In addition to open source drivers, there has been work to reverse engineer the binary formats and write open source assemblers for recent versions of SASS (e.g., <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;NervanaSystems&#x2F;maxas" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;NervanaSystems&#x2F;maxas</a>).