitt . businessman Falls Hope influential an , Rossini Vinni of disappearance the for responsible somehow was he that allegations are there and , crime petty of background a has Pitt . power accumulating began Pitt Ulysses named mogul business a since grace from fallen steadily has city The . 1940s the in cities American on based area prosperous @-@ once a , Jersey New , Falls Hope in place takes Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred takes place in Hope Falls , New Jersey , a once @-@ prosperous area based on American cities in the 1940s . The city has steadily fallen from grace since a business mogul named Ulysses Pitt began accumulating power . Pitt has a background of petty crime , and there are allegations that he was somehow responsible for the disappearance of Vinni Rossini , an influential Hope Falls businessman . Pitt 's new " Nukular Plant " has recently finished construction and has caused a high level of radiation in the city , leading to strange phenomena like mutated wildlife and undead monsters .
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. another to Falls Hope of area one from move quickly to use can Fred which , manholes sewer of form the in teleporters several contains area Each . built been has Reactor Nukular the where area irradiated highly a , <unk> the and , cabin small a owns Fred where , Farms Freak : city the border areas rural other Two . homes their in themselves barricaded or neighborhood the fled have residents its of most and zombies with overrun is , suggests name its as , <unk> . Falls Hope Old in found is office 's Fred and , headquarters 's Pitt of home the is Downtown . <unk> and Falls Hope Old , Uptown , Downtown of areas urban the are proper Falls Hope In . Hollow Creepy of area forested the borders that cemetery large a is castle the of Outside . resurrected been has Fred where family Steiner the of home ancestral the , castle 's Steiner Dr. is to access has Fred that first The . areas several of composed is Falls Hope | Hope Falls is composed of several areas . The first that Fred has access to is Dr. Steiner 's castle , the ancestral home of the Steiner family where Fred has been resurrected . Outside of the castle is a large cemetery that borders the forested area of Creepy Hollow . In Hope Falls proper are the urban areas of Downtown , Uptown , Old Hope Falls and <unk> . Downtown is the home of Pitt 's headquarters , and Fred 's office is found in Old Hope Falls . <unk> , as its name suggests , is overrun with zombies and most of its residents have fled the neighborhood or barricaded themselves in their homes . Two other rural areas border the city : Freak Farms , where Fred owns a small cabin , and the <unk> , a highly irradiated area where the Nukular Reactor has been built . Each area contains several teleporters in the form of sewer manholes , which Fred can use to quickly move from one area of Hope Falls to another .
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. scarecrows animated and zombies like , radiation ' Falls Hope by created creatures or , " thugs bone " skeletal the like , Pitt of employees generally are enemies 's Fred . Salazar Benny partner former his and , ) Wahlgren Kari ( Rossini Jeanne girlfriend his , him resurrected who , Steiner Dr. including , game the throughout allies several makes Fred . tommygun a with replaced and amputated been has leg right whose , Lefty lieutenant his is which of prominent most the , Falls Hope throughout henchmen many employs Pitt . racketeer turned hoodlum time @-@ small a is , antagonist primary 's game the , ) Polito Jon ( Pitt Ulysses . dies he when player the heckling as such , wall fourth the breaks occasionally and personality sarcastic , wisecracking a has Fred . lobes frontal and eyes his by formed expressions like @-@ face by and voice his of tone the by portrayed is mood 's Fred , face proper a have not does he As . characters separate nine considered be could he , animations of set different a him gives head each since but , character playable only the is Fred . detective private a , ) McGinley C. John by voiced ( Neuman Fred is Fred Head Dead of protagonist The | The protagonist of Dead Head Fred is Fred Neuman ( voiced by John C. McGinley ) , a private detective . Fred is the only playable character , but since each head gives him a different set of animations , he could be considered nine separate characters . As he does not have a proper face , Fred 's mood is portrayed by the tone of his voice and by face @-@ like expressions formed by his eyes and frontal lobes . Fred has a wisecracking , sarcastic personality and occasionally breaks the fourth wall , such as heckling the player when he dies . Ulysses Pitt ( Jon Polito ) , the game 's primary antagonist , is a small @-@ time hoodlum turned racketeer . Pitt employs many henchmen throughout Hope Falls , the most prominent of which is his lieutenant Lefty , whose right leg has been amputated and replaced with a tommygun . Fred makes several allies throughout the game , including Dr. Steiner , who resurrected him , his girlfriend Jeanne Rossini ( Kari Wahlgren ) , and his former partner Benny Salazar . Fred 's enemies are generally employees of Pitt , like the skeletal " bone thugs " , or creatures created by Hope Falls ' radiation , like zombies and animated scarecrows .
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. Hollow Creepy in resides who 's Pitt of minion a , Horseman the to taken be to is he that announce and Steiner apprehend thugs 's Pitt , lab 's Steiner in hides Fred As . arrive henchmen his of several and Pitt , further explain can Steiner before and , brain his to trauma the of result a as missing are memories 's Fred of Many . murdered him had and him to on was Fred that discovered had Pitt but , Pitt investigating been had who detective private a is Fred that explains Steiner . eyes and brain his contains that jar filled @-@ liquid a is place its In . missing is head his and , resurrected subsequently and murdered been has he that learns soon Fred . Pitt Ulysses of employee an , Steiner <unk> Dr. a of castle the in up waking Fred with begins game The | The game begins with Fred waking up in the castle of a Dr. <unk> Steiner , an employee of Ulysses Pitt . Fred soon learns that he has been murdered and subsequently resurrected , and his head is missing . In its place is a liquid @-@ filled jar that contains his brain and eyes . Steiner explains that Fred is a private detective who had been investigating Pitt , but Pitt had discovered that Fred was on to him and had him murdered . Many of Fred 's memories are missing as a result of the trauma to his brain , and before Steiner can explain further , Pitt and several of his henchmen arrive . As Fred hides in Steiner 's lab , Pitt 's thugs apprehend Steiner and announce that he is to be taken to the Horseman , a minion of Pitt 's who resides in Creepy Hollow .
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. Lefty , man hand @-@ right his by death to shot and henchmen 's Pitt by caught promptly was Fred . him betraying into , Salazar Benny , partner 's Fred bribed had who , Pitt to trail the followed eventually had Fred . him find to Fred hired subsequently had Jeanne and , Jeanne by missing reported been had Rossini Mr. that learns Fred . Rossini Vinni , citizen Falls Hope prominent a of daughter the is who , Jeanne girlfriend old his with reconnects He . way the along personalities strange many meeting , Falls Hope exploring begins Fred . demise his about more learn to Falls Hope of residents the question he that suggests and investigation 's Fred regarding information little has , however , Steiner . Steiner Dr. rescues and Horseman the defeats he where , Hollow Creepy to continues Fred . heads interchangeable quality with him providing by Fred help can who " merchant head " and gravedigger a , Spade Sam as himself introduces hunchback The . outside cemetery the in hunchback skinned @-@ blue a meets and castle 's Steiner leaves Fred | Fred leaves Steiner 's castle and meets a blue @-@ skinned hunchback in the cemetery outside . The hunchback introduces himself as Sam Spade , a gravedigger and " head merchant " who can help Fred by providing him with quality interchangeable heads . Fred continues to Creepy Hollow , where he defeats the Horseman and rescues Dr. Steiner . Steiner , however , has little information regarding Fred 's investigation and suggests that he question the residents of Hope Falls to learn more about his demise . Fred begins exploring Hope Falls , meeting many strange personalities along the way . He reconnects with his old girlfriend Jeanne , who is the daughter of a prominent Hope Falls citizen , Vinni Rossini . Fred learns that Mr. Rossini had been reported missing by Jeanne , and Jeanne had subsequently hired Fred to find him . Fred had eventually followed the trail to Pitt , who had bribed Fred 's partner , Benny Salazar , into betraying him . Fred was promptly caught by Pitt 's henchmen and shot to death by his right @-@ hand man , Lefty .
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. head his of loss the lamenting Fred with , celebrate to restaurant a at dinner having Jeanne and Fred shows game the of scene final The . Fred to unbeknownst , Building Pitt the near manhole open an into tumbling shown is , Pitt by hostage held been had , Jeanne with along , which , head 's Fred , battle the After . Plant Nukular the of remains the to retreats and escape to manages Lefty but , battle the during killed is Pitt . Building Pitt the atop Lefty and Pitt both defeats ultimately Fred . battle final 's game the in aid 's Pitt to comes who beast huge a into mutated subsequently and fight the during waste nuclear to exposed was , however , Lefty . Lefty defeating and , Plant Nukular Pitt the , enterprise criminal his the of centerpiece the down shutting after headquarters his at mobster the confronts Fred . him against leverage as use to Jeanne kidnaps and " alive " still is Fred that learns Pitt . Pitt incriminates that murder 's Rossini Vinni of videotape a recovers and investigation his continues Fred , it to up leading events the and death his of knowledge the with Armed | Armed with the knowledge of his death and the events leading up to it , Fred continues his investigation and recovers a videotape of Vinni Rossini 's murder that incriminates Pitt . Pitt learns that Fred is still " alive " and kidnaps Jeanne to use as leverage against him . Fred confronts the mobster at his headquarters after shutting down the centerpiece of the his criminal enterprise , the Pitt Nukular Plant , and defeating Lefty . Lefty , however , was exposed to nuclear waste during the fight and subsequently mutated into a huge beast who comes to Pitt 's aid in the game 's final battle . Fred ultimately defeats both Pitt and Lefty atop the Pitt Building . Pitt is killed during the battle , but Lefty manages to escape and retreats to the remains of the Nukular Plant . After the battle , Fred 's head , which , along with Jeanne , had been held hostage by Pitt , is shown tumbling into an open manhole near the Pitt Building , unbeknownst to Fred . The final scene of the game shows Fred and Jeanne having dinner at a restaurant to celebrate , with Fred lamenting the loss of his head .
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. example for , quickly very around roll to him allowed head sphere the β abilities different him gave that properties unique had heads shaped 's Geo of Each . Prime destroy to trying was who , <unk> King evil the stop to quest his in Prime around move and , fight , puzzles solve him help would that ) pyramid and , cylinder , sphere , cube a ( shapes different several between head his switch to ability the had Geo . lived Geo where " Prime " called world conceptual a developed staff his of some and , Peterson Eric , president 's Cycle Vicious " . Geo " character the on based game platform a as conceived originally was game The . consoles multiple across used be could that tools creation of set simple a as designed was engine the , industry game video the in " middleware " Considered . Software Cycle Vicious company design game by maintained and created engine game a , Engine Vicious the uses Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred uses the Vicious Engine , a game engine created and maintained by game design company Vicious Cycle Software . Considered " middleware " in the video game industry , the engine was designed as a simple set of creation tools that could be used across multiple consoles . The game was originally conceived as a platform game based on the character " Geo . " Vicious Cycle 's president , Eric Peterson , and some of his staff developed a conceptual world called " Prime " where Geo lived . Geo had the ability to switch his head between several different shapes ( a cube , sphere , cylinder , and pyramid ) that would help him solve puzzles , fight , and move around Prime in his quest to stop the evil King <unk> , who was trying to destroy Prime . Each of Geo 's shaped heads had unique properties that gave him different abilities β the sphere head allowed him to roll around very quickly , for example .
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. chosen was PSP the before game the hosting for choice early an been had GameCube Nintendo The . premise adult , edgy more a developing in interested were they that and , " edutainment " resembled strongly too core based @-@ geometry its but idea the liked they that stated who , publishers several to it presented team development the , complete was concept the When . audience younger a towards skewed and , Spyro or Rayman like games platform other to similar as team development the by described was concept Geo The | The Geo concept was described by the development team as similar to other platform games like Rayman or Spyro , and skewed towards a younger audience . When the concept was complete , the development team presented it to several publishers , who stated that they liked the idea but its geometry @-@ based core too strongly resembled " edutainment " , and that they were interested in developing a more edgy , adult premise . The Nintendo GameCube had been an early choice for hosting the game before the PSP was chosen .
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. D3Publisher by up picked was project the , afterwards Shortly . publisher a secured having not it despite , PSP the for game the approved promptly who , Sony to project new the presented Cycle Vicious . him wronged had who those against revenge seek would Fred where , Falls Hope of city esque @-@ noir film , bleak the with replaced was Prime of world The . Neuman Fred named detective private vengeful , angry an by replaced was Geo childlike , cartoonish the time this but , kept was and publishers potential the by praised been had mechanic game " switching @-@ head " The . audience older an to suited better and darker was felt they that concept new a produced and board drawing the to back went Cycle Vicious | Vicious Cycle went back to the drawing board and produced a new concept that they felt was darker and better suited to an older audience . The " head @-@ switching " game mechanic had been praised by the potential publishers and was kept , but this time the cartoonish , childlike Geo was replaced by an angry , vengeful private detective named Fred Neuman . The world of Prime was replaced with the bleak , film noir @-@ esque city of Hope Falls , where Fred would seek revenge against those who had wronged him . Vicious Cycle presented the new project to Sony , who promptly approved the game for the PSP , despite it not having secured a publisher . Shortly afterwards , the project was picked up by D3Publisher .
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. theme violent more a towards style art 's game the influence would that look inspired @-@ Rockwell Norman a and , Dead Evil The and Matrix The and Harry Dirty to similarities with , darker back came art the time This . Black Massive to back sketches chosen the took and concept the out flesh to decided developers The . chosen had they look playful , cartoonish the than Fred of portrayal intimidating more , darker a in interested more much was group test the , surprise ' developers the To . group test a to art concept the of all present to decided , D3 , publisher The . project Geo scrapped the of focus youthful the of some retained that appearance childlike , squat a with Fred portrayed that several chose Cycle Vicious , sketches the receiving After . include not would game the decided already had Cogan Adam designer lead which , guns with some including , Fred of versions different several with up came Black Massive . inside around floating eyes and brain 's detective the with jar filled @-@ liquid a be to it wanted developers the β head 's Fred was beginning the from made Cycle Vicious stipulation one the but , Fred developing while imagination their use to allowed were artists 's Black Massive . sketches character initial develop to Studios Black Massive company art to concept the submitted then Cycle Vicious | Vicious Cycle then submitted the concept to art company Massive Black Studios to develop initial character sketches . Massive Black 's artists were allowed to use their imagination while developing Fred , but the one stipulation Vicious Cycle made from the beginning was Fred 's head β the developers wanted it to be a liquid @-@ filled jar with the detective 's brain and eyes floating around inside . Massive Black came up with several different versions of Fred , including some with guns , which lead designer Adam Cogan had already decided the game would not include . After receiving the sketches , Vicious Cycle chose several that portrayed Fred with a squat , childlike appearance that retained some of the youthful focus of the scrapped Geo project . The publisher , D3 , decided to present all of the concept art to a test group . To the developers ' surprise , the test group was much more interested in a darker , more intimidating portrayal of Fred than the cartoonish , playful look they had chosen . The developers decided to flesh out the concept and took the chosen sketches back to Massive Black . This time the art came back darker , with similarities to Dirty Harry and The Matrix and The Evil Dead , and a Norman Rockwell @-@ inspired look that would influence the game 's art style towards a more violent theme .
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. retained was staff the and Carolina North in remained headquarters 's company the but , release 's game the before months two Cycle Vicious bought D3Publisher . 2007 August to January from release 's game the back pushed delay The . franchise a into Fred Head Dead turning potentially and reviews better receiving of hope the with , game the develop to time more Cycle Vicious gave also D3 . combinations and counterattacks , attacks more him give to revamped were capabilities combat 's Fred . puzzles and platforming less and combat more incorporated slowly game the , result a as and , groups focus more with team development the provided D3 | D3 provided the development team with more focus groups , and as a result , the game slowly incorporated more combat and less platforming and puzzles . Fred 's combat capabilities were revamped to give him more attacks , counterattacks and combinations . D3 also gave Vicious Cycle more time to develop the game , with the hope of receiving better reviews and potentially turning Dead Head Fred into a franchise . The delay pushed back the game 's release from January to August 2007 . D3Publisher bought Vicious Cycle two months before the game 's release , but the company 's headquarters remained in North Carolina and the staff was retained .
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. direction 's soundtrack the on rein free composers the giving , Falls Hope of mood and theme the beyond music 's game the for ideas substantial any have not did team development The . Beetlejuice and Zombie the Stubbs like pieces themed @-@ death other from borrowed and , futuristic @-@ retro was that Fred Head Dead for sound a developing in interested were composers The . George Curious like , Cycle Vicious by games previous on worked had Graves and Abernethy . Audio <unk> , studio 's Abernethy at recorded and Graves Jason and Abernethy Rod by composed was Fred Head Dead of music The | The music of Dead Head Fred was composed by Rod Abernethy and Jason Graves and recorded at Abernethy 's studio , <unk> Audio . Abernethy and Graves had worked on previous games by Vicious Cycle , like Curious George . The composers were interested in developing a sound for Dead Head Fred that was retro @-@ futuristic , and borrowed from other death @-@ themed pieces like Stubbs the Zombie and Beetlejuice . The development team did not have any substantial ideas for the game 's music beyond the theme and mood of Hope Falls , giving the composers free rein on the soundtrack 's direction .
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. Crossing 's Miller in Caspar Johnny of role his to similar very was which , Pitt Ulysses boss mob of role the in cast was Polito while , wit and sarcasm 's character Scrubs his of because Fred as cast was McGinley . Crossing 's Miller aforementioned the from Polito Jon and Scrubs show TV the from McGinley C. John including , actors voice several cast Peterson Eric , time this During Rabbit Roger Framed Who and Crossing 's Miller especially , inspiration for films noir several to referred Ellis . dialog game @-@ in the on focused Cogan while , script voiceover and cutscenes 's game the writing of task the given was Ellis Dave designer Cycle Vicious ultimately but , proposed was script the create to screenwriter Hollywood a Hiring . quality humorous yet , dark a it give to story and , theme , mood 's game the of formation the was development of area crucial A | A crucial area of development was the formation of the game 's mood , theme , and story to give it a dark , yet humorous quality . Hiring a Hollywood screenwriter to create the script was proposed , but ultimately Vicious Cycle designer Dave Ellis was given the task of writing the game 's cutscenes and voiceover script , while Cogan focused on the in @-@ game dialog . Ellis referred to several noir films for inspiration , especially Miller 's Crossing and Who Framed Roger Rabbit During this time , Eric Peterson cast several voice actors , including John C. McGinley from the TV show Scrubs and Jon Polito from the aforementioned Miller 's Crossing . McGinley was cast as Fred because of his Scrubs character 's sarcasm and wit , while Polito was cast in the role of mob boss Ulysses Pitt , which was very similar to his role of Johnny Caspar in Miller 's Crossing .
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. missing was head his because " shoulder his on chip a having " and " off pissed " as Fred portraying on focused McGinley . more curse to actors other and McGinley permit to modified was script the and recordings the liked team design The . improvisation colorful of deal great a in resulted McGinley with sessions recording several but , " fuck " word the of instance one only had script original The . session a of middle the in out walked who actor unidentified one of exception the with , smoothly went recording the , dialog game @-@ in of lines 1000 over had alone Fred that fact the and , this Despite . Hollywood in studio a at phone the over done were recordings the of All . Coast East the on location 's Cycle Vicious of because challenging be to proved which , dialog 's game the recording about set then team development The | The development team then set about recording the game 's dialog , which proved to be challenging because of Vicious Cycle 's location on the East Coast . All of the recordings were done over the phone at a studio in Hollywood . Despite this , and the fact that Fred alone had over 1000 lines of in @-@ game dialog , the recording went smoothly , with the exception of one unidentified actor who walked out in the middle of a session . The original script had only one instance of the word " fuck " , but several recording sessions with McGinley resulted in a great deal of colorful improvisation . The design team liked the recordings and the script was modified to permit McGinley and other actors to curse more . McGinley focused on portraying Fred as " pissed off " and " having a chip on his shoulder " because his head was missing .
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" . before done ever ve β I anything unlike much pretty was It . you to sense makes what see and eccentricities of cavalcade a out roll and imagination your up open just really could you , him With ! gone was head his β¦ well , because unique was guy this , No " | " No , this guy was unique because , well β¦ his head was gone ! With him , you could really just open up your imagination and roll out a cavalcade of eccentricities and see what makes sense to you . It was pretty much unlike anything I β ve ever done before . "
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. 2007 , 18 September on Records Lakeshore by iTunes on released was soundtrack The . Network PlayStation 's Sony on download for available made was it 2008 October in and , game the of price the reduced D3 , 2007 December In . Japan in 2008 , 19 March and , Australia in 2 November , Europe in 26 October on released was It . development of years two nearly after America North in 2007 , 28 August on released eventually was It . 2007 E3 at it show to Publisher D3 allowing , delayed was game the , However . production mass for ready and finished was game the that stating release press a issued company the month next the and , Fred voicing be would McGinley C. John that announced D3 , 2007 May In . work voice and conceptualization production @-@ pre 's game the about details provided which , Ellis and Cogan by written were entries diary Three . 2007 March in website 's Cycle Vicious on diary developer a started Cogan until game the about heard was little , this Following . public the to shown was trailer a where , 2006 May in convention game video ) E3 ( Expo Entertainment Electronics the at announced first was Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred was first announced at the Electronics Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) video game convention in May 2006 , where a trailer was shown to the public . Following this , little was heard about the game until Cogan started a developer diary on Vicious Cycle 's website in March 2007 . Three diary entries were written by Cogan and Ellis , which provided details about the game 's pre @-@ production conceptualization and voice work . In May 2007 , D3 announced that John C. McGinley would be voicing Fred , and the next month the company issued a press release stating that the game was finished and ready for mass production . However , the game was delayed , allowing D3 Publisher to show it at E3 2007 . It was eventually released on August 28 , 2007 in North America after nearly two years of development . It was released on October 26 in Europe , November 2 in Australia , and March 19 , 2008 in Japan . In December 2007 , D3 reduced the price of the game , and in October 2008 it was made available for download on Sony 's PlayStation Network . The soundtrack was released on iTunes by Lakeshore Records on September 18 , 2007 .
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. PSP the on Gameplay 's Cycle Vicious out test to ' wanted ' they because sequel the publish to wanted and game the with impressed were ) D3 of parent the ( Games Bandai Namco . Fred reprising in interest expressed has McGinley C. John . development 's game the during discussed were titles subsequent that stated have designers the but , sequel a announced has D3Publisher , 2009 March of As . work ' months few a with Arcade Live Xbox or Network PlayStation the to ported be potentially could game the that hinted have designers 's game the , However . system the for title " flagship " their be to it intended Cycle Vicious and , PSP the for specifically designed was Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred was designed specifically for the PSP , and Vicious Cycle intended it to be their " flagship " title for the system . However , the game 's designers have hinted that the game could potentially be ported to the PlayStation Network or Xbox Live Arcade with a few months ' work . As of March 2009 , D3Publisher has announced a sequel , but the designers have stated that subsequent titles were discussed during the game 's development . John C. McGinley has expressed interest in reprising Fred . Namco Bandai Games ( the parent of D3 ) were impressed with the game and wanted to publish the sequel because they ' wanted ' to test out Vicious Cycle 's Gameplay on the PSP .
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. exception the was Fred Head Dead that and creativity lacked often games PSP that felt Fanelli Jason Editor . generation its of games overlooked most 100 the of list their in it included GamesRadar . Fandango Grim and Darkness The to comparisons elicited themes supernatural 's game The " . edgy be to trying desperately teenagers by designed been 's it like feel it makes just profanity overused the ... " stating reviewer one with , however , impressed as not were publications Other . " humorous unapologetically ] and [ twisted is world dark a in revenge of tale The " said IGN " . rest the above ' shoulders and head ' stands Fred Head Dead , titles PSP of sea vast the In " that stating reviewer 's GameSpy with , game the of strengths main the considered were dialogue and writing 's game The . critics from reviews favorable generally received Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred received generally favorable reviews from critics . The game 's writing and dialogue were considered the main strengths of the game , with GameSpy 's reviewer stating that " In the vast sea of PSP titles , Dead Head Fred stands ' head and shoulders ' above the rest . " IGN said " The tale of revenge in a dark world is twisted [ and ] unapologetically humorous " . Other publications were not as impressed , however , with one reviewer stating " ... the overused profanity just makes it feel like it 's been designed by teenagers desperately trying to be edgy . " The game 's supernatural themes elicited comparisons to The Darkness and Grim Fandango . GamesRadar included it in their list of the 100 most overlooked games of its generation . Editor Jason Fanelli felt that PSP games often lacked creativity and that Dead Head Fred was the exception .
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" . it help t β can just you but stare to want t β don really you β¦ crash car a at looking like is form freakish s β Fred " said GameZone and " , gaming hit ever to characters entertaining and interesting most the of one is Fred " said GameSpy ; praised was design character The . " system combat mediocre " the for up made , puzzles environmental solve to heads changing on emphasis its with , design level 's game the that felt also Gamer Pocket " . stylish undeniably is it but off head your blow 't won game the graphically " said UK Gamer Pocket " . screen PSP the on phenomenal simply looks game The " noting GameSpy with , received warmly were graphics 's Fred Head Dead . Burton Tim of work the to compared was , Hollow Creepy of area the especially , Falls Hope . " silly " and " wacky " , " weird " as it describing variously , setting and premise 's game the with pleased were reviewers Many | Many reviewers were pleased with the game 's premise and setting , variously describing it as " weird " , " wacky " and " silly " . Hope Falls , especially the area of Creepy Hollow , was compared to the work of Tim Burton . Dead Head Fred 's graphics were warmly received , with GameSpy noting " The game looks simply phenomenal on the PSP screen . " Pocket Gamer UK said " graphically the game won 't blow your head off but it is undeniably stylish . " Pocket Gamer also felt that the game 's level design , with its emphasis on changing heads to solve environmental puzzles , made up for the " mediocre combat system " . The character design was praised ; GameSpy said " Fred is one of the most interesting and entertaining characters to ever hit gaming , " and GameZone said " Fred β s freakish form is like looking at a car crash β¦ you really don β t want to stare but you just can β t help it . "
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. " detailed wonderfully ... are effects sound the and game the in music great some also s β There " said Romano Natalie 's GameZone . audio 's game the of rest the was as , praised widely was , Fred of portrayal 's McGinley C. John particular in , acting voice The | The voice acting , in particular John C. McGinley 's portrayal of Fred , was widely praised , as was the rest of the game 's audio . GameZone 's Natalie Romano said " There β s also some great music in the game and the sound effects are ... wonderfully detailed " .
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" . game entire the across lines humorous delivers consistently and lines 's Fred to delivery sarcastic , dry his brings expertly McGinley . fame Space Office and Scrubs of McGinley C. John by anchored is which , acting voice the around centered is it of majority The . fantastic is , however , title the for sound The " | " The sound for the title , however , is fantastic . The majority of it is centered around the voice acting , which is anchored by John C. McGinley of Scrubs and Office Space fame . McGinley expertly brings his dry , sarcastic delivery to Fred 's lines and consistently delivers humorous lines across the entire game . "
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" . area single every about just on times loading continual the are visuals the to comes it when up crops that downside only The " said IGN and , " high excessively " them considered Eurogamer ; times loading 's Fred Head Dead with unhappy also were Reviewers " . sometimes hindrance a such be t β wouldn camera the wish just I " said GameZone " . dead you want that mutants as well as it fight to have to annoying 's it , puzzles during or battle in you for angles horrible some choose sometimes will camera the that Considering " noting IGN with , criticized also was camera the of performance The . " awful " mechanics combat the called Informer Game and , " game the of elements poorest the of one " as combat the described Network Gaming PAL 's Australia . repetitive and tedious considered generally was It . combat the specifically , gameplay 's Fred Head Dead was criticism ' reviewers of point focal The | The focal point of reviewers ' criticism was Dead Head Fred 's gameplay , specifically the combat . It was generally considered tedious and repetitive . Australia 's PAL Gaming Network described the combat as " one of the poorest elements of the game " , and Game Informer called the combat mechanics " awful " . The performance of the camera was also criticized , with IGN noting " Considering that the camera will sometimes choose some horrible angles for you in battle or during puzzles , it 's annoying to have to fight it as well as mutants that want you dead . " GameZone said " I just wish the camera wouldn β t be such a hindrance sometimes . " Reviewers were also unhappy with Dead Head Fred 's loading times ; Eurogamer considered them " excessively high " , and IGN said " The only downside that crops up when it comes to the visuals are the continual loading times on just about every single area . "
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. respectively , Shadow 's Logan : Filter Syphon and BioShock to lost Fred Head Dead . Audio Handheld Best and Year the of Soundtrack Best , ceremony annual 6th 's Guild Network Audio Game the at awards two for nominated was audio The . category handheld the in nominated property intellectual new only the being for notable was but , DS Nintendo the for Hourglass Phantom : Zelda of Legend The to lost Fred Head Dead . journalists media prominent of group a , Awards Critics Game the by award Game Handheld Best : 2007 E3 of Best the for nominated was game the , 2007 E3 During . won it which , writing game video for award first 's America of Guild Writers the including , awards several for nominated was Fred Head Dead | Dead Head Fred was nominated for several awards , including the Writers Guild of America 's first award for video game writing , which it won . During E3 2007 , the game was nominated for the Best of E3 2007 : Best Handheld Game award by the Game Critics Awards , a group of prominent media journalists . Dead Head Fred lost to The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass for the Nintendo DS , but was notable for being the only new intellectual property nominated in the handheld category . The audio was nominated for two awards at the Game Audio Network Guild 's 6th annual ceremony , Best Soundtrack of the Year and Best Handheld Audio . Dead Head Fred lost to BioShock and Syphon Filter : Logan 's Shadow , respectively .
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. times eight team Pro @-@ All league the to named was he although , games star @-@ All football no were there career 's Wistert of most During . Eagle an as Bowl Pro first 's NFL the in play to named was He . captain team their became and Eagles the for career NFL year @-@ nine entire his played He . Eagles Philadelphia the for ) NFL ( League Football National the in tackle football American Pro @-@ All an was ) 2016 , 5 March β 1920 , 28 December ( Wistert " Ox " Alexander Albert | Albert Alexander " Ox " Wistert ( December 28 , 1920 β March 5 , 2016 ) was an All @-@ Pro American football tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Philadelphia Eagles . He played his entire nine @-@ year NFL career for the Eagles and became their team captain . He was named to play in the NFL 's first Pro Bowl as an Eagle . During most of Wistert 's career there were no football All @-@ star games , although he was named to the league All @-@ Pro team eight times .
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. program Legend Football Michigan the of part as Northwestern against game home Michigan a before 2012 , 10 November on starting circulation into back put be will number Their . program football Wolverines Michigan the by retired numbers their had have who players seven the among are and Michigan at 11 No. jersey wore all brothers Wistert The . Bowl Pro League Football National the to selected be to alumnus Michigan first the was He . Fame of Hall Football College the into inducted later and Michigan at tackles American @-@ All named were who β Alvin and Whitey with along β brothers three the of one is He . Michigan of University the at football college played Wistert | Wistert played college football at the University of Michigan . He is one of the three brothers β along with Whitey and Alvin β who were named All @-@ American tackles at Michigan and later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . He was the first Michigan alumnus to be selected to the National Football League Pro Bowl . The Wistert brothers all wore jersey No. 11 at Michigan and are among the seven players who have had their numbers retired by the Michigan Wolverines football program . Their number will be put back into circulation starting on November 10 , 2012 before a Michigan home game against Northwestern as part of the Michigan Football Legend program .
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" . Michigan of <unk> the : started it how 's that " , Alvin to according and , Arbor Ann to visit his on him with Whitey took Kowalik . radios Majestic building with involved was he where job factory a had Wistert Whitey , time the At . Michigan of University the visit to invited was Kowalik John classmate School High Schurz Carl 's Whitey when began Michigan at brothers Wistert the of story The . Department Police Chicago the for working while duty of line the in killed later was who veteran War American β Spanish a was , Wistert <unk> , father His . family Lithuanian a from was , Illinois , Chicago in born was who , Wistert | Wistert , who was born in Chicago , Illinois , was from a Lithuanian family . His father , <unk> Wistert , was a Spanish β American War veteran who was later killed in the line of duty while working for the Chicago Police Department . The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey 's Carl Schurz High School classmate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan . At the time , Whitey Wistert had a factory job where he was involved with building Majestic radios . Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit to Ann Arbor , and according to Alvin , " that 's how it started : the <unk> of Michigan . "
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. him before honor this earned players football Michigan five Only . brothers his alongside inductees of class fourth the in Honor of Hall Michigan of University the to named was he , 1981 In . Francis brother his after year one , 1968 in Fame of Hall Football College the into inducted was he and , team football Irish Fighting Dame Notre the against game 1942 a in exploits his for , things other among , remembered well is He . Game Shrine West β East 1943 the in played He . 1942 in MVP team and American @-@ All consensus a was He . 1942 to 1940 from played and brothers his like 11 number wore he where Michigan for play to brothers Wistert the of second the became Wistert , School High Foreman from graduating After | After graduating from Foreman High School , Wistert became the second of the Wistert brothers to play for Michigan where he wore number 11 like his brothers and played from 1940 to 1942 . He was a consensus All @-@ American and team MVP in 1942 . He played in the 1943 East β West Shrine Game . He is well remembered , among other things , for his exploits in a 1942 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team , and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968 , one year after his brother Francis . In 1981 , he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of inductees alongside his brothers . Only five Michigan football players earned this honor before him .
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. Michigan at squad championship national a on play to not brothers three the of one only the was He . Chicago in , 7 β 27 , Redskins Washington champion League Football National led @-@ Baugh Sammy the beat that team star @-@ All College the of captain as served Wistert . years two next the in marks 3 β 7 and 1 β 1 β 6 with season that followed Wolverines The . football Gophers Golden Minnesota champion national eventual the to was season game @-@ eight its in loss only 's team the , 1940 In . team the on years three 's Wistert during record 1 β 5 β 20 a posted Michigan | Michigan posted a 20 β 5 β 1 record during Wistert 's three years on the team . In 1940 , the team 's only loss in its eight @-@ game season was to the eventual national champion Minnesota Golden Gophers football . The Wolverines followed that season with 6 β 1 β 1 and 7 β 3 marks in the next two years . Wistert served as captain of the College All @-@ star team that beat the Sammy Baugh @-@ led National Football League champion Washington Redskins , 27 β 7 , in Chicago . He was the only one of the three brothers not to play on a national championship squad at Michigan .
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: Roll Honor Eagles Philadelphia on and Fame of Hall Football Professional the in enshrined been having not lamented Wistert . Jerseys Eagles retired seven only of one is His . games career his of 3 / 2 about started only he databases statistical other to according , However . Browns Cleveland the against opener season 1950 the for except played Eagles the game every started he career his during , biography Fame of Hall Football College his to According . 1952 in Eagles the by retired was 70 number His . shutout by win to champions League Football National consecutive only the were These . Wistert with Championships League Football National 1949 and 1948 the won Eagles The . fumbles three recovered he , season final his In . Bowl Pro first the to selected was he season last to next 's Wistert In . season each in Pro @-@ All named was and , 1950 to 1946 from , seasons consecutive five for captain Eagles as served He . invitations Bowl Pro by measured often are who players modern more to him compare to difficult is it , selection Pro @-@ All perennial a was Wistert although , Thus . 1950 and 1943 between games Star @-@ All no had League Football National The ) . II War World during season one for Steelers Pittsburgh the with team merged a as operated who ( Eagles Philadelphia the for career year @-@ nine entire his played he , player way @-@ two a As . seasons nine his of ) consensus by five ( eight in honors Pro @-@ All earned He . ) 4500 $ for signed he thought they though ( contract large a such signed having for players veteran from animosity encountered he , ) today 965 @,@ 51 $ ( 3800 $ for signing and Eagles Philadelphia the by round fifth the in drafted being After | After being drafted in the fifth round by the Philadelphia Eagles and signing for $ 3800 ( $ 51 @,@ 965 today ) , he encountered animosity from veteran players for having signed such a large contract ( though they thought he signed for $ 4500 ) . He earned All @-@ Pro honors in eight ( five by consensus ) of his nine seasons . As a two @-@ way player , he played his entire nine @-@ year career for the Philadelphia Eagles ( who operated as a merged team with the Pittsburgh Steelers for one season during World War II . ) The National Football League had no All @-@ Star games between 1943 and 1950 . Thus , although Wistert was a perennial All @-@ Pro selection , it is difficult to compare him to more modern players who are often measured by Pro Bowl invitations . He served as Eagles captain for five consecutive seasons , from 1946 to 1950 , and was named All @-@ Pro in each season . In Wistert 's next to last season he was selected to the first Pro Bowl . In his final season , he recovered three fumbles . The Eagles won the 1948 and 1949 National Football League Championships with Wistert . These were the only consecutive National Football League champions to win by shutout . His number 70 was retired by the Eagles in 1952 . According to his College Football Hall of Fame biography , during his career he started every game the Eagles played except for the 1950 season opener against the Cleveland Browns . However , according to other statistical databases he only started about 2 / 3 of his career games . His is one of only seven retired Eagles Jerseys . Wistert lamented not having been enshrined in the Professional Football Hall of Fame and on Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll :
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. class HOVG inaugural 's association the in Good Very of Hall Association Researchers Football Pro the to named was he , 2003 In . Cunningham Randall with along 2009 , 29 September on Roll Honor Eagles Philadelphia the into inducted was Wistert | Wistert was inducted into the Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll on September 29 , 2009 along with Randall Cunningham . In 2003 , he was named to the Pro Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association 's inaugural HOVG class .
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" . Wistert to America to came he when it Anglicized he and <unk> <unk> born was " father their , Alvin brother to According . professionally playing and Jersey New , Township Riverside in School High Riverside at football coaching both was he point one At . grandchildren three and ) Kathy and Dianna , Pam ( daughters three has and years 61 for Ellie wife late his to married was He . Oregon , Pass Grants and California are retirement since lived has he places the Among . years 40 for insurance sold He . salesman insurance life successful a became Wistert football After | After football Wistert became a successful life insurance salesman . He sold insurance for 40 years . Among the places he has lived since retirement are California and Grants Pass , Oregon . He was married to his late wife Ellie for 61 years and has three daughters ( Pam , Dianna and Kathy ) and three grandchildren . At one point he was both coaching football at Riverside High School in Riverside Township , New Jersey and playing professionally . According to brother Alvin , their father " was born <unk> <unk> and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert . "
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. 95 of age the at Oregon , Pass Grants in 2016 , 5 March on died Wistert | Wistert died on March 5 , 2016 in Grants Pass , Oregon at the age of 95 .
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. empowerment female and love unrequited suggest lyrics The . mistakes her repeat never will she saying , partner abusive an with love in fell ever she why questions Selena , Lyrically . music dance Latin and cumbia from influence draws and song fusion mariachi a is " Vez Una Si " . Quintanilla A.B. producer @-@ brother 's Selena by produced and Astudillo Pete by written was It . ) 1994 ( Prohibido Amor , album studio fourth her for Selena artist recording American by recorded song a is ) Once I If : English ( " Vez Una Si " | " Si Una Vez " ( English : If I Once ) is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was written by Pete Astudillo and produced by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla . " Si Una Vez " is a mariachi fusion song and draws influence from cumbia and Latin dance music . Lyrically , Selena questions why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner , saying she will never repeat her mistakes . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .
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. song tropical U.S. successful most fourteenth the as 1995 ended and , chart Songs Tropical Billboard States United the on one number at peaked version 's latter The . Manuel Manny singer salsa American and , Coma a in Girl band rock indie American , Queen Ivy performer reggaeton American , Villareal Alicia singer mariachi Mexican including albums respective their on it released and song the recorded since have musicians Many . Awards Pop BMI 1996 the at Year the of Single the as it recognized Inc. Music Broadcast The . abilities vocal 's singer the showcase have to song the found who critics music from reviews positive received " Vez Una Si " | " Si Una Vez " received positive reviews from music critics who found the song to have showcase the singer 's vocal abilities . The Broadcast Music Inc. recognized it as the Single of the Year at the 1996 BMI Pop Awards . Many musicians have since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal , American reggaeton performer Ivy Queen , American indie rock band Girl in a Coma , and American salsa singer Manny Manuel . The latter 's version peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Tropical Songs chart , and ended 1995 as the fourteenth most successful U.S. tropical song .
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. beat cumbia a under guitar <unk> the of use makes song The . modern image 's band the keeping of ideas his of example an was " Vez Una Si " how on commented and heavy @-@ music experimental was Prohibido Amor how on spoke A.B. , 2002 In . undertones music punk having as " Vez Una Si " called Paredez Deborah Author . music dance Latin and cumbia of influences with track fusion mariachi language @-@ Spanish a is " Vez Una Si " . song the of parts record to <unk> professional a hired band the how interview 2002 a in retold Vela Ricky , group the of Keyboardist . producers as served , Silvetti Bebu musician Argentine with along , who Quintanilla A.B. producer @-@ brother 's Selena by written @-@ co was song The . Astudillo Pete vocalist and dancer backup Dinos Los y Selena by written was " Vez Una Si " | " Si Una Vez " was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup dancer and vocalist Pete Astudillo . The song was co @-@ written by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla who , along with Argentine musician Bebu Silvetti , served as producers . Keyboardist of the group , Ricky Vela retold in a 2002 interview how the band hired a professional <unk> to record parts of the song . " Si Una Vez " is a Spanish @-@ language mariachi fusion track with influences of cumbia and Latin dance music . Author Deborah Paredez called " Si Una Vez " as having punk music undertones . In 2002 , A.B. spoke on how Amor Prohibido was experimental music @-@ heavy and commented on how " Si Una Vez " was an example of his ideas of keeping the band 's image modern . The song makes use of the <unk> guitar under a cumbia beat .
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. empowerment female and love unrequited suggest lyrics The . life her into back that like man a allow never to vowing , her left and betrayed who partner abusive an with love in fell ever she why wonders and relationship failed her reminiscences Selena , Lyrically . guitar and piano the including , instruments musical several from music incorporates It . minute per beats 84 of groove moderate a in played is and minor D of key the in written is " Vez Una Si " | " Si Una Vez " is written in the key of D minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano and guitar . Lyrically , Selena reminiscences her failed relationship and wonders why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner who betrayed and left her , vowing to never allow a man like that back into her life . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .
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" . vocals her with passion ] 's singer the [ showcase " have to recording the found writer University New A " . lady leading 's conjunto , Mendoza Lydia recalls " it that and " warbling , throated @-@ full " being as vocals 's Selena on commented , Browne David contributor Weekly Entertainment . " Texas South with " best resonates " song the " said , Cone Nathan 's Radio Public Texas . abilities vocal 's singer a showcases to track the found and party karaoke a at partner former your into running when especially " fun " song the called Valdez Maria , Times Latin the for Writing . Spanish in sung songs karaoke best ten @-@ top the of one as Times Latin the by named was " Vez Una Si " | " Si Una Vez " was named by the Latin Times as one of the top @-@ ten best karaoke songs sung in Spanish . Writing for the Latin Times , Maria Valdez called the song " fun " especially when running into your former partner at a karaoke party and found the track to showcases a singer 's vocal abilities . Texas Public Radio 's Nathan Cone , said " the song " resonates best " with South Texas " . Entertainment Weekly contributor David Browne , commented on Selena 's vocals as being " full @-@ throated , warbling " and that it " recalls Lydia Mendoza , conjunto 's leading lady . " A New University writer found the recording to have " showcase [ the singer 's ] passion with her vocals . "
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. 1996 in Year the of Single as Awards Music Pop BMI the at " Vez Una Si " recognized ) BMI ( . Inc , Music Broadcast The . " Recuerdos y Fotos " and " Prohibido Amor " , " 512 Apartamento del Chico El " songs other her with along " works famous most " 's Selena of one as " Vez Una Si " named Terra . songs signature 's Selena of one be to magazine Billboard by considered is " Vez Una Si " . Selena about film biopic 1997 the for singer the as role her as Lopez Jennifer by emulated was , 1995 , 26 February on concert Astrodome Houston her during song the of performance 's Selena . 1995 , 31 March on , boutiques clothing Etc. Selena 's singer the of manager former and friend her , SaldΓvar Yolanda by killed and shot was Selena . fans 000 @,@ 100 over attracted which , Miami in Festival Ocho Calle the during 1995 , 19 March on performance final her on song the performed Selena | Selena performed the song on her final performance on March 19 , 1995 during the Calle Ocho Festival in Miami , which attracted over 100 @,@ 000 fans . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda SaldΓvar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Selena 's performance of the song during her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26 , 1995 , was emulated by Jennifer Lopez as her role as the singer for the 1997 biopic film about Selena . " Si Una Vez " is considered by Billboard magazine to be one of Selena 's signature songs . Terra named " Si Una Vez " as one of Selena 's " most famous works " along with her other songs " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " , " Amor Prohibido " and " Fotos y Recuerdos " . The Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) recognized " Si Una Vez " at the BMI Pop Music Awards as Single of the Year in 1996 .
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. " shivers " them given have to performance ' <unk> found magazine Vibe . festival SXSW 2015 the at " Vez Una Si " performed <unk> Kali singer Colombian . Bolivia in ) 2010 ( Genio Un De Vida La for tour their during song the of version their performed Starz @-@ All Kumbia band s ' A.B. , 2011 April In . Selena to homage a as Awards Music Tejano 2010 the during live song the performed Coma a in Girl . Selena of recordings favorite their was it because song the record to decided group The . " Vez Una Si " of cover punk a recorded Coma a in Girl group rock indie , 2010 In . " twist up ed @-@ reggaetΓ³n " a versions her called AllMusic of Widran Jonathan . for stood singer the which message 's song the of because and her to identifiable be to it finding " Vez Una Si " cover to chose Queen Ivy . " songs 's Selena of one cover to able be to honored " felt she how interview an in said She . ) 2005 ( Flashback album studio fifth her for " Vez Una Si " covered Queen Ivy singer reggaeton American . 2005 April in ! VIVE Β‘ Selena concert tribute televised live the for " Vez Una Si " recorded and performed Villareal Alicia singer mariachi Mexican . ) 2005 ( Selena a Recuerda Mexico album tribute the for song the recorded <unk> Mary singer Mexican | Mexican singer Mary <unk> recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal performed and recorded " Si Una Vez " for the live televised tribute concert Selena Β‘ VIVE ! in April 2005 . American reggaeton singer Ivy Queen covered " Si Una Vez " for her fifth studio album Flashback ( 2005 ) . She said in an interview how she felt " honored to be able to cover one of Selena 's songs " . Ivy Queen chose to cover " Si Una Vez " finding it to be identifiable to her and because of the song 's message which the singer stood for . Jonathan Widran of AllMusic called her versions a " reggaetΓ³n @-@ ed up twist " . In 2010 , indie rock group Girl in a Coma recorded a punk cover of " Si Una Vez " . The group decided to record the song because it was their favorite recordings of Selena . Girl in a Coma performed the song live during the 2010 Tejano Music Awards as a homage to Selena . In April 2011 , A.B. ' s band Kumbia All @-@ Starz performed their version of the song during their tour for La Vida De Un Genio ( 2010 ) in Bolivia . Colombian singer Kali <unk> performed " Si Una Vez " at the 2015 SXSW festival . Vibe magazine found <unk> ' performance to have given them " shivers " .
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. week that honors airplay <unk> , week one for chart Songs Tropical the on one number at peaked " Vez Una Si " , 1995 , 11 November On . chart Songs Latin Hot the on 20 number to fell " Vez Una Si " , spins airplay increased Despite . three number to rose song the chart Songs Tropical the at over while , chart Songs Latin Hot the on 18 number to jumped " Vez Una Si " , week fourth its In . chart Songs Tropical the on four number to fell it while , chart Songs Latin Hot the on 21 number to climbed track the , 1995 , 14 October On . respectively , chart Songs Tropical and Songs Latin Hot the on two and 22 numbers to rose " Vez Una Si " , week following The . chart Songs Tropical U.S. the on three number and Tracks Latin Hot Billboard States United the on 29 number at debuted song The . album Corazones de Rey El the of off single successful most 's Manuel was " Vez Una Si " , album the from released singles five the of Out . ) 1995 ( Corazones de Rey El , album debut his on song the covered Manuel Manny musician merengue American | American merengue musician Manny Manuel covered the song on his debut album , El Rey de Corazones ( 1995 ) . Out of the five singles released from the album , " Si Una Vez " was Manuel 's most successful single off of the El Rey de Corazones album . The song debuted at number 29 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and number three on the U.S. Tropical Songs chart . The following week , " Si Una Vez " rose to numbers 22 and two on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs chart , respectively . On October 14 , 1995 , the track climbed to number 21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while it fell to number four on the Tropical Songs chart . In its fourth week , " Si Una Vez " jumped to number 18 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while over at the Tropical Songs chart the song rose to number three . Despite increased airplay spins , " Si Una Vez " fell to number 20 on the Hot Latin Songs chart . On November 11 , 1995 , " Si Una Vez " peaked at number one on the Tropical Songs chart for one week , <unk> airplay honors that week .
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. notes liner 's album the from taken were credits All | All credits were taken from the album 's liner notes .
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. reefs coral to estuaries mangrove from , habitats of variety a in deep ) ft 302 ( m 92 than less water inhabits generally It . long ) ft 12 ( m 8 @.@ 3 to up grows species large This . fins ) shaped @-@ sickle ( falcate more having in counterpart American its from differs shark lemon sicklefin the , suggests name common its As . coloration tinged @-@ yellow plain a and , size equal nearly of fins dorsal two , heads broad with sharks bodied @-@ stout being both , appearance in identical almost are species two the ; Americas the of ) brevirostris N. ( shark lemon known @-@ better the to related closely is It . Pacific @-@ Indo the of waters tropical the in distributed widely , Carcharhinidae family the to belonging shark requiem of species a is , ) acutidens Negaprion ( shark lemon sharptooth or , shark lemon sicklefin The | The sicklefin lemon shark , or sharptooth lemon shark ( Negaprion acutidens ) , is a species of requiem shark belonging to the family Carcharhinidae , widely distributed in the tropical waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific . It is closely related to the better @-@ known lemon shark ( N. brevirostris ) of the Americas ; the two species are almost identical in appearance , both being stout @-@ bodied sharks with broad heads , two dorsal fins of nearly equal size , and a plain yellow @-@ tinged coloration . As its common name suggests , the sicklefin lemon shark differs from its American counterpart in having more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) fins . This large species grows up to 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) long . It generally inhabits water less than 92 m ( 302 ft ) deep in a variety of habitats , from mangrove estuaries to coral reefs .
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. oil liver and , fins , meat its for exploitation unregulated by extirpated or depleted severely been has species this , Asia Southeast and India Off . recover to stocks depleted of capacity the limits movement of rate and productivity reproductive low its ; Vulnerable as species this assessed has IUCN The . approached if retreat to tend and cautious are sharks lemon sicklefin , circumstances normal under , provocation any to vigorously respond to known and humans to dangerous potentially are they Although . months 11 β 10 of period gestation a following , year other every pups 13 than more no to birth giving females with , viviparous is species this , family its of members other Like . locations certain at round @-@ year found be can individuals many and distances long travels seldom shark lemon sicklefin the , fishes bony on mainly feeding predator moving @-@ slow A | A slow @-@ moving predator feeding mainly on bony fishes , the sicklefin lemon shark seldom travels long distances and many individuals can be found year @-@ round at certain locations . Like other members of its family , this species is viviparous , with females giving birth to no more than 13 pups every other year , following a gestation period of 10 β 11 months . Although they are potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any provocation , under normal circumstances , sicklefin lemon sharks are cautious and tend to retreat if approached . The IUCN has assessed this species as Vulnerable ; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement limits the capacity of depleted stocks to recover . Off India and Southeast Asia , this species has been severely depleted or extirpated by unregulated exploitation for its meat , fins , and liver oil .
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. shark lemon simply or , shark lemon Pacific @-@ Indo , shark lemon Indian , shark <unk> as to referred be also may shark lemon sicklefin The . " teeth " meaning dens and , " sharp " meaning acutus Latin the from derived is acutidens epithet specific The . Arabia Saudi , Jeddah off Sea Red the in caught individual long @-@ cm @-@ 68 a is , 1960 in designated , specimen type The . Negaprion genus formed newly his to species this moved Whitley Percy Gilbert ichthyologist Australian , 1940 In . ) Sea Red the of Fishes ( Meeres Rothen des Fische 1837 the in , RΓΌppell Eduard naturalist German by acutidens Carcharias as described first was shark lemon sicklefin The | The sicklefin lemon shark was first described as Carcharias acutidens by German naturalist Eduard RΓΌppell , in the 1837 Fische des Rothen Meeres ( Fishes of the Red Sea ) . In 1940 , Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley moved this species to his newly formed genus Negaprion . The type specimen , designated in 1960 , is a 68 @-@ cm @-@ long individual caught in the Red Sea off Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The specific epithet acutidens is derived from the Latin acutus meaning " sharp " , and dens meaning " teeth " . The sicklefin lemon shark may also be referred to as <unk> shark , Indian lemon shark , Indo @-@ Pacific lemon shark , or simply lemon shark .
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. ) Sphyrna and Carcharhinus ( derived most the and ) Scoliodon and , Rhizoprionodon , Galeocerdo ( genera basal most the between , tree evolutionary carcharhinid the on position intermediate an occupying in ) <unk> ( shark <unk> the and ) Triaenodon ( shark reef whitetip the with grouped is Negaprion that suggest analyses phylogenetic molecular and Morphological . Pakistan and States United the both in occur which of teeth fossilized the , <unk> N. been have may species shark lemon ancestral The . Atlantic the in those from Ocean Indian the in sharks lemon separated Sea Tethys the of closure the when , ago years million 14 β 10 brevirostris N. species sister its from diverged have to thought is shark lemon sicklefin the , evidence DNA microsatellite on Based | Based on microsatellite DNA evidence , the sicklefin lemon shark is thought to have diverged from its sister species N. brevirostris 10 β 14 million years ago , when the closure of the Tethys Sea separated lemon sharks in the Indian Ocean from those in the Atlantic . The ancestral lemon shark species may have been N. <unk> , the fossilized teeth of which occur in both the United States and Pakistan . Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that Negaprion is grouped with the whitetip reef shark ( Triaenodon ) and the <unk> shark ( <unk> ) in occupying an intermediate position on the carcharhinid evolutionary tree , between the most basal genera ( Galeocerdo , Rhizoprionodon , and Scoliodon ) and the most derived ( Carcharhinus and Sphyrna ) .
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. subpopulations regional between occurs intermingling little that suggest , apart ) mi 470 ( km 750 , Polynesia French and Australia in sharks lemon sicklefin between differentiation genetic of levels Significant . next the to island one from " hopping " infrequently by Pacific central the colonized likely species This . Polynesia French and , Vanuatu , Fiji , Islands Solomon the , Islands Marshall the , Palau , Caledonia New including , islands Pacific numerous around found also is species This . Australia northern and Guinea New as south far as and , Philippines the and Taiwan as north far as extending , Asia Southeast to subcontinent Indian the of coast the along eastward continuing , ) Madagascar and , Seychelles the , Mauritius including ( Sea Red the to Africa South from extends shark lemon sicklefin the of range The | The range of the sicklefin lemon shark extends from South Africa to the Red Sea ( including Mauritius , the Seychelles , and Madagascar ) , continuing eastward along the coast of the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia , extending as far north as Taiwan and the Philippines , and as far south as New Guinea and northern Australia . This species is also found around numerous Pacific islands , including New Caledonia , Palau , the Marshall Islands , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Vanuatu , and French Polynesia . This species likely colonized the central Pacific by infrequently " hopping " from one island to the next . Significant levels of genetic differentiation between sicklefin lemon sharks in Australia and French Polynesia , 750 km ( 470 mi ) apart , suggest that little intermingling occurs between regional subpopulations .
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. australis Posidonia seagrass the by covered areas not but , deep ) ft 8 @.@ 9 ( m 3 under water in mangroves and areas open frequent sharks lemon sicklefin juvenile , nursery known a , Australia Western off Bight Herald In . exposed are fins dorsal their that shallow so water in , mangroves around or flats reef on found often are sharks lemon sicklefin Juvenile . carcass ) macrocephalus Physeter ( whale sperm a of vicinity the in , Death White , Water Blue documentary 1971 the in filmed was one ; water open into venture may individual an , Sometimes . reefs outer and flats sandy over and , lagoons and , estuaries , bays in common most is and waters murky , still favors species This . ) ft 302 ( m 92 of depth a to zone intertidal the from occurs shark lemon sicklefin the , shelves insular and continental coastal of inhabitant An | An inhabitant of coastal continental and insular shelves , the sicklefin lemon shark occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . This species favors still , murky waters and is most common in bays , estuaries , and lagoons , and over sandy flats and outer reefs . Sometimes , an individual may venture into open water ; one was filmed in the 1971 documentary Blue Water , White Death , in the vicinity of a sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) carcass . Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks are often found on reef flats or around mangroves , in water so shallow that their dorsal fins are exposed . In Herald Bight off Western Australia , a known nursery , juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks frequent open areas and mangroves in water under 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , but not areas covered by the seagrass Posidonia australis .
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. serrated finely are long ) ft 6 @.@ 4 ( m 4 @.@ 1 over sharks of teeth The . erect more and narrower are but , teeth upper the resemble teeth lower The . mouth the of corners the towards angled increasingly become teeth these ; side each on notch a with , base broad a from rising cusp large a have teeth upper The . ) midline jaw the ( symphysis the at teeth tiny the including not , jaws both of side either on occur rows tooth ) 14 usually ( 16 to Thirteen . mouth the of corners the at present are furrows Short . spiracles no with , small are eyes The . front in skin of flaps triangular bearing nostrils small with , shaped @-@ wedge almost or rounded is snout The . head broad , short a and body stocky , robust a has shark lemon sicklefin The | The sicklefin lemon shark has a robust , stocky body and a short , broad head . The snout is rounded or almost wedge @-@ shaped , with small nostrils bearing triangular flaps of skin in front . The eyes are small , with no spiracles . Short furrows are present at the corners of the mouth . Thirteen to 16 ( usually 14 ) tooth rows occur on either side of both jaws , not including the tiny teeth at the symphysis ( the jaw midline ) . The upper teeth have a large cusp rising from a broad base , with a notch on each side ; these teeth become increasingly angled towards the corners of the mouth . The lower teeth resemble the upper teeth , but are narrower and more erect . The teeth of sharks over 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long are finely serrated .
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. ) ft 10 ( m 1 @.@ 3 exceed not does typically it though , ) ft 12 ( m 8 @.@ 3 of length known maximum a attains species This . fins the on yellow more with , below lighter and above gray or brown yellowish plain a is coloration The . each ridges horizontal five to three bear and overlapping are denticles dermal large The . longitudinally oriented is ) fin caudal the of forward just cavity a ( pit precaudal The . margin rear the in notch strong a has fin anal The . slits gill fourth and third the between space the below originating , broad and long are fins pectoral The . fins dorsal the between seen is ridge No . fin anal the of forward slightly or over located is , size in first the to equal nearly , fin dorsal second The . fins pectoral the than pelvic the to closer positioned is fin dorsal first The . shark lemon American similar very otherwise the of those than ) shaped @-@ sickle ( falcate more are shark lemon sicklefin the of ) <unk> and , pectoral , dorsal the especially ( fins The | The fins ( especially the dorsal , pectoral , and <unk> ) of the sicklefin lemon shark are more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) than those of the otherwise very similar American lemon shark . The first dorsal fin is positioned closer to the pelvic than the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin , nearly equal to the first in size , is located over or slightly forward of the anal fin . No ridge is seen between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins are long and broad , originating below the space between the third and fourth gill slits . The anal fin has a strong notch in the rear margin . The precaudal pit ( a cavity just forward of the caudal fin ) is oriented longitudinally . The large dermal denticles are overlapping and bear three to five horizontal ridges each . The coloration is a plain yellowish brown or gray above and lighter below , with more yellow on the fins . This species attains a maximum known length of 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) , though it typically does not exceed 3 @.@ 1 m ( 10 ft ) .
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. occasionally only visited and transitory more were others while , island the of residents round @-@ year were sharks local the of some that found Polynesia French in Moorea at study Another . location tagging initial their of ) mi 2 @.@ 1 ( km 2 within still were % 90 over , recaptured later were that sharks tagged the of , found Seychelles the in Atoll Aldabra at study A . movements distance @-@ long undertakes seldom shark This . food of pursuit in surface the approach will it , However . gills its over water pumping actively of capable is it , sharks requiem most unlike as , it on still lying or bottom sea the above just sedately cruising seen usually is shark lemon sicklefin the , species sluggish A | A sluggish species , the sicklefin lemon shark is usually seen cruising sedately just above the sea bottom or lying still on it , as unlike most requiem sharks , it is capable of actively pumping water over its gills . However , it will approach the surface in pursuit of food . This shark seldom undertakes long @-@ distance movements . A study at Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles found , of the tagged sharks that were later recaptured , over 90 % were still within 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of their initial tagging location . Another study at Moorea in French Polynesia found that some of the local sharks were year @-@ round residents of the island , while others were more transitory and visited only occasionally .
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. gills and mouths their to access wrasses the give to seconds 150 as long as for respiring stop and mouths their open may they which during , ) dimidiatus Labroides ( wrasses cleaner bluestreak by cleanings eliciting and bottom the on resting documented been have sharks lemon Sicklefin . <unk> Platybothrium and , <unk> Phoreiobothrium , <unk> <unk> , <unk> Paraorygmatobothrium tapeworms the include parasites Known . sharks larger by upon preyed be may species This . guitarfish and stingrays consume to known been have individuals older and , crustaceans and cephalopods take also may they , Occasionally . porcupinefish and , parrotfish , triggerfish , catfish sea , porgies , whitings @-@ smelt , needlefish , silversides , mackerel , mullets , herring including , teleosts dwelling @-@ shore and <unk> of consists diet 's shark lemon sicklefin the of % 90 Over | Over 90 % of the sicklefin lemon shark 's diet consists of <unk> and shore @-@ dwelling teleosts , including herring , mullets , mackerel , silversides , needlefish , smelt @-@ whitings , porgies , sea catfish , triggerfish , parrotfish , and porcupinefish . Occasionally , they may also take cephalopods and crustaceans , and older individuals have been known to consume stingrays and guitarfish . This species may be preyed upon by larger sharks . Known parasites include the tapeworms Paraorygmatobothrium <unk> , <unk> <unk> , Phoreiobothrium <unk> , and Platybothrium <unk> . Sicklefin lemon sharks have been documented resting on the bottom and eliciting cleanings by bluestreak cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) , during which they may open their mouths and stop respiring for as long as 150 seconds to give the wrasses access to their mouths and gills .
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. ) ft 9 @.@ 7 β 2 @.@ 7 ( m 4 @.@ 2 β 2 @.@ 2 of length a at maturity sexual attain sexes Both . year per ) in 1 @.@ 6 β 9 @.@ 4 ( cm 5 @.@ 15 β 5 @.@ 12 of rate a at , slowly grow sharks Juvenile . ) in 31 β 18 ( cm 80 β 45 of length a at born are young The . gills external of vestiges possess still they when , gestation of months four around after placenta a develop embryos The . time same the around at place takes females nonpregnant for mating and ovulation ; Polynesia French at January in and , Aldabra and Madagascar at November or October in occurs Parturition . ) reproduce to birth their of site the to returns ( philopatric is species this indicates evidence cant , shark lemon American the in Unlike . months 11 β 10 of period gestation a following , areas nursery shallow in year other every pups ) 12 to six usually ( 13 to one to birth give Females . sacs yolk depleted their from formed connection placental a by sustained are embryos developing the ; viviparous is shark lemon sicklefin the , family its of members other with As | As with other members of its family , the sicklefin lemon shark is viviparous ; the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection formed from their depleted yolk sacs . Females give birth to one to 13 ( usually six to 12 ) pups every other year in shallow nursery areas , following a gestation period of 10 β 11 months . Unlike in the American lemon shark , cant evidence indicates this species is philopatric ( returns to the site of their birth to reproduce ) . Parturition occurs in October or November at Madagascar and Aldabra , and in January at French Polynesia ; ovulation and mating for nonpregnant females takes place at around the same time . The embryos develop a placenta after around four months of gestation , when they still possess vestiges of external gills . The young are born at a length of 45 β 80 cm ( 18 β 31 in ) . Juvenile sharks grow slowly , at a rate of 12 @.@ 5 β 15 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 9 β 6 @.@ 1 in ) per year . Both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @.@ 2 β 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 2 β 7 @.@ 9 ft ) .
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. aquariums public in displayed is and captivity to well adapts shark This . dives ecotourism feeding @-@ shark daily of attraction main the are sharks lemon sicklefin , Moorea At . adults the than inquisitive and aggressive more reportedly are sharks Young . range visual enters diver a when away move will shark the , Often . bait with presented when even , approach to hesitant and shy is shark this normally that show divers by observations , However . up giving before hours for circled and , head coral a atop refuge seek to swimmer a forced shark a , case one in ; adversary persistent a be can shark this , agitated Once . alarmed or provoked otherwise or , speared , touched if vigorously and quickly itself defend to known been has species this certainly and , dangerous potentially as regarded is it , teeth and size formidable its to Due . shark lemon sicklefin the to attributed been have humans on attacks unprovoked apparently Several | Several apparently unprovoked attacks on humans have been attributed to the sicklefin lemon shark . Due to its formidable size and teeth , it is regarded as potentially dangerous , and certainly this species has been known to defend itself quickly and vigorously if touched , speared , or otherwise provoked or alarmed . Once agitated , this shark can be a persistent adversary ; in one case , a shark forced a swimmer to seek refuge atop a coral head , and circled for hours before giving up . However , observations by divers show that normally this shark is shy and hesitant to approach , even when presented with bait . Often , the shark will move away when a diver enters visual range . Young sharks are reportedly more aggressive and inquisitive than the adults . At Moorea , sicklefin lemon sharks are the main attraction of daily shark @-@ feeding ecotourism dives . This shark adapts well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums .
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. Concern Least under listed been has and , bycatch as and intentionally numbers small only in taken is shark lemon sicklefin the , Australia Off . there abundant historically being despite years recent in markets Indonesian from reported been not has and , Thailand and India of parts in extirpated been has shark lemon sicklefin the , Already . region the in species this of survival the to threat additional an poses , mangroves in deforestation and reefs coral on fishing blast and pollution including , degradation habitat Widespread . IUCN the by Endangered as there assessed been has and , fisheries unregulated and , unmonitored , expanding of pressure the under scarce become has shark this , Asia Southeast Off . movements limited and rate reproductive slow its to due , overfishing local to susceptible highly is shark lemon sicklefin The . vitamins for processed is oil liver the and , soup fin shark for used fins the , consumption human for salted and dried or fresh sold is meat The . longlines and , nets beach , gillnets floating and anchored using harvested is it ; Vulnerable as globally shark lemon sicklefin the assessed has IUCN The | The IUCN has assessed the sicklefin lemon shark globally as Vulnerable ; it is harvested using anchored and floating gillnets , beach nets , and longlines . The meat is sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption , the fins used for shark fin soup , and the liver oil is processed for vitamins . The sicklefin lemon shark is highly susceptible to local overfishing , due to its slow reproductive rate and limited movements . Off Southeast Asia , this shark has become scarce under the pressure of expanding , unmonitored , and unregulated fisheries , and has been assessed there as Endangered by the IUCN . Widespread habitat degradation , including pollution and blast fishing on coral reefs and deforestation in mangroves , poses an additional threat to the survival of this species in the region . Already , the sicklefin lemon shark has been extirpated in parts of India and Thailand , and has not been reported from Indonesian markets in recent years despite being historically abundant there . Off Australia , the sicklefin lemon shark is taken in only small numbers intentionally and as bycatch , and has been listed under Least Concern .
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. cavity tree shallow a in made nest a in eggs three approximately lays female The . perch exposed an from spots it that twigs and leaves of off insects gleaning by feeds It . underbrush the in hidden remains typically that bird skulking a is It . wings brown dark and , feet gray dark , bill black , throat white , chest gray pale , streaked a with bird brown @-@ gray to olive an is flycatcher The . coast Pacific s β Mexico of woodland scrubby and , forest thorn arid , forest deciduous dry the to endemic is It . Myiarchus genus the of birds the to related closely is it although , Deltarhynchus genus monotypic the in species only the is and family Tyrannidae the in bird of species a is ) <unk> Deltarhynchus ( flycatcher flammulated The | The flammulated flycatcher ( Deltarhynchus <unk> ) is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family and is the only species in the monotypic genus Deltarhynchus , although it is closely related to the birds of the genus Myiarchus . It is endemic to the dry deciduous forest , arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland of Mexico β s Pacific coast . The flycatcher is an olive to gray @-@ brown bird with a streaked , pale gray chest , white throat , black bill , dark gray feet , and dark brown wings . It is a skulking bird that typically remains hidden in the underbrush . It feeds by gleaning insects off of leaves and twigs that it spots from an exposed perch . The female lays approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity .
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. genus monotypic a in placement 's bird the confirmed which , 1979 in flycatcher the of research 's Lanyon Wesley by rest to put were doubts These . genus that of those to similar were habits nesting its if Myiarchus into back lumped be should species the that said , genus monotypic a as status its upholding while , . Jr Traylor Alvah Melvin ornithologist 1977 in , However . authors subsequent by and Sharpe Bowdler Richard by 1901 in upheld was change This . underparts streaked partially and , wings rounded more , bill broader and shorter its of because Ridgway Robert by Deltarhynchus genus monotypic , new the into Myiarchus from split was it 1893 in , However . Myiarchus genus the in species this placed who , Lawrence Newbold George ornithologist by 1875 in described first was species The | The species was first described in 1875 by ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence , who placed this species in the genus Myiarchus . However , in 1893 it was split from Myiarchus into the new , monotypic genus Deltarhynchus by Robert Ridgway because of its shorter and broader bill , more rounded wings , and partially streaked underparts . This change was upheld in 1901 by Richard Bowdler Sharpe and by subsequent authors . However , in 1977 ornithologist Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr . , while upholding its status as a monotypic genus , said that the species should be lumped back into Myiarchus if its nesting habits were similar to those of that genus . These doubts were put to rest by Wesley Lanyon 's research of the flycatcher in 1979 , which confirmed the bird 's placement in a monotypic genus .
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. subspecies no has flycatcher The . " flame little " means which , <unk> word Latin the from derived is epithet specific Its . " beak " means which , rhynchos and , " wedge " , case this in , or " shaped @-@ delta " means which , delta words Greek Ancient the from derived is name generic 's flycatcher flammulated The . habits skulking 's bird the and , chest the on streaking , voice , edgings tail and wing cinnamon pale , pattern face different a , wings rounded more , bill shorter and broader a by it from distinguished is but , Myiarchus genus the to similar is Deltarhynchus | Deltarhynchus is similar to the genus Myiarchus , but is distinguished from it by a broader and shorter bill , more rounded wings , a different face pattern , pale cinnamon wing and tail edgings , voice , streaking on the chest , and the bird 's skulking habits . The flammulated flycatcher 's generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words delta , which means " delta @-@ shaped " or , in this case , " wedge " , and rhynchos , which means " beak " . Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin word <unk> , which means " little flame " . The flycatcher has no subspecies .
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. cinnamon pale of band broad a has tail the although , adult the to similar is juvenile The . eye brown a and mouth orange an has It . claws sharp and , curved , large with end and gray dark a are legs The . head its the of length the half about and base paler slightly a with triangular and , broad , black is bill 's bird The . rounded slightly and wing the than shorter barely is It . cinnamon pale of band narrow a with edged brown dark a also is tail The . long ) mm 76 ( inches 3 about are wings The . remiges and coverts edged @-@ cinnamon pale with wings rounded @-@ well , brown dark has species this , Additionally . yellow pale a are coverts undertail and belly the while , streaking dusky inconspicuous with gray pale a is chest the and whitish is throat The . lore dusky a has also It . eyes 's bird the behind are crescent and stripe supraloral whitish A . head and upperparts brown @-@ gray worn a to olive possessing each with , plumage in similar are females and males Adult . body chunky a has and length in ) cm 5 @.@ 16 @-@ 15 ( inches 5 @.@ 6 to 6 approximately is flycatcher flammulated The | The flammulated flycatcher is approximately 6 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 15 @-@ 16 @.@ 5 cm ) in length and has a chunky body . Adult males and females are similar in plumage , with each possessing olive to a worn gray @-@ brown upperparts and head . A whitish supraloral stripe and crescent are behind the bird 's eyes . It also has a dusky lore . The throat is whitish and the chest is a pale gray with inconspicuous dusky streaking , while the belly and undertail coverts are a pale yellow . Additionally , this species has dark brown , well @-@ rounded wings with pale cinnamon @-@ edged coverts and remiges . The wings are about 3 inches ( 76 mm ) long . The tail is also a dark brown edged with a narrow band of pale cinnamon . It is barely shorter than the wing and slightly rounded . The bird 's bill is black , broad , and triangular with a slightly paler base and about half the length of the its head . The legs are a dark gray and end with large , curved , and sharp claws . It has an orange mouth and a brown eye . The juvenile is similar to the adult , although the tail has a broad band of pale cinnamon .
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. alternation in bee bee @-@ r @-@ r @-@ churr and beet bee @-@ chee calls the includes which , morning every song dawn a as known is what give males , season breeding the During . functions other among , territory a of limits the mark and , alarm an sound , individual an identify , location a give to day the throughout given are and females and males for same the are Calls . chatter squeaky a as well as , series descending a in times five to three sung often is which , call chew slurred and plaintive a give also can It . roll quick but short a by followed whistle plaintive a is flycatcher the of song The . singing while hidden remain to tends and , season breeding its includes which , August to April from sings mostly flycatcher flammulated The | The flammulated flycatcher mostly sings from April to August , which includes its breeding season , and tends to remain hidden while singing . The song of the flycatcher is a plaintive whistle followed by a short but quick roll . It can also give a plaintive and slurred chew call , which is often sung three to five times in a descending series , as well as a squeaky chatter . Calls are the same for males and females and are given throughout the day to give a location , identify an individual , sound an alarm , and mark the limits of a territory , among other functions . During the breeding season , males give what is known as a dawn song every morning , which includes the calls chee @-@ bee beet and churr @-@ r @-@ r @-@ bee bee in alternation .
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. migratory @-@ non is species This . level sea above ) ft <unk> β <unk> ( meters 1400 β 1000 about at woodland scrubby and , forest thorn arid @-@ semi and arid , forest deciduous dry in lives It . present when densities low in found is it and discontinuous is range Its . ) mi sq 7 @.@ 482 @,@ 25 ( km2 000 @,@ 66 be to estimated is in lives it that area total The . confirmed been not has this although , Guatemala into extending possibly while , Chiapas western to Sinaloa from coast western 's Mexico of lowlands Pacific the to endemic is flycatcher This | This flycatcher is endemic to the Pacific lowlands of Mexico 's western coast from Sinaloa to western Chiapas , while possibly extending into Guatemala , although this has not been confirmed . The total area that it lives in is estimated to be 66 @,@ 000 km2 ( 25 @,@ 482 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . Its range is discontinuous and it is found in low densities when present . It lives in dry deciduous forest , arid and semi @-@ arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland at about 1000 β 1400 meters ( <unk> β <unk> ft ) above sea level . This species is non @-@ migratory .
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. quantified been not have also trends population exact the although , threatened near as listed be to necessary generations three or years ten in % 30 of threshold the pass to enough declining be to believed not is population its , range its of parts in uncommon be to known is species the While . exists population 's bird the on estimate precise no , however ; individuals 000 @,@ 10 over numbers population total the that belief the and range large its to due List Red IUCN the on concern least of being as listed is flycatcher flammulated The | The flammulated flycatcher is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and the belief that the total population numbers over 10 @,@ 000 individuals ; however , no precise estimate on the bird 's population exists . While the species is known to be uncommon in parts of its range , its population is not believed to be declining enough to pass the threshold of 30 % in ten years or three generations necessary to be listed as near threatened , although the exact population trends also have not been quantified .
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. crest the displaying while head its bob not does it , Myiarchus genus related closely the unlike , however ; crest a be to appears what form to crown its on feathers the raises species this , mate a attract to attempting when or intruder an by either excited When . underbrush the in remains usually that species skulking and sluggish a is flycatcher This | This flycatcher is a sluggish and skulking species that usually remains in the underbrush . When excited either by an intruder or when attempting to attract a mate , this species raises the feathers on its crown to form what appears to be a crest ; however , unlike the closely related genus Myiarchus , it does not bob its head while displaying the crest .
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. perch new a typically to away flying and beak its in it grabbing before insect the before briefly hovers It . twig or leaf a of surface upper exposed the on normally is which , insect the at flies directly and rapidly flycatcher the , meal potential a spots it Once . insects of consists primarily which , prey for downward and outward looking and branch open an on perching by forages flycatcher flammulated The | The flammulated flycatcher forages by perching on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey , which primarily consists of insects . Once it spots a potential meal , the flycatcher rapidly and directly flies at the insect , which is normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or twig . It hovers briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch .
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. splotches gray and brown with decorated are and color in pinkish to creamy are that eggs three lays female The . nest its build to materials other or snakeskin use not does it , flycatchers Myiarchus similar the Unlike . bark shredded and , leaves dried , fibers vegetable fine of composed is and cup a like shaped is nest The . it above centimeters 90 approximately at , ground the to close surprisingly are that cavities tree shallow in nests It . year each of June around breeds flycatcher The | The flycatcher breeds around June of each year . It nests in shallow tree cavities that are surprisingly close to the ground , at approximately 90 centimeters above it . The nest is shaped like a cup and is composed of fine vegetable fibers , dried leaves , and shredded bark . Unlike the similar Myiarchus flycatchers , it does not use snakeskin or other materials to build its nest . The female lays three eggs that are creamy to pinkish in color and are decorated with brown and gray splotches .
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. Ontario southwestern of part large a across farmland rural through travels highway the , towns these of Outside . Forest Mount and Shelburne , Alliston include highway the along centres urban principal The . east the in Cookstown of east just 400 Highway to , west the in Harriston in 23 Highway and 9 Highway of junction the from ) mi 66 ( kilometres 107 stretching , Ontario of province Canadian the of portion southwestern the in highway maintained provincially west β east an is , 89 Highway as to referred commonly , 89 Highway 's King | King 's Highway 89 , commonly referred to as Highway 89 , is an east β west provincially maintained highway in the southwestern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario , stretching 107 kilometres ( 66 mi ) from the junction of Highway 9 and Highway 23 in Harriston in the west , to Highway 400 just east of Cookstown in the east . The principal urban centres along the highway include Alliston , Shelburne and Mount Forest . Outside of these towns , the highway travels through rural farmland across a large part of southwestern Ontario .
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. 9 Highway with junction a at terminus shared a creating , 23 Highway of part as renumbered was Harriston and Palmerston between 89 Highway of section the when , 2003 in place took route the to change recent most The . decommissioned was 11 Highway and 400 Highway between section the , 1997 In . 1986 in plans of cancellation the in resulted Marsh Holland the through route chosen the over protest environmental , However . 11 Highway to extension brief a in resulting , Road Ravenshoe via 12 Highway to east further highway the push to 1970s late the during conceived were Plans . 400 Highway to east and Palmerston to west extended was route the , 1963 In . 27 Highway and Orangeville between 9 Highway of rerouting the of result a as 1937 in established was 89 Highway | Highway 89 was established in 1937 as a result of the rerouting of Highway 9 between Orangeville and Highway 27 . In 1963 , the route was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . Plans were conceived during the late 1970s to push the highway further east to Highway 12 via Ravenshoe Road , resulting in a brief extension to Highway 11 . However , environmental protest over the chosen route through the Holland Marsh resulted in the cancellation of plans in 1986 . In 1997 , the section between Highway 400 and Highway 11 was decommissioned . The most recent change to the route took place in 2003 , when the section of Highway 89 between Palmerston and Harriston was renumbered as part of Highway 23 , creating a shared terminus at a junction with Highway 9 .
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. <unk> and Rosemont , Hill Violet , Primrose , <unk> , Conn as such , centres larger the between hamlets and villages small many of backbone the forms also highway The . Shelburne and Alliston , Cookstown namely , west to east highway the dot that towns small the of several of streets main the forms route The | The route forms the main streets of several of the small towns that dot the highway east to west , namely Cookstown , Alliston and Shelburne . The highway also forms the backbone of many small villages and hamlets between the larger centres , such as Conn , <unk> , Primrose , Violet Hill , Rosemont and <unk> .
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. 23 Highway as numbered now is that Palmerston to route the taking , Harriston in terminus western current its past continued also highway The . Drive Acres Shore as locally known and 3 Route County Simcoe as numbered now is section This . Fennell of hamlet the in , 11 Highway formerly , Street Yonge to 400 Highway at terminus eastern current its past continued formerly highway The | The highway formerly continued past its current eastern terminus at Highway 400 to Yonge Street , formerly Highway 11 , in the hamlet of Fennell . This section is now numbered as Simcoe County Route 3 and known locally as Shore Acres Drive . The highway also continued past its current western terminus in Harriston , taking the route to Palmerston that is now numbered as Highway 23 .
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. Lake Luther surrounds that area wilderness vast a , Area Conservation Marsh Luther the is west Further . Escarpment Niagara the on located are which of both , Park Provincial Cliffs Mono and Park Provincial Valley Boyne are route the to close are that areas natural and parks Other . area Alliston the in plant manufacturing car Honda the and Park Provincial Rowe Earl by pass does route the although , communities small and farmland through runs mostly highway The | The highway mostly runs through farmland and small communities , although the route does pass by Earl Rowe Provincial Park and the Honda car manufacturing plant in the Alliston area . Other parks and natural areas that are close to the route are Boyne Valley Provincial Park and Mono Cliffs Provincial Park , both of which are located on the Niagara Escarpment . Further west is the Luther Marsh Conservation Area , a vast wilderness area that surrounds Luther Lake .
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. 9 Highway of route former the along designated was 89 Highway , 1938 By . Orangeville of east course present its along rerouted was 9 Highway , 1937 , 10 February On . Cookstown to east turning then , 10 Highway with concurrently travelling , Orangeville at north turned then until which , 9 Highway of routing the formed it , Originally . 1930s late the in rerouting highway a of out created was 89 Highway | Highway 89 was created out of a highway rerouting in the late 1930s . Originally , it formed the routing of Highway 9 , which until then turned north at Orangeville , travelling concurrently with Highway 10 , then turning east to Cookstown . On February 10 , 1937 , Highway 9 was rerouted along its present course east of Orangeville . By 1938 , Highway 89 was designated along the former route of Highway 9 .
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. day following the assumed was 400 Highway and 27 Highway between section The . Wellington and Grey , Dufferin of counties the through assumed was highway the , 1963 , 1 April On . 400 Highway to east and Palmerston to west extended was it when , 1960s early the until is @-@ as remained 89 Highway | Highway 89 remained as @-@ is until the early 1960s , when it was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . On April 1 , 1963 , the highway was assumed through the counties of Dufferin , Grey and Wellington . The section between Highway 27 and Highway 400 was assumed the following day .
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. 9 Highway with intersection an at 23 Highway and 89 Highway between terminus shared a was renumbering this of result The . Palmerston and Harriston between 89 Highway of section a of renumbering the was these Among . continuity route improve to highways several renumbered MTO the , 2003 of spring the During . 1997 , 1 April on County Simcoe of jurisdiction the to returned eventually was section This . Fennell at 11 Highway to east extended was 89 Highway , 1970s @-@ mid the During | During the mid @-@ 1970s , Highway 89 was extended east to Highway 11 at Fennell . This section was eventually returned to the jurisdiction of Simcoe County on April 1 , 1997 . During the spring of 2003 , the MTO renumbered several highways to improve route continuity . Among these was the renumbering of a section of Highway 89 between Harriston and Palmerston . The result of this renumbering was a shared terminus between Highway 89 and Highway 23 at an intersection with Highway 9 .
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. Bypass Bradford the as reborn been since has proposal The . 1986 , 21 April on extension the cancelled officially Fulton Ed Minister Transportation then , Consequently . marsh the through route chosen the over ensued protests environmental heavy , However . Sunderland of north immediately end to 7 Road Concession onto zag @-@ zig would it where , ) 23 Road Durham ( Road Lakeridge to Road Ravenshoe of length the traverse would extension The . ) 32 Road York ( Road Ravenshoe of alignment the onto northeast the towards cross would it where , Marsh Holland the to east 400 Highway from Line 11th follow to was It . 1978 , 30 June on announced was extension this for route The . 12 Highway and 400 Highway connect to Simcoe Lake of side south the on link highway new a create to arose plans , 1970s late the During | During the late 1970s , plans arose to create a new highway link on the south side of Lake Simcoe to connect Highway 400 and Highway 12 . The route for this extension was announced on June 30 , 1978 . It was to follow 11th Line from Highway 400 east to the Holland Marsh , where it would cross towards the northeast onto the alignment of Ravenshoe Road ( York Road 32 ) . The extension would traverse the length of Ravenshoe Road to Lakeridge Road ( Durham Road 23 ) , where it would zig @-@ zag onto Concession Road 7 to end immediately north of Sunderland . However , heavy environmental protests ensued over the chosen route through the marsh . Consequently , then Transportation Minister Ed Fulton officially cancelled the extension on April 21 , 1986 . The proposal has since been reborn as the Bradford Bypass .
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. Ontario of Transportation of Ministry the by noted as , 89 Highway along junctions major the lists table following The | The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 89 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .
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. 2 Halo game the with problems on focusing wrote he article an through particularly , 1UP at himself for name a made Smith . editor news 's 1UP.com as position staff a for site the left soon but style writing his developed Smith , Kotaku At . Kotaku for writers freelance new first the of one as hired being before Michigan in papers weekly and newspaper college a for wrote Smith . journalist games video former a is and , company development game video a , Bungie at member staff a is He . writer American an is Smith Michael Luke | Luke Michael Smith is an American writer . He is a staff member at Bungie , a video game development company , and is a former video games journalist . Smith wrote for a college newspaper and weekly papers in Michigan before being hired as one of the first new freelance writers for Kotaku . At Kotaku , Smith developed his writing style but soon left the site for a staff position as 1UP.com 's news editor . Smith made a name for himself at 1UP , particularly through an article he wrote focusing on problems with the game Halo 2 .
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. podcast 's developer the of host @-@ co and writer Bungie a become to 1UP left he 2007 April In . news as material promotional accepting into readers and journalists of manipulation considered he what and news gaming of state contemporary the with frustrated grew Smith but , shadow 's publication sister its of out stepped and profile greater a developed site the 1UP at time his During . industry game video the of criticism scathing and journalism game to approach direct his for known was Smith | Smith was known for his direct approach to game journalism and scathing criticism of the video game industry . During his time at 1UP the site developed a greater profile and stepped out of its sister publication 's shadow , but Smith grew frustrated with the contemporary state of gaming news and what he considered manipulation of journalists and readers into accepting promotional material as news . In April 2007 he left 1UP to become a Bungie writer and co @-@ host of the developer 's podcast .
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. Weekly Detroit Real including , Michigan , Detroit and Dearborn in papers weekly for worked he , graduation After . newspaper college the in media about writing , Michigan of University the at degree Literature English an on working while journalism game into entered gradually Smith | Smith gradually entered into game journalism while working on an English Literature degree at the University of Michigan , writing about media in the college newspaper . After graduation , he worked for weekly papers in Dearborn and Detroit , Michigan , including Real Detroit Weekly .
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" . freelance time @-@ full just was it , insurance health no was there , Also . did ] Crecente [ thought people did ] Ashcraft Brian writer fellow [ or something posted I If . vision Crecente Brian the like was Kotaku . unsigned were ) Kotaku on ( stories time the At " . time of period short a after left he but , sources citing and attribution about learn and style his develop , own his into come him helping for Kotaku at time his credits Smith . Smith recommended Thompson , ) Crecente Brian founder ( writer one from expand to started Kotaku blog games when ; projects writing respective their for other each of off ideas bounce to began two the and Messenger Instant AOL over Smith with interacted , Slate with writer games a , Thompson Clive | Clive Thompson , a games writer with Slate , interacted with Smith over AOL Instant Messenger and the two began to bounce ideas off of each other for their respective writing projects ; when games blog Kotaku started to expand from one writer ( founder Brian Crecente ) , Thompson recommended Smith . Smith credits his time at Kotaku for helping him come into his own , develop his style and learn about attribution and citing sources , but he left after a short period of time . " At the time stories ( on Kotaku ) were unsigned . Kotaku was like the Brian Crecente vision . If I posted something or [ fellow writer Brian Ashcraft ] did people thought [ Crecente ] did . Also , there was no health insurance , it was just full @-@ time freelance . "
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. journalists 50 top 's gaming of one him named Edge , 2006 In . experts and editors gaming featuring podcast games video weekly a , show Yours 1UP the of panelists the of one became also Smith . " map the on " Smith put article the said Crecente ; game the with perceived he problems fix could Bungie developer how explained he which in , " Halo Broken " called 2005 in 1UP for story feature a wrote Smith . about cared he series game only the was Halo declared he , article one in ; voice fan leading a considered was as , franchise game video Halo the about extensively wrote Smith , 1UP at tenure his During . Monthly Gaming Electronic magazine defunct @-@ now the to site sister the , 1UP.com for editor news the as served Smith | Smith served as the news editor for 1UP.com , the sister site to the now @-@ defunct magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly . During his tenure at 1UP , Smith wrote extensively about the Halo video game franchise , as was considered a leading fan voice ; in one article , he declared Halo was the only game series he cared about . Smith wrote a feature story for 1UP in 2005 called " Broken Halo " , in which he explained how developer Bungie could fix problems he perceived with the game ; Crecente said the article put Smith " on the map " . Smith also became one of the panelists of the 1UP Yours show , a weekly video games podcast featuring gaming editors and experts . In 2006 , Edge named him one of gaming 's top 50 journalists .
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. Zenke told he " , gamers of expectations the manipulate we when accountable held and actions our for responsible be to have We " ; information of sort this to used become had gamers that felt Smith , Worse . it " regurgitating " journalists the and information out sending developers with , plan PR the of part another as developers by treated were journalists game felt he said Smith , Escapist The of Zenke Michael with interview an In . said he " , is it what out find to trying still , early very , young very still is journalism game Video . cover they games the for marketing in women to married guys have You . weird just is journalism game Video " . journalism game of state the by disheartened felt , however , Smith . industry the on attacks scathing his for known is and journalism to " approach direct , robust " a as described been has style His . network gaming 's company Internet Davis Ziff the of part important an to " EGM of child bastard the " from 1UP turning as well as , promotion company accept not and industry game the about more learn to gamers inspiring with Smith credited magazine <unk> | <unk> magazine credited Smith with inspiring gamers to learn more about the game industry and not accept company promotion , as well as turning 1UP from " the bastard child of EGM " to an important part of the Ziff Davis Internet company 's gaming network . His style has been described as a " robust , direct approach " to journalism and is known for his scathing attacks on the industry . Smith , however , felt disheartened by the state of game journalism . " Video game journalism is just weird . You have guys married to women in marketing for the games they cover . Video game journalism is still very young , very early , still trying to find out what it is , " he said . In an interview with Michael Zenke of The Escapist , Smith said he felt game journalists were treated by developers as another part of the PR plan , with developers sending out information and the journalists " regurgitating " it . Worse , Smith felt that gamers had become used to this sort of information ; " We have to be responsible for our actions and held accountable when we manipulate the expectations of gamers , " he told Zenke .
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. later month a offer job a accepted Smith . interest of conflict a avoid to Microsoft and Bungie about writing stopped Smith , resume his company the sending After . employment about Smith contacted Bungie developer game , 1UP at field the with frustrated more becoming was he While | While he was becoming more frustrated with the field at 1UP , game developer Bungie contacted Smith about employment . After sending the company his resume , Smith stopped writing about Bungie and Microsoft to avoid a conflict of interest . Smith accepted a job offer a month later .
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. Arts Electronic for producer associate an became who , Kasavin Greg chief GameSpot former and , Studios Game Microsoft joined who , Chou Che expatriate 1UP including , companies game for work to left who journalists game former other of ranks the joined Smith " . out sold " had he felt others while , leave him see to sad or happy were some ; varied announcement 's Smith to Reaction . Bungie for work to site the leaving was he podcast 1UP a on announced Smith , 2007 April In | In April 2007 , Smith announced on a 1UP podcast he was leaving the site to work for Bungie . Reaction to Smith 's announcement varied ; some were happy or sad to see him leave , while others felt he had " sold out . " Smith joined the ranks of other former game journalists who left to work for game companies , including 1UP expatriate Che Chou , who joined Microsoft Game Studios , and former GameSpot chief Greg Kasavin , who became an associate producer for Electronic Arts .
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" . bridges two middle those of rid get could ] position This [ . reader to journalist to , PR to Developer : reader and developer between bridges four have you now Right ] ... [ know to want people that stories the tell and in come to someone for " , developers game for opportunity special a was there that believed Smith . staff and game 's Bungie about information with readership Bungie the and fans providing , editor content as , 2007 , 7 May on work began officially Smith . podcast 's developer the in role a play might Smith that update weekly a in hinted staff Bungie | Bungie staff hinted in a weekly update that Smith might play a role in the developer 's podcast . Smith officially began work on May 7 , 2007 , as content editor , providing fans and the Bungie readership with information about Bungie 's game and staff . Smith believed that there was a special opportunity for game developers , " for someone to come in and tell the stories that people want to know [ ... ] Right now you have four bridges between developer and reader : Developer to PR , to journalist to reader . [ This position ] could get rid of those middle two bridges . "
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. 3 Halo on writer a as credited is He " . community 3 Halo the from learning and supporting , building " , on focus greater 's Bungie aiding as tenure 's Smith credited Robertson . Smith , namely β community the from voices respected recruiting and say more fans allow to industry the throughout repeated steps took Bungie , transparent more become to change a of part As . studio game the of workings inner the to access providing at historically successful less been and effort less made and " , it to tone muted and corporate " a had releases 's company the , Bungie.net , site their via artwork and updates provided and forums via interact fans letting at good been historically had Bungie While | While Bungie had historically been good at letting fans interact via forums and provided updates and artwork via their site , Bungie.net , the company 's releases had a " corporate and muted tone to it , " and made less effort and been less successful historically at providing access to the inner workings of the game studio . As part of a change to become more transparent , Bungie took steps repeated throughout the industry to allow fans more say and recruiting respected voices from the community β namely , Smith . Robertson credited Smith 's tenure as aiding Bungie 's greater focus on , " building , supporting and learning from the Halo 3 community . " He is credited as a writer on Halo 3 .
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. Reach : Halo for investment player on worked Smith . Conference Developers Game 2009 the at topic the on discussion a held who developers game @-@ turned @-@ writers other among was Smith . ODST : 3 Halo including , products recent 's company the about press the with interviews given has and , Bungie at " Manager Community Bungie " of title the had Smith . studio the at working and jobs their about members staff with interviews and news Bungie features now podcast the , hiatus long @-@ year a to close after back Brought " . studios Bungie at faces different the of bunch a with familiar fans and listeners our getting on focusing are ] Bungie [ we " , podcast Bungie the of said Smith , 1UP at coworkers former his with interview an in ; Jarrard Brian host @-@ co with along show podcast 's Bungie hosted also Smith | Smith also hosted Bungie 's podcast show along with co @-@ host Brian Jarrard ; in an interview with his former coworkers at 1UP , Smith said of the Bungie podcast , " we [ Bungie ] are focusing on getting our listeners and fans familiar with a bunch of the different faces at Bungie studios . " Brought back after close to a year @-@ long hiatus , the podcast now features Bungie news and interviews with staff members about their jobs and working at the studio . Smith had the title of " Bungie Community Manager " at Bungie , and has given interviews with the press about the company 's recent products , including Halo 3 : ODST . Smith was among other writers @-@ turned @-@ game developers who held a discussion on the topic at the 2009 Game Developers Conference . Smith worked on player investment for Halo : Reach .
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. Destiny game video 2014 's Bungie on lead design as worked He | He worked as design lead on Bungie 's 2014 video game Destiny .
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