&gt; If you hire a hitman to kill your spouse, both you and the hitman are guilty of murder.<p>That&#x27;s generally because of laws which explicitly make procuring, soliciting, etc., a crime that is actually committed an offense for which the perpetrator can be punished as a principal of the solicited, procured, etc., offense; that is, the law recognizes that the <i>acts</i> involved is meaningfully distinct, but assigns the same culpability to those distinct acts.<p>So, the analogy to law sort of undermines the idea posited upthread that it doesn&#x27;t make sense to distinguish the <i>act</i> of authorizing from the <i>act</i> of performing what has been authorized.