Well, they pretty clearly f&#x27;d up by designing tests that differ so hard from actual usage.  Given that you only have to sample a small set of the cars, it shouldn&#x27;t be that big a deal to have it go through longer, more representative one, even if it allows greater intra-test variation.  (Perhaps compensate by weakening the standard, since it&#x27;s more accurate that way.)<p>&gt;These four car makers involved in the report differ from VW: they do not have a defeat device in their design.<p>I think it&#x27;s a difference of degree, not kind.  They all optimize narrowly for one test at the expense of real-world usage.  VW just optimized a lot more narrowly.