&gt; You don&#x27;t ignore section headings when reading laws.<p>You do when you are interpreting the laws.  They&#x27;re labels that carry as much weight as subsection markers.  To say otherwise would imply that the &quot;Patriot Act&quot; by another name would be interpreted differently, or that bullet point &quot;1&quot; is more important that &quot;2&quot;.<p>&gt; nothing in that section discusses granting authority<p>Correct, it is a direction to those that already have such authority.  While I enjoy the legal equivalent to the underhanded C contest as much as the next guy, the events that spawned this legislation make debating the finer points of section headings seem pretty silly.