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Coordinates: Cape Bathurst (Inuit: Awaq) is a cape and a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Northwest Territories in Canada. Cape Bathurst is the northernmost point of mainland Northwest Territories and one of the few peninsulas in mainland North America protruding above the 70th parallel north. The first European to see the area was John Richardson, who also named it, in 1826. Some coast areas of Cape Bathurst are being eroded at a rate of 10 m (33 ft) a year.
Baillie Island is located just off the coast of Cape Bathurst, separated from the peninsula by a 2 mi (3.2 km) shallow strait.
A rare endemic plant known as hairy rockcress or hairy braya (Braya pilosa, genus Braya of family Brassicaceae) is known to grow in five locations on Cape Bathurst as well as the nearby Baillie Islands. The plant is listed by the Northwest Territories Species at Risk Committee as threatened and by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as endangered.
In fiction and popular culture
Cape Bathurst features as a key location in Jules Verne's novel The Fur Country. In this novel, Cape Bathurst is not a fixed geographical feature but is instead a large iceberg anchored to the continent. A Hudson's Bay Company expedition is ordered to establish a fort above the 70th parallel north to support fur trapping. The expedition leaders are misled by the appearances of Cape Bathurst into thinking it is a favorable place for settlement. For all intents the cape appears to be very suitable since it has fresh water and is well wooded, with rich soil, vegetation, and abundant wildlife. After building Fort Good Hope they prepare to winter over. During the winter, a volcanic eruption occurs nearby, and unknown to the settlers, the link to the continent is broken and the iceberg "Cape Bathurst" floats into the Arctic Ocean, carrying away the novel's protagonists.
- Issenman, Betty. Sinews of Survival: The living legacy of Inuit clothing. UBC Press, 1997. pp252-254
- Franklin, John (1828). Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar sea in the years 1825, 1826 and 1827, by John Franklin,... including an account of the progress of a detachment to the Eastward, by John Richardson. London: J. Murray.
- Hairy Braya NWT Species Status Report
- COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Hairy Braya Braya pilosa in Canada
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If all the terms in an equation have same units, is it necessary that they have same dimensions? If all the terms in an equation have same dimensions, is it necessary that they have same units?
Yes, if all the terms in an equation have the same units, it is necessary that they have the same dimension.
No, if all the terms in an equation have the same dimensions, it is not necessary that they have the same unit. It is because two quantities with different units can have the same dimension, but two quantities with different dimensions cannot have the same unit. For example angular frequency and frequency, both have the dimensions `[ T ^- 1 ]` but units of angular frequency is rad/s and frequency is Hertz.Another example is energy per unit volume and pressure.Both have the dimensions of `[ ML ^(-1) T ^(-2)]` but units of pressure is N/m2 and that of energy per unit volume is J/m3 | <urn:uuid:173ac6c7-4246-462c-b876-6c88c342ec6f> | {
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Cakes, pastries, ice-creams, and milkshakes are all delicious, but they’re even better and more memorable when topped with a cherry.
Cherries are fleshy drupe fruit that belongs to the Rosaceae family and the genus Prunus. The sweet cherry, sour cherry, and duke, a cross between the sweet and sour cherries, are the only commercially harvested edible cherries.
Origin of Cherries
For generations, cherries have delighted the palates of food connoisseurs. They earned a place on the tables of Roman conquerors, Greek citizens, and Chinese noblemen thanks to their ruby-red color and tart flavor. In the 1600s, early settlers introduced cherries to America via ship.
Later, French colonists from Normandy carried pits to the Great Lakes region, where they were planted along the Saint Lawrence River. French pioneers planted cherry trees in their gardens when they created cities like Detroit, Vincennes, and other Midwestern colonies.
Large-scale Cherry production began in the mid-nineteenth century. Peter Dougherty lived in northern Michigan as a Presbyterian missionary. He planted cherry trees on the Old Mission Peninsula in 1852
Dougherty’s cherry trees grew, much to the amazement of the other farmers and Indians in the region, and other people of the area quickly planted trees. Because Lake Michigan tempers Arctic winds in the winter and cools the orchards in the summer, the site proved to be ideal for cultivating cherry.
Because sour cherries are easier to grow, the United States now produces them more than sweet cherries. Simply put, they are less picky and are less impacted by harsh weather. As a result, they multiply in number.
Cherry growers can now choose from a selection of cherry varieties that are best suited to their land and climate. In addition, new cultivated varieties of sweet and sour cherries are being developed that are harder than previous kinds, and German cultivars are proving to be highly successful in this country.
Related posts: Cherries and Rhubarb – Do they go together? | Cherry and Rosemary – Do they go together? | Cherries and Apples – Do they go together? | Cherries and Mint – Do they go together? | Cherries and Peaches – Do they go together?
Species of Cherries
There are roughly 150 different types of cherries. The sweet cherry and the sour cherry are the two most important species in terms of fruit production. They’re thought to be of ancient origin, possibly from Armenia or the Black and Caspian.
Sweet cherries are the most commonly eaten cherries. A wild cherry was used to create the sweet cherry. Wild cherry stones have been discovered in deposits in Bronze Age towns all over Europe, notably in the United Kingdom.
The sweet cherry bears solid, heart-shaped fruit that can be eaten raw or cooked. Some of the popular varieties of sweet cherry include:
It was named after horticulture Seth Lewelling and Chinese foreman Ah Bing, who grafted a dark-red sweet cherry descendant of the Black Republican cherry. Bing cherries are huge, heart-shaped fruits with a deep red color and a smooth, shining surface.
The flesh of Bing Cherries is firm but delectable, with a sweet and tart flavor. When it comes to flavor and texture, the Bing Cherry is unrivaled. This cherry is accessible from mid-spring through mid-summer,
The golden colors, pink blush skin, and high sugar levels distinguish this blush sweet cherry from other cherry fruits. Harold Fogle created it in 1952 at Washington State University by crossing Bing and Van red cherries and naming it after Mount Rainier, a huge stratovolcano in Washington State. Rainier cherries, sometimes known as “white cherries,” are sweet, low in acid, and have a caramel-like flavor. These cherries are available from May to early August.
The Prosser Research Center at Washington State University created this cherry. Benton cherries are larger than Bing cherries and have a dark red color. The fruit is huge, firm, and tastes great. In addition, as compared to Bing cherries, it has a lower proclivity for cracking. This cherry variety is self-fertile.
The sour cherry is related to the wild cherry, but its fruit is more acidic, making it particularly suited for cooking and jam production. The tree is smaller than the wild cherry, growing up to 4-10m tall with twiggy branches and shorter stalks bearing the crimson to black fruit. Compared to sweet cherry cultivars, the fruit is smaller, softer, and more globular.
In human civilization, the sour cherry has a long history. Cultivated sour cherries were first discovered in 300 B.C.E. in the Caspian and Black Seas. Persians and Romans were well-liked, and they brought them to Britain well before the 1st century AD. Henry VIII popularized their cultivation in the sixteenth century in the United Kingdom. They became a popular crop among Kentish farmers, and by 1640, there were more than two dozen named cultivars. When the Massachusetts colonists arrived in the Americas, they planted the first sour cherry, ‘Kentish Red.’
Other Species of Cherries
Despite having edible fruit, the other species are not widely farmed for human consumption, with the exception of Northern locations where the two main species will not grow. Some, like the black cherry, are prized for their ability to produce exquisite furniture, while others, like the Japanese cherry, are prized as attractive trees.
Cherries have a rich history, and they are loved by the people of the United States. They offer numerous benefits and can be eaten fresh or cooked in desserts. | <urn:uuid:19900180-2172-4e92-9cc2-58439fe4f267> | {
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(Science: zoology) A genus of large oceanic siphonophora which includes the portuguese man-of-war.
It has a large air sac, or float, with a sail-like crest on its upper side. Numerous zooids of different kinds are attached to the under side of the float. Some of the zooids have very long tentacles; some have a mouth and digest food; others produce gonophores. The American species (Physalia arethusa) is brilliantly coloured, the float being pink or purple, and bright blue; the zooids blue. It is noted for its virulent stinging powers, as well as for its beautiful colours, graceful motions, and its ability to sail to windward.
Origin: NL, fr. Gr. A bladder, fr. A bellows. | <urn:uuid:32be6868-8b6b-4949-9894-3098356e6928> | {
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by Nefeli Athanasaki,
Microplastics are plastic particles less than 5mm in size, that has rapidly become a prevalent type of polluter. They have been identified as a global environmental threat that affects both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and has negative effects on human health. It is also a source of air pollution detected in dust and airborne fibrous particles. Microplastic particles are heterogeneous in size, density and chemical additives which are emitted by a variety of polyester and other materials. Thus, they vary in physic-chemical characteristics, life cycle and impact (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2020). These particles – which are not biodegradable – are the main component of many products of the cosmetic industry in the form of microbeads. They also come as a result of plastic pollution, after the disintegration of plastic bags and bottles, as well as the washing of synthetic clothes (Rogers, 2019). Microplastics consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms bound together in polymer chains. In addition, they also contain other chemicals, such as phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Many of these chemical additives leach out of the plastics after entering the environment.
Many efforts in categorizing the microplastics have been made. One of them supports that they are divided into two main categories: primary and secondary. Examples for the first category are the microbeads found in personal care products, the plastic pellets (or nurdles) used in industrial manufacturing, and the plastic fibers used in synthetic textiles (e.g., nylon). The microplastics that belong in the second category occur after the dissolution of larger plastics or when they have undergone weathering after being exposed in wave action, ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, etc. (Rogers, 2019)
A different categorization of microplastics is presented by Bertling et al. (2018), where there are three main types: “primary microplastics” which are types A and B and “secondary microplastics.” Primary microplastics of Type A, are plastic particles originally produced to be used as microplastics (e.g., micro-beads in care products, or pellets). Primary microplastics of Type B, are plastic particles emitted from plastic material during usage (e.g., tire wear). Secondary microplastics are fragments of plastic particles emitted as macroplastic into the environment (e.g., plastic bags littered in the environment) (Henseler, 2019). Another very important and relatively new category is the nano plastic one, where the particles are so small that they cannot be detected by the naked eye.
Fragmented microplastics have been detected in multiple environments and living organisms. Firstly, in agriculture, the soil receives microplastic immissions from tire wear and macroplastics that have dissolved through littering. Biosolids, like sewage sludge and compost when applied, release the microplastics that they contain, making the arable land of the farmers polluted. As a result, these agricultural soils emit those microplastics into the aquatic environment. In addition, agricultural producers who use plastic mulch films might risk microplastic contamination by fragmentation of larger pieces. Secondly, in the early 21st century, the annual plastic pollution of oceans, from all types of plastics, was estimated at 4 million to 14 million tons. In 1973, reports about ocean pollution indicated that the sea was very dirty, while 11 years later it was reported that the world’s oceans and aquatic life were threatened by deadly tide of plastic waste. In 1992, biologists claimed that the death of a whale found at the shore was the aftermath of her swallowing a plastic bag. Later on, in 2008, an essay on plastic pollution in the oceans used the term sea of “trash” to describe the seas worldwide. This term was verified in 2015 when a study confirmed that the levels of plastics in the oceans were rising at an annual rate (Kramm, 2018).
Thirdly, a recent review collated 50 studies wherein scientists found microplastics in freshwater, drinking water and wastewater. In some of these studies, thousands of microplastic particles were found in every liter of drinking water (Newman, 2019). Microplastics have been traced to water facilities and tap water globally. That was the result of a study where scientists examined samples from 12 countries, 83% of which were contaminated with microplastic. The U.S., India, and Lebanon were ranking higher with percentages of contamination reaching 94% (Carrington, 2017). Further studies indicate microplastic contamination of rivers around the world (Elsevier, 2020). Fourthly, researchers from the Ecolab in the School of Agricultural and Life Sciences in Toulouse discovered that a daily rate of plastic pollution falling from the sky in the Pyrenees was comparable to the amount raining down on Paris and Dongguan, a large industrial city in China (Davidson, 2019). In further detail, microplastics smaller than 25 microns can enter the human body through the nose or mouth and those less than five microns can end up in lung tissue. It is a fact that microplastics tend to be sticky and accumulate heavy metals like mercury and persistent organic pollutants, including materials with well-known health impacts (Davidson, 2019).
Microplastics pose an imminent threat to a variety of sectors. According to a pilot study, conducted for the annual United European Gastroenterology Conference in Vienna, microplastics were traced in many stool samples of people from Finland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, U.K. and Austria. Every stool sample tested positive for up to nine different plastic types, with an average of 20 particles of plastic per 10 grams of stool (Neimark, 2018). This means, that there is plastic in human bodies. This plastic is micro- or nanoplastic and derives from the consumption of water, fish as well as from breathing. Therefore, microplastics are present in most environments and creatures. Scientists have located them from the deepest known seabed level to the stomachs of whales, seabirds, and humans (Readfearn, 2019).
The consequences of this situation are yet to be discovered since there are no scientifically proved studies on the matter. For that reason, there are numerous studies published in order to indicate the edible products that may contain microplastics. Among these studies, a rather interesting one emerged: the teabag study. More specifically, the study indicates that nylon teabags leech billions of microplastics into every single cup of tea (Matei, 2019). Despite the human contamination by microplastic, it is important to mention the animal exposure to it as well. Every year, many animals in the ocean such as fish, crabs, whales and many more are dying after having digested microplastics often in huge amounts. A study published in 2019, showed that the majority of the particles, ingested by 10 different species, were fibers (84%) while the remaining 16% were fragments (Nelms, 2019).
Apart from humans and animals, many countries have been particularly damaged by the effects of microplastic pollution. Indonesia, is the second larger polluter of the marine environment. The country’s most polluting river, Ciliwung river, was monitored from 5 different locations. The findings showed that 20,000 items were flowing into the ocean from the river per hour (van Emerik, 2020). The study also finds the weight of plastic waste from all rivers in Jakarta, totals 2.1 million kilograms, equivalent to 1,000 Tesla Model S cars. Nonetheless, Jakarta is not the only example. Nigeria is also contaminated by this microplastic menace that has occurred around the globe (Ilechukwu, 2019). The Arctic is also affected by this menace. Since microplastics are incorporated within the ice, they could impact the absorption of incident solar radiation. This affects sea ice albedo, which is the way the ice reflects solar energy and is one of the key properties of sea ice in terms of regulation of the heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere (Geilfus, 2019).
Microplastic is a reality that the world is facing and needs to act on. There are many initiatives from NGO’S, institutions, governments and national organizations. In more detail, Indonesia has ambitious targets to reduce plastic waste by 70% by 2025 (van Emerik, 2020) Canada, United Kingdom and the United States, among other countries, have recently banned plastic microbeads due to their negative effects on humans and animals (Bucci, 2020), (H.R. 1321 (114th), 2015). Moreover, the EU Parliament meetings together with the G7 meeting have on the agenda the environmental pollution by microplastic (European Comission, 2019). KIMO, an NGO that focuses on sea sustainability, publishes studies about the pollution of marine ecosystems and shares them with the UN, EU and European governments (KIMO, 2018). The European Commission funds researches about microplastic pollution in an effort to inform about the problem and achieve better governmental communication in order to combat this issue collaboratively with all European states (KIMO, 2018). “Seas at Risk” is an organization that makes efforts on restoring and protecting the marine environments as well. According to the organization, the European Chemical Agency recently called for public consultation to restrict microplastics. That is of high importance since the total plastics that are produced in the EU is 60 million tons, of which 45 million are thrown away and form plastic waste. In total, 18 million tons are released in the environment, 176,300 thousand of which is microplastic litter in European surface waters (Piccinelli, 2019). Another major factor in the fight against global pollution is China. The relatively new Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment has announced that other waste imports, including scrap steel, post-industrial plastics waste, PET bottles and e-waste, will be banned from entering China by the end of 2018 (Schröder, 2018). This decision might have negative impacts on Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam, such as overburdening them.
To conclude, the microplastic world contamination issue is a global and major problem that needs to be dealt with promptly and effectively. From the aforementioned, it becomes clear that this very important issue is not only considered but also slowly taken care of by a variety of initiatives, regulations and policies (Woodward, 2019). The existence of microplastics is spread globally and poses an imminent threat to all life-hosting environments. It is now more than ever important to act fast in order to effectively face the menace and make an effort to undo the damage. Especially since the last studies show that the problem is even bigger than scientists predicted (World Economic Forum, 2019). If responsible actions are taken from many individuals and countries humanity, the environment and animals could get back on track before any other animal deaths occur, before any more habitats are destroyed and before the first human deaths from microplastic contamination are recorded.
- Thermo Fisher Scientific – UK. (2020). Microplastics Analysis by FTIR and Raman. [online] Thermofisher.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Rogers, K. (2019). Microplastics. [online] Encyclopædia Britannica. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Henseler, M., Brandes, E. & Keins, P. (2019). (paper) Microplastics in agricultural soils: A new challenge not only for agro-environmental policy? [online] 172nd EAAE Seminar “Agricultural policy for the environment or environmental policy for agriculture?”. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Kramm J., Völker C. (2018) Understanding the Risks of Microplastics: A Social-Ecological Risk Perspective. [online] In: Wagner M., Lambert S. (eds) Freshwater Microplastics. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 58. Springer, Cham. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Newman, T. (2019). WHO publish report on microplastics in drinking water. [online] Medicalnewstoday.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Carrington, D. (2017). Plastic fibres found in tap water around the world, study reveals. [online] The Guardian. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- (2020). Focus on microplastics in Rivers: Sampling and effects on freshwater ecosystems. [online] Journals.elsevier.com, Science of the Total Environment. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Davidson, J. (2019). Windborne Microplastics Are Everywhere. [online] Ecowatch.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Neimark, J. (2018). Mircroplastics are turning up everywhere, even in human excrement. [online] Npr.org. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Readfearn, G. (2019). How worried should we be about microplastics?. [online] The Guardian. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Matei, A. (2019). Those fancy tea bags? Microplastics in them are macro offenders. [online] The Guardian. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Nelms, S.E., Barnett, J., Brownlow, A. et al. (2019). Microplastics in marine mammals stranded around the British coast: ubiquitous but transitory?. [online] Sci Rep 9, 1075, Nature.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- van Emerik, T. (2020). Research: Indonesia’s Ciliwung among the world’s most polluted rivers. [online] Theconversation.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Ilechukwu, I. (2019). Lagos beaches have a microplastic pollution problem. [online] Theconversation.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Geilfus, N.X. (2019). Microplastics may affect how Arctic sea ice forms and melts. [online] Theconversation.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Bucci, K., Rochman, C. (2020). Microplastic pollution is everywhere, but scientists are still learning how it harms wildlife. [online] Theconversation.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- R. 1321 (114th). Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 [online] Govinfo.gov. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- European Comission. (2019). Environmental and health risks of microplastic pollution [online] Ec.europa.eu. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- (2018). Keeping microplastics firmly on the political agenda. [online] Kimointernational.org. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Piccinelli, F., Hervey, G. (2019). Where microplastics come from… and where they end up. [online] Politico.eu. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Schröder, P. (2018). Under the surface – the global politics of ocean plastic pollution. [online] Ids.ac.uk. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- Woodward, A. (2019). In some countries, people face jail time for using plastic bags. Here are all the places that have banned plastic bags and straws so far. [online] Buisnessinsider.com. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- World Economic Forum. (2019). The ocean is teeming with microplastic – a million times more than we thought, suggests new research. [online] The European Sting. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020]
- World Economic Forum. (2019). Microplastics have spread right to the sea bed, study finds. [online] The European Sting. Available here. [Accessed in 12 March 2020] | <urn:uuid:08f67477-3233-4a2b-a7ef-9da13f4dd080> | {
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- © The Mineralogical Society Of America
Studies of bond lengths and angles and electron density distributions observed for earth materials and related molecules and those calculated with computational quantum chemical strategies have been a meeting place where experiment has engaged theory in advancing our understanding of bonded interactions. Not only have the calculations provided a physical basis for the proposal that the bond lengths and angles are governed in large part by short-ranged molecular-like forces, but they have also provided a connection between bond length, bond strength and the bond critical point properties of the electron density distributions. They have also provided a basis for Pauling’s (1929) famous definition of bond strength and for the Brown and Shannon (1970) proposal that bond strength can be used as a simple measure of bond character. In addition, extrema in the local charge concentration of the valence electrons of the oxide anion and the electron localization function of electron density distributions calculated for earth materials and related molecules were found to highlight features ascribed to lone-pair and bond-pair domains and to sites of potential chemical reactivity.
In this chapter, a number of properties will be examined including bond length and angle variations, bond strength, crystal and bonded radii, bond “stretching” and “bending” force constants, polyhedral compressibilities, molecular based potential ad hoc energy functions, the generation of new structure types for silica and the bond critical point properties of observed and calculated electron density distributions. Local concentrations and localizations in the distributions (sites of potential electrophilic attack) for several earth materials and related molecules will also be examined and compared.
BOND LENGTH AND BOND STRENGTH CONNECTIONS FOR OXIDE, FLUORIDE, NITRIDE, AND SULFIDE MOLECULAR AND CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
Bond lengths and crystal radii
With the on-going invention and development since the 1950’s of sophisticated tools and important advances in computer power and software for collecting and processing X-ray, neutron and electron diffraction data and microwave and molecular beam spectra, thousands of structural analyses … | <urn:uuid:397ebe78-8ef8-41ff-a4d8-e7f28dba81c1> | {
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Updated: Jan 12, 2021
From simply choosing what to eat to make investments, our brain is involved twenty-four-seven for regular decision making. And sometimes, in the literal sense our brain sleeps over a decision, that is, we can't think properly to reach a decision after a point. And that is when we say we are going through Decision Fatigue at that time.
Decision fatigue- A situation where there is deterioration in a person’s ability to make decisions wisely and timely after that person is involved in decision making for a long period of time.
A simple example of Decision Fatigue can be illustrated by drawing an analogy: Imagine yourself running for a long period of time. After some time, your body exhausts because of which you cannot run at the same speed. The energy in you must have at least temporarily drained and thus not able to generate enough energy to run at the same speed. Still, if you keep running, your body breaks down.
The same analogy applies to decision making. Decision making is also an exercise for our brain. Exhaustion of which causes Decision Fatigue and the process gets hampered.
A few people who have been taking a lot of decisions day in and day out can manage the stress caused, but an average person, who starts taking too many decisions in a single day gets affected. If pushed, the quality of your decisions gets hampered severely.
If you have any doubt on that, recollect the instances you must have given up on thinking properly and taken some random decision after a very long meeting or at the late end of an exhaustive day.
Effect of Decision Fatigue
Initially, decision fatigue may affect you temporarily, but there could be a long term effect too if you are getting affected frequently.
Effect on Our Mind and Body
Health will definitely be affected by one major thing, which is stress. And that is an inducer to many other problems, which not only include our physical health but also mood, anxiety, lack of focus, and whatnot.
Another effect, which is Avoidance is also seen in many cases, where we don't try to face the situation. It may or may not come with procrastination.
Thus, we must recognize the effects, which should make us recognize the situation we are in and think about the ways to tackle it.
Effect on Our Professional Life
Lack of stamina to think more on even simple decisions might become difficult in certain cases.
We might become subjective in our decisions, where an objective perspective is required;
An example of which could be seen in a teacher grading the exam or a manager doing employee assessment;
This might even cause us to become partial towards employees/ tasks/ strategies
Here are a few tips which help you during decision fatigue situations
Make sure you and your team take breaks intermittently if the discussion is going on for a long time. This break helps everyone recuperate energy. Also, it helps in coming up with new points
If the stress levels increase during the decision-making process, esp. due to arguments and heated discussions, first take measures to calm everyone. Otherwise, decision fatigue creeps in.
If possible, think about all the possibilities but don’t make the final decision. Leave it for the next day, where you can take the final decision with fresh minds
Have some drinks, eat something you like, have some small talk, or watch a comic piece.
Allow others to be a part of decision making and cross-check if the final decision is actually correct.
PRO-TIP ON DECISION FATIGUE:
Leaders like Mark Zuckerberg and Steve Jobs prioritize their decisions making tasks very much.
They wear only a few types of clothes such as the same color shirt/ tee-shirt daily. This way they believe they are not wasting decision-making energy on silly things (at least for them) like clothes to be worn.
This is How You can Avoid Decision Fatigue
After you have recognized your complication, a few changes in your habits can help in avoiding decision fatigue or let you develop decision making effectively for a longer period of time.
First and foremost point - decision making to the brain is like exercise to the body. After regular practice, you can make more decisions on a particular day. So, practice regularly.
Plan properly. Note down all the decisions related tasks to be taken in a day. Make sure you make key decisions when you are fresh.
If possible, delegate low stake decisions to your juniors. At least, let them do the brainstorming and come up with 2-3 possibilities, out of which you can take the final decision.
Train your team members in decision making by involving them in the initial decisions. Slowly they can take decisions on your behalf. Also, it empowers and motivates them
If multilevel decisions are required, break the entire tasks into sub-tasks and assign a person or a team to take decisions on sub-tasks. Once they come up with decisions, take a brief and conclude that. In the end, the final decision can be taken based on decisions on each sub-task.
Apart from that, energize yourself well before starting meetings. In this case, a relaxing exercise or meditation might help.
Overall, decision making becomes very important as you move up the ladder. So, it becomes a differentiating factor to become an effective leader and manager. After a point, you cannot reduce the number of decisions to be taken every day, wherein some roles involve only decision making and nothing much. So, you have to increase your capability to take more wise decisions every day. In fact, here delegation of responsibilities also plays an important role.
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Food digestion is the procedure of breaking down as well as dispersing food throughout the body. The digestion system includes the mouth and teeth at one end as well as the anus at the various other. Between these 2 harsh ends, a lengthy tube like structure with different names as well as different functions refine the meals tools right into a functional form. One amongst them, the esophagus goes through the chest and joins the mouth to the stomach. The stomach extends to the little gut or little bowel, which is a narrow lengthy tube whereby the majority of the meals absorption right into the bloodstream occurs moment glucogen.
Allow’s start our research with our mouth, which is the starting factor of the process of food digestion. It’s there that the mechanical breaking down of meals happens because of chewing and also the release of spit from the salivary glandulars, whose ductworks enter into the mouth. The relevance of chewing is usually neglected by the public is merely considered granted. However, appropriate food digestion necessitates extensive chewing, so that food is changed in to a fluid form before it is ingested. Without proper chewing, undigested meals particles might find a store in the stool. The presence of enzymes in the saliva aids to crack down intricate carbohydrates into easy sweets. Therefore, it is constantly recommended to eat your foods well, as this will certainly bring about healthier teeth and gums and far better food digestion.
A few of the vital parts of the reduced digestion system consist of the pancreatic, the tiny intestinal tract and also the huge intestinal tract. The appendix, the anus, as well as the anus are positioned below these organs. Each one of the lesser digestion organs play a part in processing food. In the absence of lower digestive organs, the human body would not have the ability to get the required nutrients. Chemical digestion and the wave like motion, called peristalsis, take place in the lesser intestinal system.
It is these lower intestinal organs that combine nutrients with digestion juices such as pancreatic and also digestive tract juices as well as absorb the nutrients from the food. The pancreatic materials pancreatic juices and is then entered the tiny intestinal tract. The wall surfaces of the tiny gut produce intestinal juices. Intestinal juices make up of enzymes that permit the process of food digestion to quicken. The foods we consume are generally made up of fats, carbs, and also proteins, where enzymes crack down to less complex parts. The fats are reconstituted to glycerol and also fatty acids. The carbs, which are also known as sweets and also carbohydrates, are cracked down right into straightforward sweets while the healthy proteins are cracked down right into amino acids. Then, all these bits are taken or soaked up right into the blood stream. Throughout the procedure of digestion of amino acids, they are separated and get soaked up into the physical body cells. These apart amino acids are put into usage for building physical body proteins.
Specific factors like water, vitamins, and also minerals need not to be digested, just absorbed. At the end of the process, the remaining food materials are exchanged feces. The procedure that entails the feces occurs in the big intestinal tract, the rectum, and also the rectum. The appendix is placed in the exact same location as the huge intestinal tract, the rectum, as well as the anus. The pancreas, undoubtedly, is an important body organ in the human body. It’s a glandular that is approximately 5 to 6 inches long and also lies behind the belly. The pancreatic develops crucial digestion juices made up of enzymes, which malfunction fats, healthy proteins, acids, carbs, as well as bicarbonates.
The pancreas is surrounded by blood vessels that pump out the hormones glucogen as well as insulin into the blood. These glucagons make glucogen to become blood sugar at a high price. One more pancreatic hormone, the hormone insulin aids blood sugar to become part of the physical body cells. It likewise controls the blood glucose and also prevents it from developing. If the pancreatic might not end up the insulin, then the outcome is diabetes, a sweets develop.
An additional vital body organ, the tiny gut takes in nutrients from foods and sends them into the blood stream. The tiny gut could be more split into 3 parts; the duodenum, jejunum, as well as ileum. It is at duodenum that, partially absorbed meals as well as chemicals straight enter into from the stomach. The part jejunum takes in nutrients into the blood stream. At ileum, the left over nutrients are soaked up into the blood stream. The small intestinal tract is 18-23 feet long in the ordinary grown-up and is in the shape of a lengthy coiled looped tube. A kind of activity that takes place in the small gut called peristalsis moves food gradually through the little bowel. These wavelike movements take place occasionally hence, permitting nutrients to be taken in. | <urn:uuid:980122be-6cd0-43b5-8df8-b946a2032d99> | {
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The model improves the ability of the robot to mold materials into shapes and communicate with fluids and solid objects.
Watch a video
The new learning system developed by MIT researchers improves the abilities of robots to shape materials in targeted forms and make predictions for interaction with solid objects and liquids. The system, known as a learning-based simulator, can give refined touch to industrial robots – and there may be fun applications in personal robotics, such as modeling clay forms or rolling sticky rice for sushi.
In robot planning, physical simulators are models that capture how many different materials respond to force. Robots are "trained" using models to predict the results of their interactions with objects, such as pushing a solid box or deforming clay. But traditional learning-based simulators mainly focus on rigid items and are not able to cope with liquids or softer objects. Some streamlined physics-based simulators can handle a variety of materials, but they rely heavily on approximation techniques that make mistakes when robots communicate with objects in the real world.
In a paper presented at the International Conference on Learning in May, researchers describe a new model that teaches how to capture how small pieces of different materials – "particles" – communicate when suppressed and stimulated. The model directly learns from the data in cases where the basic physics of the movements is uncertain or unknown. Robots can then use the model as a guide to predict how liquids, as well as hard and deformed materials, will respond to the strength of its touch. Since the robot handles objects, the model also helps to further improve robot control.
In experiments, a two-pointed robotic arm, called "RiceGrip," precisely shaped the deformable foam to the desired configuration – such as the "T" form – which serves as a sushi-rice proxy. In short, the researcher model serves as a model of "intuitive physics" that robots can use to reconstruct three-dimensional objects, something similar to what people do.
"People have an intuitive physical model in our heads, where we can imagine how an object will behave if we press it or squeeze it. Based on this intuitive model, people can achieve incredible manipulation tasks that are far beyond the current ones robots, "says the first author, Yunsu Lee, a graduate student at the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). "We want to build this type of intuitive robot model to enable them to do what people can do."
"When the children are 5 months old, they already have different expectations for solids and fluids," adds co-author Jiua Wu, a graduate student at CSAIL. "It's something we know at an early age, so maybe that's something we should try to model it for robots."
The engagement of Li and Wu in the paper are: Rus Tetraq, a CSAIL researcher and professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Science (EECS); Joshua Tenenbaum, a professor in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; and Antonio Torralba, a professor of EECS and director of MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab.
The key innovation behind the model, called the "DPI-Nets," creates dynamic interaction graphics that comprise thousands of nodes and edges that can capture the complex behavior of the so-called particles. In the graphs, each node is a particle. Neighboring nodes are connected with each other using the pointed edges, which represent the interaction that passes from one particle to another. In the simulator, particles are hundreds of small waves combined to make a liquid or deformable object.
The graphics are constructed as the basis for a machine learning system called the graphical nerve network. In training, the model over time learns how particles in different materials react and restructure. It does this by implicitly calculating the different properties of each particle – such as its mass and elasticity – to predict if and where the particle will move in the graph when it is disturbed.
The model then uses a "propagation" technique that currently spreads the signal across the graph. The researchers adjusted the technique for each type of material – solid, deformed, and liquid – to record a signal that predicted the positions of the particles in certain individual steps of time. At each step, if necessary, it moves and re-connects the particles.
For example, if a solid box is pressed, disturbed particles will be moved forward. Since all the particles inside the box are firmly connected with each other, each other particle in the object moves the same calculated distance, rotation and any other dimension. Particle connections remain untouched and the box moves as one unit. But if the surface of deformed foam is drawn, the effect will be different. The disturbed particles move a lot forward, the surrounding particles moving forward only slightly, and the particles are no longer moving at all. With the liquid in the cup, the particles can fully jump from one end of the graph to the other. The graph must learn to predict where and how much all the affected particles are moving, which is computer complex.
Shaping and adjusting
In his paper, the researchers demonstrated a robot model with two fingers RiceGrip with clamping target shapes from deformable foam. The robot first uses a depth detection camera and object recognition techniques to identify the foam. The researchers randomly select particle shapes to initialize the position of the particles. Then, the model adds particle borders and reconstructs the foam in a dynamic graphic adapted for deformable materials.
Because of the simulated simulations, the robot already has a good idea of how each touch, given a certain amount of force, will affect each of the particles in the graph. While the robot begins to distract the foam, iteratively coincides with the actual position of the particles in the directed position of the particles. Whenever the particles do not match, it sends a pattern error pattern. This signal changes the model to better correspond to physics than the real world of the material.
Next, researchers aim to improve the model to help robots better anticipate interactions with partially noticeable scenarios, such as knowing how a pile of boxes will move when they are imposed, even if only boxes of the surface and most of the other boxes hidden.
The researchers also explore ways to combine the model with an end-to-end perception module through direct image operation. This will be a joint project with Dan Jamin's group; Jamin recently completed a post at MIT and is now an assistant professor at Stanford University. "You deal with these cases all the time when there is only partial information," says Wu. "We are expanding our model to find out the dynamics of all particles, and only see a small fraction."
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How to boost children’s immunity this winter: 7 tips
It’s understandable to be more concerned than usual about preventing colds and coughs in your children this winter. Here’s some expert help
- Young children catch 8-10 colds a year before they’re 2 years old
- Vitamin D reduces the risk of respiratory infections
- Sleep really is an effective medicine
Your child’s immune system is not fully developed until they’re around 8 years old. Until then it can feel as though they catch every cough, cold and infection they encounter.
‘Between 6 and 18 months of age, children are particularly prone to infections because the protective antibodies they inherit from their mother are waning, but they’ve not yet developed their own antibodies,’ says Livi Paediatric Consultant Dr Tommy Södergren.
On average, children catch between 8 and 10 colds a year before they’re 2 years old. This is not a sign of a weak immune system — it simply means they’re coming into contact with a lot of cold viruses for the first time.
Immunity works in 2 ways. First, there’s innate immunity, which we’re born with, providing a general defense. Then there’s adaptive immunity which responds to the threats or antigens we encounter, and creates custom-made defense gadgets, called antibodies. This is also what happens when we’re vaccinated with a weakened version of a virus or bacterium.
Because children encounter so many new infections, their immune systems are on constant alert — which may explain why they’re less likely to become ill with Covid-19. Scientists think they may be identifying and destroying the coronavirus before infection can take hold.
Unfortunately, occasional colds and coughs are inevitable for children. But you can take these 7 steps to support your child’s immune system.
1. Take vitamin D
Many experts believe it’s no accident that colds peak in winter, when our levels of vitamin D are low. Vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of getting respiratory infections and studies confirm it boosts production of infection-fighting T-cells.
In the UK and Europe, daily vitamin D supplements (usually 10mcg) are recommended for all young children – although the advice on dosages and how long to give them varies slightly. Infant formulas are fortified with vitamin D, but breastfeeding mothers are advised to give their babies a supplement of 8.5mcg to 10mcg a day.
‘In the northern hemisphere it’s been recommended for centuries to give babies vitamin D,’ says Dr Södergren. ‘We’re now starting to recommend giving it to older children too, at least during the winter.’
2. Make sure they get plenty of rest
There’s a saying that a good night’s sleep is the best medicine, and sleep and strong immunity are intertwined. Getting plenty of sleep reduces inflammation and gives our body time to repair damaged cells, which strengthens immunity. And when we’re unwell and our immune system is fighting a threat, our immune response makes us feel sleepy, because the body’s resources are focused on fighting the infection or repairing the injury.
Babies and toddlers need at least 11 hours a night plus a nap during the day. From ages 4 to 9, children need 9.5 to 11.5 hours a night and older children and teens need between 9 and 10 hours a night.
A good bedroom routine is the key to getting children settled. A warm bath, dim lights and quiet time will help them wind down. Ban screen use before bed and keep their bedroom well ventilated and between 16°C and 20°C. Here are some more tips on helping children sleep.
3. Choose the right foods
Our immune system needs the right fuel to fight infections, and studies confirm that eating plenty of fruit and vegetables improves immune function. It even makes vaccinations more effective.
Protein is also important— particularly an amino acid called arginine, which is found in meat, nuts and beans. These foods also provide plenty of zinc, which reduces the risk of respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea in children. Probiotic yogurts and drinks boost levels of friendly bacteria in the gut, and this can help reduce the risk of respiratory infections. Try these 6 tips for healthy cooking for the family.
4. Encourage exercise
Getting the family active could help keep colds away, as exercise helps the immune system seek out and destroy infections, Dr Södergren says. ‘Winter is the high season for common colds because we spend more time indoors, where it’s easier to transmit viral infections. By staying outside more and practising social distancing we could reduce the spread of common colds.’
5. Consider pet therapy
Children with pets also have stronger immune systems. Some scientists even believe that owning a pet provides protection from Covid-19, because pet owners will have encountered other coronaviruses carried by animals.
Stroking a pet has been shown to increase levels of an infection-fighting substance in the body called immunoglobulin A. Pet owners are less likely to get repeat bouts of some stomach bugs. And, growing up with a pet may also help the immune system spot the difference between dangerous pathogens and harmless allergens.
6. Avoid unnecessary antibiotics
Don’t ask your doctor for antibiotics when your child has a cold. They don’t work against the viruses which cause most colds and coughs, Dr Södergren says. ‘The only thing that will happen is that you will add diarrhoea to their symptoms.’ Antibiotics can also leave us more vulnerable to infections because they disrupt beneficial bacteria in the gut.
Most coughs and colds can be treated at home with rest, fluids and paracetamol or ibuprofen.
‘In rare cases, children get a bacterial infection — like streptococcal tonsillitis, ear infection or pneumonia — as a cold “complication’’,’ Dr Södergren adds. ‘Even then, in most cases antibiotics are not necessary.’
See a doctor if the cold is not getting better after a week, if it’s getting much worse after 3 days, or if your child has a very high temperature. ‘A sniffle or cough are signs that the immune system is working to clear the body from antigens and mucus and these symptoms can linger for some time after the common cold,’ Dr Södergren asserts. ‘If symptoms persist for more than 6 weeks, see a doctor.’
7. Practice great hygiene
Encourage your children to wash their hands with soap and water every time they use the toilet and before eating. To make sure they wash thoroughly, suggest they sing ‘Happy Birthday’ twice.
If someone in the family has a cold, keep their toothbrush away from the rest of the family’s brushes, and replace it as soon as symptoms have passed. Use tissues, rather than handkerchiefs, to avoid spreading germs.
Discourage your child from rubbing their eyes or chewing fingernails, and pop some wipes or hand sanitiser into their school bag to make sure they can always clean their hands.
But don’t worry if they get a bit dirty when they’re playing. Studies show that being exposed to germs and everyday infections strengthens immunity, while going overboard with hygiene may not be helpful for the immune system.
Children and coronavirus
Rest assured that according to the NHS, while children can get coronavirus, they get it less often and it’s usually less serious.
Symptoms of coronavirus in children:
- A high temperature
- A continuous cough — this means coughing a lot, for more than an hour, or 3 or more coughing episodes in 24 hours
- A loss or change to sense of smell or taste
Call emergency or a GP immediately if your child:
- Is under 3 months old and has a temperature of 38°C or higher, or if you think they have a fever
- Is 3-6 months old and has a temperature of 39°C or higher, or if you think they have a fever
- Has other signs of illness, like a rash, as well as a high temperature
- Has a high temperature that’s lasted 5 days or more
- Does not want to eat or is not their usual self and you’re worried
- Has a high temperature that does not come down with paracetamol
- Is dehydrated — for example, their nappies are not very wet, they have sunken eyes and no tears when crying
When to speak to a doctor
This is an unsettling time for everyone, especially parents. If you’re unsure about whether to check a symptom with your GP, err on the side of caution. Livi GPs are here to help.
This article has been medically approved by Dr Tommy Södergren, Livi Paediatric Consultant
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Cytokinins are degradation products of DNA. They are made up of adenine nucleus and a furfural ring. This basic structure is known as 6- furfuryl aminopurine. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and enlargement of cells. The deficiency of cytokinins results in stunted growth in plants.
Cytokinins are classified into the following categories:
Zeatin: It is a naturally occurring cytokinin in plants. Zeatin exists in two forms: One is cis- zeatin, and the other is trans-zeatin. Zeatins are produced from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Amanita rubescens, Rhizopogon, Ochraceorubens, R. roseplus, Saccharomyces, Ustilago esculanta, etc.
Kinetin: chemically kinetin is a 6- furfuryladenine. It is present in Amanita rubescens, Nectrias galligena, Streptomyces albus, etc.
N-6 ï„2- Isopentenyl Adenine: It is present in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Azotobacter chroococcum, Taphrina cerasi, etc
t- RNA Ribosyl Zeatin: It is presnt in Erwinia amylovora, Rhizobium leguminisarum, etc.
Methyl Thio- ribosyl Zeatin: It is present in R. leguminosarum, A. tumefaciens, etc.
Azotobacter vinelandii, A. chroococcum, Taphrina cerasi, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, E.coli, etc. are used in the production of cytokinin and cytokinin- like compounds.
The metabolism of cytokinin was well studied in E. coli cells. The purine nitrogen base adenine reacts with ribose-1-monophosphate to form cytokinin-9-riboside. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme, purine nucleoside phosphorilase.
In some organisms the isopentyl group directly reacts with 5'- phosphate group of adenosine monophosphate to form isopentyl adenine. Examples: A. tumefaciens, Azotobacter chroococcum, Taphrina cerasi, etc.
Cytokinins are extracted from culture broth by using the following simple procedure:
The culture broth is centrifuged to separate the liquid portion from the culture.
The liquid is treated with ammonium hydroxide solution which dissolves cytokinins. This solution is allowed to pass through a DOWEX 50 (H+) column. Owing to the high solubility of cytokinin, it easily drains off from the DOWEX 50 (H+) column.
This solution is again mixed with n- butanol in a separating funnel. The cytokinin dissolves in n- butanol and forms a separate layer which is then separated from the separating funnel.
The separated solution is allowed to evaporate to get crystals of cytokinins. The individual cytokinines are then separated from each other using chromatographic methods. Solvents such as butanol- ammonium hydroxide - water (3:1:1) and acetate- butanol- water (4:1:2) are used for this chromatographic separation.
The extracted cytokinin is then subjected to bioassay.
Miller (1963) has developed a bioassay technique to assess the presence of cytokinin a solution. The different steps of cytokinin bioassay test are summarized below:
The seeds of soyabeans are surface - sterilized properly by using disinfectant. The surface sterilized seeds are then allowed to germinate under aseptic conditions.
After germination the cotyledons of the seedlings are excised and cut into small pieces of 4*4*2 mm size.
The cotyledonary segments are aseptically inoculated into flask containing a semi-solid medium without cytokinin. Similarly, the cotyledonary segments are also inoculated into another flask containing the semi- solid medium with the test solution. Both cultures are incubated at 25-17ºC until they produce calluses. Generally cotyledons take 3 weeks to produce callus tissues.
After 3 weeks the calluses in each flask are weighed properly by using a sensitive balance.
If the weight of the segments taken from the test solution exceeds the weight of the segments taken from the other flask, it indicated that the test solution contains cytokinin- like compounds. If it does not happen, than the test solution is devoid of cytokinins.
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Children practice counting up to 20 using blocks in this hands-on counting and coloring worksheet. These worksheets prepare students for learning to count and perform simple math. Teach your child how to write numbers and give them plenty of practice with these tracing worksheets.
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Fun Learning Numbers Worksheets For Kindergarten Math Kindergarten Kindergarten Math Worksheets Free Kindergarten Math Worksheets Kindergarten Math Numbers for Kindergarten learning numbers worksheets | <urn:uuid:f8b32c9a-245d-43d3-adc6-ce2ba87d82c5> | {
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Picture This… July 2020
The monthly ‘Picture This…’ articles highlight items from the collections of Canterbury Cathedral and related collections, and are written by postgraduate students from the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University, staff from the three institutions and guest contributors. The year 2020 is an anniversary year of St Thomas Becket, and throughout the year ‘Picture This…’ will focus on Becket.
Author: Professor Rachel Koopmans, Associate Professor of History, York University, Canada
Image caption: Thomas Becket Emerges from Shrine to Heal Sick Man, Canterbury Cathedral Trinity Chapel nIII 45].
In the foreground, an ill man lies in bed. In the background, St Thomas Becket, wearing a mitre and holding a staff, shoots out of a shrine, almost as if he is being shot out of a cannon.
This remarkable stained glass panel is found at the very top of one of the miracle windows in Canterbury Cathedral’s Trinity Chapel. It dates to the early thirteenth century. This is the same time period when Becket’s remains were transferred from a tomb in the cathedral’s crypt, where he had been hastily interred shortly after his murder in 1170, to a spectacular shrine in the Trinity Chapel. That movement of Becket’s relics, termed a ‘translation’, happened 800 years ago this month, on 7th July 1220. Thousands of pilgrims, including King Henry III and many dignitaries, came to Canterbury to celebrate the translation, their revels aided by the free wine Archbishop Stephen Langton ordered to be available at the gates of the city.
Becket’s magnificent shrine remained the goal of Canterbury pilgrims until 1538. In that year, Henry VIII ordered it to be dismantled and Becket’s remains dispersed and destroyed. Henry VIII’s men did their job so thoroughly that only small fragments of marble from the shrine’s base are known to survive today.
What did that shrine look like? We have multiple written descriptions of it, many of them marvelling about the number of jewels that covered its surface. Visual depictions of it, though, are much more scarce and unsatisfying.
In the mid 1850s, the glazier George Austin Jr. cleaned and repaired the stained glass panel picturing the ill man and Becket coming out of a shrine. He was convinced that he had found what had seemed so elusive: a depiction of Becket’s Trinity Chapel shrine. In a passage appended to Arthur Stanley’s very popular Historical Memorials of Canterbury, Austin enthused that the stained glass image ‘without doubt represents the main features of the Shrine faithfully’ and that ‘this representation is the more valuable as being the only one known to exist’.
Unfortunately for this attractive idea, scholars have since concluded that the shrine depicted on the panel is not a representation of Becket’s Trinity Chapel shrine. As beautiful as it is, the shrine on the panel does not match the grandeur of the written descriptions of Becket’s shrine. The most accurate medieval representation of Becket’s shrine that we have is not this glass image, but rather a pilgrim’s badge dating to the fourteenth or fifteenth century. This badge would have been purchased as a souvenir of a pilgrimage to Canterbury and worn clipped to a pilgrim’s hat. To see an example, click here.
What, then, does the stained glass panel represent? Like the rest of the surviving glass in the Trinity Chapel, it was designed to tell a story of one of Becket’s early miracles. In this case, it seems to have been a combination of the stories concerning an ill cleric named Philip of Alnwick and his son, John. Philip had two problems, one rather gruesome: he had painful feet, and greatly swollen genitals. John also had two problems: he had a headache and his body was covered with pustules. Both father and son had a vision of Becket, after which they were healed. Philip’s vision was described in detail by the monk and writer Benedict of Peterborough: ‘[Philip] thought he was lying in a church near the shrines of two saints. The blessed and glorious martyr Thomas rose from one of the shrines and spoke to him, saying: “Philip, you saw me, and you loved me very much when I lived in the world”’. (For the full text of the two stories, see the appendix below).
The glaziers were depicting a shrine seen in a vision, not ‘THE’ shrine. But this need not be disappointing. The artist who designed this panel gave us something more historically important than a representation of Becket’s shrine. He pictured for us what medieval people thought about the power, effectiveness, and energy of the dead archbishop. Becket was seen as a saint and his relics were translated 800 years ago this month because people believed in that power and felt themselves healed by it. This wonderfully dynamic and memorable image gives us precious insight into that long-ago world.
Appendix: The stories of Philip of Alnwick and his son John found in Benedict of Peterborough, Miracula S. Thomae, ed. by J. C. Robertson (London, 1876), book IV, chapters 24-25, pp. 201-202 (translation by the author, all rights reserved).
Concerning Philip of Alnwick, whose genitals had swelled up
A clerk of Alnwick named Philip suffered with the detriment of two infirmities: a dangerous debility of the feet and a dreadful inflammation of the genitals. The second illness had brought him to despair of his life, and the twin pain fixed him to his bed. When the doctors despaired of him, he fell asleep. He thought he was lying in a church near the shrines of two saints. The blessed and glorious martyr Thomas rose from one of the shrines and spoke to him, saying: “Philip, you saw me, and you loved me very much when I lived in the world. And this will benefit you, in this life and in the future.” With his hand, he stroked the recumbent man from his head to his groin. He grasped the greatly inflamed and swollen scrotum with two of his fingers and let go after piercing it with his nails. He said to someone standing by, “Take the shoes off his feet.” When this was done, the cleric woke from sleep, and at the same moment the pain left his feet and the terrible swelling left his genitals. And he realized that this was not a dream of the sort that men are often deluded by, especially as he found that the skin of that area was indeed burst by the nails of the martyr. He found himself lying in a great deal of water, with his scrotum drained and shrunk back to its proper size. He rose healed, and from a great distance he came to Canterbury.
Concerning his son John, whose entire body was possessed by pustules
His son, John, had a headache, and his whole body, front and back, was covered with pustules. He washed each one with the water of the martyr, and he was rewarded with a visitation of the martyr in his sleep, who promised him health with this stipulation: “If you vow to go to Canterbury, you will soon be cured.” Waking, he found all the ulcers burst. Made whole in a short time, he took on the owed journey of pilgrimage.
G[eorge] A[ustin Jr.], ‘Note I’, in Arthur P. Stanley, Historical Memorials of Canterbury, 3rd ed. (London: Dent, 1857), 286–90 (included in all subsequent editions).
Sarah Blick, ‘Reconstructing the Shrine of St. Thomas Becket, Canterbury Cathedral’, in Art and Architecture of Late Medieval Pilgrimage in Northern Europe and the British Isles, vol. 1,
Texts, ed. Sarah Blick and Rita Tekippe (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 405–41.
Richard Eales, ‘The Political Setting of the Becket Translation of 1220’, in Martyrs and Martyrologies, ed. by Diana Wood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 127-139.
Rachel Koopmans, ‘Visions, Reliquaries, and the Image of “Becket’s Shrine” in the Miracle Windows of Canterbury Cathedral’, Gesta 54:1 (2015): 37-57. | <urn:uuid:f2e5c5e2-5ed2-4658-955c-1e6de75772d8> | {
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We are sharing poster making format for Classes 11th and 12th with students who find problems while designing posters. Poster-making format is a part of writing skills and equally crucial for 12th board examinations. we are sharing the format, the point to remember while designing a poster, and some sample questions.
Poster Making Format: Introduction
A poster is a valuable means of making an announcement or appeal or creating awareness in the public interest. The political parties issue it, NGOs, Education Department, Family Welfare Department, etc.
Purpose Posters can be used for highlighting the following:
• cultural shows/exhibitions/seminars/workshops/fairs/fetes, etc.
• educational institutions and student activities
• social themes/problems
• general A poster has certain important features. These include:
• The poster should be visually attractive.
• It should contain a catchy title.
• It should contain a sketch or simple visuals to make it look attractive.
• It must have different fonts in different shapes and sizes.
• The theme/subject must come across clearly.
• Description/details related to the theme should be given.
• Essential details, e.g. date, time, venue, must be included.
• Names, i.e. issuing authority and organizers, must be mentioned.
• Attention must be paid to the organizing and sequencing of content.
• Appropriate language must be used.
• Creativity in language and design must be encouraged.
Posters recapture and recreate the basic moods and styles of three modes of communication, i.e. notices, advertisements, and invitations. Thus, they should be designed to captivate the attention of the onlookers. To achieve this, the poster must use bold and capital letters, striking designs, and ornate work. Catchy phrases and slogans are the lifelines of posters.
Poster Making Format: Important points
• Maintain brevity as there is limited space available.
• Clarity is essential to put the message across successfully.
• The poster should look attractive.
• Use visuals/pictures to create interest and get the message across. The visual/colors must add to and not detract from the message.
• Arrange content in a pleasing, readable way. The wordings of the poster should be
• The first line should introduce the purpose of the poster, e.g. A Health Mela, A
School Fete, etc.
• Mention relevant contact details.
• Include other details that would awaken the interest of the reader.
• The name and address of the issuing organization must be clear.
• Catchy slogans/captions can be used to make the message effective.
Poster Making Format Class 12th: Sample Questions
Q1. Design a poster that creates awareness to donate eyes.
Q2. Design a Poster for ‘Save Water.’
Q3. Design a Poster to create awareness about the importance of voting.
Q4. Design a poster creating awareness to save girl children.
Q5. Design a poster creating awareness about the government’s Digital India program.
We have shared Poster Making Format for class 12th students to give them the idea of designing posters and will make it easy to attempt questions in the board examinations. We have also shared some sample questions to give tips and tricks on designing a poster. Students can just take help from the above examples, and it will be beneficial for class 11th students as well. | <urn:uuid:1d250774-f05b-495c-babf-e64fcf08f640> | {
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Skin wrinkles are grooves in the skin. Wrinkles can be on the surface of the skin or can be quite deep.
Skin loses its strength and elasticity, or ability to stretch, as a person ages. This makes the skin less able to smooth out, which is thought to be part of the cause of wrinkles and skin sagging seen in the elderly. Sun exposure also contributes to the development of wrinkles.
Symptoms of wrinkles include deeply formed lines and fine, crinkling crosshatch marks. Skin that is wrinkled may also have a tough, leathery appearance if the person has had a lot of exposure to the sun.
A number of factors can cause wrinkles, including the following: loss of elasticity with agesun damagerepeated facial movements, such as frowningnatural effects of gravity, which cause sagging of the skin as a person ages
People at highest risk for wrinkles include: fair-skinned peoplepeople who spend a lot of time in the sunpeople who have family members with a lot of wrinkles
Wrinkles due to normal aging cannot be prevented. An individual can lower the risk of wrinkles by avoiding excess exposure to the sun.
Wrinkles are diagnosed by their characteristic appearance.
Wrinkles have no long-term effects.
Wrinkles are not contagious and pose no risk to others.
Wrinkles do not need to be treated unless the person wishes to eliminate them for cosmetic reasons. For fine wrinkles, retinoic acid may be applied to the skin to fill in the crevices.
Wrinkles may also be treated by a number of procedures, such as the following: topical creams and ointments, such as tretinoin (i.e., Avita, Renova, Retin-A) or alphahydroxyl acids (AHAs), which peel off top layers of skinchemical peels to remove wrinkled layers, such as the application of lactic, glycolic, or salicylic acidsdermabrasion, a procedure that sands away the top layers of skininjection of substances such as fat or collagen, which is a gelatin-like substance, under the skinlaser surgery, which removes layers of skin. This procedure is used especially for wrinkles around the eyes.botulinum toxin (i.e., Botox), which is used for wrinkles between the eyebrows and around the eyes. The toxin is injected into the muscle that caused the wrinkle. It paralyzes the muscle, so that the wrinkles gradually disappear when the muscle is not used.
The more likely the treatment is to help wrinkling, the more likely it is to have side effects. Side effects can include: color changes in the skinrednessskin scarring
Topical products can cause irritation that looks and feels like chapping. Injectable substances can cause allergic reactions.
Sometimes the treatment for wrinkles results in skin that looks markedly smoother and younger. Other times, improvement of the wrinkles can be minimal and temporary.
Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare professional. | <urn:uuid:97e34dde-b31b-44f7-b00d-21d81483e6b0> | {
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Lead is normally dug from ores that contain other minerals such as: silver, copper, zinc, cadmium and antimony. The raw material is then refined with pine oil, alum, lime and xanthate as well as limestone ore.
2 Additional Answers
Lead is a metal in and of itself. It is not made of any other mineral. Now, it can be found in other minerals. As a matter of fact, it is almost always mined from other minerals, like cerussite
Lead is a metal substance, thought to be the oldest known metal on earth. Lead used for jewelry has been dated back to 6400 BC. Lead is an element found most commonly in copper ore. You can find more information here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead | <urn:uuid:aeebd992-ab59-4025-9851-8a180aa7ddf8> | {
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What is Whistleblowing?
– is the process whereby an employee raises a concern about malpractice, wrongdoing, risk, or illegal proceedings, which harms or creates a risk of harm to the people who use the service, employees, or the wider community.
-is not the same as making a complaint or raising a grievance. Individuals who use a service, their family, or somebody who represents them can make a complaint about a service, usually following the organisation’s complaints procedure. This would be a complaint. Individuals who work in an organisation and want to raise a grievance about their employment rights can make a grievance following an organisation’s dedicated procedure. This would be a grievance.
– is however, is different to both a complaint and a grievance because it involves a situation where an employee raises a concern about some form of malpractice that they have witnessed in their workplace.
– is an essential part of safeguarding adults: all adults deserve to be treated with dignity and respect at all times. In circumstances where they are not being treated this way, whistleblowing ensures that the malpractice is acted upon and that vulnerable adults receive the care and support they deserve.
-Whistleblowing has been defined as: ‘the disclosure by an employee or professional of confidential information which relates to some danger, fraud or other illegal or unethical conduct connected with the work place, be it of the employee or his/her fellow employees’ (Public Concern at Work Guidelines 1997)
_at Manor Park we have our own Whistle Blowing Policy which laid down the guidelines to follow and observed while working in the place and in conjunction to the our knowledge in Safeguarding and Child Protection Policy. | <urn:uuid:a0067aaf-ea25-4ce9-b456-e37e14493e32> | {
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Resources cannot be aligned to this standard, browse sub-standards to find lessons.
On a map of the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia, identify where Islam began and trace the course of its expansion to 1500 AD.
Describe significant aspects of Islamic belief.
Analyze the causes, and course, and effects of Islamic expansion through North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and Central Asia.
Describe the central political, economic, and religious developments in major periods of Islamic history.
Analyze the influence and achievements of Islamic civilization during its “Golden Age”. | <urn:uuid:3ed1ad7e-8e65-459d-8646-0c20769ab2f0> | {
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At 14:20 Universal Time (UTC) on August 29, 2010, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this natural-color image of Hurricane Earl over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. At 15:00 UTC on August 29, the U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC) reported that Earl had sustained winds of 75 miles (120 km) per hour, with minimum air pressures of 985 millibars.
At the time, the hurricane was centered near 17 degrees North latitude, 58 degrees West longitude, about 225 miles (360 kilometers) east of Antigua and 315 miles (510 km) east of St. Martin. Both islands are among the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of the Caribbean.
Researchers participating in NASA's Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes field campaign have already made two flights over Tropical Storm/Hurricane Earl, which formed on August 29. By the afternoon of August 30, it was a major hurricane with 120 mph (205 kph) winds and hurricane warnings in effect for Anguilla, St. Martin, St. Barthelemy, St. Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius, the British Virgin Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands and the Puerto Rican islands of Culebra and Vieques.
Both Earl and Hurricane Danielle appeared in a single overpass of the Terra satellite on August 29, 2010.
- National Hurricane Center. (2010, August 30). Hurricane Earl Advisory Archive. Accessed August 30, 2010.
- NASA. (2010, August 30). Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes field campaign. Accessed August 30, 2010. | <urn:uuid:c84efbeb-6e36-4ae4-aeab-1dc814fb8b68> | {
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Indigenous Peoples and Treaties
Taber is located on the traditional territory of the Siksikaitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy), Stoney-Nakoda and Tsuut’ina. It is covered by Treaty 7, signed in 1877. Today, Kainai Nation’s primary reserve, Blood 148, is located just west of Lethbridge. (See also Reserves in Alberta.)
Taber was settled by Mormons in the first decade of the 20th century. The name is said to come from the first part of the word “tabernacle.” However, the first post office (1904) was called “Tabor,” presumably after Mount Tabor, Palestine.
At first, Taber's economy depended on beef cattle and wheat. However, with the development of irrigation, the cultivation of sugar beets became important. A sugar beet processing plant opened in 1950 and continues to operate today. Taber is also well known for its “Taber Corn.” Oil and natural gas developments are prevalent in the area and the town has become a service centre for this industry. | <urn:uuid:67e74976-c5e7-4033-a5b6-a582ce6fb72a> | {
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Ninth graders use online tutorials, class discussion, presentations and scientific articles to explore types of cells along with cell structure, function and behavior. They explore ethical questions related to cells and disease.
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- The study cited by the Instagram post has not been peer-reviewed
- Marine biologists and oceanographers have not observed any dramatic reduction in the plankton population in the Atlantic Ocean or anywhere else.
- If a large portion of plankton died off, it would have a disastrous effect on ocean life.
The July 21 Instagram post featured an image of the ocean with superimposed text that read "Breaking: Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone."
"In what could be the most disturbing news in ocean conservation, if not human, history — data reveals worse than expected state of plankton (the foundation of life on earth) with a 90% drop in the Atlantic, driving another nail in the coffin of our dying ocean," the text continued.
The Instagram post cited a study released by the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation, or the Goes Foundation, a Scotland research group that measures plankton levels in the Atlantic Ocean.
Howard Dryden, a marine biologist and the study’s lead author, was quoted in the Instagram post’s caption saying the Atlantic Ocean was "pretty much dead."
Scientists have since questioned the study’s validity and the Goes Foundation’s data gathering methods. Dryden has said news outlets and social media have misinterpreted the study.
The post was flagged as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. Instagram is owned by Facebook. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook.)
Plankton come in two groups: phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Phytoplankton are plantlike organisms often found near the water's surface. They can absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
Zooplankton are animals that include creatures as small as krill and as large as a jellyfish. They stay in deeper waters during the daylight to avoid predators and rise up to the surface at night to feed on phytoplankton.
The Instagram post took its information and Dryden’s quote from a story about the foundation’s study in a story published July 17 by The Sunday Post, a Scottish newspaper.
The Post's story originally had the headline of "Our empty oceans: Scots team’s research finds Atlantic plankton all but wiped out in catastrophic loss of life," and said the study found a majority of Atlantic Ocean plankton had disappeared over two years because of pollution from toxic chemicals and microplastics.
However, the article did not say that the study collected samples from a limited part of the Atlantic Ocean at 15 degrees north latitude, and that the foundation’s findings have not been peer-reviewed. Dryden told PolitiFact there was a "breakdown in communication with The Sunday Post," and that the newspaper has since updated its story clarifying the scope of the foundation’s study.
"What should have been said was that there has been a 90% decline in the equatorial Atlantic, not the whole Atlantic," Dryden said. "This is still a major finding, because it could mark the beginning of the spread further afield."
The Goes Foundation described its plankton and pollution survey as an "ongoing Citizen Science project" involving 13 sailing vessels, one manned by researchers for the foundation and 12 others crewed by sailors given monitoring equipment. The crews used custom paper filters to collect water samples. Scientists would later analyze the filters to see whether plankton were in the water.
The crews involved in the survey found only a minuscule amount of plankton.
Dryden said the foundation's findings "should be verified by a second independent study," and that the organization is working on getting its findings peer-reviewed, although that could take two years. He said the organization felt it had to make the information public as soon as possible because "it is so important for the survival of the oceans and climate change."
Oceanographers and marine biologists contacted by PolitiFact disagree with the study’s methods and findings, saying they have not observed a 90% drop in plankton around the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, or anywhere else.
Mark Ohman, a biological oceanographer at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, said the study "does not even begin to meet the standards of peer-reviewed science."
He said the study’s sampling method was "not an appropriate way to take quantitative plankton samples" and led to unreliable results because:
- The sample tubes used by the boats were too small to collect zooplankton in the upper ocean.
- Most soft-bodied zooplankton would be unrecognizable on the filter paper used by the study.
- The study failed to sample most of the open ocean plankton, which are not large enough to be captured by the filter.
The study didn’t specify when and where the samples were taken in the Atlantic, which would affect how much plankton was in the water, Ohman said. And the study failed to highlight plankton’s importance in ocean food webs and in regulating the Earth’s climate and oxygenating the atmosphere, he said.
"This study makes no contribution to understanding of any of those key processes, is rife with distortion and misunderstanding, and completely lacks credibility," Ohman said.
There have also been no widespread changes to the plankton levels in the Atlantic Ocean, said David Johns, head of the Continuous Plankton Record Survey, which was established in 1931 to measure and monitor the ecological health of marine plankton.
"We have analyzed over a quarter-million samples from over 70 years of sampling, and have categorically not seen the declines reported by Dryden, and do not agree with his results," Johns said.
Ohman said there has been no drop in overall zooplankton populations in the northeast Pacific Ocean, and a rise in phytoplankton. The Continuous Plankton Record Survey works with a large network of scientists around the world. None of the scientists has reported seeing the same declines mentioned in the Goes Foundation survey. There have been some plankton population declines that can be attributed to climate change, but not water pollution as mentioned in the survey, Johns said.
"A reduction as mentioned in Dryden’s report would not only be catastrophic, but also immediately obvious," Johns said. "No plankton, no food for higher trophic levels such as fish, whales, filter-feeding shark and seabirds."
An Instagram post claimed 90% of plankton in the Atlantic Ocean had vanished.
The post based its information on a study by the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation that claimed water samples it took in a part of the Atlantic Ocean showed the dramatic reduction. The organization said its findings could not be applied to the entire ocean, only the specific area from which the samples were taken.
However, marine biologists and oceanographers have several issues with the organization’s sampling method and findings and say they have not seen a dramatic drop in the plankton population. In some cases, these experts say, plankton have been increasing.
If such a dramatic drop in plankton occurred, it would have a disastrous impact on marine life that would have already been observable.
We rate this False.
United Nations, "How is climate change impacting the world’s ocean," accessed July 26, 2022
Instagram post, July 21, 2022
Screenshot of Instagram post
Goes Foundation, Goes Atlantic plankton and pollution survey, accessed July 26, 2022
Facebook post, July 22, 2022
Facebook Post, July 23, 2022
National Ocean Service, What are plankton, accessed July 26, 2022
Archive of Sunday Post story
Email with Howard Dryden, July 22, 2022
Email with Mark Ohman, July 25, 2022
UC San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, accessed July 27, 2022
Email with David Johns, July 26, 2022
Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, About the CPR Survey, accessed July 27, 2022
Read About Our Process
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July 8, 49 B.C. – The Parisii, a tribe of Celtic fishermen, first set foot in what would become the magnificent city of Paris, on the banks of the Seine, where they formed a town that became known as Lutetia, which mean “Midwater-Dwelling.”
July 8, 1497 – Vasco da Gama set sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
July 8, 1538 – Spanish general and explorer Diego de Almagro, age 62 or 63, was executed by garrote in a dungeon and then decapitated in Cuzco, New Castile, Spanish Empire. His corpse was taken to the public Plaza Mayor of Cuzco, where a herald proclaimed his crimes. Almagro, a companion and later rival of Francisco Pizarro, was a Spanish conquistador, who participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru and is credited as the first European discoverer of Chile.
July 8, 1608 - The first French settlement at Quebec was established by Samuel de Champlain.
July 8, 1663 – Charles II of England granted John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
July 8, 1755 - Britain broke off diplomatic relations with France as their disputes in the New World intensified.
July 8, 1775 – The Olive Branch Petition was signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.
July 8, 1776 – From the tower of the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, the 2,000-pound copper-and-tin “Liberty Bell” range out, summoning citizens to the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. Col. John Nixon gave the first public reading at Independence Square.
July 8, 1777 - A convention of delegates in Windsor, Vermont formally adopted the state's new constitution.
July 8, 1819 – Irish admiral and explorer Francis Leopold McClintock was born in Dundalk, County Louth. A former officer in the British Royal Navy, McClintock is best known for his discoveries in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
July 8, 1822 – Poet Percy Bysshe Shelley died at sea off the coast of Italy, just shy of his 30th birthday.
July 8, 1853 – The Perry Expedition arrived in Edo Bay with a treaty requesting trade.
July 8, 1857 – French psychologist Alfred Binet was born in Nice, France.
July 8, 1861 – During the Civil War, the Confederate camp at Florida, Mo. was attacked and dispersed by loyal Union State troops.
July 8, 1862 – During the Civil War, a skirmish was fought at Black Run, on the Black River, and another at Pleasant Hill in Missouri.
July 8, 1863 - Port Hudson, the Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River in Louisiana, fell to Nathaniel Banks' Union force. Less than a week after the surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, the Confederate garrison’s surrender at Port Hudson cleared another obstacle for the Federals on the Mississippi River. Port Hudson was defended by General Franklin Gardner and a force of 3,500 men, but word of Vicksburg’s surrender convinced Gardner that further resistance was futile.
July 8, 1863 – During the Civil War, skirmishes were fought at Cumming’s Ferry, Kentucky River, Kentucky; at Boonsborough and Williamsport, Maryland; and at Bolton and Clinton, Mississippi.
July 8, 1863 – During the Civil War, the draft began in Massachusetts.
July 8, 1863 – During the Civil War, a Federal operation began between Germantown, Tenn. and Hernando, Miss.
July 8, 1864 – During the Civil War, a skirmish was fought at Vienna, Ala.
July 8, 1864 – During the Civil War, skirmishes were fought in the vicinity of Huntersville, Arkansas; at Antietam Bridge, Frederick, and Sandy Hook, Maryland; near Richmond, Missouri; and near Kelley’s Mill, Mississippi.
July 8, 1864 – During the Civil War, part of Sherman’s Army crossed the Chattahoochee, outflanking the Confederates. Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston retreated into Atlanta, Ga. to prevent being flanked by Union General William T. Sherman. A skirmish was also fought at Cove Springs and Isham’s Ford, Georgia.
July 8, 1865 - C.E. Barnes patented the machine gun.
July 8, 1876 – White supremacists killed five Black Republicans in Hamburg, South Carolina.
July 8, 1877 – John Sampey Sr., one of Conecuh County’s original settlers, cattle farmers and Methodists, died at the age of 76 in Belleville, Ala. Sampey was born in Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland on April 20, 1801 and sailed for America on Sept. 12, 1824. He is buried in the Belleville United Methodist Church Cemetery.
July 8, 1879 – The sailing ship USS Jeannette departed San Francisco carrying an ill-fated expedition to the North Pole.
July 8, 1889 – The first issue of The Wall Street Journal was published.
July 8, 1890 – Jewish teenager Haiman Long arrived in Evergreen, Ala. and went on to open a business known as the “Red Front Store,” which later became known as “I. Long & Sons.” He would go on to become one of Evergreen’s most prominent merchants and citizens before passing away in Evergreen on Dec. 1, 1937 at the age of 63.
July 8, 1891 - Future President Warren G. Harding married a spunky divorcee named Florence Mabel Kling DeWolfe in Marion, Ohio. Harding, the 29th President of the United States, was the great-grandson of Conecuh County’s Henchie Warren, who is said to have hidden a chest of gold in Shipps Pond.
July 8, 1892 – Novelist and poet Richard Aldington was born in Edward Godfree Aldington in Portsmouth, England.
July 8, 1895 - The Monroe County Commissioners court was scheduled to convene in Monroeville on this Monday for the purpose of examining the books of tax assessments for the year 1895 and to levy the county tax.
July 8, 1908 - Miners of the District 20 United Mine Workers union in Birmingham, Ala. declared a strike against the coal companies. The bitter and often violent two-month strike pitted one of the South's few viable interracial labor unions against northern Alabama's "Big Mules," the Birmingham district's politically influential, wealthy industrial employers. To break the strike, mine owners deputized hundreds of armed men to confront the workers and, at their request, Governor Braxton Bragg Comer declared martial law and dispatched state troops into the coalfields.
July 8, 1912 – Castleberry, Ala. town marshal M.C. Johnson arrested Roland Baggett and a “young man named Crockett” on charges of attempted murder and placed them in the Conecuh County Jail in Evergreen. Allegedly, Baggett and Crockett attempted to kill Bob Knight of Castleberry on July 6. Knight had been shot in the back with a .32-caliber bullet that passed through his body and his chances of recovery didn’t look good.
July 8, 1914 – The Evergreen Courant reported that William Ellis “exhibited a piece of broken earthenware here recently which he says he found 30 feet under the surface of the earth while boring a well on his premises. How it came there is unexplainable.”
July 8, 1915 – Three mules belonging to J.T. McCarthy & Co. were drowned, a fourth was “rescued with difficulty” and painful injuries were sustained by a wagon driver as a result of the collapse of Graham Bridge on Flat Creek. The wagon was loaded with 700 to 800 feet of green lumber being hauled across the bridge when the accident occurred. The creek was swollen from recent rains and the mules, entangled by the harness, were swept down the creek by the swift current.
July 8, 1917 – National Book Award-winning novelist and short-story writer J.F. Powers was born James Earl Powers in Jacksonville, Ill.
July 8, 1918 - Ernest Hemingway, 18, was severely wounded while carrying a companion to safety on the Austro-Italian front, along the Piave Delta, during World War I. Hemingway, working as a Red Cross ambulance driver, was decorated for his heroism and sent home. He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for his novel, “The Old Man and the Sea.”
July 8, 1926 – Psychiatrist and writer Elisabeth Kubler-Ross was born in Zurich, Switzerland.
July 8, 1927 - A delegation of Monroe and Clarke County citizens went to Montgomery on this Friday to appear before the State Highway Commission in an effort to interest the commissioners in an east and west highway by way of Monroeville, Claiborne, Whatley, Grove Hill and Coffeeville. The delegation was very well pleased at the reception they received at the hands of the Highway Department. The most serious obstacle in the way at this time, they stated, was due to there being a division of sentiment as to what project that county wished taken up next.
July 8, 1929 – Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Shirley Ann Grau was born in New Orleans. She won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1965 for “The Keepers of the House.”
July 8, 1930 - Col. Woolsey Finnel, Chairman of the State Highway Commission and candidate for governor in the primary election to be held on Aug. 12, 1930, spoke at the Conecuh County Courthouse on this Tuesday night. He was introduced by Robt. H. Jones, attorney and Chairman of the Conecuh County Democratic Committee.
July 8, 1932 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached its lowest level of the Great Depression, closing at 41.22.
July 8, 1937 – Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan signed the Treaty of Saadabad.
July 8, 1941 - With his team trailing 5-4 with two outs in the ninth inning, Ted Williams hits a three-run home run to lead the American League to a 7-5 victory in the All-Star Game at Briggs Stadium in Detroit.
July 8, 1945 - Following a long period of ill health, H.L. Dees Sr., widely known and successful citizen of Repton, passed away at his home on this Sunday morning. Dees was born in Monroe County on Dec. 4, 1869.
July 8, 1947 – In what became known as the “Roswell UFO Incident,” the U.S. Army announced it had recovered a crashed flying disc near Roswell, New Mexico. Quickly afterward they retracted the story and said it was actually a "weather balloon."
July 8, 1950 – Melvin Salter, the son of Hilliard Salter of Evergreen, Ala. was reported missing in action in Korea. He served with the paratroopers in World War II and reenlisted about two years before he went missing.
July 8, 1951 - The city of Paris celebrated her 2,000th birthday.
July 8, 1952 – Pro Football Hall of Fame middle linebacker Jack Lambert was born in Mantua, Ohio. He went on to play for Kent State and the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1990.
July 8, 1952 - The Evergreen City Council met on this Tuesday night at city hall with nothing but routine business coming before them. Two building permits were granted for the construction of residences. George T. Robbins received a permit for the construction of a frame residence in his Pine Woods subdivision. Earl Windham was granted a permit for the construction of a residence on Salter Street, between the Barlow and Shell residences.
July 8, 1953 - Notre Dame announced that the next five years of its football games would be shown in theatres over closed circuit TV.
July 8, 1953 – Columnist, novelist and essayist Anna Quindlen was born in Philadelphia.
July 8, 1959 - Major Dale R. Ruis and Master Sgt. Chester M. Ovnand became the first Americans killed in the American phase of the Vietnam War when guerrillas struck a Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) compound in Bien Hoa, 20 miles northeast of Saigon.
July 8, 1963 - Eddie Rankin, age six, of Evergreen, Ala., was killed on this afternoon when he dashed into the path of a 1962 Ford, driven by Velma Worlds of Castleberry. “Trooper Cargile said that it was impossible for Mrs. World’s to avoid hitting the child.”
July 8, 1963 - Non-jury equity cases on the Conecuh County Circuit Court docket were to be heard on this Monday starting at 9 a.m. Circuit Judge A.H. Elliott of Brewton was to preside. According to Circuit Clerk Ralph Crysell, a total of 140 cases were on the docket, 52 non-jury cases and 68 equity cases.
July 8, 1965 – John Sale of Brewton, Ala., the reigning state high school champion, defeated Forrest Watkins of Monroeville in an 18-hole playoff for the championship of the Evergreen Golf Club’s July 4th Invitational Tournament.
July 8, 1965 – Pulitzer Prize-winning author Thomas Sigismund “T. S.” Stribling died at the age of 84 in Florence, Ala. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1933 for his novel “The Store.”
July 8, 1965 - Ambassador Maxwell Taylor resigned from his post in Vietnam and was replaced by former ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge.
July 8, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson decreed that a Vietnam Service Medal be awarded to Americans serving in the conflict, even though there had been no official declaration of war.
July 8, 1970 - The San Francisco Giant’s Jim Ray Hart became the first National League player in 59 seasons to collect six runs batted (RBI) during a single inning.
July 8, 1977 - The City of Evergreen served lunch to Marines of the 4th Force Reconnaissance Co., U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, when they took a break in Evergreen on this Friday. The Mobile-based reserve unit was taking part in running the 4th Marine Amphibious Force Battle Standard from Tun Tavern, Philadelphia, the birthplace of the Marines to New Orleans, running the flag from Greenville to Mobile. The flag was scheduled to officially arrive in New Orleans on Aug. 1, where it was to be joined with the flag of the 4th Marine Division (reserve division) being run from Camp Pendleton, Calif. to join with the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing (reserve) to form the 4th Marine Amphibious Force (reserve) in permanent station at New Orleans.
July 8, 1977 - Evergreen Mayor O.B. “Bert” Tuggle took a look at the 4th Marine Amphibious Force Battle Standard held by 1st Lt. Charles Jackson of Brewton, executive officer of the 4th Force Reconnaissance Co., U.S. Marine Corp Reserve, Mobile. Standing by the mayor and holding a folded U.S. flag was First Sgt. Leroy Thrasher of Mobile, who headed the group of Mobile Marine Reserves who ran the flag from Greenville to Mobile, arriving in Evergreen at noon on this Friday and in Mobile on the next day.
July 8, 1977 - Weather observer Earl Windham reported a high of 101 degrees on this day in Evergreen, Ala.
July 8, 1982 – An assassination attempt against Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in Dujail occurred.
July 8, 1994 – Swedish-American businessman and explorer Lars-Eric Lindblad died of a sudden heart attack while on vacation in Stockholm.
July 8, 1999 – The Evergreen Courant reported that the Maxwell-Johnson House, located at 120 South Main St. in Evergreen, had recently been added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage.
July 8, 2000 - J.K. Rowling's fourth Harry Potter book, "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire," was released in the U.S.
July 8, 2002 - U.S. President George W. Bush promised to "use all the tools at our disposal" to bring down Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.
July 8, 2008 - Luther Upton, then age 61, of Evergreen announced that he had qualified to run for the District 3 seat on the Evergreen City Council during municipal elections on Aug. 26, 2008.
July 8, 2011 – Space Shuttle Atlantis was launched in the final mission of the U.S. Space Shuttle program.
July 8, 2013 – “Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls,” a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, premiered on NBC.
July 8, 2014 – “Hunting the Legend,” a Bigfoot movie set almost entirely in Wilcox County, Ala., was released.
July 8, 2015 – Former Alabama and NFL quarterback Kenny Stabler, a native of Foley, Ala., passed away in Gulfport, Miss. at the age of 69. During his pro career, he played for the Oakland Raiders, the Houston Oilers and the New Orleans Saints. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016. | <urn:uuid:70277ee5-c623-47c9-b3f2-be011bc67e27> | {
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How do The Help by Katheryn Stockett and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain both effectively prove the deep-rooted prejudice and racism that existed in their times?
Huckleberry Finn is set in 1830's or 40's Missouri along and The Help is set in Jackson, Mississippi in 1962. Both are works of fiction though both are considered to be reliable accounts of the events and emotions of the times they represent.
In Huck Finn, Twain tells about the hardships of slaves through the eyes of an escaped slave. However, Twain does not present a clear overarching viewpoint on the subject but rather leaves the reader to decide how to interpret the events that occur.
He does have individual characters present a variety of opinions. One such example of how he proves the deep-rooted prejudice and racism of the time is when, in chapter 6, Pap is telling Huck how he will never vote again because a black freed slave was allowed to vote in the North. Pap goes on to say that the man wouldn't have even moved off the sidewalk to give him the preferred path if Pap hadn't pushed him, as if to say that Pap was appalled that the freed slave didn't concede to the superiority of a white man to drunk too drunk to even vote.
In The Help, Stockett illustrates the injustice occurring in the south in the 1960's. She tells about the hardships faced by black maids in white households. One of the most pointed examples of the deep-rooted prejudice and racism that existed in their times is the Home Help Sanitation Initiative. One of the white women the book depicts, Miss. Hilly Holbrook, propose an initiative to the surgeon general of Mississippi that would require all white households to have a separate restroom for the colored house servants. She explains:
“All these houses they’re building without maid’s quarters? It’s just plain dangerous. Everybody knows they carry different kinds of diseases than we do”(p.8).
Hilly believes that the colored maids are not human and, therefore, their employers should be fearful of their own health.
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British English is a collective term for the forms of English spoken in the British Isles. In particular, when used by other English speakers, it often refers to the written Standard English and the pronunciation known as Received Pronunciation (RP); the term is often used to make a distinction from American English. In such context the written form is sometimes called International English, since few other English-speaking countries have adopted the changes in spelling introduced by nineteenth century US lexicographers.
It should be noted that the people who live in the British Isles do not use the term often; however, they do refer to Scottish English, Welsh English and Irish English (though never English English!), and dialects thereof. This article deals with British English in the stricter sense.
The written language is known as Standard English and dates back to the early 16th century in its current form. It is primarily based on dialects from the South East of England and is used by newspapers and official publications. Standard written English is basically the same in every English-speaking country, apart from a few minor points of spelling, such as colo(u)r, travel(l)er.
The British Isles are the most linguistically diverse area in the English-speaking world. Significant changes in accent and dialect may occur within one region.
Three major divisions are normally classified as Southern English dialects, Northern English dialects, and Scottish English and the closely related dialects of the Scots language.
The various English dialects differ in the words they have borrowed from other languages. The Scottish and Northern dialects include many words originally borrowed from Old Norse and a few borrowed from Scots Gaelic. Hiberno-English includes words derived from Irish Gaelic.
There are thus many differences between the various English dialects. These can be a major impediment to understanding among the older dialects. However, modern communications and mass media have reduced these differences significantly. In addition, speakers of very different dialects may modify their speech, and particularly vocabulary, towards Standard English.
The accent known to many people outside the United Kingdom as British English is Received Pronunciation, which is defined as the educated spoken English of southeastern England. Earlier it was held as better than other accents and referred to as the King's (or Queen's) English, or even "BBC English". Originally this was the form of English used on radio and television. However, for several decades other accents have been accepted and are frequently heard, although stereotypes about the BBC persist. English spoken with a mild Scottish accent has a reputation for being especially easy to understand.Cockney is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation and can be difficult for outsiders to understand.
There is a new form of accent called Estuary English that has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of Received Pronunciation and some of Cockney. In London itself, the broad local accent is still changing, partly influenced by Caribbean speech. Londoners speak with a mixture of these accents, depending on class, age, upbringing, and so on.
Outside the south east there are, in England alone, at least seven families of accents easily distinguished by natives:
English outside the British Isles
American English, Canadian English, Australian English, New Zealand English, Caribbean English, Indian English, and Pidgin English are among the many newer English dialects that have emerged since the period of emigration from the British Isles during the expansion of the British Empire. Dialect differences are not, in general, an impediment to understanding among the newer overseas dialects, which are for the most part, linguistically very close to each other since, apart from Pidgin, they are all based on Standard English. For examples of differences however, see American and British English differences. A literate, educated English speaker will generally know many forms. Due to the wide reach of US media vis-ŕ-vis the more limited impact of contemporary British culture in the US, knowledge of American English in Britain is more common than the reverse.
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When Loihi starts shaking, scientists pay attention. Twenty miles off the southeast coast of the Big Island, Hawaii’s newest volcano rises 10,000 feet from the ocean floor with its summit about.
Hawaii’s Active Volcanoes Two of the world's most active volcanoes - Kilauea and Maunaloa - can be found on Hawaii Island. Maunaloa last erupted in 1984, and Kilauea's last eruption was 1983-2018. Other volcanoes on Hawaii Island include: Maunakea, Hualalai, and Kohala.
The latest earthquakes in Hawaii, Hawaii. Hawaii, Hawaii has had: (M1.5 or greater) 17 earthquakes in the past 24 hours 252 earthquakes in the past 7 days.
Evacuations are under way after Hawaii's Kilauea volcano erupted and sent lava spewing on to the streets in a residential neighbourhood. Hawaii's governor David Ige declared a state of emergency.
Yesterday, Hawaii ’s Kilauea volcano erupted sending lava into the surrounding residential areas, leading to mandatory evacuations. 10,000 locals have reportedly been instructed to flee. But, what.
An aerial view of the erupting Pu'u 'O'o crater on Hawaii's Kilauea volcano taken at dusk on June 29, 1983. Kilauea is one of the world’s most active volcanoes. It is a shield-type volcano that.
Data for eruptions from 1960 onward are from Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reports. Data source: Volcanoes in the Sea, 2nd Ed. by Macdonald, Abbott and Peterson, University of Hawaii Press, 1983. Kilauea is a broad shield volcano built against the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa.
Hawaiian volcano's violent eruption Jump to media player The Kilauea volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii has erupted, spewing fountains of lava into the air. 07 Mar 11 Share this with Facebook.
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is one of the island’s most popular tourist destinations, and most of it is closed now because of the spewing lava and gases. The closure is costing the island.
A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes.Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent.Very small amounts of volcanic ash are produced.
Kilauea is the world’s largest active volcano and it is located on Hawaii’s Big Island. Geologists are now warning that a possible explosion of the summit could be the largest in over 100 years. In fact, the National Park which surrounds the caldera has been shut down indefinitely over fears of flying boulders the size of cars which can shoot out as fast as 125 m.p.h.
The number of homes and other buildings damaged by a volcanic eruption on Hawaii's Big Island rose to 35 on Monday as thousands of residents remained under mandatory evacuation orders, officials said.
The Kilauea volcano is the youngest and most active on the island of Hawaii, and has been erupting almost continuously since 1983, according to the US Geological Survey. It's in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, a major tourist attraction.
The governor of Hawaii has declared a local state of emergency in the vicinity of the Mount Kilauea volcano following an eruption late yesterday on the state’s Big Island. Dramatic video footage of.
A geologist with the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory stands next to cracks on Nohea Street in Leilani Estates yesterday (May 17). (Image credit: U.S Geological Survey) The lava isn't taking a break.Residents near Hawaii's Kilauea volcano are being forced to evacuate as authorities raise the alert level in anticipation of an imminent eruption following a series of earthquakes.Two of the world's most active volcanoes - Kilauea and Maunaloa - can be found on Hawaii Island. Maunaloa last erupted in 1984, and Kilauea's last eruption was 1983-2018. Other volcanoes on Hawaii Island include: Maunakea, Hualalai, and Kohala. Other landmark volcanoes in the State include: Leahi (Diamond Head), Oahu and Haleakala, Maui. | <urn:uuid:7f6bc824-6bf9-4ae9-b6fe-9be9535635bd> | {
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Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that does the following:
· Describes these basic components of religious traditions and their relationship to the sacred:
- What a religious tradition says—its teachings, texts, doctrine, stories, myths, and others
- What a religious tradition does—worship, prayer, pilgrimage, ritual, and so forth
- How a religious tradition organizes—leadership, relationships among members, and so forth
· Identifies key critical issues in the study of religion
· Includes specific examples from the various religious traditions described in the Week One readings that honor the sacred—such as rituals of the Igbo to mark life events, the vision quest as a common ritual in many Native American societies, or the influence of the shaman as a leader. You may also include examples from your own religious tradition or another religious tradition with which you are familiar.
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Maria Pia of Savoy was born in 1847 and married King Luís I of Portugal in 1862. She was noted for her extravagance and also for her charity work. According to Wikipedia, "Maria Pia of Savoy was also known in Portugal as 'angel of charity' or 'mother of the poor' for her compassion and work on social causes." Political violence and unrest shook her life. She lost her son and grandson in 1908 and she had to leave Portugal and return to Italy in 1910 when Portugal became a republic. This is one of those incidents that shows monarchy could be useful even today. The New State of António de Oliveira Salazar was a Republic, but was it better than a constitutional monarchy would have been?
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Wittgenstein’s Beetle in a Box Analogy and his Investigation of Pain
Wittgenstein’s Beetle in a Box is an analogy he introduces as he investigates the individual experience of pain. By comparing the idea of the beetle to the sense of pain, Wittgenstein is able to show that, even though one cannot fathom how someone else’s sense of pain can compare to their own, the experience can still be shared and understood — or at least recognized — through conversations and public language. His investigation of the notion of pain enables Wittgenstein to emphasize the significance of public language and its distinction between private language.
Wittgenstein’s Beetle in a Box analogy can be found in remark §293 of his Philosophical Investigations. The analogy begins with Wittgenstein stating that it is in his own case, where it is only in his own experience, that he knows what the word “pain” means. He wonders if he can refer to the word pain to other people as well; if the notion of pain can be applied similarly to others as well as his own. And when referring to the sense experience of pain, Wittgenstein says that everyone knows what pain is only from their own experience. That is, an individual can understand another person's feeling of pain only by relating it back to their own individual experience of pain. To further illustrate this point, Wittgenstein introduces a scenario where everyone has a box with something in it that they call a “beetle”. However, he supposes that no one looks into anyone else’s box, yet, everyone knows what a beetle is by only looking at their own beetle as the sole referent. Consequently, it would be possible for everyone to have something completely different in their box; Wittgenstein even suggests that one may also have something constantly changing in their box, or, that the box may even contain nothing at all. And if everyone’s notion of “beetle” is different from everyone else’s, the name of the thing in the box would not be the same as everyone else’s.
The significance of this analogy shows that, without public language — that is, conversations made with others that have meaning — our experiences cannot fully be understood by others, and in turn, the experiences of others cannot be fully understood by ourselves. If experience were confined to just private language — that is, the language that the individual only knows from their immediate and private perceptions (PI: 243) — there would not be a common definition of such an experience. For instance, if one refers to a word, and it means something else to another, the word would have a different understanding that would ultimately be rendered unintelligible if such a word could convey multiple things. If our experiences, like the ones that constitute our senses and thereby what we feel or how we feel, are exclusive to just private language, what has been experienced cannot be fully realized until it is conveyed and discussed with others. It is only through public language that ideas are shared and recognized as significant. By using Wittgenstein’s analogy of the beetle, sharing experiences of pain can be understood through public rather than private language by reiterating this feeling to others and recognizing how other notions of pain can be experienced. By limiting the experience of pain to one’s own immediate and private perceptions, one may never fully understand the meaning of pain itself; limiting one’s individual understanding of the sensation of pain limits the entire awareness of the sensation of pain and its definition. The notion of pain must be discussed in public language so that its understanding can be shared and fully defined as numerous accounts of pain may integrate in order to construe a conventional representation of the sense. Wittgenstein ends this analogy by stating that, “... if we construe the grammar of the expression of sensation on the model of ‘object and name’, the object drops out of consideration as irrelevant,” (PI: 293). His last sentence suggesting that, since there are two parts of an experience (the name and its definition), in private language, the definition of the sensation is usually disregarded and the name is often used just by itself in the experience.
This understanding of the importance of public discourse can be referred back to Wittgenstein’s prior assertions in §241 to §244 and §256 to §257. It is here that Wittgenstein introduces the definitions of private language and his investigation of the experience of pain. Remark 241 begins with Wittgenstein stating that what is true or false is what human beings say to be true or false, and that it is in human language that individuals agree to what is true or false. He says that this agreement is not a matter of opinion, but a form of life. He asserts that the agreement of what is true and what is false is an agreement in definitions and an agreement in judgement, that of which is required for communication by means of language (PI: 242). This notion can be referred back to the importance of public language and how experiences must be relayed back to others: that it is in human language that individuals agree to what is true and what is false. Private language can result in conclusions that are false when they are supposed to be true, or true when they are supposed to be false, because when such conclusions are not discussed, they are secluded in individual minds without certain perspectives.
Wittgenstein points out that, as an individual is able to encourage, give orders, obey, blame and punish themselves, they are also able to ask and answer questions for themselves. He exemplifies a scenario with beings who speak in monologue, accompanying their activities by only talking to themselves. From this scenario, Wittgenstein introduces an outsider who watches them and listens to their dialogue in hopes of succeeding in translating their language into the outsider’s own, which allows the outsider to predict these people’s actions by hearing them make resolutions and decisions. Witggenstein suggests that one may also imagine a language wherein which a person could write down or vocalize their inner experiences (like their feelings, moods, and the like) — this being the introduction to his definition of private language, where “The words of this language are to refer to what only the speaker can know - to [their] immediate private sensations. So another person cannot understand the language,” (PI: 243).
He wonders how words refer to sensations and points out that one does not usually talk about their sensations everyday, let alone name them. Wittgenstein questions how the connection is made between the name and the object’s name; to which he relates to the question of how human beings learn the meaning of names and sensations, and exemplifies the word pain. He gives a possibility: that words are connected with the primitive, natural, expressions of sensation and used in their place (PI: 244). He exemplifies when a child hurts themselves and begins to cry. An adult would then talk to them and teach them exclamations and later sentences; the adult would teach the child new pain behaviors and ways to express their pain. In this case, if the child misunderstands the word “pain” to directly mean “crying”, they would be taught that the verbal expression of pain replaces crying, not necessarily describing it. This discussion between the child and the adult is a simple instance of the use of public language: the child exhibits a language only they are familiar with to express a pain, but once they discuss their experience with the adult, the child is able to apply their further understanding of the experience of pain.
Wittgenstein then refers to language that describes the inner experiences that only the individual can understand, or private language. He asks how one may use words to signify their sensations and asks if his words for sensations coincide with the natural expressions of sensations (PI: 256). In this case, he supposes that he does not have any natural expression of sensations, only sensations themselves. He considers what it would be like if human beings did not manifest their pains, for instance, by not physically exhibiting their pains by groaning, grimacing, and the like. Wittgenstein states that he would then associate names with sensations and would use these names in their descriptions. Would it then be impossible to teach a child the use of the words that would describe certain pains? Words like toothache, or stomach, or headache. From this scenario, Wittgenstein suggests a child who comes up with a name for the pain they feel, a name they come up with all by themselves. However, the child would not make themself understand the use of the word, because they understand the feeling of that pain to speak for the name itself. So does the child understand the name without being able to explain its meaning to anyone? And what do they mean when they reiterate the name for the pain they feel? Wittgenstein considers how the child managed this naming of pain and its purpose. He finds that, when one names a sensation, they tend to forget that there must be a preparation language for the name to make sense; in this case, the grammar of the word “pain” is what has been prepared, indicating the post where the new word should be placed (PI: 257).
From his investigation, Wittgenstein finds that private language is incoherent; to express an experience through a language only known by the individual can be incomprehensible, especially when the individual is trying to convey that experience to another. Wittgenstein has given many instances to exhibit that the definition of a name that distinguishes a certain experience — as in the case of investigating pain felt by a child and reiterated to an adult, or the beetle in a box analogy — must be established and discussed with others, rather than one individual experience. In the case of the child who experiences pain and wants to express their pain to an adult, the child cannot communicate their pain because the word they came up with that expresses that experience is not something the adult can understand. In the case of the beetle in the box, many people refer to one word to describe a thing, however different people have different understanding of the same word thereby cannot understand the other’s definition of the same word. In both cases, it is only through public language that experience can be discussed.
Although Wittgenstein investigates the feeling of pain to demonstrate his argument regarding private and public language, other experiences can be used to justify the importance of public language and the seclusion that forms within private language. For instance, the sensations of love or happiness or sadness can be used to establish the significance of public language over private language. Nevertheless, different experiences cannot be understood completely unless they are deliberated with by others, because the conversations made with others regarding these experiences leads to further understanding of the different aspects an experience may have. To understand an experience through another perspective — after discussing an experience in public — enables one to anticipate that experience and realize certain aspects of that experience that would not have been realized if it were solely discerned in private. And although one cannot fully relate their experience to another, they can at least understand where the other is coming from by relaying back to their own experience. The only way to recognize the similar experience is only by recognizing the public experience.
The experience of senses can only be intelligible using public language, but any human phenomena or idea can be conveyed to others so long as it is through public language. Philosophical phenomena, for instance, like phenomenology or idealism, can be understood and further investigated when it is discussed publicly. If philosophical phenomena like phenomenology or idealism were only to be pursued by a single individual, it’s arguments would not have gone very far. There is only so much an individual mind can fathom and the discussion stimulated with others encourages further understanding.
As much as Wittgenstein emphasizes the importance of public language, I wanted to note that it seems that the use of private language holds some significance. I believe that a lot of individual experiences, feelings, thoughts and human phenomena alike are, first and foremost, perceived by the individual themselves. The mind generates thoughts a lot clearer and more freely in private than in public, and sometimes it is hard to reiterate these thoughts out loud. Before private thoughts are brought to public, they are comprehensively deliberated by the individual and sometimes, it is hard to fully articulate these ideas out loud. Sometimes the thoughts are clear, but how they are to be spoken into existence cannot be expressed to its fullest extent. I also want to suggest that, sometimes in public language, an initial thought can get distorted when they are discussed with others; an idea might be shared, but can get misinterpreted or influenced by different perspectives that try and comprehend and interpret the original thought.
Nevertheless, Wittgenstein’s work regarding the differentiation between public and private language, his investigation of the experience of pain, and his analogy of the Beetle in a Box brings light to the many importances of public participation. When ideas or experiences are not discussed with others, they can get muddled in private language and appear incoherent. Language persuaded in public gives way to the experience or phenomena to be thoroughly investigated by those who wish to further comprende a similar experience, and would like to name and properly define such an experience so that it may be appropriately referred to and understood. Experience and phenomena cannot be fully realized when they are investigated privately, and although it is in private thought that such ideas are initially recognized, it is only through public discussion that these experiences and phenomena can be understood and recognized in others.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophische Untersuchungen (Philosophical Investigations). Translated by Peter M.S.
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World-class research-led learning experience attracts the very best students from around the world who enjoy unrivalled learning opportunities, supported by strong partnerships with NHS Trusts, industry and healthcare organisation.
The Momo Challenge: A Fact sheet for Parents
There has been a lot of media attention recently on the Momo Challenge. The Maudsley Child and Adolescent team have put together a fact sheet to help parents understand and and deal with this issue.
What is it?
Coined the “suicide challenge”, Momo is a new viral game that encourages players to perform a series of challenges in order to meet ‘Mother Bird’ – a disfigured character (inspired by Japanese art) with bulging eyes and untidy black hair on a chicken-like body.
Light-hearted and fun at the outset, this game experience quickly darkens, absorbing players who are encouraged to perform acts of violence and self-harm through a series of progressively risky challenges. Originating in Mexico, it is easily accessed through social media shares (predominantly Facebook and YouTube) and is rapidly spreading across the world.
Why it’s on our radar?
The challenges issued in this game present a serious risk to the safety, welfare and well being of children and young people in our schools here in the UK, as does the distressing content when a player refuses to carry on.With worrying similarities to the ‘Blue Whale challenge’, it has also been linked to at least five cases of childhood suicide.
The low down
- Players are encourage to contact Momo and provide their mobile number.
- They will then receive instructions to perform a series of challenges, via SMS or Whatsapp.
- Players refusal can trigger severely abusive messaging and their mobile device being hacked.
- The final challenge is to commit suicide in order to meet ‘Mother Bird’
Why children like it
Sharing and commentary on Social Media platforms has created a level of intrigue and curiosity about this game, which is initially light hearted and fun. Fundamentally, however, this is a game that targets vulnerable children and young people, as those with mental health issues are more likely to be drawn to the psychological nature of the challenges.
What to do
A person doesn’t have to be searching for Momo themselves to be exposed to it and, unlike other games that children enjoy, there is no positive side to this.
Teachers and parents need to educate/reinforce online safety, and in this way encourage children and young people to make the right choice and avoid this game
- The importance of confidently saying “no” to invitations to play games from strangers.
- Knowing why they should not click on unidentified links.
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Photo Source: Anonymous
Map Source: People Group Location: Omid. Other geography / data: GMI. Map Design: Joshua Project
|People Name:||Kayastha (Hindu traditions)|
|Christian Adherents:||0.03 %|
|Online Audio NT:||No|
|People Cluster:||South Asia Hindu - Kayastha|
|Affinity Bloc:||South Asian Peoples|
The literary skills of the Kayastha people were in such demand that many of them moved to regions throughout India and Bangladesh. The Kayastha were originally administrators and bookkeepers for the kingdoms of northern India. In recent times the Kayastha have taken advantage of India’s educational system and branched out into many professions that require a high degree of literacy. The primary languages of the Kayastha are Hindi and Bengali. They also speak the local languages of where they live and English. Many resources are available in Hindi and Bengali including a complete Bible, radio broadcasts and the JESUS Film. Only a tiny fraction of the Kayastha claim to follow Jesus Christ.
The Kayastha are well-known in India for being politicians, writers, philosophers, entertainers, and scientists. They are among the most successful and prominent castes in India and Bangladesh. The Kayastha live in cities and encourage their children to attend colleges and graduate schools. Parents and young people join together to find prospective marriage partners. Kayastha tend to marry within their group although some are marrying other higher caste persons. For many Kayastha their Hindu faith has become more cultural than religious.
The large majority of the Kayastha practice Hinduism, the ancient religion of the Indian subcontinent. According to tradition the Kayastha were created by Brahmin to help the god of death Dharamraj keep records of good and bad deeds. They worship and serve the gods of the Hindu pantheon. Hindus believe that by performing rituals and good works that they will attain moksha or freedom from the endless cycle of birth, death and rebirth. The Kayastha visit Hindu temples and offer prayers, food, flowers, and incense to their gods in hopes of gaining protection and benefits. They do not have a personal or familial relationship with their gods. There are many forms of Hinduism, each with its own deities and beliefs. The main yearly holidays of the Kayastha people are Holi, the festival of colors and the start of spring, Diwali, the festival of lights, Navratri, the celebration of autumn and Rama Navami, Rama’s birthday. The caste system divides Hindus into four main categories - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Dalits and tribal peoples are outside of the caste system. The Kayastha fit into the Kshatriya and Vaishyas castes. Both have good status in Hindu society.
The Kayastha people need the blessings of Jesus Christ, the only one who can offer them abundant life and forgiveness for their sins. They need to see the love and mercy of Christ lived out before them in practical ways by higher caste followers of Christ. The Kayastha need to see that money and worldly success will not gain them the joy and peace of God.
Pray for a spiritual hunger that will give the Kayastha people a willingness to accept the eternal blessings of Jesus Christ. Pray for a disciple making movement that will bless the Kayastha people this decade. Pray for the Lord to thrust out workers to serve among the Kayastha people. | <urn:uuid:86e46253-ab6c-4f5e-9dda-cbf23f01bc93> | {
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This confirms that succulents are dicots because the sprout has two baby petals instead of one. … So any plants that produce wood are dicots, which means all trees are dicots. Monocots however are more stringy and flimsy. These two plants (below) have stringy leaves with parallel veins running down them.
Accordingly, how do you care for cotyledons?
Growing Conditions and General Care
Cotyledons require a free-draining gritty mix and plenty of sun. They are tolerant of cool, frost-free conditions during the winter if kept dry. Some require pruning to maintain an attractive shape. Cotyledons should be kept in a sunny position.
Also, can you eat cotyledon? The 3 edible components of a microgreen: the central stem, the cotyledon leaves and the young true leaves. … For many herbs and vegetables, it’s possible to eat their equivalent as microgreens, like coriander, basil, mustard rocket or radish, just to name a few.
Just so, what are cotyledons in plants?
Cotyledon, seed leaf within the embryo of a seed. … Flowering plants whose embryos have a single cotyledon are grouped as monocots, or monocotyledonous plants; embryos with two cotyledons are grouped as dicots, or dicotyledonous plants.
What family are succulents in?
In some families, such as
|Family or subfamily||Asphodelaceae|
|Distribution||Africa, Madagascar, Australia|
10 Related Question Answers Found
Many species of succulents and cacti reproduce asexually through offsets. … Succulent pups can be removed by either cutting them from the mature plant with a clean knife, or gently wiggling them free. As with cuttings, offsets should be allowed to dry and callous before replanting them.
Do not remove the cotyledons – allow them to wither and fall off of the plant. … They serve no function for mature plants, as they are usually shrunken and discolored or dried by the time that the plant is well established. Pinching or cutting off dead leaves is actually good for the plant.
Photosynthetic cotyledons remain on the plant until the first true leaves appear and can begin to perform photosynthesis. This is generally just a few days and then the seed leaves fall off.
Why are leaves falling off your succulents? The most common reason is watering issues. Too much water can cause the leaves to swell, become soft and mushy, and eventually fall off. Leaves that fall off from overwatering appear wet and mushy, and the stem may appear puffy.
Nightshade family plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers should not be grown and consumed as microgreens, since nightshade plant sprouts are poisonous.
Here are 4 tips that should help you perfect your pronunciation of ‘cotyledon‘:
- Break ‘cotyledon’ down into sounds: [KOT] + [UH] + [LEE] + [DUHN] – say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them.
- Record yourself saying ‘cotyledon’ in full sentences, then watch yourself and listen.
No, it is not possible to eat too many microgreens as they can be consumed in the same way as any other vegetable. Microgreens are packed full of vital nutrients and vitamins, which is why they are considered a superfood.
The other name of cotyledon is seed leaf or ’embryonic leaf’. Explanation: Embryonic leaf is a distinct part within the embryo of seed-bearing plants. These are the first leaves that grow during germination.
A cotyledon, or seed leaf, is a leaf that is stored in a seed. When the seed sprouts, the cotyledons are the first leaves that the plant has. Monocot plants have only one cotyledon, and other plants have two. Cotyledons often look very different from the other leaves, so they are not called true leaves.
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Environmental education has many definitions.
"Environmental education ‘prepares all citizens with essential skills that contribute to healthier, more environmentally sustainable and economically prosperous communities." North American Association for Environmental Education NAAEE, 2008
Below we present two, created by environmental education stakeholders in Alberta, that guide us in our work:
Environmental Education helps children and adults develop knowledge, values, skill and behaviours that help them meet present-day needs without compromising the well-being of future generations.
From 'Environmental Education: Creating a Sustainable Future for Albertans
Environmental education is a learning process that:
Increases peoples’ knowledge and awareness about the environment and associated challenges;
Develops the necessary skills and expertise to address these challenges, including critical thinking skills; and
Fosters attitudes, motivation, and commitment to make informed decisions and take responsible action
From 'Framework to Advance Environmental Education in Alberta
These definitions are consistent with an abiding definition from the peer-reviewed literature:
[The goal of environmental education is]...to aid citizens in becoming environmentally knowledgeable and, above all, skilled and dedicated citizens who are willing to work, individually and collectively, toward achieving and/or maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between quality of life and quality of the environment.
Hungerford, et al, 1980: "Goals for Curriculum Development in Environmental Education," Journal of Environmental Education (11:3, pp. 42-7)
The Value of Environmental Education
Environmental education connects people and nature, prepares students for the future, empowers environmental stewards of all ages, builds community, and changes lives. This short video, produced by the North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE) captures some fantastic insights about the value of environmental education. | <urn:uuid:11fa5b66-36b0-4ec7-9f5f-2c2a99ef3788> | {
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There was a time when textbooks added value to K12. In the old days, (1) content was truly scarce, and age-appropriate content was scarcer still; (2) teachers came to rely on the instructional resources such as the lesson plans and assignments that accompanied textbooks; and (3) students spent a significant portion of the school day, upwards of 50 percent, with their noses in textbooks, absorbing content.
But in the Internet era, the first and third of those three value propositions are no longer true. First, content is readily available on the Internet. "I do not use the textbook in my class, because everything I would use from the textbook I can find online," says Derek Burtch, a high school English teacher from North Union, Ohio. Second, in classrooms engaging in projectbased/ problem-based learning, students spend no more than 5 percent of their time absorbing content; rather, they are using their computing devices nonstop, creating and sharing content.
Not surprisingly, teachers still need instructional resources—but these resources could be purchased online from educational publishers. While publishers could produce such materials as software or applications at a fraction of the cost of a comprehensive textbook, it's not clear that doing so would make for a healthy business for publishers, who are accustomed to selling high-volume, high-priced textbooks with a high profit margin.
In the United Kingdom, for example, Pearson has become a leading provider of a computer-based "learning platform"— a BlackBoard-like application geared expressly for primary and secondary education. Pearson is clearly anticipating where its future revenues will be coming from—and it's not going to be from paper textbooks.
Textbooks for Computers
The money saved from not buying those comprehensive textbooks, then, can be used by schools to purchase networked computing devices that provide access to Internet-based content. A number of states (Texas, Indiana, Florida, Virginia, Arizona, Iowa and Tennessee, to name a few) have already made it legal for schools to purchase technology with monies originally earmarked to purchase textbooks.
Indeed, the only way schools will find the money to buy computing devices is if they no longer buy textbooks—a fair trade-off given that, in the 21st century, a computing device is certainly more important for education than a textbook.
To be clear, we're not referring to digital textbooks, which are simply versions of paper textbooks that publishers typically provide if the paper-based version is purchased. A digital textbook is still a textbook, and as we have already stated, textbooks are no longer needed.
Open Source: A Provocative Idea
That said, there is no free lunch. Online content—good online content—needs to be created, organized, displayed, and most importantly, vetted. While much of this content may be available for free, it is not free to produce. Fortunately, organizations such as the JAS ON Foundation, Curriki.org, and the Verizon Foundation's Thinkfinity.org are doing just that and making first-class content appropriate for education available free on the Internet. Schools are generous, sharing organizations, and the open content movement is growing fast.
The Future Needs to Be Now
While the argument for online content seems obvious, the educational blogosphere is awash in the following type of thinking: "It will be a few more years before we have an affordable device that makes sense for a move to digital content. The right tools have to be in place first, and then it will take time to train teachers. All good things take time. If you try to plunge into something too fast, you can quickly get into trouble."
Indeed, whether it is online content, project-based learning, portfolio assessment, or whatever discontinuous change that is proffered, education's response tends to be "go slow." We can't go slow, what with the dropout rate in America's cities hovering at 50 percent! The deadly seriousness of the education situation in America makes Dr. King's 1963 observation on racism one that is appropriate to us in education: "This is no time to engage in ? the tranquilizing drug of gradualism."
Cathleen Norris is a Regents Professor at the University of North Texas and co-founder and chief education architect at GoKnow Learning in Ann Arbor, Mich. Elliot Soloway is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the University of Michigan and co-founder of GoKnow. | <urn:uuid:5c67dfd7-6822-4a06-bdb4-b3efd8583bdd> | {
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A lottery is a game in which people buy numbered tickets and win prizes based on the luck of the draw. It is a form of gambling that has been legalized in many countries, including the United States. However, despite the widespread popularity of lotteries, there are some important issues about them that should be considered. These include the possibility of monopoly, the impact on poor people, and problem gambling. In addition, the exploitation of lottery participants by lottery promoters is also important to consider.
The concept of a lottery is an ancient one. In fact, the word itself comes from a Dutch noun meaning “fate.” The first state lottery was established in the Netherlands in 1726, and the country still has one of the oldest running lotteries today. In colonial America, lotteries were used to raise money for a variety of public purposes, including building roads, wharves, and churches. They also played a role in financing the foundation of Harvard and Yale universities. In general, colonial settlers found lotteries to be an acceptable and convenient alternative to raising taxes.
In modern times, state-sponsored lotteries have become a popular method of taxing the public and providing revenue for government projects. The major argument for state lotteries has always been that they are a painless alternative to other forms of taxation, and that lottery revenues can be devoted to the general welfare in a way that does not harm anyone or interfere with their freedoms. This is a compelling argument, and it has been largely successful in winning state legislatures’ approval for new lotteries.
But there are several questions about the legitimacy of the lottery as a means of taxation, and these questions have become increasingly urgent since New Hampshire began its state lottery in 1964. The main question is whether it is appropriate for governments to be in the business of promoting gambling, especially when this promotion results in negative consequences for the poor, problem gamblers, and other vulnerable groups.
Another key question is whether a state’s decision to establish a lottery is based on sound research and evidence. A number of studies suggest that a lottery may not produce the benefits advertised, and in some cases it can have harmful effects on society.
In order to avoid these problems, a state should carefully consider the potential costs and benefits of a lottery before deciding to establish one. In addition, the state should make sure that it is conducting a fair and transparent process.
It is also important to understand how the odds of winning the lottery work. The odds of winning the lottery are based on the number of tickets sold and how much is paid for each ticket. If you are not careful, the odds of winning the lottery can be very low. To increase your chances of winning, you should choose a large number of numbers from the pool and try to avoid choosing numbers that end with the same digit or those that are repeated in the same group. | <urn:uuid:502f8249-691c-4453-8c2e-82db1a989d04> | {
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[Value of MΩ] = [Value of yΩ] / 1.0E+30
[Value of yΩ] = [Value of MΩ] * 1.0E+30
A yoctoohm (yΩ) is an incredibly small unit of electrical resistance. It is derived from the metric system prefix "yocto," which denotes a factor of 10⁻²⁴. In other words, 1 yoctoohm is equal to 1 x 10⁻²⁴ ohms. The ohm (Ω) is the standard unit of measurement for electrical resistance, and it quantifies a material's opposition to the flow of electrical current.
Though it is a valid unit, the yoctoohm is an exceptionally small measurement, and it's not commonly used in practical applications. Due to its extremely low value, yoctoohm is generally encountered only in theoretical contexts, where it can serve to describe electrical resistance at a nearly negligible level.
Yottaohm (YΩ) is a unit of measurement denoting Electrical Resistance in the International System of Units (SI). In the field of electrical resistance, it expresses the resistance of a conductor or resistor, which is its opposition to the flow of electric current. The unit is derived from Ohm (Ω), which is the standard SI unit for electrical resistance, named after the German scientist Georg Simon Ohm.
One yottaohm (YΩ) is equal to 1 x 10^24 ohms, which is a very large amount of resistance. This unit is not commonly used in everyday applications, mainly due to its enormous magnitude. It may be referenced in large-scale simulations or certain scientific contexts, where such extreme values of resistance might be encountered or discussed.
In the field of electrical resistance, the unit MΩ (megaohm) is used to measure resistance levels. A megaohm is equal to one million (1,000,000) ohms, which is the standard unit of electrical resistance in the International System of Units (SI). Ohms represent the amount of resistance against the flow of electric current in a material or circuit.
Megaohms (MΩ) are typically used to express very high resistance values in electrical components, such as insulators or materials with very low conductivity. When measuring resistances in the order of millions of ohms or higher, using MΩ as the unit helps simplify and represent the values effectively.
In the field of electrical resistance, the unit mΩ (milliohm) is used to represent a measurement of resistance values. A milliohm is one-thousandth (1/1000) of an ohm, which is the standard unit for electrical resistance. It is typically used to measure small resistance values in electrical and electronic components or circuits, where the resistance values are too small to be conveniently represented in ohms (Ω). The symbol for milliohm is mΩ, where "m" stands for milli and "Ω" for ohm.
For example, if a resistor has a resistance of 500 mΩ, it means that the resistance is 0.5 Ω (500/1000). Milliohms are particularly useful in applications such as measuring the resistance of wires, connectors, or small electronic components where the magnitude of the resistance values is usually quite small.
yΩ and MΩ Conversion Mapping Table | <urn:uuid:97a9614b-84f1-4ee4-a5a2-c8743ad1418f> | {
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly the wrist and hands are involved with typically the same joints involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body. This may result in low red blood cells, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present.Often symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.
While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage.The diagnosis is made mostly on the basis of a person's signs and symptoms.X-rays and laboratory testing may support a diagnosis or exclude other diseases with similar symptoms.Other diseases that may present similarly include systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and fibromyalgia among others.
The goal of treatment is to improve pain, decrease inflammation, and improve a person's overall functioning. This may helped by balancing rest and exercise, the use of splints and braces, or the use of assistive devices. Pain medications, steroids, and NSAIDs are frequently used to help with symptoms. A group of medications called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be used to try to slow the progression of disease. They include the medications hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate.Biological DMARDs may be used when disease does not respond to other treatments.However, they may have a greater rate of adverse effects.Surgery to repair, replace, or fusion joints may help in certain situations.Most alternative medicine treatments are not supported by evidence.
RA affects between 0.5 and 1% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year.Onset is most frequent during middle age and women are affected 2.5 times as frequently as men.In 2013 it resulted in 38,000 deaths up from 28,000 deaths in 1990.
The first recognized description of RA was made in 1800 by
Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (1772–1840) of Paris.The term rheumatoid arthritis is based on the Greek for watery and inflamed joints.
RA primarily affects joints, however it also affects other organs in more than 15–25% of individuals.
A diagram showing how rheumatoid arthritis affects a joint
Arthritis of joints involves inflammation of the synovial membrane. Joints become swollen, tender and warm, and stiffness limits their movement. With time, multiple joints are affected (it is a polyarthritis). Most commonly involved are the small joints of the hands, feet and cervical spine, but larger joints like the shoulderand knee can also be involved.Synovitis can lead to tethering of tissue with loss of movement and erosion of the joint surface causing deformity and loss of function.
RA typically manifests with signs of inflammation, with the affected joints being swollen, warm, painful and stiff, particularly early in the morning on waking or following prolonged inactivity. Increased stiffness early in the morning is often a prominent feature of the disease and typically lasts for more than an hour. Gentle movements may relieve symptoms in early stages of the disease. These signs help distinguish rheumatoid from non-inflammatory problems of the joints, often referred to as osteoarthritis. In arthritis of non-inflammatory causes, signs of inflammation and early morning stiffness are less prominent with stiffness typically less than one hour, and movements induce pain caused by mechanical arthritis.The pain associated with RA is induced at the site of inflammation and classified as nociceptive as opposed to neuropathic.The joints are often affected in a fairly symmetrical fashion, although this is not specific, and the initial presentation may be asymmetrical.
As the pathology progresses the inflammatory activity leads to tendon tethering and erosion and destruction of the joint surface, which impairs range of movement and leads to deformity. The fingers may suffer from almost any deformity depending on which joints are most involved. Specific deformities, which also occur in osteoarthritis, include ulnar deviation, boutonniere deformity, swan neck deformity and "Z-thumb." "Z-thumb" or "Z-deformity" consists of hyperextension of the interphalangeal joint, fixed flexion and subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint and gives a "Z" appearance to the thumb.The hammer toe deformity may be seen. In the worst case, joints are known as arthritis mutilans due to the mutilating nature of the deformities.
The rheumatoid nodule, which is sometimes in the skin, is the most common non-joint feature.They occur in 30% of people.It is a type of inflammatory reaction known to pathologists as a "necrotizing granuloma". The initial pathologic process in nodule formation is unknown but may be essentially the same as the synovitis, since similar structural features occur in both. The nodule has a central area of fibrinoid necrosis that may be fissured and which corresponds to the fibrin-rich necrotic material found in
and around an affected synovial space. Surrounding the necrosis is a layer of palisading macrophages and fibroblasts, corresponding to the intimal layer in synovium and a cuff of connective tissue containing clusters of lymphocytes and plasma cells, corresponding to the subintimal zone in synovitis. The typical rheumatoid nodule may be a few millimetres to a few centimetres in diameter and is usually found over bony prominences, such as the elbow, the heel, the knuckles, or other areas that sustain repeated mechanical stress. Nodules are associated with a positive RF (rheumatoid factor) titer and severe erosive arthritis. Rarely, these can occur in internal organs or at diverse sites on the body.Several forms of vasculitis occur in RA. A benign form occurs as microinfarcts around the nailfolds. More severe forms include livedo reticularis, which is a network (reticulum) of erythematous to purplish discoloration of the skin caused by the presence of an obliterative cutaneous capillaropathy.
Other, rather rare, skin associated symptoms include pyoderma gangrenosum, Sweet's syndrome, drug reactions, erythema nodosum, lobe panniculitis, atrophy of finger skin, palmar erythema, diffuse thinning (rice paper skin), and skin fragility (often worsened by corticosteroid use).
Fibrosis of the lungs is a recognized response to rheumatoid disease. It is also a rare but well recognized consequence of therapy (for example with methotrexate and leflunomide). Caplan's syndrome describes lung nodules in individuals with RA and additional exposure to coal dust. Pleural effusions are also associated with RA. Another complication of RA is Rheumatoid Lung Disease. It is estimated that about one quarter of Americans with RA develop Rheumatoid Lung Disease.
Renal amyloidosis can occur as a consequence of chronic inflammation.RA may affect the kidney glomerulus directly through a vasculopathy or a mesangial infiltrate but this is less well documented (though this is not surprising, considering immune complex-mediated hypersensitivities are known for pathogenic deposition of immune complexes in organs where blood is filtered at high pressure to form other fluids, such as urine and synovial fluid). Treatment with penicillamine and gold salts are recognizedcauses of membranous nephropathy.
Heart and blood vessels
People with RA are more prone to atherosclerosis, and risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke is markedly increased.Other possible complications that may arise include: pericarditis, endocarditis, left ventricular failure, valvulitis and fibrosis.Many people with RA do not experience the same chest pain that others feel when they have angina or myocardial infarction. To reduce cardiovascular risk, it is crucial to maintain optimal control of the inflammation caused by RA (which may be involved in causing the cardiovascular risk), and to use exercise and medications appropriately to reduce other cardiovascular risk factors such as blood lipids and blood pressure. Doctors who treat people with RA should be sensitive to cardiovascular risk when prescribing anti-inflammatory medications, and may want to consider prescribing routine use of low doses of aspirin if the gastrointestinal effects are tolerable.
The eye is directly affected in the form of episcleritis which when severe can very rarely progress to perforating scleromalacia. Rather more common is the indirect effect of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which is a dryness of eyes and mouth, caused by lymphocyte infiltration of lacrimal and salivary glands. When severe, dryness of the cornea can lead to keratitis and loss of vision. Preventive treatment of severe dryness with measures such as nasolacrimal duct blockage is important.
Liver problems in people with rheumatoid arthritis may be due to the underlying disease process or as a result of the medications used to treat the disease.A coexisting autoimmune liver disease, such as primary biliary cirrhosis or autoimmune hepatitis may also cause problems.
Anemia is by far the most common abnormality of the blood cells which can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. The chronic inflammation caused by RA leads to raised hepcidin levels, leading to anemia of chronic disease where iron is poorly absorbed andalso sequestered into macrophages. RA may also cause a warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.The red cells are of normal size and colour (normocytic and normochromic). A low white blood cell count usually only occurs in people with Felty's syndrome with an enlarged liver and spleen. The mechanism of neutropenia is complex. An increased platelet count occurs when inflammation is uncontrolled.
Peripheral neuropathy and mononeuritis multiplex may occur. The most common problem is carpal tunnel syndrome caused by compression of the median nerve by swelling around the wrist. Atlanto-axial subluxation can occur, owing to erosion of the odontoid process and/or transverse ligaments in the cervical spine's connection to the skull. Such an erosion (>3mm) can give rise to vertebrae slipping over one another and compressing the spinal cord. Clumsiness is initially experienced, but without due care this can progress to quadriplegia.
Constitutional symptoms including fatigue, low grade fever, malaise, morning stiffness, loss of appetite and loss of weight are common systemic manifestations seen in people with active RA.
Local osteoporosis occurs in RA around inflamed joints. It is postulated to be partially caused by inflammatory cytokines. More general osteoporosis is probably contributed to by immobility, systemic cytokine effects, local cytokine release in bone marrow and corticosteroid therapy.
The incidence of lymphoma is increased in RA, although it is uncommon.
RA is a chronic autoimmune disorder the causes of which are not completely understood. It is a systemic (whole body) disorder principally affecting synovial tissues. There is no evidence that physical and emotional effects or stress could be a trigger for the disease. The many negative findings suggest that either the trigger varies, or that it might in fact be a chance event inherent with the immune response.
Half of the risk for RA is believed to be genetic.It is strongly associated with the inherited tissue type major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen HLA-DRB1 (most specifically the shared epitope alleles, including *0401 and born 0404), and the genes PTPN22 and PADI4—hence family history is an important risk factor.Inheriting the PTPN22 gene has been shown to double a person's susceptibility to RA. PADI4 has been identified as a major risk factor in people of Asian descent, but not in those of European descent. First-degree relatives prevalence rate is 2–3% and disease genetic concordance in monozygotic twins is approximately 15–20%.
Smoking is the most significant non-genetic riskwith RA being up to three times more common in smokers than non-smokers, particularly in men, heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive.Modest alcohol consumption may be protective.
Epidemiological studies have confirmed a potential association between RA and two herpesvirus infections: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6).Individuals with RA are more likely to exhibit an abnormal immune response to EBV and have high levels of anti-EBV antibodies.
Vitamin D deficiency is more common in people with rheumatoid arthritis than in the general population.However, whether vitamin D deficiency is a cause or a consequence of the disease remains unclear.1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), an active metabolite of vitamin D, affects bone metabolism indirectly through control of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Interaction between 1,25D and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) affects the production of RANKL and delays osteoclastogenesis.Some trials have found a decreased risk for RA with vitamin D supplementation while others have not.
Both genetic as well as environmental factors are implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease. Smoking is the main environmental risk to RA.50% of the risk of having RA is attributable to genetic factors.No infectious agent has been consistently linked with RA and there is no evidence of disease clustering to indicate its infectious etiology.HLA-DR4 is the major genetic factor implicated - but its relative importance varies across ethnic groups.Related allotypes of MHC Class II and the T cell-associated protein PTPN22 has also been found associated in many studies.
RA primarily starts as a state of persistent cellular activation leading to autoimmunity and immune complexes in both joints and other, organs where it manifests. The initial site of disease is the synovial membrane, where swelling and congestion leads to infiltration by immune cells. The various phases of progression of RA are:
- Initiation phase, due to non-specific inflammation.
- Amplification phase, due to T cell activation
- Chronic inflammatory phase with tissue injury, due to cytokinesIL–1, TNF-alpha and IL–6.
The factors that allow an abnormal immune response, once initiated, to become permanent and chronic, are becoming more clearly understood. The genetic association with HLA-DR4, as well as the newly discovered associations with the gene PTPN22 and with two additional genes,all implicate altered thresholds in regulation of the adaptive immune response. It has also become clear from recent studies that these genetic factors may interact with the most clearly defined environmental risk factor for RA, namely cigarette smoking.Other environmental factors also appear to modulate the risk of acquiring RA, and hormonal factors in the individual may explain some features of the disease, such as the higher occurrence in women, the not-infrequent onset after child-birth, and the (slight) modulation of disease risk by hormonal medications. Exactly how altered regulatory thresholds allow the triggering of a specific autoimmune response remains uncertain. However, one possibility is that negative feedback mechanisms that normally maintain tolerance of self are overtaken by aberrant positive feedback mechanisms for certain antigens such as IgG Fc (bound by RF) and citrullinated fibrinogen (bound by ACPA) (see entry on autoimmunity).The debate on the relative roles of immune complexes and T cell products in inflammation in RA has continued for 30 years. There is little doubt that both B and T cells are essential to the disease. However, there is good evidence for neither cell being necessary at the site of inflammation. This tends to favor immune complexes (based on antibody synthesised elsewhere) as the initiators, even if not the sole perpetuators of inflammation.The presence of autoantibodies to IgGFc, known as rheumatoid factors (RF), and antibodies to citrullinated peptides (ACPA) is an integral part of RA disease process. As is the case with many other autoimmune diseases, people with RA have abnormally glycosylated antibodies.It is believed that these glycan (oligosaccharide) alterations promote joint inflammation.
Once the abnormal immune response has become established (which may take several years before any symptoms occur), plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes produce rheumatoid factors and ACPA of the IgG and IgM classes in large quantities. These are not deposited in the way that they are in systemic lupus. Rather, they activate macrophages through Fc receptor and complement binding, which seems to play an important role in the intense inflammatory response present in RA.Binding of an autoreactive antibody to the Fc receptors is mediated through the antibody's N-glycans, which are altered to promote inflammation in people with RA.This contributes to inflammation of the synovium, in terms of edema, vasodilation and infiltration by activated T-cells (mainly CD4 in nodular aggregates and CD8 in diffuse infiltrates). Synovial macrophages and dendritic cells further function as antigen presenting cells by expressing MHC class II molecules, leading to an established local immune reaction in the tissue. The disease progresses in concert with formation of granulation tissue at the edges of the synovial lining (pannus) with extensive angiogenesis and production of enzymes that cause tissue damage. Modern pharmacological treatments of RA target these mediators. Once the inflammatory reaction is established, the synovium thickens, the cartilage and the underlying bone begins to disintegrate and evidence of joint destruction accrues.
TNF (alpha) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RA. There are several theories on how TNF release happens in disease process. If TNF release is stimulated by B cell products in the form of RF or ACPA -containing immune complexes, through activation of immunoglobulin Fc receptors, then RA can be seen as a form of Type III hypersensitivity.If TNF release is stimulated by T cell products such as interleukin-17 it might be considered closer to type IV hypersensitivity although this terminology may be getting somewhat dated and unhelpful.
Although TNF appears to be the dominant, other cytokines (chemical mediators) are likely to be involved in inflammation in RA. Blockade of TNF does not benefit all persons or all tissues (lung disease and nodules may get worse). Blockade of IL-1, IL-15 and IL-6 also have beneficial effects and IL-17 may be important.Constitutional symptoms such as fever, malaise, loss of appetite and weight loss are also caused by cytokines released into the blood stream. As with most autoimmune diseases, it is important to distinguish between the cause(s) that trigger the process, and those that may permit it to persist and progress.
X-ray of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis.
Appearance of synovial fluid from a joint with inflammatory arthritis.
Signs of destruction and inflammation on ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the second metacarpophalangeal joint in established RA. Thin arrows indicate an erosive change; thick arrows indicate synovitis. Ultrasonography (left side of image) in the (a) longitudinal and (b) the transverse planes shows both signs of destruction and inflammation. Axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were obtained (c) before and (d) after contrast administration, also demonstrating synovitis. Additionally, a coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance image (e) before contrast administration visualizes the same bone erosion as shown in panels c and d.
X-rays of the hands and feet are generally performed in people with a many joints affected. In RA, there may be no changes in the early stages of the disease, or the x-ray may demonstrate juxta-articular osteopenia, soft tissue swelling and loss of joint space. As the disease advances, there may be bony erosions and subluxation. X-rays of other joints may be taken if symptoms of pain or swelling occur in those joints.
Other medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound are also used in RA.
There have been technical advances in ultrasonography. High-frequency transducers (10 MHz or higher) have improved the spatial resolution of ultrasound images; these images can depict 20% more erosions than conventional radiography. Also, color Doppler and power Doppler ultrasound, which show vascular signals of active synovitis depending on the degree of inflammation, are useful in assessing synovial inflammation. This is important, since in the early stages of RA, the synovium is primarily affected, and synovitis seems to be the best predictive marker of future joint damage.
When RA is clinically suspected, testing for the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF, a non-specific antibody) and (ACPAs) may be required.A negative RF does not rule out RA; rather, the arthritis is called seronegative. This is the case in about 15% of people with RA.During the first year of illness, rheumatoid factor is more likely to be negative with some individuals converting to seropositive status over time. RF is also seen in other illnesses, for example Sjögren's syndrome, hepatitis C, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic infections and in approximately 10% of the healthy population, therefore the test is not very specific.
Because of this low specificity, new serological tests have been developed, which test for the presence of the anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) or anti-CCP. Like RF, these tests are positive in only a proportion (67%) of all RA cases, but are rarely positive if RA is not present, giving it a specificity of around 95%.As with RF, there is evidence for ACPAs being present in many cases even before onset of clinical disease.
The most common tests for ACPAs are the anti-CCP (cyclic citrullinated peptide) test and the Anti-MCV assay (antibodies against mutated citrullinatedVimentin). Recently a serological point-of-care test (POCT) for the early detection of RA has been developed. This assay combines the detection of rheumatoid factor and anti-MCV for diagnosis of RA and shows a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 99.7%.
Also, several other blood tests are usually done to allow for other causes of arthritis, such as lupus erythematosus. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein, full blood count, kidney function, liver enzymes and other immunological tests (e.g., antinuclear antibody/ANA) are all performed at this stage. Elevated ferritin levels can reveal hemochromatosis, a mimic of RA, or be a sign of Still's disease, a seronegative, usually juvenile, variant of rheumatoid arthritis.
In 2010 the 2010 ACR / EULAR Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria were introduced.The new criterion is not a diagnostic criterion but a classification criterion to identify disease with a high likelihood of developing a chronic form.However a score of 6 or greater unequivocally classifies a person with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
These new classification criteria overruled the "old" ACR criteria of 1987 and are adapted for early RA diagnosis. The "new" classification criteria, jointly published by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) establish a point value between 0 and 10. Four areas are covered in the diagnosis:
- joint involvement, designating the metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal interphalangeal joints, the interphalangeal joint of the thumb, second through fifth metatarsophalangeal joint and wrist as small joints, and shoulders, elbows, hip joints, knees, and ankles as large joints:
- Involvement of 1 large joint gives 0 points
- Involvement of 2–10 large joints gives 1 point
- Involvement of 1–3 small joints (with or without involvement of large joints) gives 2 points
- Involvement of 4–10 small joints (with or without involvement of large joints) gives 3 points
- Involvement of more than 10 joints (with involvement of at least 1 small joint) gives 5 points
- serological parameters – including the rheumatoid factor as well as ACPA – "ACPA" stands for "anti-citrullinated protein antibody":
- Negative RFand negative ACPA gives 0 points
- Low-positive RFor low-positive ACPA gives 2 points
- High-positive RFor high-positive ACPA gives 3 points
- acute phase reactants: 1 point for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR, or elevated CRP value (c-reactive protein)
- duration of arthritis: 1 point for symptoms lasting six weeks or longer
The new criteria accommodate to the growing understanding of RA and the improvements in diagnosing RA and disease treatment. In the "new" criteria serology and autoimmune diagnostics carries major weight, as ACPA detection is appropriate to diagnose the disease in an early state, before joints destructions occur. Destruction of the joints viewed in radiological images was a significant point of the ACR criteria from 1987.This criterion no longer is regarded to be relevant, as this is just the type of damage that treatment is meant to avoid.
In clinical practice, the following criteria apply:
- two or more swollen joints
- morning stiffness lasting more than one hour for at least six weeks
- the detection of rheumatoid factors or autoantibodies against ACPA such as autoantibodies to mutated citrullinatedvimentin can confirm the suspicion of RA. A negative autoantibody result does not exclude a diagnosis of RA.
Several other medical conditions can resemble RA, and usually need to be distinguished from it at the time of diagnosis:
- Crystal induced arthritis (gout, and pseudogout) – usually involves particular joints (knee, MTP1, heels) and can be distinguished with aspiration of joint fluid if in doubt. Redness, asymmetric distribution of affected joints, pain occurs at night and the starting pain is less than an hour with gout.
- Osteoarthritis – distinguished with X-rays of the affected joints and blood tests, age (mostly older persons), starting pain less than an hour, a-symmetric distribution of affected joints and pain worsens when using joint for longer periods.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – distinguished by specific clinical symptoms and blood tests (antibodies against double-stranded DNA)
- One of the several types of psoriatic arthritis resembles RA – nail changes and skin symptoms distinguish between them
- Lyme disease causes erosive arthritis and may closely resemble RA – it may be distinguished by blood test in endemic areas
- Reactive arthritis (previously Reiter's disease) – asymmetrically involves heel, sacroiliac joints, and large joints of the leg. It is usually associated with urethritis, conjunctivitis, iritis, painless buccal ulcers, and keratoderma blennorrhagica.
- Ankylosing spondylitis – this involves the spine, although a RA-like symmetrical small-joint polyarthritis may occur in the context of this condition.
- Hepatitis C – RA-like symmetrical small-joint polyarthritis may occur in the context of this condition. Hepatitis C may also induce Rheumatoid Factor auto-antibodies
Rarer causes that usually behave differently but may cause joint pains:
- Sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and Whipple's disease can also resemble RA.
- Hemochromatosis may cause hand joint arthritis.
- Acute rheumatic fever can be differentiated from RA by a migratory pattern of joint involvement and evidence of antecedent streptococcal infection. Bacterial arthritis (such as by Streptococcus) is usually asymmetric, while RA usually involves both sides of the body symmetrically.
- Gonococcal arthritis (another bacterial arthritis) is also initially migratory and can involve tendons around the wrists and ankles.
There are many tools available for monitoring remission in rheumatoid arthritis. Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28) is widely used as an indicator of RA disease activity and response to treatment, but is not always a reliable indicator of treatment effect.The joints included in DAS28 are (bilaterally): proximal interphalangeal joints (10 joints), metacarpophalangeal joints (10), wrists (2), elbows (2), shoulders (2) and knees (2). When looking at these joints, both the number of joints with tenderness upon touching (TEN28) and swelling (SW28) are counted. In addition, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is measured. Also, the affected person makes a subjective assessment (SA) of disease activity during the preceding 7 days on a scale between 0 and 100, where 0 is "no activity" and 100 is "highest activity possible".
There is no known prevention for the condition other than the reduction of risk factors.
There is no cure for RA, but treatments can improve symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. Disease-modifying treatment has the best results when it is started early and aggressively.
The goals of treatment are to minimize symptoms such as pain and swelling, to prevent bone deformity (for example, bone erosions visible in X-rays), and to maintain day-to-day functioning.This can often be achieved using two main classes of medications: analgesics such as NSAIDs, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).RA should generally be treated with at least one specific anti-rheumatic medication.The use of benzodiazepines (such as diazepam) to treat the pain is not recommended as it does not appear to help and is associated with risks.Analgesics, other than NSAIDs, offer lesser, but some benefit with respect to pain whilst not causing the same level of gastrointestinal irritation.
Regular exercise is recommended as both safe and useful to maintain muscles strength and overall physical function. It is uncertain if specific dietary measures have an effect. Physical activity is beneficial for persons with Rheumatoid arthritis complaining of fatigue. Occupational therapy has a positive role to play in improving functional ability of persons with rheumatoid arthritis.
Disease modifying agents
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the primary treatment for RA.They are a diverse collection of drugs, grouped by use and convention. They have been found to improve symptoms, decrease joint damage, and improve overall functional abilities.DMARDs should be started early in the disease as they result in disease remission in approximately half of people and improved outcomes overall.The following drugs are considered as DMARDs: methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, TNF-alpha inhibitors, abatacept, and anakinra. Rituximab and tocilizumab are monoclonal antibodies and are also DMARDs.
The most commonly used agent is methotrexate with other frequently used agents including sulfasalazine and leflunomide. Sodium aurothiomalate (Gold) and cyclosporin are less commonly used due to more common adverse effects. Agents may be used in combinations. Methotrexate is the most important and useful DMARD and is usually the first treatment.Adverse effects should be monitored regularly with toxicity including gastrointestinal, hematologic, pulmonary, and hepatic.Side effects such as nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain can be reduced by taking folic acid.The most common undesirable effect is that it increases liver enzymes in almost 15% of people. It is thus recommended that those who consistently demonstrate abnormal levels of liver enzymes or have a history of liver disease or alcohol use undergo liver biopsies.
Biological agents should generally only be used if methotrexate and other conventional agents are not effective after a trial of three months.They are associated with a higher rate of serious infections as compared to other DMARDs.These agents used to treat rheumatoid arthritis include: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) blockers such as infliximab; interleukin 1 blockers such as anakinra, monoclonal antibodies against B cells such as rituximab and tocilizumab, T cell costimulation blocker such as abatacept among others. They are often used in combination with either methotrexate or leflunomide. In those who are well controlled on TNF blockers decreasing the dose does not appear to affect overall function.Persons should be screened for latent tuberculosis before starting any TNF blockers therapy to avoid reactivation.
TNF blockers and methotrexate appear to have similar effectiveness when used alone and better results are obtained when used together. TNF blockers appear to have equivalent effectiveness with etanercept appearing to be the safest. Abatacept appears effective for RA with 20% more people improving with treatment than without but long term safety studies are yet unavailable.However, there is a lack of evidence to distinguish between the biologics available for RA.Issues with the biologics include their high cost and association with infections including tuberculosis.
NSAIDs reduce both pain and stiffness in those with RA.Generally they appear to have no effect on people's long term disease course and thus are no longer first line agents.NSAIDs should be used with caution in those with gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, orkidney problems.Use of methotrexate together with NSAIDS is safe, if adequate monitoring is done.
COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, and NSAIDs are equally effective. They have a similar gastrointestinal risk as an NSAIDs plus a proton pump inhibitor.In the elderly there is less gastrointestinal intolerance to celecoxib than to NSAIDs alone. There however is an increased risk of myocardial infarction with COX-2 inhibitors.Anti-ulcer medications are not recommended routinely but only in those high risks of gastrointestinal problems.
Glucocorticoids can be used in the short term for flare-ups, while waiting for slow-onset drugs to take effect.Injection of glucocorticoids into individual joints is also effective.While long-term use reduces joint damage it also results in osteoporosis and susceptibility to infections, and thus is not recommended.
In early phases of the disease, an arthroscopic or open synovectomy may be performed. It consists of the removal of the inflamed synovia and prevents a quick destruction of the affected joints. Severely affected joints may require joint replacement surgery, such as knee replacement.Postoperatively, physiotherapy is always necessary.
In general, there is not enough evidence to support any complementary health approaches for RA, with safety concerns for some of them. Some mind and body practices and dietary supplements may help people with symptoms and therefore may be beneficial additions to conventional treatments, but there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions.A systematic review of CAM modalities (excluding fish oil) found that " The available evidence does not support their current use in the management of RA.".Studies showing beneficial effects in RA on a wide variety of CAM modalities are often affected by publication bias and are generally not high quality evidence such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
The American College of Rheumatology states that no herbal medicines have health claims supported by high quality evidence and thus they do not recommend their use.There is no scientific basis to suggest that herbal supplements advertised as "natural" are safer for use than conventional medications as both are chemicals. Herbal medications, although labeled "natural", may be toxic or fatal if consumed.Some evidence supports omega-3 fatty acids and gamma-linolenic acid in RA.The benefit from omega-3 appears modest but consistent,though the current evidence is not strong enough to determine that supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (found in fish oil) is an effective treatment for RA.Gamma-linolenic acid, which may reduce pain, tender joint count and stiffness, is generally safe.
The following are under investigation for treatments for RA, based on preliminary promising results (not recommended for clinical use yet): boswellic acid,curcumin, Devil's claw, Euonymus alatus,and Thunder god vine (Tripterygiumwilfordii).NCCIH has noted that, "In particular, the herb thunder god vine (Tripterygiumwilfordii) can have serious side effects."
Due to the false belief that herbal supplements are always safe, there is sometimes a hesitancy to report their use which may increase the risk of adverse reaction.
There is conflicting evidence on the role of Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for treatment of anemia in persons with rheumatoid arthritis.
More than 75% of people with rheumatoid arthritis have symptoms improve during pregnancy but might have worsening after delivery.Methotrexate and leflunomide are teratogenic (harmful to fetus) and not used in pregnancy. It is recommended women of childbearing age should use contraceptives to avoid pregnancy and to discontinue its use if pregnancy is planned.Low dose of prednisolone, hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine are considered safe in pregnant persons with rheumatoid arthritis.
People with RA have an increased risk of infections and mortality and recommended vaccinations can reduce these risks.The killed influenza vaccine should be received annually.
The pneumococcal vaccine should be administered twice for people under the age 65 and once for those over 65. Lastly, the live-attenuated zoster vaccine should be administered once after the age 60, but is not recommended in people on a tumor necrosis factor alpha blocker.
The course of the disease varies greatly. Some people have mild short-term symptoms, but in most the disease is progressive for life. Around 20%–30% will have subcutaneous nodules (known as rheumatoid nodules); this is associated with a poor prognosis.
Poor prognostic factors include,
- Persistent synovitis
- Early erosive disease
- Extra-articular findings (including subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules)
- Positive serum RF findings
- Positive serum anti-CCP autoantibodies
- Carriership of HLA-DR4 "Shared Epitope" alleles
- Family history of RA
- Poor functional status
- Socioeconomic factors
- Elevated acute phase response (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], C-reactive protein [CRP])
- Increased clinical severity.
RA reduces lifespan on average from three to twelve years.Positive responses to treatment may indicate a better prognosis. A 2005 study by the Mayo Clinic noted that RA sufferers suffer a doubled risk of heart disease,independent of other risk factors such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, and elevated cholesterol, blood pressure and body mass index. The mechanism by which RA causes this increased risk remains unknown; the presence of chronic inflammation has been proposed as a contributing factor. It is possible that the use of new biologic drug therapies extend the lifespan of people with RA and reduce the risk and progression of atherosclerosis. This is based on cohort and registry studies, and still remains hypothetical. It is still uncertain whether biologics improve vascular function in RA or not. There was increase in total cholesterol and HDLc levels and no improvement of the atherogenic index.
Disability-adjusted life year for RA per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
RA affects between 0.5 and 1% of adults in the developed world with between 5 and 50 per 100,000 people newly developing the condition each year. In 2010 it resulted in about 49,000 deaths globally.
Onset is uncommon under the age of 15 and from then on the incidence rises with age until the age of 80. Women are affected three to five times as often as men.
The age at which the disease most commonly starts is in women between 40 and 50 years of age, and for men somewhat later.
RA is a chronic disease, and although rarely, a spontaneous remission may occur, the natural course is almost invariably one of persistent symptoms, waxing and waning in intensity, and a progressive deterioration of joint structures leading to deformations and disability.
Rheumatoid arthritis is derived from the Greek word ῥεύμα-rheuma (nom.), ῥεύματος-rheumatos (gen.) ("flow, current"). The suffix -oid ("resembling") gives the translation as joint inflammation that resembles rheumatic fever. Rhuma which means watery discharge might refer to the fact that the joints or swollen or that the disease may be made worse by wet weather | <urn:uuid:6d650cdc-8c85-46c9-b625-7af683fa45fb> | {
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Computer networking is a rather complex phenomenon with a thankfully intuitive outcome: you send messages from one place to another. We all understand that our digital devices become a lot less interesting when they are not connected to the Internet. However, networking is not just Internet, and when it comes to building a new Internet, it’s important to understand what that means.
The existing Internet can be defined as a global set of networks and protocols that enable us to do things like load web pages and use apps that rely on external data. It depends on lots of underlying infrastructure, including fiber optic cables running along the ocean floor, our home routers and their connection to an Internet service provider (ISP), lots of cell service towers, and an increasing number of satellites. All of that makes the Internet possible, and it’s still required for a new Internet to function.
ThreeFold uses and builds new protocols to create a network that is interoperable with the existing Internet. These include private overlay networks, the Planetary Network based on Yggdrasil, and various interfaces to the public Internet. Let’s see how they work.
🔗Private overlay networks
Every deployment on the ThreeFold Grid belongs to a network, which is one of the Grid primitives. These networks allow data to be transmitted between workloads in a private and secure manner. They are called overlay networks because they pass traffic over some underlying network. That could be within a single node or between nodes on infrastructure provided by a farmer. The Grid uses software called WireGuard for this purpose, a simple, fast, and secure option among its alternatives.
By means of encryption, the traffic on a private overlay network is unreadable to any other device on that network. Likewise, the workloads within the private network have no visibility of the underlying network. Individuals who deploy workloads can access their networks over a secure tunnel, assuming that one of the nodes in the network is reachable from the public Internet. This is suitable for workload administration and some private applications. For public services and peer-to-peer communication, the ThreeFold Grid provides other solutions.
The Planetary Network is an implementation of the Yggdrasil Network, which is a next generation approach to network routing. It is a peer-to-peer solution where all traffic is encrypted and takes the shortest path to its destination. These features make it highly compatible with the ethos and goals of the ThreeFold Grid: privacy, security, and efficiency. The design also allows nodes, workloads, and users to communicate freely without relying on centralized intermediaries.
Many ThreeFold Farmers connect their nodes to a home router which blocks all inbound traffic by default. This is a sensible feature that doesn’t interfere with most Internet usage (enthusiasts who want to host their own website or a gaming server might bypass this, for example). However, nodes on the Grid need to be reachable, especially in order to receive workload definitions from deployers.
The Planetary Network solves this by accepting inbound traffic through an outbound connection to a publicly accessible peer. You can think of this like making a call to an operator and then waiting for another call to be routed to you on that line. Even if your phone is set to block all incoming calls, someone can still reach you if they can reach the operator.
This also provides a way for workloads to communicate with one another and be reachable by users. Anyone can enable the Planetary Network on their own device to access sites and services in a very secure and private way. While the ThreeFold Grid is designed to be fully interoperable with the existing Internet, the Planetary Network provides an alternative which can sit side by side in a seamless way.
🔗Reliable Message Bus
Using the Planetary Network, nodes and Grid users can send messages over the Reliable Message Bus. Notably, it is used for the delivery of workload definitions as mentioned earlier. Zero-OS supports some other RMB messages as well, for doing things like checking available capacity on a node in real time. RMB is a general purpose protocol that can be used by developers in their applications. It queries the ThreeFold Blockchain as a kind of address book for the Planetary Network, enabling nodes and users to find each other in a decentralized way.
🔗Public IPs and Web Gateways
Finally, let’s see how the Grid can offer services over the public Internet using public IP addresses and web gateways. Everytime we type a domain name into our browser, like threefold.io, it is resolved to an IP address. The browser then forms a connection with that address to retrieve the site we’re looking for. Reviving a theme from earlier, that IP must be publicly reachable.
We’re in the midst of a shift from the older IPv4 standard to the newer IPv6 standard. While IPv6 has plenty of addresses for every device on the planet and many more, it hasn’t been universally adopted yet, and IPv4 addresses are in short supply. You likely have one assigned to your router at home, and these days, even getting a second one from your ISP can be a difficult and expensive proposition.
The ThreeFold Grid allows farmers who own blocks of IPv4 addresses to rent them out to deployers. These addresses get attached to individual workloads which are then reachable over the public Internet. A deployer could then assign their own domain name to that IP and host a website there. This is a very flexible way to make Grid deployments publicly available, but it comes at a relatively high cost.
Web gateways are another way to make workloads on the ThreeFold Grid available over the public Internet. In this case, the farmer may provide a domain name that points to one of their nodes which is publicly reachable. Deployers are then able to reserve a subdomain, like explorer.threefold.io is a subdomain of threefold.io, that routes traffic to their workload. It is also possible for a deployer to point their own domain to the gateway node which then routes traffic to the appropriate workloads.
We glossed over a bit in the earlier description of domain name to IP address resolution. In fact, multiple domains can point to a single IP address and this is common practice among existing web hosts. Adding similar functionality to the Grid helps to ease the demand for IPv4 addresses and is a lower cost solution for deployers than renting a dedicated IP. The web gateway also serves to enhance security and reliability of Grid-hosted services.
The gateway provides a connection from the public Internet to the secure private overlay networks that all workloads use. However, this is not a standard network connection but instead a network socket, which provides security through separation. This is something like passing along the contents of mail pieces without their envelopes. Web gateways also enable redundancy, as multiple gateways can point to the same workload, and multiple workloads can serve the same set of gateways.
When we say the ThreeFold Grid scales limitlessly, this is one of the ways that’s true. Many nodes, many gateways, many applications, and many users can all fit into this model. Deployers can start with a single virtual machine and a single public IP like in the example I’ll use to wrap up this piece below, then ramp up to a globally distributed and highly redundant system as their requirements grow.
🔗Send, receive, complete
Now we’ve seen how the ThreeFold Grid handles networking. From private and secure communication between workloads, to next generation peer-to-peer communication and full compatibility with the existing Internet, these offerings are comprehensive. Not only that, but they can be pretty darn fun to play with too.
In my own recent experience, I deployed a virtual machine on the Grid with a public IP and hosted a simple website with a map of nodes on the Grid that I’d been working on. I was able to quickly share it with some colleagues and members of the community. It went from a project I was tinkering with on my own computer to a live site on the Internet in a matter of minutes, thanks especially to the networking features of the ThreeFold Grid.
For the final piece of this series, we’ll see how everything comes together to turn computer code into a meaningful digital experience. Stay tuned! | <urn:uuid:cd610a04-a659-4dde-97d7-d902eb338aa0> | {
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News reports claimed researchers found a 7, 000 year old settlement in Jerusalem. The historic site was discovered during roadwork operations. Israeli officials claim this is the oldest discovery of this kind in the area. Jerusalem is seen as an important land because it carries biblical implications. Also, archaeologists said it’s becoming a fundamental place due to its historical sites.
Experts from the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) found the settlement in the Arabian surroundings in Shu’fat, northern Jerusalem. They claim they were there to perform a pre-construction test prior to building a new road. A CBS news report stated the 7000 year old settlement had two houses. Inside the houses, researchers found very well-preserved floors, pottery, beads and tools.
The head of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Dr. Omri Barzilai, explained the newly discovered site dates back to the 5th century B.C. This period is also known as Chalcolithic period. The Chalcolithic is known as the period in the Near East and Europe after the Neolithic. This period has the earliest proof for complex structures, outside of settlements cemeteries and crafting techniques in copper tools. Chalcolithic is also known as the ‘Copper Age’. The word derives from Greek: copper (chalcos); stone (lithos).
Moreover, researchers said this is an unusual discovery as artifacts from Chalcolithic had never been seen in this area.
In the past years, archaeologists managed to trace few Chalcolithic settlements, such as those from Abu Gosh, Motza and Holy Land compound in Jerusalem. However, according to Barzai, the findings were incredibly sparse. Currently, the 7, 000 year old settlement in Jerusalem is considered the most significant discovery.
Ronit Lupo, head of the excavation service, stated the newly found tool pointed out Chalcolithic people had an advanced technology. Among the findings, there were axes, building material and flint. According to his opinion, there was a thriving settlement in Jerusalem in that period.
The flint artifacts indicated the prehistoric people that lived there was very active as they had a wide variety of tools for different purposes. In addition, Lupo claimed they also found a carnelian bead. Carnelian is a gemstone, which means that jewelry was handmade or imported. Other findings included sheep or goat bones as well as cattle remains. Experts said all their discoveries will be further studied in the Israel Antiquities Authority laboratories. | <urn:uuid:ba799cbf-2a23-45c7-9e71-79a9606d5944> | {
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This course uses a hands-on, project-based approach to learning the Arduino platform.
In this course, students will build projects such as:
A motion sensor alarm
A light-activated night light
An LED disco strobe light
An Arduino piano that can play different songs
An Arduino Online Weather Station that connects to the internet to retrieve
and display weather information based on your location
An ultrasonic robot
Arduino game projects using light, sound, and joysticks including PONG
Much much more...
Students will learn about and become proficient with the following components and understand exactly how they work as they will be incorporated in projects:
Active and Passive Buzzers
Seven Segment LEDs (single and four digit)
8x8 Matrix LEDs
Wifi and GSM Shields
And much much more...
The course will be broken up into a Coding C++ section, Basic Arduino Knowledge section,
Simple Projects section, Intermediate Projects section, and an Advanced Projects section
allowing students to progressively level up throughout the year. Quarterly goals can be seen here.
Course Class Time:
Introductions to new lessons will take up the first 20-30 minutes of class.
The rest of the class time will be spent on project completion and individual Q&A sessions.
Here is the approach that is taken for each project:
A detailed background of all the electronic principles and operation of the electrical components for each project will first be discussed.
The wiring of components and layout of the project will then be covered in the circuit diagram.
Detailed live demonstrations will show how to wire up and assemble the components
for the project.
The code will be uploaded to demo the project and how it works.
A detailed line-by-line code review will then describe how the software and hardware components work together.
Each project will be given sectional due dates, when certain parts or checkpoints of a project must be completed. After the allotted class time, students who need more time to complete projects must have the ability to work at home.
Contact Mrs. Lambert with any questions during the week.
Course Homework Requirements:
Check Schoology weekly!
Homework time will be based on each student’s coding ability and how much he/she
completes in class.
Coding - Mainly throughout the first quarter, there may be a few coding assignments to reinforce the class lesson and to review/study for upcoming quizzes. (Participation grade)
Arduino - Although Arduino projects are aimed to be finished in class, some projects may require students to work from home. Once completed, these assignments’ sketches and pictures must be e-mailed to Mrs. Lambert by 8pm the Monday evening before class.
Homework is due at the beginning of each class unless otherwise posted on the assignment
page on Schoology. (Sometimes homework must be submitted online by Monday at 8pm or Wednesday at 8pm.)
Homework that is turned in after class by that evening (same day) receives a 5% deduction for lateness. This is to ensure the importance of bringing your work to class because we frequently use your homework as the review warm-up.
Homework submitted online the next day (one day late) receives a 15% deduction.
Two days overdue receives a 30% deduction.
Homework turned in later than three days after class can only receive 50% of the total points.
It is very important to check Schoology for homework deadlines.
This is the student’s responsibility, not the parent's.
Reliable internet access is required for this course.
Check Schoology at least once a week for homework,
next week’s expectations, and to contribute to the discussion blog.
Ability to bring a laptop (PC or Mac only) to class every week | <urn:uuid:460ab442-603f-4611-b17a-ecdcbd25d144> | {
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The art and writing of Gwen Frostic are well known in her home state of Michigan and around the world, but this picture book biography tells the story behind Gwen's famous work. After a debilitating illness as a child, Gwen sought solace in art and nature. She learned to be persistent and independent--never taking no for an answer or letting her disabilities define her. After creating artwork for famous Detroiters and for display at the World's Fair and helping to build WWII bombers, Gwen moved her printmaking business to northern Michigan. She dedicated her work and her life to reminding people of the wonder and beauty in nature.
Escaping persecution for being Jewish, the Baline family fled Russia and arrived by ship in New York City harbor in September 1893. Little Israel Isidore Baline is only five years old. After arriving at Ellis Island, the first stop for all immigrants, Israel and his family are ready to begin a new life in America. His family settles in the Lower East Side and soon Israel (now nicknamed Izzy) starts school. And while he learns English, he is not a very good student. According to his teachers he daydreams and sings in class. But while these may not be traits that are helpful in the classroom, these are wonderful tools for a budding singer and composer. And by the time that Izzy (now known as Irving) is a young man, he is well on his way to becoming one of the most well-known composers in America. This vivid picture-book biography examines the life of Irving Berlin, the distinguished artist whose songs, including "God Bless America," continue to be popular today.
Miss Hawthorn's room is neat and tidy, not a pencil or paintbrush is out of place. And that's how she likes it. And she likes trees that are colored green and apples that are painted red. Miss Hawthorn does not like things to be different or out of the ordinary. Into Miss Hawthorn's classroom comes young Willow. She doesn't color inside the lines, she breaks crayons, and she sees pink trees and blue apples. What will Miss Hawthorn think? Magical things can happen when your imagination is allowed to run wild, and for Miss Hawthorn the notion of what is art and what is possible is forever changed.Willow is the first joint writing effort for sisters Denise Brennan-Nelson and Rosemarie Brennan. Denise's other Sleeping Bear Press books include Someday Is Not a Day of the Week and My Grandma Likes to Say. She lives in Howell, Michigan. Rosemarie Brennan juggles careers as a writing teacher and an author. She lives in Brighton, Michigan. Cyd Moore studied graphic design and fine arts at the University of Georgia. Her work includes posters, billboards, books, newspaper and magazine articles, and cassette and CD covers. She is the illustrator of I Love You, Stinky Face and I Miss You, Stinky Face. She lives in Commerce, Michigan.
Ozzie loves to draw. Ozzie loves drawing and being an artist more than anythingeven more than skateboarding! So when his teacher, Miss Cattywhompus, announces an art contest, Ozzie cant wait to get started. He works really hard on his picture of a goat. He knows it will win first place. There is only one problem. Miss Cattywhompus didn't ask the class to draw pictures of goats; the contest instructions say "Draw a Boat." Ozzies picture doesn't win first place. And even though it does win honorable mention, he is devastated. How could he not win? He worked so hard. With a little help from Miss Cattywhompus, Ozzie comes to see that he, with his love of art, has won something far more important than a contest. In his picture book debut, Dana Sullivan has used his personal experience with artistic disappointment to create a warm, lovable character whose story will feel familiar to anyone who has followed his or her passion and hit an ever-so-slight bump in the road.
After 12-year-old Anya is cut from her middle school soccer team, she decides to pursue her true passion, which is theater. With the help of her sister and new friend Austin, Anya puts together a kids summer theater troupe (The Random Farms Kids Theater), recruiting area kids as actors and crew members. Acting as director, Anya has to navigate the ups and downs of a showbiz life, including preparing scripts, finding a venue, and handling ticket sales, not to mention calming the actors insecurities and settling conflicts. Its a lot of responsibility for a 12-year-old. Will their first show ever get off the ground? This series is closely based on the real-life experience of Anya Wallach, who began a summer theater camp in her parents basement when she was just sixteen years old. Today, Random Farms has launched the careers of many of todays youngest stars on Broadway.
From the oom pah pah of the brass section to the tickle and tease of the keyboard ivories, "M is for Melody" gives a music lesson in alphabet form. Instruments, composers, terms, and even musical styles are examined from A-Z in easy, read-aloud rhymes and expository, accompanied by colorful and engaging artwork. Based on MENC National Standards for Music Education, educators will find this a valuable addition to their classroom material.
With the help of her sister and friend Austin, 12-year-old Anya puts together a kids' summer theater troupe, the Random Farms Kids' Theater, recruiting area kids as actors and crew members for a musical revue. Acting as director, Anya navigates the ups and downs of a showbiz life, including preparing scripts, finding a venue, and handling ticket sales, not to mention calming the actors' insecurities and settling conflicts. It's a lot of responsibility for a 12-year-old but Anya pulls it off. Book 2 opens two days later. Now after a successful first show, Anya turns her attention to the troupe's second show. But trouble rears its head almost immediately when their beloved barn venue is jeopardized. How can they put on a production without a theater? Is the second show doomed before they ever start rehearsal? This series is closely based on the real-life experience of Anya Wallach, who began a summer theater "camp" in her parents' basement when she was just sixteen years old.
Ten dance-related topics are presented in a rhyming riddle format with illustrated clues and answers. Tutu, tap shoes, and leotard are included in this board book
Tutus and leotards, pointe shoes and ribbons, stretching exercises at the barre - these are all familiar images when one is thinking of ballet. But there's much more to this historic dance form than pink tulle. There's hard work with years of study. Following the alphabet, in T is for Tutu: A Ballet Alphabet dancer Sonia Rodriguez, with husband Kurt Browning, introduces this dance form from its beginnings at the court of Louis XIV to basic positions and training to famous stage roles. L is for the Leotard that shows the dancer's form. Whenever they are rehearsing it becomes their uniform. Young readers will find themselves pointing their toes, practicing the five positions, and dreaming of being onstage as a sugarplum fairy or a king with a crown. Sonia Rodriguez has been the Principal Dancer with The National Ballet of Canada since 2000. Her husband, Kurt Browning, is a four-time world champion figure skater. Kurt is also the author of A is for Axel: An Ice Skating Alphabet. They live in Toronto, Ontario.Known for his fluid movement and confidence on the ice, four-time world champion figure skater Kurt Browning spins, jumps, and glides his way through the alphabet with A is for Axel: An Ice Skating Alphabet. Kurt was the first figure skater to be named as Canada's outstanding male athlete, was honored by Sports Illustrated as one of the 50 greatest sports figures from Canada, and is a member of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Completing the first quadruple jump in competition earned Kurt his way into the Guinness Book of Records. Kurt presently skates professionally with Stars on Ice and lives in Toronto with his wife and son. Wilson Ong went to Brigham Young University, receiving a B.F.A. in painting and drawing. He furthered his studies at the Art Students' League in New York City. He lives in Corning, New York. | <urn:uuid:6b46a3bd-2078-4c2a-b58c-1e8c55ecc480> | {
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The Kaye Effect by Ellen Alice Eichelberger
Honorable - Contrived Category
School: Kuna High School
Teacher: DaNel Huggins
The Kaye Effect, first observed by A. Kaye, is an example of the physics of complex liquids. The Kaye Effect occurs when a viscous-elastic fluid, e.g. shampoos and soaps, is poured onto a surface. The poured fluid builds up a heap of fluid on the surface. After the fluid heaps, the continuous string of fluid causes the heap of fluid to dimple, and the falling stream of fluid hits the dimple and shoots out in continuous arches. The dimple acts much as a ski jump acts and propels the fluid that builds up in the dimple off its lip. The angle of the arch shot from the dimple is continuous but unpredictable. | <urn:uuid:94423bda-57c2-427f-900a-d114adcdfe35> | {
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For those who’re a fan of stargazing, be sure you block Thursday evening off in your calendar.
The moon is predicted to look as much as 30 per cent brighter within the early hours of Friday morning, in what’s referred to as a ‘supermoon’.
The ultimate supermoon of the 12 months can be visible any time the sky is obvious between sunset on August 11 and sunrise the next morning, although the moon will reach full illumination at 02:36 BST.
A supermoon occurs when the total moon nearly coincides with perigee – the purpose within the orbit of the moon at which it’s nearest to the Earth.
Its proximity bolsters its brightness and size within the night sky from our planet, while on the moon it might appear similar to normal.
August’s full moon is referred to as the Sturgeon Moon in a standard naming system developed by early Native Americans.
Their system uses the several months’ full moons as a calendar to maintain track of the seasons.
The eighth full moon of 2022 is known as the Sturgeon Moon because large sturgeon fish were more easily caught within the Great Lakes at the moment of 12 months.
A plane passes in front of July’s full moon in Milwaukee in Wisconsin, USA. The ultimate supermoon of the 12 months can be visible any time the sky is obvious between sunset on August 11 and sunrise the next morning, although the moon will reach full illumination at 02:36 BST
The complete Sturgeon super moon can be within the constellation Capricornus when it reaches its peak
WHEN CAN I SEE THE SUPERMOON?
The supermoon can be visible within the UK after it rises at the next times:
London – 20:54 BST
Edinburgh – 21:30 BST
Plymouth – 21:06 BST
It’s going to reach the perigee at 16:00 BST, and have peak illumination at 02:36 BST (21:36 ET), but as this continues to be in daytime it’s going to not be visible to stargazers at those times.
Supermoons occur since the moon orbits the Earth on an elliptical path, fairly than a circular one.
This implies there’s some extent in its 29.5-day orbit where it’s closest to the Earth and, at certain times of the 12 months, it passes this point during a full moon.
This makes it appear about 14 per cent larger and 30 per cent brighter than when a full moon appears on the apogee – the purpose furthest away from out planet.
A supermoon is about 7 per cent larger and 15 per cent brighter than a regular full Moon.
That is widely acknowledged to be the ultimate supermoon of the 12 months, after the last three full moons fulfilled the gap or time constraints that outline one.
Some parts of the scientific community, including NASA, use the supermoon definition set by astrologer Richard Nolle in 1979, who classed it as a full moon that comes inside 90 per cent of its perigee — the closest point to Earth in its orbit.
Nevertheless, retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak calculates supermoons to account for changes within the lunar orbit each lunar cycle.
Supermoons occur since the moon orbits the Earth on an elliptical path, fairly than a circular one. The typical distance of the moon from the Earth is 238,855 miles (384,400 km), but in its perigee it is barely 222,089 miles (357,264 km) away
The typical distance of the moon from the Earth is 238,855 miles (384,400 km), but in its perigee it is barely 222,089 miles (357,264 km) away.
The moon will actually reach the perigee on August 10 at 16:00 BST (13:00 ET), but it’s going to not reach peak illumination until August 12 at 02:36 BST (21:36 ET).
It is because, at this moment, the Moon is directly between the sun and the Earth in a straight line.
If the horizon is obstructed by buildings or trees, it’s price waiting longer so the moon can rise higher within the sky and provide you with a greater view.
The moon will rise over London at 20:54 BST, Edinburgh at 21:30 BST and Plymouth at 21:06 BST, so stargazers should keep their eyes peeled for the most effective view from then.
The Perseid meteor shower began in mid-July however the meteors won’t reach their full illumination until the Earth passes through the majority of the debris early Saturday morning. Pictured: Perseid meteor shower at Tres Mares peak, in Cantabria, Spain, on August 13 2021
The annual meteor shower called the Perseids may additionally be visible with the naked eye that evening, however it is definitely as a consequence of peak the next night.
Referred to as the ‘fiery tears of Saint Lawrence’, the celestial event takes place when the Earth ploughs through galactic debris left by the passing of the Swift-Tuttle Comet.
The shooting stars can be visible each north and south of the equator, although those in mid-northern latitudes can be treated to the most effective views.
The meteor shower is usually dubbed the most effective of the 12 months due to how vivid and lively it’s, with as much as 100 meteors per hour expected this 12 months.
Unfortunately, the brightness from the supermoon may block out any view of the meteor shower on Thursday night.
The name ‘Perseids meteor shower’ comes from the very fact meteors appear to shoot out from the Perseus constellation – the twenty fourth largest constellation within the sky.
The shower actually began in mid-July however the meteors won’t reach their full illumination until the Earth passes through the majority of the debris early Saturday morning.
The sparkling treat is ready to proceed over the Northern Hemisphere for a number of days after the height with reduced activity.
NASA is anticipating as much as 100 meteors an hour on August 13 with a meteor velocity of 37 miles (59 km) per second.
Visible meteors will range between 10 and 20 per hour at best, in response to a statement from NASA astronomer Bill Cooke, while it might normally be as much as 60.
On July 13, a Buck Supermoon lit up skies around the globe, as our lunar satellite appeared 17 per cent larger and 30 per cent brighter than usual. Pictured is the moon rising over lower Manhattan and One World Trade Center in Recent York, as seen from Jersey City, USA
On the evening of July 13, a Buck Supermoon lit up skies around the globe, as our lunar satellite appeared 17 per cent larger and 30 per cent brighter than usual.
July’s moon gets its name because male deer shed and regrow their antlers around this time of 12 months.
Other names, often given by Native American tribes, include green corn moon, hoer moon, birth moon, egg laying moon, honey moon and mead moon.
After August’s supermoon, the following one won’t be visible until August 1 2023, but one other one will appear later that month on August 31.
FULL MOON, SUPERMOON, BUCK MOON: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
A FULL MOON is the phase of the moon through which its whole disc is illuminated.
In the course of the 29.5-day lunar cycle, we observe a recent moon (with 0 per cent illumination), a waxing moon (when the quantity of illumination on the moon is increasing), a full moon (100 per cent illumination) after which a waning moon (when its visible surface area is getting smaller).
Because our modern calendar isn’t quite in step with the Moon’s phases, sometimes we get multiple full Moon in a month. This is usually referred to as a blue moon.
Meanwhile, a SUPERMOON is when the total moon nearly coincides with perigee – the purpose within the orbit of the moon at which it’s nearest to the Earth.
This implies a supermoon can appear as much as 14 per cent larger and 30 per cent brighter than normal, when viewed from Earth, depending on the time of 12 months.
There are about three or 4 supermoons per 12 months, most astronomy web sites claim, and so they occur at different times annually.
Lastly, STURGEON MOON simply refers back to the time of the 12 months the total moon is appearing.
Different months of the 12 months have different nicknames – so January is Wolf Moon, February is Snow Moon, March is Worm Moon, April is Pink Moon and July is Buck Moon.
Full moon names were historically used to trace the seasons and subsequently are closely related to nature. | <urn:uuid:c80581c3-7029-4c1c-92c3-b41270b2fd6d> | {
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Scaffolding is a way to provide a safe and stable platform that's needed when working on an elevated surface. It offers support for concrete formwork, inclement weather, and projects that might potentially be unsafe to work on without assistance. Depending on what you need, though, there are varying degrees of scaffolds available for different circumstances - temporary vs. permanent worksites or jobs, high-risk vs. low-risk buildings.
Scaffolding is usually used on buildings with heights of 16 feet and above, but you can use some for lower projects - it just simply depends on the user, contractors, and type of scaffolding. For temporary worksites, a scaffold is normally used when the work is to be done for a short time or refurbishing or renovating an existing part of the building. Short-term projects are more likely done on a modular platform, while permanent worksites usually use steel frames with guardrails.
Scaffolding is used in building work for all sorts of reasons. In most cases, it's needed to elevate forms/workers above the rest of the structure to perform their duties safely and correctly. Other times it's used to cover or protect workers from inclement weather like rain or snow. You can also use scaffolding to provide a stable platform for concrete formwork so that a structure is properly secure and safe for workers.
The moment a building project is started, a scaffold is built to provide the best possible conditions for workers. It's a safety measure that aims to minimize the risk of injury or death on the job site. In modern times, working at heights is inevitable in many work settings. The use of scaffolding at construction sites and accessible buildings protects workers by minimizing their risk of falling. Using scaffolding on these projects also minimizes the risk of site workers' injury due to accidental slips or falls.
A scaffold's main role in structural building work is to provide elevated platforms that help workers safely transport materials, place formwork, and complete their daily tasks safely.
Scaffolding is used for a variety of activities these days. Here are some of the most common uses of scaffolding:
Workers commonly can stand on scaffolding to clean windows and other parts of skyrise buildings.
Scaffolding can be crucial for construction, since it allows workers to stand at height on a stable surface. This is especially true for skyscrapers and other high rise structures, but its use is also common for construction work done closer to the ground.
3. Industrial inspections
Inspections are one of the top uses of scaffolding, since scaffolding allows inspectors to reach areas they couldn’t otherwise access in order to perform visual inspections or other kinds of NDT testing.
Inspectors commonly use internal scaffolding or other temporary structures for internal inspections, like those performed inside huge industrial boilers or pressure vessels, as well as for external inspections. Regardless of the specific inspection, the use of the scaffolding is the same - it allows inspectors to stand at height and conduct various types of testing in order to satisfy inspection requirements.
Inspections are typically the first step in a maintenance process, since they uncover areas that may require maintenance. After inspectors find these areas, maintenance workers will address those defects by standing on scaffolding to perform their work.
5. Other uses
Various types of scaffolding are also used in:
Get the latest trading information | <urn:uuid:d1ff8d7a-d525-4855-8e4c-1521abed4ea5> | {
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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.”
Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory.
Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts and imagination of millions of Americans and fundamentally transformed the character of the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the Proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy, enabling the liberated to become liberators. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom. Continue reading
Arthur Barnette Spingarn (1878-1971) was an American leader in fight for civil rights for African Americans.
Spingarn was born into a well-to-do family. He graduated from Columbia College in 1897 and from law school in 1899. He was one of a small group of white Americans who decided in the 1900s (decade)to support the radical demands for racial justice being voiced by W. E. B. Du Bois in contrast to the more ameliorative views of Booker T. Washington. He served as head of the legal committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and one of its vice-presidents starting in 1911. Continue reading
The Rainbow PUSH Coalition is the result of a merger between Operation PUSH and the Rainbow Coalition. Established in 1971 by Rev. Jackson, People United to Save Humanity (later changed from “Save” to “Serve”)–PUSH, was an organization dedicated to improving the economic conditions of black communities across the United States. In the 1970’s, PUSH expanded into areas of social and political development using direct action campaigns, a weekly radio broadcast, and awards that honored prominent blacks in the U.S. and abroad. Through Operation PUSH, Rev. Jackson established a platform from which to protect black homeowners, workers and businesses. Continue reading
Representative, 1973-1979, Democrat from California
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke was a rising star in California and national politics years before she won a seat in the U.S. House. In 1966, she became the first African-American woman elected to the California assembly. At the 1972 Democratic National Convention she served as vice chair of the platform committee, gaining national television exposure. That same year she became the first black woman from California (and one of only three black women ever) elected to the House.
Her meteoric career continued with a prime appointment to the Appropriations Committee and her election as the first woman chair of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC). But Burke’s most notable distinction in the eyes of much of the public occurred in 1973, when she became the first Congresswoman to give birth and be granted maternity leave while serving in Congress. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:fd6d1aff-590a-44ff-ad54-40f84058dc0b> | {
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Indoor farming is a part of modern agriculture for growing crops in a controlled environment. The market for Indoor farming is growing globally and is catalyzed by the rising world population and a consequent demand for building secure and consistent food supplies. Conventional agriculture is locationally tied to areas with sufficient land and water, which are decreasing at a very rapid pace. As the amount of vacant arable land and water to support conventional agriculture is dwindling, the demand of indoor farming is increasing as it is decoupled from such needs and can be located closer to end consumption such as urban environments.
Because of the water efficiency (more than 90%), limited land use, being closer to end consumption (thus also reducing the need for storage & transportation) and benefits of controlled farming without any climate change, the indoor farming market is poised for growth. The introduction of indoor farming has sparked global worries about the environmental consequences of traditional farming practices. Indoor farming is utilized to enhance local food supplies and provide consumers with fresh, nutritious veggies. The food produced using this method is particularly healthy since this sort of farming optimizes plant-fertilizing nutrients. A vast variety of crops, such as leafy vegetables, herbs, vegetables, fruits, microgreens, and flowers, can be grown inside. Controlled environment agriculture produces organic food free of agrochemical pollution. These are the key driving factors behind indoor vertical farming, together with rising customer demand for pesticide- and herbicide-free vegetables.
Growing Demand for Nutritious Food - People are adopting healthy, active lifestyles and pesticide-free produce globally. The demand for these products has increased indoor farming as new system integrations help raise yields, efficiencies, and costs. According to the UN, ten billion people will live in cities by 2050. This growth, combined with rising incomes in developing countries is projected to lead to a Global food demand increase between 59% to 98% by 2050.
The pentagon took on the climate change related mass disappearance of agricultural land as a matter of national and international security over 20 years ago. The reason for this, as Stewart Brand and Harvard Archaeology professor Steven Leblanc also eloquently explain: Humans have throughout history had a tendency of exceeding the Carrying Capacity of their natural habitat. The Carrying Capacity of our habitat being exceeded resulted in acts of territorial disputes and conflicts between humans such as wars, invasions and even cannibalism.
We are projected to lose over 32% of our current agricultural land by 2050, and on top of this it’s projected that the demand for agricultural goods will increase globally by 70% in that period. This may mean that we are very quickly exceeding the Carrying Capacity of our environment once again. A guarantee that we can build against this outcome is controlled environment agriculture and automation. This is a shield against the negative impact of climate change on agricultural production if scaled properly. And the best tool to scale properly is automation that can also increase production and input efficiency in agriculture . Thus adding to our habitat’s Carrying Capacity, as opposed to subtracting from it.
On the topic of water - Over 70% of the world’s water consumption comes from agriculture. Our services can boost the yield of an indoor farm by more than 25% while reducing emissions, water usage and wasted valuable minerals in fertilization. To put it in perspective: the adoption of indoor farming and Vertum Technologies’ solution DIO can help reduce water consumption in agriculture by more than 95%.
We did our research and after talking to nearly 200 farmers we’ve discovered that more than 80% of indoor farms experience crop loss and expect to lose more than 25% of their crop in a year of production. This equates to roughly 20% loss within an indoor farming market that is projected to be worth more than $100bn by 2030 that we can return as value.
Vertum Technologies, Inc.
Copyright © 2022 Vertum Technologies, Inc. - All Rights Reserved.
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By Trudi Refshauge
When you see a humble mushroom growing in a paddock or beside a fallen log, do you wonder if it’s toxic or beneficial, can it be eaten or will it kill you?
International fungi expert, Alison Pouliot, recently visited Cowra and was invited to run a workshop for interested locals by Mid Lachlan Landcare and Cowra Council’s Natural Resource Management Committee.
A mushroom is neither animal nor plant but contains properties from both kingdoms. Mushrooms are the external flowering part of fungi, which is a third kingdom on its own.
Farmers attending Pouliot’s talk were interested to learn mushrooms have an important function in agriculture. They were told fungi play a key role in holding soil particles apart, making it sponge like and habitable to invertebrates like worms allowing soil to be further aerated.
“Fungi have a root like structure known as mycelium which allows water to trickle down deeply into the soil. Without mycelium, soil becomes anaerobic,” said Pouliot.
Pouliot explained there is a nutrient exchange going on when fungi sits around plant roots.
“Fungi forms a sheath around the root systems of trees, grasses and other plants. This can increase the surface area of the root by over 1,000 times, allowing plants to access water and nutrients more easily and send carbon from one tree to another.”
Pouliot explained this underground fungal network can source water from a drain line or dam and feed it to plant roots at higher or dryer points in the landscape.
Fungi has implications “greater than we ever once imagined” Pouliot said. An old mother eucalyptus tree can connect to up to 37 younger trees through their roots and connected mycelium. “Potentially what you do to the mother tree will effect the health of these younger trees.”
Ray Walsh from Cowra Council’s NRM committee said that farmers attitudes have changed since the 1970s and 1980s. “They understand the importance of avoiding soil compaction and minimizing stubble burning which may help fungi in their soils. They are very interested to learn about the role fungi plays in improving carbon in our soil,” he told Pouliot.
For those interested in foraging for fungi, Pouliot explained picking mushrooms has been a toxic threat feared by all except the highly trained. “You use all your senses when selecting toxic from edible mushrooms.
When touching a stem you need to assess if it feels like velvet, suede, sandpaper, butter, wax or mucous. The smell of fungi can range from iodine, ammonia, chlorine, burnt rubber or burnt hair. It’s also important to observe their shape and where they grow,” said Pouliot.
Mid Lachlan Landcare officer, Tracee Burke said she was pleased with the capacity turnout. “It was incredible to hear Alison say that fungi does the same thing as irrigation and fertilizer with its ability to distribute moisture, nutrients and minerals in the soil.” | <urn:uuid:4fd483f0-f54c-4c26-a59e-f0ef9dfb4395> | {
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Why does water boil when you heat it?
When water is boiled, the heat energy is transferred to the molecules of water, which begin to move more quickly. Eventually, the molecules have too much energy to stay connected as a liquid. When this occurs, they form gaseous molecules of water vapor, which float to the surface as bubbles and travel into the air.
Does water boil faster with heat?
Increasing the heat will actually make a difference, since bottom water will boil faster and it will transfer more heat to top cool water, before being cooled by ambient temperature.
Why does cold water boil faster than warm water?
The rate of heating of a liquid depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference between the liquid and its surroundings (the flame on the stove, for instance). … Because it takes cold water some time to reach the temperature of hot water, cold water clearly takes longer to boil than hot water does.
Is it better to boil cold or hot water?
Cold water boils faster than hot water.
There is, however, a good reason to use cold water instead of hot for cooking: hot water will contain more dissolved minerals from your pipes, which can give your food an off-flavor, particularly if you reduce the water a lot.
Can you use hot water to boil?
You’re excited, naturally. Boiling water takes forever, so you decide to speed things up by filling the pot with scalding hot tap water instead of cold. … Hot water also dissolves contaminants in pipes faster than cold water. And no, boiling the water does not make those contaminants (like lead) go away.
How does a kettle boil water?
Here are the steps on how to use a tea kettle on a stove.
- Fill your tea kettle with clean, filtered water. …
- Place your kettle on the stove, and switch on the stove to high heat.
- When the water boils, the kettle will start whistling. …
- You should use a potholder to hold the kettle’s handle to avoid burning your hands.
How do you treat water boils?
Boils Treatment — Home Remedies
- Apply warm compresses and soak the boil in warm water. This will decrease the pain and help draw the pus to the surface. …
- When the boil starts draining, wash it with an antibacterial soap until all the pus is gone and clean with rubbing alcohol. …
- Do not pop the boil with a needle.
Can a microwave boil water?
You can boil water in a microwave. However, microwaves may heat water unevenly, so make sure to stir it before use. | <urn:uuid:f2b43af8-8027-4ce2-8221-7148cef79551> | {
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In German the term Leseratte (combining the words meaning “read” and “rat”) is a vibrant synonym for any avid reader of books. Should it be that a rodent had the ability to read, I would not advise this creature to read Robert Browning’s “The Pied Piper of Hamelin” notwithstanding the fact that this poem is taken by most people to be a jaunty and light-hearted ditty. Not being rats, we might seek confirmation for the belief that poem has no unpleasant connotations in the poem’s apparently innocent subtitle “A Child’s Story.” Indeed, a noted literary scholar Milton Millhauser, once referred to the ”innocent” nature of Browning’s subject matter. An examination of the evolution of the Pied Piper legend does not bear out Millhauser’s evaluation.
The earliest sources of the legend make no mention of rats but darkly report that a hundred and thirty children born in Hamelin were “lost” at a place called Calvary. During the sixteenth century such sinister undertones yielded to the outright declaration that the Pied Piper was the Devil. It is now that rats enter the scene, and rats were known to be the carriers of plague and deadly contamination. Research has shown that the legend merged with the motif of the Dance of Death, giving room to the conjecture of a doctor that the lurid colors of the Piper’s coat were those of skin discolorations on the bodies of those stricken by pestilence. The pervasive influence of the Pied Piper legend in association with the Dance of Death might even have made its presence felt in Richard the Third, an expert in Shakespeare studies has suggested. Such facts could only be relevant to a discussion of Browning’s poem to the extent that one establishes that Browning himself was acquainted with them.
There is in fact evidence that suggests that Browning was aware of the darker side of the legend’s import. According to Arthur Dixon Browning had read a passage in Prosper Mérimée’s novel Chronique du temps de Charles IX in which a gypsy girl recounts the tale of the Pied Piper to mercenary soldiers on their way to Paris just before the massacre of Protestants on the Eve of Saint Bartholomew. The story of the Pied Piper clearly identified as the Devil proves to be a portent of the massacre. According to Dixon Browning was acquainted with a negative representation of the Pied Piper in one of the early documentary sources of the legend.
I base evidence pointing to Browning’s recognition of the negative aspect of the Pied Piper story on a consideration of Browning’s earliest poetic works and subtle implications of the wording of “The Pied Piper of Hamelin.” When still a youth, Browning composed juvenilia works in a collection that bore the title “Incondita.” Presumably, to shield himself from adverse criticism, he decided to destroy all traces of his earliest poetry, but he did not fully succeed in this attempt, as two poems survived his drastic act of self-censorship. They bore the titles “The Dance of Death” and “The First-Born of Egypt.” These are cited below.
“The Dance of Death” is the more horrific of these poems. It is composed of monologues delivered by ghoulish personifications of Death, Fever, Pestilence, Ague, Madness, and Consumption, who vie for the title of being the grisliest purveyor of death and destruction. The ghastliness of Browning’s dark vision is tempered in “The First-Born of Egypt” only by an empathetic description of a father’s feelings for his departed son in lines which Eliza Sarah Flower Adams, an acquaintance of Browning, commended for their poetic quality.
Did no more than a youth’s immature obsession with his gruesome subject matter give rise to these poems? Did some external prompt also play a role in this matter? After all, “The First-Born of Egypt” takes its cue from the Book of Exodus, and yet does not quite conform to the spirit of orthodox exposition of the kind that typified a household in which Browning’s devout mother, an adherent of strict evangelical views, wielded a dominant influence, for in the poem we note an element of resentment against the extreme severity and perceived injustice of divine chastisement.
I now introduce an item of biographic information often overlooked in the domain of Browning scholarship. Browning, when a boy of fourteen, received tuition in music and singing from Isaac Nathan, the same person who prompted Lord Byron to compose the Hebrew Melodies. In this “The Destruction of Sennacherib” graphically portrays an act of the divine vengeance in the form of the plague that destroyed the invading Assyrian army under the leadership of Sennacherib. There are also strikingly similar linguistic features that signal possible connections between Byron’s poem and the two surviving poems that formed a part of “Incondita.” In the three poems under consideration, we find much the same contrast of the colors gold and purple. The First-Born of Egypt” and “The Destruction of Sennacherib” end on a similar note of awe and dread at the contemplation of the destructive power of the God of Israel.
The case I present rests on more than a reflection on one poem written by Lord Byron. In the second section entitled “Byronic Lyrics for David’s Harp” of his monograph Byron’s Hebrew Melodies, Thomas L. Ashton refers to “Herod’s Lament to Mariamne” as the precursor of Robert Browning’s “Porphyria’s Lover,” later joined by “Johannes Agricola in Meditation” under the title “Madhouse Cells I and II.” Ashton detects an affinity between “Herod’s Lament to Mariamna” and “Madhouse Cells” on the basis a common concern to reveal the distraught mentalities of those who kill a loved one.
Similarities are not confined to items of subject for they also, and perhaps more importantly, evince cognate modes of presentation. Byron was a pioneer in the creation of the dramatic monologue, a genre which Browning further developed and perfected. Scholarship has focused on Browning’s adulation of Shelley as guide and source of inspiration, but Shelley’s poetry left no residual traces in Browning’s work that compare with the aftermath of Byron’s influence. Browning disavowed Shelleyan idealism in Pauline and developed his own strain of prophetic Biblicism combined with a mode of realism that combined evolutionary change with a high esteem of the virtue he ascribed to “the imperfect” both in art and life. Ideals still had their place but only as providers of motivation and the impetus to move forward, to progress.
Browning never became a great dramatist despite his ambition to become such in his earlier years. The Willy apostrophized at the end of “The Pied Piper of Hamelin” was the son of William Macready, a noted theatre manager, and the admonition to keep promises was probably a message to William Macready Senior, not to his son. The composition of ”The Pied Piper of Hamelin” marked Browning’s entry into the realm of popular verse, a welcome event in view of Browning’s former reputation as an obscure and self-absorbed writer, particularly after the mixed reception of the long poem Sordello. Most of all, his success lay in transforming the Pied Piper as the leader of the Dance of Death into a savior-artist figure. In conformity with this introversion Calvary was no longer the gate of Hell as seen in the Middle Ages but the opening to freedom and new life. See arguments for this proposition in another essay.
The First-Born of Egypt
by Robert Browning
That night came on in Egypt with a step
So calmly stealing in the gorgeous train
Of sunset glories flooding the pale clouds
With liquid gold, until at length the glow
Sank to its shadowy impulse and soft sleep
Bent o'er the world to curtain it from life—
Vitality was hushed beneath her wing—
Pomp sought his couch of purple—care-worn grief
Flung slumber's mantle o'er him. At that hour
He in whose brain the burning fever fiend
Held revelry—his hot cheek turned awhile
Upon the cooler pillow. In his cell
The captive wrapped him in his squalid rags,
And sank amid his straw. Circean sleep!
Bathed in thine opiate dew, false hope vacates
Her seat in the sick soul, leaving awhile
Her dreamy fond imaginings—pale fear
His wild misgivings, and the warm life-springs
Flow in their wonted channels—and the train—
The harpy train of care, forsakes the heart.
Was it the passing sigh of the night wind
Or some lorn spirit's wail—that moaning cry
That struck the ear?—'tis hushed—no! it swells on
On—as the thunder peal when it essays
To wreck the summer sky—that fearful shriek
Still it increases—'tis the dolorous plaint,
The death cry of a nation—
It was a fearful thing—that hour of night—
I have seen many climes, but that dread hour
Hath left its burning impress on my soul
Never to be erased. Not the loud crash
When the shuddering forest swings to the red bolt,
Or march of the fell earthquake when it whelms
A city in its yawning gulf, could quell
That deep voice of despair. Pharaoh arose
Startled from slumber, and in anger sought
The reason of the mighty rushing throng
At that dark hour around the palace gates,
—And then he dashed his golden crown away
And tore his hair in frenzy when he knew
That Egypt's heir was dead—From every house,
The marbled mansion of regality
To the damp dungeon's walls—gay pleasure's seat
And poverty's bare hut, that cry was heard,
As guided by the Seraph's vengeful arm
The hand of death held on its withering course,
Blighting the hopes of thousands.
I sought the street to gaze upon the grief
Of congregated Egypt—there the slave
Stood by him late his master, for that hour
Made vain the world's distinctions—for could wealth
Or power arrest the woe?—Some were blue
As sculptured marble from the quarry late
Of whom the foot first in the floating dance,
The glowing cheek hued with the deepening flush
In the night revel—told the young and gay.
No kindly moisture dewed their stony eye,
Or damped their ghastly glare—for they felt not.
The chain of torpor bound around the heart
Had stifled it for ever. Tears stole down
The furrowed channels of those withered cheeks
Whose fount had long been chilled, but that night's term
Had loosed the springs—for 'twas a fearful thing
To see a nation's hope so blasted. One
Pressed his dead child unto his heart—no spot
Of livid plague was nigh—no purple cloud
Of scathing fever—and he struck his brow
To rouse himself from that wild fantasy
Deeming it but a vision of the night.
I marked one old man with his only son
Lifeless within his arms—his withered hand
Wandering o'er the features of his child
Bidding him wake from that long dreary sleep,
And lead his old blind father from the crowd
To the green meadows—but he answered not;
And then the terrible truth flashed on his brain,
And when the throng rolled on some bade him rise
And cling not so unto the dead one there,
Nor voice nor look made answer—he was gone.
But one thought chained the powers of each mind
Amid that night's felt horror—each one owned
In silence the dread majesty—the might
Of Israel's God, whose red hand had avenged
His servants' cause so fearfully—
The Dance of Death
by Robert Browning
Bow to me, bow to me;
Follow me in my burning breath,
Which brings as the simoom destruction and death.
My spirit lives in the hectic glow
When I bid the life streams tainted flow
In the fervid sun's deep brooding beam
When seething vapours in volumes steam,
And they fall — the young, the gay — as the flower
'Neath the fiery wind's destructive power.
This day I have gotten a noble prize —
There was one who saw the morning rise,
And watched fair Cynthia's golden streak
Kiss the misty mountain peak,
But I was there, and my poisonous flood
Envenomed the gush of the youth's warm blood.
They hastily bore him to his bed,
But o'er him Death his swart pennons spread:
The skilled leech's art was vain,
Delirium revelled in each vein.
I marked each deathly change in him;
I watched each lustrous eye grow dim,
The purple cloud on his deep swollen brow,
The gathering death sweat's chilly flow,
The dull dense film obscure the eye,
Heard the last quick gasp and saw him die.
My spirit has passed on the lightning's wing
O'er city and land with its withering;
In the crowded street, in the flashing hall
My tramp has been heard: they are lonely all.
A nation has swept at my summons away
As mists before the glare of day.
See how proudly reigns my hand
In the blackening heaps on the surf-beat strand
Where the rank grass grows in deserted streets
Where the terrified stranger no passer meets
And all around the putrid air
Gleams lurid and red in Erinyes' stare
Where silence reigns, where late swelled the lute,
Thrilling lyre, mellifluous flute.
There if my prowess ye would know
Seek ye — and bow to your rival low.
Bow to me, bow to me;
My influence is in the freezing deeps
Where the icy power of torpor sleeps,
Where the frigid waters flow
My marble chair is more cold below;
When the Grecian braved the Hellespont's flood
How did I curdle his fevered blood,
And sent his love in tumescent wave
To meet with her lover an early grave.
When Hellas' victor sought the rush
Of the river to lave in its cooling gush,
Did he not feel my iron clutch
When he fainted and sank at my algid touch?
These are the least of the trophies I claim —
Bow to me then, and own my fame.
Hear ye not the gloomy yelling
Or the tide of anguish swelling,
Hear ye the clank of fetter and chain,
Hear ye the wild cry of grief and pain,
Followed by the shuddering laugh
As when fiends the life-blood quaff?
See! see that band,
See how their bursting eyeballs gleam,
As the crocodiles' when crouched in the stream,
In India's sultry land.
Now they are seized in the rabies fell,
Hark! 'tis a shriek as from fiends of hell;
Now there is a plaining moan,
As the flow of the sullen river —
List! there is a hollow groan.
Doth it not make e'en you to shiver —
These are they struck of the barbs of my quiver.
Slaves before my haughty throne,
Bow then, bow to me alone.
'Tis for me, 'tis for me;
Mine the prize of Death must be;
My spirit is o'er the young and gay
As on snowy wreaths in the bright noonday.
They wear a melting and vermeille flush
E'en while I bid their pulses hush,
Hueing o'er their dying brow
With the spring of health's best roseate glow
When the lover watches the full dark eye
Robed in tints of ianthine dye,
Beaming eloquent as to declare
The passions that deepen the glories there.
The frost in its tide of dazzling whiteness,
As Juno's brow of crystal brightness,
Such as the Grecian's hand could give
When he bade the sculptured marble " live,"
The ruby suffusing the Hebe cheek,
The pulses that love and pleasure speak
Can his fond heart claim but another day,
And the loathsome worm on her form shall prey.
She is scathed as the tender flower,
When mildews o'er its chalice lour.
Tell me not of her balmy breath,
Its tide shall be shut in the fold of death;
Tell me not of her honied lip,
The reptile's fangs shall its fragrance sip.
Then will I say triumphantly
Bow to the deadliest — bow to me!
Milton Millhauser, "Poet and Burgher: A Comic Variation on a Serious Theme," Victorian Poetry, 7 (1969), I63-168.
The earliest known account of the Pied Piper incident can be translated from the Low German as: “In the year 1284 on the day of John and Paul, the 26th of June, 130 children born in Hamelin were led away by a piper dressed in many-coloured clothes to Calvary close to the Koppen and were there lost. “
D. Wolfers, "A Plaguey Piper," The Lancet, April 3 1965, 756-757.
A. P. Rossiter interprets Shakespeare's Richard III in the light of the Pied Piper's associations with the medieval Dance of Death tradition. See: "Angel with Horns: The Unity of Richard lll," in Shakespeare: The Histories, ed. Eugene M. Wraith (New York: Prentice Hall, 1965 ) 77. The following quotation illuminates this point,:."the tune of the Dance of death to which all dance to damnation is played by Margaret: and one aspect of the play is our watching the rats go into the Weser, compelled by that fatal tune."
Arthur Dixon, ”Browning’s Source for The Pied Piper of Hamelin.” Studies in Philology, Vol. XXIII, July 1926, No, 3,
Arthur Dixon, ”Browning’s Source for The Pied Piper of Hamelin.” Studies in Philology, Vol. XXIII, July 1926, No, 3,
See discussion of this comment in: Ian Jack, Browning’s Major Poetry (London,1973), 10
Nathan Herbert E. Greene, ‘Browning’s Knowledge of Music,” PLMA, 62 (1947) 1095-1099.
Thomas L. Ashton, Byron’s Hebrew Melodies, Austin (University of Texas Press) 1972.
The lines in yellow highlighting received a favorable comment from Eliza Sarah Flower Adams, a friend and confidante of Browning in his teenage years. Incidentally, it was she who composed the hymn “Nearer my God to Thee.” | <urn:uuid:4ca13eef-a82b-458e-b1d5-fa3c2cf76bb3> | {
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Why Danish citizen scientists were on a quest to find the oldest European hedgehog
The beloved mammal is facing population decline in some habitats.
A citizen science project in Denmark helped researchers find the world’s oldest (or at least scientifically-confirmed oldest) European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). At 16 years-old, Thorvald the hedgehog lived seven years longer than the previous record holder. On average, the six to 11 inch long animals typically found wooded areas, gardens, and parks and lives around two years.
The study on the life expectancy of European hedgehogs was published February 14 in the journal Animals.
While the European hedgehog is a beloved mammal, their populations have declined up to 30 percent in rural populations in the United Kingdom alone. Multiple projects have been launched by conservationists and researchers to monitor populations and inform initiatives that protect the animals in the wild. Citizen science is proving to be an ally in understanding how long these mammals live.
[Related: Citizen science is another great form of nature therapy.]
In 2016, researchers from a citizen science conservation initiative called the The Danish Hedgehog Project, asked people in Denmark to collect data on any dead hedgehogs they encountered in an effort to figure out how long the mammals typically lived. Volunteers found 697 dead hedgehogs from all over Denmark.
The researchers determined the age of the hedgehogs by counting growth lines in thin sections of the hedgehogs’ jawbones, like counting growth rings in trees. Their jaw bones show growth lines because calcium metabolism slows down when they hibernate over winter. Bone growth will reduce or stop completely, resulting in one line that represents one hibernation.
The second and third place winners of oldest hedgehog were 13 and 11 years-old. The average age was only about two years and roughly 30 percent died before reaching one year old.
Most of the hedgehogs were killed while crossing roads. About 22 percent of the animals died at a hedgehog rehabilitation center following injuries from incidents like dog attacks, and 22 percent died of natural causes in the wild.
The male hedgehogs generally lived 24 percent longer than females (2.1 vs 1.6 years), but the males were also more likely to be killed in traffic. The team speculates that this is possibly because male hedgehogs come into contact with roads more frequently due to their longer ranges.
Road deaths also peaked during the month of July for both males and females. July is the height of mating season for hedgehogs in Denmark, and the increase is likely due to the hedgehogs walking longer distances and across more roads to search for mates.
[Related: Birders behold: Cornell’s Merlin app is now a one-stop shop for bird identification.]
“Although we saw a high proportion of individuals dying at the age of one year, our data also showed that if the individuals survived this life stage, they could potentially live to become 16 years old and produce offspring for several years,” said Sophie Lund Rasmussen, a biologist from Oxford University’s Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) who leads The Danish Hedgehog Project, in a statement. “This may be because individual hedgehogs gradually gain more experience as they grow older. If they manage to survive to reach the age of two years or more, they would have likely learned to avoid dangers such as cars and predators.”
Rasmussen, also called Dr. Hedgehog on social media, also added that being a male hedgehog is “simply easier”—the animals are not territorial, they rarely fight. Not to mention that female hedgehogs also take on raising offspring alone.
To investigate if inbreeding influenced their lifespans, the researchers also took tissue samples. Previous studies have found a low genetic diversity in the Danish hedgehog population, an indicator of high degrees of inbreeding which can reduce the fitness of a population. Inbreeding allows hereditary, and potentially lethal, health conditions like lower offspring birth rate and reduced milk production, to be passed down to offspring.
Much to the team’s surprise, the tests showed that inbreeding did not seem to reduce the expected lifespan of the hedgehogs.
“Sadly, many species of wildlife are in decline, which often results in increased inbreeding, as the decline limits the selection of suitable mates. This study is one of the first thorough investigations of the effect of inbreeding on longevity,” said Rasmussen. “Our research indicates that if the hedgehogs manage to survive into adulthood, despite their high degree of inbreeding, which may cause several potentially lethal, hereditary conditions, the inbreeding does not reduce their longevity. That is a rather groundbreaking discovery, and very positive news from a conservation perspective.”
The results from this study will aim to improve conservation management for a “beloved and declining species.” | <urn:uuid:b0c7f087-0481-493e-89af-84a983f9823b> | {
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“‘Tis said that the views of nature held by any people determine all their institutions.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson,English Traits
Ecocentrists are the Puritans of today’s environmental movement. Dedicated to changing the way we think about humanity’s relations with nature, they are critical of anyone—whether an environmentalist or a despoiler—who assumes that the chief reason for protecting the environment is its usefulness to human beings. “No intellectual vice is more crippling,” writes the Harvard sociobiologist and outspoken ecocentrist E.O. Wilson, “than defiantly self-indulgent anthropocentrism.”
The transformation of consciousness envisaged by the ecocentrists is, they believe, comparable in scope with that initiated by the discoveries of Copernicus, Newton, or Darwin. Beginning with the unarguable fact that Homo sapiens is only one of the myriad interdependent species on Earth, they are convinced that we have no right to reduce this diversity of life, or to gauge the worth of other forms of life, or, indeed, the entire realm of inanimate nature, merely on the basis of their value to ourselves. To satisfy our basic needs, of course, we would continue to kill some animals, consume plants, and use nature in other ways. But these activities would be restricted by the ruling ethic of ecocentrism: to live lightly on the earth, to limit the scope of technological innovation and intervention, and to treat all forms of life with reverence and responsibility.
Like radical feminism and so much else, radical environmentalism emerged from the Sixties. The two events most often credited with having crystallized it are the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 and the first Earth Day in 1970. Yet Carson herself traced the origin of her thinking to an earlier event: Hiroshima, which led her to contemplate “the possibility of the extinction of mankind.” The first chemical she alludes to in Silent Spring is not DDT but strontium 90, a byproduct of nuclear explosions.
To Carson Hiroshima demonstrated that humanity now had the unprecedented power to contaminate the entire earth. (It would be two or three decades before scientists discovered global warming, ozone depletion, and the accelerating rate of species extinction.) Beginning with John Hersey’s Hiroshima (1946), a series of vivid, well-documented, and widely read books—among them Silent Spring, Lewis Mumford’s The Myth of the Machine (1967), Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb (1968), Barry Commoner’s The Closing Circle (1971), Jonathan Schell’s The Fate of the Earth (1982), Bill McKibben’s The End of Nature (1989), and Albert Gore’s Earth in the Balance (1992)—have given continuing plausibility to the fear of a coming ecological apocalypse.
The doctrinal lineage of ecocentrism may be traced, by way of the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess, back to nature writers like Carson, Aldo Leopold, and John Muir, as well as to poets and novelists like Gary Snyder, Robinson Jeffers, D.H. Lawrence, and Thomas Hardy, and further back to the Romantics—Rousseau, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Blake, Goethe—and especially to the two prominent American Transcendentalists, Emerson and Thoreau. In 1973, Naess, then sixty years old, coined the term “deep ecology,” “deep” to distinguish it from the “shallow” empiricism of scientific ecology, and to raise the “why” and “how” questions that scientists tend to avoid. Besides studying the biophysical processes of environmental degradation, he said, deep ecologists should determine “what kind of society would be the best for maintaining a particular ecosystem.” This political extension of the doctrine, Naess said, was the result of his observation, at first hand, of environmental conflict, especially in California between 1963 and 1968, where he saw the need for “fighting the power-centers…pushing mindless ‘development.”‘
Later, during a 1984 camping trip in Death Valley, Naess and the American philosopher George Sessions drew up an eight-point platform for deep ecology.1 They were aware of the affinities between their “holistic” principles and those inherent in Eastern philosophy, the cultures of many indigenous peoples, and most non-Western religions. Indeed those affinities have made them vulnerable to charges of idealizing preindustrial, non-Western cultures and of harboring an unthinking hostility to modernity.
The ideological divide between ecocentric and anthropocentric environmentalists first came into public view in the 1890s, when a small sect of passionate nature lovers, led by John Muir and the founding members of the Sierra Club, rejected the utilitarian outlook of Gifford Pinchot, the head of the US Forest Service and Teddy Roosevelt’s adviser on “resource management,” and of other establishment conservationists. Muir was committed to the essentially spiritual character of nonhuman nature, a view shaped by his Scotch Presbyterian upbringing and by his immersion in the work of Emerson and Thoreau.
Emerson has probably done more than any other American thinker to secularize the prevailing view of humanity’s relations with nature. (This does not mean, as some of his current admirers imply, that his thinking ever lost its strongly religious tenor.2 ) Published in 1836, his manifesto Nature served as the founding document of American Transcendentalism. Emerson’s aim was to recover that “original relation to the universe” enjoyed by earlier generations, who “beheld God and nature face to face,” while “we [do so] through their eyes.” Why, he asks, “should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe?” But since direct encounters with the divine probably have been foreclosed by humanity’s fall into self-consciousness, Nature—“a remoter and inferior incarnation of God”—has become “the present expositor of the divine mind.” As evidence, he describes an intense moment of communion with nature in mundane, unpropitious circumstances:
Crossing a bare common, in snow puddles, at twilight, under a clouded sky, without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune, I…have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration…. All mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all…. I am part or parcel of God.
But this famous passage, one of the memorable conversion experiences cited by William James in The Varieties of Religious Experience, did not lead Emerson to pantheism, or even to a belief in nature as the chief agent of human transformation. (“Yet it is certain,” he drily noted in a telling afterthought, “that the power to produce this delight does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both.”) For Emerson, the ultimate locus of meaning and value is the self. “NATURE,” as he defines it, includes everything “that is separate from us, all which…[is] NOT ME, that is, both nature and art, all other men and my own body.” Yet of the two entities, “Nature and the Soul,” composing Emerson’s anthropocentric cosmos, he gives the paramount role to the human mind/soul. As might be expected, today’s ecocentrists have little use for Emerson’s thought. And yet, oddly enough, they have adopted his sometime disciple and friend Henry Thoreau as their patron saint.
For at least half a century, Thoreau has been known as the reclusive Yankee who wrote Walden and “Civil Disobedience.” (His stature rests, to a surprising extent, on those two works.) Walden won him a place among the “classic” American writers and a reputation as a practicing sage of the simple life; with “Civil Disobedience,” which inspired Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, he became the preeminent advocate of nonviolent resistance to oppressive state power.3
Thoreau’s twenty-five-year literary career often has been described as having taken a neat, up-and-down course.4 The first leg, beginning in 1837, included his two best-known public acts—his experiment in solitary living at Walden Pond (1845-1847), and his refusal to pay the poll tax, which earned him a night in the Concord jail (July 1846). During that period he developed a distinctive literary voice. By 1849 he had written the first draft of Walden,5 and published the essay “Civil Disobedience” as well as A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers—the only one of his books, apart from Walden, to be printed during his lifetime.6 But the success was short-lived. He published A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers at his own expense, and it did not sell. The disappointment was compounded by his failure to interest a publisher in the Walden manuscript, and by his estrangement, personal as well as philosophical, from Emerson. These setbacks led him to doubt the reliability of publication as a measure of literary achievement, and to reconsider his aims as a writer.
By 1851 Thoreau had made changes in his daily life, and in his view of nature and of its depiction.7 In the once-popular view of his career it was about that time that the downward leg began. In the decade that remained to him, he devoted his time to working as a surveyor, to walking in the Concord woods, and to keeping the journal he had begun as an all-purpose literary storehouse in 1837. By 1851 he had changed the Journal’s character. He made more frequent and copious entries, devoting more of them to recording close—at times what now seems ludicrously close—observations of nature. He sat for hours up to his waist in a bog; he measured tree rings, the depth of ponds, and snow banks; he compiled elaborate records of such cyclical events as the first arrivals of migrating birds or the first appearance of seasonal plants.
Within a few years the Journal had begun to look like a biologist’s field notebook. Only a few of those close to him had an inkling of his plans, among them the composition of a comprehensive, detailed natural history of Concord during a single year. At his death in 1862—he was only forty-four—he left behind a huge amount of manuscript material, some of it almost ready for the printer, and most of it (including the forty-seven notebooks of the two-million word Journal and several on special topics, such as Native American lore) made up of firsthand observations of nature.
The change in mid-career is the most controversial episode of Thoreau’s intellectual life. To many who knew him well, including Emerson, it seemed puzzling, misguided. Until recently, most of his admirers deplored it as having led to an almost fatal loss of the imaginative richness of his work. The risk was not lost on Thoreau, who wrote in 1851:
I fear that the character of my knowledge is from year to year becoming more distinct & scientific—That in exchange for views as wide as heaven’s cope I am being narrowed down to the field of the microscope—I see details not wholes nor the shadow of the whole. I count some parts & say “I know.” The cricket’s chirp now fills the air in dry fields near pine woods.
(Vol. 3, p. 380; August 19, 1851)8
Nevertheless, until his death eleven years later, he continued, with even greater intensity, to record “distinct & scientific” natural facts in his Journal. In the received view, the literary value of his late nature writing was negligible. In his funeral sermon, Emerson did more than anyone to establish that opinion. Inexplicably ignoring the achievement of Walden as a fully imagined, whole work, he cited random sentences in praise of Thoreau’s gift for aphorism, and ended his remarks on a muffled note of disapproval.
The scale on which his studies proceeded was so large as to require longevity, and we were the less prepared for his sudden disappearance…. It seems an injury that he should leave in the midst his broken task, which none can finish….
This somber view has since been repudiated, not only by admirers of Walden, but most emphatically by ecocentrists who now claim that Thoreau’s new direction led to his greatest achievement: the fashioning of a new way of depicting the intricate web of nature that enfolds humanity.
In 1993, three scholars of ecocentric views—Bradley P. Dean, Gary Paul Nabhan, and Robert D. Richardson, Jr.—collaborated in transcribing, editing, and publishing fragments of four of Thoreau’s manuscripts under the title Faith in a Seed. The event was announced with fanfare in a New York Times story as “A New Thoreau Book.”9 From the publisher’s press release its reporter borrowed the words “his first new book to appear in 125 years,” which “Thoreau scholars consider…a major contribution to American literature and a reason to revise traditional thinking about [Thoreau’s] life.” As it turns out, the text of Faith in a Seed is not really new, nor is the volume a “book” of Thoreau’s. The existence of the manuscripts, now deposited in various libraries, notably the Berg Collection in the New York Public Library, has been known to scholars for over a century, and there is no reason to suppose that Thoreau ever considered putting them together in book form. But even if the volume is not what the editors say it is, it is a significant work not so much for any literary merit it may have (slight, in my opinion) as for the light it throws on the current effort to reevaluate Thoreau’s work from an ecocentric point of view.
Taken together, the two essays that introduce the volume—one by Gary Paul Nabhan, a field biologist and writer, and the other by Robert D. Richardson, Jr., the author of a fine biography of Thoreau—make grandiose claims for it. Richardson contends that Faith in a Seed, especially its centerpiece, “The Dispersion of Seeds,” compels us to think of Thoreau in a new way: that after Walden he stopped being a “poet-naturalist” and took up “a life in science,” a change that resulted in a masterwork.
Walden is a great—perhaps our greatest—celebration of the sweet freedom of a life in nature…. The Dispersion of Seeds…celebrates fertility, fecundity, and interconnectedness. Walden is about the growth and cultivation of the self; The Dispersion of Seeds is about the growth of communities and the rise of new generations. Walden is the…masterpiece of Thoreau the poet-naturalist; The Dispersion of Seeds…is the culminating work of Thoreau the writer-scientist.
The notion that the achievement of “The Dispersion of Seeds” (a manuscript, not a published book) can in any sense be compared to that of Walden is preposterous. True, it is a charming casual essay, a precisely observed if repetitive patchwork of observations on a narrow subject: the ingenious ways that seeds contrive to get themselves dispersed. It shows in detail how birds, animals, wind, snow, water, etc., collaborate in disseminating seeds—for example, a squirrel’s clever way of plucking and stripping a pine cone without cutting himself on the razor-sharp scales:
He whirls the cone bottom upward in a twinkling, and beginning where the scales are smallest… he proceeds to cut through the thin and tender bases of the scales, and each stroke tells, laying bare at once a couple of seeds.
There are many descriptive passages like this in “The Dispersion of Seeds,” none of them significantly different from countless observations in the Journal. The larger project of which “The Dispersion of Seeds” had been a part originally contained Thoreau’s theory of the biological process governing the succession of tree species in a forest. Two years before his death, however, he made its argument the subject of a lecture and published it as an independent essay, “The Succession of Forest Trees.”10 The ecocentrists hardly needed the manuscripts reprinted in Faith in a Seed to confirm their contention that Thoreau, during his later phase, became a superlative nature writer with a sophisticated, proto-ecocentric vision. Much stronger evidence already was available in the pages of Thoreau’s magnificent Journal.
Even before 1906, when the first “complete” fourteen-volume edition of the Journal was published, a few knowledgeable readers realized that it was the main source of Thoreau’s evolving thought, and that it might be (as the editors of the superb Princeton edition later put it), “the central document of Thoreau’s imaginative life.” What early commentators seem not to have suspected, however, is that the Journal might have intrinsic literary value. As late as 1939, Henry S. Canby, a reputable critic and admiring biographer of Thoreau, described it as an unwieldy “hodgepodge” of disjointed segments.
It was about that time that I first read—or, more precisely, read in—the Journal, under the tutelage of Perry Miller, the historian of New England religion who supervised my undergraduate honors essay on Thoreau. Miller was one of the first scholars to suggest that the Journal is a carefully composed, autonomous work of art. He was fascinated by the complex process of transcription and revision by which Thoreau turned his field notes into highly finished Journal entries. He believed that the Journal is understandable only when read as the joint product of New England religious thought and European Romanticism. An atheist, Miller had an unusual empathy for people who suffer from unappeased religious hunger, and he read the Journal as an account of yet another Yankee seeker’s quest for communion with the Absolute—in this case, a spirit concealed behind the observable surface of Nature.
Miller saw the early essay “Natural History of Massachusetts” (1842) as central. Until Thoreau wrote it, he had evinced no particular interest in writing about the natural world. He wanted to be a poet. But Emerson as editor of The Dial shrewdly asked Thoreau to review a new four-volume set of official surveys of the fish, reptiles, birds, quadrupeds, plants, insects, and invertebrate animals of Massachusetts. In “Natural History of Massachusetts,” one can foresee his subsequent divergence from his mentor.
In Nature, in the chapter “Language,” Emerson had set forth the principles governing the literary use of Nature as a vehicle of thought and expression:
- Words are signs of natural facts; 2. Particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts; 3. Nature is the symbol of spirit. [My emphasis.]
Of course Emerson assumed that a writer’s success in carrying out this program depends on his having a genius for finding the particular word to match the particular fact. In his infrequent descriptions of specific natural phenomena, however, Emerson neglected his own strictures, as when he illustrates the experience of natural beauty in Nature:
I have seen the spectacle of morning from the hill-top over against my house, from day-break to sun-rise, with emotions which an angel might share. The long slender bars of cloud float like fishes in the sea of crimson light. From the earth, as a shore, I look out into that silent sea. I seem to partake its rapid transformations: the active enchantment reaches my dust, and I dilate and conspire with the morning wind.
Six years later, with “Natural History of Massachusetts,” the young Thoreau developed a more precise descriptive style. He mined his notebooks for passages to bring to life the threadbare taxonomic reports. He describes a fox running across a field of snow in close-up:
When he comes to a declivity, he will put his fore feet together, and slide swiftly down it, shoving the snow before him. He treads so softly that you would hardly hear it from any nearness, and yet with such expression, that it would not be quite inaudible at any distance.
Or an osprey soaring on the wind:
It sails the air like a ship of the line, worthy to struggle with the elements, falling back from time to time like a ship on its beam ends, and holding its talons up as if ready for the arrows, in the attitude of the national bird.
The sensuous details—the fox’s soft tread, the osprey’s backward tilt—evoke each creature’s distinctive physical presence, while Emerson rarely extricates himself from his subject or singles out its details.
“Let us not underrate the value of a fact; it will one day flower in a truth.” Thoreau had entered the first draft of this sentence in his notebook in December 1837, when he was twenty, yet, as Perry Miller noted in 1961, the idea was prophetic of his entire “artistic endeavor.” From the time I first knew him, Miller talked about the book on “American Romanticism” he intended to write as the final volume of his monumental work The New England Mind. The new book would document the convergence of residual Calvinism and the “romantic reaction” in literature and philosophy. In it he would counter the influence of American Renaissance (1941), the study of the same literary generation by Miller’s famous colleague at Harvard, F.O. Matthiessen. Miller was critical of Matthiessen for his aestheticism, for his embrace of socialist and Christian ideals, and, more particularly, for slighting the religious strain in Thoreau’s work.
By the late 1950s, however, Matthiessen was dead, and Miller’s own health was failing. The final volume of The New England Mind was unwritten. When he agreed to edit the so-called “lost” volume of Thoreau’s Journal Miller entered the sedate precincts of Thoreau scholarship.11 Miller’s edition of the “lost” Journal of 1840-1841, which appeared in 1958, contains his 127-page opinionated and intermittently acute introduction, along with 76 pages of entries by Thoreau and Miller’s many tendentious footnotes.12 Miller finds Thoreau “self-intoxicated” and “self-infatuated,” and suggests in the Freudian idiom of the time that his passion for recording arid facts arose from a “primal urge to find a ‘mother substitute’ in…nature.” He discovers a “drama” of ideas hidden beneath the Journal’s surface. In 1961 he summed up his views in the better-reasoned essay “Thoreau in the Context of International Romanticism.”13 Taken together, Miller’s commentaries give what was for many years the most sophisticated and influential rationale for the view that the Journal after 1851 was the flawed product of a self-destructive obsession.
Miller’s analysis turns on Thoreau’s faith in a writer’s ability to elicit a higher truth from nature. Miller traces this faith to the German philosophic idealism popularized by Coleridge, and to the heritage of Thoreau’s own New England Calvinism, which included a belief in typology, a medieval system of hermeneutics. When walking in the woods, Miller argues, the young Thoreau sensed that “a wise purveyor” had preceded him, “typifying” the objects of his experience. He searched for ways to strike and maintain “the delicate balance between object and reflection,…fact and truth,…minute observation and generalized concept.” For Thoreau this became an unrelenting and (in Miller’s view) largely unavailing lifelong struggle. For one “breathless” moment Thoreau managed in Walden to hold the linked opposites “in solution, fused and yet still kept separate, he and nature publishing each other’s truth.” But after 1854, in his effort to convey the bedrock truth embedded in nature, the Journal deteriorated into “tedious recordings of mere observations,…measurements,…statistics.” Thoreau had “immolated himself on the pyre of an untenable concept of literary creation.”
Miller died in 1962, just as the environmental movement was getting underway. Had he lived, I think he may well have revised his judgment. But the high claims now being made for Thoreau’s late nature writings rest on the presumed advantages of that very shift to a more “distinct and scientific” language which Miller deplored. In any case Thoreau’s turnabout was not merely a stylistic one, or a matter of narrowing his vision from “wholes” to “details.” In 1849, in A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Thoreau himself had expressed misgivings about writers who, in their eagerness to seize a universal truth concealed in nature, ignore its materiality.
May we not see God? Are we to be put off and amused in this life, as it were with a mere allegory? Is not Nature, rightly read, that of which she is commonly taken to be the symbol merely?
Instead of using figurative language to reveal the meaning of natural facts, he is prepared to trust the power of a factual idiom to do so. The unstated premise is that the meaning is latent, and that the particular words and facts with which they correspond have a common origin. As he writes in Walden, he has a recurrent urge to emulate “the language which all things and events speak without metaphor.” 14 He believes that his writing is most closely “allied to life” in its initial journal form, hence there is no reason to tailor entries for inclusion in essays or books. In fact, he realizes, the presumed structural weakness of journal writing, its lack of unity, actually enhances the power of the piecemeal entries to represent spontaneous responses to the observed environment.
Many of Thoreau’s long entries, often mistaken for raw material, are parts of a distinctive literary effort. The reinvigorated Journal, especially for the years between 1851 and 1854, is peculiarly affecting. No other work I know conveys such a vivid sense of what it might be like to experience an almost total sensory immersion in natural processes and nonhuman lives. Thoreau makes this experience so palpable that one can only repeat Alfred Kazin’s complaint: “It is not natural for a man to write this well every day.” Nature is not the Journal’s only subject, but after 1851 Thoreau gives less and less space to books, ideas, persons, public events. It is in the Journal that he prefigured the views of the late-twentieth-century ecocentrists.
In the spring of 1851, Thoreau recalled a time when it was “extacy” to live in close touch with nature. He had been reading Wordsworth, yet the following passage is also reminiscent of Puritan autobiography, and especially Jonathan Edwards’s account of his conversion in his “Personal Narrative”:
In youth before I lost any of my senses—I can remember that I was all alive—and inhabited my body with inexpressible satisfaction…. This earth was the most glorious musical instrument, and I was audience to its strains…. I can remember how I was astonished. I said to myself—I said to others—There comes into my mind or soul an indescribable infinite all absorbing divine heavenly pleasure, a sense of elevation & expansion—and have had nought to do with it. I perceive that I am dealt with by superior powers….
(Vol. 3, pp. 305-306; July 16, 1851)
During the summer of 1851 Thoreau’s recorded observations become more intense. He devotes a sequence of entries to the cricket, whose voice he tries to single out from the chorus of insect night music. He then reverts with great restraint to his old habit of speculating about the larger meaning of its sounds.
As I climbed the hill again toward my old beanfield—I listened to the ancient familiar immortal dear cricket sound under all others—hearing at first some distant chirps—but when these ceased—I was aware of the general earth song which my hearing had not heard amid which these were only taller flowers in a bed—and I wondered if behind or beneath this there was not some other chant yet more universal.
(Vol. 3, p. 263; June 13, 1851)
Two months later, however, he narrows the focus to the strictly physiological basis of the cricket song.
I hear a cricket in the depot field—walk a rod or two and find the note proceeds from near a rock—Partly under a rock between it & the roots of the grass he lies concealed—for I pull away the withered grass with my hands—uttering his night-like creak with a vibratory motion of his wings & flattering himself that it is night because he has shut out the day—He was a black fellow nearly an inch long with two long slender feelers…. They are remarkable [sic] secret & unobserved considering how much noise they make—….
(Vol. 3, p. 381; August 20, 1851)
On one of several all-night walks, he concentrates on the light patterns made by the moon’s rays on the pond’s surface. It is as if a realist painter has suddenly discovered elements of abstract design concealed in nature.
As I approached the pond down hubbard’s path…I saw the shimmering of the moon on its surface—and in the near now flooded cove the water-bugs darting circling about made streaks or curves of light. The moon’s inverted pyramid of shimmering light commenced about 20 rods off—like so much micaceous sand—But I was startled to see midway in the dark water a bright flame like more than phosphorescent light crowning the crests of the wavelets which at first I mistook for fireflies…. Standing up close to the shore & nearer the rippled surface I saw the reflections of the moon sliding down the watery concave like so many lustrous burnished coins poured from a bag—with in-exhaustible lavishness—& the lambent flames on the surface were much multiplied seeming to slide along a few inches with each wave before they were extinguished….
(Vol. 3, p. 262; June 13, 1851)
Moonlight acts as a purifying medium: it “takes the civilization all out of the landscape.” Of the motives behind Thoreau’s rapt depiction of nonhuman nature, none is stronger than his yearning for purification. This yearning can overwhelm his judgment, as in occasional fits of mean-spirited revulsion from the merely human. After spending a week in town “mixing in the trivial affairs of men,” for instance, he is overcome by a sense of “fatal coarseness,” as if he had “committed suicide”; but then a walk through the fields enables him to recover his “tone & sanity—& to perceive things truly and simply again.” As his asceticism increases in later years, he is less able to restrain his misanthropic impulses.
Despite its many charms, the Journal has never been widely read, partly owing to its length and the cost of multivolume editions. Single-volume collections of arbitrarily selected excerpts have been around for decades, but they are pitiful substitutes for the real thing. It is only since 1993, thanks to Daniel Peck, that an authentic sample of the unaltered text—A Year in Thoreau’s Journal: 1851—has been available. Peck’s lucid introduction and notes—he uses the new Princeton text—are especially useful for first-time readers. For the more ambitious, however, five volumes—covering 1837 to 1853—of the projected sixteen-volume definitive Princeton edition (part of what will be the first truly complete Writings of Henry D. Thoreau) have been published in an authoritative text with exceptionally useful yet unobtrusive editorial apparatus.
Today the Journal is considered a masterpiece of nonfiction nature writing, a genre that emerged in the West in the final decades of the eighteenth century. Nature writing encompassed natural history, the literary almanac, and the travel narrative, which already had made room in literature for factual observations of natural phenomena. Like the botanizing fad that simultaneously swept through the British and continental leisure classes, nature writing reflects the mounting prestige of science and the influence of Linnaeus, who had recently provided a classifying system for the study of all living things. His zeal in identifying and naming all natural phenomena inspired Gilbert White’s The Natural History of Selborne (1789) and William Bartram’s Travels (1791).
In Writing Nature: Henry Thoreau’s Journal (1985), Sharon Cameron, a formalist textual critic, argues that “it is Walden which is splintered from the Journal, not the other way around.” In Cameron’s view, the Journal’s prose imparts an uncanny transparency to the space between the writer’s words and their referents. She credits Thoreau with having achieved that will-o’-the-wisp of the romantic sensibility: the ability to put nature itself directly on the page—to write nature. One is reminded of Whitman’s vatic exclamation: “These states are my poems!” But Cameron also invokes the singular quality of the Journal as a standard for impugning Walden, which tells two “incompatible stories,” one “of rapture at the natural world,” the other “of rage at the social one.”
Cameron’s repudiation of Walden notwithstanding, she raises the salient issues posed by Thoreau’s shift in outlook and practice. How did that change affect Walden? We know that Thoreau did not complete his second burst of work on Walden until between 1852 and 1853, well after he had changed the character of the Journal, making it a more scientific work. The questions that arise are whether, and how, his altered viewpoint affected Walden. Is there a fundamental incompatibility, as Cameron argues, between the two “stories” told in Walden? In the second part of this essay I will discuss recent efforts to answer these questions.
—This is the first of two articles.
June 24, 1999
Essays expanding on the “Deep Ecol-ogy Platform,” along with various other pertinent documents, interviews, and essays, including a generous selection of the relatively inaccessible writings of Arne Naess, are available in George Sessions’s useful anthology, Deep Ecology for the Twenty-first Century. ↩
I am thinking of Harold Bloom, Richard Poirier, and the late Irving Howe. An instructive exception is George Kateb, who candidly admits that it “may be rather wasteful to study Emerson unless one shares his religiousness.” See Emerson and Self-Reliance (Sage, 1995), p. 65. ↩
Thoreau’s reputed commitment to nonviolence was in fact somewhat less than absolute. In his address, “A Plea for Captain John Brown,” delivered to the citizens of Concord, October 30, 1859, he said: “I do not wish to kill nor to be killed, but I can foresee circumstances in which both these things would be by me unavoidable.” ↩
There have been at least two significantly different versions of this up-and-down course. According to the older, now largely discredited variant, the turning point of Thoreau’s career had occurred in 1854, with the publication of Walden. ↩
He probably had completed this draft before leaving the pond in 1847. By 1849 he evidently thought he had finished the book, but having failed to find a publisher, he resumed work on the manuscript in 1851. He made many significant additions and revisions before delivering a final version to the printer in 1854. J. Lyndon Shanley establishes the existence of nine distinct drafts of the manuscript in The Making of Walden; with the Text of the First Version (University of Chicago Press, 1957). ↩
His posthumous books, none of which has ever won a sizable audience, were largely based on journeys he took between 1849 and 1853. They were: Excursions (1863); The Maine Woods (1864); Cape Cod (1865); and A Yankee in Canada (1866). ↩
For biographical information I have relied chiefly on Walter Harding, The Days of Henry Thoreau (Princeton University Press, 1965; updated edition 1982), still the most detailed and reliable biography, and Robert D. Richardson, Jr., Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind (University of California Press, 1986), a comprehensive and catholic interpretation of the development of Thoreau’s ideas. ↩
Journal citations refer to the volume, page number, and date of the entry in the Princeton edition. ↩
The New York Times, February 16, 1993, p. C11. ↩
This essay, generally regarded as Thoreau’s major contribution to scientific knowledge, was widely reprinted and anthologized before the achievement of the Journal won recognition. ↩
The “lost” volume, actually a booklet which Thoreau had numbered Volume Three, dated July 30, 1840 to January 22, 1841, had unaccountably been separated from the other Journal notebooks, and had resurfaced only in 1958, when it was acquired by the Morgan Library. ↩
The title page reads: “CONSCIOUSNESS IN CONCORD/The Text of Thoreau’s Hitherto ‘Lost Journal’/ (1840-1841)/Together with Notes and a Commentary/by/PERRY MILLER.” ↩
Reprinted in Perry Miller’s Nature’s Nation (Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 175-183. ↩
Walden, edited by J. Lyndon Shanley, The Writings of Henry Thoreau (Princeton University Press, 1971), Volume I, p. 111. That Miller also cites this sentence, from the “Sounds” chapter of Walden, might be taken to contradict his derogatory view of Thoreau’s nature writing, but he cites it merely in support of the essentially banal notion that Walden is “a conscious, a deliberate creation,” and not “some spontaneous impulse from the vernal wood.” Miller felt that Thoreau never stopped believing in the possibility of receiving such Wordsworthian impulses, and that that naive belief finally destroyed both the Journal and its author. ↩ | <urn:uuid:278bf3a9-bea0-4313-80a1-91878e9bac64> | {
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nervous system disorder
-- Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
-- A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.
-- A language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. The individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. This condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the TEMPORAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p484)
-- Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.
-- sudden neurologic impairment due to a cerebrovascular disorder, either an arterial occlusion or an intracranial hemorrhage.
Receptive aphasia (finding)
-- An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
-- Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.
-- Disturbance, impairment or abnormality of function.
-- Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining physician.
-- A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.
-- An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.
-- Severe psychological and/or spiritual distress.
-- Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
-- broad class of diseases whose causative agents may be passed between individuals in many different ways.
-- Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
SPONDYLOMETAEPIPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA, SHORT LIMB-HAND TYPE
Complete Hearing Loss
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Shakespeare, arguably the world’s greatest playwright and poet, died 400 years ago. A literary genius to most, a fraud to some, the enduring appeal of his plays to old and young cannot be over emphasised. For years, Shakespeare and his work were seen as the domain of older, studious people but the realisation that Shakespeare gave so much to the English language in terms of vocabulary, humour, tragedy and history persuaded publishers and educationists to bring Shakespeare to a younger audience.
The result at Collins are five plays: The Tempest, Midsummer’s Night Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and Twelfth Night, rewritten in story form for younger readers. These are a great introduction to the world of Shakespeare but how can we use them effectively to help pupils immerse themselves in the rich language of Shakespeare’s world?
Activity One – Story to Play – Suitable for Years 3 to 6
- To be able to recognise and use the conventions of play scripts
- To be able to able to write a play script from a narrative
Shakespeare’s plays are often long and complex – hence the reason why they have been rewritten by publishers in everyday language in narrative format to make them more child friendly. Opinion says that Shakespeare’s plays were written to be performed and not simply read. Collins Big Cat Shakespeare gives us the perfect material to be able to present Shakespeare as it was meant to be – in performance.
Ask the pupils if they can tell you the difference between a story and a play. Use the accompanying narrative and play script to illustrate. Suggest the following questions to guide them to their answers…
- How is the spoken work represented in each?
- How is action represented?
- How is the setting described?
- Why are there differences?
Now ask them to read the opening page of the Collins Big Cat version of A Midsummer’s Night Dream and model writing it in play format.
Choose a page from A Midsummer’s Night Dream which has plenty of dialogue and ask the pupils to rewrite it as a play script. Asking pairs or groups to take a page each and write it as a script will enable you to convert the whole book into a play script in no time, ready for the next activity.
Activity Two – Performance
Suitable for Years 3 to 6
- To be able to understand how Shakespeare’s plays were performed in terms of staging, costume and actors
- To perform a Shakespeare play to an audience
The play script you will have completed for the first activity is perfect for performance at an assembly and you can go authentic here by staging the play as it would have been in Shakespeare’s time. Then, the stage would have been a circular one with the audience all around it. Try to arrange your stage like this too. In Shakespeare’s time the actors would all have been men and the women would have been played by teenagers. Whilst it would be unfair to do this, it is worth explaining this to the pupils and asking them why they think this was the case.
Acting the play out on a central stage means that the actors will have to move more to be able to engage all of their audience. This helps pupils interested in drama to practise how they interact with an audience and works on the typical young actor’s problem of turning their back to an audience. Shakespeare’s plays would have had little in the way of scenery, the audience being expected to use their imagination. How can the actors make the audience believe a setting that they can’t see? To help them understand how this was done, let them listen to the words of the ‘chorus’ in Henry V here.
Activity Three – Extended Performance
Suitable for Years 3 to 6
- To be able to recite Shakespeare from a script or from memory
- To be able to use different voices to add meaning to a recital of part of a script
Shakespeare is said to be for performance and not for reading. Few people sit down to read Shakespeare’s plays but many will go to watch one, act in one or watch a TV or film adaptation of one.
Some years back, the BBC held a competition called ‘Off by Heart’ in which students were encouraged to take popular monologues from Shakespeare plays and practise them for performance in the competition.
Whilst originally aimed at secondary school students, the exercise is a good one to do with Key Stage 2 children and, despite the competition no longer running, the texts and notes on how they should be performed are still available for free on the BBC website.
Many of the scripts are well known and relatively easy and would make great Speaking and Listening exercises in drama.
Activity Four – Same Story, Different Setting
Suitable for Years 3 to 6
- To be able rewrite a story or play in a different setting to which it was originally set
- To be able to identify and use writing techniques to convey stories in different genres
To help bring fresh audiences to love Shakespeare and his language, many of his plays have been rewritten in different settings. Romeo and Juliet with Leonardo di Caprio is set in modern day Verona, Much Ado About Nothing was recently set in modern day California with the characters recast as FBI and criminals, whilst The Taming of the Shrew was recast in a high school setting in 10 Things I Hate About You.
In this activity, choose one of the Collins Big Cat Shakespeare stories and together with the pupils, pull out the structure of the story, almost like doing the plan for the story after it’s been written. From this, the pupils should be able to see how the setting and the characters can be transposed into a different setting and a different time. Macbeth is a great one to work from as the story is simple and the relationship between the characters and their ultimate destinies is easy to understand.
As a suggestion, the pupils could recast Macbeth in a school with the character from the title cast as a pupil who is controlled by a bully (Lady Macbeth) into doing things they shouldn’t do and whose actions lead them to feel guilty. Unable to undo what they have already done, they continue to do bad things until they are caught and punished by the headmaster (Macduff). Thereafter the good pupils take charge (Malcolm).
You could now ask them to consider different scenarios for a rewritten version of Macbeth or choose one of the other Collins Big Cat Shakespeare books for inspiration.
Collins Big Cat Shakespeare is a new Collins Big Cat Curriculum Collection. Collins Big Cat Curriculum Collections are packed with fiction and non-fiction books that match the programmes of study for English, Science, History and Geography. Find out more and order here. | <urn:uuid:64d3ebb7-fd60-4b1b-b442-cbdaeac0622a> | {
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New research shows that some respiratory illnesses in cats, previously believed to be feline asthma or bronchitis may actually be Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease (HARD).
Heartworm larvae (immature worms) — spread through the bite of a mosquito — migrate to the cat’s lungs where they produce inflammation, leading to breathing difficulties.
Interestingly, dying larvae can also cause inflammation. A few larvae may grow to adulthood, but the death of adult heartworms can produce an inflammatory response so severe that it can cause sudden death in a cat.
KnowHeartworms.org has identified 13 signs that may indicate the presence of heartworms in a cat:
- difficulty breathing
- rapid heart rate
- sudden death
- weight loss
Other health problems (including kidney disease, Feline Leukemia, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes, among others) may cause some of the same symptoms listed above.
Adding to the confusion is the fact that heartworm disease is difficult to diagnose in cats — as compared to dogs, in which a simple blood test can detect the presence of worms.
And as previously mentioned, heartworm disease in cats is not curable.
However, heartworm disease and HARD are preventable, through the use of products like Revolution. The best time to start your cat on Revolution is before it develops symptoms of HARD.
Revolution is designed to be safe for use in cats that may already be infected with heartworms, and it can prevent further infections. Revolution also protects cats from fleas, roundworms, hookworms, and ear mites.
If your cat is currently on a flea-only treatment, it is easy to switch to Revolution – just ask! | <urn:uuid:9c698bd6-be2e-4be1-bc14-da7d6ec54ec2> | {
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Hemp Seed Farming Explained
Hemp vs Cannabis ?
Hemp and cannabis are both members of the cannabis plant family, but they have some key differences. Cannabis is known for its psychoactive properties, thanks to its high levels of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is the compound responsible for its intoxicating effects. Hemp, on the other hand, contains very low levels of THC (less than 0.3% by dry weight) and is not psychoactive. Instead, hemp is grown for its fibrous stalks, which can be used to make a variety of products, such as textiles, paper, and construction materials, as well as its seeds, which are highly nutritious and can be used to make food, oil, and supplements. While cannabis is primarily grown for its psychoactive effects, hemp is grown for its industrial and nutritional uses.
What is Hemp Farming ?
Hemp farming involves growing and cultivating the hemp plant, which is a strain of Cannabis Sativa. Unlike marijuana, which contains high levels of THC, the psychoactive compound that gives users a “high,” hemp contains very low levels of THC and high levels of CBD, another non-psychoactive compound that has medicinal properties. Hemp farming is a sustainable and eco-friendly practice that can help farmers to diversify their crops, improve soil health, and reduce their environmental impact.
What is Hemp seed farming ?
Hemp seed farming is an ancient agricultural practice that has been used for centuries to produce food, fiber, and medicine. Hemp is a versatile crop that can be used for a wide range of products, including textiles, paper, biofuels, food, and even building materials. Hemp seeds, in particular, are highly nutritious and contain a range of beneficial compounds, such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, protein, fiber, and minerals. In this blog, we will explore what hemp seed farming is, how it works, and how farmers can make money from it.
Hemp seeds harvested
How does Hemp Seed Farming Work?
Hemp seed farming involves growing and harvesting hemp plants for their seeds, which can be used for a variety of purposes, such as food, oil, and supplements. The process of hemp seed farming starts with selecting the right seeds, preparing the soil, and planting the seeds in the ground. Hemp plants require well-drained soil, plenty of sunlight, and regular watering to grow properly.
Once the hemp plants reach maturity, they produce seeds that can be harvested and processed into various products. The seeds can be dried and stored for later use or processed into hemp oil, protein powder, or other products. Hemp seeds are a valuable source of nutrition for both humans and animals, and they are used in a wide range of food products, such as protein bars, energy drinks, and salad dressings.
What are the End Products of Hemp Seed Farming?
The end products of hemp seed farming include hemp seeds, hemp oil, hemp protein powder, and other hemp-based products. Hemp seeds are highly nutritious and contain a range of beneficial compounds, such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, protein, fiber, and minerals. Hemp oil is extracted from the seeds and can be used for cooking, skincare, and other applications. Hemp protein powder is a popular supplement for athletes and fitness enthusiasts, as it is a rich source of plant-based protein.
How can Farmers Make Money with Hemp Seed Farming?
Farmers can make money with hemp seed farming by growing and harvesting high-quality hemp seeds and selling them to processors, manufacturers, and distributors. The demand for hemp seeds and other hemp-based products is growing rapidly, as consumers become more interested in plant-based nutrition and eco-friendly products. Farmers can also add value to their hemp seeds by processing them into oil, protein powder, or other products and selling them directly to consumers or through online marketplaces.
Hemp Seed Farming in Africa: Success Stories and Opportunities
Hemp seed farming has the potential to transform the agricultural sector in Africa, as it offers a sustainable and profitable alternative to traditional crops. African farmers can benefit from the growing demand for hemp-based products, as they have the ideal climate and soil conditions for growing high-quality hemp. Several countries in Africa, such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, have already legalized hemp cultivation, and others are expected to follow suit in the coming years.
One success story in Africa is the Zimbabwe Industrial Hemp Trust, which was established in 2018 to promote the cultivation and processing of hemp in Zimbabwe. The trust has trained over 2,000 farmers in hemp cultivation and has established partnerships with international buyers and processors.
Another success story is in Malawi, where the government has legalized hemp cultivation for medicinal and industrial purposes. The country has a long history of growing cannabis, but until recently, it was illegal to grow hemp. However, the government has recognized the economic potential of hemp and has begun to issue licenses for cultivation and processing. The first hemp harvest in Malawi was in 2020, and the government has set a target of producing 30,000 tons of hemp per year by 2025.
In South Africa, the legalization of hemp cultivation has opened up new opportunities for small-scale farmers. The country has a well-established cannabis industry, but until recently, it was illegal to grow hemp. However, the government has now legalized hemp cultivation for industrial purposes, and farmers can apply for licenses to grow and sell hemp products. Small-scale farmers are particularly well-suited to hemp farming, as it requires minimal inputs and can be grown alongside other crops.
According to a report by the African Hemp and Cannabis Report, the African hemp industry has the potential to generate up to $7.1 billion per year by 2023. The report identifies several factors that make Africa an ideal location for hemp farming, including its favorable climate, abundant land, and low labor costs. Hemp farming can also help to improve soil health and reduce soil erosion, which are major challenges for farmers in Africa.
Hemp seed farming is a sustainable and profitable agricultural practice that offers numerous benefits to farmers, consumers, and the environment. Hemp seeds are highly nutritious and can be used for a variety of products, such as food, oil, and supplements. Hemp farming can help farmers to diversify their crops, improve soil health, and reduce their environmental impact. In Africa, hemp farming offers significant economic opportunities, as the region has favorable conditions for growing high-quality hemp. As the demand for hemp-based products continues to grow, farmers in Africa can play a key role in meeting this demand and driving economic growth in the region.
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L’Internationale, (French), English The International, Russian Internatsional, former official socialist and communist song. It was the anthem of the First, Second, and Third Internationals and, from 1918 to 1944, the national anthem of the Soviet Union.
About 1871 a Parisian transport worker, Eugène Pottier, wrote the words (as a poem), which begin, “Debout, les damnés de la terre” (“Arise, the wretched of the earth”) and acclaim, “Nous n’étions rien—donc, soyons tout!” (“We were nothing—thus let us be everything!”); somewhat later a Lille industrial worker, Pierre Degeyter, wrote the music. Translated into Russian (in two successive versions), the Internationale was the Soviet national anthem until it was replaced on March 15, 1944, by The Hymn of the Soviet Union (Gimn Sovetskogo Soyuza), formerly referred to as the “Song of Stalin.”
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Musical compositionMusical composition, the act of conceiving a piece of music, the art of creating music, or the finished product. These meanings are interdependent and presume a tradition in which musical works exist as repeatable entities. In this sense, composition is necessarily distinct from improvisation.…
National anthemNational anthem, hymn or song expressing patriotic sentiment and either governmentally authorized as an official national hymn or holding that position in popular feeling. The oldest national anthem is Great Britain’s “God Save the Queen,” which was described as a national anthem in 1825, although…
Soviet UnionSoviet Union, former northern Eurasian empire (1917/22–1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, in its final years, consisting of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (S.S.R.’s): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia (now Belarus), Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya (now… | <urn:uuid:12bde9bf-d6d6-4c08-a522-2757c7e8ab31> | {
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Data mapping is a vital process within data management that involves defining relationships between data elements and facilitating effective data integration, transformation, and analysis. This practice enhances data understanding, quality, and accessibility.
What is data mapping?
Data mapping refers to creating a visual representation or structured documentation of how data from one source aligns with or corresponds to data from another source. It aids in understanding data flow, relationships, and transformations.
What are the key terms in data mapping?
Source data refers to the original data set or system from which data mapping begins, acting as a reference point for comparison.
Target data is the data set or system of mapped data, facilitating integration and alignment between different sources.
Field mapping involves linking individual data fields between source and target data, ensuring accurate data transformation.
Transformation rules define how data is modified, converted, or manipulated during the mapping process.
Data migration involves moving data from one system or platform to another, often requiring meticulous data mapping to ensure accuracy.
Data integration combines data from different sources into a unified view, necessitating data mapping for consistency and coherence.
Data transformation involves converting data from one format to another to meet the requirements of the target system.
Data mapping tool
A data mapping tool is software that automates data mapping, facilitating efficiency and accuracy.
A schema defines the structure, organisation, and relationship of data elements within a database or dataset.
Data mapping document
A data mapping document records the mapping process, providing a reference for data integration and analysis.
What are the benefits of data mapping?
Enhanced data understanding
Data mapping provides a clear view of data relationships and structures, aiding in data comprehension and analysis.
Accurate data integration
Data mapping ensures accurate data integration, preventing errors and inconsistencies during data migration or transformation.
Efficient data transformation
Well-defined data mapping speeds up data transformation by outlining conversion processes and rules.
Data mapping documents facilitate team communication, ensuring a shared understanding of data mappings.
Accurate data mapping contributes to high-quality data, supporting reliable decision-making and business processes.
What are the challenges in data mapping?
Data mapping can become complex when dealing with large datasets, intricate relationships, and varied data formats.
Evolving business requirements may necessitate frequent updates to data mappings, leading to maintenance challenges.
Inconsistent or poor-quality source data can challenge accurate data mapping.
Effective data mapping requires knowledge of data structures, transformation techniques, and data mapping tools.
Data mapping is essential in master data management solutions and beyond, enabling effective data integration, transformation, and analysis. Understanding key terms, benefits, and challenges in data mapping equips organisations to manage data efficiently. By employing data mapping tools, documenting mapping processes, and addressing challenges proactively, organisations can ensure data accuracy, accessibility, and usefulness. Accurate data mapping supports informed decision-making, enhances operational efficiency, and contributes to the success of various data-driven initiatives. | <urn:uuid:9a35eef1-a4df-4ae2-8412-47d665bed054> | {
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3.2 The Greenhouse Effect Simulation Worksheet Answers UPDATED
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A number of studies have assessed the impacts of warming on the magnitude and frequency of extreme events (e.g., heavy precipitation, extreme heat and cold, storm surges, storms, and floods). A general conclusion of these studies is that the frequency and intensity of extreme events will increase under 1.5°C global warming, with notable and substantial increases under 2°C global warming. The magnitude of the increase in extreme events is generally larger under 2°C, owing to the larger rise in temperature and the stronger positive non-linear response of extreme events with increasing temperatures. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in terms of the characteristics of the regions and events studied. Some of these studies explore only the impacts of warming on the frequency and intensity of extreme events, while other studies explore both the frequency and intensity. The former studies are reviewed in Section 126.96.36.199; the latter are reviewed in Section 188.8.131.52.
Further information on the impacts of local warming on extremes is provided in Section 184.108.40.206. The impacts of extreme precipitation events on socio-economic systems and human health are discussed in Section 220.127.116.11. The impact of climate change on health outcomes is assessed in Section 18.104.22.168. Effects of climate change on food and water resources and agriculture are discussed in Section 22.214.171.124. Current literature on the impacts of extremes on human health, socio-economic and food and water systems is discussed in Section 126.96.36.199. In Section 188.8.131.52, the impacts of warming on freshwater ecosystems are discussed. The impacts of extreme precipitation events on freshwater ecosystems are discussed in Section 184.108.40.206, whilst the impacts of extreme heat events on freshwater ecosystems are discussed in Section 220.127.116.11. The impacts of warming on the hydrological cycle are discussed in Section 3.3.1.
It’s very important ensure when using email hunter that you’re getting a dependable email server. Lots of people don’t wish to send their emails using an email server they know. They might prefer to send their emails using a server which is totally unknown to them. This may lead to a whole lot of issues later on.
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Students need to develop an understanding of different digraphs and an easy one to start with is /sh/. Students will soon become aware that when certain letters are put together in a word they are said while moving the mouth only once. This lesson will help children read, write, and spell words that contain /sh/.
Chart paper with chant, “Stop that Noise!”
Book Mrs. Wishy Washy.
Class set of Elkonian boxes with the letters (a, b, c, d, e, h, i, l, l , n, o, p, r, s, t, u).
Dry erase board and marker.
Primary paper and pencils for each student.
Worksheet that students have to color in the pictures of words that have the /sh/ in them.
1.) When we walk through the halls or when it gets loud in the classroom, what do we do to tell someone to please lower their voices. Great! We say Shhh! I want you to put your hand in front of your mouth and see what happens when you say /sh/. Everyone do it on the count of three, 1-2-3! What did you fee? A lot of air, great. Now do it again and pay attention to what your mouth does while you say /sh/. On the count of three, 1-2-3! Shhh! Great, tell me what happened in your mouth? The /sh/ sound is made when you put your teeth together and blow air out of your mouth. Can anyone tell me what two letters are put together to make the /sh/ sound? Very good, you are right, it is an s and a h that are put together to make the /sh/ sound. This sound is called a digraph because it uses two letters put together to make one sound.
2.) Now I am going to read you a sentence and I want you to listen very
hard for the /sh/ sound. Shelly sold seashells by the seashore. Does every
hear the /sh/ sound when I say those words. Okay great, lets try this together.
Everyone read the tongue twister with me a couple of times. Good job! Now
I want us to stretch out the /sh/ sounds. Shhhelly sold seashhhhells by
3.) You guys are doing a great job, but now I want to see who knows the /sh/ sound the best. Is it the boys or girls? We are going to do this chant, “Stop that Noise!”, but I only want the boys and girls to do the refrain.
Teacher: Come on boys, tell all the girls
Tell all the girls, to stop that noise!
Boys: Sh! Sh! Stop that noise!
Sh! Sh! Stop that noise!
Teacher: Come on girls, tell all the boys
Tell all the boys, to stop that noise!
Girls: Sh! Sh! Stop that noise!
Sh! Sh! Stop that noise!
Great job boys and girls.
4.) Can anyone think of any words that have the /sh/ sound? I don’t
want you to yell them out, but instead I want you to use your paper and
pencil and write them down. After a few minutes have the students come
up one at a time write them on the dry erase board. Talk about all of the
words as a class. Is there anyone’s name that has the /sh/ sound?
5.) Erase all of the words and begin letterbox lesson by talking about /sh/ making one sound, so in our letterbox lesson that will only go in one box. Teacher will model how to spell she in two boxes. Now I want everyone to use their letters to put she in the boxes. After that I want everyone to spell ship. Continue with ship, shell, shed, dish, cash, short, shine, brush.
6.) Have a list written on the dry erase board of words that have been spelled and ask the class to read them. When they are reading the words ask them where they hear the /sh/. Do you hear it at the beginning of the word, at the end, or in the middle?
7.) Now we are going to read Mrs. Wishy Washy. Has anyone ever read this book before? Good, because we are going to practice listening for words while I read the book. Every time you hear a word that has the /sh/ sound I want you to raise your hand. Let’s practice! Teacher reads title and students raise hand during wishy and washy. Very good, keep it up during the whole book.
Students will be given a worksheet with pictures on it. If the picture is of a word that has the /sh/ sound, the students will color it in.
Eldredge, J. Lloyd (1995) Teaching Decoding in the Holistic Classroom. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. P. 67
Murray, B. & Lesniak, T. (1999) The Letterbox Lesson: A Hands-On Approach to Teaching Decoding. The Reading Teacher, 43.
http:www.auburn.edu/rdggenie/insights Many lessons were used for reference
Mrs. Wishy Washy
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I would like to know what is the difference in C between opening a file opened in binary or text mode.
The primary difference is in the handling of newlines. Some operating systems use a single character (‘
‘) to signify a new line. However, Windows, being derived from DOS, uses two characters (”
When a file is opened in text mode, these two characters signify a new line. In binary mode, they are returned as two characters within the file.
Another difference is in end-of-file detection. Routines that operate in text mode stop reading if they encounter an end-of-file character. Files opened in binary mode read until the last byte in the file.
Use text mode for reading text files. Use binary mode when you need access to every byte in the file. | <urn:uuid:17b52c1f-e8fd-4129-9c0b-a1378c7b6f1c> | {
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Theories About What Causes Parkinsons
The cause of Parkinsons disease is still unknown, although there is some evidence for the role of genetics, environmental factors, or a combination of both. It is also possible that there may be more than one cause of the disease. Scientists generally believe that both genetics and environment interact to cause Parkinsons disease in most people who have it.
Currently, there is an enormous amount of research directed at producing more answers about what causes Parkinsons disease and how it might be prevented or cured. When physicians diagnose Parkinsons, they often describe it as idiopathic . This simply means that the cause of the;disease is not known.
Parkinsons Disease Symptoms Of Dementia
Up to one-third of people living with Parkinson’s disease experience dementia, according to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. Problems with dementia may include trouble with memory, attention span, and what is called executive function the process of making decisions, organizing, managing time, and setting priorities.
Problems With Balance Or Walking
Bradykinesia can also contribute to increasing instability, walking difficulties and changes in gait. An early symptom of this is a decrease in the natural swing of one or both arms when walking. As things progress, the steps you take may become slower and smaller, and you may start shuffling your feet.
Some people with Parkinsons disease may also experience freezing episodes where it can feel like their feet are stuck in place, which can increase the risk of falling.
Does My Dog Have Parkinsons Disease
So, how do you tell if your dog has Parkinsons disease?
Weve already discussed head shaking and tremors, but there are other things that you need to understand and look out for.
Here are some symptoms that can point to canine Parkinsons disease:
- Difficulty keeping their balance due to poor muscle and joint control, including stumbling or an uneven gait.
- Stiffness or inflexibility such as struggling to get up or remaining in the same position without looking comfortable.
- Head shaking and involuntary tremors, which are easiest to spot when they occur in one leg. Note that many dogs have whats called hypnic jerks, which cause tremors in their sleep. This is normal and can happen to dogs of all breeds and ages.
- Poor balance. If your dog develops a drunk walk, this could indicate neurological damage. Parkinsons disease often causes dogs to lose their balance while walking or standing up from a lying or sitting position.
- Anxiety and depression. If your dogs behavior and life outlook suddenly changed, it could be a result of physical conditions such as those caused by Parkinsons. If your dog no longer feels like socializing and loses their appetite, this could signal anxiety and depression.
Its also important to understand that other diseases may have similar symptoms to canine Parkinsons.
You may feel silly watching your dog, waiting for every twitch or irregular movement.
However, its important to understand what other conditions can cause similar symptoms.
How To Tell If You Have A Paraquat Lawsuit
The best and only way to find out if you have a paraquat lawsuit is to talk to a personal injury lawyer about your situation as soon as possible.
When it comes to personal injury lawsuits, you dont want to delay. The statute of limitations limits the time you have to file a lawsuit before you lose your chance forever.
Your consultation is free when you contact Harlan Law about your paraquat case. Youll talk to our knowledgeable and passionate legal team about the specific facts of your situation, such as:
- How long and in what capacity you used paraquat
- When you developed symptoms and what they look like
- How your symptoms have affected your life and career
- Whether youve received a diagnosis of Parkinsons disease
Well tell you if you have a good case against the makers of paraquat. Everyone deserves proper representation, which is why we take paraquat cases on a contingency fee basis. That means you dont pay us any legal fees until we recover monetary damages for you.
What Causes Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease occurs when nerve cells, or neurons, in an area of the brain that controls movement become impaired and/or die. Normally, these neurons produce an important brain chemical known as dopamine. When the neurons die or become impaired, they produce less dopamine, which causes the movement problems of Parkinson’s. Scientists still do not know what causes cells that produce dopamine to die.
People with Parkinson’s also lose the nerve endings that produce norepinephrine, the main chemical messenger of the sympathetic nervous system, which controls many functions of the body, such as heart rate and blood pressure. The loss of norepinephrine might help explain some of the non-movement features of Parkinson’s, such as fatigue, irregular blood pressure, decreased movement of food through the digestive tract, and sudden drop in blood pressure when a person stands up from a sitting or lying-down position.
Many brain cells of people with Parkinson’s contain Lewy bodies, unusual clumps of the protein alpha-synuclein. Scientists are trying to better understand the normal and abnormal functions of alpha-synuclein and its relationship to genetic mutations that impact Parkinsons disease and Lewy body dementia.
Parkinson’s Surgery: Deep Brain Stimulation
Another treatment method, usually attempted as effectiveness of medical treatments for Parkinson’s disease wane, is termed deep brain stimulation. The technique involves surgery to implant electrodes deep into the brain in the globus pallidus, thalamus, or the subthalamic nucleus areas. Then electric impulses that stimulate the brain tissue to help overcome tremors, rigidity, and slow movements are given. Impulses are generated by a battery. This surgery is not for every Parkinson’s disease patient; it is done on patients that meet certain criteria. Also, the surgery does not stop other symptoms and does not end the progression of the disease.
Read Also: Parkinsons Disease Hereditory
What Is Niehs Doing
NIEHS supports diverse research, involving experts from many disciplines, to uncover what may cause or help prevent Parkinsons disease. Varied methods are important because no one can predict which paths of study will provide major breakthroughs. Basic research on Parkinson’s will continue to help us advance our understanding of the disease. Highlights from NIEHS research are described below, grouped by environmental factors that may affect Parkinsons and by research approaches.
Mounting evidence, from animal and human studies, suggests that exposure to certain types of pesticides can increase a persons risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
Some people are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticides because of their age or genetic makeup.
- Many studies identified genetic variations that provide insight into why certain people appear to be at higher risk of developing Parkinsons.
- Using data from the NIEHS-conducted Agricultural Health Study, researchers found that Parkinson’s risk from paraquat use was particularly high in people with a particular variant of a gene known as GSTT1.5
- Similarly, other research has indicated that people with lower levels of the PON1 gene, which is important for the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides, showed faster progression of the disease.6
Diet and Lifestyle
Some of the risk factors and premotor symptoms that may be involved in Parkinson’s.
What Is The Treatment For Parkinson’s Disease
There is currently no treatment to cure Parkinson’s disease. Several therapies are available to delay the onset of motor symptoms and to ameliorate motor symptoms. All of these therapies are designed to increase the amount of dopamine in the brain either by replacing dopamine, mimicking dopamine, or prolonging the effect of dopamine by inhibiting its breakdown. Studies have shown that early therapy in the non-motor stage can delay the onset of motor symptoms, thereby extending quality of life.
The most effective therapy for Parkinson’s disease is levodopa , which is converted to dopamine in the brain. However, because long-term treatment with levodopa can lead to unpleasant side effects , its use is often delayed until motor impairment is more severe. Levodopa is frequently prescribed together with carbidopa , which prevents levodopa from being broken down before it reaches the brain. Co-treatment with carbidopa allows for a lower levodopa dose, thereby reducing side effects.
In earlier stages of Parkinson’s disease, substances that mimic the action of dopamine , and substances that reduce the breakdown of dopamine inhibitors) can be very efficacious in relieving motor symptoms. Unpleasant side effects of these preparations are quite common, including swelling caused by fluid accumulation in body tissues, drowsiness, constipation, dizziness, hallucinations, and nausea.
What Raises Someone’s Risk For Parkinson’s
It’s a complex picture, but you may be more likely to get Parkinson’s based on:
Age. Since it mostly affects people 60 and older, your risk goes up as the years go by.
Family history. If your parent, brother, or sister has it, you’re a little more likely to get it.
Job. Some types of work, like farming or factory jobs, can cause you to have contact with chemicals linked to Parkinson’s.
Race. It shows up more often in white people than other groups.
Serious head injury. If you hit your head hard enough to lose consciousness or forget things as a result of it, you may be more likely to get Parkinson’s later in life.
Gender. Men get it more than women. Doctors aren’t sure why.
Where you live. People in rural areas seem to get it more often, which may be tied to chemicals used in farming.
The Genetics Of Parkinsons
A 2020 study including 1,676 people with Parkinsons in mainland China suggested that genes play a role in the development of the condition. An estimated 10 to 15 percent of people with Parkinsons have a family history of the condition.
In fact, a number of specific genes have been linked to the development of Parkinsons.
How do genetics factor into Parkinsons in some families? According to Genetics Home Reference, one possible way is through the mutation of genes responsible for producing dopamine and certain proteins essential for brain function.
Also Check: Can Adderall Cause Parkinson’s
The 5 Stages Of Parkinsons Disease
Getting older is underrated by most. Its a joyful experience to sit back, relax and watch the people in your life grow up, have kids of their own and flourish. Age can be a beautiful thing, even as our bodies begin to slow down. We spoke with David Shprecher, DO, movement disorders director at Banner Sun Health Research Institute;about a well-known illness which afflicts as many as 2% of people older than 65, Parkinsons Disease.
Exercise And Healthy Eating
Regular exercise is particularly important in helping relieve muscle stiffness, improving your mood, and relieving stress.
You should also try to eat a balanced diet containing all the food groups to give your body the nutrition it needs to stay healthy.
How Is Parkinson’s Disease Treated
If a doctor thinks a person has Parkinson’s disease, there’s reason for hope. Medicine can be used to eliminate or improve the symptoms, like the body tremors. And some experts think that a cure may be found soon.
For now, a medicine called levodopa is often given to people who have Parkinson’s disease. Called “L-dopa,” this medicine increases the amount of dopamine in the body and has been shown to improve a person’s ability to walk and move around. Other drugs also help decrease and manage the symptoms by affecting dopamine levels. In some cases, surgery may be needed to treat it. The person would get anesthesia, a special kind of medicine to prevent pain during the operation.
What Are The Symptoms Of Parkinsons Disease
Symptoms of Parkinsons disease and the rate of decline vary widely from person to person. The most common symptoms include:
Other symptoms include:
- Speech/vocal changes: Speech may be quick, become slurred or be soft in tone. You may hesitate before speaking. The pitch of your voice may become unchanged .
- Handwriting changes: You handwriting may become smaller and more difficult to read.
- Depression and anxiety.
- Sleeping disturbances including disrupted sleep, acting out your dreams, and restless leg syndrome.
- Pain, lack of interest , fatigue, change in weight, vision changes.
- Low blood pressure.
Recommended Reading: Does Parkinson’s Affect Memory
Is Parkinsons Disease Fatal
Parkinsons disease itself doesnt cause death. However, symptoms related to Parkinsons can be fatal. For example, injuries that occur because of a fall or problems associated with dementia can be fatal.
Some people with Parkinsons experience difficulty swallowing. This can lead to aspiration pneumonia. This condition is caused when foods, or other foreign objects, are inhaled into the lungs.
Do People Actually Lose Their Sense Of Smell With Parkinson’s
A: Yes. It’s a condition called anosmia, and if you have it with no other disease , you have at least a 50 percent chance of developing Parkinson’s disease in the next five to 10 years. What happens is that alpha-synuclein, the protein that clumps in the part of the brain that regulates dopamine and leads to Parkinson’s disease, also aggregates in the olfactory bulb, the part of the brain responsible for your sense of smell. This happens well before the protein accumulations cause motor symptoms.
Don’t Miss: Stages Of Parkinson’s Disease Life Expectancy
What Lifestyle Changes Can I Make To Ease Parkinsons Symptoms
Exercise: Exercise helps improve muscle strength, balance, coordination, flexibility, and tremor. It is also strongly believed to improve memory, thinking and reduce the risk of falls and decrease anxiety and depression. One study in persons with Parkinsons disease showed that 2.5 hours of exercise per week resulted in improved ability to move and a slower decline in quality of life compared to those who didnt exercise or didnt start until later in the course of their disease. Some exercises to consider include strengthening or resistance training, stretching exercises or aerobics . All types of exercise are helpful.
Eat a healthy, balanced diet: This is not only good for your general health but can ease some of the non-movement related symptoms of Parkinsons, such as constipation. Eating foods high in fiber in particular can relieve constipation. The Mediterranean diet is one example of a healthy diet.
Preventing falls and maintaining balance: Falls are a frequent complication of Parkinson’s. While you can do many things to reduce your risk of falling, the two most important are: 1) to work with your doctor to ensure that your treatments whether medicines or deep brain stimulation are optimal; and 2) to consult with a physical therapist who can assess your walking and balance. The physical therapist is the expert when it comes to recommending assistive devices or exercise to improve safety and preventing falls.
Parkinsons Disease Is A Progressive Disorder
Parkinsons Disease is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement and, in some cases, cognition. Individuals with PD may have a slightly shorter life span compared to healthy individuals of the same age group. According to the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinsons Research, patients usually begin developing Parkinsons symptoms around age 60. Many people with PD live between 10 and 20 years after being diagnosed. However, a patients age and general health status factor into the accuracy of this estimate.
While there is no cure for Parkinsons disease, many patients are only mildly affected and need no treatment for several years after their initial diagnosis. However, PD is both chronic, meaning it persists over a long period of time, and progressive, meaning its symptoms grow worse over time. This progression occurs more quickly in some people than in others.
Pharmaceutical and surgical interventions can help manage some of the symptoms, like bradykinesia , rigidity or tremor , but not much can be done to slow the overall progression of the disease. Over time, shaking, which affects most PD patients, may begin to interfere with daily activities and ones quality of life.
Recommended Reading: What Color Is The Ribbon For Parkinson’s
What Is Parkinsons Disease Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment And Prevention
The causes and symptoms of Parkinsons disease can vary from person to person. While there is no cure, there are medications and treatments to help manage the condition.
Parkinsons disease is a movement disorder that happens when nerve cells in a certain part of the brain are no longer making the chemical;dopamine.
The condition is also sometimes known as paralysis agitans or shaking palsy.
The Parkinsons Foundation estimates that 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinsons every year. However, the true number of people who develop the disease may be much higher.
Foster A Good Relationship
Lastly, maintaining your relationship and communication with the person with Parkinsonâs can be the most challenging and rewarding aspect of caregiving. As Parkinsonâs disease progresses, the roles change and the person with Parkinsonâs may go from being an independent head of the household to a very dependent person requiring a significant level of care. However, research shows that despite high levels of strain, caregivers with good quality relationships have reduced depression and better physical health. Remember, as a caregiver your service to your loved one is beyond measure in terms of love, depth of care, and concern.
Recommended Reading: Does Lack Of Sleep Cause Parkinson’s
The Causes Of Parkinsons Disease
Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of a small part of the brain called the substantia nigra. As brain cells in the substantia nigra die, the brain becomes deprived of the chemical dopamine.
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, enables brain cells involved in movement control to communicate. Reduced levels of dopamine lead to the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. According to the National Parkinson Foundation, 80% of dopamine-producing cells are lost even before the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease appear.2
As dopamine continues to be lost, Parkinson’s disease often becomes increasingly disabling over time. If you suffer from Parkinson’s disease, you may have trouble performing daily activities such as rising from a chair or moving across a room. As the disease progresses, some people need to use a wheelchair or may become bedridden.
What is Parkinson’s Disease? –
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There has been an evolutionary process in changing attitudes regarding the disabled and blindness around the globe. About 1,000 years back the attitude was of disregard, rejection, isolation, and abuse, however, 100 years back the attitude changed to pity and benevolence. Currently, there is a positive attitude towards the disabled including the blind and this becomes more important considering the fact that country incurs a huge expenditure directly in supporting and indirectly through loss of economic productivity of the disabled. This article attempts to review the concept of rehabilitation for the disabled keeping a focus on the blind, and list out the activities, programs/schemes, institutional and legal structure, and initiatives taken by the Government of India (GOI) for the same and the incentives/benefits extended to blind persons. The article concludes by reiterating the importance of need assessment and mentioning new initiatives proposed on Low Vision services in the approved 11th five-year plan under the National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB). The source of information has been annual reports, notification and approved 11th five-year plan (2007-12) of the GOI, articles published with key words like rehabilitation, disability, assistive devices, low vision aids, and/or blind person through the mode of Internet. Annexure provides a list of selected institutions in the country offering Low Vision services compiled from various sources through personal communication and/or an approved list of training institutes under NPCB, GOI offering Low Vision training.
Concept of disability and rehabilitation[2–4]
The goal of medicine is to promote, preserve, and restore health when it is impaired and to minimize suffering and distress. These goals are embodied in the word prevention. Successful prevention depends upon knowledge of causation, dynamics of transmission, identification of risk factors and risk groups, availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures, an organization for applying these measure to appropriate persons or groups and continuous evaluation and development of procedures applied. For better understanding of the subject, it is necessary to have clarity of sequence of events leading to disability and handicap.
The sequence is described as follows:
Disease → Impairment → Disability → Handicap
Disease is a condition of the body or some part or organ of the body in which its functions are disrupted or deranged.
Impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function.
Disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
Handicap is a disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors) for that individual. The concept of handicap also includes the role of the society in creating barriers and limiting opportunities for people with disabilities.
Rehabilitation involves combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational, and vocational measures for training or retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability. The three main strategies for rehabilitation of disabled are institution-based, outreach, and community-based.
In general, rehabilitation encompasses the following:
- Early detection, diagnosis, and intervention
- Improve, facilitate, stimulate and/or provide services for people with disabilities, their families and attendant
- Medical rehabilitation i.e., management of curable disability and lessening the disability to the extent possible
- Social, psychological, and other types of counseling and assistance
- Training in self-care activities including social graces, etiquette, mobility, communication, and daily living skills with special provisions as needed
- Provision of technical, mobility and other devices
- Specialized education services
- Vocational rehabilitation services including vocational guidance, training, open placement, and self-employment
- Certification of degree of disability and provision of available concessions/benefits
- Community awareness, advocacy, empowerment
Indian perspective for welfare of the disabled
The Constitution of India ensures equality, freedom, justice, and dignity of all individuals and implicitly mandates an inclusive society for all including persons with disabilities (PWDs). In the recent years, there have been vast and positive changes in the perception of the society towards PWDs. It has been realized that a majority of PWDs can lead a better quality of life if they have equal opportunities and effective access to rehabilitation measures. According to the Census 2001, there are 2.19 crore PWDs in India constituting 2.13% of the total population. This includes people with visual, hearing, speech, locomotor, and mental disabilities. Out of these, 75% live in rural areas, 49% are literate, and only 34% are employed. PWDs in India are defined as people who are suffering from not less than 40% of any ability as certified by medical authority.
Legislative, policy, and institutional framework
The core of public health depends on law and science and it is also true that without the coercive power of the state, public health and modern society would be impossible. Law has to prohibit individuals who create situations for suffering for others. For this reason, public health must maintain the balance between individual autonomy and community protection. The public health actions are not intended to punish but to improve and monitor the health status in the community. To achieve the fundamental goals of protection, promotion and growth of individuals, groups and vulnerable population, various legislation and policies are drafted. Policy is a system that provides logical framework and rationality of decision making for the achievement of intended objectives. In short, policies set priorities and guide allocation of appropriate resources through establishment of an institutional framework.
- GOI has enacted three legislations for PWDs viz.
- - National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disability Act, 1999.
- - Persons with Disability (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
- - Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992.
- A policy, National policy for people with disability, 2004.
- Seven national levels institutes viz.
- - National institute for the visually handicapped, Dehradun
- - National institute for the hearing handicapped, Mumbai
- - National institute for the mentally handicapped, Secunderabad
- - National institute for the orthopedically handicapped, Kolkata
- - National institute of rehabilitation training and research, Cuttack
- - Institute for the physically handicapped, New Delhi
- - National institute for the empowerment with persons with multiple disabilities, Chennai
- Five, Composite regional centers for PWDs
- Regional rehabilitation centers for persons with spinal injuries
- Indian spinal injury center, New Delhi
- Artificial limbs manufacturing corporation of India, Kanpur
- District disability rehabilitation centers
Welfare programme/schemes for the rehabilitation of disabled in India[12–14]
The allocation of work related to medical component i.e., preventative, promotive, curative aspect is primarily planned, organized, and implemented by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, whereas rehabilitation is operated primarily by the nodal agency Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and administered by States/Union territories (UTs) through a number of stakeholders including ministries and department of Central/State Governments/UTs, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Non governmental organizations (NGOs), disabled people organizations, advocacy groups, family and legal associations, experts and professionals for the welfare of disabled persons in the country. The program/schemes as proposed in Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment are as follows:
Deendayal disabled rehabilitation scheme
The scheme provides support to the NGOs to deliver various rehabilitation services to people with disabilities. This includes support to schools for children with orthopedic, speech, hearing, visual and mental disabilities; vocational training centers to provide basic skills to PWDs; community-based rehabilitation program; half-way homes for psychosocial rehabilitation of treated and controlled mentally ill people; pre-school and early intervention programs; human resource development; support for setting up Braille presses; and placement services.
Scheme of assistance to disabled persons for purchase/fitting of aids/appliances (ADIP scheme)
The objective of this scheme is to assist the needy physically handicapped people with durable, modern, and standard aids and appliances.
Schemes for national scholarship of persons with disabilities
Every year 500 new scholarship are awarded for pursuing postmatric professional and technical courses of atleast one year duration under the scheme of national scholarship for PWDs. However, with respect to the students with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, multiple disabilities, and profound or severe hearing impairment, scholarship are awarded for pursuing studies from IX standard onwards. Students with 40% or more disability whose monthly family income does not exceed Rs. 15,000/- are eligible for scholarship. A scholarship of Rs 700/- per month to day-scholars and Rs. 1000/- per month to hostlers is provided to the students pursuing graduate and post-graduate level technical or professional courses. A scholarship of Rs. 400/- and Rs. 700/- per month to hostlers is provided for pursuing diploma and certificate level professional courses. In addition to the scholarship, the students are reimbursed the course fee subject to a ceiling of Rs. 10,000/- per year.
National awards for the welfare of persons with disabilities
The national awards are conferred not only to individuals and organizations that are working for the welfare of the PWDs but also on PWDs having outstanding achievements. The awards are given away on 3rd December every year, which has been declared as International Day of Disabled Persons.
National handicapped finance and development corporation
Economic empowerment of disable persons is promoted for self-employment ventures, extend loans to PWDs for upgradation of their entrepreneurial skill, pursuing professional/technical education, and to assist self-employed individuals with disabilities in marketing their finished goods.
Science and technology project in mission mode
This project is engaged in development of technology which ultimately leads to a suitable device which is of high quality, durable, comfortable, and integrates the disabled into the mainstream of society. Funding is made available to established research and development centers, academic institutions, public sector industries, agencies undertaking research activities for the benefit of PWDs.
Concession offered by the Government of India to blind persons
According to guidelines by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, GOI, the minimum degree of disability should be 40% for an individual to be eligible for any concessions or benefits. State government also extends various benefits in addition to those initiated by the GOI.
The blind person traveling alone or with an escort on production of a certificate from a government doctor or a registered medical practitioner is eligible to get a concession to the tune of 75% if traveling in first, second or sleeper class in Indian railways. The Indian Airlines Corporation allows 50% concessional fare to blind persons on single journey or single fare round trip journey on all domestic flights. Escorts are to pay full fare however an air hostess/steward will look after the blind person not accompanied by escorts in flight.
There are no postal charges levied on transmission of blind literature packets [papers, periodicals, books printed in Braille, sound records, disc films, tapes and wires for the use of the blind and when sent by, or addressed to, an officially recognized institution for the blind] to inland/foreign destination if sent by surface route weighing upto 7 kg only. If packets are to be sent by air, prescribed airmail charges needs to be paid.
The blind person is entitled for rental rebate of 50% on telephone facility on Non-OYT [s] category only. An educated unemployed handicap person with atleast VIIIth or middle schools pass for rural areas and matriculation or high school for urban areas is eligible for allotment of STD/PCO on priority basis.
Selected goods when imported into India by a disable person for their personal use are exempted from customs duty if a certificate from a government medical officer/institution certifies that import of goods is essential to overcome the said disability.
All central government employees who are in a regular establishment and who are blind or orthopaedically handicap are to be granted conveyance allowance at 5% of the basic pay subject to a maximum of Rs. 100/month.
Children education allowances
Grant of children educational allowances, reimbursement of tuition fees to central government employees are governed by central civil services orders.
Scheme of integrated education for disabled children
This is centrally sponsored scheme and was launched in 1974 by the then department of Social welfare. This scheme has however been transferred to the department of Education since 1982. Under the scheme, handicapped children are sought to be integrated in the normal school system. Financial assistance to the tune of 100% is provided to States/UTs for education of children suffering from certain mild handicaps in common schools with the help of necessary aids, incentives and specially trained teachers. The following types of disabled children are covered under this scheme: (a) children with locomotor handicaps; (b) mildly and moderately hearing impaired; (c) partially sighted children; (d) mentally handicapped educable group (IQ 50-70); (e) children with multiple handicap; (f) children with learning disabilities.
Income tax concessions
Section 80 DD provides for a deduction in respect of the expenditure incurred by an individual or Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) resident in India on the medical treatment [including nursing], training and rehabilitation of handicapped dependants. Section 88 B provides for an additional rebate from net tax payable by a resident individual who has attained the age of 65 years.
3% of vacancies in government employment in Grade C and D post are reserved for people with disabilities, 1% each for persons suffering from blindness or low vision, hearing impairment and locomotor disability and cerebral palsy. The GOI has set up 47 special employment exchanges in different states for the visually handicapped. As per the decision of the GOI, it has been instructed that recaning of chairs in government offices should be done by a visually impaired person as far as possible when the volume of work requires a full time chair caner.
Under the scheme of public sector banks for orphanages, women's homes and physically handicapped persons including blind the benefits of the differential rate of interest are available to physically handicapped persons as well as institutions working for the welfare of the handicapped. Under the integrated rural development programme (IRDP), 3% quota is earmarked for physically handicapped persons.
Definition of blindness and low vision
In India, different definitions of disability are introduced for various purposes and as such, they have been based on various criteria. No single standard exists in India in order to evaluate disability. In common parlance, different terms such as disabled, handicapped, crippled, physically challenged are used interchangeably. Visual acuity as well as field of vision has been considered for deciding blindness and in India it refers to a condition where a person suffers from any of the following conditions, namely: Total absence of sight; or visual acuity not exceeding 6/60 or 20/200 (Snellen) after best correction in the better eye; limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle of 20 degree or worse.
A person who after treatment of standard refraction has a visual acuity in better eye of <20/60 to light perception; or a visual field of <10° from the point of fixation, however, and is potentially able to use vision for planning or execution of a task [WHO]. Many persons especially children who have a corrected visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye have useful vision and benefit from Low Vision services.
Generally, the impairment of 40% or more is considered a handicap. As percentage of impairment in the case of one-eyed person is only 30%, according to the approved definition in medical parlance, a person with one good eye is not a blind person [Table 1]. The Committee of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on Recommendation of Standard Definition of Disability recommended that one eye-eyed person should be excluded from the other categories of visual impairment so that facilities and concessions available to severely and profoundly visually impaired persons are not eroded. The committee, however, felt that loss of one eye would not be considered as a disqualification on medical grounds unless a particular post is of such a technical nature that it requires of a person to have the coordinated use.
Evaluation and need assessment for low vision
Visual impairment in general affects four main functional areas: Orientation/mobility, communication, activities of daily living (ADL) and sustained near vision task. Early intervention and special education can balance the negative effects of visual impairment. In many cases environmental adaptations, vision training, follow up for ensuring compliance, coordinating with stakeholders, removing myth and misconception and counseling would help in empowering the individual and/or enhancing functional residual vision.
The effect of low vision is not same for all people and the following assessment needs to be compiled for each individual before embarking upon the decision of assistive devices:
- Extent of vision: Near and distance visual acuity
- Size of the visual field [if relevant]
- Effect of light and glare
- Extent of recognition and naming of colors
- Extent to which contrast affects their activities
- Extent of use of vision for different activities and purpose in the environment
- Extent to which a person sees and recognizes an object depends, amongst other on: Familiarity of the object; light; size; distance; contrast; color; detail or simplicity of the object
- Age, socioeconomic conditions, literacy status, and level of motivation
Special assistive devices for the visually impaired
Assistive devices for the visually impaired can be broadly divided into the following categories: Education, mobility, vocational, daily living devices, low vision devices, and psychological test for vocational assessment and training.
Braille duplicators and writers, for example, Brailler and thermoform machine to convert material into Braille; Writing devices: Braille slates, Taylor postcard frame, pocket Braille frame; Braille paper; talking books and tape recorders: Material recorded on cassettes has emerged as the most popular mode of imparting education; Reading machines: Kurzweil reading machine, which reads typeset or typewritten text and turns it into speech; Braille computers: Braille Windows, Index Braille, Braille'n speak helps individual while working with personal computers; Mathematical devices: The Taylor arithmetic frame, abacus, talking calculator, spur wheel helps in learning mathematics; Geography and science devices: Sensory quill and three-dimensional raised maps help in learning geography, human physiology, zoology, and botany.
Canes (symbol canes; guide canes; long canes; electronic travel devices), mobility show-card, mini beeper.
Goniometer, attachment to lathe, spot welding, continuity tester, Braille micrometer.
Daily living devices
Daily living devices can be further classified into five broad categories namely, clocks and watches, games and puzzles, sports, kitchen equipment and personnel devices.
Low vision devices
Low Vision devices can be further divided into two types: Optical devices, which use lenses to magnify objects and non-optical devices and techniques, which make objects easier to use. A third category is electronic magnifier which is sometimes subsumed under non-optical devices. These devices include telescopes (telescopic spectacles, hand held, tele-bifocal spectacles), visualtek, schmidt reader, magnifying lenses (fixed focus; variable focus stand; half cylindrical rod; hand magnifier; folding; high plus spectacle; half eye spectacle-prism glasses; clip on magnifier), microscopic spectacles, visolett, fluorescent reading lamps, tinted lenses. Electronic magnifier/adaptive technology in the form of closed circuit television (CCTV), computer software (JAWS, MAGIC, text Braille software), speech synthesizer, talking books, overhead projector.[25–28]
Psychological assessment tests and training program is designed to develop a person's skill potential to the extent possible. These include Minnesota rate of manipulation test; Pennsylvania bi-manual work sample; Purdue pegboard; Crawford small parts dexterity test; Stanford-kolhs block design test for the blind; Blind learning aptitude test.
New initiative on low vision services in approved 11th five-year (2007-12) plan under NPCB
Strengthening Low Vision service is one of the thrust areas under 11th five-year plan under NPCB in addition to ongoing activities. Regional Institutes of Ophthalmology (RIO) and government medical colleges are being developed as Low Vision units in a phased manner. Financial assistance for Low Vision devices like high plus spectacles, hand held magnifiers, stand magnifiers, telescope, video magnifiers [closed circuit television], absorptive lenses; field expanding devices are being provided by NPCB especially for poor patients. Eye surgeons working in public sector are being provided seven days orientation training on Low Vision services and financial support is borne by the GOI. Technical guidelines and comprehensive resource on Low Vision services is being developed involving all stakeholders for reference and dissemination. Improving quality of life of persons suffering from visual impairment involve patience, perseverance, multi-disciplinary approach with efficient coordination amongst stakeholders including medical, paramedical, social/psychological and educational professional. The gap between need and availability of Low Vision services is known globally, however, a beginning has been made by the GOI to address this issue and fruitful results will be evident in times to come.
1. Sood S, Nada M, Nagpal RC. Psychosocial implications of blind child Indian J Community Med. 2004;29:94–5
2. Park K Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 200016th ed Jabalpur [India] M/s Banarsidas Bhanot
3. Kishore J A dictionary of public health. 2002 New Delhi Century Publications
4. Community Based Rehabilitation
and the health care referral services. A guide for programme managers. 1994 World Health Organization [WHO] WHO/RHB/94.1
5. Mishra S. Occupational therapy in community based rehabilitation
The Indian J of Occupational therapy. 2003;35:13–6
6. Sharma AK, Vashist P. Community based rehabilitation
in primary health care system Indian J Community Med. 2002;27:139–41
7. Punani B, Rawal NS, Sajit J Manual on Community Based Rehabilitation
. 2004 Ahmedabad Blind Peoples Associations
8. Vanneste G. Community Based Rehabilitation
: An Introduction J Comm Eye Health. 1998;11:49–50
9. National Policy for Persons with Disabilities. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi - 110001. 2006 No.3-1/1993-DD.III
10. . Persons with Disabilities [Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation] Act Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. 1995 Available from: http//www.socialjustice.nic.in
[last cited on 2008 Aug 1]
11. Kishore J National health programs of India. 20066th ed New Delhi Century Publications
12. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi-110001. Annual Report. 2006-07
13. Rungta SK. Training and Employment of people with disabilities: India 2002 An Ability Asia Country study. 2004 Bangkok International Labor Organization [ILO] office
14. . Scheme to promote voluntary action for persons with disabilities Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, DD-II Section, Government of India, Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi - 110001. 2003 No. 36 /97-DD.II [Pt.II]
15. . Concessions offered by Central Government to the persons with disability A Curtain Raiser. Rehabilitation
Council of India. Available from: http://www.rehabcouncil.nic.in/pdf/con_CG.pdf
. [last cited on 2008 Jul 1]
16. . Guidelines for evaluation of various disabilities and procedure for certification The Gazett e of India extraordinary. Part 1. Section 1. No. 154. Available from www.socialjustice.nic.in/disabled/notification.htm
[last cited on 2008 April 15]
17. Punani B, Rawal NS, Sajit JS Manual on community based rehabilitation
[Visual impairment]. 20023rd ed Ahmadabad National Association for the Blind
18. Definition of visual impairment. Available from: http://www.bpaindia.org/VIB%20Chapter-I.pdf
. [last cited on 2008 Aug 10]
19. . Disability India Network.org [homepage on the internet] Kishor Bhanushali. Dimensions of Disability in India. Available from http://www.disabilityindia.org/djartjan06A.cfm
[last cited on 2008 Jul 30]
20. . The management of low vision in childhood Proceedings of WHO/PBL Consultation; 1992. 1993 Bangkok. Geneva World Health Organization Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1993/WHO_PBL_93.27.pdf
[last cited on 2008 Jul 10]
21. Keeffe J. Assessment of low vision in developing countries Book 1 and 2 “Low vision kit”. 1995 Geneva WHO and Australia: Low vision project international
22. Assistive devices for the visually impaired. Available from http://www.bpaindia.org/VIB%20Chapter-VII.pdf
. [last cited on 2008 Aug 16]
23. Sood S, Nada M, Nagpal RC. Prevention of blindness and mobility of a blind Indian J Community Med. 2004;29:92–3
24. . Selecting the right medium for teaching children with visual impairment Spandana. Parents Newsletter 16. 2006 Hyderabad LV Prasad Eye Institute
25. Pal N, Titiyal JS, Tandon R, Vajpayee RB, Gupta S, Murthy GV. Need for optical and low vision services for children in schools for the blind in North India Indian J Ophthalmol. 2006;54:189–93 Available from: http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?2006/54/3/189/27071
[last cited on 2008 Jul 30]
26. Dada VK, Acharjee SC. Low vision aids developed by intermediate technology and its specific role in the management of macular diseases Indian J Ophthalmol. 1983;31:124–8 Available from: http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?1983/31/3/124/29764
[last cited on 2008 Aug 26]
27. Lamba PA, Kumar S, D'Souza P. Teaching visually disabled Indian J Ophthalmol. 1983;31:683–8 Available from: http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?1983/31/5/683/36632
[last cited on 2008 Aug 26]
28. Hornby SJ, Adolph S, Gothwal VK, Gilbert CE, Dandona L, Foster A. Evaluation of children in six blind schools of Andhra Pradesh Indian J Ophthalmol. 2000;48:195–200 Available from: http://www.ijo.in/text.asp?2000/48/3/195/14875
[last cited on 2008 Aug 5]
Source of Support: Nil
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The positive and negative experiences of African slave in America.
There were absolutely no positive experiences in being captured for the slaves, as they were taken away some times quite brutally from their family, friends, and way of life. Africans were captured from within their own villages, often the kidnappers would wait until the adults in the village had gone out hunting before coming in to the villages and stealing children from within their own homes. Once captured potential slaves were forced to walk up to 1,000 miles in slave caravans to the European coastal forts. Those who were to sick or weary to continue the journey were killed or left shi…
- African Salvery and Reparation
- General Essay on Irma Stern and Gerard Sekoto in a South African Context
- The positive and negative experiences of African slave in America.
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
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Glaucoma is a condition that occurs when there is increased pressure within the eye. The normal eye pressure is 10-25mmHg, when the pressure is >30mmHg a diagnosis of glaucoma is made. If left untreated this condition can rapidly lead to blindness and become extremely painful. As it progresses there may be stretching and enlargement of the eye.
This is a hereditary condition where the normal angle of fluid drainage within the eye is too narrow and becomes blocked. It is seen in breeds such as the Shih Tzu, Jack Russell Terrier, Australian Cattle Dog, Basset Hound, Cocker Spaniel and Siberian husky. It usually begins in one eye and eventually presents in the second eye. It is very rare to see this condition in cats.
This is the result of a disease or injury that has affected the eye and interrupts the drainage of aqueous fluid. Some of the diseases that can cause secondary glaucoma include severe cataracts, cancer of the eye, lens dislocation and ocular inflammation (uveitis).
- Vision loss
- Dilated pupil
- Redness in the white part of the eye
- Bulging eye
- Squinting or blinking of the eye
- Loss of appetite
- Headaches (head pressing due to pain)
Unfortunately by the time you identify a problem and your vet has diagnosed your pet with glaucoma vision may have already been lost. Early intervention is the key! It can be prudent to regularly monitor eye pressure of at risk breeds at their annual health check. In some cases pet owners will have no idea that their pet is suffering from a degree of vision loss.
To diagnose glaucoma your vet will need a thorough history, especially any details of possible accidents involving an eye injury. The vet will use a tonometer to measure the pressure in each eye. In some cases your vet may need to refer your pet to an ophthalmologist.
If your pet is diagnosed with glaucoma your vet will prescribe the appropriate treatments to lower the pressure in the eye/s and provide pain relief. If vision is saved, you may consider referral to a specialist ophthalmologist who can laser treat the abnormal drainage angle in the eye. In severe cases where the pressure and pain cannot be controlled medically, the best-case scenario may be to remove the eye itself with surgery.
If you suspect your dog may have glaucoma or is suffering from any of the above symptoms please book in for an appointment with your veterinarian.
What are cataracts?
A cataract is opacity within the lens of the eye and is one of the most common causes of blindness in pets. It may look like a white shading or fogginess over the eye. The opacity can be very small and not affect vision however cataracts will progress and in due time cause blindness.
How are cataracts caused?
Cataracts are mostly inherited with an early onset. Other factors like disease, trauma and old age may also contribute. In some cases pets can be born with cataracts as a result of toxins and infection during pregnancy. Cataracts can also be commonly associated with diabetes.
Cataracts are generally easily diagnosed. Your veterinarian will discuss your pet’s health, onset and nature of the symptoms. In some cases diagnostic tests are performed to assist with the diagnosis, these can include, a complete blood count, biochemistry and urine analysis.
Unfortunately medications are not successful in treating cataracts. Surgery is the only cure, although it is not always warranted as it depends of the degree of blindness and age. If your pet requires cataract surgery we would need to refer you to a specialist.
What is it?
The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis has many causes, some contagious and others not. Unlike in humans, where most cases are bacterial, conjunctivitis in dogs is often allergic in nature and in cats is typically due to chronic viral infections (such as Herpesvirus).
- Pollens or allergies
- Dust or windy conditions (particularly in dogs with prominent eyes such as Pugs, Shih Tzu’s or Pekingnese)
- Dry Eye (inadequate tear production)
- Irritants such as perfumes and incense
- Injury to the eye (e.g. rubbing, foreign body)
- Entropian, where the eyelid rolls inward and hairs rub the eye
- Infectious (bacterial or viral) Is it contagious to humans? Generally no. However, rare cases of Chlamydia infections in cats can be, so it is important to wash your hands after handling.
Diagnosis of conjunctivitis can be made on examination by your veterinarian. Other diagnostic tests may be needed to determine the underlying cause such as cytology of the discharge, Schirmer Tear Test to measure tear production, or a swab for certain viral diseases (particularly in cats). A fluoroscein dye can be used to determine if there is a scratch or ulcer present. The stain adheres to injured cornea and ‘glows’ green under UV light, that way your vet will easily be able to identify an injury. This examination is not painful for your pet. What if there is a scratch or ulcer? See Corneal Ulcer Blog (there will be a link here)
Depending on the cause of conjunctivitis, different treatments may be recommended, such as:
- Topical and/or oral antibiotics
- Eye lubricants, and/or medications to increase tear production
- Surgery to correct eyelid abnormalities
What is the cornea?
The cornea is a transparent layer at the front of the eye, and together with the lens focuses light on to the visual part of the eye. It has five delicate layers: the epithelium (outermost layer), Bowman’s membrane, the stroma (thick middle layer), Decemet’s membrane and the corneal endothelium (innermost layer).
A corneal ulcer is where injury or infection has caused a loss of one or more layers of the cornea. Corneal ulcers can be incredibly painful and if left untreated can result in loss of vision or loss of the eye itself.
- Blinking or squinting
- Discharge from the eye
- White or blue film over eye
- Swelling around the eye
- Loss of vision
- Loss of appetite
- Pawing at the eye
- Trauma – e.g. from rubbing the eye
- Laceration or scratch to the cornea
- Dry Eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
- Foreign body – e.g. grass seed
- Eyelid problems such as oversized eyelids, entropian or extra eyelashes
- Chemical burn – e.g. irritation from shampoo
- Bacterial or viral infection
Your veterinarian will perform an eye examination and gather any relevant history that can help determine the cause. During the eye examination your vet will need to place fluoroscein dye into the affected eye. This dye glows green under a UV light which is best seen in a dark room. If there is a scratch or ulcer present the fluoroscein stain will adhere to that area and your vet will easily be able to identify an injury. This examination is not painful for your pet.
- Topical antibiotics and lubricants (eye cream)
- Pain relief (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication)
- Oral antibiotics or anti-viral medications
- Surgery may be required to debride the ulcer, and in some cases temporary eyelid closure will protect the eye until the ulcer has healed
- Eye removal for end-stage ulcers (e.g. ruptured globe)
Serious and complicated cases may require referral to a specialist veterinary ophthalmologist.
If you suspect your pet may have a corneal ulcer be sure to contact your veterinarian ASAP to make an appointment. As already mentioned, corneal ulcers can be incredibly painful and have the potential to leave your pet blind.
Dry Eye – Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
What is it?
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, alternatively known as dry eye, is caused by a deficiency of tear production in the eye. This leads to inflammation and severe drying of the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye. It is more common to see this condition in dogs than it is in cats.
There are several causes of dry eye, some include, congenital defects, immune-mediated disease, long-term inflammation, inadequate amount of lubrication to the eye when under a general anaesthetic and breed related-predispositions.
- Excessive blinking
- Swollen conjunctiva (looks like a red eye)
- Prominent 3rd eyelid
- Pigmentation and ulceration
- Eyes are surrounded by a thick yellow or white discharge
- Eyes are painful
- Loss of vision
Your veterinarian will perform a test that measures tear production using a Schirmer tear test strip. The strip is placed at the edge of the eye for a minute allowing for tears to flow up the strip. The amount of wetness on the strip will indicate a measurement of tear production and this is compared to normal levels. If tear production is below normal levels, dry eye may be diagnosed.
What happens if dry eye is left untreated?
- Chronic eye infections
- Repeated irritation of cornea
- Severe scarring
- Corneal ulceration
Treating dry eye requires topical medications that stimulate tear production. In some cases where the eye/s are infected, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications may also be prescribed.
What is it?
Cherry eye, medically known as nictitans glands prolapse, is the prolapse of the gland in the third eyelid. This gland assists in tear production and under normal conditions is not visible. When the gland is exposed it begins to swell and because of its appearance (looks like a little cherry) it’s known as cherry eye.
What is the cause?
Unfortunately the cause of cherry eye is not exactly known but it has been suspected that a weakness of the tissues around the gland may contribute to gland prolapse. It has also been thought that the condition is inherited and is more common in particular breeds.
Once the gland has been exposed it can cause irritation and encourage scratching of the eye. This poses a risk to further damage, which leads to swelling, redness and mucous discharge.
The gland must be repositioned surgically to minimise the risk of further injury. Medications are rarely effective. Even though the inflammation and pain can be reduced the gland is still prolapsed.
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On display now at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City, the exhibit Auschwitz: Not Long Ago. Not Far Away is the most comprehensive Holocaust exhibition ever mounted in North America about Auschwitz. Dedicated to the victims of the death camp, the goal of this exhibit is to make sure no one ever forgets.
A study conducted by the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany reported that 41% of Americans and 66% of millennials say they don’t know about the Auschwitz death camp, where more than a million Jews and others, including Poles, Sinti and Roma, Soviet prisoners of war, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and others, were executed. And 22% of millennials say they haven’t even heard of the Holocaust.
“Seventy-three years ago, after the world saw the haunting pictures from Auschwitz, no one in their right mind wanted to be associated with the Nazis,” Ron Lauder, founder and chair of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation Committee and president of World Jewish Congress, said. “This exhibit reminds them, in the starkest ways, where antisemitism can ultimately lead and the world should never go there again. The title of this exhibit is so appropriate because this was not so long ago, and not so far away.”
The exhibition consists of 20 galleries spanning three floors, and features more than 700 original objects and 400 photographs. They are on loan from more than 20 institutions and private collections around the world, as well as the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Poland.
An audio guide given to each visitor upon entry details the items on display. Visitors will see hundreds of personal possessions, such as suitcases, eyeglasses, photos, shoes, socks and clothes that belonged to survivors and those murdered at the concentration camp. In one glass case, a child’s shoe is on display with a sock neatly tucked inside. We are left to wonder, who put that sock in the shoe and were they expecting the child to shower and then retrieve it?
Auschwitz was located 31 miles west of Krakow in the small southern Polish town Oswiecim, which dates back to the Middle Ages. Jews were a part of its society for centuries. Auschwitz-Birkenau was conceived and initially constructed to house 100,000 Soviet prisoners of war and slave labour, before it became a factory of death. The architect who designed the camp was Fritz Ertl, a native of Austria. Ultimately, some 1.1 million Jews and thousands of others were killed there. Many who arrived at Auschwitz were sent directly from the overcrowded, sealed, windowless boxcars to the gas chambers and crematoriums.
There are videos throughout the exhibit, including one of Hitler and a large adoring crowd. There’s a concrete post that was a part of the fence at the Auschwitz camp, and a part of the original barrack for prisoners at the killing centre.
A German-made Model-2 boxcar, like those used to transport people to Auschwitz, sits outside the museum. In a video, survivors talk of the horrible conditions and stench inside those boxcars.
Viewers can see the operating table, test tubes and instruments used in medical experiments. There’s a gas mask used by the SS and a model of a gas chamber door used in crematoria 2, 3, 4 and 5 – and testimonies from survivors of the camp. To show the striking contrast between the victims and the perpetrators, there are photos of Rudolf Hess at his nearby residence with his family enjoying the outdoors.
Nazi ideology and the roots of antisemitism are traced from the beginning, to understand what happened before the gas chambers were created. Discrimination and bigotry against Jews existed long before Hitler came into power, of course. In one room, there’s an anti-Jewish proclamation issued in 1551 by Ferdinand I that was given to Hermann Göring for his birthday by German security chief Reinhard Heydrich. The proclamation required Jews to identify themselves with a yellow ring on their clothes. Heydrich noted that, 400 years later, the Nazis were completing Ferdinand’s work.
In a video seen near the end of the exhibition, Holocaust survivors urge people to refrain from hate and to work for peace.
This exhibition was in Madrid before coming to New York. This important and moving must-see exhibition is both a reminder and a warning.
Alice Burdick Schweiger is a New York City-based freelance writer who has written for many national magazines, including Good Housekeeping, Family Circle, Woman’s Day and The Grand Magazine. She specializes in writing about Broadway, entertainment, travel and health, and covers Broadway for the Jewish News. She is co-author of the 2004 book Secrets of the Sexually Satisfied Woman, with Jennifer Berman and Laura Berman.
Located in the Museum of Jewish Heritage, at 36 Battery Place, entry to the exhibit Auschwitz: Not Long Ago is by timed tickets available at mjhnyc.org. An audio guide is included with admission, and tickets range from $10 to $25. Hours are Sunday to Thursday, 10 a.m.-9 p.m. (last entry at 7 p.m.), and Friday, 10 a.m.-5 p.m. (last entry at 3 p.m.). The exhibit will be in New York until January 2020.
One of the apartment buildings at the
HKP complex. (photo from Richard Freund)
Nearly three-quarters of a century after the Shoah ended, we are still learning about aspects of what happened. For example, the documentary The Good Nazi tells the little-known story of a Nazi from Vilna who tried to rescue more than 1,200 Jews. It airs on VisionTV Jan. 21, and again April 29.
In 2005, Dr. Michael Good sought out Prof.
Richard Freund of the University of Hartford to tell him about Maj. Karl
Plagge, a Nazi who oversaw a military vehicle repair complex that was used as
cover for 1,257 Jews in Vilnius (Vilna). Good described how his father, mother
and grandfather were saved within this complex, and later wrote about it at
length in his 2006 book The Search for Major Plagge: The Nazi Who Saved Jews
(Fordham University Press).
While interesting to Freund, who works within a
department known for its Holocaust studies, nothing further came of that
meeting. That is, until 2015.
By then, Freund had directed six archeological
projects in Israel and three in Europe on behalf of the university, including
research at the extermination camp at Sobibor, Poland. In 2015, he was in
Lithuania doing research on a Holocaust-era escape tunnel, adjacent to the
Great Synagogue of Vilna. He and his team had brought with them specialized
equipment that enabled non-invasive examination of the ground and walls, and
they offered it to anyone wanting to do such research. The Vilna Gaon State
Jewish Museum came calling, and brought Freund to a site on the outskirts of
Vilna, where he was told about Plagge.
Of that moment, Freund told the Independent,
“I’m sitting there and I say, ‘Karl Plagge? I know that name!’”
Freund connected with survivor Sidney Handler,
who was 10 years old when he hid from the Nazis in the work camp. After the
Nazis left in July 1944, Handler was forced to move dead bodies, and could
point out decades later where 400 Jews were buried.
“We could have gone through the entire 20 acres
and not located exactly where that was,” said Freund.
Using scanners, thermal cameras, radar and
other methods, Freund’s team discovered and recorded the various hiding places,
also called malinas. Under Plagge’s plan, Jews had built malinas in building
crevices, behind the walls, to keep out of sight when Nazis came to “liquidate”
The garage (repair shop) was dubbed HKP. It was
on Subocz Street and is likely the only Holocaust-related labour camp left
completely intact. Until recently, people had been living in the two six-floor
buildings, which comprised 216 apartments.
Freund reached out to filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici, telling him how important it was to document the site, the story, and reveal it to the world. Things were made all the more pressing when Freund and Jacobovici discovered that developers were going to demolish the site. Fortunately, before this happened, Jacobovici took a film and photographic crew to HKP, in January 2018.
The Turning of Plagge
In 1941, Karl Plagge was placed in command of
the HKP 562, a unit responsible for repairs of military vehicles damaged on the
eastern front. Plagge experienced something of a pang of conscience – he hadn’t
signed on to genocide. He made the decision to leverage his position and use
Jews as “slave labour” for HKP, pleading the case to his superiors that, if
Jews didn’t work there, there would be no one to fix the vehicles.
Virtually none of the 1,200 Jews was knowledgeable
in fixing cars; they were accountants, lawyers, hairdressers, academics, cooks
and others. They all learned various HKP tasks on the job, and Plagge somehow
convinced the Nazi SS that every single one of them was necessary for HKP.
Even though the entire charade was met with a
barely tolerated wink and nod by Nazi brass, Plagge had a deep (and correct)
hunch that their patience would eventually wear thin.
Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS,
announced, in the summer of 1943, that he wanted every Jew in Eastern Europe
eliminated, irrespective of whether they were contributing to the war effort in
a work camp. So, with Plagge’s approval, his workers carved out malinas in the
walls of the buildings and in attic rafters.
As the Soviet Red Army approached the outer
edge of Vilnius in June 1944, it was a sign that the Allies were nearing
victory. In this context, on July 1, 1944, Plagge made an impromptu
announcement in front of an SS commander and the Jewish workers, who gathered
to listen. He explained that his unit was being transferred westbound and,
though he requested his labourers be allowed to join, his superiors wouldn’t
permit it. All of this was code for the Jewish prisoners to take cover. Roughly
half of the workers – some 500 of them – hid away in malinas or ran from the
camp, while others decided to stay.
When Nazi troops took over the camp two days
later, 500 Jewish workers appeared for roll call, and were killed. It took the
Nazis three more days to comb the camp and the surrounding area for any
survivors, eventually finding roughly 200 Jews, all of whom were shot.
When the Soviets finally took over Vilnius
later that week, approximately 250 of HKP’s Jews in hiding emerged.
When the war was over, Plagge returned home to
Darmstadt, Germany, where, for the next two years he lived quietly, until he
was brought to court as a former Nazi. Somehow, word traveled to a displaced
persons camp in Stuttgart, a three-hour drive away, where many survivors of HKP
had ended up. In Plagge’s defence, the survivors sent a representative to
testify to the court in the hopes the charges would be overturned.
The testimony resulted in a favourable judgment, and Plagge received the status of an exonerated person. In 2005, after evidence and survivor testimony, Yad Vashem: The World Holocaust Remembrance Centre posthumously bestowed the title Righteous Among the Nations on Plagge.
The Good Nazi was produced in Canada for VisionTV by Toronto-based Associated Producers. Jacobovici was writer and executive producer, Moses Znaimer executive producer, Bienstock producer and co-director, Yaron Niski co-director and Felix Golubev line producer/executive producer.
Dave Gordonis a Toronto-based freelance writer whose work has appeared in
more than 100 publications around the world.
The theme of Reckonings: Legacies of Nazi Persecution and the Quest for Justice (Oxford University Press, 2018), the new book by eminent English historian Mary Fulbrook, is justice. Or, rather, injustice, as she exposes how ex-Nazi perpetrators, and bystanders to their murderous policies, have evaded (and continue to evade) due process and acknowledgment of moral responsibility for their (in)actions.
Every level of strategy open to these criminals and cowards is exposed in Reckonings. Fulbrook reveals all the political, psychological, pragmatic, legal (and illegal), scapegoating, self-serving, self-exculpatory, “we were victims too”-type excuses by which the morally corrupt and unconscionable avoid due process and personal liability.
Fulbrook rightly says, at the end of Reckonings, “there can be no answer to the questions of why and how cruelty on this scale was possible.” So, what, she asks, can the “honest” historian do? Her answer sums up the well-realized objective of this magisterial new book: “Historians can clarify patterns of involvement in and responsibility for Nazi persecution and explore the implications both for those who lived through it and those who came after.”
Nazi criminality is, of course, a hugely complex historical issue, but Fulbrook’s strategy is simple and direct: it is to “reconstruct the ways in which wider social and political developments intersected with individual lives” such that “large numbers of people were mobilized in service of a murderous cause.”
Reckonings is rich with such exploration of “individual lives,” both of persecutors and bystanders, and it rings also with the agonizing accounts of dozens of victims, among whom Fulbrook gives frequent and welcome voice to the rarely referenced persecuted sub-groups of homosexuals, and victims of Nazi euthanasia policies.
Fulbrook’s central focus is, however, justice: justice failed and justice delayed, delayed by silence, by endless rationalization, by foot-dragging, by the pollution of the legal system by former Nazis (described as “themselves swimming in a sea of guilt”) and, no less disturbing, by the pragmatics of (primarily American) Cold War strategists, anxious not to offend a potential ally against the Soviet Union.
Reckonings is unusual history in its welcome lack of “normal” arm’s-length objectivity: Fulbrook is uncompromisingly fierce in her condemnation of those who were responsible for this “maelstrom of murder.” Throughout the book, she remains directly and openly angry, and determined to “nail down” these murderous ignoramuses, just-following-orders immoralists and “I knew nothing” liars. One feels the heat of Fulbrook’s grit and determination: each page rings out with a loud, “they will not get away with this as long as I can help it.”
Reckonings is divided into three parts. Part One, the most “traditional” part of the book, explores the various sites of this “maelstrom of murder,” beginning with Auschwitz, but moving carefully beyond, to less and less better-known killing centres, especially in southern Poland – where there were many forgotten violent “microcosms of violence,” as she calls them.
Part Two is, as Fulbrook’s title suggests, the heart of the book: here, the focus shifts to the attempts to bring perpetrators (both men and women) to justice. She lays out the proceedings of the various major trials – Auschwitz, Sobibor, Belzec, Dachau, Hadamar, the Einsatzgruppen trial, etc., right up to the present – but also includes trials relating to perpetrators of euthanasia and other crimes. She outlines, in fascinating detail, the differences between the ways that East and West Germany approached bringing Nazis to justice: the former being famously more diligent than the latter, leading to a flood of ex-Nazis to the more “tolerant” West in the early years after the war. This flood included all the euthanasia personnel, who left their families behind in the GDR to escape justice. (The West accepted the “just following orders” defence; the East did not. About 400,000 people benefited from this and similar lax standards in the West.)
The third part, “Memories,” is about how survivors remember, and how Nazis forget. It combines a plangent exploration of the personal experiences of individuals living around the world who have survived persecution – most of whom have never received compensation or recognition – with accounts of how perpetrators and their minions managed (and still manage) to cover their tracks, and how this evasion affects their children and grandchildren.
The most memorable chapter of this final part is called “The Commemoration of Shame.” She notes here how the “shame” of the perpetrators is almost always buried in the sea of guilt-ridden commemoration throughout Germany, as is the pain of forced and slave labourers, the acknowledgement of which would still have legal (compensation) ramifications for German industry. Fulbrook also notes here that it wasn’t until 2014 that the first memorial appeared for the victims of Nazi euthanasia policies.
Reckonings ends in despair. “So few perpetrators brought to account; so little justice.”
Ian Kershaw has written that “the road to Auschwitz was built by hate but paved by indifference.” Fulbrook reveals that the road from Auschwitz is not a whit less hateful and, certainly, no less met by indifference.
Graham Forst, PhD, taught literature and philosophy at Capilano University until his retirement and now teaches in the continuing education department at Simon Fraser University. From 1975 to 2010, he co-chaired the symposium committee of the Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre.
University of Ottawa’s Prof. Jan Grabowski delivered the Rudolf Vrba Memorial Lecture at the University of British Columbia Nov. 15. (photo by Pat Johnson)
Jan Grabowski, a University of Ottawa professor who is a leading scholar of the Holocaust, delivered the annual Rudolf Vrba Memorial Lecture at the University of British Columbia Nov. 15 – the same day he filed a libel suit against an organization aligned with Poland’s far-right government.
The Polish League Against Defamation, which is allied with the country’s governing Law and Justice Party, initiated a campaign against Grabowski last year, accusing him of ignoring the number of Poles who saved Jews and exaggerating the number of Jews killed by their Polish compatriots. Grabowski’s book, Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland, won the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research. An English translation of an even more compendious multi-year analysis undertaken by a team of researchers under Grabowski’s leadership will be published next year. His Vrba lecture provided an overview of some of the findings in the new work. It is a harrowing survey that brought condemnation from Polish-Canadians in the Vancouver audience.
The new book, which does not yet have an English title, is a work of “microhistory,” Grabowski said. Holocaust studies is one of the fastest-growing fields of historical research, he said, partly because it got off to a slow start and really only picked up in the 1980s. Much of the written work being completed today is in the area of survivor memoirs, second- and third-generation experiences, including inherited trauma, and “meta-history,” the study of the study of the Holocaust.
“This assumes that we actually know what has happened,” he said. Grabowski maintains there is still much primary research to be done. “We are still far away from knowing as much as we should about this, one of the greatest tragedies in human history.”
There are millions of pages of relevant historical documentation almost completely untapped – primarily in provincial Polish archives, police records and town halls – that spell out in detail the often-enthusiastic complicity of Poles in turning on their
Jewish neighbours. By combing through these previously ignored records, Grabowski and his co-authors have amassed evidence of widespread – and eager – involvement of Polish police and other Poles in assisting Germans to identify, hunt down and murder Polish Jews.
The work has been met with official condemnation. Earlier this year, the Polish government adopted a law that would expose scholars involved in the study of the Holocaust to fines and prison terms of up to three years. The criminal component of the law, including imprisonment, was rescinded after international backlash, but the atmosphere around Holocaust inquiry in Poland remains repressive.
Grabowski said that the “explosion of right-wing extremists, xenophobia and blatant antisemitism” in Poland is related to the “undigested, unlearned and/or rejected legacy of the Holocaust” – the fact that Polish society has, by and large, refused to acknowledge the wounds of the past or to deal with its own role in the extermination of three million of its Jewish citizens between 1939 to 1945.
The concept of microhistory, which is the approach Grabowski’s team uses, is not local history, he said, “it is an attempt to follow trajectories of people.” He instructed his researchers to focus on the exact day, often hour by hour, when liquidation actions took place in hundreds of Polish shtetls and ghettoes. To do so upends a conspiracy of silence that has existed for decades.
“Why the silence?” he asked the audience. “There were three parts to the silence. One was the Jews. They were dead. They had no voice … 98.5% of Polish Jews who remained under German occupation, who never fled, died. You have a 1.5% survival rate for the Polish Jews. So, the Jews couldn’t really, after the war, ask for justice, because they were gone.”
The communist regime that dominated Poland for a half-century after the war was viewed not only as a foreign power inflicted on Poles from the Soviet Union, Grabowski said, “but, more importantly, as Jewish lackeys – that was a term that was used.
“So, it wouldn’t really stand to have trials of those accused of complicity with the Germans for murdering the Jews,” he said. “That would only confirm the widespread accusations that the communists were here doing the Jewish bidding.”
The third factor in the silence were the interests of Polish nationalists, whose ideology is inherently antisemitic, and who are the dominant political force in the country today.
While clearly not all Poles were collaborators, it would have been impossible for almost anyone in the country to claim ignorance of what was happening.
“Mass killing was taking place in the streets,” the professor said. Researchers found bills of sale charging city officials for the sand municipal workers needed to cover the blood on sidewalks.
“When you say that blood was running in the streets, it’s not a metaphor, it’s just a description of what really happened,” he said.
In some ghettos, as many as half the Jewish population was killed on the day of the action, with massive participation from Polish society.
“One area more, one area less,” he said. “Usually between 10 and 20% of Jews were slaughtered simply in order to frighten the remaining 80% to go to the trains, to be herded to the trains,” said Grabowski.
In Poland’s smaller communities, centuries of Jewish and Polish social, commercial and civic interactions did not result in camaraderie – on the contrary.
“The deadliest places of all [were] small shtetls, small towns, where anonymity was not available when the authorities were not far away,” he said. In one instance, a Jew in hiding heard his neighbour assure the Nazis he would return with a hatchet to help them break into the hiding place seconds before the door was axed down.
In another example, Grabowski described in minute detail the atrocities committed by Germans, Poles and Ukrainian recruits in Węgrów, a town in eastern central Poland with a Jewish population of about “10,000 starving Jews who have been terrorized for nearly three years and now the final moment has come.”
Rumours of liquidation swirled for months, as Jews fleeing neighbouring communities brought narratives of destruction. In the day or two before the liquidation, wives of Polish military and other officials rushed to their Jewish tailors, shoemakers and others craftspeople to obtain the items they knew would soon become unavailable.
“With mounting panic, people started to prepare themselves for a siege,” said Grabowski. “They built hideouts to survive the initial German fury, they started to seek out contacts on the Aryan side of the city, looking for help from former neighbours, sometimes friends and former business partners.”
On the eve of Yom Kippur in 1942, Polish officials in the town were instructed to assemble horses, wagons and volunteers. A cordon of Nazis and collaborators surrounded the city at intervals of no more than 100 metres.
The mayor of the town wrote: “Jews who woke up to the terrible news ran like mad around the city, half-naked, looking for shelter.” The same leader noted that, when the Germans demanded he produce volunteers to help with the task of rounding up their Jewish neighbours, he feared he would not be able to meet their needs.
“Before I was able to leave my office, in order to assess the situation and issue orders for the removal of the bodies,” the mayor testified, “removal of the bodies had already started. There were carts and people ready. They volunteered for the job without any pressure.”
For Jews, the Germans were to be feared, but their Polish neighbours were also a threat.
“The greatest danger was not associated with the Germans, but with the Poles,” said Grabowski. “Unlike the former, the latter could easily tell a Jew from a non-Jew by their accent, customs and physical appearance.”
Poles were rewarded with a quarter-kilo of sugar for every Jew they turned in.
“The searches were conducted with extreme brutality and violence … the streets were soon filled with crowds of Jews being driven toward the market square, which the Germans had transformed into a holding pen for thousands of ghetto inmates,” he said.
On the streets, “the cries of Jews mixed with the shouts of the Germans and the laughter of the Poles,” according to an eyewitness.
“All of this was done in a small town where everybody knows each other,” said Grabowski. “It’s not only the question of geographic proximity, it’s social proximity. These people knew each other.”
People were taking clothes, jewelry and other possessions from the dead bodies. A husband would toss a body in the air while the wife pulled off articles of clothing until what was left was a pile of naked cadavers.
“They even pulled out golden teeth with pliers,” said Grabowski. A court clerk responded defensively to accusations that the gold he was trying to sell was soaked in human blood. “I personally washed the stuff,” he protested.
The prevalence in the Polish imagination of a Jewish association with gold partly accounted for the actions.
“This betrayal, due to widespread antisemitism and hatred of the Jews, was combined with the seemingly universal conviction that Jewish gold was just waiting to be transferred to new owners,” Grabowski said. “The myth of Jewish gold was so popular and so deeply rooted among Poles that it sealed the fate of [many Jews].”
The historical records indicate many Poles saw no need to cover their collaborationist tracks. Police and others who took it upon themselves to aid the Nazis without pressure defended their actions.
One policeman, after the war, depicted the killing of Jews as a patriotic act, one that saved Polish villagers from the wrath of the Nazis, who would have learned sooner or later about Jews in hiding and who then, he claimed, would have burned down the entire village.
As efficient as the Nazi killing machine was, Grabowski contends it could not have been as effective without the enthusiastic complicity of so many in Poland and other occupied countries.
“It was their participation that, in a variety of ways, made the German system of murder as efficient as it was,” he said.
With trepidation, Grabowski and his fellow researchers followed the documents and met with people in the towns. They would review documents from a 1947 trial, for instance, then go to the village in question.
The entire village would be conscious of its war-era history, he said. And the people who are, decades later, ostracized by their neighbours are not those who collaborated in the murder of Jews.
“The person that is ostracized is the family who tried to rescue the Jews, because they broke a certain social taboo and it still visible 75 or 76 years after the fact,” he said.
“Every time I present a speech to a Polish audience, the question of Polish righteous is presented as if it is a fig leaf behind which everyone else can hide.”
In the question-and-answer session, Grabowski shut down a persistent audience member who identified as Polish and who took exception with Grabowski’s research, arguing that Poland has more Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem than any other country.
“Every time I present a speech to a Polish audience, the question of Polish righteous is presented as if it is a fig leaf behind which everyone else can hide,” said Grabowski, who was born and educated in Warsaw. “The thing is, do you know how many Jews needed to be rescued? Poland had the largest Jewish community and using today Polish righteous as a universal and, let’s say, fig leaf behind which situations like I described here can be hidden is absolutely unconscionable. I protest against any attempt to overshadow the tragedy of Jewish people [with] the sacrifice of very, very few Poles.”
While Poland’s far-right government removed the mandated jail sentence for anyone found guilty of “slandering” Poland or Poles with complicity in Nazi war crimes, acknowledging the participation of Polish collaborators in the Holocaust remains a civil offence and Holocaust scholars in the country – and in Canada – face death threats and intimidation.
In introducing Grabowski, Richard Menkis, associate professor in the department of history at UBC, paid tribute to Rudolf Vrba, a Slovakian Jew who escaped Auschwitz and brought to the world inside information about the death camp, its operations and physical layout. Vrba, with fellow escapee Albert Wetzler, warned in 1944 that Hungarian Jews were about to face mass transport to the death camps. The news is credited with saving as many as 200,000 lives.
Vrba migrated to Canada and became a professor of pharmacology at UBC. He died in 2006.
The Vrba lecture alternates annually between an issue relevant to the Holocaust and an issue chosen by the pharmacology department in the faculty of medicine.
In spring 2015, at Luneburg Regional Court in Germany, the trial of Oskar Groening, “the bookkeeper of Auschwitz,” began. Nineteen-year-old Torontonian Jordana Lebowitz, a granddaughter of Holocaust survivors, was among those who witnessed the proceedings. The young adult book To Look a Nazi in the Eye: A Teen’s Account of a War Criminal Trial (Second Story Press, 2017), written with award-winning author Kathy Kacer, is about what Lebowitz experienced before, during and after the trial.
The book has different components and is not structured like a usual biography or historical account. It includes Lebowitz’s recollections as told to Kacer, as well as selections from Lebowitz’s blog, which the then-teen wrote for the Simon Wiesenthal Centre in Toronto about the trial. Numerous Holocaust survivors, now living in Canada, speak about their experiences at Auschwitz. They also traveled to Germany for Groening’s trial.
Lebowitz shares her concerns about going to Germany and readers learn how she made the trip come about. After almost every chapter, there are excerpts of Groening’s testimony that Kacer has based on news articles and interviews, as there were no transcripts from the trial itself. These sections allow readers to know what Groening was thinking as his claims were being assessed by the court. Charged with being complicit in the deaths of more than 300,000 Jews, he was eventually found guilty.
Lebowitz epitomizes how individuals from my generation should act. Her main goal was to ensure that the experiences of Holocaust survivors would be recorded so that future generations would be able to access them, and learn from them. Her main purpose in going to the trial was to witness this history and make sure that future generations would know it, too.
Lebowitz had been to Auschwitz on a March of the Living trip. The program takes students from around the world to Poland and Israel, so they can see firsthand and learn about the Jewish communities that once existed in Europe and the tragedy of the Holocaust that wiped almost all of them out. It was on March of the Living that Lebowitz met Holocaust survivor Hedy Bohm, with whom she became close friends. Bohm was imprisoned in Auschwitz for three months and testified in the trial against Groening.
As the bookkeeper at Auschwitz, Groening not only witnessed many Jews coming off the trains, but confiscated their possessions as they arrived. He was not tried for being a murderer, but for helping the Nazis murder Jews. The German government wanted Groening’s trial to occur, as they wanted Nazis who were still living to be brought to justice, even if it was many decades later.
Lebowitz heard about the trial from Bohm, and then set to figure out how she could attend it. The Simon Wiesenthal Centre agreed to fund the trip if she would blog her experience in the courtroom for others to read and follow as the trial was taking place. She managed to convince her parents she could handle what she would face on the trip during the trial, and Thomas Walther, the prosecutor, helped Lebowitz find a place to stay in Germany and procured a pass to allow her into the courtroom.
To Look a Nazi in the Eye is powerful in part because it reveals the compassion Lebowitz initially felt for Groening, in his frailty, sitting in the courtroom each day. He recounted heartbreaking stories of what had transpired in the camp. But, while Lebowitz believed at the start of the trial that he was truly sorry for what he had done, Groening’s stories began to change, and not for the better. He also said he was not guilty because he did not personally hurt or exterminate Jews.
As her daily accounts progress, there are humourous moments that balance out the horrific stories about Auschwitz. For example, purses and paper were not permitted in the courtroom. In order to blog, however, Lebowitz needed a notepad and pen. So, she snuck toilet paper and a pen that was hidden in a place the security guards would not find during a body search. Her persistence paid off, and Lebowitz managed to take notes each day. That her family and others read her blog posts gave her some assurance that she was succeeding in her mission of helping keep the history alive and relevant.
One part of To Look a Nazi in the Eye that is amazing is how Lebowitz interacts with the Holocaust survivors. Bohm, Bill Glied and Max Eisen were among the survivors who attended the trial and were brave enough to recount their experiences at Auschwitz. For them, and others, it was a duty to their family and themselves to ensure that some form of justice was achieved. At first, they seem pretty hesitant of a younger individual being at the trial, but later open up to Lebowitz more. Seeing a person from a younger generation advocating for this cause made them happy, in a sense.
Since returning to Canada, Lebowitz has remained involved in Holocaust remembrance. As the book’s website notes, she “came to understand that, by witnessing history, she gained the knowledge and legitimacy to be able to stand in the footsteps of the survivors who went before her and pass their history, her history, on to the next generation.”
Chloe Heuchert is a fifth-year history and political science student at Trinity Western University.
“I wanted to leave,” replied Groening again in a voice that had grown increasingly hoarse. “I asked for a transfer to the front.”
Was it Jordana’s imagination or was Groening faltering under the strain of the trial and the intense cross-examination? She hadn’t noticed it before, but he looked decidedly weaker at this point in the proceedings than he had looked in the beginning. His face was haggard, his shoulders slumped, and his hands trembled.
Finally, Thomas [Walther] gathered his notes together and stood in the centre of the courtroom. “Behind me sit the survivors who are here to testify, along with their descendants,” he said. “I ask you, Herr Groening, did you ever think when you were in Auschwitz that the Jewish prisoners might stay alive and eventually have their own children?”
Groening shook his head and closed his eyes. When he finally responded, his voice was faint. “No. Jews did not get out of Auschwitz alive.”
Who could shoot at close range two million children, women and men who were standing at the sides of graves they had just been forced to dig? And then, when this process proved inefficient, who could herd four million more into cement bunkers and drop cyanide pellets on top of them? Were they monsters?
“Monsters do exist,” Primo Levi once said, “but they are too few in number to be truly dangerous. More dangerous are the common men, the functionaries ready to believe and act without asking questions.”
Christopher Browning, in his famous 1992 study of Holocaust perpetrators, Ordinary Men, came to the same appalling conclusion: the killers were simple, middle-class working men, “believing Christians” from all walks of life (including thousands of priests and seminarians), just witlessly and anxiously “following orders” and blindly obeying peer pressure, not, in most cases, virulent antisemites.
The controversial nonagenarian scholar Guenther Lewy, the author of Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers (Oxford University Press, 2017), and son of a camp survivor, begins his new study of Holocaust perpetrators with the same question: “How could such terrible deeds happen in the heart of Christian Europe and among a nation known for its poets and thinkers? What had converted so many seemingly ordinary people into killers, willing participants in what is the worst crime in modern history?”
Lewy’s study is the first English-language volume to make use of the 49-volume collection of 929 German trial records of Holocaust perpetrators recently published by the University of Amsterdam (it is not made clear why the records were not published in Germany). He also draws upon an enormous accretion of “previously untapped” sources such as the 50,000 letters and diaries of Wehrmacht soldiers recently released by German archives, as well as victim recollections and, most importantly, hundreds of trial records of Nazi functionaries, beginning in Nuremberg in 1945 and continuing to the present day. Of the 1,200 citations in the 25-page bibliography and the 600 footnotes, by far most of them are from the late 1990s to the present.
Lewy’s conclusion is similar to Levi’s and Browning’s: the perpetrators were not characteristically sadists or psychopaths, or even necessarily antisemites, but simply obtuse followers of orders, vassals to peer pressure, or simply “ordinary people” trying to advance their careers.
Lewy’s graphic details and conclusions will be familiar to readers of Saul Friedlander’s monumental Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945: The Years of Extermination (2007), but Lewy’s access to the most recent documentation brings some new and important facts to light.
First, the whole notion of a “clean Wehrmacht” can now be dismissed. Lewy proves conclusively that there was close contact between the Wehrmacht and the SS and particularly the 38 “Totenkopf” (“Death’s Head”) divisions of the Waffen-SS: new evidence shows that Jews were “squarely in the crosshairs of the Wehrmacht” and that the number of members of the Wehrmacht who took part in the murder of Jews “is in the tens of thousands.”
Second, Lewy’s close study of the new material available allowed him to conclude that “not a single person who asked to be relieved [from duty in the killing squads] was tried by a military court” and, in fact, “most of their requests were granted.” Lewy found 85 cases of Wehrmacht soldiers who refused to shoot civilians: all were simply transferred to other duties. The significance of this finding, of course, is that it puts the lie to the excuse frequently made by the killers that they “had no choice” and “had to follow orders.” (Lewy points out, significantly, that Yad Vashem has in fact recognized 45 Wehrmacht soldiers as “saviours of Jews.”)
In the sixth chapter of Perpetrators, “Flawed Justice,” Lewy makes his most significant mark. Here, Lewy reveals that, of the 200,000 or so former Nazi killers who, through 2005, were investigated by German authorities, fewer than 10% had charges brought against them; and, of these, only half were convicted. Light sentences were the norm; and only eight of the 2,000 former members of the Einsatzgruppen investigated received life sentences. Most of these examples of “flawed justice,” Lewy concludes, had to do with the fact that so many judges were “tainted” as former party members, and that German law (unlike Canadian law) distinguished between perpetrators and accomplices, usually finding the latter innocent, as they were “only following orders,” that they were only “tools” or were not “unseemingly zealous” in their murderous actions. (Two years ago, German courts finally adopted Canadian/American style “common design,” sharing the guilt between perpetrators and accomplices.)
In his final chapter, “Explaining the Holocaust,” Lewy concludes that nobody, ultimately, can simply give up his freedom. Situation, genetics, conditioning are all significant, but “they do not dictate or determine character.” In fact, recalling how anxiously in 1945 the Nazis strove to cover up what they had done led Lewy to conclude that “even Hitler and the members of his immediate entourage probably knew deep down that they were doing wrong.”
And, as Lewy concludes, in his last sentence, “The fact that so few avoided evil orders remains an ineradicable blot on an entire German generation and a cross that their descendants continue to bear.”
Perpetrators is a valuable addition to a long story, one which may never be conclusively told.
Graham Forst,PhD, taught literature and philosophy at Capilano University until his retirement and now teaches in the continuing education department at Simon Fraser University. From 1975 to 2010, he co-chaired the symposium committee of the Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre.
A scene from United Players’ production of Taken at Midnight, which is at the Jericho Arts Centre until Nov. 26. Seen here are Brian Hinson as the Nazi Dr. Conrad and Suzanne Ristic as Irmgaard, Hans Litten’s mother. (photo by Nancy Caldwell)
As a Jew, a lawyer and a child of a Holocaust survivor, I am embarrassed to say that I had never heard of Hans Litten until I saw United Players’ production of Taken at Midnight, which runs to Nov. 26 at Jericho Arts Centre.
Litten was a brilliant young Jewish-German lawyer, known for his defence of opponents of the Nazi movement. In 1931, he had the audacity to subpoena Adolf Hitler as a witness in the trial of four Nazis charged with murder, and subjected him to a grueling three-hour cross-examination, exposing the Nazi party for what it really was – a murderous bunch of thugs. Litten called Hitler “a cross between Baron Munchhausen and Attila the Hun.”
Unfortunately for Litten and the world, within two years Hitler was in power and he started to exact his revenge on his opponents. At midnight on Feb. 28, 1933, after the Reichstag (German parliament) fire, Litten, along with thousands of others, was arrested or, as the Nazis euphemistically called it, taken into “protective custody” at a series of concentration camps. Litten became known as “Hitler’s personal prisoner” – the cocky Jewish lawyer who had dared to expose the Fuhrer’s weaknesses – and, over the years, was subjected to brutal torture and unspeakable degradation as punishment. Despite the valiant efforts of his mother, Irmgaard, to obtain his release over the five years of his incarceration, Litten ultimately committed suicide in Dachau in 1938, which was a bit messy for the Nazis, as they wanted their political prisoners to die accidentally or naturally, not by taking their own lives.
The irony is that Litten was not technically Jewish. His mother was not Jewish and his father had converted to Christianity (to make things easier). As Litten says in the play, “I am an atheist Jew and, prior to that, I was an atheist Lutheran.” Of course, that made no difference to the Nazis, who went back three generations to ferret out Jewish blood.
Playwright and filmmaker Mark Hayhurst’s 2010 BBC films The Man Who Crossed Hitler and To Stop a Tyrant planted the seeds for this staged work. It had its West End (London, England) debut in 2014. Reviewers called it a “masterpiece of theatre not to be missed.” Now, United Players has taken on the formidable task of presenting this gripping story to Vancouver audiences. From the minute you walk into the theatre, the dark, shadowy, stark set – an elevated wooden platform fronted by barbed wire positioned between two floor-to-ceiling red banners emblazoned with black swastikas – is a harbinger of the grim things to come.
The entire cast, mostly comprised of veteran actors, is stellar and, as an ensemble, makes this a truly remarkable theatrical experience. Particular mention has to be made of the two main protagonists – Suzanne Ristic as Irmgaard and Sean Anthony as her son. Ristic is sublime in her portrayal of this strong, heroic woman who takes on the Gestapo establishment in a relentless battle to free her son. She often takes centre stage to talk directly to the audience, thereby breaking down the fourth wall, making for a very intimate encounter. And Anthony plays his difficult role with dignity, yet shows uncompromising defiance. We ache as we watch his physical and mental decline – his transformation from ordinary citizen to bloodied, head-shaven prisoner; a business suit to the striped concentration camp uniform, replete with the obligatory yellow Star of David.
Supporting, but not lesser, performances come from the rest of the cast.
Brian Hinson as Dr. Conrad, Irmgaard’s Gestapo contact, portrays a man of culture and intelligence who appreciates this feisty woman and appears to feel affection for her. The scene where they share an ice cream on a summer’s afternoon in a park seems incongruous, juxtaposed against the darkness of this play. Yet it speaks to some form of humanity even in the worst of times.
Litten’s cellmates – Erich Muhsam, an anarchist (played by Richard Hersley) who refers to Hitler as “the Austrian transvestite,” and Carl von Ossietzky, a newspaper editor and winner of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize (played by Jewish community member Michael Kahn) – show the camaraderie and trust that can evolve from difficult circumstances. The triumvirate produces an amusing reenactment of Hitler’s cross-examination, providing an island of levity in their sea of despair.
Douglas Abel plays Fritz Litten, Hans’ father, as a calm counterpoint to his wife’s intense persona. John Harris, with his posh English accent, is Lord Clifford Allen, an English diplomat, patrician and pacifist who Irmgaard seconds in her quest for her son’s freedom. Allen is able to secure a meeting with Hitler to discuss the matter, but to no avail. Allen’s political attitude highlights the European appeasement zeitgeist of the early 1930s – that Germany was just experiencing growing pains and Hitler was an effective statesman, not a threat to the world. If only it had been so.
The play provides an historical lesson in the rise to power of the fascist Nazi regime and the consequences of speaking truth to power, but, at its heart, it is the story of the love of a mother for her son and her fight, at great personal risk, to try and save him.
As director Michael Fera, states in his notes, this is “an informative and deeply engrossing play about the high price paid for resisting tyranny,” and is as relevant today as it was in 1933. “People are living it now, again. History is repeating itself in many ways.”
Taken at Midnight is a tough watch and an emotional ride but well worth a trip to the Jericho Arts Centre. Kudos to artistic director Andree Karas for having the courage to stage this work. The show runs to Nov. 26, Thursdays to Sundays, 8 p.m., with 2 p.m. matinées Nov. 12, 19 and 26. For more information, visit unitedplayers.com or call 604-224-8007, ext. 2.
Tova Kornfeld is a Vancouver freelance writer and lawyer.
Last weekend, in Charlottesville, Va., hundreds of white supremacists, Ku Klux Klanners, neo-Nazis and other racists and antisemites rallied and brought violence to the hometown of Thomas Jefferson.
The images that emerged are bone-chilling. Men (mostly) carrying torches, swastikas and Confederate flags, screaming the ugliest epithets imaginable against African-Americans, gays and Jews. When the city of Charlottesville eventually ordered the racists to disperse (the racists were authorized to rally until things got violent), one of them got in his car and rammed it through a crowd of counter-demonstrators, killing one young woman and injuring many. The violence could have been infinitely worse, it should be noted, as scores of racists in battle fatigues were seen carrying combat weapons on their way to the rally, as is their Second Amendment right in that open-carry state.
Anyone who spent any time on social media or watching cable news in the succeeding days knows that the events and the issues raised by the rally and the preceding march through the University of Virginia have been assessed from multiple angles. The delayed and impotent response of President Donald Trump has been singled out as among the more worrying aspects.
The president of the United States responded by blaming “many sides” for the violence, an appalling equivocation that diminishes the office even further than the depths to which he has debased it in the past eight months. Items of Trump paraphernalia, notably “Make America great again” caps, were prominent among the racist ralliers and some commentators think the president’s remarks were tempered so as not to upset a political base that includes the very worst elements in American society.
David Duke, the former head hood of the KKK, said the rally was a step toward fulfilling Trump’s promises and, after Trump’s bland statement on events, Duke crowed that, essentially, his guy is in the White House. Meanwhile, Maxine Waters, an African-American congresswoman and outspoken critic of Trump, dubbed it the White Supremacists’ House.
The American Civil Liberties Union advocated for the right of the racists to express themselves and, while Canada has different laws and customs around this, we would not contest the idea of racists expressing themselves peacefully, primarily because suppression can metastasize bad ideas the way mold grows in darkness. The answer to bad speech, we have been arguing in this space for decades, is not no speech, but more speech. Indeed, many Americans and others have been motivated by their revulsion at events in Charlottesville to recognize the racial and cultural problems it represents, and have engaged in the civil discourse on the side of good.
We admit, though, that free speech works best when decent people are in leadership. So, for instance, when white supremacists and neo-Nazis rally and murder, a U.S. president should arouse the country’s best instincts as the leading voice for unity in diversity and basic human decency. That didn’t happen after Charlottesville.
Also, police preparations may have been inadequate. When African-Americans have peacefully marched in recent years, militaristic counter-measures have been put in place, as in Ferguson, Mo., after the shooting death of Michael Brown. In Charlottesville, gun-swinging, fatigue-festooned, swastika-waving white people were met with limited police presence, to the extent that they were permitted to physically attack counter-protesters.
An additional factor – perhaps the only one not adequately hashed over – is the subdued reaction to the antisemitism permeating the event. The poster for the rally featured a Magen David about to be smashed by a sledgehammer. A recurring chant at the rally, premised on the idea of white culture being subsumed, was “You will not replace us … Jew will not replace us!” Seig heil salutes and chants of “blood and soil,” a Nazi slogan, were part of the show.
The president notwithstanding, most American leaders have condemned the racism of the event, but condemnations of antisemitism in particular have been far less prominent in the aftermath. Hopefully, people feel that their statements against bigotry encompass antisemitism; less optimistically, perhaps there is a feeling that, while other forms of hatred are anathema to American ideals, displays of antisemitism are less surprising and, therefore, less requiring of explicit denunciation. This is something that needs further consideration and discussion.
If, as former president Barack Obama was fond of saying (quoting Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.), “the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice,” Charlottesville may turn out to be a positive turning point in a long and tragic history of racism, antisemitism and xenophobia in America. Optimists among us hope that the political awareness of erstwhile apathetic Americans will be awakened by the sight of torch-wielding Nazis in American streets – and spurred to action by the fact that this reality doesn’t elicit swift and strong condemnation from the most powerful person in the country and, indeed, in the world.
As Canadians, we have our own shameful history of racism and antisemitism to reckon with and should not allow ourselves any smugness when assessing our neighbour’s current spasm of hate. The passing of German-Canadian Holocaust-denier and Nazi-sympathizer Ernst Zundel this month in Germany – to which he was extradited in 2005 and convicted for inciting racial hatred – and a scan of Canadian web commenters around these subjects remind us that we remain far from some bigotry-free beacon to the world.
Still, it is only when these things are out in the open that they can be challenged and debunked. So, as debilitating as it may be to see and hear these ugly ideas and actions, it gives us the opportunity to counter them – if, unlike the president of the United States, we choose to do so sincerely.
Interior perspective of The Evidence Room, with models of an Auschwitz gas column and gas-tight hatch, plaster casts and a model of a gas-tight door. (photo by Fred Hunsberger, University of Waterloo School of Architecture)
Visitors to the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) will see an obscene display among the collections of dinosaur fossils, Egyptian mummies and suits of armour – a scale model of a gas chamber of the kind used at Auschwitz, where more than one million Jews were murdered between 1942 and 1945.
The Evidence Room exhibit, as it is named, consists of white plaster replicas of elements of the Nazi death camp murder machine, including the steel mesh columns through which pellets of Zyklon B insecticide were lowered to asphyxiate the prisoners locked inside the gas chambers. Similarly, it depicts the heavy door, which was bolted from the outside.
The exhibit features a reproduction of the original architectural drawings prepared by German architect, engineer and SS-Sturmbannführer Karl Bischoff, who served at Auschwitz as chief of the Central Construction Office of the Waffen-SS.
Visitors to ROM will note the meticulously planned airtight seal around the gas chamber’s door to prevent toxic leaks, and the grill-covered peephole that allowed dignitaries to watch the prisoners die.
“To understand this room … we first have to acknowledge that it’s related to the most murderous place,” said the exhibit’s creator, Robert Jan van Pelt, at a ROM Speaks lecture on June 27.
Van Pelt’s grisly display is the first in a ROM series intended to engender discussion of contemporary issues. And the issue here is forensic architecture, a relatively new field that uses planning and design tools to understand human rights abuses, in this case genocide.
For van Pelt, a Dutch-born architect who teaches at the University of Waterloo, The Evidence Room represents the culmination of two decades of work.
Van Pelt served as an expert witness during a trial, in London in 2000, in which Holocaust-denier David Irving unsuccessfully sued Emory University professor Deborah Lipstadt for libel after Lipstadt, in a book, called out the pseudo-historian’s falsehoods. Irving famously quipped “No holes, no Holocaust.”
Van Pelt testified that indeed there were apertures in the gas chambers’ ceilings through which poison pellets were dropped. His testimony led to his 2002 book The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial.
The 592-page volume greatly impressed Alejandro Aravena, curator of the 2016 Venice Architecture Biennale. The Chilean, who was awarded architecture’s Pritzker Prize for his work transforming slums and making architecture a tool of justice and social change, commissioned van Pelt to create an exhibit explaining the workings of an Auschwitz gas chamber. A model was on display at last year’s Venice Biennale.
In preparing for the current exhibit at ROM, van Pelt – together with colleagues Donald McKay, Anne Bordeleau and Sascha Hastings – wrote a supplementary book, The Evidence Room, published by the New Jewish Press in association with the University of Toronto’s Anne Tanenbaum Centre for Jewish Studies.
“It is difficult to imagine the details of a gas chamber, where humans were locked in to die,” says one Holocaust survivor quoted in van Pelt’s new book. “One has to feel the double grates that protected the bucket filled with poison pellets from the desperate hands of the condemned, peer into the bucket, imagine the pellets melting away, the poison oozing out of them.
“I knew a good deal about the Auschwitz-Birkenau murder factory,” says the survivor, “but the gas column really shocked me. Because of what I had read about people thinking they were going into a shower room, I had always imagined the gas being dispersed by sprinklers. Touching that construction had a profound effect on me – a new visceral recognition all these years later.”
And what of the pristine white plaster van Pelt and his architecture students used to build the reproduction?
For me, it jarringly evoked a sense of peace and innocence. But, as well, it called to mind that those murdered in the gas chambers defecated and urinated as they died and that Sonderkommandos (a special unit of slave labourers who removed gassed corpses and hauled them to the crematoria) had to whitewash the gas chambers after each usage. | <urn:uuid:b3801b94-8da0-49ad-90cd-8c60b902efde> | {
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Did you know that the invention of beach volleyball is tied to a chance occurrence in Hawaii?
The history of this beloved sport is a fascinating journey that involves a blend of innovation, cultural influence, and the spirit of fun in the sun.
As you ponder the origins of beach volleyball, it's intriguing to consider the key figures and events that led to its creation.
So, who exactly can be credited with inventing this iconic beach pastime? Stay tuned as we explore the intriguing beginnings and the individuals who played pivotal roles in shaping the sport that we know today.
- Beach volleyball originated in Hawaii and Santa Monica in the early 20th century.
- The modern two-player format of beach volleyball originated in Santa Monica.
- Beach volleyball gained popularity in Hawaii due to accessible public beaches and inexpensive equipment.
- The sport transitioned from a casual pastime to a globally recognized sport, with the first professional tournament organized in 1976 and beach volleyball becoming an Olympic sport in 1996.
Origins of Beach Volleyball
Emerging from the sandy shores of Hawaii and the sun-drenched beaches of Santa Monica, beach volleyball has a rich and storied origin that dates back to the early 20th century. The first game of beach volleyball was played in Santa Monica, California, with the modern two-player format originating there. However, the sport's roots can be traced to the beaches of Hawaii around 1915. It gained popularity due to the accessibility of public beaches and inexpensive equipment, leading to formal competitions and the organization of the first tournament in the United States.
Notably, beach volleyball was officially introduced as an Olympic sport for the 1996 Olympics, solidifying its place in the international sporting arena. The United States has been a significant contributor to the sport, producing notable players such as Karch Kiraly, Misty May-Treanor, and Kerri Walsh-Jennings. Internationally, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) governs beach volleyball, organizing prominent events like the Beach Volleyball World Championships and World Tour.
The sport's impact has been substantial, inspiring the creation of clubs, leagues, and offering scholarships for both men and women.
Evolution of the Sport
The evolution of beach volleyball has been marked by significant milestones, reflecting its journey from a casual pastime to a globally recognized sport.
- Early Origins: Beach volleyball first emerged in Hawaii around 1915, gaining popularity during the Great Depression as a low-cost pastime. It transitioned into the modern two-player game in Santa Monica, California, in the 1920s.
- Global Spread: The sport rapidly spread internationally, appearing in countries such as Bulgaria, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and France in the 1920s and 1930s. This widespread adoption laid the foundation for beach volleyball's global appeal.
- Professionalization and Recognition: Beach volleyball experienced a significant shift with the organization of the first professional tournament in 1976 and the establishment of the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) in 1983. These events marked the sport's professionalization and garnered recognition on a broader scale.
The evolution of beach volleyball has been a dynamic journey, culminating in its international recognition. From its humble beginnings in Hawaii to its inclusion in the Olympics and the establishment of global tournaments, the sport has undergone remarkable transformation, firmly establishing itself as a prominent and widely celebrated athletic pursuit.
Early Innovators and Pioneers
Early innovators and pioneers played a crucial role in shaping the foundation and development of beach volleyball as a globally recognized sport.
The sport's roots in Santa Barbara and its evolution into two-man beach volleyball can be attributed to early innovators like Paul Pablo Johnson and George David. Their contributions were pivotal in establishing the first beach volleyball games and fostering the sport's growth during the Great Depression.
Their efforts laid the groundwork for the sport's expansion, leading to its recognition as an Olympic sport in 1996. Additionally, the establishment of professional tournaments, such as the Olympia World Championship in 1976 and the founding of the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) in 1983, further solidified the professionalization of beach volleyball.
This marked a significant step in the sport's journey, as it gained global prominence and acceptance. The tireless dedication of these early innovators and pioneers, along with their strategic initiatives, played a vital role in propelling beach volleyball to its current status as a widely celebrated and competitive sport.
Transformation Into a Competitive Game
With its origins in Hawaii around 1915 and subsequent evolution into a competitive game in Santa Monica in the mid-1920s, beach volleyball has garnered widespread popularity due to its accessibility and relatively inexpensive equipment.
The transformation of beach volleyball into a competitive game has been a significant milestone in its history. It has seen substantial growth and recognition, leading to its official announcement as an Olympic sport for the 1996 Olympics. The first introduction of beach volleyball to the world stage was in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, further solidifying its status as a competitive game.
The sport's popularity has also resulted in the establishment of formal competitions and professional leagues, such as the Association of Volleyball Professionals and the Pro Beach Volleyball Tour, contributing to its status as a competitive game. Additionally, events like the World Tour Finals have further elevated beach volleyball's standing as a globally competitive sport.
Notably, the Brazilian beach volleyball team has played a pivotal role in fostering the sport's growth and competitive nature.
Global Impact and Popularity
From its roots in Hawaii to becoming a competitive game in Santa Monica, the global impact and popularity of beach volleyball have transcended traditional sports boundaries. The sport's appeal has spread around the world, with players and enthusiasts enjoying the game on beaches from California to the shores of many other countries.
The Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) has played a pivotal role in organizing professional tournaments and tours, contributing to the sport's international appeal. Furthermore, beach volleyball's inclusion in the Olympics since 1996 has elevated its status and global recognition, with athletes competing for Olympic gold on the world stage.
The sport's accessibility and relatively low equipment costs have made it a common recreational activity on public beaches, further contributing to its popularity. Additionally, the influence of beach volleyball extends beyond the court, impacting fashion trends and beach cultures.
The introduction of beach volleyball scholarships by organizations such as the NCAA and NAIA has also contributed to the sport's global popularity and development, providing opportunities for aspiring athletes to pursue their passion.
Notable Figures in Beach Volleyball History
Several notable figures have significantly influenced the history and development of beach volleyball.
- George David Center: In 1915, he played beach volleyball on Waikiki Beach in Hawaii, making him one of the earliest known beach volleyball players.
- Karch Kiraly: Renowned as the only beach volleyball player to win three Olympic gold medals, Kiraly's impact on the sport is profound. His exceptional skills and contributions have elevated the status of beach volleyball globally.
- Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh-Jennings: This dynamic duo achieved back-to-back Olympic gold medals in beach volleyball, solidifying their places as legends in the sport's history.
These individuals, among others like Paul Pablo Johnson and Ricardo Santos, have left indelible marks on beach volleyball. Their performances, innovations, and dedication have helped shape the sport into what it's today.
From its humble beginnings at the Santa Monica, California, Canoe Club to the grand stage of the Beach Volleyball World Championships and the AVP, these figures have played pivotal roles in the evolution and popularization of beach volleyball.
Modern Developments and Innovations
Beach volleyball has undergone significant modern developments and innovations that have propelled the sport to new levels of global recognition and popularity.
The inclusion of beach volleyball as an Olympic sport since 1996 has significantly elevated its status, attracting top players and increasing its global audience.
Innovations like the Beach Major Series, a collaboration between Red Bull, ACTS, and the FIVB, have aimed to enhance the sport's profile and provide an exceptional experience for fans.
The sport's expansion into new locations, such as Vienna hosting the 2017 World Championships, has underscored its increasing popularity and global reach.
Additionally, beach volleyball hasn't only made an impact on sports but also on fashion trends and beach culture.
The introduction of scholarships by the NCAA and NAIA has further facilitated the growth of beach volleyball by providing opportunities for student-athletes to pursue their education while excelling in the sport.
These modern developments and innovations have brought about a surge in tournament prize money, attracting top players and further solidifying beach volleyball's status as a premier sport.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who Founded Beach Volleyball?
Beach volleyball has evolved from its origins in Hawaii to become a global sport. Pioneers like Paul Pablo Johnson shaped its techniques and culture. Today, it's about skill, strategy, and the legends who have made it a competitive and beloved sport.
When Was the First Beach Volleyball Tournament?
The first beach volleyball tournament took place in the early origins of the sport. It marked a significant moment in the popularization process, leading to international competitions and influential players shaping its evolution and impact on beach culture.
Who Invented the First Volleyball?
Volleyball origins date back to the late 1800s. Historical origins trace the sport's roots to Massachusetts. William G. Morgan is credited with its invention, aiming to create a more inclusive alternative to basketball.
When Did Beach Volleyball Become a College Sport?
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The Special Education Needs Code of Practice gives guidance to education settings that helps to identify, assess and provide help for children with special educational needs. It sets out the processes and procedures organisations must or should follow to meet the needs of children.
Principles underlying the Code:
The SEND Code of Practice describes the principles that should be observed by all professionals working with children and young people who have SEN or disabilities. These include:
- Taking into account the view of children, young people and their families
- Enabling children, young people and their parents to participate in decision-making
- Collaborating with partners in education, health and social care to provide support
- Identifying the needs of children and young people
- Making high quality provision to meet the needs of children and young people
- Focusing on inclusive practices and removing barriers to learning
- Helping children and young people to prepare for adulthood
There are currently 96 pupils on role, age ranging from 5 – 16 years old. All pupils attending the school have an Educational Health Care plan (EHC) .
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A holistic approach to education can empower children to succeed in school and beyond. When teachers are involved in all areas of student development and create strong connections to help them achieve their individual goals, children thrive. But what does it mean to educate the whole child, and how does this have a positive impact on academic growth?
In early childhood education, the focus on the whole child ensures that a student will develop a positive attitude towards learning, says Polly Smith, kindergarten teacher at Pilgrim Lutheran School, a private school. PreK-8 on the north side of Chicago.
“A young child’s first introduction to school should be fun. I want students to love coming to my classroom every day and for that to turn into a love of learning that they will carry throughout their school years,” says Smith. “An environment that emphasizes the whole child brings fun and fulfillment in a play-based environment to best meet the needs of the child.”
When all aspects of a child’s development are recognized and encountered, they feel nurtured and understood. If they have the ability to pursue their own interests — and learn on their own schedule — during kindergarten and kindergarten, it sets them up for continued success year after year, she says.
“When a child’s needs are not met or they are subjected to arbitrary testing standards at an early age, school will not only not be seen as enjoyable, but it can damage their self-confidence. “, she adds. “A child who sees himself as unsuccessful in the early years of school may find it difficult to overcome this mindset later on.”
At Pilgrim Lutheran School, teachers appreciate that each child is unique and expect them to learn individually. “All children are different and we know that children develop biologically at different rates. It’s certainly the same when it comes to learning styles and timelines,” Smith says. “We have basic literacy and numeracy skills that we look for, but recognizing that all children progress differently is an important part of our philosophy of teaching every child at Pilgrim.”
A peek into Pilgrim’s kindergarten classroom reveals the many opportunities students have to explore and apply learning through play.
“You might see students asking their friends about their favorite colors, modeling a math lesson we did the night before. Or kids building with magnetic tiles, trying to make their creation bigger than the adults in the room, using problem-solving, math and engineering skills,” Smith says. “Students have many opportunities for movement in their learning, including multi-sensory experiences, and this helps solidify the concepts we introduce in a variety of ways. »
When children can apply what they learn individually and through play – a language they all understand – they gain social-emotional, collaborative, critical thinking, listening and relationship skills that serve them as they grow. progress through kindergarten and through their elementary years.
Foster academic and personal growth beyond early childhood
The focus on whole child development is not just for the early years at Pilgrim Lutheran School, but is an integral part of every classroom throughout the elementary and middle years.
“Whole-child care allows us to meet students where they are academically and prepare them to grow,” says Paula Raabe, who teaches upper-grade math at Pilgrim . “Through challenge and encouragement, students can level up with confidence and with the tools they need to succeed. This approach can even prepare a student for success in school and in life, as it helps children develop skills in collaboration, problem solving, and stress management. »
Parents who remember learning math through rote memorization might be surprised to learn how a whole-child approach focuses on each child’s maturity and cognitive growth by teaching concepts, not on memorization and numerical manipulation, says Raabe, who has been called the “best math teacher ever” by students and parents.
“When math is taught from a conceptual approach, allowing students to explore and discover, I can meet them where they are and help them grow to a new level of understanding,” she says. . “When math education focuses on the whole child, you’ll see hands-on diagrams and manipulations used regularly to develop concepts and help students with thinking and solving.”
Beyond the individualized approach of academics, students at Pilgrim Lutheran thrive in an environment that supports their social, emotional, and spiritual growth. Children attend weekly chapel services and are encouraged to develop their personal faith and participate in community service projects to find a positive place for themselves in society. Students also benefit from an on-site social worker, who teaches weekly social-emotional learning (SEL) classes at each level – and helps students deal with big feelings, improve communication skills, and deal with difficulties. friendship conflicts.
Ultimately, children who learn in a holistic environment among teachers who care deeply about all aspects of their individual growth will gain skills they can use universally.
“Every grade level, every field of study, uses group work and collaboration,” says Raabe. “Whether they are thinking about a STEM project or listening and sharing their knowledge in a literary discussion – even participating in clubs and sports – when students’ needs have been recognized and met, they are perfectly positioned to succeed in school, college, career and life.”
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What effects did the French revolution have on federalist America? The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799. Most of the conflict with the French revolution occurred in Europe. During the revolution Instead of the united sates supporting its French allies the United States remained neutral and didn’t pick a side.
The Marbury vs Madison case was a landmark Supreme Court case that formed the basis of judicial review. William Marbury had been anointed justice of peace by John Adams at the end of his term as President. James Madison believed that he should not have been appointed justice of peace. Following this, Madison did not deliver Marbury’s commission which resulted in the Marbury vs Madison case. As acting Chief Justice John Marshall told Madison that what he had done was illegal, but since Marbury’s petition was out of jurisdiction Madison claimed it unconstitutional so the court could not order Madison to return the papers.
After many fatal encounters between the two, America had gained control of the territory. They applied for annexation into the United States twice, but congress did not want to aggravate Mexican officials. Although, after James K. Polk was elected president in 1844, congress voted to annex Texas. The United States was not justified in the war with Mexico because they didn’t follow their laws, undisputed territory, and the idea of manifest destiny. To begin with, The United States was not justified because they didn’t abide by Mexico’s
Another key event that took place leading up to the Civil War was the Wilmot Proviso, which was a law that was created by David Wilmot of Pennsylvania. That had called for a ban on slavery in any lands won from the Mexican War. However it ended up not passing in Congress but this event heated up the debate over slavery in the new territories. Since the tensions were already high over slavery this event only sparked the war to occur even more. The final main event that was a cause leading up to the Civil War was The Fugitive Slave Act, which was a law that required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves.
Jefferson’s dilemma in the Louisiana Purchase In April of 1803 Thomas Jefferson was faced with many moral dilemmas in the process of buying the Louisiana territory. Though the price for the territory was beyond generous, Jefferson felt that by purchasing the territory he would be going against his beliefs that the constitution should be followed word for word. The constitution said nothing of the president having the power to purchase land from another government, or to use money of the states for the same purpose (“the moral dilemma”). Another problem was once the land was purchased, there was a fear that it could have been a waste since they had no way to know the layout of the land, and what it would be useful for.
Lastly the Sedition Act restricted free speech among the people which violated people’s protection granted under the first amendment of the constitution. However during this time the practice of the Judicial Review was still in its early stages and therefore not always effective. These acts were ultimately what helped the democrats defeat the Federalists during the election of 1800. The Sedition Act was allowed to expire in 1800 and the Alien Friends Act in 1801. Thomas Jefferson ended up
In his Reflections on the French Revolution, he blames the philosophes for their abstract ideologies that were incapable of accommodating the complexity of human nature and their rejection of the divinity of the monarchy that was the foundation of the constitution. Although, its influence over the population is debatable prior to 1789, which saw a publication of the thoughts of philosophes. The periods between the 1748 to 1770 clearly laid the base for a forum to critique traditional institutions but it was not till the collapse of political order that these ideals became widespread. taking Lefebvre’s argument that the Enlightenment had been the ideology of the bourgeoisie, and the evidence that sales of the Encyclopédie were particularly high within the upper classes supports this notion that the bourgeoisie, along with the nobility collectively knows as the ‘notables’, felt with conviction that they had become enlightened and must create a liberal state to promote the individual.
The opposition would claim that the people were aware of a bomb and that the Japanese committed similar crimes by attacking pearl harbor. As for the claim that an attack was justified, one crime cannot justify another. And for the claim that the Japanese knew of the invasion, If all the 15 countries that Hitler invaded had pamphlets tossed at them from the sky warning them of an invasion just hours before he started his campaign would we still think of him as a murderer? would a warning change the fact that Hitler was a war criminal? as the evidence would later prove, Truman knew fairly well of that the initial targets of his Fat Man and Little Boy were not purely military because otherwise he would not have ordered dropping of pamphlets warning the citizens of an invasion.
Terrorists are not receiving the accurate punishments for their behavior, from the government. The CNN article, US Terrorist Attack Fast Facts, claimed how from 1978-1995, there was a so-called “Unabomber” that was held responsible for a string of mail bombings, resulting in the deaths of three people and the injuries of many others. These bombings are classified as terror cases; however, this “Unabomber” was not sentenced to execution. Instead, he was
Unfortunately the British and French found what they needed from different sources. The Embargo Act was unpopular and a huge failure. We realized we need to trade for ourselves; it hurt us more than them. The British went without American trade for 18
The United States was a strong force against Great Britain throughout the war. During the War the British would capture American men thinking they were British Troops who traded sides. The war had a huge impact on the Americas was in 1814 when Great Britain captured Washington D.C. eventually burning the White House. During this time America stood strong and did not let this attack stop them from pushing forward.
constitution that allows “to protect domestic producers from foreign competitors” (Hummel 15). The South in general did not like the idea of federal government denying state rights and South Carolina backed by John C. Calhoun nullified this tariff by calling it unconstitutional, oppressive, and unjust (Hummel 15). State rights go hand and hand with slavery and new territories into the Union at the time. Slavery increasingly divided the nation after the war of 1812. This made it very hard for states entering the union to decide to be either a free state or a slave state.
Interpretation of the Constitution’s Vesting Clause has caused the executive's office to greatly expand or contract throughout the course of American history. Every president perceives the Constitution differently, causing contested changes to the office in the pursuit of their overarching goal of national security . As early as Washington's first term, presidential interpretation affected the office’s growth and set the precedent for years to come. He immediately expanded the power of the veto by the denial of a House apportionment bill. The veto was rationalized on the grounds of constitutionality, but even this was an expansion of presidential power. | <urn:uuid:bcdcb7a2-2ee5-4910-a39e-6cb647eba807> | {
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The territory of Bulgaria has been inhabited since antiquity, as the country’s many ancient settlements and burial mounds attest. Present-day Bulgaria was a cradle of some of the earliest civilizations in Europe – the oldest gold ornament ever discovered, unearthed in the Chalcholite necropolis near Varna, is evidence of that.From the age of Ancient Thrace we have inherited valuable cultural monuments, including tombs (such as the Kazanlak tomb, the Aleksandrovska tomb, and the Sveshtarska tomb);
The natural landscape of Bulgaria is diverse, consisting of lowlands, plains, foothills and plateaus, river valleys, basins, and mountains of varying elevations. About 70% of the country’s territory is hilly land and 30% is mountainous. The average elevation of the country’s territory is 467 m, generally decreasing from south to north and from west to east.
In the central part of the country lies the Balkan Mountain Range, where the highest peak is Botev (2,376 m). The northern arm of the Balkan Mountains is mainly karst. The highest peak in this range is Vasilyov (1,490 m).
Lifestyle and Culture
Lifestyles and cultures in what is now Bulgaria have developed over thousands of years. The country is located at the crossroad between Europe and Asia, and the lands of Bulgaria have been populated since antiquity. The Slavs and proto-Bulgarians were greatly influenced by the cultures of the Thracians, Illyrians and Greeks, and all peoples who resided on these lands – Thracians, Romans, Slavs, and Bulgarians – have contributed to the world’s cultural heritage. It is no accident that the earliest European civilization grew up here. | <urn:uuid:2d30de8e-9514-4339-9743-516d9dbadeee> | {
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Keitai is considered to have ruled the country during the early-6th century, but there is a paucity of information about him. There is insufficient material available for further verification and study.
When Emperor Ankan died, he had no offspring and succession passed to his youngest brother who will come to be known as Emperor Senka. Emperor Senka was elderly at the time of his enthronement; and his reign is said to have endured for only three years.
This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Senka's mausoleum. It is formally named Musa no Tsukisaka no e no misasagi, however, the actual sites of the graves of the early emperors remain problematic, according to some historians and archaeologists. | <urn:uuid:86a194ee-8846-4a08-989b-abc54b62390d> | {
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What are the symbols of the Anasazi
Kokopelli, the flute player
Rock cathedrals and tuff towers rise abruptly from the barren table mountains, the "Mesa", with their scattered sage bushes, mini pines and junipers. The mesa suddenly break into deep canyons that the Colorado and its tributaries have carved out of sandstone and volcanic tuff for millennia. The river valleys with aspen, maple and poplar trees form green oases between the yellow-red, bare canyon walls. Hot, dry summers are punctuated by violent thunderstorms; Snow storms sweep across the vast mesas and steep canyons in winter.
This harsh and magnificent “Mesa Verde” landscape attracted nomadic gatherers and hunters thousands of years ago to settle here and grow corn, beans and pumpkins. The unique culture of the "Anasazi", the legendary Indian tribe of the North American Southwest, developed (see article below, "The Indians of the Midwest"). Today, numerous pueblo ruins and residential complexes carved out of the canyon walls testify to a complex settlement. The pueblos, terraced residential complexes that can often only be reached via ladders, have been preserved to this day as a structural form.
The only "written" traditions of the Anasazi are thousands of paintings on canyon walls, pueblo walls, and pottery. Early rock carvings (petroglyphs) in the dark desert patina made of iron and manganese oxide often depict hunting scenes: stick figures with bows and arrows hunt mountain goats, antelopes or deer. Later, the Anasazi artists also used white or red pigments to paint figures, ornaments and symbols, the meaning of which has long been forgotten.
One figure appears again and again among the numerous motifs: Kokopelli, the flute player. One time he appears with a hump or sack and a pronounced phallus, another time with a walking stick or headdress made of feathers. Sometimes the flute player seems to dance to his melody or to beguile a female figure. Often he lies on his back and kicks his legs.
Kokopelli, the quick-change artist, does not make it easy for archaeologists to uncover its origin. "Dating is difficult," admits Dr. Peter Pilles of the National Forest Service in Flagstaff, Arizona, who has studied more than 1,500 drawings. “Sometimes we are lucky that the figure appears on the wall of a pueblo ruin, the remains of which we can date using the carbon method. But we often have to deduce its age from stylistic features and comparisons. ”After that, Kokopelli appears in his typical form - with hump or sac and phallus - for the first time between 1000 and 1100 AD in the area of Mesa Verde. Isolated earlier representations may go back to the time around the birth of Christ. Kokopelli did not move much beyond the Anasazi settlement area. The uncertain beginnings and oral traditions leave a lot of scope for interpretation:
Some archaeologists see the flute player as a wandering merchant. The Anasazi traded in mussels from the Pacific coast and turquoise stones from the Rio Grande; They exchanged turquoise jewelry for copper bells and parrots from Mexico. According to an Indian legend, Kokopelli brings maize from Mexico in his sack.
Other researchers discover similarities in Kokopelli with the Mayan gods of Central America. Pilles rejects the immigration theory, however: "We are pretty sure that Kokopelli originated in the Anasazi area."
According to Pueblo legends, the flute player brings a sack full of songs - and babies.
Kokopelli was therefore probably a symbol of fertility - but at the same time also a beguiling minstrel or even seductive Casanova. Rock carvings leave no doubt about his arts: In them Kokopelli touches a chaste adored woman with his phallus through an underground tube.
Sex, fertility and reproduction are central to survival in a harsh land with periods of drought and uncertain harvests. Kokopelli is therefore also the rain maker, who attracts the clouds with his flute playing. The cicada attached to him helps, which in the myth of the Hopi Indians "sings" when it rains. Even today, the Anasazi successors play their flute at springs when they wait for rain. The spiral occasionally scratched on the petroglyphs is also interpreted as a symbol of water. “But that's pure speculation,” objected Pilles.
Sometimes Kokopelli takes part in hunting or armed conflicts with a bow and arrow. Conflicts with immigrants such as the Navajos are unlikely, however, because these nomads did not move into the Mesa Verde area from the north until around 1400 AD. Internal conflicts are more likely. In the late period (1150 to 1250 AD) the Anasazi moved from the vast table mountains to protected settlements that they had carved dizzyingly out of the rock walls of the canyons. Flint and obsidian fragments in such rock dwellings suggest a great need for arrowheads.
After 30 years of study, Dr. Linda Cordell, an archaeologist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, said that environmental problems caused the decline of the Anasazi culture. The growth rings of trees - preserved as roof beams - show that around 1150 AD the precipitation fell only sporadically and the water table sank. First, according to Cordell, a rural exodus began, causing large settlements such as "Mesa Verde", "Canyon de Chelly" and "Chaco Canyon" to swell - the supply system collapsed. Still fertile arable land and wood stocks were defended vehemently, but open wars between individual cities are not documented.
But if hunger and war did not drive the Anasazi away, why did they leave? Did Kokopelli, like the Pied Piper of Hamelin, lure them to the south, from where traders had brought them news of blooming pueblos?
“For whatever reason the Anasazi left,” explains Cordell, “they left their ancestral territory around 1300 AD and only reappeared in an organized manner in the 15th century.” The emigrants retained two things: their ceremonial common rooms , Called "Kiva", and Kokopelli.
Kokopelli, the seductive rogue, is as alive as ever, happily playing his flute in rock paintings. Its recent transformation is evidence of its unbroken popularity: As a tourist Kokopelli kitsch in all its forms, it can be found in souvenir shops from Phoenix to Santa Fe. Kokopelli gives no information about its origin or migration. But even in the kitschy form he is a witness that the Anasazi have not disappeared. Like Kokopelli, they live on in the legends and dances of the pueblos.
The early Indians of the Midwest
More than 2000 years ago, nomadic gatherers and hunters settled on the plateaus (Mesa Verde) of the Rocky Mountains in what is now the four-country corner of the US states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. They developed into the most important Indian tribe in early North American history: the Anasazi shaped the culture and trade of the region well into the 16th century.
From the beginnings of sedentarism (300 to 500 AD) there are small millstones that the Anasazi used to grind corn. They made elaborate, sturdy baskets out of sisal, bark and grass. The time was named after these basket weavers. Around 700 AD the Indians begin to build their settlements out of stones and mud bricks - the time of the "pueblos" (villages) begins. Household vessels are made, which are artistically refined over the centuries.
Initially, there are independent pueblos, usually with fewer than 100 inhabitants, scattered on the plateaus, called "mesa", and in the river valleys. Round living rooms or cellars that are half set in the ground are converted into large "kiva" - meeting rooms for ceremonies - over time. Around 900 AD, a tightly organized society forms in Chaco Canyon, 100 kilometers south of Mesa Verde, whose economic and ceremonial center was Pueblo Bonito: the D-shaped settlement with around 700 square rooms and 40 kivas is around two large ones Village squares laid out. Pueblo Bonito was connected to more than 100 villages by an almost 400 kilometer long, dead straight system of paths. At its heyday around 1100 AD, the Chaco metropolis had around 5,000 inhabitants. In the Mesa Verde area around this time the Anasazi move from their mountain pueblos into cave castles, which they carve into the sandstone cliffs of the canyons or build under protective rock ledges. The most famous settlement is the "Cliff Palace".
A rapid decline began in the middle of the 12th century. By the end of the century, the Anasazi had left Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon, and the surrounding settlements. It is now clear where they went: The Anasazi migrated to sparsely populated areas in the south and southeast, where their descendants now live - the Hopi in Arizona, the Zuni in southwestern New Mexico and the Pueblo Indians along the Rio Grande in eastern New Mexico . Why they left their centuries-old homeland remains a mystery.
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- Muslims can follow all four sects | <urn:uuid:e113a09b-281b-41ba-b7d1-c98298fbc0cc> | {
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Performance on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has varied by country and region; some regions are closer to meeting the targets, while others such as Africa are not as close. But Africa has accelerated progress on the MDGs despite unfavourable initial conditions, being the region with the lowest starting point. Thirty-four out of 54 countries that are classified as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are in the African region, representing a disproportionate share of low-income countries (LICs).
It is therefore inappropriate to assess the continent’s performance on the same basis as the more advanced regions; when assessments take into account the initial conditions of the continent, it emerges that the pace of progress on the MDGs in Africa has accelerated since 2003.
Indeed, an assessment of performance based on effort reveals that eight of the top ten best performers (i.e. those experiencing the most rapid acceleration) are in Southern, East, Central and West Africa. Burkina Faso ranked the highest in MDG acceleration. Furthermore, progress was more rapid in LDCs than in non-LDCs. | <urn:uuid:3e92acd2-719f-462f-a1e1-7bc2b366fe29> | {
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There are a variety of animals that have killed the most humans. Sharks are perhaps one of the most infamous, as they are known to be aggressive and have a tendency to attack humans. Bears are also known for being dangerous to humans, as they can become aggressive when they are threatened or when their territory is invaded. Lions are also known to be predators that can kill humans, as are alligators and crocodiles. But do you know? that they don’t even crack into our top 10 list of deadliest animals to humans.
Deaths : 2000
Photo Credit: Wikimedia
Tapeworms are parasites that live in the intestines of animals. They can infect humans if they ingest food or water that is contaminated with the eggs of the tapeworm. Once inside the human body, the tapeworm larvae grow into adults and attach themselves to the intestinal wall.
Tapeworms can cause a number of health problems, including intestinal inflammation, malnutrition, and even death. In rare cases, tapeworms can also cause seizures, brain tumors, and other serious health problems.
Despite their potential dangers, tapeworms are not commonly known to cause death in humans. In fact, tapeworms kill around 2000 humans per year, which is significantly less than the number of people killed by other animals in this list.
Deaths : 3000
There’s a reason scorpions have a bad reputation. They may not kill as many people as sharks or snakes, but they still manage to kill quite a few humans every year. In fact, scorpions are responsible for more than 3,000 deaths annually.
Most of these deaths occur in developing countries, where access to healthcare is limited. Scorpion stings can cause a range of symptoms, from pain and swelling to respiratory problems and even death.
There are treatments available for scorpion stings, but they can be expensive and difficult to access in some parts of the world. Prevention is the best way to avoid scorpion stings, so be sure to take precautions when travelling in areas where these creatures are found.
8- Assasin Bugs
Deaths : 10,000
Kissing bugs got their name because they often bite people on the face around the mouth and lips. They are attracted to the carbon dioxide we exhale, and they use their long, straw-like mouthparts to pierce the skin and suck out our blood. It can carry Chagas disease, which is a serious illness that can cause heart problems, digestive issues, and even death. They cause more than 10,000 deaths a year. In fact, the Assassin bug is responsible for killing more human beings per year than any other species of bug.
If you think you’ve been bitten by a kissing bug, you should wash the bite area with soap and water and then apply a cold compress. You may also want to take antihistamines to help reduce the swelling and itching. If you develop any serious symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or fever, you should seek medical help right away.
7- Tsetse Flies
Deaths : 10,000
Photo Credit : Secondopinion
Tsetse flies are attracted to shiny objects, so they are often seen flying around people’s heads. They bite humans to feed on their blood, and the parasites that they transmit can cause serious illness. Sleeping sickness is a serious and often fatal disease that affects the brain. It can cause confusion, hallucinations, and seizures. Nagana is a fatal disease that affects the nervous system and causes animals to become weak and die. Each year, tsetse bugs kill approximately 10,000 human beings and 100,000 animals.
Tsetse flies are a major public health problem in Africa, and efforts are being made to control them. Insecticides can be used to kill flies, and fences can be erected to keep them out of certain areas. Vaccines are also being developed to protect people and animals from the parasites that tsetse flies transmit.
6- Freshwater Snails
Deaths : 20,000
While freshwater snails may not seem like a threat to human beings, they actually account for the deaths of more than 20,000 people every year. This is because many freshwater snails are capable of carrying a parasitic nematode called schistosomiasis, which can cause a number of serious health problems, including death.
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that is spread through contact with contaminated water. The nematode parasite that causes the disease can infect a number of different organs in the body, including the liver, lungs and intestines. Symptoms of the disease can vary depending on the organ that is affected, but can include fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, chest pain and, in some cases, death.
While schistosomiasis is a serious disease, it can be treated with a number of different drugs. However, if left untreated, the disease can be fatal. If you are travelling to an area where there is a risk of getting schistosomiasis, it is important to take precautions to reduce your risk of infection. This includes avoiding contact with contaminated water, washing your hands regularly and wearing appropriate clothing and shoes.
Deaths : 40,000
Dogs are commonly known as “man’s best friend” for their loyal and friendly nature. However, dogs are also capable of killing human beings. In fact, dogs kill more human beings per year than bears, alligators, and sharks combined. While the majority of these dog-inflicted fatalities are from bites, other causes of death include being hit by a car while fleeing from a dog, being knocked down by a dog, and being killed by a dog defending its territory. Each year dog bites cause more than 40,000 deaths a year.
There are a number of reasons why dogs bite humans. However, the majority of fatal dog bites are from unprovoked attacks. These dogs are typically not threatened or harmed in any way when they attack, and they may even be friendly to the person they kill.
There are a number of things that can be done to prevent dog bites from happening. Most importantly, dog owners should keep their dogs restrained and under control at all times. Dogs should be kept in a fenced-in yard or on a leash when they are outside. Owners should also be aware of their dog’s body language, and they should immediately remove their dog from any situation in which it appears that the dog may be about to attack. Additionally, all dogs should be properly socialized and trained when they are young so that they will be less likely to bite humans as they get older.
4- Ascaris Roundworms
Deaths : 60,000
Photo Credit : Nurselabs
The disease that these worms ascariasis, cause, infects an estimated 800 million people worldwide. Ascariasis is a debilitating and sometimes fatal disease. In addition to causing death, ascariasis can lead to serious health problems, such as intestinal obstruction, malnutrition, and impaired growth and development in children. It causes more than 60,000 deaths annually.
Ascaris worms are spread through contact with soil that is contaminated with human feces. The eggs of the worms are tiny and can survive for long periods of time in the environment. When the eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines and the young worms grow and mature. They can then travel to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, where they can cause serious health problems.
Ascaris worms are relatively easy to treat with medications such as albendazole and mebendazole. However, because worms are so common and the disease they cause is so debilitating, prevention is the best strategy for avoiding infection. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly and keeping the environment clean, are key to preventing the spread of ascariasis.
Deaths : 135,000
Snakes kill an average of 135,000 people per year, making them one of the world’s deadliest animals. Most snake bites occur in rural areas, where people are more likely to be interacting with snakes in the wild. However, snakes can also be found in more urban areas, and they often enter homes through cracks and crevices.
The majority of snake bites are from venomous snakes, although non-venomous snakes can also cause injuries. The venomous snakes found in North America include the rattlesnake, copperhead, and coral snake. The majority of snakebite fatalities are from venomous snakes in the Asia-Pacific region. In this region, the saw-scaled viper is the most deadly snake, accounting for around 60% of snakebite fatalities.
There are a number of things that can be done to reduce the risk of snakebite, including being aware of your surroundings, wearing boots and long pants when hiking in snake-infested areas, and keeping your property free of debris and clutter that could provide a hiding place for snakes.
Deaths : 468,000
Homicide is the act of killing someone, and is usually divided into two categories: murder and manslaughter. Murder is the intentional killing of another person, while manslaughter is the killing of someone, but without intent. So, how many people die from homicide each year?
There are several reasons why it is difficult to calculate the number of people who are killed by other people each year. For one thing, not all homicides are reported to the police, and not all of those that are reported are classified as homicides. Furthermore, the definition of homicide can vary from country to country.
Another problem with calculating the number of homicides is that it is not always easy to determine the perpetrator of a crime. In some cases, the victim and the perpetrator are the same person, and in others, the perpetrator is not identified.
Despite these difficulties, there are a number of efforts underway to try to estimate the number of homicides around the world. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) publishes an annual report on homicide rates in different countries. The most recent report, which was published in 2016, estimated that there were around 468,000 homicides around the world in 2012.
Deaths : 1,000,000
Mosquitoes are a huge problem all over the world, and they kill a lot of people every year. In fact, mosquitoes kill more people every year than any other animal on the planet. They can spread all sorts of diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever. They are a huge threat to human health, and we need to do something to get rid of them.
Mosquitoes kill around 1,000,000 people per year, making them the deadliest animals in the world. This may not seem like a lot, but when you consider that mosquitoes are responsible for more deaths than sharks, snakes, and spiders combined, it is clear that they are a serious threat.
Many people think that mosquitoes are only a problem in developing countries, but this is not the case. Mosquitoes are found all over the world, and they can cause problems in both developing and developed countries.There are many ways to protect yourself from mosquitoes, including using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying inside during peak mosquito hours. However, the best way to protect yourself from mosquitoes is to get rid of them.
There are many different ways to get rid of mosquitoes, but the best way is to use a mosquito killer. Mosquito killers are devices that attract and kill mosquitoes. They are a safe and effective way to get rid of mosquitoes, and they can be used in both homes and businesses. | <urn:uuid:7008cc09-301d-4fce-810d-1ebbf0d7389d> | {
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Lesson 1 - Grammar - ECOLOGY - Page4
Now read these dialogues.
Sue: We have to talk about that project. Can I call you around 8 tonight?
Tim: No, I’ll be watching the football then.
Sue: How about tomorrow morning?
Tim: Great, why don’t you call me on Skype? I’ll be working on the computer all morning.
Tim is using the future continuous because he’ll be in the middle of doing something.
Look at the following pair of sentences. Can you see the difference?
1. I’m too busy to think about it now. I’ll work on that project tomorrow.
2. I’ll be working on that project tomorrow so you may call me on Skype any time.
In sentence 1 you’re simply saying “Don’t bother me now. I’ll do it tomorrow.” In sentence 2 you’re saying “I’ll be busy doing something on my computer all day so you can easily get in touch with me while I’m working.” So as with other continuous tenses you’ve already learned, we talk about a longer activity.
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Gee builds on Lave and Wenger’s (1991) concept of communities of practice, but focuses more on the space, rather than membership. He proposes that the assumption of community is a false one, as people can participate in the same community, yet not feel a sense of belonging or membership. Gee defines affinity spaces as a “place, or set of places where people can affiliate with others, based primarily on shared activities, interests, and goals” (2004, p.73). With online communication becoming more prevalent, Gee believes that this re-conceptualization of communities of practice is needed because “if we start by talking about spaces rather than “communities” we can then go on and ask to what extent the people interacting within a space, or some subgroup of them, do or do not actually form community” (2004, p. 78). Using the term “community” indicates closer social ties, that of belongingness and membership with similar goals, which aren't always present in online communication. It may be easier to delineate the boundaries of the space and then look at how different sorts of people use that space - what they do there and what they get from that space.
To define the space, especially online where there are no physical or geographical boundaries, Gee (2004) suggests content and interaction as a way of defining the space. The things that give the space content and meaning, he titles the generator. The entry into the space he titles the portal which isn't another person, but rather a tool (textbook), activity (small group discussion), or generation of content (posting a lesson plan). For an affinity space, people choose to enter the space because of an interest in the content, not the people occupying the space, which is a significant shift from Lave and Wenger’s (1991) community of practice where the apprenticeship model and relationships are key. In an affinity space, there is little designation of apprentice or master. Gee’s (2004) defining characteristics of an affinity space include:
- A common endeavor (interests, goals or practices)
- People with varying levels of experience and skill share the same space
- Ways of entering the space can also generate content
- Content is organized and transformed by the users
- Intensive and extensive knowledge is encouraged
- Individual and distributed knowledge is encouraged
- Dispersed knowledge (not in the space) is highlighted
- Tacit knowledge is modeled and articulated
- Many forms and routes to participation
- Many routes to status
- Leadership is porous and leaders are resources
Much of Gee's work, and others, focus on affinity spaces online and mostly through massive multi-player online role playing games or fan-fiction sites (Gee, 2003; Squire & Steinkuehler, 2005; Squire, Giovanetto, Devane, & Durga, 2005; Black, 2007 ). However, the characteristics Gee describes are evident in many other online spaces, such as a collaborative wiki or Ning.
Black, R.W. (2007). Fanfiction writing and the construction of space. E-Learning, 4(4), 384–397. Retrieved from dx.doi.org/10.2304/elea.2007.4.4.384
Gee, J.P. (2003) What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gee, J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. New York: Routledge.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Squire, K., Giovanetto, L., Devane, B., & Durga, S. (2005). From users to designers: building a self-organizing game-based learning environment. TechTrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 49(5), 34-74.
Squire, K., & Steinkuehler, C. (2005). Meet the gamers. Library Journal 130(7), 38–42 | <urn:uuid:6e4dc7d4-d865-4bc2-b576-9afa8adc062b> | {
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(also SSL certificate, digital certificate, website security certificate, HTTPS certificate)
Security certificate definition
A security certificate is a small data file used to confirm the authenticity, identity, and reliability of a website or web application. The file contains verified information about the company and the domain.
A security certificate provides the website’s security level to visitors, ISPs (internet service providers), and web servers. Other names for a security certificate include SSL certificate, digital certificate, and HTTPS certificate. Third-party certificate authorities (CAs) issue security certificates to websites after verifying that the website belongs to the correct organization.
Common security certificates
- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificates
- Transport Layer Security (TSL) certificates
- SSL server certificates
- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) certificates
Benefits of security certificates
- Website authentication and increased trust. Security certifications show the users that a website is trustworthy, authentic, and secure. However, since most phishing websites use SSL certificates, too, it’s recommended to do a bit of research before accessing an unknown website.
- Increased security through encryption. Website security certificates use encryption to prevent malicious actors from intercepting messages. Encryption ensures no hacker can access the information stored on the website or make unauthorized changes to your data.
- Improved search rankings. While security certificates don’t boost website rankings dramatically, search engines reward website security. For example, Google has included HTTPS as a lightweight parameter during a keyword search: if two websites have the same parameters, the one with a security certificate will rank higher. | <urn:uuid:9f461015-4e8e-4ad4-a48e-0c48826cbab0> | {
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On October 21, 1918, Germany decided to cancel their unrestricted warfare and fired their last torpedo for World War 1. The unrestricted warfare was supposed to be their hope to win against the British if the US had not intervened.
Germany was determined to overpower the British and thus declared an unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1915 during World War I. The country declared that the sea around the British Isles will become a war zone where the German navy were instructed to attack all merchant ships, including the ones that come from neutral countries. To make sure that they will subdue the British navy at sea, the Germans sent their most feared weapon to carry out the plan – the stealthy U-boat submarine. Following the declaration, merchant ships were attacked. The British ship Lusitania was one of those that fell victim to the German’s cruelty, where 1,201 suffered fatality, 128 of which were Americans.
Woodrow Wilson who was the president of the United States at that time was very much displeased by what happened and demanded that the Germans put a stop to their attacks against unarmed merchant ships. The Germans were afraid that if they did not adhere to Wilson’s demands, they might provoke the U.S. into participating in the war. Over the next year, the German navy limited their attacks with the expectancy that upon doing so, the U.S. leader will somewhat be appeased with their effort.
However, at the start of 1917, naval and army commanders convinced Kaiser that the U-boat warfare would be advantageous for Germany in the fight against the British. They told him that victory could easily be theirs by the end of fall if they persisted with the unrestricted submarine policy. On February 1st, the Germans officially resumed their attacks, following the same orders as before. Just two days after, Wilson broke U.S. diplomatic relationship with Germany and entered into World War I. They joined forces with the Allied powers on April 6, 1917.
Germany believed that the naval war would give them advantage despite the fact that they were not progressing on the battlefields of the Western Front. Their hope only grew fainter when the Allied showed up once again in France and Belgium by summer in 1918. It didn’t also help that their own soldiers and sailors started to get frustrated and discontented. By mid-October, Admiral Reinhardt Scheer issued an order to all navy submarines to return to German bases. This was made at the time that Germany was caught up in the dilemma of how they could possibly get a truce that would give Germany favorable peace terms.
Before the Admiral Reinhardt Scheer’s issued his order, the last German torpedo fired during the World War I was able to sink a small British merchant ship, the Saint Barcham, in the Irish Sea on October 21st. eight men were drowned by this incident. The German warfare killed 318 seamen during this month. When they left the Belgian coast, the Allied forces took over. | <urn:uuid:ce886a4a-bf45-4cbe-a05b-a171118b533e> | {
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Digital devices have impacted our world in so many positive ways, allowing us to connect, work, play, and get information at the speed of light. In fact, many people have a hard time when they “disconnect.” But all of this good brings with it a measure of concern: Digital Eye Strain or Computer Vision Syndrome.
Nearly 70 percent of U.S. adults experience digital eye strain as a result of the growing use of computers and digital devices. Adults aged 18 to 34 report feeling eye strain at a higher rate (45%) than their older counterparts. New research also suggests that overexposure to blue light, also referred to as high-energy visible or HEV light, may contribute to vision problems such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Implications are just now being studied, but the short-term impact of digital eye strain affects individuals on a daily basis. Eye care providers are noting a steady rise in the incidence of myopia as well, which research suggests could be correlated to the increase of screen time and near focusing.
Symptoms of Digital Eye Strain include:
- Blurred or double vision
- Sore eyes
- Dry or watery eyes
- Sensitivity to light
- Neck, shoulder or back pain
In addition to these symptoms, emerging research shows that blue light from digital devices causes sleep disturbances by interfering with the REM cycle of sleep.
As people move from their computer to their tablet to their phone, more and more of these symptoms are being seen, and in younger and younger people. Often all that is needed to alleviate the discomfort is a pair of eyeglasses specifically prescribed for computer use. It’s probably the one solution we get the most comments about, as in “I wish I would have gotten a pair sooner.”
Why Computer Glasses?
Computer glasses differ from regular eyeglasses or reading glasses. Computer screens are usually positioned 20 to 26 inches from your eyes. This is considered the intermediate zone of vision — closer than driving (distance vision), but farther away than reading (near vision). Because these lenses are prescribed specifically for computer use, they are not suitable for driving or general purpose wear.
The simplest computer glasses have single vision lenses with a modified lens power prescribed to give the most comfortable vision at the user’s computer screen. This lens power relaxes the amount of accommodation required to keep objects in focus at the distance of the computer screen and provides the largest field of view.
Another popular lens design is the occupational progressive lens — a no-line variable-focus lens that corrects near, intermediate, and some distance vision. It has a larger intermediate zone than regular progressive lenses for more comfortable vision at the computer. But this leaves less lens area for distance vision. So these lenses are not recommended for driving or other significant distance vision tasks.
Other lenses used for computer glasses include occupational bifocal and trifocal lenses. These lined multifocal lenses have larger zones for intermediate and near vision than regular bifocals and trifocals. The position of the intermediate and near zones can be customized for your particular computer vision needs.
How Computer Glasses Work
Computer glasses reduce eye strain by adjusting the focus slightly so that your eyes feel like they are focusing on something further away. They also have a tint to remove the glare and block blue light from entering into your eyes.
For maximum viewing comfort, the lenses of your computer glasses should include anti-glare treatment, also known as anti-reflective (AR) coating. This enhancement eliminates reflections of light from the front and back surfaces of your lenses that can cause eye strain.
We may also recommend a light, contrast-enhancing tint be added to lenses for computer glasses. These tints help reduce glare caused by harsh overhead lighting found in many office environments.
Finding the Right Pair
There are a number of companies that make computer glasses, some that are designed for device users without a prescription or that would wear the glasses with contact lenses. Other manufacturers provide options to incorporate vision prescriptions into the lens.
When shopping for computer glasses you want to make sure you find the right pair. The eyewear should sit nicely on your face and provide a comfortable tint. Here are some of the options available:
- Single Vision Computer Glasses: Provide the optimum lens power and field of view for viewing your computer screen without straining or leaning in to reduce symptoms of CVS. These are ideal for when the computer is at a fixed working distance, and work well if the user needs to view multiple screens at the same working distance.
- Office Lenses or Progressive Lenses: No-line multifocal eyewear that can be made to correct near, intermediate and some distance vision with a larger intermediate zone for computer vision if indicated. Perfect for those with presbyopia which is the gradual loss of focusing ability that occurs naturally with age. Office lenses work like progressive lenses but provide a wider field of view for intermediate (1-3 m) viewing distance and near working distance (about 40 cm).
- Blue-Blocking Lenses: Definitely recommended for this electronic age, blue-blocking lenses block blue light emitted from computer screens that is associated with glare, eye strain and possible sleep disturbances.
- Anti-glare and filtering coatings (treatments): Eliminate reflections from the surfaces of your lens to reduce eye strain and discomfort from glare. Some coatings can also block blue light emitted from computer screens.
While all of these are good options for protecting your eyes, the 20/20/20 rule still applies – after every 20 minutes of near tasks, look at something beyond 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds…it’s a good time to stretch the rest of the body too.
Eye exams are important to test your focusing ability, and to ensure that both eyes are working and focusing at the same place. Many people do not have the same prescription in each eye.
Children and Computer Glasses
Children are using digital devices more than ever and this trend will only continue as smartphones take over and tablet and computer-based learning increases. Their use extends well beyond the school day , as they use computers for homework and gaming and smartphones to text with their friends.
Computer glasses should be used for children proactively before eye strain begins to keep their eyes healthy longer and prevent nearsightedness.
Ready for Computer Glasses?
Resist the temptation to buy over-the-counter reading glasses for use as computer glasses. Because an accurate eyeglasses prescription is essential if you want to get the full benefits from computer glasses, it’s best to purchase this eyewear from a knowledgeable eye care professional.
Prior to scheduling your eye exam, measure how far you like to sit from your computer. Measure from the bridge of your nose to the surface of your computer screen.
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An Agricultural Research Service laboratory in Arizona and a research university in Mexico are working together to develop breeds of lesquerella that can tolerate and grow in the saline soils of Mexico and the southwestern United States.
The ARS U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory's Environmental and Plant Dynamic Research Unit in Phoenix, Ariz., is testing its lesquerella plants at the Universidad AutÛnoma Agraria Antonio Narro, in Coahuila, Mexico.
Lesquerella is a wild flower of the mustard family. ARS researchers at several locations across the country are investigating different uses of the crop such as using it as an oil, like castor oil, or as a gum to thicken certain foods. Lesquerella has traditionally not grown well in soil that is irrigated with salty water, but the researchers think they have created a new version that can withstand the salinity.
The lesquerella seeds that are planted in Mexico were developed a few years ago in conjunction with the ARS George E. Brown Jr., Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, Calif. ARS scientists are trying to develop a more diverse group of lesquerella plants that can grow in different regions and withstand certain pests or pathogens.
Northern mexico site decision
The Mexican scientist Diana Jasso de Rodriguez is responsible for the planting and experimenting in the Coahuila region of northern Mexico. ARS geneticist David A. Dierig, of the Phoenix lab, chose that region of Mexico to do the research because he successfully conducted a lesquerella germplasm collection with Jasso de Rodriguez there a few years ago.
The Specific Cooperative Agreement lasts through September 2007. The researchers hope by that time to develop a more suitable variety of lesquerella that can be harvested in Mexico. They have also planted similar experiments in the Pecos region of Texas in cooperation with Texas A&M University, as well as another planting in Phoenix. The ARS Riverside lab is analyzing all plant samples from the experiments. | <urn:uuid:f88942ff-2b6a-443f-ad37-13fd92592ac0> | {
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Cassandra History - Geography
Kassandra was one of the places that rebelled against the Ottomans in 1821. Because it managed to stop the Turkish army from fighting the south Greece rebels it was burnt from edge to edge. The refugees moved with fishing boats to the islands of Skiathos, Skopelos, Alonissos and Evoia. Nobody lived in the peninsula for more than 30 years. Then the population started to gather again. In 1912 it became a part of Greece.
On August 22, 2006, the peninsula was struck by a major forest fire (see also Forest fires in Greece, 2006) that affected the central and the southern parts of the peninsula, the day of the heatwave when temperatures soared nearly 40 °C. Several houses were destroyed including villas, hotels and one campground disappeared as the natural beauty was to be erased. It burnt about 1,000 to 20 square kilometres of forests including some farmlands. Aerial pictures were reported near Sani Beach inland to a point where pastures and mountain roads are located and saw smoke throughout the peninsula. It can be seen across the gulf. The cause of this tremendous fire was dry lightning occurred throughout the evening. Power were cut to all affected villages. The forest fire lasted nearly five days and devastated the economy and the peninsula. All roads in the southern part were closed. Villages that were affected were Chanioti, Nea Skioni, Polychrono, Pefkochori, Kriopigi, Kassandrino and near the coastline.
Tourism also arrived beginning after the war period of World War II and the Greek Civil War.
The municipality Kassandra was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units :Kassandra (Afytos, Fourka, Kalandra, Kallithea, Kassandreia, Kassandrino, Kryopigi, Nea Fokaia) - Pallini (Agia Paraskevi, Chaniotis, Nea Skioni, Paliouri, Pefkochori, Polychrono)
Kallithea is a village and seat of the Municipal Department of the Municipality of Kassandra Chalkidiki.
The main occupation of the inhabitants is tourism businesses. The village has a police, kindergarten and elementary school. It attracts hundreds of tourists every year because of its beaches and the developed tourist infrastructure
Petralona: Cave - Museum
The cave Petralona open to the public since 1979, a nakalifthikan Mars Paulianos traces of habitation Archanthropinae approximately 700,000 years.
Includes twenty Holy Monasteries and other monastic institutions and informally designated as "Autonomous Monastic State." It is the center of Orthodox Christian monasticism.
- Hanioti, 800 m
- Krypigi, 9 Κm .
- Polyhrono, 5 Κm
- Kallithea, 15 Κm
- Fourka, 25 Κm
- Paliouri, 15 Κm | <urn:uuid:1f19e4c0-1a6b-40c5-ac82-dbf1e50cd1bc> | {
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All the intellectually disabled have one thing in common which is the disability they have. However, they differ in every other aspect.
The main characteristics of the intellectually disabled fall under 5 criterias which are:
- An underdevelopment in physical growth
- Average weight and height usually less than normal peers of the same chronological age
- Physical deformation
- Retarded movement and balance
- Less-than-average I.Q.
- Underdeveloped speech and language skills
- Poor: memory, attention, perception, imagination, thinking, computing and concentration
- Underdeveloped ability of social adjustment
- Lack of interests and orientations
- Low self-esteem
- Emotional imbalance
- Excessive movement
- Evidence of premature or late reactions
- Primitive reactions
Attributes of the intellectually disabled classifications
- Provided with the appropriate educational services, certain aspects related to some academic skills (reading, writing, arithmetic) could be acquired, besides, possessing social communication skills as well as vocational rehabilitation.
- Primary educational programs.
- Workshop training.
- Rehabilitation programs.
- In constant need of professional and extensive care provided only within the premises of permanent boarding centers.
Psychological and behavioral characteristics
It's important to know that statements about psychological and behavioral characteristics of the intellectually disabled are based on the research studies, comparing group of persons with and without intellectual disability.
Each individual must be considered as a unique and separate person.
Learning and memory
The most obvious characteristic of the disabled is their reduced ability to learn, compared to their normal peers of the same chronological age. The ID individuals have difficulty in a tending to a variety of stimuli, they are characterized as being easily distracted and possessing very short attention spans. The important of attention for learning in general is obvious. A child must be able to attend to the task at hand before can be expected to learn. Disabled children usually take longer to learn the task. The ID individual is considered to have defects in short-term memory but not in long-term memory. | <urn:uuid:db7fd108-624c-4727-aebd-d0e72aa23ae7> | {
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Keratin, a structural protein that is found in hair, skin and nails, is made of thin protein filaments which are joined together by a type of chemical bond known as cross-links. Like all proteins, keratin is comprised of amino acids. It's especially high in the amino acids glycine and alanine.Continue Reading
Keratin is known for giving hair its toughness and for making skin and nails sturdy. Callused skin has higher levels of keratin than soft, delicate skin. Keratin's toughness is derived from its molecular structure. The thin filaments that combine to form keratin are very tightly wound together and held in place by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Many beauty products containing keratin have emerged in the recent years. These products typically contain a form of keratin known as hydrolyzed keratin, which is small enough to enter skin and hair when applied topically. These products are intended to make skin smoother and more elastic. Those designed for hair are intended to make it thicker and stronger.
Cornification is a process by which skin cells begin manufacturing more keratin in order to form a protective barrier known as a corn or callus. This often happens when the skin is exposed to continued stress, such as rubbing on a shoe. The outermost skin cells fill themselves entirely with keratin, eventually shutting down their metabolism and essentially becoming dead tissue.Learn more about Biology | <urn:uuid:bc4d488c-db4f-44a8-8727-e3594f957dc4> | {
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How do I teach my 2 year old to chew?
Tips to Teach a Child to Chew Food
- Keep Yourself Calm. …
- Pick Appropriate Food Items. …
- Feed Him When He’s Hungry. …
- Let Him Eat On His Own. …
- Opt for a Fruit Feeder. …
- Prepare Small Food Items That Are Soft. …
- Allow Your Child to Use a Grabber Toy.
Can a 2 year old chew?
For babies, chewing is a typical sign they’re teething and young children (until around age 2) use their mouths to explore the world. But even some older kids develop a habit of chewing. This isn’t chewing a favorite food or little snack, but rather inedible objects (clothing, pens, toys) that comfort them.
Is it normal for toddlers to not chew their food?
There are a few reasons why a baby or toddler might pocket food or hold food in their mouth without swallowing. The most common reason is simply lacking the sensory awareness and/or tongue coordination to fully chew and swallow certain foods. Instead, they chew or suck on the food, and pocket it.
How do I teach my child to chew and swallow food?
Offer water to sip on between each bite, or let him try to feed himself with a child-friendly utensil; this will help slow his eating speed and force him to wash down his food between bites. Make sure he’s not distracted at meal times, so he can focus on what he’s doing.
Why does my 2 year old chew on his blanket?
When teething makes gums sore, Morris says, young children want to put things in their mouth, because chewing increases comfort. … Sometimes chewing on loveys, such as blankets, is a young child’s way of making transitions, such as going to bed.
What can toddlers chew on?
Some kids chew on their shirt collar, their hair, their fingers and toes, the end of their sleeve, or the string on their sweatshirt. Other kids are drawn to items that are more firm and provide more resistance, such as pencils, the soles of shoes, the back of the couch, drywall, or concrete.
Why does my 2 year old chew on his fingers?
Why Do Kids Chew On Their Hands and Toys? Kids chew for a variety of reasons, but typically, they are seeking some type of sensory output that they aren’t getting otherwise.
When can my baby have Stage 3 foods?
What ages is Stage 3 baby food for? Typically it’s for babies about 9 months and up, though there may be some normal variation in that age based on baby’s progression through learning to eat solids. Before this one, is Stage 2 which includes Baby Food Combinations.
How do I get my toddler to eat slower?
Remind your child to ‘listen to their tummy‘ and ‘slow down’ Instead of getting your kids to “eat three more bites,” or telling them “after that serving, you’re done,” ask them to “listen to their tummy” to help them know when they should stop eating.
Why does my toddler swallow food whole?
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What Is Cash Basis Method Of Accounting?
The accrual accounting method assumes payment, since the company has already rendered services. The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenues when earned , regardless of when cash is received. Expenses are recognized as incurred, whether or not cash has been paid out. For instance, assume a company performs services for a customer on account. Although the company has received no cash, the revenue is recorded at the time the company performs the service.
Cash Basis Or Accrual Basis Accounting: What’s Better?
Income Statement provides information about the performance of a company. Revenue is earned when products are delivered or services are provided. Investors might conclude the company is making profit when in reality it is losing money. The Financial Accounting Standards bookkeeping online courses Boards has set out Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the U.S. dictating when and how companies should accrue for certain things. For example, “Accounting for Compensated Absences” requires employers to accrue a liability for future vacation days for employees.
With this method, you don’t have to pay taxes on any money that has not yet been received. For instance, if you invoice a client or customer for $1,000 in October and don’t get paid until January, you wouldn’t have to pay taxes on the income until January the following year. Economic activity is recognized by matching revenues to expenses at the time in which the transaction occurs rather than when payment is made or received. This method offers a more accurate picture of a company’s financial condition by allowing current cash inflow and outflows to be combined with future expected cash inflows and outflows. The accrual method gives you a more accurate picture of your financial situation than the cash method. This is because you record income on the books when it is truly earned, and you record expenses when they are incurred. Income earned in one period is accurately matched against the expenses that correspond to that period, so you get a better picture of your net profits for each period.
Because the accrual basis method records a transaction before any money changes hands, the time of transactions is not a computational factor. For example, a utility company provides services to its customers and bills them once a month. The utility company records the expenses for providing the monthly service. It records the revenue when it posts the customer bill at the end of the month, even though the customer hasn’t submitted a payment.
This does not prevent an employee from calling in sick immediately after being hired, but it does mean that they will not get paid for this time off. However, it does prevent an employee, for example, scheduling a vacation for the second week of work. After this trial period, the award of time may begin or it may be retroactive, back to the date of hire. Accounting Learn about accounting tools, methods, regulations and best practices. NetSuite’s financial management solution expedites financial transactions and provides real-time visibility into a company’s performance. The suite of products includes unified order management, inventory, CRM and e-commerce. In an accrual system, companies get immediate feedback on their true cash position and what they can expect to see in the future.
The cash basis is acceptable in practice only under those circumstances when it approximates the results that a company could obtain under the accrual basis of accounting. Companies using the cash basis do not have to prepare any adjusting entries unless they discover they have made a mistake in preparing an entry during the accounting period. The main difference between accrual and cash basis accounting is the timing of when revenue and expenses are recorded and recognized.
The accrual method is required if the company has more than $5 million in average sales. The accrual method is required if the entity fails both the $1 million average revenue and the material income-producing factor tests. Additional court cases and informal IRS statements seem to indicate that, when the cost of purchases is 8% or less of total receipts, the cash method would be allowed in certain entities. Be sure to talk to your accounting professional for more guidance in determining the right accounting method for your business.
With accrual accounting, they can make business decisions with current, accurate financial information. The difference between accrual and cash accounting is how companies account for sales and purchases. Cash basis accounting records expenses or income only when a payment is made or cash is received. Accrual accounting is a GAAP method of accounting to record revenue when earned and expenses when incurred , summarizing results in accrual basis financial statements. Accrual based accounting uses the matching principle to record revenues and related expenses in the same accounting period. Record accrued liabilities or related assets simultaneously with double-entry bookkeeping. Unlike the cash method, accrual accounting records revenue and expenses as they occur, not only when cash changes hands.
Later, when the company receives the cash, no revenue is recorded because the company has already recorded the revenue. Under the accrual basis, adjusting entries are needed to bring the accounts up to date for unrecorded economic activity that has taken place. Both accrual and cash basis accounting methods have their advantages and disadvantages but neither shows the full picture about a company’s financial health. Although, accrual method is the most commonly used by companies, especially publicly traded companies. For example, a small manufacturing firm chooses a cash basis accounting method for its first year in business. The advantage of this method is that it allows the company to control when it recognizes income and deductible expenses.
Resources For Buying And Selling Online Businesses
Example 2.You run an e-commerce store and receive a large purchase order on March 15th from a customer who asks to pay on terms of net 30. In accrual based accounting online bookkeeping the revenue would be recorded when the purchase order is received. In cash basis accounting the revenue would be recorded when the customer makes their payment.
Expense recognition is closely related to, and sometimes discussed as part of, the revenue recognition principle. The matching principle states that expenses should be recognized as they are incurred to produce revenues. An expense is the outflow or using up of assets in the generation of revenue. We provide critical oversight and account management to ensure that the right policies, procedures and systems are implemented and accurate financial and management reports are produced. We help businesses run with total confidence backed by financial and management reporting they can depend on. Cash basis and accrual basis are only a piece of the picture and it’s really important to look at both to understand what is actually going on with your company. However, startups or small businesses should ask themselves some basic questions before choosing between cash and accrual.
Suppliers accruals – Operating expenses for goods or services rendered by a third-party supplier. Interest expense accruals – Interest expenses that are owed but unpaid. , liabilities and non-cash-based assets, goodwill, future tax liabilities, and future interest expenses, among others. In simple terms, it is the accounting adjustment of accumulated debits and credits. Unless your company makes more than $25 million in gross annual sales, you’re free to adopt whichever method makes more sense for you. For example, a company has a manufacturing facility and uses water and electricity from the utility companies.
Accrual Accounting Method
Throughout the text we will use the accrual basis of accounting, which matches expenses incurred and revenues earned, because most companies use the accrual basis. Deciding between cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting can be a difficult decision when you are first starting your business. Each offers different viewpoints into your company’s financial wellbeing. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE IRS RELEASED REVENUE PROCEDURE and revenue procedure to give small businesses some much needed guidance on choosing or changing their accounting method for tax purposes. REVENUE PROCEDURE ALLOWS ANY COMPANY —sole proprietorship, partnership, S or C corporation—that meets the sales test to use the cash method of accounting for tax purposes. If a company’s average revenue for the last three years is less than $1 million, the cash method is allowed but not required.
It is better for the seller-builder to buy back this property and resell it as it continues to develop and sell other properties to keep the investment attractive. Accountants deal with this by not showing a sale on the company’s books.
How is accrual calculated?
The accrual of a spouse’s estate is calculated by subtracting the net asset value of his or her estate at the commencement of the marriage from the net asset value of his or her estate upon dissolution of the marriage. Net accrual is calculated by subtracting the “smaller” accrual from the “larger” accrual.
An example of accrual basis accounting is to record revenue as soon as the related invoice is issued to the customer. Accrual accounting is a method of accounting where revenues and expenses QuickBooks are recorded when they are earned, regardless of when the money is actually received or paid. For example, you would record revenue when a project is complete, rather than when you get paid.
The Difference Between Cash Basis And Accrual Basis Accounting
Cash basis method is more immediate in recognizing revenue and expenses, while the accrual basis method of accounting focuses on anticipated revenue and expenses. In conclusion, cash basis accounting records revenue when cash is received from a customer and expenses are recorded when cash is paid to suppliers and employees. Accrual basis accounting records revenue when earned and expenses are recorded when consumed. Accrual basis is a method of recording accounting transactions for revenue when earned and expenses when incurred. The accrual basis requires the use of allowances for sales returns, bad debts, and inventory obsolescence, which are in advance of such items actually occurring.
Without the periodicity assumption, a business would have only one time period running from its inception to its termination. Although the IRS requires all companies with sales exceeding over $5 million dollars, there are other reasons larger companies use the accrual basis method to record their transactions. Under accrual accounting, financial results of a business are more likely to match revenues and expenses in the same reporting period, so that the true profitability of a business can be recognized. Unless a statement of cash flow is included in the company’s financial basic bookkeeping statements, this approach does not reveal the company’s ability to generate cash. Some small businesses use cash accounting instead of accrual accounting by recording transactions when cash is paid or received and preparing cash-basis financial statements. In the accrual method of accounting, transactions are recorded when revenue is earned or expenses or losses incurred, which can be before cash is received or paid. The tax laws that went into effect for 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act , allow more businesses to use cash basis accounting, even those with inventory.
If you have more than one business, you may use a different accounting method for each as long as you maintain a complete and separate set of books for each business. The most common mistake we see in financial statements from prospective sellers come from an e-commerce businesses that stock their own inventory. If your business does not fit this, feel free to skip to the next section. You can reach out to the pros at Basis 365 to schedule your free consultation. We’ll talk about the details of your business model and let you know exactly what you could get out of the accrual method. If this quick rundown has you thinking the accrual method may be better for your business, you’re probably right. Notice how the timing of revenue and expense recognition impacts the bottom line.
The accrued assets should appear on the balance sheet and the income statement of the financial statements, and the recording procedure must adhere to double entry. Accountants make all entries in an accrual basis accounting system in double, or as reversing entries.
- Timing differences in recognizing revenues and expenses There are potential timing differences in recognizing revenues and expenses between accrual basis and cash basis accounting.
- Accrue unpaid purchase invoices as accounts payable when they are not yet in the accounting system at month-end and goods were received during the month.
- Businesses need to record inventory purchases and expenses in the right accounting period in the financial statements.
- Example 2.You run an e-commerce store and receive a large purchase order on March 15th from a customer who asks to pay on terms of net 30.
- In accrual based accounting the revenue would be recorded when the purchase order is received.
- In cash basis accounting the revenue would be recorded when the customer makes their payment.
These intervals, or periods, are pivotal in determining the income of a company for a specified time period. Without these intervals, there would be no way to gauge a company’s financial progress, much less to perceive trends. The IRS allows years to be either calendar (January 1 – December 31) or fiscal when filing taxes. Accrual accounting entries are journal entries that recognize revenues and expenses a company earned or incurred, respectively. Accruals are necessary adjustments that accountants make to their company’s financial statements before they issue them.
How are accruals treated in accounting?
The accrued expense will be recorded as an account payable under the current liabilities section of the balance sheet and also as an expense in the income statement. On the general ledger, when the bill is paid, the accounts payable account is debited and the cash account is credited.
The accrual method enables the accountant to enter, adjust, and track “as yet unrecorded” earned revenues and incurred expenses. For the records to be usable in the financial statement reports, the accountant must adjust journal entries systematically and accurately, and they must be verifiable. If companies received cash payments for all revenues at the same time when they were earned, and made cash payments for all expenses what are retained earnings at the time when they were incurred, there wouldn’t be a need for accruals. Because accrual accounting adds complexity and paperwork to your financial reporting process, many small business owners view it as more complicated and expensive to implement. Since a company records revenues before they actually receive cash, the cash flow has to be tracked separately to ensure you can cover bills from month to month. | <urn:uuid:27daf0d8-189f-454a-9773-ca07ead186f3> | {
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Introduction to java (7) | Loop structure
Start from scratch!!!
Last issue was an explanation of the basic use of methods and a practice of overloading methods.
This is an explanation of the structure of loops. What do you know about for loops?How should they be used?Hope you have a better answer after reading the following!
Cyclic structur ...
Posted on Wed, 17 Jun 2020 20:51:23 -0400 by sysera
TCP is a connection-oriented communication protocol through Three-time handshake Set up a connection and remove the connection when the communication is complete. Since TCP is connection-oriented, it can only be used for end-to-end communication.
TCP provides a reliable data stream Service, which uses "affirmative acknowledgement ...
Posted on Wed, 17 Jun 2020 16:12:09 -0400 by gurjit
Recently there is a need to resolve ipv6 addresses. Because of the large amount of data, it is not possible to request a pre-used http query interface. This will certainly seriously affect use, so we found it when searching on the web zxinc This website provides offline files for query, and then downloads the latest offline ipv6 data. There are ...
Posted on Wed, 17 Jun 2020 12:29:31 -0400 by MasumX
For small development partners, code packages are a common part of the development process.For example, PHP has composer, Java has maven, front-end has npm, yarn, Mac has brew, Linux has yum.Using these packages, we can easily manage the external code components introduced by the code, help us to improve development efficiency, and help ...
Posted on Wed, 17 Jun 2020 12:08:05 -0400 by mark_nsx
1. Computer core foundation
1.1 what is language? What is programming language? Why programming languages?
Language is actually the medium of communication between people, such as English, Chinese, Russian, etc.
Programming language is the medium of communication between people and computers,
The purp ...
Posted on Wed, 17 Jun 2020 02:56:51 -0400 by xlordt
In essence, it is to solve the problem of how to describe the world with programs
Discuss how to map the real things into the classes and objects of the program
A thought, thought and method of programming
Concept of programming level
Design pattern: previous programming experience
Posted on Wed, 17 Jun 2020 01:07:09 -0400 by press711
I understand that IOC and DI are JAVA concepts in the early stage, which are not accepted by the PHP industry for a long time, because the concept of PHP is simple and efficient, but the long-term development makes PHP have to go this way for engineering specifications and development decoupling. Laraval framework brings the concept of ...
Posted on Wed, 17 Jun 2020 00:46:27 -0400 by david212
As you know, a large part of postgraduate entrance examination is also the ability to collect information. Every year, many people fail to correctly analyze the admission information of each university in the past years, and then fail to choose the right college.
As for the enrollment information of many colleges and universities, it is publish ...
Posted on Tue, 16 Jun 2020 23:37:48 -0400 by cybtec
In modern programming languages, programmers who are exposed to programming with too many threads know more or less about locks.Simply put, locks in multiple threads are mechanisms that ensure the consistency of shared resources when multiple threads modify shared resources in a multithreaded environment.Don't expand here.In a distributed env ...
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"As Hubble makes its 26th revolution around our home star, the sun, we celebrate the event with a spectacular image of a dynamic and exciting interaction of a young star with its environment. The view of the Bubble Nebula, crafted from WFC-3 images, reminds us that Hubble gives us a front row seat to the awe inspiring Universe we live in," said John Grunsfeld, Hubble astronaut and associate administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, in Washington, D.C. The Bubble Nebula is 7 light-years across—about one-and-a-half times the distance from our sun to its nearest stellar neighbor, Alpha Centauri, and resides 7,100 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cassiopeia. The seething star forming this nebula is 45 times more massive than our sun. Gas on the star gets so hot that it escapes away into space as a "stellar wind" moving at over 4 million miles per hour. This outflow sweeps up the cold, interstellar gas in front of it, forming the outer edge of the bubble much like a snowplow piles up snow in front of it as it moves forward. As the surface of the bubble's shell expands outward, it slams into dense regions of cold gas on one side of the bubble. This asymmetry makes the star appear dramatically off-center from the bubble, with its location in the 10 o'clock position in the Hubble view. Dense pillars of cool hydrogen gas laced with dust appear at the upper left of the picture, and more "fingers" can be seen nearly face-on, behind the translucent bubble. The gases heated to varying temperatures emit different colors: oxygen is hot enough to emit blue light in the bubble near the star, while the cooler pillars are yellow from the combined light of hydrogen and nitrogen. The pillars are similar to the iconic columns in the "Pillars of Creation" Eagle Nebula. As seen with the structures in the Eagle Nebula, the Bubble Nebula pillars are being illuminated by the strong ultraviolet radiation from the brilliant star inside the bubble. The Bubble Nebula was discovered in 1787 by William Herschel, a prominent British astronomer. It is being formed by a proto-typical Wolf-Rayet star, BD +60º2522, an extremely bright, massive, and short-lived star that has lost most of its outer hydrogen and is now fusing helium into heavier elements. The star is about 4 million years old, and in 10 million to 20 million years, it will likely detonate as a supernova. Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 imaged the nebula in visible light with unprecedented clarity in February 2016. The colors correspond to blue for oxygen, green for hydrogen, and red for nitrogen. This information will help astronomers understand the geometry and dynamics of this complex system. The Bubble Nebula is one of only a handful of astronomical objects that have been observed with several different instruments onboard Hubble. Hubble also imaged it with the Wide Field Planetary Camera (WFPC) in September of 1992, and with Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) in April of 1999. The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.
News Article | February 1, 2016
To form new stars, galaxies depend on a hydrogen gas supply. When the galactic food supply runs out, galaxies can't form new stars but survive using its own gas reservoir. At this point, galaxies are believed to be on a downhill slope towards its imminent death. Along with several scientists, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich professor Kevin Schawinski conducted an investigation to determine the current shape of galaxies. They found that our Milky Way is nearing its end. In fact, it may have actually died billions of years ago already. This means, the Earth is living in the so-called "zombie galaxy." But a new food supply is on its way. The Hubble space telescope detected a giant cloud of fiery gas hurling towards the Milky Way at breakneck speed. The gas cloud was dubbed the "Smith Cloud" and named after PhD astronomy student Gail Smith who first discovered it in the 1960s. Ironically, the Smith Cloud has been rotating around the Milky Way's outskirts in the past 70 million years. It was once part of our own galaxy but was booted out in millions of years ago. Like the prodigal son, it's coming back home. The Smith Cloud is currently traveling towards the Milky Way at approximately 700,000 miles per hour. If the Smith Cloud will become visible from Earth, it would have the diameter of 30 times bigger than the size of a full moon. What comes up must come down. The old saying is true even in space. Experts said the Smith Cloud will probably reach the outskirts of the Milky Way in about 30 million years. Its entrance location is light years away from Earth but it doesn't mean that the Smith Cloud collision won't affect our solar system. The collision will give birth to new stars and will provide enough gas to generate 2 million suns. "It's telling us that the Milky Way is a bubbling, very active place where gas can be thrown out of one part of the disk and then return back down into another," said Andrew Fox from the Space Telescope Science Institute, stressing that the Smith Cloud shows the galaxy is evolving with time.
News Article | January 30, 2016
Experts say the Milky Way is dying or have actually already died, implying that we are already living in a zombie galaxy. There is a way to bring it back from the undead though, as a giant cloud of fiery gas is on its way to save the day. Kevin Schawinski, a professor from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich collaborated with citizen scientists to help him classify galaxies, particularly its shape. Schawinski gets a consensus about the shape of the galaxies and delve into how this classification influences the lifespan of galaxies. As he goes through with his investigation, he realized that the Milky Way may be slowly shutting down or may have completely died many years ago. "It's entirely possible that the Milky Way galaxy is a zombie, having died a billion years ago," he writes. Galaxies thrive through a supply of hydrogen gas so it can form new stars. When this food supply runs out and star formation stops, then it is a signal that the galaxy is about to reach its end. Gas conversion continues just like in factories, but imagine the day when the supply of raw materials, or in the case of galaxies, fresh outside gas, runs out. What is there left to process? Such possibility leaves just the remaining gas and its reservoir. Since the reservoir is massive and the gas formation is slow, just like in the Milky Way, it continues to look alive with new stars. The truth is, the rate of star formation plummets over several billion years. There are two types of galaxies in terms of star formation. The first one is the blue star-forming galaxies and the red passively-evolving galaxies. There is another one and it is represented by the green color. Galaxies living in the so-called "green valley" have star formations in the brink of turning off. Star formation still continues, indicating that the process has just stopped, probably a hundred million years ago. The Milky Way may possibly belong to this category. Help On The Way A new capture of the Hubble space telescope implies that help is on the way for our dear, dying galaxy. The telescope was able to detect a giant cloud of fiery gas that can help the galaxy continue its star formation and survive. Called the "Smith Cloud," this giant gas is hurtling towards the Milky Way at 700,000 miles per hour. Experts say it may be a part of the Milky Way 70 million years ago and is now boomeranging home with a large bag of goodies: sufficient hydrogen and helium gas supply that is enough to form 2 million suns. "The cloud is an example of how the galaxy is changing with time," says Andrew Fox from the Space Telescope Science Institute. Whether there is truth to the Milky Way being at the edge of the green valley or not, people may find peace in the fact that the Hubble was able to detect the Smith Cloud, which will hit the galaxy about 30 million years from now.
News Article | January 15, 2013
Apple has announced that the WiFi + Cellular models of its iPad mini and 4th-gen iPad will arrive in China this Friday, January 18th. In its release, Apple also said that these iPad models are now available in 100 countries worldwide, making it one of the company’s fastest international rollouts ever. The models will be available through Apple retail stores, the online store and select Apple retailers. The carriers supporting the cellular functions of the iPad mini and 4th generation iPad include China Telecom and China Unicom. Apple CEO Tim Cook confirmed that the iPads were coming to China just a few days ago in an interview with reporters on a visit to the country. At the time, Cook admitted that a longer approval time for the cellular versions of the products did put them behind schedule. Cook said at the time that China would eventually become Apple’s largest market, eventually hosting 25 stores. Currently, Apple has 8 stores in four cities. China accounted for 15% of Apple’s revenue in its last fiscal year. The non-cellular editions of the iPad mini and 4th-generation iPad arrived in China on December 7th. If the prices remain consistent, then they should retail for the following:
News Article | January 29, 2016
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope records a giant cloud of fiery gas taking a trajectory path as it goes back to the Earth's galaxy at a staggering speed of 700,000 mph. Normally, hundreds of high-velocity clouds pass through the borders of the galaxy. They move at constant speed and paths so they are kept out of the galactic plane. However, the fiery gas, dubbed the Smith Cloud, is considered unique since its route is well-studied. A doctoral astronomy student, Gail Smith, discovered the Smith Cloud in the '60s. It is much more distant and moves towards the Milky Way at an incredibly rapid speed. Astronomers suggest that this cloud was hurled from the external areas of the galactic plane by about 70 million years ago. Data shows that the giant cloud is likely to collide with the galaxy's disk in 30 million years, a long time for humans but a very short time for the galaxy. "Our galaxy is recycling its gas through clouds, the Smith Cloud being one example, and will form stars in different places than before. Hubble's measurements of the Smith Cloud are helping us to visualize how active the disks of galaxies are," Andrew Fox of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, said. Since its discovery, astronomers have assumed that the cloud may be a starless galaxy. For the first time, thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope, they were able to observe and determine the amount of heavier elements relative to helium and hydrogen. They also identified sulfur in the cloud, which is known to absorb ultraviolet light. As expected, they found that the cloud is copious in sulfur, which means it was supplemented by compounds from stars. This somehow sheds light on the mystery of the Smith Cloud and its origin. Many other issues, however, arise. It is yet to be explained how it reached where it is today and what event happened that propelled it from the Milky Way's galactic disk. Future research will further elaborate on the Smith Cloud as to where it came from. | <urn:uuid:45dfed40-59c1-4f2a-8075-d477c00f6ee8> | {
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Edge computing is not a fundamentally new concept and, in some ways, it’s “Back to the Future.” In the 1960s and 70s, business computing was characterized by mammoth, centralized mainframes. With the advent of the personal computer, we saw a move to distributed computing from 1980–2000 when workers utilized PCs to complete their basic and complex tasks. In the past decade, computing and data storage has increasingly moved to the cloud, making centralized computing “hot” again. But with a sharp increase in data generation and a need for faster processing at or close to the source, like with autonomous vehicles (AVs), we are seeing a shift back to periods where computing was done closer to the users and consumers.
To best understand edge computing it is important to differentiate between the device edge and the cloud edge. Device edge computing runs software on hardware that is local and owned by the end user. This takes place in instances like calculating a tip at a restaurant on the iPhone’s calculator app or a sensor on a train car calculating the average speed. Meanwhile, the cloud edge, sometimes referred to as cloudlets, fog nodes, or micro datacenters, sits on the periphery of the cloud, closer to the end user. For example, data accessed frequently by a device like a user’s favorite movie, can sit in a cloudlet, and push the data to the device far quicker than it would take to fetch it from a huge data center. In the case of video, edge computing could improve the viewing experience for the user and mitigate buffering. One might assume that edge computing will replace the cloud, but they work in tandem — edge computing simply takes certain tasks away from large network servers and moves them closer to the user.
“Why now?” you might ask. The answer is that in order to efficiently operate devices like drones, AVs, connected machines, and smart homes, we need to develop faster, more efficient computing systems. All of these innovative devices interact with their environments by taking in data from the external world, analyzing them, and then creating suitable responses. Many of these devices also have capabilities not seen on 1990s-era PCs. They include neural net accelerators, artificial intelligence, and machine learning — components that allow these devices to “see” and “think” on their own. Edge computing is needed in order to perform tasks that demand a real-time reaction time and cannot tolerate a possibility of a network system outage or high latency responses.
In the case of an autonomous vehicle, various sensors on the car measure temperature, speed, traction, etc., and communicate the information to the onboard computing system. This system analyzes the information and directs the engine, wheels, and brakes in an appropriate manner. In an emergency situation, for example if a deer were to hop in front of a vehicle, the system would need to respond immediately. There is no time for sensors to send data to the cloud and await a response. If Amazon can experience glitches during Prime Day, we can’t rely on the cloud for life and death situations.
Another advantage of pairing edge computing with cloud computing is that it can lead to more efficient storage. In the case of autonomous vehicles, unnecessary, repetitive data is pruned away, and the car sends only the most vital information to the cloud for learning and analytics purposes. After data from thousands of vehicles are analyzed, updates are then pushed from the cloud to the vehicles — creating a virtuous cycle. Not only is this process efficient for the device at the edge, but it prevents the cloud from storing an inordinate amount of superfluous data. This is important because although data centers can house massive amounts of data, that storage is energy and capital intensive and the communication of this data can clog bandwidth. And with the research group IDC predicting nearly a ten-fold increase in annual data generation by 2025 — to 163 zettabytes per year — it’s important that only essential vital information is stored in the cloud for long periods of time.
Going forward we will see more and more applications of edge computing, particularly in healthcare, virtual and augmented reality, drones, AVs, smart cities, and the remote monitoring of oil and gas. At Fusion Fund, we’re seeing more and more start-ups embrace edge computing. We firmly believe that advances in edge computing will drive the some of the most innovative consumer and industry products and applications going forward. | <urn:uuid:7fd606eb-409a-4089-9561-81bd6bdb059c> | {
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What Is Early Intervention
What is Early Intervention?
Early intervention means detection and treatment of psychosis during the critical early phase of illness. Delays cause unnecessary distress, increase the risk of relapse and are potentially harmful for the person, their family and friends. Early treatment has been shown to improve the long-term course of psychosis.
If left untreated, there is greater disruption to the person’s family, friendships, study and work. Other problems may also occur or intensify, such as unemployment, depression, substance abuse, breaking the law and causing injury to him/herself. In addition, delays in treatment may lead to a slower and less complete recovery.
Psychosis can disrupt a very critical stage of a young person’s life. Adolescents and young adults are just starting to develop their own identity, form lasting relationships, and make serious plans for their careers and future. Being able to treat psychosis early greatly increases the person’s odds of being able to enjoy a healthy and productive future.
Early Intervention provides an holistic care approach to young people experiencing psychosis and works with family and carers as part of the treatment programme. Services include access to a range of interventions which may include family therapy, cognitive behavior therapy and talking therapies. As well as helping young people to reach their goals in education, work and other vocational pursuits. | <urn:uuid:1bac6c40-3960-410f-9d57-503318804e5f> | {
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For the past 100 years, antimicrobials like penicillin have been a key pillar of public health systems, turning once dangerous infections into curable conditions. Used to prevent post-operative infections, treat sepsis, and keep people alive throughout routine cancer care, they have been touted as adding 20 years onto global life expectancy.
It’s no wonder, then, that the World Health Organization lists antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the top ten global public health threats facing humanity. Already, many antibiotics are losing efficacy, and this grim trend shows no sign of abating.
In 2018, half a million people suffered from multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, which could not be treated with the two most powerful medications. Drug-resistant malaria may not be far behind. By 2050, AMR could contribute to ten million deaths every year, with lower-income countries paying the heaviest price.
Clearly, the over-prescription of antibiotics will have to stop if we want to make headway in addressing AMR. In the US alone, doctors write 47 million unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions every year – and that is not to mention their overuse in farm animals, which constitutes around 80% of total usage in some countries.
This is only one piece of the puzzle, however, and there is also work to be done in terms of infection surveillance, prevention and diagnostics.
There is also a pressing need for new therapies that can work as alternatives to antibiotics. While new antibiotics are being developed, the pipeline is generally considered to be weak – with the majority showing only limited benefits when compared to existing antimicrobials.
Researchers, then, are thinking bigger and attempting to develop entirely new strategies for treating infectious disease.
Dr Natalia Freund has found one potential solution in the form of a ‘biological antibiotic’. Together with her team at Tel Aviv University, and two laboratories in the US and China, she was able to isolate monoclonal antibodies from a patient with active tuberculosis. When delivered to laboratory mice, these antibodies were able to hinder the growth of tuberculosis bacteria in a similar manner to an antibiotic.
“Antibiotics are highly efficacious and cost-effective, and therefore for the last years have been our only weapon against bacterial infections,” said Freund.
“Unfortunately, antibiotics become less and less effective, and in the main cases of drug-resistance physicians are empty handed in finding an appropriate treatment for their patients. Therefore, new ways to kill bacteria are urgently needed.”
Her team’s study, published in Nature in January, is an initial proof of concept demonstrating that monoclonal antibodies might be suitable for this purpose.
Focusing on a particular protein on the tuberculosis bacillus cell wall, the researchers found two antibodies that blocked its action. Since the protein in question (a phosphate pump) is common to all strains of TB, the antibodies should in theory be effective against drug-resistant versions of the disease.
“The model that has proven successful in this study will enable us to extend our future work to include other diseases such as pneumonia and staphylococcus infections,” added Freund.
Storming bacterial cities
Another strategy might be to target bacterial groups known as biofilms. Sometimes dubbed ‘cities for microbes’, biofilms are dense structures of bacteria, living in coordinated communities and protected by a layer of slime.
This is an adaptive strategy for the bacteria, which become up to 1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics as a result of their city-like fortifications. According to the National Institutes of Health, 65% of all microbial infections are associated with microbes growing this way.
A number of researchers have reasoned that if you were to disperse the biofilm, you could render the bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics. Dr Karin Sauer at Binghamton University has found that exposing bacterial communities to pyruvate-depleting conditions (taking away a substance that enables them to survive without oxygen) can break down a biofilm.
Another team of researchers in Belgium and Oxford are working on ways to ‘inhibit the social traits’ of bacteria, so as to stunt their growth and survival in biofilms. They used an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) inhibitor to prevent EPS formation.
Because EPS (the slime-like substance that protects the microbes) is a ‘public good’, shared by all the bacteria, resistant strains of bacteria are unlikely to emerge – after all, it would be costly for them to produce this ‘public good’ by themselves.
This gives rise to the intriguing idea, derived from social evolution theory, that ‘public good inhibition’ might combat the rise of AMR. To go back to the city analogy, this is less about storming its walls and more about manipulating its politics.
Enhancing the body’s immune response
Professor David Dockrell’s team at Edinburgh University (along with colleagues in Sheffield, Newcastle and Birmingham) hope to find ways to clear bacterial infections by enhancing the body’s natural immune response. By understanding the mechanisms that enable most people to fend off bacteria, they can learn how to re-engage this system when it fails.
“The basic principle is that many infections come about because of bacteria that we often carry in our body, and the first part of our body’s defence against those organisms has failed,” he says.
“For most people, the response works very well, but a small percentage of people become sick. Our idea is we can recalibrate some of those responses, so they work more like how they do in the people who don’t become sick.”
The researchers demonstrated that a structure in the macrophage (an immune cell that ‘eats’ bacteria) releases substances called mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), which are necessary to kill the bacteria. Through repurposing medications that are currently used for other indications, they have been able to enhance bacterial killing via mROS.
“We’re also trying to identify new mechanisms to identify how the bacteria are killed, and we’ve developed a pipeline of tests to validate our findings,” says Dockrell. “We’re trying to use this information to identify new targets for treatments.”
These treatments, he thinks, could curb how much we use antimicrobials further down the line.
“It may be that some of our findings could be used as preventative strategies, or they could be combined with antimicrobials to limit our reliance on antimicrobials,” he says. “Obviously if we do that, we can slow down the emergence of AMR resistance.
“The approaches we’re using can be applied to both human populations and animals, so clearly they can have pretty wide traction. The other thing they can do is to help us predict who’s at risk of infection, so we can reserve the treatments we have more selectively for the people who really need them.”
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Authors use different techniques in their wittings. Samuel Beckett usesallusions and references to characters to help the reader understand what thecharacters represent. In his drama Waiting for Godot, Becketts two maincharacters, Estragon and Vladimir, are symbolized as man. Separate they are twodifferent sides of man, but together they represent man as a whole.
In Waitingfor Godot, Beckett uses Estragon and Vladimir to symbolize mans physical andmental state. Estragon represents the physical side of man, while Vladimirrepresents the intellectual side of man. In each way these two look for answersshows their side of man.
Estragon has his shoes. Vladimir has his hat. WhenEstragon takes off his shoes he peers inside it, feels about inside it, turnsit upside sown, shakes it…1.
Through this action it is relevant thatEstragon is searching for something from his boot, but unable to recognize it.This symbolizes mans side of using physical ability to answer questions.Vladimir on the other hand continues to look into his hat. Vladirmir constantlyTakes off his hat, peers inside it, feels about inside it, shakes it, puts iton again2. Through this action Vladimir is shown to be searching for answersin his hat, which symbolizes his using knowledge and his intellectual capabilityfor solving problems. Both Estragon and Vladimir are searching for what thereader assumes to be the key to lifes problems. When they continue to do thisthroughout the drama, it expresses the fact that they are searching and willcontinue to search until they find what they are looking for.
Vladimir is morepractical, and Estragon is more of a romantic. In the drama, Estragon wants totalk about his dreams. Vladimir doesnt want to. He can not stand to hearabout the dreams that Estragon has. When Estragon wakes up from falling asleephe says I had a dream.
Vladimir answers with Dont tell me3.Another example is that Estragon often forgets events as soon as they happen orwithin a day, while Vladimir, on the other hand, remember past events4. This isshown when Pozzo and Lucky enter into the scene in the second act. Estragon andVladimir see two men coming. Vladimir recognizes it as Pozzo, from the daybefore, but Estragon does not recognize him. The conversation starts withVladimir: Poor Pozzo I knew it was him Who? Godot. But its not Godot.
Itsnot Godot? Its not Godot. Then who is it? Its Pozzo5. This exchange indialog shows that Estragon does not recognize Pozzo, and Vladimir has to tellEstragon who it is. The two of them are dependent on each other. Estragon isbeaten every night by mysterious men. Vladimir acts as his protector. He singsto him, helps him take off his boots, and covers him with his jacket6.
Everynight they part, yet they find each other every morning and start another day ofwaiting. In each act, Estragon and Vladimir talk about hanging themselves formthe tree. During this exchange of words, Estragon suggest that they hangthemselves from a near by tree.
Vladimir is the one who is particle and explainswhy they cant hang themselves. The physical side and the intellectual side isshown through Estragons and Vladimirs actions, as well as their words.They have a friend ship that is bonded by their differences.
Without one anotherthey would be lost, just like without the intellectual side of man, the physicalside would be lost, and visa versa.Bibliography1 Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot (New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1954) 8left. 2 Beckett 8 left. 3 Beckett 11 left.
4 Martin Esslin, The Search forthe Self, Modern Critical Interpretations Waiting for Godot, ed. Harold Bloom(New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987) 29. 5 Beckett 50 right. 6 Esslin 29Bibliography Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. New York: Grove Press, Inc.,1954.
Esslin, Martin The Search for the Self. Modern CriticalInterpretations Waiting for Godot. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea HousePublishing, 1987. | <urn:uuid:c8bae7a3-7365-4fb5-83eb-d765ef865056> | {
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Prime Factorisation To Find HCF & LCM | Numbers | Maths | FuseSchool
We can use prime factorisation to find the highest common factors and lowest common multiples of any number - even large numbers.
Before we jump straight in with discovering how, if you aren’t quite sure how to find prime factors, or want a factors and multiples recap - watch these videos first.
Click here to see more videos: https://alugha.com/FuseSchool
Animation & Design: Martin Mukhanu
Narration: Lucy Billings
Script: Lucy Billings
VISIT us at www.fuseschool.org, where all of our videos are carefully organised into topics and specific orders, and to see what else we have on offer. Comment, like and share with other learners. You can both ask and answer questions, and teachers will get back to you.
These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid.
Access a deeper Learning Experience in the FuseSchool platform and app: www.fuseschool.org
This is an Open Educational Resource. If you would like to use the video, please contact us: [email protected]
To find the equation of a straight line from a graph, you first need to find the gradient and then secondly find the y-intercept.
The equation of a straight line is y=mx+c, where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept.
VISIT us at www.fuseschool.org, where all of our videos are carefully org
An acid is a substance that will dissociate in water to give a proton (or H+ ion) and a conjugate base. An acid is considered to be strong if dissociation nears 100%, and weak if dissociation is usually less than 1%.
In this lesson, we will learn about strong alkalis and weak alkalis.
Watch the final part of the 'using moles' videos, to complete your understanding of the chemical calculations topic.
JOIN our platform at www.fuseschool.org
This video is part of 'Chemistry for All' - a Chemistry Education project by our Charity Fuse Foundation - the organisation behind The Fuse S | <urn:uuid:c8bccd35-42ba-45b6-8542-086aa4f1408e> | {
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english Language arts Literacy in History/social …
Common core state STANDARDS FOR. english Language Arts &. Literacy in History/social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects appendix B: Text Exemplars and Sample Performance Tasks Common Core State Standards for english Language arts & Literacy in History/social studies, science, and technical subjects Exemplars of Reading Text Complexity, Quality, and Range & Sample Performance Tasks Related to Core Standards Selecting Text Exemplars The following text samples primarily serve to exemplify the level of complexity and quality that the Standards require all students in a given grade band to engage with.
common core state stanDarDs For english Language arts & Literacy in History/social studies, science, and technical subjects appendix B: text exemplars and
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by Staff Writers
Coventry, UK (SPX) Feb 18, 2015
Rivers and streams could be a major source of antibiotic resistance in the environment. The discovery comes following a study on the Thames river by scientists at the University of Warwick's School of Life Sciences and the University of Exeter Medical School.
The study found that greater numbers of resistant bacteria exist close to some waste water treatment works, and that these plants are likely to be responsible for at least half of the increase observed.
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest threats to human health for a century, the researchers argue. Increasingly large amounts of antibiotics are released into the environment through both human and agricultural use, with surface run off from farming activities (including fertiliser and animal slurry) washed straight into rivers after heavy rainfall.
Co-lead on the research, Professor Elizabeth Wellington of the University of Warwick, said:
"Antibiotic resistance naturally occurs in the environment, but we don't yet know how human and agricultural waste is affecting its development. We've found that waste water discharges effect resistance levels and that improvements in our treatment processes could hold the key to reducing the prevalence of resistant bacteria in the environment.
"We found antibiotic resistance in the group Enterobacteriaceae which includes gut bacteria and pathogens."
Published in Nature's The ISME Journal, the study has also shown that different types of waste water treatment plant release varying amounts of resistant bacteria. Professor Wellington explains:
We produced a model based on our data which showed that there was a big difference between secondary and tertiary activated sludge plant where the latter resulted in a predicted 100-fold decrease in resistance levels.
Study co-lead author, Dr William Gaze of the University of Exeter Medical School said:
"Our research has shed further light on links between environmental pollutants and antibiotic resistance. It has allowed us to uncover an association between a number of compounds - such as zinc, phosphorous and silicon - and antibiotic resistance. We think those bacteria that have developed to survive in environments rich in metals may also possess antibiotic resistance mechanisms - highlighting the complexity of this global issue."
The researchers analysed water and sediment samples from 13 sites across the Thames river catchment and developed detailed models to predict the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
The team also found that several other factors affected the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, such as changes in rainfall and land cover. For example, heavy rainfall at a point surrounded by grassland raised resistance levels; whereas a heavy rainfall at a point surrounded by woodland reduced the levels seen.
The findings have allowed the research team to develop a robust model that will predict the level of antibiotic resistance in other catchments, without the need for detailed water sampling.
Increased levels of antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environment could lead to increased risk of human exposure. More research is required to fully understand the risk posed via this route and the possible implications for public health.
University of Warwick
Water News - Science, Technology and Politics
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. All websites are published in Australia and are solely subject to Australian law and governed by Fair Use principals for news reporting and research purposes. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA news reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement All images and articles appearing on Space Media Network have been edited or digitally altered in some way. Any requests to remove copyright material will be acted upon in a timely and appropriate manner. Any attempt to extort money from Space Media Network will be ignored and reported to Australian Law Enforcement Agencies as a potential case of financial fraud involving the use of a telephonic carriage device or postal service. | <urn:uuid:14936ecc-2eaf-4a4d-936c-f03bbbb4605f> | {
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Water: P.O.V's Borders Picture Project
Through the use of digital cameras, this lesson shows students how to document how water is used in their local communities and explore how those uses impact the local environment.
3 Views 2 Downloads
WWII Project Outline
Work together as a class and get to know the ins and outs of World War II with this engaging collaborative project. Class members are broken into groups to research particular war topics, from life on the home front to the Holocaust and...
9th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Thirstin's Wacky Water Adventure
Make a splash with young scientists as you teach them all about water using this activity packet. Thirstin, a cartoon glass of water, walks children through the water treatment process, teaches them about different sources of water, and...
K - 3rd Science CCSS: Adaptable
Where’s the Water?: Acting Out Science Cycles
Young scientists transform themselves into rivers, oceans, clouds, and drops of water in order to explore the water cycle. After assigning and explaining to students their different roles in the activity, the teacher reads aloud a...
2nd - 5th Science CCSS: Adaptable
The 3-D Map Project
After choosing a continent or state, young geographers will draw outline maps and create a three-dimensional map of their chosen areas using flour and salt dough. This resource includes project guidelines, construction instructions, and...
4th - 6th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Kelly's Kindergarten: Long O Sounds
Oh, your learners will be excited to practice naming words with the long /o/ sound! Youngsters examine pictures of words containing an /o/ sound, and then identify which ones contain the long /o/. They then write the words that match...
1st - 2nd English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
This very simple geography project can lead to a lot of useful referential information that can be displayed in your classroom! Learners construct a poster-size map of a country, identifying major demographic points and including pie/bar...
6th - 11th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Arsenic and Selenium Removal From Drinking Water at a Minimal Cost
Decide on the most efficient plan to supply drinking water. The second project-based learning task in a two-part series builds upon the first project. Pupils revisit the wells to supply drinking water, but they must make sure the...
10th - Higher Ed Math CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:90a4cb49-8aa3-4e64-9542-62ea6afb2ab4> | {
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In 1791, the first Congress passed an excise tax on distilled alcohol, the first tax ever levied by the national government on a domestic manufacture. Farmers in the nation’s frontier counties (who commonly turned much of their grain crop into whiskey for easier transportation to eastern markets) bore the brunt of the tax and rapidly made their dissatisfaction with the policy known. Resistance was best organized in the four western counties of Pennsylvania, whose residents held a series of public meetings to draft petitions urging their representatives to repeal the law. At the same time, these meetings adopted resolutions advising individual non-compliance with the law, framing it as an unjust imposition upon the liberties of the people.
The conflict dragged on for several years, and when their initial efforts at peaceful non-compliance failed to secure the repeal of the excise, some western Pennsylvanians adopted tactics of violent resistance to the enforcement of the law. A number of excisemen were accosted in the line of duty, tarred and feathered and (in at least one instance) tied up outside overnight in an attempt to coerce them into renouncing their commissions. When accounts of the violence reached the national government in Philadelphia, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (whose department was ultimately responsible for the revenues collected by the excise) prepared a report for President George Washington.
Hamilton’s report begins by describing the situation as a “disagreeable crisis” but ends by labeling the parties involved as insurgents, and their resistance as a domestic insurrection. He is frequently credited with convincing the president that matters would not be resolved apart from the use of military force, with the result that Washington issued a presidential proclamation to that effect. Meanwhile, Hamilton’s pseudonymous Tully essays were meant to turn public opinion against the rebellion and bolster public support for the president’s decision to send in the militia. (In actuality, Washington himself took command of the nearly 13,000 troops that were marched to the West in October 1794, the only time an American president has actually served as a combat commander while in office; see Frederick Kemmelmeyer’s painting of the event, Washington Reviewing the Western Army at Fort Cumberland, Maryland).
Hamilton’s essays and the marshaling of troops succeeded in quelling the rebellion without further violence. Yet the central question raised by the insurgency remained: to what extent and in what ways can citizens in a republic organize to resist laws they find unjust or immoral before becoming rebels or traitors? In the years following the incident, moderate opponents of the excise tax and other strongly national policies like it would offer opposing narratives of the insurrection in which they attempted to present the national government as oppressive.
William Findley (a Republican from Western Pennsylvania who served as a long-time member of the House of Representatives), for example, downplays the violence of the rebels and instead focuses on the government’s attempt to restrict the freedoms of speech and association of individual citizens in his Defense of the Insurgents. Such interpretations were repeated by many others over the course of John Adams’s presidency and doubtlessly helped to bolster the rise of the Jeffersonian Republicans as a substantial opposition party within national politics.
Dunlap and Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser, August 23, 26, 28, and September 2, 1794.
It has from the first establishment of your present constitution been predicted, that every occasion of serious embarrassment which should occur in the affairs of the government – every misfortune which it should experience, whether produced from its own faults or mistakes, or from other causes, would be the signal of an attempt to overthrow it, or to lay the foundation of its overthrow, by defeating the exercise of constitutional and necessary authorities. The disturbances which have recently broken out in the western counties of Pennsylvania furnish an occasion of this sort. It remains to see whether the prediction which has been quoted, proceeded from an unfounded jealousy excited by partial differences of opinion, or was a just inference from causes inherent in the structure of our political institutions. . . .
. . . The Constitution you have ordained for yourselves and your posterity contains this express clause, “The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and Excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States.” You have then, by a solemn and deliberate act, the most important and sacred that a nation can perform, pronounced and decreed, that your Representatives in Congress shall have power to lay Excises. You have done nothing since to reverse or impair that decree.
. . . But the four western counties of Pennsylvania, undertake to rejudge and reverse your decrees[. Y]ou have said, “The Congress shall have power to lay Excises.” They say, “The Congress shall not have this power.” Or what is equivalent – they shall not exercise it: – for a power that may not be exercised is a nullity. Your Representatives have said, and four times repeated it, “an excise on distilled spirits shall be collected.” They say it shall not be collected. We will punish, expel, and banish the officers who shall attempt the collection. We will do the same by every other person who shall dare to comply with your decree expressed in the Constitutional character; and with that of your Representative expressed in the Laws. The sovereignty shall not reside with you, but with us. If you presume to dispute the point by force – we are ready to measure swords with you. . . .
If there is a man among us who shall . . . inculcate directly, or indirectly, that force ought not to be employed to compel the Insurgents to a submission to the laws, if the pending experiment to bring them to reason (an experiment which will immortalize the moderation of the government) shall fail; such a man is not a good Citizen; such a man however he may prate and babble republicanism, is not a republican; he attempts to set up the will of a part against the will of the whole, the will of a faction, against the will of nation, the pleasure of a few against your pleasure; the violence of a lawless combination against the sacred authority of laws pronounced under your indisputable commission.
Mark such a man, if such there be. The occasion may enable you to discriminate the true from pretended Republicans; your friends from the friends of faction. ‘Tis in vain that the latter shall attempt to conceal their pernicious principles under a crowd of odious invectives against the laws. Your answer is this: “We have already in the Constitutional act decided the point against you, and against those for whom you apologize. We have pronounced that excises may be laid and consequently that they are not as you say inconsistent with Liberty. Let our will be first obeyed and then we shall be ready to consider the reason which can be afforded to prove our judgement has been erroneous. . . . We have not neglected the means of amending in a regular course the Constitutional act. . . . In a full respect for the laws we discern the reality of our power and the means of providing for our welfare as occasion may require; in the contempt of the laws we see the annihilation of our power; the possibility, and the danger of its being usurped by others & of the despotism of individuals succeeding to the regular authority of the nation.”
That a fate like this may never await you, let it be deeply imprinted in your minds and handed down to your latest posterity, that there is no road to despotism more sure or more to be dreaded than that which begins at anarchy.
If it were to be asked, What is the most sacred duty and the greatest source of security in a Republic? the answer would be, An inviolable respect for the Constitution and Laws – the first growing out of the last. It is by this, in a great degree, that the rich and powerful are to be restrained from enterprises against the common liberty – operated upon by the influence of a general sentiment, by their interest in the principle, and by the obstacles which the habit it produces erects against innovation and encroachment. It is by this, in a still greater degree, that caballers, intriguers, and demagogues are prevented from climbing on the shoulders of faction to the tempting seats of usurpation and tyranny.
. . . Government is frequently and aptly classed under two descriptions, a government of force and a government of laws; the first is the definition of despotism – the last, of liberty. But how can a government of laws exist where the laws are disrespected and disobeyed? Government supposes controul. It is the power by which individuals in society are kept from doing injury to each other and are bro’t to co-operate to a common end. The instruments by which it must act are either the authority of the Laws or force. If the first be destroyed, the last must be substituted; and where this becomes the ordinary instrument of government there is an end to liberty.
Those, therefore, who preach doctrines, or set examples, which undermine or subvert the authority of the laws, lead us from freedom to slavery; they incapacitate us for a government of laws, and consequently prepare the way for one of force, for mankind must have government of one sort or another.
There are indeed great and urgent cases where the bounds of the constitution are manifestly transgressed, or its constitutional authorities so exercised as to produce unequivocal oppression on the community, and to render resistance justifiable. But such cases can give no color to the resistance by a comparatively inconsiderable part of a community, of constitutional laws distinguished by no extraordinary features of rigor or oppression, and acquiesced in by the body of the community.
Such a resistance is treason against society, against liberty, against everything that ought to be dear to a free, enlightened, and prudent people. To tolerate were to abandon your most precious interests. Not to subdue it, were to tolerate it. . . .
. . . Fellow Citizens – You are told, that it will be intemperate to urge the execution of the laws which are resisted – what? will it be indeed intemperate in your Chief Magistrate, sworn to maintain the Constitution, charged faithfully to execute the Laws, and authorized to employ for that purpose force when the ordinary means fail – will it be intemperate in him to exert that force, when the constitution and the laws are opposed by force? Can he answer it to his conscience, to you not to exert it?
Yes, it is said; because the execution of it will produce civil war, the consummation of human evil.
Fellow-Citizens – Civil War is undoubtedly a great evil. It is one that every good man would wish to avoid, and will deplore if inevitable. But it is incomparably a less evil than the destruction of Government. The first brings with it serious but temporary and partial ills – the last undermines the foundations of our security and happiness – where should we be if it were once to grow into a maxim, that force is not to be used against the seditious combinations of parts of the community to resist the laws? . . . The Hydra Anarchy would rear its head in every quarter. The goodly fabric you have established would be rent assunder, and precipitated into the dust. . . . You know that the power of the majority and liberty are inseparable – destroy that, and this perishes. . . .
A. What are some of the grievances raised by opponents of the excise tax? In what ways do they attempt to make their feelings known to the new government? What are some of the justifications offered to support those activities? How do supporters of the government’s right to issue the tax view these arguments? How might we evaluate the role of the public gatherings in advancing the cause of the insurgency?
B. How might we compare the Whiskey Rebellion to the Hartford Convention or the Nullification Crisis, focusing particularly on the question of the federal government’s right to regulate commerce? How does the image of President George Washington leading the militia to put down the rebellion compare with the image of the president as peacekeeper presented by Abraham Lincoln in his First Inaugural Address?
C. What do both President Washington’s decision to call out the militia to end the Whiskey Rebellion and the dropping of the atomic bomb tell us about the evolving understanding of executive power in the United States? Would the organized dissent meetings discussed here have been “legal” under the terms of the National Security Act? | <urn:uuid:c258ea74-b142-4a03-b593-a43f03ced52e> | {
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Since first discovering the world of glass art, I have been exploring the myriad ways in which glass has changed the world. I don’t just mean the world of art. Glass innovations have shaped and molded scientific and technological advancements to create the modern world as we know it.
Without these innovations, we could never have evolved into a society so rich with scientific exploration, architectural achievements, and medical advancements. In fact, I don’t believe society totally understands the importance of glass as a medium, from the lenses we wear on our faces to the glass fiber-optic cables extending across the Atlantic making the global Internet possible. As far as innovations go, glass is mostly taken for granted – a fact that I have made my mission to change. One of my purposes is to elevate glass from the commonplace to the extraordinary.
The Evolution of Glass
When the Gutenberg Printing Press was invented in the 1400s, a new age of literacy began. Shortly after, many people noticed they couldn’t focus their vision well enough to read the words on the page. Enter the science of glass.
While the science of sight-correcting lenses had been around for about a century, it wasn’t until the Renaissance era that glass innovators improved upon the science and made eyeglasses available to the modern world. With this, society was thrust into an age of learning and academic scholarship.
The Scientific Revolution
A couple of hundred years later, scientists turned their spectacled eyes toward the heavens and crafted the telescope. Building upon the foundation set by sight-correcting optics, Galileo fashioned telescopes with increasingly higher magnifying power. His final prototypes were over four feet long and magnified objects up to 30 times.
With this instrument, Galileo was able to observe the skies with more sophistication. From his observations, he theorized that the earth moves around the sun, a discovery that shifted the future of science and space exploration permanently. Man’s viewpoint changed completely from thinking we were the center of the universe to knowing we were not!
The World In Microcosm
Not long after, scientists began to consider new frontiers. If Galileo could use glass to peer into the heavens, perhaps glass could also open a window into something almost as vast: the microscopic world. Moving glass into the 18th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first to identify bacteria under a microscope.
While he used a scope with only one lens, other scientists developed an improved method using two lenses. This opened up a whole new world of possibilities. Magnification became larger and clearer, and it placed glass at the vanguard of a scientific revolution that spanned biology, physics, and chemistry.
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Through the Looking Glass
In the 18th century, the French discovered a new and different use for glass – social identity. The popularization of mirrors in Europe was due, in part, to a growing appreciation for light and optics. When used as decor, mirrors create the illusion of space. With their reflective nature, they offer additional lighting while making rooms appear larger and more spacious. However, because of their fragility, they were difficult to ship. Thus, only the wealthiest could afford them.
As their popularity grew, the economy grew with them. Local mirror manufacturing centers began to pop up across Europe to meet demand. With increased availability, mirrors began to find their way into the homes of the middle class. They became symbolic not only of affluence but also of social image. Hand mirrors led people to ask “who am I?” and moved us into an age of self-reflection and introspection.
Using Glass for its Strength
In one of my favorite books, “How We Got to Now” by Steven Johnson, he talks about how glass evolved into a material of strength. In the mid-20th century, glass fibers were wound together to form fiberglass which began being used just about everywhere: clothes, surfboards, helmets, home insulation, and even circuit boards in computers.
A Transition to Art
Only recently has glass transitioned from science to art. In the 1960s, creative artists brought what was once only available in industrial settings to art studios in America. Equipped only with a modest furnace and rudimentary skills, the first innovators of studio glass revolutionized contemporary art.
For those of us who understand art as a transcendental experience, our passion for glass sculpting is extremely sacred. It’s the closest we can get to channeling our own light, imaginations, thoughts, and ideas, perhaps even our higher, spiritual selves. When I first began my artistic journey, fellow glass artist Chuck Boux generously allowed me to use his studio. After I had created my first piece there, he gave me one of the most memorable compliments I have ever received. He said, “You open a portal to serenity that I have never seen before.”
Soon, I became enchanted with the beauty of glass. My house was filled with glass art, to the point where my children approached me and said, “Mom, you have too much glass in the house.” I jokingly replied that I would have to open a museum, and that’s exactly what I went on to do.
Sharing the majesty of glass has since become one of my main purposes and I encourage you to experience glass art for yourself. Use it as inspiration to create a brighter future. Peer into the looking glass and let it inspire your own self-awareness, creativity, and imagination.
There is no substitute for being positive and having a positive outlook. The most valuable asset we have is our imagination. This gives us the ability to create brighter futures and help mankind. | <urn:uuid:d66d1141-d35a-4285-aa66-b2f71d72becc> | {
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Neuroscience and the Montessori Method
For exercising the Whole mind and education the Whole Person
Every discipline, from medicine to information processing, has experienced a great leap forward. Renaissance Schools believes that education is also poised on the precipice of a great breakthrough event thanks to advances in the understanding of the brain and body through neurobiology, physiology, psychology, and pedagogy.
The Montessori curriculum is exceptional in the development of the “three R’s” of reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as critical thinking, executive functioning, and interpersonal skills. Renaissance Schools will enhance that pedagogy by developing aspects of other teaching methodologies such as Waldorf and Reggio Emilia and by incorporating other subject areas such as music, foreign language, computer programming, kinesthetics, health, and fitness. These are important brain areas for development of the whole person, and also for their impact on the “three R’s” and other areas of learning.
Renaissance Schools is aimed at the practical application of this knowledge in schools and classrooms. The next great leap in education requires at minimum:
- A genuine functional recognition of each students’ learning styles, needs and interests; of individual brain and body maturity, with appropriate timing and methods for stimulation and growth.
- A focus not merely on the “three R’s,” but the components and integrated total of all the cognitive brain functions or “areas of learning” as we know them, including music, math, interpersonal skills, native language, foreign language, special concepts, visual arts, memory, manual skills, kinesthetics (movement, dance, sports, etc.), self-awareness, empathy, ethics, etc. and their component parts; for example native language as effective listening (aural skills), reading and writing (verbal skills), speaking, comprehension, memorization, structure (grammar), development (linguistics), and artistic appreciation (literature).
The Renaissance School’s curriculum includes an Individual Educational Plan (IEP) which includes personal standards for health and fitness for every student. The school will work with the intent that every student will graduate with good mental, spiritual, and physical health. Every student will acquire a baseline proficiency in dietary habits, and common recreational activities ranging from dance to baseball to winter sports to martial arts.
In addition to cultural education and project-based learning, Renaissance Schools will also offer physical education and fitness. Physical education, fitness, diet, sport, outdoor pursuits, and movement activities such as dance, will be integrated at all levels of the curriculum with IEPs for health and fitness where scholastic standards will focus upon individual improvement and personal bests, even while encouraging healthy levels of fitness and body weight.
Also known as the kinesthetic approach, physical education takes advantage of the often overlooked relationship between the brain and body. For example, aerobic activity creates new brain cells (the body affecting the brain) while conversely, stress, which often relates to our perception of any given event or thought, can create illness where the brain affects the body.
The kinesthetic classroom is a brain-based approach to teaching and learning that helps teachers move from the traditional self-view of “teacher” to a new paradigm of “facilitator of learning” and “designer of the learning environment”. This concept not only supports the best instructional practices of brain-based teaching, differentiation, and motivation, it also helps to create healthy students and provides for transformative professional development that builds physical and academic change in classrooms in a meaningful way.
Integrated Musical Training
Each Renaissance School will also include musical training in the curriculum. Music training affects the structure and function of different brain regions, how those regions communicate during the creation of music, and how the brain interprets and integrates sensory information. These insights suggest potential new roles for musical training including fostering plasticity in the brain, an alternative tool in education, and treating a range of learning disabilities.
Playing a musical instrument is a multisensory, motor experience that creates emotions and engages pleasure and reward systems in the brain. It has the potential to change brain function and structure when done over a long period of time. Some of the brain changes that occur with musical training reflect the automation of task (much like one would recite a multiplication table) and the acquisition of highly specific sensorimotor and cognitive skills required for various aspects of musical expertise.
Long-term, high-level musical training has a broader impact than previously thought. Researchers found that musicians have an enhanced ability to integrate sensory information from hearing, touch, and sight. Importantly, the age at which musical training begins affects brain anatomy as an adult; beginning training before the age of seven has the greatest impact.
Renaissance Schools' Objectives
Our mission is to bring high-quality educational daycare to Northern Minnesota. We believe that Montessori is the best method to support the natural development of the human being and instill a lifelong love of learning. Educational opportunity and excellence are integral to economic development and sustainable communities. Renaissance Schools is focusing its efforts on providing its Edu-Care Program to low-income and rural communities. We believe that providing top quality Edu-Care to these often neglected communities is the best way to close the achievement gap and promote healthy, sustainable communities. Engaging a child during the most important developmental period in the child’s life will help foster independence, promote brain development, maximize the potential of the individual, and cultivate our next generation of leaders.
- That every child can succeed, as an individual, in his or her own individual ways.
- That our schools can and will change lives, change communities, and change the world.
- That toughness, persistence, and resilience are important; and so are kindness, respect, and elevation of the human spirit.
- That the status quo is not good enough; that we can, we will, and we must improve. | <urn:uuid:40f10564-8ca7-4451-9ad2-39a4e9f6e26b> | {
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Lacyann Lenoir December 15, 2019 Toddler Worksheets
Find preschool worksheets that introduce alphabets, sounds, numbers, counting, shapes, colors, dot to dot drawing, coloring in and cutting out activities. As his age progresses, adapt to his needs. You may include advance preschool worksheets that are more on mathematics, reading, writing, perception and more general knowledge. With the help of these pre-school worksheets your child can develop the basic skills he needed when he starts his formal education.
If money is tight, many times you can find enough free worksheets to use for your math curriculum and you will not even have to buy a math textbook. By buying or checking out a "scope and sequence" book, you can see what your child should be doing in each grade level. Once you know what your child should be working on in a particular grade, search for worksheets that fill those needs. Look for worksheets that have complete instructions that are easy for you and your child to understand.
In all stages above, it is imperative to do oral and mental math. Without this skill, your child will be forever stuck with a pencil and paper. And the more work done on paper with a pencil, the more there is a chance for an error. And, your child will be stuck following steps instead of "just doing math." Doing oral and mental math makes a person very comfortable with math. Many adults have math phobia, due in no small part to not being able to do mental math. How to do it? While driving, cooking, shopping, sightseeing, almost any situation, you can drill your child on math. If a box costs $2, how much does 2 cost? How many horses do you see? Count the blue cars. Are their more boys than girls? Anything! Be creative. You can even get them to recite the times tables. This will also set the stage for an important skill they must master. Word problems! How many times have you heard people say they cannot do word problems? The oral problems you make up are just another form of word problems. If your child is used to doing math, without a problem written on paper, your child will not fear word problems. If you adamantly do the above, there is one last step. Sometimes it is out of your control, but do your best! Put your child in a class where there is an effective algebra teacher, and all math classes beyond sixth grade. You may find this hard, but the only one fighting for your child is you!
Learning about numbers includes recognizing written numbers as well as the quantity those numbers represent. Mathematics worksheets should provide a variety of fun activities that teach your child both numbers and quantity. Look for a variety of different ways to present the same concepts. This aids understanding and prevents boredom. Color-by-Numbers pictures are a fun way to learn about numbers and colors too. The next step is learning to write numbers, and this is where mathematics worksheets become almost a necessity. Unless you have great handwriting, lots of spare time and a fair amount of patience, writing worksheets will help you teach this valuable skill to your child. Dot-to-dot, tracing, following the lines and other writing exercises will help your child learn how to write numbers. A good set of worksheets will include practice sheets with various methods to help your child learn to write numbers.
By taking a Udemy course, the learner builds vocabulary specific to a field of expertise. Another excellent site is The Great Courses, a site where one can purchase a digital course by Great Professors and stream it in an online, digital locker. The Great Courses site provides rather long English courses with a broad range of topics, especially in literature and philosophy. Otherwise, an advanced English -language-learner might supplement his or her studies with excellent lectures given at TED.com or by free courses offered through universities at Coursera website.
NEVER use "skill and drill" worksheets. These are the worksheets just made up of columns of problems. There are better materials out there, so do not resort to skill and drill. The very worst problem of skill and drill worksheets is the greatly increased chance of a practiced mistake. The same problem will likely appear several times on the same sheet. A wrong answer once means a wrong answer several times; and a practiced mistake takes hundreds of correct repetitions to fix. This danger alone is important enough to never use any worksheet. I am quite serious about how difficult it is to repair a practiced mistake. Learning is hard enough. Re-learning is much more difficult.
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equations and formulas calculator chapter 8 quiz kids worksheet 2 home tutoring service Division And Multiplication Worksheets Grade 4 multiplication 7 times table kinder 1 worksheets Grade 3 School Worksheets Printable Learning Sheets Addition And Subtraction Worksheets For Grade 5 PDF Circle Worksheets For Toddlers | <urn:uuid:8557b1e5-3d4b-45e9-849a-098d72606a52> | {
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Brundibar: A History and Synopsis
Wednesday, October 22, 2003
Children´s choir with 10 mayor roles:
Aninka and Pepicek go to the market to get some milk for their sick mother. As they dont have any money, they decide to follow the example of the organ grinder, Brundibár – people throw coins in his hat when he makes music. Aninka and Pepicek sing their favourite song but nobody listens to them. When they try to draw attention to themselves, they are chased away from the market for being a nuisance. It is almost dusk. Aninka and Pepicek don't know what to do. How can they sing louder than the bad old organ grinder with their small voices? Lots of children must sing – that might work. At this cue, a dog, a cat, and a sparrow are on the spot and promise to help. The next morning, the animals round up all the children in town, who make a large choir. The plan succeeds: their singing is louder than the barrel organ, the people listen, and soon Pepicek's cap is full of coins. Suddenly, Brundibár appears, grabs the cap from Pepicek, and tries to run away with the money. However, he is only one against many and he doesn´t stand a chance. The children celebrate their victory and the choir sings of friendship and support for each other.
A History of Brundibar
In 1938, composer Hans Krasa and librettist Adolf Hoffmeister wrote Brundibar in the ghettos of Prague. The opera made its way to Terezin, where it was performed 55 times by the children of the concentration camp under the direction of Jewish music teachers. The Nazi command permitted concerts at Terezin in order to delude the outside world into thinking the Jews were being treated humanely. In 1944, the Nazis filmed a performance of Brundibar for their propaganda film, "The Fuehrer Presents the Jews with a City." Nearly all of the children who performed in the opera were deported to Auschwitz and died in the gas chambers. Hans Krasa met the same fate.
The history of Brundibar is brutal, but the opera itself is a parable of hope and justice. It's the tale of a poor family whose children seek money to buy milk for their sick mother, only to have their quest thwarted by an evil organ grinder named Brundibar. With help of three intelligent animals, the children defeat the unjust bully and return home in triumph.
When Maurice Sendak agreed to design the sets for the Chicago Opera Theater's summer 2003 production of Brundibar, he enlisted his friend Tony Kushner to create a new English-language libretto for the production. Their work on the opera grew into their collaboration on the children's book.
This children's opera, a parable of good conquering evil, was performed 55 times by the children of the Nazi concentration camp Terezin. Maurice Sendak and Tony Kushner have collaborated on a new illustrated book based on the opera, to be published November 1.
About the Author and Illustrator
Tony Kushner's plays include "A Bright Room Called Day"; "The Illusion"; "Angels In America, Parts One and Two"; "Slavs!"; "Hydrotaphia"; "Homebody/Kabul"; and adaptations of Goethe's "Stella", Brecht's "The Good Person of Setzuan", and Ansky's "The Dybbuk". His work has been produced at theatres around the United States and in over thirty countries around the world. He is the recipient of the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the 1993 and 1994 Tony Awards for Best Play, among other awards.
Maurice Sendak received the 1964 Caldecott Medal for "Where the Wild Things Are." In 1970 he received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal for Illustration, in 1983 he received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award from the American Library Association, and in 1996 he received a National Medal of Arts in recognition of his contribution to the arts in America. In March 2003, Sendak received the first Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, an annual international prize for children's literature established by the Swedish government. | <urn:uuid:1c037a53-981a-4e02-84c1-36b438c88e81> | {
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