At the end of the day, VW meets those rules.<p>They definitely didn&#x27;t. EPA didn&#x27;t just make up the term &quot;defeat device&quot; last month. It&#x27;s in the regulation that VW was supposed to comply with.<p>The EPA rules also contain a NTE &quot;not-to-exceed&quot; limit, about 2.5x the test limit. They don&#x27;t have much of an enforcement budget, so testing is pretty rare, but if the car exceeds the NTE limit, the manufacturer has to issue a recall to fix it.