Can&#x27;t forget the declarative regular and context-free languages.<p>XLST and other template syntaxes are another interesting case. They look mysteriously like a declarative context-free language but have imperative characteristics of a turing complete syntax.<p>JVM may not be able to be combined with compiled languages but there are a number of languages that, at a bytecode level are compatible with Java. For example IronPython, Rhino, etc. The same can be said for the .NET environment and languages like VB.NET, managed C++, C#, F#, etc.<p>Don&#x27;t even get me started on languages that can output output Javascript. Last I heard, there&#x27;s over 100 of them now and the list keeps growing.<p>I&#x27;m not sure about GLSL&#x2F;HLSL because I haven&#x27;t used them but they sound like they&#x27;re declarative DSLs (Domain Specific Languages).<p>Maybe it&#x27;s about time somebody created an update to the Chomsky hierarchy. Instead of the traditional subset-superset classifications, some other system is used to compose the characteristics of languages.<p>In the bigger picture of things, it&#x27;s all very incestuous. Like every language is trying to be like every other language. The winners of the pack are those that everything else compiles&#x2F;transpiles down to.