Brooks at MIT, and Latoumbe at Stanford, headed the two opposed camps during the AI Winter.  Brooks wanted purely reactive robots, and did some nice insect robots.  Latoumbe was into very rigid planning systems, where you approach manipulation as path planning using maze solving algorithms in a N-dimensional space with obstacles.  Both turned out to be dead ends.  Purely reactive systems don&#x27;t get beyond insect level, and high-dimensional planning requires total information about the environment.<p>Then the statistical machine learning people took over and started to get real results, especially in sensor data reduction.