An interesting discussion: <a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.justinhughes.net&#x2F;IPSC2009&#x2F;pdf&#x2F;Saw-Cheng.pdf" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.justinhughes.net&#x2F;IPSC2009&#x2F;pdf&#x2F;Saw-Cheng.pdf</a><p>According to that paper, such language isn&#x27;t new. Australia (Copyright Act 1968), Singapore (Copyright Act 1987), and the US (Copyright Act 1976 as amended by No Electronic Theft Act 1997) provide criminal penalties for prejudicial infringements even though they may not result in financial gain or commercial advantage.<p>Compare the UK (CDPA 1988) and the EU (IPRED2 2005), which generally exempt non-commercial infringements from criminal liability.