The &quot;action creators&quot; from step 4 can be further reduced:<p><pre><code>    export const addTodo =
     text =&gt; ({
      type: &#x27;ADD_TODO&#x27;,
      id: nextTodoId++,
      text,
      completed: false
     });
 
    export const setVisibilityFilter =
     filter =&gt; ({type: &#x27;SET_VISIBILITY_FILTER&#x27;, filter});
 
    export const toggleTodo =
     id =&gt; ({type: &#x27;TOGGLE_TODO&#x27;, id});</code></pre>