Came here to echo the last part. Whether is some type of PIN code Oauth flow and&#x2F;or QR code. There is an extra layer here you can put in the car software that can pair an app&#x2F;car with a user.<p>Smart home hardware providers commonly do this by MACID and possibly some type of PKI infrastructure. But even MACID doesn&#x27;t stop someone from taking my &#x27;unregistered&#x27; Leaf and registering it to their own account.