Your detailed focus misses the big picture. You could easily be read as conveying that Hopper didn&#x27;t invent the compiler and compilation. This is not correct.<p>Hopper both invented the concept of compiler and wrote the 1st one. In 1952 Hopper&#x27;s A_0 compiler transformative to the prevailing wisdom that computers were only programmable arithmatical tabulators. Hopper (like Lovelace) envisaged meta-programming, that numbers could represent algebras &amp; transform code itself, i.e. compile.<p>So she rightly deserves the accolade. Assembly language was 1955 so Hopper wins. Plankalkül was unpublished &amp; before general purpose programmable computers (ENIAC) were built so irrelevant.<p>A_0 was the first working program to transform source code to binary program and distinguish between the two. Before that 1s and 0s were entered by programmers punching cards so neither is that article assertion incorrect.<p>Times, roles &amp; meanings were different then. Programmers were not allowed near computers but submitted punch cards to Operators. Computer still meant automated calculator, usually a person. Program was programme and not a verb yet.<p>Correct to say that then all that was needed was a linker and that at today&#x27;s scale a linker not the whole of compilation, but still a <i>vital</i> part.<p>Hopper also used her position to lobby succesfully for her idea and create standards for machine independent languages that became COBOL, on which banking still runs today. She had the idea, the 1st implementation &amp; made it a success.<p>That she coined the term bug to communicate all types of errors &amp; faults to superiors is still transformative today.<p>Using computer in the old sense of calculator, not its contempory sense of general purpose computer is also too narrow, why not just say Abacus rather than Antikythera ?<p>Your point [2] is interesting but irrelevant, Plankalkül was unpublished, it was a tool of thought not a computer program.