Neither the article nor Flash Boys makes that case.<p>The article doesn&#x27;t make that case because Levine is semi-famous for repeatedly calling Flash Boys into question, particularly with regards to the book&#x27;s claim that HFT allows &quot;front-running&quot;.<p>Flash Boys doesn&#x27;t make that case because it&#x27;s an incoherent mish-mash of different arguments that don&#x27;t add up to a definition of &quot;virtual front running&quot;, let alone an argument that it&#x27;s happening.