&gt;&gt; Most of the answers are talking about spaceflight...<p>Another place to look is in safety critical systems. IEC 61508 in general and the automotive variant xxx26262. There are several dual core processors available now that run two copies of the code and check for any errors. That doesn&#x27;t tell you which one failed, but it does catch the error. There are methods defined for creating fault tolerant systems too.<p>We&#x27;ve been doing this shit for years - your electric steering system, brakes, even throttle control (with certain exceptions of course ;-)<p>The funny thing in cars is that most of those systems have mechanical backups or consider &quot;shut down&quot; an undesirable but reasonable failure (vs steering left or dumping brake fluid). Your car can coast to the side of the road under driver control without any power. All this self driving stuff will require fully redundant components for some of these systems (including LIDAR or cameras) to really be safe.