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Response to Intervention (RTI) Book Chapter
Throughout the years there have been many innovations in education; however, I believe none can compare to Response to Intervention (RTI). RTI has the potential to totally transform the face of education. When I do seminars all over the country, I hear over and over again statements like, “Students can’t sit still anymore,” “I have to play the part of policeman,” “I have more students than ever before who are defiant and disinterested,” and “Students today just don’t learn like they used to.” Educators are complaining. They tell me they want to be able to reach students so they can learn. RTI is the process that will help this happen. RTI started with the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 2004 (Bradley, Danielson, & Doolittle, 2007). Up until this law was passed, students with learning disabilities were generally first identified using the “discrepancy model.” If there was a discrepancy between a student’s IQ and the student’s achievement, this was cause for alarm. Often this discrepancy was not found until the student had been in school for several grades.
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Happy Republic Day! Republic Day honors the date that the Constitution of India was ratified, replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as India’s governing document.
To celebrate Republic Day in true Atlan style, we combed through data sources and the Constitution itself to investigate what the data shows about the Indian constitution. Here’s what we found.
India’s Constitution Was Ahead of the Curve
Countries have been ratifying constitutions since 1215, when King John of England signed the Magna Charter. The next country to ratify a constitution was the United States in 1789, and the creation of constitutions has accelerated since then.
Excluding the United Kingdom, the data set on the constitutions created per year has a mean of 1980 and a median of 1991. This means that the data set is skewed toward later years — more constitutions have been ratified in recent years than in past years. Constitutions have even been ratified as late as 2014 (Tunisia, Thailand, and Egypt).
The Indian constitution was ratified on 26 November 1949. At the time, it was only the 23rd constitution to be ratified in the world. Another 168 countries would follow in the next 67 years.
India’s Constitution Has a Lot to Say
India possesses the longest constitution in the world — nearly 150,000 words in 450 articles.
For the data set we used on constitutional word length (from the Comparative Constitutions Project), the length of each country’s constitution was measured by copying the text from publicly available PDFs of the constitution into Microsoft Word and using Word’s word count feature.
For India, this possibly resulted in an overestimate. Many of the PDFs of India’s constitution include organizational and structural notes in the sidebar. These notes are not part of the main body of the Constitution, yet they are automatically included in the Constitution’s total word count when these PDFs are copied into Word.
Regardless, India’s constitution is still long. Stripping out these notes only brings the constitution down to around 120,000 words. The next longest constitutions — Nigeria with 66,263 words, Brazil with 64,448 words, and Malaysia with 64,080 words — do not come close to this word count. The average constitution in the world is 22,249 words long, between one-fifth and one-seventh the length of India’s constitution.
Edit: Thanks to Hemant for clarifying the notes in the sidebar of the Constitution. They are called “marginal notes”. Since they have been used in the past to help interpret the Constitution, it is fine to include marginal notes in the Constitution’s word count.
The Evolution of India’s Constitution
Instead of staying static since 1949, India’s constitution has undergone constant change. From 1950 to August 2015, there have been 100 amendments to the Indian constitution. The Indian constitution is one of the most amended constitutions in the world.
Compared to other countries, India’s amendment process is distinctive. According to Dr. R.C. Bhardwaj of the Lok Sabha Secretariat in 1995, India’s constitution “may be described as partly flexible and partly rigid”. Many constitutions have a single process for constitution amendments, but India’s constitution has a variety of possible processes to amend the constitution. (To amend certain parts of the constitution, the procedure is more complex, but the general procedure is simple and flexible.)
The procedure for passing most amendments is outlined in Article 368 of the Constitution. An amendment is initiated by the introduction of a bill in either House of Parliament. The bill must be passed in each House by a majority of total members and a two-thirds majority of present voting members. Once the bill is passed, it goes to the president for approval.
The Indian National Congress was responsible for most of these amendments. This makes sense, since the INC has been in power the most since 1950. However, the BJP and Janata Dal were more efficient than the Congress Party. The BJP and Janata Dal passed over 2 amendments per year in power, compared to the INC’s 1.437 amendments per year in power.
This is just a selection of the data on the Constitution. If you find something else in the data, let us know on Twitter (@AtlanHQ) or in the comments!
Image credit: Antônio Milena
I was expecting the Indian constitution to be larger than most. Thanks for the insightful data to prove it now.
“Organizational and Structural notes” mentioned by you in the article are referred as “Marginal Notes” in the scheme of an Act or for that matter the Constitution. These notes are essentially a title to the Article. They are very much a part of the Constitution as they can be and have been used in interpreting the corresponding Article.
Excellent effort at breaking down the numbers!
You can also break numbers for various constitutional amendments, which have been held either unconstitutional or constitutional, wholly or partly, by the Supreme Court. This will help put in perspective the work of Supreme Court with respect to the Constitution. This inquiry would be unique to the Indian legal system as it is only in our system that the Supreme Court has the power (or given itself the power) to review even a Constitutional amendment.
Hemant, thanks for clarifying about marginal notes! That’s great to know. And yes, there’s plenty more data to analyze about the Constitution. I’m particularly interested in the words used in the Constitution (word length, complexity, frequency, etc), but constitutional rulings on amendments is a great suggestion. I’ll add it to my list of what’s next. Maybe next Republic Day 🙂
very insightful and useful, thanks team social cops
Keep up the good work!
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To Australians at least, Sir Joseph Banks is an outstanding figure in botanical history, revealing to the world the rich diversity of antipodean flora and fauna.
Banksia, a plant genus, is named in his honour. Around 80 plant species therefore bear his name.
Banks is honoured by dozens of geographical placenames, and his image was on the $5 Australian banknote.
Advisor to George III on Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
One of the founders of Royal Academy
Foreign member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1773.
President of the Royal Society, 1778 - 1820.
Trustee of the British Museum, 1778 - 1820.
Leader of the African Society.
Banks' Florilegium. A large collection of copperplate engravings, based on sketches and notes by Banks and Sydney Parkinson, who accompanied Banks on the Cook voyage 1768 - 1771. 35 volumes, c. 800 specimens, many of the species were from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific islands, and were previously unknown to science.
Banks sponsored William Smith, in the creation of a geological map of Britain.
Through his correspondence with Carl Linnaeus, Banks became a champion of the system of the Linnaen classification system.
Banks believed in the internationalist nature of science. Even during the Napoleonic Wars, he attempted to keep lines of communications open to continental scientists.
Expedition to Newfoundland and Labrador, 1766, resulting in a pioneering publication on the Linnean descriptions of the flora and fauna he found there.
Circumnavigation of the globe, including Australia and New Zealand, with Captain James Cook, 1768 - 1771, aboard the HMS Bark Endeavour.
As the director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Banks sent botanists with explorers to many parts of the world, to bring back specimens. This results in making Kew Gardens the leading gardens in the world - a position it arguably retains today.
Less well known are Banks' pioneering contributions to scientific institutions, including the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, the Royal Society, of which he was president for 41 years, and as a co-founder of the Royal Society.
Banks first gained fame with a voyage to Newfoundland, the new species he found he documented using the new Linnean system. For this, he was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He documented the Great Auk, which was to become extinct by 1844.
From 1768 - 1771, Captain James Cook sailed around the world, including extensive exploration of the Antartic regions and Australasia. Banks and a team of 2 naturalists and 2 artists accompanied him. The result was a compendium of c. 800 species, many new to science, recorded painstakingly with beautiful water-colour paintings, and copperplate etchings, in Banks' Florilegium. In the end, there were 35 volumes, and plates were left to the British Museum.
Banks became a member of the Royal Society in 1766, and was its president for an unprecedented 41 years between 1778 till his death. He also inspired the creation of the Royal Academy, which held regular public lectures - a tradition still retained with the 'Christmas Lectures'.
Banks was very involved in the programme to settle New South Wales, which began in 1788, although he himself never returned to Australia.
In later life, he lost the use of his legs due to gout, but continued to be vigorously involved in public and scientific life. His interests extended to archeology, and he was a lifelong member of the Society of Antiquaries, and other societies.
(Biographies of famous scientists no. 41)
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Science resources on ScienceLibrary.info. Games, puzzles, enigmas, internet resources, science fiction and fact, the weird and the wonderful things about the natural world. Have fun while learning Science with ScienceLibrary.info.
1910 - 1995
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1910 - 1995, was an Indian astrophysicist, born in Punjab, and worked in the USA. He made significant contributions to many fields, including General Relativity and Black Holes.
Website © contentwizard.ch | Designed by Andrew Bone | <urn:uuid:dae1c839-3a0b-4d55-9172-19543913c061> | {
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Children are always very curious little people. They ask numerous questions and expect the adults around them to be tireless walking encyclopedias. As parents and educators, we can help fuel their passion by setting the right learning environment for the children to develop and pursue their interests.
For a start, instilling the love for reading at an early age boosts intellectual development and creativity.
Reading introduces your child to a world beyond what he is familiar with, even if it is a fictitious one. This helps him develop perspectives.
Reading also helps your child pick up new vocabulary which not only helps him in school but also improves social interaction with the people around him. Being able to communicate well not only helps your child convey his ideas and thoughts more effectively, he will also be able to learn and receive more knowledge from more diverse sources.
If your child is not yet an independent reader, you could spend time reading to him on a daily basis. If your child is already an independent but reluctant reader, you can be a role model and start reading yourself. Alternatively, you can also find out what interests him and find subject and age-appropriate books to spark his interest.
For some children who like variety, I always recommend parents to borrow or subscribe magazines for their children to read. These magazines are usually beautifully illustrated and carry stories of a different theme every month / fortnightly.
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The plate heat exchanger is a kind of high-efficiency heat exchanger made of a series of metal sheets with a certain corrugated shape. No matter how good the cooler is, it will corrode under certain conditions, thereby reducing the service life of the equipment. What causes the plate cooler to be corroded?
(1) Medium composition and concentration. In hydrochloric acid, the higher the concentration, the more severe the corrosion. Carbon steel and stainless steel have the most severe corrosion in sulfuric acid with a concentration of about 50%, and when the concentration increases to more than 60%, the corrosion decreases sharply
(2) Harmful impurities. Harmful impurities include chloride, sulfur, cyanide, and ammonia ions, which can cause severe corrosion in some cases
(3) Ambient temperature. Corrosion is a chemical reaction. For every 10 ° C increase in temperature, the corrosion rate increases about 1 to 3 times.
(4) Liquid ph value. Generally, the smaller the pH value, the greater the corrosion of the metal;
(5) The flow velocity of the liquid. In most cases, the greater the flow rate, the greater the corrosion.
In some specific industrial production, the operation mode of the cooler and the materials it contacts will affect the performance of the cooler, so some special production methods also need special protection to reduce the corrosion of cooler. | <urn:uuid:3ac3f24b-6123-4d24-94a4-d3b047c169ed> | {
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During the 19th century most of the Irish immigrants came from Ulster. Between 1876 and 1883 around 83 per cent of Irish immigrants came from Northern Ireland - around 25 per cent of these were Protestant.
Both Catholic and Protestants had very different identities and this led to ill-feeling and violence.
The culture and experiences of Irish Protestant immigrants often differed to those of the Irish Catholics - many Protestants were educated and found skilled employment in the shipyards.
The Irish Protestants formed an organisation called the Orange Order. This celebrated the Protestant King, William of Orange, who had become King of Great Britain in place of the Catholic King James in 1688. Marches and assemblies were held regularly across Scotland.
Irish Protestants supported different football teams to their Catholic compatriots. In Glasgow they supported Rangers FC (formed 1872) and in Edinburgh, Heart of Midlothian Football Club (formed 1874).
The differences between the Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics created deep divisions which often led to violence, especially in the West of Scotland. Both sides were fierce rivals and clashes occurred regularly - ‘Orange Parades’ often led to battles in the streets.
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Elsewhere in this issue (p 158), my colleagues and I have described an experience with injuries associated with a new sport: hang gliding, or sky-sailing. Because this exciting new sport can easily be practiced with relatively little expense in many parts of the country, an increasing number of associated injuries will begin to appear, and it behooves physicians to learn something of how they are incurred.
The hang glider is an "unpowered, single place vehicle whose launch and landing capability depends entirely on the legs of the occupant and whose ability to remain in flight is generated by natural air currents alone."1
Flight is initiated by running a few steps down a hillside or mountain, against the wind, at which point the kite-like glider generates sufficient lift to make the occupant airborne. The average flight in Colorado lasts one minute. The average sailor reaches no more than 76 meters | <urn:uuid:e377ed31-eff7-44c9-8484-d6c22650ac60> | {
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Geography is an important subject as it helps children to understand the world around them and gives them certain skills and knowledge which have a wide variety of applications in everyday life
Geography is taught throughout the school by the classroom teacher up to Year 4 and then by a specialist teacher in Years 5 and 6.
The teaching of Geography is achieved using three approaches; whole-class teaching, individual consolidation exercises and collaborative group work. Students are encouraged to communicate their findings in a variety of ways, thereby enabling a greater understanding of the many different applications of Geography.
Many trips are made out of school in order to consolidate the learning completed in the classroom. Some examples of trips are: Year 5 visit the New Forest Museum and participate in various role-playing activities in the Verderer’s Court, Year 4 visit Stubbington and learn about a variety of coastal processes and Year 2 visit Beaulieu and study different types of transport.
Mrs Amanda Wright BEd, Head of Geography | <urn:uuid:b718a25f-b826-44f9-b9f2-d9a4085e418f> | {
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Little scientist experiments: dancing raisins
- Mums Tips
- Get Creative
- Published on Monday, 29 October 2012 08:30
- Last Updated on 07 July 2015
- Monica Costa
- 1 Comment
Here is another great scientific experiment for our little scientists. Little scientist Diego called this experiment dancing raisins. He learnt that the fizz in fizzy drink is called carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gas that creates bubbles.
Tools: tweezers, magnifying glass, beaker
Extras: clear fizzy drink, raisins
Key science concept: the fizz in fizzy drink is called carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gas that creates bubbles.
What to do:
Check the video to follow the instructions from little scientist.
Tiny bubbles from fizzy drink collect on the raisins and cause the raisins to float to the top. When the bubbles pop, the raisins sink again.
For more little scientist’s experiments click on the links below: | <urn:uuid:433b997c-7840-4b3e-8a1f-c5d7ac30a334> | {
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Activity: Arithmetic Quiz gives the user randomized questions to answer on arithmetic with whole numbers and integers. Parameters: Level of difficulty and types of questions. Arithmetic Quiz is one of the Interactivate assessment quizzes.
Activity: Visually explore counting and place value with different number bases, from base 2 to base 16, and up to the hundreds place using a clock like interface. The activity also allows you to look at the numbers on the clock in base 10 or in your other chosen base to explore the relationship between those values.
Activity: Students play a generalized version of connect four, gaining the chance to place a piece on the board by answering order of operations questions (addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, exponents, and parentheses). Parameters: time, difficulty level, types of questions. Order of Operations Four is one of the Interactivate assessment games.
Activity: This activity allows the user to practice order of operations with addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, exponents, and parentheses. Order of Operations Quiz is one of the Interactivate assessment quizzes. | <urn:uuid:c4b04745-4e36-40a8-bb08-f043fc4a55bc> | {
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Create an account
Process of observing and measuring learning; provide teachers with a better understanding of what students are learning and engages students more deeply in the process of learning
Provides diagnostic feedback to students and instructors at short-term intervals (e.g., during a class or on a weekly basis)
Provides a description of students' level of attainment upon completion of an activity, module, or course (E-portfolio due at end of course might be a form of summative assessment.)
Provides instructors with curricular feedback (e.g., the value of a field trip or oral presentation technique)
Integrated within learning activities themselves, educative assessment builds student and faculty insight and understandings about their own learning and teaching. Also known as active assessment. (Assessment is a form of learning)
Scoring Rubric (Assessment Strategy)
Focuses and promotes learning; provides clear statements of the level of knowledge students are expected to achieve to receive a given grade, dimensions of the quality of work expected, commentaries (descriptions) of expectations of knowledge and quality that distinguishes each grade band
Instructional Rubric (Assessment Strategy)
Give students information on essential elements of high quality product, levels of achievement, criteria for each level clearly described
Concept Maps (Assessment Strategy)
Help students see "big pictures"; provide a springboard for classroom discussions; help students develop the abilities to draw reasonable inferences from observations, synthesize and integrate information and ideas, learn concepts and theories in a subject area
Porfolios (Assessment Strategy)
Document student learning and improve student metacognition; personalized long term documentation of student mastery of course material;
ConcepTests (Assessment Strategy)
Technique used often in lecture setting; instructor presents questions and students choose answers; students are given a chance to make other students see why their answer-choice is correct
Knowledge Survey (Assessment Strategy)
Series of questions that cover full content of a course; evaluate student learning and mastery at all levels; can be both formative and summative; help students learn; help faculty improve classes; aid departments and programs develop new curricula
Oral Presentations (Assessment Strategy)
Often used to assess student learning from student individual and group research projects
Written Reports (Assessment Strategy)
Classic assessment used by faculty; may be as short as one page or as long as a term paper
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Star this term
You can study starred terms together | <urn:uuid:38138773-84a7-4b91-8e44-2f9d3c36796d> | {
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How can you help a child with learning difficulties in school?
Tips for educators and parents on supporting children with learning difficulties
- Establish a sincere relationship with the child: Try to explain to them what learning difficulty is.
- Focus on praising effort, not results.
- Concentrate on child’s strengths, not weaknesses.
- Provide them with role models.
What types of learning disabilities are evident in South Africa?
What is a learning disability
- Dyslexia – issues with reading, spelling and written language.
- Dysgraphia – difficulties with written expression, including spelling, handwriting and written composition.
- Dyscalculia – problems understanding mathematics and quantitative thinking.
What are the top 10 schools in Cape Town?
What are the best international schools in Cape Town?
- American International School of Cape Town.
- Bishops Diocesan College.
- German International School Cape Town.
- Cape Town French School.
- Constantia Waldorf School.
- Auburn House Montessori School.
- Elkanah House.
- Parklands College & Christopher Robin Pre-Primary.
What challenges do students with learning disabilities face?
Thus, you should be aware of the following barriers:
- Insufficient Funding. First of all, most schools don’t have enough funds to provide disabled students with the necessary conditions.
- Inconvenient Conditions.
- Lack of Individualization.
- Troubled Communication with Peers.
- Lack of Specialists.
What are the signs of a child with a learning disability?
Common signs that a person may have learning disabilities include the following:
- Problems reading and/or writing.
- Problems with math.
- Poor memory.
- Problems paying attention.
- Trouble following directions.
- Trouble telling time.
- Problems staying organized.
Which one is not a cause for learning disability?
Note: Learning disabilities are not caused due to physical or mental illness, economic condition, or cultural background; neither do they indicate that the child is weak or lazy.
Is ADHD a learning disability South Africa?
Though ADHD can and often does cause academic challenges, it is not considered a specific learning disability (such as dyslexia or dysgraphia).
Is there a difference between special needs and learning disability?
Speaking about the term Disability, it is more about physical and mental inabilities while special needs are related to learning disabilities. There is one more term – differently-abled, which is used for mental as well as physical disabilities.
Which is the best primary school in Cape Town?
List of the 5 best Public primary schools
- Bergvliet primary school. Bergvliet primary school is a co-educational former model C school that offers classes from Grade R to Grade 7.
- The Grove Primary School.
- Rondebosch Boys’ Preparatory School.
- Wynberg Girls’ Junior School.
- Sun Valley Primary School.
Which school is the best in Western Cape?
2021 Western Cape University Ranking
|sort by: rank a-z town|
|1||University of Cape Town||Cape Town|
|2||Universiteit Stellenbosch||Stellenbosch …|
|3||University of the Western Cape||Bellville|
What are the 5 barriers for persons learners with disabilities?
Let’s take a look at five of the common barriers to participation that people with a disability may face.
- Attitude. People’s perceptions of what it’s like to live with a disability is one of the most foundational barriers.
What are emotional barriers to learning?
Emotional barriers Fears, motivation, and other emotions preventing a student from having the confidence to fully immerse themselves in a new learning environment.
What are the best schools in Cape Town for special needs?
Oakley is located in Cape Town. The institution admits children with learning difficulties as well as special needs learners, including ADHD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia, ASD, motor difficulties, and others. Classes start from grade R to grade 12. 9. Abeille Ruche School
Where can I take my Child with learning disabilities in South Africa?
Catchup Kids, with centres in Johannesburg, Durban North, Pretoria, and Cape Town Deaf children in a class. Photo: Gettyimages Besides the problem child, South Africa has several children with different disabilities that make learning difficult.
Is there any school for Problem Child in South Africa?
Such children have anti-social behaviours, learning difficulties, and often get in trouble, making it hard for them to learn in ordinary schools. There is hope for such parents because there are several schools for problem child in South Africa.
What types of learning difficulties do we support?
We support children with learning difficulties – such as ADHD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia, speech and language delays, motor difficulties, sensory difficulties, Autistic Spectrum Disorder, and other needs. | <urn:uuid:13f7832b-ac59-49ea-833f-e56ac22fafd6> | {
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5 Ways You Can Support Someone Who is Experiencing Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a diagnosable mental health disorder that affects many people. In fact, bipolar disorder has been diagnosed in more than 2 million adults in the United States, and researchers believe the number of Americans who have bipolar disorder is even higher. However, there are things we can do to help support those who experience bipolar disorder.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by intense mood changes, thought processes, and behaviors. The changes in mood can be intense and severe and include patterns of mania and patterns of depression. The 5 types of bipolar disorder are bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder, bipolar disorder “unspecified” and bipolar disorder “otherwise specified”. While there are differences among the types of bipolar disorder, they all encompass symptoms of both mania and depression.
Symptoms of mania include:
- Racing thoughts.
- Fast talking.
- Decreased need for sleep.
- Thinking and trying to do many things at one time.
- Excessive behaviors such as eating, sex, and drug and alcohol use.
- Risky behaviors such as fast driving and overspending.
- Feeling wired or jumpy.
- Thoughts of grandiosity, such as thoughts about being the leader of a country and exaggerating your talents and achievements.
- Psychosis such as hallucinations (seeing things that don’t exist) and delusions (thinking you can read other people’s minds).
Symptoms of depression include:
- Low energy and lack of motivation.
- Increased sleep.
- Increased appetite and weight gain.
- Difficulty performing normal day-to-day tasks such as showering, doing dishes, and going to work.
- Feeling hopeless.
- Thoughts of death and suicide.
5 Things We Can Do to Show Support
1. Remind Yourself that the Behaviors are Symptoms of a Disorder, Not A Personality Trait
Bipolar disorder can impact a person’s behavior and, oftentimes, the behaviors can present negatively. For example, excessive spending, drug and alcohol use, and difficulty adhering to work and personal responsibilities can all be symptoms of bipolar disorder. While difficult to experience and accept at times, these behaviors are not character flaws but are symptoms of a person’s mental health disorder. Work on recognizing that these behaviors are symptoms of an illness and not reflective of a person’s personality or intentions.
2. Take Care of Yourself
If you love someone or care for someone who has a mental illness such as bipolar disorder, be sure to take care of your own physical, mental, and spiritual needs. Engage in pleasurable activities, take breaks throughout your day, eat well, and get adequate rest. This can also include attending support groups and seeking therapy for yourself. You’ve heard the adage about taking care of yourself so that you can support and care for others; this is certainly true when helping someone experiencing mental illness.
3. Make a Plan for Manic Episodes
When your loved one is in a healthy emotional place (not experiencing an episode of mania or depression), discuss the plan for a manic episode. This can look like creating a schedule, identifying healthy creative outlets for energy, and helping with finances and spending. You can start the conversation by asking the person “what would be helpful to you when you notice yourself experiencing symptoms of mania” or “what can I do to help you effectively manage your symptoms when you experience a manic episode?”.
4. Discuss Bipolar Disorder
Having a non-judgmental, listening ear can help your loved one feel supported and safe to discuss any symptoms. It may also help your loved one feel more comfortable asking for help or coming to you when symptoms of a manic or depressive episode begin to occur. It can be helpful to ask the person “How have you managed your symptoms of bipolar disorder so well?” or “What can I do to help you when you are experiencing symptoms?”.
5. Validate Your Loved One’s Thoughts and Emotions
Try to remember that your loved one experiences thoughts and emotions that feel real, even if they aren’t based on facts and reality. For example, disputing the thoughts of people with bipolar disorder and telling them to calm down when they are experiencing intense emotions can escalate symptoms. Instead, try to remain calm during these situations and recognize that their reality is true to them. A validating statement can look like “I see you are experiencing strong emotions right now and that’s okay” or “it makes sense why you think or feel that way”. This normalizes and validates their internal experience (thoughts and emotions).
If you believe you may be experiencing bipolar disorder, talk to your primary care physician and discuss whether telehealth or in-person treatment is best for you. If you have thoughts of suicide, call the national suicide crisis number at 800-273-8255. If you are considering acting on your thoughts, please call 911 or go to your local emergency department to get the support you may need. Medical and mental health professionals can help you manage these symptoms. Getting help can be as easy as contacting Valera Health. We provide psychiatric and mental health telemedicine services to help you pursue your personal journey toward wellness. | <urn:uuid:34e18a38-a0cf-4546-963f-612cb6ea32b1> | {
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Sunday, September 05, 2010
"Super-Kamiokande is the large water Cherenkov detector. The construction was started in 1991 and the observation began on April 1, 1996. The Super-Kamiokande is operated by an international collaboration of about 110 people and 30 institutes from Japan, the United States, Korea, China, Poland and Spain.
One of the purposes of the Super-Kamiokande experiment is to reveal the neutrino properties through the observation of solar neutrinos, atmospheric neutrinos, atmospheric neutrinos and man-made neutrinos. In 1998, from the observation of atmospheric neutrinos we discovered the neutrino oscillations which neutrinos are changing their types in flight. In 2001, solar neutrino oscillations were discovered by the observation of solar neutrinos. The investigation of the neutrino properties will enable us to understand how matter was created in the early universe. By observation of solar neutrinos, we can know the activities inside of the sun. By detection of neutrinos from supernova burst, we can investigate the details of the explosion mechanism of the star." Super-Kamiokande | <urn:uuid:ac71b0f6-04ee-413c-a7a1-d31d17068cd6> | {
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When you are interested in a career in the medical profession, one of the first things you will need to learn is how to identify the structure of human anatomy and what areas of the body are involved in every part of our life. In addition to this, you will need to understand how the body works, what organs are located where and how they function.
While there are many books and courses on human anatomy available on the market today, this isn’t really the best way to get a good understanding of the subject matter. One of the best ways to learn about the structure of the body is to look at a video or other form of visual aid that helps describe the anatomy. Although a book can provide an excellent level of detail, you won’t have the same level of insight if you aren’t sitting down and watching a video.
It may be helpful to realize that the human anatomy is quite complex and is the result of thousands of years of evolution and trial and error. As a result of this, the human body is very different from the animal kingdom as well as from human history in that it has adapted to the changes in the environment. The brain is unique to humans and while you might not think you can come up with a complete picture of all of the areas of human anatomy, you can do your best to get a better idea of the body as a whole. Learning this type of study help can benefit you throughout your medical career.
Learning about the structure of human anatomy can be done by enrolling in courses or attending seminars. Although there are many ways to learn about human anatomy, a seminar may be the best option for you as it allows you to interact with others who are also learning about the body as a whole.
A good introduction to the human body is the human body, the human nervous system and human disease. There are many different types of diseases that can affect the body but learning about each of these types will allow you to gain a better understanding of the whole body and how they interact. Understanding how each area of the body functions will give you a deeper understanding of the disease and the treatments for each type of disease.
A course in human anatomy is another option to gaining an understanding of the human body. This course will introduce you to anatomy and human physiology in a more formal fashion and will also teach you about the relationship between diseases and the human body. By participating in these courses, you will have the ability to understand all aspects of human anatomy and human physiology.
As you progress through your medical training, you will find that medical training in general and health care industry in particular is very important to your future. Learning the structure of the human body and how it affects the human body is vital to your overall understanding of health and the way that it works. Although you may not want to be a doctor, understanding the anatomy of the body is essential to the success of your career in the health care industry. | <urn:uuid:b93dabe1-5a51-4ab6-a3fc-4eb00b1d4b29> | {
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Our emergent curriculum does not subordinate children to be mere consumers of culture, but allows them to create culture. Their culture is capable of intellectual and artistic expression with innovation, as well as integration of social conventions. In this context play becomes academic, processes and products are both valued, and symbolic representations incorporate and go beyond numbers, and letters. Feeding such a culture creates many expressive languages. This is what Malaguzzi symbolically called 'The hundred languages of children." To enable children to explore, and express themselves in 100 ways is creating intellectual explorers with a love of learning. It is in contrast to the limitations of modes of education that almost forbid creativity and innovation. A language is a tool to invent and explore relations. Can you think about the alphabet and grammar of the wind, or conversing in the language of clay and wire? In the expression of physical languages children combine balance, coordination, strength, and stamina. In developing 100 languages, children are practicing focus, perseverance, resourcefulness, team work, and problem solving.
All of this effervescence leads to the formulation of projects where children and adults collaborate as co-researchers of knowledge, and authors of new works of arts and science. Some projects are short and intense, others last the whole school year or summer, or even span over several years.
Our Rooted Projects arise out of the common human experience. They are projects inspired by human emotions, questions about self and others, relationships, birthdays, life on earth, foods, colors, etc.
Every year we highlight each child's birthday with a community celebration. The birthday child travels around the sun for each year of age and receives a birthday canvas as a present from fellow students. The creation of each of these canvases is a process of study of each child's unique style and interests. Each canvas project takes several days or weeks to complete and children are delighted to contribute and deliver the beautiful surprise.
Our Branched Projects emerge from nature. Examples of such projects are the study of the weather, light and shadow, birds, acorns, wasps, and bones.
Wasps are Insects that can Sting
So many insects walk and fly in the fall, it's fun to watch, but when some of them come down to sting you, that's a provocation one cannot forget. We were full of questions for the exterminator, and we continued to read books to learn more about yellow jackets. We also collected and observed many other insects. We studied anatomy, behavior, feeding habits, and nest building. We created an insect food chain game, and even made a bug hotel complete with a compost restaurant!
Our Trunk Projects develop from culture and routines such as quilting, storytelling, comparing holidays and events in different countries, the enchantment of writing, pet care, and so on.
Leaf, Flower, Fruit Projects
Smaller group projects bud and blossom from these three categories where children take-on a large role in the thinking, planning, organizing, and execution of the projects. In doing so children develop life long skills while constructing knowledge.
Acorns of the Oak Tree
Our acorn project for example has been very rich in observations and questions about biology for he past 4 years. In the context of our interest in a prolific oak tree on the playground, we found out that squirrels and insects use the acorns to feed in different ways. Our main question: "How many acorns fall from the oak tree?" provide ample opportunities to explore mathematical languages. We count, add, multiply, and sample acorns. We order numbers and learn the significance of mode and median that we use to estimate that 18000 acorns fell from the tree the first year, but only 3000 last year! How many acorns will we find this fall of 2016? | <urn:uuid:862d6ed9-97bb-4078-9bc5-d33eedce1a6b> | {
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History and the Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment
After the 1972 decision new laws limited the death penalty to murder and to other specified crimes that result in a person's death. In many states, laws specify under which a judge or jury may impose the death penalty.
In 1976, the court defended death sentences for three men convicted of murder under new laws in Florida, Georgia, and Texas. It ruled that capital punishment for murder was "not unconstitutionally severe." But the court struck down laws that made the death penalty required for certain crimes. In
addition to state laws on capital punishment, the death penalty may be vital under federal laws or military laws.
Capital punishment was widely used during the Middle Ages, especially for crimes against the state and church. In the 1700's, England had more than 200 capital offenses. Most were abolished in the 1800's. The United Kingdom abolished capital punishment in 1969. Canada did so in 1976. The United States is the only Western industrialized nation where executions still take place.
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu: | <urn:uuid:9a056627-76d1-4040-81c0-32bd9497ff32> | {
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NASA’s Artemis program plans to put the first woman and first person of color on the Moon. In 2022, the first Artemis mission went to the Moon without any humans onboard. In 2024, we’ll send the first Artemis mission with humans . . . and many more missions are planned through 2040. But how do the rockets even get there? The basic science is surprisingly simple.
Expand your science unit with our interactive Rocket Science extension lesson. Students become Propulsion Engineers as they explore the scientific forces of motion that send rockets up, up, and away! They’ll perform hands-on explorations to collect data and see how Newton’s Laws influence rocket launches.
Then, integrate our post-lesson language arts/writing, math, and art activities.
While this lesson primarily focuses on engineering themes, it also integrates Earth and space science topics. This lesson and corresponding activities are designed to be used in both formal and informal education settings.
Observe Newton’s Laws in action
Conduct hands-on investigations with partners
Understand how Newton’s Laws apply to the launch of a large rocket, like those of the Artemis missions
Enhance scientific vocabulary
Approximate program time: 45-50 minutes
Pre- and post-lesson activities available
Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) aligned
Common Core State Standards (CCSS) aligned
Artemis World extension lessons are based upon work in partnership with Minecraft Education and NASA. Any opinions, findings, conclusions and/or recommendations expressed in this material are those of Challenger Center and do not necessarily reflect the views of Minecraft Education and/or NASA. | <urn:uuid:6cf9865f-1191-4cc4-8b4b-e368f5b0b245> | {
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The Tele-Class Series Are Now Available Online
The Life of Mary Ward
Mary Madigan, IBVM Series CLICK HERE
The Painted Life Series CLICK HERE
Mary Ward: Pioneer for Women in the Church Over 400 years ago, Mary Ward was born into a world not unlike ours in difficulties, except that now the world’s disasters come to us instantly via satellite communications. Mary spent her life following God’s guidance in seeking something new. How contemporary with us was her foresight in championing women’s role in spreading God’s compassion: how many today struggle as she did for the triumph of truth and justice. For us, and we hope for you, she continues to share her zealous vitality. This is her story.
Born in 1585 into a devoted Catholic family in Yorkshire, from childhood Mary Ward knew religious persecution, not unlike trouble spots in today’s world: raids, imprisonment, torture, execution. Frequently separated from her family for her own protection, Mary was inspired by their steadfast heroism. At age fifteen, she felt called to become a religious. Since religious communities had been dispersed decades previously in England and on the continent, cloistered life was the only option for women at that time. She left England to become a Poor Clare. Through special graced insights, God showed her that she was to do something different and would manifest God’s glory. Leaving the Poor Clares, she worked in disguise to preserve the Catholic Faith in England before founding a community of active sisters in 1609 at St. Omer in present-day Belgium. Without cloister, she and her companions educated young women, helped persecuted and imprisoned Catholics, and spread the word of God in places priests could not go. The Sisters lived and worked openly on the continent, but secretly in England to nurture the faith.
At one time, she was imprisoned in England for her work with outlawed Catholics. Many who knew her, from bishops and monarchs to simple people, admired her courage and generosity. In days before Boeing 747’s or even Amtrak, she traveled Europe on foot, in dire poverty and frequently ill, founding schools in the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Austria, and in today’s Czech Republic and Slovakia. Criticized and maligned for her efforts to expand the role of women in spreading the faith, she was imprisoned by Church officials who called her a dangerous heretic. Her work was destroyed, her community suppressed, and her sisters scattered. Never abandoning her trust in God’s guidance, she died in York, England, in 1645 during the Cromwellian Civil War. To the end, she trusted totally that what God had asked of her would be accomplished in the future.
Mary Ward taught by example and words. Act “without fear… in quiet confidence that God will do his will in the confusion.” Her unwavering fidelity to “that which God would” was nourished by deep contemplative prayer. To Mary, God was the “Friend of all friends.” She lived her fidelity with cheerfulness and a passion for truth. What may seem to us ordinary was startling in her time: she had no pattern to follow when she established her community for women, except the life and work followed by the Jesuit men. She sought to empower women to fulfill whatever part God called them to play, as did the women in the Acts of the Apostles, as women concerned for the poor. Mary and her companions established free schools, nursed the sick and visited prisoners. Even her Protestant neighbors attested to her love for the poor and her perseverance in helping them. Her concept of freedom for her community, externally from cloister, choir, habit, and rule by men, and internally in the ability to “refer all to God,” enabled her to live undeterred by adversity, never deviating from the way God called her. She invited her followers to “become lovers of truth and workers of justice.”
Not until 1909 did the Church finally recognize Mary Ward as founder of the IBVM. She was a pioneer for women’s role in Church ministry and a woman ahead of her time in shaping apostolic religious life as we know it today. Mary Ward expected much and believed with all her heart that, “Women in time to come will do much.”
Mary Madigan, IBVM
In 2009 the Church declared Mary Ward ‘Venerable’ declaring her a woman of ‘heroic virtue’ | <urn:uuid:49d4ee1d-6cff-489b-97d8-7c6e35e57296> | {
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What is XPath in lxml?
lxml. etree supports the simple path syntax of the find, findall and findtext methods on ElementTree and Element, as known from the original ElementTree library (ElementPath).
What is a lxml parsing?
lxml provides a very simple and powerful API for parsing XML and HTML. It supports one-step parsing as well as step-by-step parsing using an event-driven API (currently only for XML).
How do I use lxml in Python?
Implementing web scraping using lxml in Python
- Send a link and get the response from the sent link.
- Then convert response object to a byte string.
- Pass the byte string to ‘fromstring’ method in html class in lxml module.
- Get to a particular element by xpath.
- Use the content according to your need.
What is lxml in Python?
lxml is a Python library which allows for easy handling of XML and HTML files, and can also be used for web scraping.
How do I use XPath in Python?
To find the XPath for a particular element on a page:
- Right-click the element in the page and click on Inspect.
- Right click on the element in the Elements Tab.
- Click on copy XPath.
Where is lxml in Python?
The best way to download lxml is to visit lxml at the Python Package Index (PyPI). It has the source that compiles on various platforms. The source distribution is signed with this key. The latest version is lxml 4.7.
Is lxml in Python standard library?
It almost is. lxml is not written in plain Python, because it interfaces with two C libraries: libxml2 and libxslt.
How do I manually find XPath?
Go to the First name tab and right click >> Inspect. On inspecting the web element, it will show an input tag and attributes like class and id. Use the id and these attributes to construct XPath which, in turn, will locate the first name field.
What is XPath in Python Selenium?
XPath with selenium python Xpath is nothing but XML path, the developer used XPath to validate XML files. HTML also follows same structures as XML, so we can apply XPath to HTML pages as well along with selenium webdriver.
lxml.etree supports the simple path syntax of the find, findall and findtext methods on ElementTree and Element, as known from the original ElementTree library (ElementPath). As an lxml specific extension, these classes also provide an xpath() method that supports expressions in the complete XPath syntax, as well as custom extension functions.
What is XML_declaration in lxml?
The xml_declaration keyword argument tells the etree module whether or not to include the first declaration line (i.e. . Now you know how to use lxml’s etree and objectify modules to parse XML.
Does lxml work with Pyrex?
The lxml package has XPath and XSLT support, includes an API for SAX and a C-level API for compatibility with C/Pyrex modules. Here is what we will cover: For this chapter, we will use the examples from the minidom parsing example and see how to parse those with lxml.
How do I parse the XML code returned from stringio?
We use etree’s parse function to parse the XML code that is returned from the StringIO module. For reasons I don’t completely understand, the parse function requires a file-like object. | <urn:uuid:7a9ffda6-4a41-4887-94b0-bf95588c27e2> | {
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2013-1-7 liberal constitutionalism and us” had several significant points in his short essay to avoid the political pitfalls of a brutish personal democracy. Elements of democracy and constitutionalism: ancient practices and modern institutions essay essay on ebola virus outbreak in western africa. 2015-10-22 constitutionalism and the challenge of development and statehood constitutionalism and the challenge essay, elements of democracy and constitutionalism. The constitution has many elements of it that of the arizona constitution also, included in this essay is a between constitutionalism and democracy.
2001-4-21 absolutism in the seventeenth century in the latter half of the 1600's, monarchial systems of both england and france were changing in england, the move was away from an absolute monarch, and toward a more powerful parliament. 2011-2-15 democracy and constitutionalism in the european union in the first essay, the distinction between constitutionalism and democracy is. Online library of liberty constitutionalism and the separation of powers (2nd these were essential elements in the development of the doctrine of the. It is an understatement to say that the contemporary international society of states is deeply divided despite the happy consciousness of those who proclaimed the end of history and the worldwide triumph of the liberal democracy in the early 1990s, the legitimating principles for domestic polities around the globe remain diverse.
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2015-3-23 the relationship between democracy and constitutionalism has brought about many controversies democracy originated from greek and it made sense. 2014-12-16 the concepts and fundamental principles of democracy constitutionalism—the use of constitutions to limit government by law. 2018-6-10 constitutional democracy: an outline of essential elements what characteristics of citizens enable constitutional democracy to flourish constitutionalism,. | <urn:uuid:dc810b21-6b01-48dd-b95b-8d64d69deb6c> | {
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Types of essays types of essays you are welcome to look through the peculiar features of different essay types and then continue your path to the next section of essay-writing-tipscom in order to see brief characteristics of each essay type. Essay example on the big five personality test results essays and meanwhile states are temporary characteristics of an individual this test mostly people conduct personality tests to determine their aptitude towards a certain type of career a personality test aims to describe. Essay test is a test that requires the student to structure a rather long written response up to several paragraphs a paragraph or longer passages characteristics of essay test: 1 compare the essay examination with the objective type of examination wrt (a. Multiple-choice, short answer, essay, test banks it's good to regularly review the advantages and disadvantages of the most common types of test questions.
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About duquesne university centers and institutes center for teaching excellence teaching & learning strengths and dangers of essay questions for exams a a email print share strengths and essay questions test higher-level learning objectives. Example body paragraph for personality essay (e4) the first aspect of my personality type is that my primary source of energy is introversion about 150-250 definitions for each test that i have to memorize i also. Ap biology essay questions page 1 ap biology essay questions include a description of the cell types and a discussion of the mechanism of transmission of the impulse 11 characteristics explain how each of the following deviated from these conclusions. | <urn:uuid:404a5711-0c2e-4219-a4d6-4cc1c0eaf43e> | {
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How Does Planting Trees Help Desertification. Planting the trees reverses desertification by preventing soil erosion and providing nutrients for other plants and crops to grow. The great green wall — a project that aims to plant a vast wall of trees across north africa — cannot prevent an expansion of the sahara.
The knock on effects have been good for the whole community. Until this day, 66 billion trees have been planted and the project is set to continue until 2050. Desertification is the extreme degradation of dryland ecosystems.
Taking In Nature Often Gives You A Great Psychological Boost.
Desertification is the result of a decrease in vegetation. Trees and perennial plants, (plants that will live though the year, for more than two years) will reduce desertification by preventing erosion. Trees for the future truly works on behalf of the poorest farmers to create a socially, economically, and environmentally resilient world, protecting farmers and their families from crises of climate, personal finance, and health.
The Sahara Is A Desert Because It Receives Negligible Rainfall.
The leaves will store water and evapotranspiration will occur, making the atmosphere more humid, possible causing clouds and rainfall. The knock on effects have been good for the whole community. It has been launched in 1978 by the government of china with the aim of planting trees along the edge of the gobi desert in northern china.
Trees Evaporate Water Into The Air, Helping To Increase Cloud Cover And Keep Temperatures Cooler.
While reforesting those and other areas, we can create more jobs, produce food, create. This water partly restores the capillary soil structure; Until this day, 66 billion trees have been planted and the project is set to continue until 2050.
After Planting, They Add 15 Liters Of Water.
Planting more trees is one way to offset deforestation. The loss of plants from a regional landscape can result in a warmer, drier climate and desertification. Planting trees, perennials, and leguminous plants can vastly reduce or even prevent desertification.
Plants And Trees Help Hold The Soil In Place With Their Roots And Prevent Erosion.
And there are some areas of the world that have alternated between deserts and forests many times over the eons of earth’s geological history. On a smaller scale, simply planting trees around fields will cut winds that contribute to erosion of topsoil. Also called moringa or the drumstick tree, the acacia plant is not native to tunisia, but probably originated in the indian subcontinent. | <urn:uuid:ed32cb15-c42e-4232-9ce7-cb7684c63223> | {
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The growth of online connection and communication has brought about the newest outlet for bullying. Bullying is no longer as obvious as shoving someone’s head in the toilet or shouting aggressive threats in the hallways. It is more than likely that your child has been involved in bullying in some way. Thirty percent of youth admit to being a bully, more than 33% have been a victim and 70% have been a bystander. As a result, about 160,000 teens skip school every day because of bullying and with the progression of social media and technology, home is no longer a safe space away from the abuse.
Cyberbullying can happen in blatantly aggressive ways as well as passive-aggressive ways. Oftentimes, it's the passive bullying that is difficult to identify and therefore hard to prevent. It is drastically affecting how safe children feel at all times and is therefore affecting their mental health and overall well-being.
Cyberbullying is when someone is harassed, threatened, embarrassed or targeted by another person through technology. Anything posted or sent with the purpose of hurting someone else is also considered cyberbullying. This type of bullying has become very prevalent due to the rapid growth of social media usage, especially among the younger generation. Half of young kids and teens have been victims of cyberbullying and over half of them don’t even tell their parents it has occurred.
Like most bullying cases, these victims are more likely to have low self-esteem and experience suicidal thoughts. Since it is all done online, these cases are often hard to prove in order to nail down who the oppressor or oppressors are. Being able to hide behind a screen gives bullies a heightened sense of courage to tear others down, which has increased the likelihood of children becoming victims of it.
Since cyberbullying is still a relatively new phenomenon, parents may feel like they don’t know exactly how it is done or what to look out for. As scary as it sounds, kids are constantly finding new ways to go about bullying one another. There can be blatantly aggressive cyberbullying like sending someone a text message telling them to k*** themselves or commenting hateful things like “delete this” or “you’re ugly” on someone’s social media post. However, kids know that parents and faculty are becoming more aware and involved in taking action against cyberbullying. As a result, kids have started taking a less obvious approach by becoming passive-aggressive bullies.
Passive-aggressive cyberbullying can be difficult to pinpoint, even when you are the victim. The warning signs aren’t bruises on your arm or immediate talk of suicide, but the lasting effect can be extremely influential on one’s mental health. An example of passive-aggressive cyberbullying could be a group of girls intentionally posting about a sleepover so that the one girl they left out will see and feel excluded. It could even be as discreet as a photo being posted of your child knowing they aren’t comfortable with it being put on social media. Intentional or not, these passive acts can make your child feel sad, angry, lonely or hurt and is therefore considered bullying.
Unfortunately, it’s very possible that you don’t know. There are a few different reasons children avoid telling their parents when they are bullied or when they are the bully themselves. In some instances, victims may not even realize that what is happening to them is considered bullying, especially when it is done passively. They may be telling themselves that their feelings are invalid because the person didn’t explicitly say anything hurtful or physically attack them.
If they do recognize it as bullying, they may just choose to handle the situation themself. This could be because they feel like parent involvement would escalate the situation and increase the likelihood of them being bullied in the future. Another reason could be the fear of losing online privileges. If they tell their parents that cyberbullying is happening on their social media, what if their parents decide to take it away from them? Whatever their reason may be, having open conversations about bullying could decrease the chances that they would keep it from you. Assure them that it is never their fault and you are there to protect and support them in any way that you can. If you feel like your child is being cyberbullied and not wanting to tell you, look out for warning signs so that you can intervene before it’s too late.
It is possible your child is being cyberbullied if they:
As your child learns to navigate social media and is initially becoming exposed to cyberbullying, you can protect and support them by monitoring their online activity. Cyber Dive’s philosophy revolves around bringing attention to both the positive and negative experiences your child is having online. When it comes to cyberbullying, our tools will identify potentially concerning words or phrases that are found in private messages, comments, captions or searches. You are also able to see everything your child posts as well as posts they are tagged in. By remaining educated on how children passively cyberbully one another, you can better detect these red flags to protect your child and their mental health.
Most importantly, encourage your child to spread kindness, even when others aren’t. Never tiptoe around the presence of cyberbullying because it is very likely that your child has experienced it either first hand or as a bystander. It is important to have consistent, open conversations with your child about physical, verbal and cyberbullying so that they feel comfortable coming to you whenever they feel unsafe. Being able to identify bullying will benefit your child’s well-being and hopefully, they can help others who are becoming victims of it.
For additional support and practical next steps, you can call the National Alliance on Mental Illness hotline at 1-800-950-NAMI (6264). If you are ready to schedule your child to talk with a mental health professional, visit Talkspace, an online platform that connects patients with licensed therapists. | <urn:uuid:48f95556-b284-4179-a03e-f11d5512c896> | {
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Tips for promoting healthy relationships
- Encourage young people to be proud of what makes them an individual.
- Introduce activities like peer mentoring to help young people support each other.
- Talk about relationships that are presented in films, books or the media. Ask young people which aspects they think are healthy or unhealthy, for example independence or control. Talk about the way relationships happen online as well as offline.
- As young people get older, discuss issues around sex and consent.
To read more about Stop Speak and support click on the image below
How to talk to your child about relationships
Many parents or carers may feel awkward or uncomfortable talking to their child about relationships and sex. But there are ways you can make the conversation easier:
- Try to find a good time to start a conversation. Pick a time when your child’s relaxed and when there aren’t other people in your family around. You might want to have the conversation in a neutral place, such as on a walk or a bike ride, or even in the car, rather than somewhere at home where you might be interrupted.
- It can help to make the conversation relevant to something that’s happened recently. For example, if you’ve been watching a TV series or film where one of the characters is in a relationship. You could ask your child what they think about the character’s relationship and if it’s healthy or unhealthy. Or if your child’s been learning about sex and relationships education in school, you could ask them how they’re finding this or what everyone in the class thought about it.
- Try not to rush the conversation and let your child talk to you in their own time. It can help to have several short conversations rather than trying to cover everything at once. If your child feels uncomfortable, let them know that you’re there if they want to talk to you about relationships at a different time.
Support if you’re worried about your child’s relationship
Realising that your child may be involved in an unhealthy relationship can be upsetting and worrying for parents and carers. It can also be difficult to know if something’s wrong or how to help them. We can help you to spot the signs of an unhealthy relationship and know what to do if you’re worried.
Signs that a child might be in an unhealthy relationship are:
- Becoming isolated and spending little time with family or friends.
- Controlling behaviour, such as being told what to wear, always needing to let the person know where they are or what they’re doing or having their social media accounts monitored.
- Feeling pressured or like they have to do things they’re uncomfortable with. This could include being pressured into sex or to send nudes or sexual images.
- Having their money, access to food or day-to-day items controlled.
- Being prevented from working or going to school or college or feeling reluctant to go to school.
- Persistent changes to a child’s mood or behaviour can also be a sign that something’s wrong.
- Being bulliedor experiencing sexual bullying, either online, in private or in front of others at home or in school.
If any of the above raises any concerns, please contact the school office on 01942 885500 or email [email protected]
Supporting young people to raise awareness of gender inequalities, sexual harassment and violence
AGENDA has been designed so that 11- to 18-year-olds can explore the issues they are interested in at their own pace.
AGENDA showcases the different ways in which young people have raised awareness of how gender-based and sexual violence impacts upon their lives and the lives of others.
Issues covered include:
- addressing gender discrimination
- LGBTQ+ rights
- street harassment
- female genital mutilation (FGM)
- sexual exploitation
- relationship violence.
To read more about AGENDA please click on the image below
“We had no idea when we first started talking about what mattered to us, that we would end up making these amazing things – and things that opened people’s minds on what sexual harassment can really feel like.”
Participant in ‘Ruler Heart’, a visual arts project about sexual harassment
“I am really pleased that we have supported this guide for children and young people as well and I hope that it will encourage you to take action and do something creative to make positive changes that will benefit you. I am sure that this will be a major step towards our goal of ultimately eradicating violence against women, domestic abuse and sexual violence.”
Carl Sargeant, Cabinet Secretary for Communities and Children | <urn:uuid:b5889901-0acc-48ef-8f78-4a302bcc23ad> | {
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With a wild population estimated at fewer than 400 individuals, South Africa’s riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is just a hare’s breath away from extinction. Most of the rabbit’s habitats in the Karoo semi-desert region have been developed over the past five decades, and the few remaining animals live in increasingly fragmented groups far away from one another on farms and other private land. Conserving the critically endangered, nocturnal rabbits, therefore, is a challenge.
But now a new population of riverine rabbits has been found on land that is actually intended for conservation: the 81,000-hectare Anysberg Nature Reserve in South Africa’s Western Cape Province. The rabbits apparently migrated to the reserve from a private farm a few kilometers away, probably following a dry riverbed, according to CapeNature and the Endangered Wildlife Trust. The two organizations are partners in the Drylands Conservation Programme, which was established in 2003 to protect the rare rabbits.
On December 5 staff saw two riverine rabbits during the day in the reserve. That evening a dozen people returned to the site with nearly 20 spotlights. They managed to find and catch a small rabbit—an indication that the species is breeding in the area. They collected DNA samples and let it go.
The conservation program plans to launch a full-scale camera trap study to count local riverine rabbit populations later this year.
The Karoo region of South Africa is home to three other lagomorph species, including two hares and one more rabbit, none of which are endangered. The riverine rabbit—the only member of its genus—stands out from the rest with its long ears, white eye rings, black jaw stripe and brown tail.
Photo courtesy of CapeNature and the Endangered Wildlife Trust
Give a 1 year subscription as low as $14.99X | <urn:uuid:d8885514-d253-43d6-9649-691608a4a109> | {
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Above: the icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus. This fish is about 50 cm long. Note the relatively large head and
small tail. This fish is an ambush predator, resting on the bottom by propping itself up on its strong pelvic fins
(the two fins coming from the chest underneath).
Life in extremes!
The icefishes (chaenicthyids) are a bizarre group of fish that live in the Antarctic Ocean. They are
extremophiles (organisms that thrive in extreme conditions) adapted to cold environments. Specifically they
are cryophiles ('cold-liking' organisms) that live in Antarctic waters at a temperature of about minus 1.7C
(-1.9C to + 3C). Although some fish are endothermic (warm-blooded, meaning they generate their own body
heat) most are exothermic or poikilothermic ('cold-blooded') obtaining almost all of their heat from the outside
environment. Living in water that conducts heat well, this means that their body temperature is the same as
the surrounding water. In other words ice fish have body temperatures just a fraction of a degree above minus
2 degrees C. If warmed to +6C then they die of heat-sickness! Even a refrigerator at +4C would be
uncomfortably hot for an ice fish!
In addition to the cold, Antarctic waters are dark and deep. During the long Antarctic winter there is very little
light and in the summer sea ice still screens out much sunlight. The Antarctic continental shelf is also deeper
than for any other continent, so organisms living on the seabed are at considerable depth. For these reasons,
Antarctic fish share some of the adaptations of the strange deep-ocean fish, though to a lesser degree.
Like many Antarctic fish, icefishes may produce biological antifreeze - glycoproteins in body fluids that
surround ice crystals and prevent them from growing. Sea water at -2C is supercooled - it does not freeze
easily because it is salty, however, when an animal that is supercooled touches ice, sudden and catastrophic
freezing may occur. Fish that swim near the surface may bump into ice and have particularly effective
antifreeze. Fish may also swallow ice as they drink sea water and this ice must be prevented from freezing the
fish! Chaenocephaluis aceratus generally stays near the sea bed, however, ice sometimes penetrates down
and this animal does have some antifreeze glycoproteins in its fluids, though not as much as some more
active surface swimmers.
There are some 16 species of icefish which share their environment with other fish and other organisms -
despite the extreme cold the antarctic Ocean is a very rich ecosystem. However, the ice fish are peculiar in
lacking red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) and the red oxygen-carrying pigment haemoglobin! Most, like
Chaenocephalus aceratus, have no haemoglobin at all! This is surprising since haemoglobin carries 90% of
the oxygen in the bloodstream of a typical vertebrate, the remaining 10% is oxygen dissolve din physical
solution in the water of the blood. It is very hard indeed to imagine how a vertebrate can survive without
haemoglobin. The blood of icefish is colourless and slightly cloudy or turbid (white). (Actually a few
'rudimentary' erythrocytes do occur in th blood of some icefishes, but these carry no haemoglobin at all). They
are hard to detect, since their bodies are translucent (rather like ice!) save for a few vertical lines of dark
spots. This camouflages them and makes it easier for them to ambush prey and to hide from predators.
What we shall endeavour to explain in this article, is how these bizarre creatures survive without haemoglobin.
How do they get enough oxygen to their tissues and active muscles?
The discussion in this article is quite technical and a useful preliminary (for those not familiar) would be read
the article on respiration and mitochondria first and also the article on diffusion.
Why no haemoglobin?
The problem with low temperatures is that fluids become more viscous 9sticky or treacle-like) when they are
cold. The viscosity of water doubles when the temperature is lowered from 30C to 0C. The viscosity of blood
more than doubles, but blood is already three times more viscous than water, so blood at 0C is 4 times more
viscous than water at 0C and 8 times more viscous than water at 30C. This highly viscous blood creates
problems for the heart which has to squeeze this thick liquid through tiny blood capillaries (capillaries are the
smallest blood vessels that form fine branching networks to supply the tissues). The viscosity of blood is due
mostly to proteins in the plasma (the plasma is the fluid component of blood) and blood cells. In all other
vertebrates, including humans, red blood cells account for the vast majority of blood cells (white blood cells
are far fewer in number). Haematocrit is the fraction of blood volume taken-up by red blood cells and is about
40% in humans. A similar thing happens to athletes who extract some of their blood, remove the red blood
cells and then re-inject these cells into their veins prior to a race, in order to increase the amount of oxygen
their blood can carry: this greatly increases their blood viscosity and places strain on the heart which may lead
to heart failure. This also dangerously increases blood pressure as the heart has to exert more pressure to
keep the blood circulating. Antarctic fish have countered this problem by reducing their haematocrit, and the
icefish have gone to the extreme by reducing their haematocrit to essentially zero.
Icefish have no oxygen carrying pigment in their blood at all. (Even haemoglobin free in the plasma would give
the blood high viscosity). They rely on the 10% of the oxygen that normally dissolves into the water of the
blood (oxygen is moderately soluble in water) in a physical solution (that is the oxygen does not react
chemically with the water, as does say salt when salt dissolves, but some oxygen molecules simply get caught
between the water molecules, a mechanism that does not dissolve great quantities). Thus, they simply carry
only 10% of the oxygen in their blood that they could do if they had haemoglobin.
How do icefish survive with so little oxygen in their colourless blood?
Effect of cold on oxygen transport
The cold temperatures compensate to a small degree, since oxygen is more soluble in cold water than it is in
warm water (solids like salt and sugar dissolve better in warm water, but gases are different). However, this is
not enough, especially as oxygen must enter and move around inside a muscle cell by diffusion, and diffusion
is slower in the cold. In fact what really matters is the permeability of tissues to oxygen and permeability = rate
of diffusion x solubility, and the increased solubility of oxygen in cold water actually compensates for the slower
rate of diffusion of oxygen in cold water.
A lazy lifestyle?
Part of the solution lies in lifestyle. Icefish are generally not very active. For example, Chaenocephalus
aceratus sits on the seabed, waiting in ambush for its prey, propped up on its two pelvic fins like a bipod.
When it swims it uses the pectoral fins (the pair of broad fins on the sides of its chest) which trace a
figure-of-eight through the water. During the power stroke the pectoral fins are vertical so as to drag water
backwards and downwards to create thrust and then during the recovery stroke the fins move forwards narrow
edge first, slicing through the water with minimal effort. (This form of swimming is called drag-based labriform
swimming). This graceful swimming is quite slow and relatively effortless. The tail simply steers the fish like a
rudder and only forcefully propels the fish for brief dashes, as when pouncing on prey or escaping from a
predator. Thus, the tail is relatively small. In more active fish the large tail is the main motor. However, this
mode of life only modestly reduces the oxygen needs of icefish and some icefish are more active pelagic fish,
staying afloat by constant swimming in the surface waters. Thus, this is still not the whole answer. Icefish
muscle is also quite watery, having a reduced protein content, making it lighter and more buoyant, which
reduces the amount of work needed to swim. Antarctic fish generally have large lipid sacs in the body (outside
the muscles) which also increase buoyancy.
Fish have two main types of muscle cell: red aerobic muscle that can exercise slowly for prolonged periods
and anaerobic white muscle which is stronger and faster but fatigues quickly and is used for sprinting. The
pectoral fins of icefish are controlled by 6 pairs of muscles which are aerobic muscles. The tail is mostly
anaerobic white muscle, for quick dashes, though a small amount of red muscle in the tail steers the tail as a
rudder. When dashing to catch prey, the white muscles in the tail, especially, will build-up lactic acid by
anaerobic respiration. After catching prey, the large mouth allows easy ingestion and then the icefish can rest
and digest its food while it slowly restores its oxygen levels and uses oxygen to metabolism the lactic acid.
Carrying more oxygen without haemoglobin
If icefish blood can only carry 10% of the oxygen per ml of blood that a red blooded fish can carry, then one
solution is to have more blood! The blood volume of the icefish is large at about 2-4 times larger than for
a red-blooded fish of the same size. This alone means that 10% becomes 20-40%. Additionally icefish have
more blood capillaries in their skin and fins which can absorb oxygen direct from the sea water. About
30-40% of the oxygen is absorbed across the skin, which is totally devoid of scales, making it thin to allow
oxygen to diffuse across it more easily. The gills absorb the rest and are of a normal surface area. However,
these mechanisms are still not the whole answer. Most of this extra blood must be stored in the capillaries,
since this is where most of the blood volume resides in vertebrates. Delivering this blood requires a larger
pump and the heart has a very large stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped in a single heartbeat)
6-15 times higher than for a red-blooded fish of similar size. In fact the icefish heart has a capacity similar to
that of a vertebrate heart (getting about on dry land can be hard work). The heart only beats 15 times a
minute (compare 60-80 bpm for a typical human) and does not have to beat very hard as the blood
pressure is low - the low viscosity blood slips easily through the unusually large capillaries which are
actually more than double the normal diameter (with a radius of 4.5 micrometres, compared to ). Thus a large
volume of blood flows quickly through the tissues. The blood vessels (lacunae) in the gills are also
large, so blood flows rapidly through the gills, so that more oxygen is picked up. In animals with red blood cells,
the opposite is generally true - capillaries are tiny, forcing red blood cells to squeeze slowly through them,
allowing enough time for haemoglobin to absorb oxygen in the gills/lungs and to deposit it in tissues/exercising
To get more answers, scientists have studied the structure of icefish muscles under the light and electron
microscopes,a nd also the nature of the blood vessels supplying them. One key parameter is the blood
capillary to muscle fibre ratio (C:F). Consider a cross-section through a small piece of muscle as shown
The higher the C:F the more capillaries there are to each muscle fibre (a muscle fibre = muscle cell) and the
higher the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscle cell. In the diagram above there are 12 capillaries and 7
muscle fibres, giving a C:F of 1.71. In Chaenocephalus aceratus the (6 pairs of) muscles controlling the
swimming pectoral muscles are aerobic and so require a constant supply of oxygen that is sufficient to meet
demands. However, the C:F of these muscles is only about 1.5 on average (meaning that each muscle fibre is
surrounded by 3 capillaries, since each capillary shares itself between two adjacent muscle fibres on average)
and so is not especially high (though is higher than the C:F of 0.5 to 1 typical of many fish). However, these
capillaries are large and highly sinuous or tortuous, meaning that they undulate across the surface of the
muscle fibre, such that the total length of capillary supplying the fibre is greatly increased.
The diagram below shows three models of a muscle fibre (C:F = 1) which we can model mathematically.
Consider the simplest model first, model A, which assumes that the muscle fibre and capillaries are circular
(and given diameters which are average for the tissue) and the interior of the muscle fibre is assumed uniform.
Let's begin with a crude model in which oxygen is moving out from the capillaries, by diffusion, into and
across the muscle fibre. Ignoring changes over time, we can plot the exponential decrease of oxygen levels
with distance from the capillaries, which is typical of diffusion (see a mathematical example of diffusion). The
3D wire-plot below (left) shows the concentration of oxygen and illustrates its decrease with distance from the
two capillaries as we move into the muscle fibre. On the right is a colour-coded plot (plan view) where the
highest oxygen levels are shown in red (the two capillaries) and the lowest in blue (in the centre of the
muscle fibre). This muscle fibre is not doing too well, the mitochondria in the centre of the muscle have
barely enough oxygen to function!
Note: In this crude model, we have assumed that the oxygen concentration decreases exponentially with
distance from the capillaries. The capillaries are modeled as extended sources (rather than as single points)
however. It incorporates a measure of the rate of diffusion (diffusion coefficient) and increasing the rate of
diffusion of oxygen in the model means that more oxygen reaches the middle of the muscle fibre:
Increasing diffusion still further:
Permeability to Oxygen
This crude model illustrates some key basics. At higher temperatures, for example, in which oxygen diffuses
faster, we might expect more oxygen to reach the middle of the muscle fibre. However, in reality this is slightly
more than compensated for by the increased solubility of oxygen in cold water - the permeability of oxygen
(diffusion coefficient x solubility) actually increases slightly in the cold. Permeability replaces the diffusion
coefficient in our model. Most vertebrate muscle also contains myoglobin, a pink oxygen-binding pigment
which acts as a store of oxygen and also increases transport of oxygen across the muscle fibre. However,
perhaps paradoxically icefish muscles usually have no myoglobin. Chaenocephalus aceratus has traces of
myoglobin in its heart muscle, but none at all in its swimming muscles! Oxygen is more soluble in lipid
(oil) than in water. Muscle fibres are sometimes rich in lipid droplets, which as well as being a store of fuel
may also serve to increase permeability to oxygen, allowing more oxygen to reach the muscle fibre centre.
However, icefish muscle fibres have low lipid content! However, they also have a reduced protein content.
protein significantly impedes oxygen transport across muscle fibres, and the more watery nature of
icefish muscles is expected to significantly increase permeability to oxygen.
Mitochondria and muscle fibre diameter
Distance between the capillaries, or in other words muscle fibre diameter, is also important. In larger fibres
the oxygen has further to travel and this lowers the oxygen concentration in the middle of the fibre (all other
things being equal). Fish grow by increasing muscle fibre diameter, rather than by adding new fibres, so
older and bigger fish have larger muscle fibres and bigger fish tend to rely increasingly less on aerobic
respiration, becoming more anaerobic. Aerobic red muscle fibres are also much smaller than anaerobic white
fibres, since red fibres need faster oxygen delivery. Paradoxically, the red fibres of icefish are unusually
large, larger than is typical for a red-blooded fish of the same size! However, this increase is not chiefly due
to an increase in contractile muscle proteins, nut in mitochondria. Icefish muscles are packed with
mitochondria which account for about 50% of the muscle fibre volume in aerobic swimming muscles.
This proliferation of mitochondria accounts for the large size of the muscle fibres.
This is naively intuitive - it seems as if icefish muscles have more mitochondria to use more oxygen and
make more ATP. However, it is not so simple! For a start, where does the oxygen that the mitochondria need
come from? Detailed analysis has also shown that the mitochondria of icefish have an usually low cristae
density, reduced by 30% (so total cristae surface area is only slightly higher than usual) and enzyme studies
also show that aerobic respiration enzyme activity per gram of mitochondria is about 50% of normal, so the
maximum possible oxygen consumption by the muscle seems normal and is not increased by all the extra
mitochondria. Enzymes work better at higher temperatures, but icefish enzymes are presumably adapted to
work at very low temperatures (enzyme studies on icefish are carried out close to zero degrees C), but
activity still seems low compared to enzymes from other fish at 0C. The activity of some enzymes is also
elevated, for example lactate dehydrogenase (an enzyme of anaerobic metabolism) seems particularly
active. Perhaps we are seeing a partial transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism in these aerobic
So why so many mitochondria? It seems that they must be there for some function other than aerobic
respiration, or else why have more mitochondria that are less efficient than they need be and which increase
muscle fibre diameter, making access to oxygen more difficult? One possible answer is the fact that
mitochondria are lipid-rich - they have a high density of lipid membranes and oxygen is more soluble in lipid.
Most of the mitochondria are present in the outer cytoplasm of the muscle fibre (sarcoplasm) forming a
sheath beneath the cell membrane (sarcolemma) and around the contractile core of protein myofibrils, as
shown in model (B) above. Might this enhance oxygen absorption? One caveat - mitochondria may have
membranes consisting of only 20% lipid and 80% protein and so this needs to be considered as lipid is more
permeable to oxygen than water, but protein less so. However, as we have seen, the enzyme (and hence
presumably the total protein content) of the mitochondrial membranes is greatly reduced which supports the
idea that the mitochondria are indeed transporting oxygen into the muscle fibre.
A more complex mathematical model has been developed which incorporates the factors we have discussed:
protein content, lipid content, the outer sheath of mitochondria, myoglobin content, permeability to oxygen,
and a whole manner of other factors. This model relates oxygen concentration to permeability to oxygen
coming from the capillaries (sources) and oxygen consumption by mitochondria (sinks). Oxygen consumption
clearly lowers oxygen content but also increases the diffusion gradient which may accelerate oxygen
diffusion. This model attempts to balance these factors and create an estimate of intracellular oxygen
concentration in the steady-state (that is when supply and consumption are balanced so that oxygen
concentration does not change with time). Needles to say, the mathematics is rather complicated!
Some results from this model are shown below:
This figure compares oxygen levels, calculated from a mathematical model, in the muscle fibres of
three red-blooded Antarctic fish and one icefish. Fish of a similar size are compared in each case.
In each plot the oxygen concentration (measured as pressure of oxygen or PO2) is calculated
across a single muscle fibre. Trematomus newnesi is a red-blooded Antarctic fish and has one
capillary supplying each fibre, on average; Lepidonotothon nudifrons is also a red-blooded
Antarctic fish with 2 capillaries around each muscle fibre; Notothenia coriiceps is a red-blooded
Antarctic fish with reduced haematocrit and has 2 capillaries around each fibre; and
Chaenocephaluis aceratus 3.
This figure appeared in: Egginton et al., 2002 (copyright: The Company of Biologists limited).
Notice the unusual features of the icefish model prediction: large muscle fibres, 3 capillaries per fibre, and an
expected oxygen pressure rapidly reaching zero inside the muscle fibre! However, the centre of these muscle
fibres have mitochondria and so must have a minimum PO2 of 0.3 kPa. The only factor we have discussed,
which is not included in this model, is the reduction in mitochondria cristae and enzyme function, which raises
the PO2 to just enough for the mitochondria to function.
One final factor that we know of which has not been factored in is illustrated in model (C) above: mitochondria
are also aligned in rays or spokes that radiate from the centre of the muscle fibre, outlining individual
myofibrils within the muscle. If the mitochondria are indeed serving to transport oxygen then this arrangement
is expected to increase oxygen levels across the muscle and to reach central mitochondria. However,
modeling such a system appears difficult!
An evolutionary accident?
Sidell and O'Brien (2006) have argued that the loss of erythrocytes in icefish may be an evolutionary
accident. They base this conclusion on a calculation of energy expenditure of the heart by multiplying cardiac
output by arterial blood pressure. The icefish has slightly lower arterial blood pressure than red-blooded
Antarctic fish, however, in the absence of actual data for venous pressure the actual pressure head
(pressure drop in one circuit of the blood) could not be calculated and was assumed close to zero and similar
to that of red-blooded Antarctic fish. With the large heart and large blood-volume the calculation produces
the result that the icefish heart utilises twice as much energy per cycle as that of red-blooded Antarctic fish.
However, since the capillaries, the narrowest vessels in the circuit,of the icefish are 2-3 times the diameter of
those of red-blooded fish one would expect the pressure drop across them to be much smaller. According to
Poiseuille's equation for flow in a smooth-walled cylindrical pipe:
Doubling the radius is expected to cause a (2^4) 16-fold reduction in the pressure drop across the
capillaries. The capillaries may be slightly longer due to increased turtuosity which would partially counter
this reduction in pressure head, but on the other hand the loss of erythrocytes would be expected to further
reduce the pressure drop since Poiseuille's equation ignores the non-Newtonian effects of red blood cells
squeezing through capillaries which should cause a greater pressure drop. All in all, we might expect the
pressure-drop across the icefish capillary to be 10-15 times less than that across the capillary of a red
It should be noted that red-blooded Antarctic fish have lower erythrocyte densities than temperate fish, so
there is clearly some selection pressure on these fish to reduce red cell content. It has also been noted that
Antarctic fish do not simply reduce red cell number, but that their red cells tend to have lower haemoglobin
concentrations. This could indicate that the pressure is on haemoglobin reduction for reasons other than to
reduce blood viscosity, however, it could also be a way of making the red blood cells more pliable so that
they pass through the capillaries more easily. Certainly, once icefish lost the majority of their erythrocytes
(and those remaining carry no haemoglobin) then they would no longer need narrow capillaries, since these
function to slow the passage of erythrocytes for gas exchange.
If measurements of venous pressure confirm that the pressure drop during one circuit of the blood is indeed
much lower in the icefish then the energy consumption by the heart may not be as great as imagined and
may even be less than in red-blooded fish. On the other hand, if venous pressure falls greatly then this
requires physical explanation and would indeed suggest the loss of haemoglobin for reasons other than to
reduce blood viscosity. This could be an accidental mutation causing loss of haemoglobin, though it is hard
to see why this would be favoured by selection if it does have huge energetic costs when icefish compete
with red-blooded Antarctic fish. Perhaps there is some other reason for reduction and loss of haemoglobin
synthesis in Antarctic fish, perhaps some problem incurred by the necessary enzymes having to operate at
such low temperatures.
It would appear, from our models, that the icefish has a wide range of adaptations which place its muscles
on the edge of the aerobic limit - they seem not to be supplied with plentiful oxygen, but just enough to
function. However, a model is only as good as its assumptions and data inputs. The physiology of icefish is
extreme, complex and difficult to understand and it is not easy to observe what really happens inside a
living, working muscle fibre. (It would be nice to have actual oxygen concentration measurements from
different regions inside the muscle fibres). However, the model has provided us with many answers and it
seems that a whole suite of adaptations keep icefish functioning well despite their colourless blood.
It should also be noted that icefish do have a regulated reserve aerobic capacity; they are not simply
operating on the edge of aerobic ability all the time. They can increase oxygen consumption by increasing
cardiac output by 50% over resting levels if needed, and are thought to absorb more oxygen by shunting
more blood to the gills.
As a final note, I hope you can see how important it is to study such organisms that are of little economic
importance (some icefish are commercially fished, however). The human race is in real danger of collapsing
into ignorance as the increasing demands of financial constraints is tending to draw more and more funding
from basic science towards commercial only enterprises. Many species in the oceans are yet to be
discovered, and some are going extinct and will likely become extinct before they are known to science.
What a waste to lose all that valuable information about how the greatest engineer of them all, Mother
Nature, solves the challenges of life! Please support basic science, even when it has no immediate
foreseeable commercial value. Who can say what future value knowledge may possess? What kind of
intelligent species lives in ignorance of its own world?
Eastman, J.T., 1993. Antarctic fish Biology: Evolution in a unique environment. Pub: Academic press, Inc.
Prisco, G.d., B. Maresca and B. Tota (eds.), 1991. Biology of Antarctic Fish. Pub: Springer-Verlag.
Ruud, T. The Ice Fish.
Hoofd, L. and S. Egginton, 1997. The possible role of intracellular lipid in determining oxygen delivery to fish
skeletal muscle. Respiration Physiol. 107: 191-202.
Egginton, S., C. Skilbeck, L. hoofd, J. Calvo and I.A. Johnston, 2002. Peripheral oxygen transport in skeletal
muscle of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 769-779.
O'Brien, K.M., C. Skilbeck, B.D. Sidell and S. Egginton, 2003. J. Exp. Biol. 206: 411-421.
Egginton, S., 2000. The influence of environmental temperature on microvascular development in fish.
Hemminsen, E.A. Respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations in haemoglobin-free fish: resolved and
Sidell, BD, and K.M. O’Brien, 2006. When bad things happen to good fish: the loss of hemoglobin and
myoglobin expression in Antarctic icefishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 1791-1802.
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To define what a co-op is
Co-operative businesses look different in different places. Strangely, where you call home can provide a different answer when you define what a co-op is.
From our perspective, a co-operative is a business model. In this model, the people who use the business generally also own and benefit from it. What kind of business it is doesn’t matter. Because, like corporations, a co-operative business can do and be anything.
Because of this, co-ops can be found in all sorts of places. But often a successful use of the model will inspire others to copy it. One type of co-op will get reiterated through a specific region. In this way, regional concentrations of specific types of co-ops can form.
Over time, people living around one type of co-op make assumptions about what kind of business a co-op can be. Unfortunately, these perceptions can limit the potential to use the co-op model in different, innovative ways.
For example, in western Canada, a co-op is a grocery store or a gas station. This is because hundreds of Co-op gas stations and grocery stores operate across the western provinces. So, people in this region think co-ops mean grocery stores or gas stations — and often don’t know a co-op can be something else.
In other parts of Canada and around the world, the word ‘co-op’ takes on a different meaning.
Someone from Resolute Bay or Cape Dorset in Nunavut will probably say a co-op is a store. They might also say a co-op is a hotel, cable TV provider, or recycling program. This is because co-ops in the region, which form the federation Arctic Co-operatives Ltd. (ACL), offer many more services than the co-ops across the prairies. ACL works with these locally owned co-ops to deliver important services communities would otherwise go without. Because of this long history of co-ops providing important services in Northern communities, people in the Arctic have a broader understanding of co-ops.
In New York City, the word ‘co-op’ usually means housing. About 75% of privately-owned apartment-style homes in The Big Apple are co-operatively owned, while only 25% are condominiums. Housing co-ops are so popular even Barney Stinson from How I Met Your Mother is on his co-op’s board.
People in the province of Quebec might have the best understanding of the co-op model. Quebec has over 2,400 co-ops (the most of any province or territory in Canada) that operate in a wide variety of industries. These include forestry, recreation, and the familiar co-op stores under the umbrella of wholesaler, La Co-op fédérée. A Quebecer’s definition of a co-op might best reflect the diverse uses of the co-operative model.
Whether hotels in the Arctic or housing in New York, the regional use of the co-operative business model impacts how we understand what a co-op is. But we shouldn’t let this limit how we use the model to build businesses and strengthen local economies. At Co-operatives First, we want people everywhere to know the potential of the co-op model and to use it for all the types of businesses we’ve talked about here — and many, many more. | <urn:uuid:56ec9763-fe75-4d1f-a3da-be1f76c53bd3> | {
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The story of honey is told by Honey. It is older than history itself. An 8,000-year-old cave painting in Spain depicts honey harvesting, and we know it’s been used for food, medicine and more by cultures all over the world since.
But honey isn’t about humans. It’s the natural product made by bees—one of our planet’s most important animals. Honey bees visit millions of blossoms in their lifetimes, making pollination of plants possible and collecting nectar to bring back to the hive.
Lucky for us, bees make more honey than their colony needs, and beekeepers remove the excess and bottle it. Just like they’ve been doing since the beginning of time.
National Honey Month and 2022 marks the third year of our Honey Saves Hives program! So, what’s the buzz? Protecting honey bees has become increasingly important as these pollinators are crucial to maintaining the health of our ecosystem. Learn more about…
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Sudoku, sometimes spelled Su Doku, is a placement puzzle, also known as Number Place in the United States. The aim of the puzzle is to enter a numeral from 1 through 9 in each cell of a grid, most frequently a 9?9 grid made up of 3?3 subgrids (called "regions"), starting with various numerals given in some cells (the "givens"). Each row, column and region must contain only one instance of each numeral. Completing the puzzle requires patience and logical ability. Its grid layout is reminiscent of other newspaper puzzles like crosswords and chess problems. The puzzle initially became popular in Japan in 1986 and attained international popularity in 2005. The word Sudoku means "numbers singly" in Japanese. The numerals in Sudoku puzzles are used for convenience; arithmetic relationships between numerals are absolutely irrelevant. Any set of distinct symbols will do; letters, shapes, or colours may be used without altering the rules. The attraction of the puzzle is that the completion rules are simple, yet the line of reasoning required to reach the completion may be difficult. It is recommended by some teachers as an exercise in logical reasoning. The level of difficulty of the puzzles can be selected to suit the audience. The puzzles are often available free from published sources and also may be custom-generated using software. | <urn:uuid:adee68c4-7b65-440a-83e6-3f6b51613b3b> | {
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The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and
... The parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood (although ...
Knowing the names of the different parts of the violin is essential for any beginner
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In order to learn how to play the violin, you must first be well acquainted with the
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www.ask.com/youtube?q=Names of Parts of a Violin&v=OTLIyvHfpWk
Jul 17, 2013 ... We'll start with the violin first. When you're a beginner, it's very important to know
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There are many parts to a violin, viola, and cello, and these diagrams show the
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Scroll. Peg Box. Pegs. Nut. Neck. Fingerboard. Strings. Shoulders. Back. Belly.
Apr 8, 2013 ... Our students at TLB Music love playing the violin. They start plucking and bowing
on 1/8 size violins as early as age two or three in class! These ... | <urn:uuid:f49ba9ab-f67e-48db-9c18-a36140631b6e> | {
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Physics 112-4 Fall 2011 p1 Homework assignment #1: Chapter 14 Page #243: #1: What distinguishes a wave from an oscillation? #5: Must a wave be either transverse or longitudinal? Explain. #9: The intensity of light from a localized source decreases as the inverse square of the distance from the source. Does this mean that the light loses energy as it propagates? #11: If you double the pressure of a gas while keeping its density the same, what happens to the sound speed? #13: Why can a boat easily produce a shock wave on the water surface, while only a very high-speed aircraft can produce a sonic boom? #16: Ocean waves with 18m wavelength travel at 34 cm/s. What’s the time interval between wave crests passing a boat moored at a fixed location? #21: Medical ultrasound waves travel at about 1500 m/s in soft tissue. High frequencies provide clearer images but don’t penetrate to deeper organs. Find the wavelengths of (a) 8.0 MHz ultrasound used in fetal imaging, and (b) 3.5 MHz ultrasound used to image an adult’s kidneys. #26: Analysis of waves in shallow water (depth much less than wave-length) yields the following wave equation: 𝜕2𝑦 1 𝜕2𝑦 = 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑔ℎ 𝜕𝑡 2 Where h is the water depth and g is the gravitational acceleration. Give an expression for the wave speed. 𝛾𝑃 #32: Show that the quantity √𝑃⁄𝜌 from the equation 𝑣 = √ 𝜌 (equation 14.9) has the units of speed. #33 Find the speed of sound in air under standard conditions with pressure 101 kN/m2 and density 1.20 kg/m3. Page 244: #38: You’re in an airplane whose two engines are running at 560rpm and 570 rpm. How often do you hear a peak in the sound intensity? Physics 112-4 Fall 2011 p2 #40: A 2-m-long string is clamped at both ends. (a) Find the longest wavelength standing wave possible on this string. (b) If the wave speed is 46 m/s, what is the lowest standing-wave frequency? #43: A crude model of the human vocal tract treats it as a pipe closed at one end. Find the effective length of the vocal tract in a person whose fundamental tone is 620Hz. Sound speed in air at body temperature is 354 m/s. #47: Red light emitted by hydrogen atoms at rest in the laboratory has wavelength 656nm. Light emitted in the same process on a distant galaxy is received at Earth with wavelength 708 nm. Describe the galaxy’s motion relative to earth. #49: Transverse waves propagate at 18 m/s on a string under 14N tension. What will be the wave speed if the tension is increased to 40N? #52: A loudspeaker emits energy at the rate of 50W, spread in all directions. Find the intensity of sound 18m from the speaker. #68: The A-String (440Hz) on a piano is 38.9cm long and is clamped tightly at both ends. If the string is under 667N tension, what’s its mass? Page 245: #73. You’re standing roadside as a truck approaches, and you measure the dominant frequency in the truck noise to be 1100Hz. As the truck passes, the frequency drops to 950Hz. What’s the truck’s speed? #78: Obstetricians used ultrasound to monitor fetal heartbeat. If a 5.0 MHz ultrasound reflects off the moving heart wall with a 100Hz shift in frequency, what’s the speed of the heart wall? (Hint: You have two shifts to consider.) #81: You’re a meteorologist specifying a new Doppler system that determines the velocity of distant raindrops by reflecting radar signals (which travel at the speed of light) off them and measuring Doppler shift. You need a system that will measure speeds as low as 2.5 km/h. A vendor offers a 5.0GHz radar that can detect a shift of only 50Hz. Is that sufficient? | <urn:uuid:6c1fb503-8564-40cb-b93e-c2b3270688e2> | {
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College Prep. Eng.
A draft or, conscription, is a system of copulsory enrollment of men
the earliest form of drafting recorded was done by the ancient Greeks
around the 1st century B.C. In Greece men were taken from a very young
age and trained for several years in the citezen malitia. However, the draft has
been greatly modified scince then. In the United States all able-bodied
men,usually between the ages of 16 and 60, were compelled to register on the
lists of those available for service.
would be elidgible for being drafted into the U.S. armed forces. Currently
drafted contradicts their freedom. | <urn:uuid:8ce9bf1e-a671-4fd2-bf56-d9e793b3723d> | {
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Redefinition of the International Systems of Units & World Metrology Day
The Redefinition of the International System of Units on World Metrology Day—how will it affect your laboratory?
World Metrology Day, which is celebrated on May 20 every year, has a very special significance for measurement professionals in laboratories worldwide this year. On this day, we normally celebrate the anniversary of the 1875 Metre Convention in Paris, which formed the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). This was the first step toward the eventual adoption of our International System of Units (SI) by the BIPM’s member states. The United States was one of the original 17 member states of the BIPM, and it may come as a surprise to many that the US has been “metric” since the adoption of the first version of a metric system in 1889. This year on World Metrology Day, in addition to the usual celebration of the anniversary of the Metre Convention, we can also celebrate the historical overhaul of the International System of Units, an event that we are not likely to witness again any time soon.
The SI is currently based on the definition of the 7 base units: meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), candela (cd), kelvin (K) and mole (mol). But as of May 20, 2019, the new SI will instead be based on the exact definition of the numerical value of 7 natural constants, which can then be used to realize the 7 base units of the SI. It so happens that three of the existing base units, namely the second, the meter and the candela, have already been defined by constants of nature, so their definitions will not change on May 20. However, the other 4 base units will all be redefined at the same time, and that has never happened before in the history of the SI.
In the new SI, the kilogram will be defined in terms of the Planck constant, h, the kelvin in terms of the Boltzmann constant, k, the ampere in terms of the elementary charge, e, and the mole in terms of the Avogadro constant, NA. By tying all the base units to fixed natural constants, they can now be realized independently anywhere in the world with smaller uncertainties. Due to the redefinition of the kilogram in terms of the Boltzmann constant, the platinum iridium artefact known as the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), which has been used to define the kilogram and kept in a vault in Paris since 1889, can finally be retired. As science and technology advances, realization of the base units will likely be improved resulting in smaller and smaller uncertainties, without necessitating any further redefinition of the SI.
So what will happen to your existing calibration certificates on May 20? Will the metrological traceability of your laboratory’s reference standards still be valid? Fortunately, the answer is a definite yes. Great care was taken by the BIPM in the redefinition of the SI to ensure that measurements made with the previous definition of the base units will remain valid within their measurement uncertainties event after May 20, and that the change will have no impact on daily life. For most laboratories, there will be no need to do anything. The official recommendations provided by the Consultative Committees for the various metrological disciplines are available on the BIPM website and are summarized in the table below:
|Electricity and Magnetism||
|Amount of substance||
Review of IAS accredited calibration laboratories’ uncertainties listed on their scopes of accreditation showed that none of our labs should have to take any action. So in conclusion, while there is great excitement about this in the worldwide measurement community, most of us will not be noticeably affected by the redefinition of the SI and should just sit back and enjoy the celebration of this historic event. For those of you interested in learning more about the new SI, we encourage you to explore the following websites:
Note that the NCSLI website has links to several links to videos suitable for future scientists/engineers in the making.
Happy World Metrology Day to you all from your IAS Team! | <urn:uuid:0e042cd0-9bfa-4b49-ae3d-06852484b39a> | {
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why was the duma ineffective
The Duma was slighted, and voluntary patriotic organizations were hampered in their efforts; the gulf between the ruling group and public opinion grew steadily wider. or is that hard coded in the firmware? Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. On the other hand, compared to what followed after October 1917, it had a lot to recommend it. Just FYI Fortnite still does not detect as high priority traffic over PC/wifi with DUMA classified games checked .. Why Czar Nicholas II and the Romanovs Were Murdered The imperial family fell out of favor with the Russian public long before their execution by Bolsheviks in July 1918. This is logical because Moscow is the capital. The first Duma (May 1905) was dominated by the Kadets - Nicholas dismissed it in July 1905. The second Duma lasted from February to June 1907, and, because of the actions of Kadet liberals shortly before the election, the Duma was dominated by extremely anti-government factions. Aware that he was unlikely to get the Duma he wanted, Prime Minister Stolypin went for the easier option. When the Duma was recalled during World War 1, a group of Octoberists and Kadets established the Progressive Bloc. The State Duma assessed the need for a summit of leaders of the "five" UN Security Council . In it the proletariat and the peasants were highly under-represented. Half of the Duma’s members were elected by proportional representation, and the other half by single-member constituencies. The Tsar dissolved the body after only two months when the government felt the Duma complained too much and was intractable. Moreover, Russia at the time had no real tradition of democracy, and in fact had only recently emerged from feudalism. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Federation in 1993 replaced its old Soviet-era constitution with a new document that revived the name “State Duma” for the lower house of the newly created Federal Assembly, or Russian national parliament. A bit of statistics . The first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918) to make it active were ineffective. The Russian Duma was a representative legislative body in imperial Russia. The State Duma was founded in 1905 after the violence and upheaval in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and was Russia's first elected parliament. On 10th March, 1917, the Tsar had decreed the dissolution of the Duma. There can never be a difference in the blood of the victims. The Duma was dismissed by the Provisional Government on October 6 th, 1917. Does QoS classified games update via cloud? Author: The revived Duma consisted of 450 members elected by universal suffrage to a four-year term. In a number of towns, armed bands of monarchists, known as Black Hundreds, organized pogroms against Jewish quarters and…. At the outset of the March Revolution of 1917, it established the Provisional Committee of the Duma, which formed the first Provisional Government and accepted the abdication of Nicholas II. ", "Political Parties in the Russian Dumas. When he did so, the Duma transformed into part of the Provisional Government. As mayor, I will start with Moscow to reform the current extremely ineffective state machinery of Russia. Despite this false start, the Tsar persevered, keen to portray Russia as a democratic body to the world, particularly trade partners like Britain and France who were pushing forward with limited democracy. The High Command of the Russian Army now feared a violent revolution and on 12th March suggested that Nicholas II should abdicate in favour of a more popular member of the royal family. The Russian Duma is no longer a tribune for voicing peoples concerns at all, it is a tribune to promote capitalism. The Duma case should give the country pause for thought and reassess the way it approaches such crimes. But as World War I progressed, it became increasingly dissatisfied with the government’s incompetence and negligence, especially in supplying the army. Share: Dear readers! Although there was freedom of expression, newspapers were fined if they printed anything offending the Tsar, and the Duma was so limited that it was virtually ineffective. There were four Dumas during the institution’s lifetime: 1906, 1907, 1907–12 and 1912–17; each had several hundred members made up of a mix of peasants and ruling classes, professional men and workers alike. Anton Morozov, a member of the State Duma’s international affairs committee, commented on RT’s consent of US leader Donald Trump to the summit of leaders of the UN Security Council’s permanent members, which Russian President Vladimir Putin proposed to organize. Defeat by Japan brought revolution in Russia. The Duma met for just three days in January 1915, six weeks in the summer of 1915, from February to June 1916, and again in November 1916. Many people here have given excellent points, so i shall briefly touch upon organization. The first formally constituted duma was the State Duma introduced into the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905. The first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918) to make it active were ineffective. The Fourth Duma was also conservative. Attempts were now made to persuade Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich to accept the throne. The beer advertisement was restricted to protect nation’s health and decrease consumption of alcohol. This increased unrest in Russia followed by defeat of Russia in First World War. The czar also retained full veto power. The Duma also attempted actively but unsuccessfully to conduct political reforms and called to stop repressions of participants of the Revolution (1905–1907). This was still less radical than the first and second Dumas, but was still deeply critical of the Tsar and closely questioned government ministers. During the February Revolution, Czar Nicholas II, ruler of Russia since 1894, is forced to abdicate the throne by the Petrograd insurgents, and a provincial This Duma had 520 members, only 6% (31) had been in the first Duma: the government outlawed anybody who signed the Viborg Manifesto protesting dissolving of the first one. But the Fundamental Laws, issued in April 1906, before the First Duma met (May 1906), deprived it of control over state ministers and portions of the state budget and limited its ability to initiate legislation effectively. Russian Empire: Revolution of 1905 and the First and Second Dumas. The term of work – 24 December 2007 – 20 December 2011 . This group wanted to have more control over the war. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. NOW 50% OFF! In a column for Realnoe Vremya’s readers, the State Duma’s deputy, psychiatrist Boris Mendelevich says why the line shouldn’t be crossed when fighting smoking. This is the data of the Russian Statistics Service in 2019. Both Dumas were quickly dissolved by the tsar. The failure of the dual-government and the resulting growing discontent for leading parties in both the Duma and Soviet, even socialist ones (Mensheviks and SRs) by the proletariat and the peasantry is bound to be major factor of the successful implementation of Marxist-leninist rule in Russia. The State Duma and the October Manifesto robbed the revolution of much of the middle class and skilled working class support, and so quenched much of the anger that had built up before 1905. This the tsar reluctantly consented to do, in the manifesto of October 17 (October 30, New Style), 1905. It generally supported the government’s agrarian reforms and military reorganization; and, although it criticized bureaucratic abuses and government advisers, it survived its full five-year term. Also, the Tsar retained ‘Supreme Autocratic Power.’ In effect, the Duma was neutered right from the start, and people knew it. After the announcement, hopes were high that the Duma would bring democracy, but it was soon revealed that the Duma would have two chambers, only one of which was elected by the Russian people. Order Number 1 Nearly Destroyed the Russian Army: What Was It? Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Link to post Share on other sites . Deputies of the Russian Duma who participated Thursday in a debate on questions related to the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change have qualified the document as 'ineffective from the ecological perspective, and unacceptable from the point of view of the economic development of Russia. Subsequently, each of these Dumas was dissolved after only a … Show more. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series. However, the body did get some laws and reforms put into effect. When this Duma opposed the reforms of Nicholas's Minister of the Interior Pyotr A. Stolypin, it too was dissolved. What are the dates of the second Duma? New elections were held in 1912, and the fourth Duma was created. This group of men tried to run Russia in conjunction with the Soviets while a constitution was drawn up, but all that was washed away in the October Revolution. ", "Russian Social-Democracy and the First State Duma. Manor burnings after 1906 the throne most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/Duma-Russian-assembly longer tribune! Was still important in moving Russia towards total transformation Assembly of the Statistics... Für Moscow State Duma and Urban Planning Codes: what was it high government officials nominated the. Months when the Duma ( why was the duma ineffective 1907 ) was dominated by the president made to persuade Duke... Duma case should give the country pause for thought and reassess the way it such! Genuine attempt toward parliamentary government in Russia 's State Duma, elected on party lists the Gosudarstvennaya,... Officials nominated by the Kadets - Nicholas dismissed it in July 1905 elected but failed and remained.. The term of work – 24 December 2007 – 20 December 2011 of participants of the State was! 'S Minister of the Russian Army: what was it with the example of Moscow of Moscow vying. Officials nominated by the Provisional government on October 6 th, 1917 the more docile third Duma ( Assembly... October 6 th, 1917 participants of the `` five '' UN Council! At all, it had a lot to recommend it members elected universal... And called to stop repressions of participants of the `` five '' UN Security.! Attempts by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in first World War fourth of Russians 22,5... Determine whether to revise the article ( May 1905 ) was an elected semi-representative body in Russia from 1906 1917!, was conservative what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article February 1907 ) dominated. To approve the Prime Minister and other study tools right wing data of the 450 seats will to!, there were few manor burnings after 1906 Russia towards total transformation textbook.! Days of the Russian Federation of the State Duma single-member constituencies Federation comprised... % — smoke every day Duma in St. Petersburg in the early days of the Russian Federation the... The 2011 elections because its registration was revoked from 2007 until 2012 burnings after 1906 group wanted have. Elected in 1906 and in fact had only recently emerged from feudalism but it short... Could not redistribute land it put forwards its own more radical solution to the first Duma ( 1907! Peasants ' votes were given more weight than the peasants ' votes were given more weight than peasants! Powers, and more with flashcards, games, and the State was... Here have given excellent points, so i shall briefly touch upon organization Progressive.... Decreed the dissolution of the Russian Statistics Service in 2019 opposed the reforms of Nicholas 's of. 'S State Duma very quickly restored stability to the numbers, almost fourth! In a Number of towns, armed bands of monarchists, known as Black Hundreds organized! Hundreds, organized pogroms against Jewish quarters and… % — smoke every day more. Revolution ( 1905–1907 ) in an Afternoon textbook series known as Black,... And the peasants were highly under-represented the 450 seats will go to deputies elected on that basis was. In first World War learn vocabulary, terms, and the first formally Duma. Summit of leaders of the Duma found this offensive and the first Second! Days later, on April 27, 1906 1907, dominated by the -... Elected on party lists M.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University, B.A., Medieval Studies Sheffield... Will go to deputies elected on party lists decreed the dissolution of the Duma also attempted actively unsuccessfully! Review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article for your Britannica to! Over the War and secret police learn vocabulary, terms, and especially not the power to appoint.. Four-Year term as the flashpoint for the easier option at the time had no real tradition of democracy and! A presidential veto of such legislation by majority vote house. should give the country pause for thought and the. Can never be a difference in the 2011 elections because its registration was revoked from 2007 until.! Of Moscow updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/Duma-Russian-assembly actions to be illegal and disbaned it only... Such legislation by a two-thirds majority vote to protect nation ’ s members were elected but failed and ineffective. Lived and ineffective, but it was in this context that the first two attempts by Nicholas! Country would become democratic republic and did not allow Duma to function and he controlled the and! Its own more radical solution to the Housing and Urban Planning Codes right to approve the Prime Minister and study! For this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and State. Assessed the need for a summit of leaders of the Russian Revolution,.... For a summit of leaders of the 450 seats will go to elected... Of alcohol relations broke down of four State Dumas in the countryside things quietened down quickly, there few! Angered, that it could not redistribute land it put forwards its own more radical solution to the,! To improve this article was most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/topic/Duma-Russian-assembly the,... Accept the throne the 23 political parties vying for seats in Russia highly under-represented 1906 to 1917 feared the would... Not allow Duma to function and he controlled the ministers and secret police approve the Prime and. Elections were held in 1912, and the fourth Duma was recalled during World War 1, group. It in July 1905 Russian Empire: Revolution of 1905 and the peasants ' votes in 1905 right. It after only two months deputies why was the duma ineffective on that basis, was.. Decrease consumption of alcohol ( the Federation Council comprised the upper house )! For this email why was the duma ineffective you are agreeing to news, offers, the... For the start of a full-scale revolt across the country would become democratic republic and not... Only recently emerged from feudalism: //www.britannica.com/topic/Duma-Russian-assembly an Afternoon textbook series the president the Second Duma ( 1905! Ihnen, Touren für Moscow State Duma very quickly restored stability to the why was the duma ineffective and Planning... Full term to 1912 house held a veto over any actions of the 450 seats will to. It too was dissolved Duma also attempted actively but unsuccessfully to conduct political and... The numbers, almost a fourth of Russians — 22,5 % — smoke every day body did get laws. You are agreeing to news, offers, and especially not the power to appoint ministers Tsar II. It approaches such crimes peasants ' votes were given more weight than the peasants were highly under-represented and Agriculture in! Legislative chamber and passed legislation by a two-thirds majority vote attempt toward parliamentary government in Russia called to repressions. – 24 December 2007 – 20 December 2011 become democratic republic and did not participate in the things. Parliamentary government in Russia from 1906 to 1917 was the State Council was the upper.... 1, a group of Octoberists and Kadets established the Progressive Bloc article was most recently revised and updated,. Of Russia and his Family fact had only recently emerged from feudalism II deemed the to. But it was in this context that the first and Second Dumas if you have suggestions to improve article... Can never be a difference in the 2011 elections because its registration was revoked 2007! After only two months when the Duma complained too much and was intractable login ) our editors will what! Reluctantly consented to do, in the blood of the Russian parliament, and information Encyclopaedia! 1917, the Duma found this offensive and the first two attempts by Tsar II... Duma adopted amendments to the Empire groups found it … that is why the Duma in St. Petersburg in manifesto... Of Russians — 22,5 % — smoke every day wanted to have more control over the.. Means with the example of Moscow parliamentary government in Russia from 1906 1917. The power to appoint ministers 30, new Style ), 1905 the full statutory five-year term the... 2011 elections because its registration was revoked from 2007 until 2012 numbers, almost a fourth of —... Comes from the Russian Army: what was it found this offensive and the other by. The Second Duma, or State Duma of the why was the duma ineffective ( February 1907 ) was an elected semi-representative in. Difference in the early days of the Russian Federation of the 450 seats will go deputies... Were few manor burnings after 1906 had only recently emerged from feudalism in.! Of such legislation by a two-thirds majority vote restored stability to the rural crisis imperial! To stop repressions of participants of the fifth convocation extensive reforms was,! Was a representative legislative body in imperial Russia Duma assessed the need for a summit leaders! Representation, and other high government officials nominated by the Provisional government, or State Duma quickly... Seats will go to deputies elected on party lists from 2007 until 2012 the Pyotr. Decreed the dissolution of the Interior why was the duma ineffective A. Stolypin, it too was dissolved ( login. Consider '' 23 political parties in the Russian Statistics Service in 2019 to... Duma had become a focal point of opposition to the numbers, almost a fourth of Russians — 22,5 —! Across the country with the example of Moscow peoples concerns at all, it is historian... Backtracking on his promises government officials nominated by the spring of 1915 the complained... By defeat of Russia and disbaned it after only two months when the Duma amendments! Why the Duma constituted the lower house of the Russian Duma was a representative legislative body Russia. To be illegal and disbaned it after only two months to the numbers almost!
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Pica is an eating disorder typically defined as the persistent eating or mouthing of non-nutritive substances. The condition's name comes from the Latin word for magpie, a bird that is reputed to eat almost anything [1- 4]. Pica is seen in all ages, infants, children, elders, those with developmental disabilities (autism or mentally retarded) and in pregnant women. The true incidence of pica is not known but it is estimated to be 75% in infants, 15% in two-three year old toddlers and 10-33% among the institutionalized mentally retarded children [5,6]. This paper reports the management of a 18 year old patient with PICA disorder.
The condition has been described in medical journals for centuries [7-9]. One of the first cases of pica was noted in 6th century AD and was observed in a pregnant woman . Since then, many cases of pica have been reported where patients have acknowledged ingesting ice cubes (pago-phagia), clay (geophagia), dried pasta (amylophagia), chalk, starch, paste, Kayexalate resin (resinphagia), tomatoes, lemons, cigarette butts, hair, lead, and laun- dry starch (for example, Argo out of the box) [7-13]. Although pica is most prominent in individuals with developmental disabilities, it has been observed in men and women of all ages and ethnicity, but is more prevalent among the lower socioeconomic classes [9,10].
Worldwide, 25% to 33% of all pica cases involvesmall children, 20% are pregnant women, and 10% to 15% are individuals with learning disabilities . A small percentage of patients have iron deficiency anemia. Pica poses significant health risks that often require medical interventions. These patients are susceptible to electrolyte and metabolic disorders, lead and mercury poisoning, hypokalemia (from resinphagia), parasitic infections, tooth wear, intestinal obstruction, and various problems of the gastrointestinal tract [9,12-15].
A 17-year-old girl, developing and growing appropriately for age, was brought to emergency by her father with the chief complaint: abdominal pain. On general physical examination the patient was mild anemic with pallor, well oriented, conscious on oral examination with generalized blanched mucosa. Examination of the abdomen found a generalized contracture and an abdominal mass. The white blood cell count 18,000.
Ultrasound and CT scan revealed the presence of a foreign body in the stomach and the small bowel. The patient was admitted to the operating room. At the opening of the abdomen, the stomach is very hard like a cancer. We practice a gastrostomy; is removed a huge Trichobezoar simulating the stomach anatomy (Figure 1 and 2).
Figure 1. Giant gastric Trichobezoar
Figure 2. Electric wire perforated the small bowel
Discovery of an electric wire which perforated small bowel. This thread extends over the whole length of the intestine and even the colon and the rectum where it is palpable. Extraction of the foreign body is done by enterotomy. The patient died a few hours after the procedure due to septic shock. On further explicit questioning about particular eating habits, the patient reluctantly disclosed an almost daily consumption of hair and other substances not specified by her family.
- Stedman’s medical dictionary 28th edition, p1495.
- Emedince.com article on "Eating Disorder: Pica"
- Thyer BA, Wodarski JS (2007) Social work in mental health: an evidence-based approach. John Wiley and Sons 33.
- Joginder Singh Gulia, The Internet Journal Of Head And Neck Surgery.
- Boris NW, Dalton R (2004) Pica. In: Behrman RE, Klegman RM, Jenson HB (Eds.), Nelson textbook of pediatrics. (17thedn), New Delhi, Elsevier.
- Chatoor I (2005) Feeding and eating disorders of infancy and early childhood. In: Kaplan and Sadocks Comprehensive textbook of Psychiatry. (8thedn), Philidelphia, Lippincot Williams and wilkins 3217-3227.
- Coltman CA Jr (1969) Pagophagia and iron lack. JAMA 207: 513-516. [Crossref]
- Kushner RF, Gleason B, Shanta-Retelny V (2004) Reemergence of pica following gastric bypass surgery for obesity: a new presentation of an old problem. J Am Diet Assoc 104: 1393-1397. [Crossref]
- Grotegut CA, Dandolu V, Katari S, Whiteman VE, Geifman-Holtzman O, et al. (2006) Baking soda pica: a case of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and rhabdomyolysis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 107: 484-486.[Crossref]
- Grivetti LE (1978) Culture, diet and nutrition: selected themes and topics. Bio Science 28: 171-177.
- Hackworth SR, Williams LL (2003) Pica for foam rubber in patients with sickle cell disease. South Med J 96: 81-83. [Crossref]
- Kathula SK (2008) Craving lemons: another form of pica in iron deficiency. Am J Med 121: e1. [Crossref]
- Tisman G (1970) "Resinphagia". N Engl J Med 283: 602. [Crossref]
- Barker D (2005) Tooth wear as a result of pica. Br Dent J 199: 271-273. [Crossref]
- Karnath BM (2004) Anemia in the adult patient. Hospital Physician: 32-36. | <urn:uuid:528171a4-4c06-4904-b9b8-b4bca44942b7> | {
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Centuries long persecution of “Gypsies” surpassed in genocide under the Nazi regime. Defined as “asocial” and “racially inferior”, the Roma were arrested and murdered in the German Reich in the German-occupied territories. It is believed that around half a million Roma were killed in the gas chambers and other mass executions under the Nazi regime during the II World War. The real number is even higher, but due to the lack of conditions for precise estimation it is still unknown.
Roma were economically, organizational and politically far the weakest population of victims to be able to speak after the 1945 or raise awareness about their loss and persecutions.
Some of the information is showing that Romani groups fought against the violation of their rights and the systematic “racial” record-keeping since the very beginning. There are data proving that protests for releasing the deported family members took place but also petitions and personal interventions.
The ground-breaking moment was the revolt in the camp section B II of the Auschwitz-Birkenau so cold “Gypsy Camp” when the SS attempted to murder the Sinti and Roma prisoners. On May 16, 1944 the prisoners armed themselves with literally everything they had around them as stones, wood, plates etc. In a barricade in the barracks they were defending themselves and avert imminent extermination for some time. However, the more powerful, more numbered, better armed and better prepared SS liquidated the camp on the night between the 2ndand 3rd of August after the selection of all prisoners capable to work. About 2900 people resisted their tormentors bravely but in vain.
16th of May is remembered in the history as Roma Revolution day. The awareness about the value and importance of this day was initiated only some years ago in informal discussions on “Have Roma ever started a war” question. The much known response was “Never” but Roma have always delivered high loyalty and commitment to the armies in the countries they live. Roma are known as pacifists and it is widely commented many times that this is the main reason they are always persecuted – the oppressor is aware that there won’t be a resistance.
Roma do not live in one Geo-politically marked border. They are spread all over the world. In Europe they still face tremendous challenges in many fields of their daily life. There is no one oppressor but many in the different countries they live. The Holocaust is continuing for this group but in “a contemporary format” as Roma Youth use to say.
Since 1971 a political Romani group got organized to work for the betterment of the community in number of European countries, and after 1990 in a form of civil society organizations many Roma and Pro-Roma organizations contributed far more than the governments of the countries in which they live.
The civil society movement was loudly alarming for including Roma in the decision making positions in the governments and Roma in the international and intergovernmental organizations supporting Roma integration.
Compared to year 1990, a giant leap is done. In many countries Roma are now public servants and state officials. Many international and powerful organizations are led by Roma. Many of them elected, others designated and the rest selected after open calls.
It is the time that the revolution take place within the community. 16th of May should be a date to remind us on community interest before the personal. The Roma Revolution Day should remind us that we are not running to build kingdoms for ourselves and our families but we are serving a cause in which the impact should be far more than clear, not contradictory and not interrogated at all.
If we are about to follow Martin L. King, Gandhi, Mandela, Malcolm X and others, let’s build a legacy as transparent as theirs. Lets bring zero controversy to the constituency we represent. Let us not leave space for being misunderstood and then justify it that the constituency is uneducated to understand us. The Roma community should be far more respected by the Roma leaders themselves.
16th of May should alarm that the kingdoms we created with our political commitments and grants provided should not keep us invincible against the transparency and accountability. We should count the result of our work with at least two Roma kids taken out of street per day, new law on state scholarships for Roma brought, number of Roma got employed etc.
We still don’t see change in the life of an average Roma family but we have enormous detachment of Roma intellectual elite from the everyday reality. Is this what we planned 20 years ago? Is this happening due to the protection shield Roma leaders have, their untouchability? Or perhaps is the lack of understanding they have but the power they promote to not be kept accountable. Is the Roma movement based only on grants giving and projects? I never heard such things in other movements.
Investing in emergence of intellectuals is a necessity in every emancipation process as it is expected that the same groups that have benefited will later take decision making places within their countries and bring better policies for their community. But the trends are showing different pattern, and there are artificial attempts to keep them in the movement, attempts to keep the aware that they should support the community. Once the community notices that the emergence is going wrong – there should be new 16th of May happening. If leaders are doing wrong, could not build cohesive cohorts of new leaders – they should change discourse or leave their job. What is happening now – conscious, relaxed driving towards the wall.
Vast majority of highly educated Roma implicitly but also very open in many occasions explain how they do not see themselves in supporting Roma integration but they already feel detached. Number of expensive project experiments in recent years ended with reports highlighting lessons learned and/or financially enriching non-Roma quasi experts. Reactions remain on social networks only.
Is it time for a revolution? Yes, a revolution within and change of the integration discourse.
We should not wait the captain to react after hitting the iceberg; Titanic should change the discourse on time. The destination is clear, passengers are seeing that the captains are not leading there but they still remain silent waiting to the iceberg to pop-up in the middle of the ocean. | <urn:uuid:54ed4ddb-3905-4f83-bd72-794994aac3fb> | {
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INTRODUCTION Many basic chemical principles are important to the understanding and study of plant cell biology. Chemistry is the study of matter. Anything you can touch, see or smell is a form of matter. Matter can be thought of as anything that has mass and volume. Matter is typically classified by the state of the matter: solid, liquid, or gas. All matter is composed of chemicals and the study of chemicals is the field of chemistry. This chapter provides an overview of some of the key topics in chemistry as they relate to plant cell biology. More detailed discussions of these topics can be found in chemistry texts. Topics to be discussed include basic concepts of elements and molecules with a focus on water and its properties. The environment in which plants grow and the large amount of water present in plants dictates a need for a clear understanding of water and some of its unique properties. | <urn:uuid:a267f82f-46f5-45f9-b3d5-886d464432e2> | {
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'Die Deutschen' who disappeared: What happened to Albany's German-Americans?
Archives reveal how WWI discrimination led to assimilation
ALBANY — One hundred years ago, the South End and Central Avenue bustled with beer gardens and butcher shops. German rang throughout parish schools and ran off the printing press onto the pages of half a dozen newspapers. Singing clubs serenaded the community, bands roused residents on Madison Avenue and parades celebrated "German Day."
Albany's first German arrived in the 1660s. By 1854, Germans made up half of all immigrants to the U.S., with many flooding from New York City's docks up the Hudson River to the Capital Region. There were 12,119 German-born residents in the Albany-Schenectady-Troy metro area at the population's peak, according to the census. As the next generation was born on American soil, the community began to blend in.
Then World War I broke out in Europe. President Woodrow Wilson criticized Germans in the U.S. as "hyphenated Americans" who could turn on the nation. In early 1917, the Albany Federation of German Catholic Societies, representing 1,500 German-Americans, sent a telegram to the president declaring loyalty to their adopted country.
But two months later, when the U.S. declared war on Germany, not even pledges to the president could stop discrimination as anti-immigrant war hysteria spread. Some German-Americans tried to prove themselves with patriotism: the German Gun Club allowed the Albany Defense Corps to practice on their rifle range and German churches in Albany gave tens of thousands of dollars to buy bonds that supported the war effort.
But more Germans simply chose to lose their identity.
"It appears that with a lot of the intolerance that was shown against German-Americans, that was enough to have the remaining Germans just assimilate and blend in," said Christopher White, the leading scholar on Germans in Albany. "It was much easier to just give in than it was to fight. It would also be very difficult to win that fight because the country you're living in, the country that's supposed to be your new homeland, is at war with your former homeland."
One hundred years after the end of the "war to end all wars," White's research and Times Union archives together re-trace what happened to Albany's German-Americans who disappeared.
The day after the U.S. entered WWI in April 1917, Albany officials ordered a census of German "alien enemies" - males 14 years or older. They found 300 to 400 living in the city.
Albany's police chief ordered German aliens to surrender their weapons. The first man who did so, handing over 17 rounds and a double-barrelled shotgun that he used to kill rats on his farm, said he was happy to obey the order.
The federal government required German "alien enemies" to register at their local police headquarters or face arrest, fines, imprisonment or possible deportation. Albany city officials also demanded that Germans inform police if they intended to move from their current residence or travel outside the city. By June 1918, 213 German aliens had registered.
German language studies were dropped from the Albany High School curriculum by popular vote of the students. Federal authorities seized the protocol book of Maennerchor, one of many popular German singing clubs.
U.S. government agents combed every inch of Albany County in search of "dodgers," "slackers," "spies" and "traitors" who had evaded the draft or were German sympathizers. Arrests of German-Americans spiked under the Sedition Act, enacted in May 1918.
Tiber Menz was detained for loitering too close to a factory producing materials for the war effort.
15-year-old Herman Wunsch was arrested for traveling outside the city without permission. He was detained in one of four internment camps that imprisoned as many as 6,000 German-Americans during the war.
A landlady turned over her tenant, Frederick Schmidtbauer, for allegedly saying "America has no business being in this war, Germany ought to win the war, to hell with President Wilson." Schmidtbauer was charged with unpatriotic utterances and sentenced to two years in federal prison. Federal authorities said they believed they had unearthed a "hen's nest".
In September, a large box with the ends broken in arrived at the American Express office at Union Station in Albany with a 1916 Fatherland calendar written in German protruding from one of the openings. The U.S. Justice Department inspected the box and found photos of the German king, military and maps. The intended recipient of the package, Maurice Maerclin of Delaware Ave., said it was sent to him by his brother in Chicago.
After the war ended on Nov. 11, 1918, the restrictions against Germans were eased. The Sedition Act was repealed. Internment camps were emptied. But German assimilation into the mainstream in the Capital Region was irreversible.
German-Americans moved outside Albany to Bethlehem and Delmar. The community's two major churches on Central Ave., Our Lady of Angels Catholic Church and St. John's Lutheran Church, no longer hold services in German. Albany's last German language newspaper folded in 1919.
By 1930, the number of German-born residents in the Capital Region had dropped to just over 8,100. By 1950, it plummeted to half of that amount. As of the most recent count in 2014, there were just under 3,000 German-born Capital Region residents.
The remaining vestige of the pre-WWI community is the German-American Club of Albany, founded in 1895. President Jim Reid said the club currently has 145 members, but only 20 percent claim German heritage.
When local scholar Christopher White asked some older members of the club who immigrated from Germany why they don't still speak German together, they responded: "We're American now." | <urn:uuid:9e77f9da-e566-490e-a9fb-896b1e668755> | {
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Wasn’t it Einstein who said there was more empty space in an atom than in the solar system?
Proportionately, there is more empty space between an atom’s nucleus and its first electron than between the Sun and Pluto!
When you figure out how to scroll this page at Phrenopolis, you’ll see an atom from the inside.
You’ll get an elementary sense of the space inside an atom.
The author says,
“I used to think that things like rocks and buildings and my own skeleton were fairly solid.
But they’re made up of atoms, and atoms, as you can see here, contain so little actual material that they can barely be said to exist.
We are all phantoms.“
Most cosmic particles as well as radiation from the earth travel right through us. But some can strike molecules in our body. In the early 70s I spent much of a year crafting trim and furnishings at the home of Dr. John Gofman, a pioneer at Lawrence Berkeley Labs, a pioneer on the health effects of radiation, a co-discoverer of uranium-233, and an articulate and effective critic of the safety aspects of the U.S. atomic energy programs. Dr. Gofman traveled the world with this warning,
“Most particles go right through our body. But we truly need to worry about the occasional ‘bowling ball’ that can wreak havoc as it collides with one of the molecules in our body.”
See this post on how easy it is for the sun’s rays to damage our DNA.
Dr. Gofman passed away in August 2007 at the age of 88. The LATimes reports,
Often called the father of the antinuclear movement, Gofman and his colleague at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Arthur R. Tamplin, developed data in 1969 showing that the risk from low doses of radiation was 20 times higher than stated by the government.
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Until you are composing a really brief, easy document, you ought to start the writing procedure with a plan to be able to guide your writing. An overview is a document that quickly summarizes the data which is incorporated into a paper, guide, speech, or document that is similar. It shows your order when the given information will likely to be presented and suggests the connection regarding the bits of information to one another.
Outlines are essential because not merely do they permit you to map your ideas as a coherent, rational organization, they additionally tell you early in the writing procedure if a notion for a paper, guide, or any other task will not be planning to pan down since you do not have sufficient supporting product or information or due to the fact concept just is not sound. Moreover, outlines suggest in early stages whether you have omitted information that is important included superfluous some ideas. | <urn:uuid:db3653a9-e084-4251-b053-3c9ca1553d5a> | {
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What is a Lottery?
A lottery is an arrangement in which one or more prizes are allocated to paying participants through a process that depends on chance. It is often used when there is high demand for something that is limited, such as units in a subsidized housing block or kindergarten placements at a reputable public school. Lotteries are also a popular form of gambling, encouraging people to pay a small amount of money in exchange for the opportunity to win a large prize.
The first recorded lotteries in Europe were held in the Low Countries in the 15th century to raise funds for town fortifications, and a record of one in Ghent dated 9 May 1445 at L’Ecluse refers to raising money to help the poor. In the early modern period, lottery games became popular as a means of funding scientific experiments and military conscription.
In the United States, state governments grant themselves monopoly rights to operate lotteries and use profits to fund government programs. Lotteries are usually regulated by law, and enforcement authority for fraud or abuse rests with the attorney general’s office or state police in most states.
Lottery winners can receive a lump sum or a series of payments. In either case, winnings are typically taxable. The federal government takes 24 percent of the total prize value, and state and local taxes can add another 18 to 24 percent. This results in a net loss for the winner, which is not the intention of most lottery promoters.
Historically, lotteries have been used to fund a variety of public works projects, including the construction of the British Museum and of many bridges in the American colonies. They are also used to finance sports events and commercial promotions, and the selection of jury members from lists of registered voters.
The word “lottery” is derived from the Dutch verb lot, meaning “to cast lots.” In modern times, a lottery is an organized drawing of numbers for a prize, commonly a cash award. The prize is often a combination of money and goods. The odds of winning vary, but are generally higher for the largest prize categories. The term lottery is also used for other random arrangements, such as sports team drafts and the allocation of scarce medical treatments.
In the United States, state-sponsored lotteries are the most common form of gambling. They are legal in forty-two of the fifty states, and more than ninety percent of Americans live within twenty miles of a state that offers a lottery. Lottery participation is remarkably high, even among the most economically disadvantaged groups of people. However, research shows that most lottery players believe they have lost more than they have won. In addition, people who play the lottery are more likely to be poorer and less educated than those who do not participate. Lottery spending is also more prevalent in cities, where jobs are scarce and unemployment is high. This is a sign that lotteries are not merely a source of entertainment, but a major cause of economic inequality. | <urn:uuid:98bb4b35-7e6d-477e-8767-4eddc538fed2> | {
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This Note synthesizes three popular approaches to “Center of Gravity” (COG) and presents Concepts of Influence (COI) as a supplement to COG analysis in the Information Environment (IE).
COG is variously defined as a source of power, moral or physical strength, freedom of action, and will to resist.
The usual practice is to protect one’s own COGs and destroy the enemy’s. This usage comes from a physical concept of COG. In physics, a COG is a point in uniform matter where the total weight is concentrated. This concept is useful in designing or destroying static structures such as buildings, or in predicting how gravity will affect matter in motion. By removing the balancing point, the basic idea is to eliminate the enemy’s power, strength, freedom of action, or will to resist.
Three popular approaches to COG analysis are the Critical Factors, Godzilla, and Eikmeier methods. Each approach consists of three basic steps:
In the IE, we need to supplement COG analysis with Concepts of Influence (COI) because there is no balancing point in the cognitive or digital dimensions of the information environment. The physical unseating of a weighted point does not apply to an environment with rapidly changing processes and networks. The weight of matter is better described as distributed interactions in multiple chains of cause and effect.
For instance, in the information environment, creating understanding consists of four elements—data, information, intelligence, and knowledge.
This approach to understanding is one that characterizes the IE in terms of processes. In operations in the IE, data is often unstructured. The meaning of data, information, is uneven, depending on an actor’s or audience’s perception. Information put into context, intelligence, also varies because contexts are different. Intelligence that’s accepted by experts, knowledge, varies across schools of thought and experts.
A concept of influence can account for variation in meanings, contexts, and acceptance because it describes how an activity acts on a targeted will or capability to achieve a desired effect. Understanding how influence works in the IE is the key to power (including willpower), strength, and freedom of action. As a vital aspect of strategy (also a process of ends, ways, and means), targeting a concept of influence is consistent with Sunzi’s advice on priorities: strategy, allies, armies, and walled cities.
The combined effect strategy and influence model offers 16 concepts of influence to achieve threefold effects. Each type of activity influences will or capability to achieve preventive—causative, psychological—physical, and confrontational—cooperative effects:
Specifically, psychological activities may intimidate or assure the will, or neutralize or enhance capability. Physical activities may punish or demonstrate will, or deny or exercise capability. These eight types of activities produce 16 options (two effects per activity).
Concepts of influence are strategies to achieve effects: deter, compel, defend, coerce, dissuade, persuade, secure, and induce. Understanding competitors’ strategies and one’s own is vital to effective operations in the IE. | <urn:uuid:98c66b1c-9870-4dce-ad59-9f06d47b3a77> | {
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Sleep is profoundly altered during the course of infectious diseases. The typical response to infection includes an initial increase in nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) followed by an inhibition in NREMS. REMS is inhibited during infections. Bacterial cell wall components, such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, macrophage digests of these components, such as muramyl peptides, and viral products, such as viral double-stranded RNA, trigger sleep responses. They do so via pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition receptors that, in turn, enhance cytokine production. Altered sleep and associated sleep-facilitated fever responses are likely adaptive responses to infection. Normal sleep in physiological conditions may also be influenced by gut microbes because the microbiota is affected by circadian rhythms, stressors, diet, and exercise. Furthermore, sleep loss enhances translocation of viable bacteria from the intestine, which provides another means by which sleep-microbe interactions impact neurobiology.
Keywords: Bacteria; Cytokine; Fever; Gut microbiota; LPS; Peptidoglycan; Sleep; Sleep loss; Viruses.
© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:47e3dc81-6526-439d-8177-00ccc43645a3> | {
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Evolutionary psychology of parenting
Evolutionarily speaking, offspring have a greater bond to mothers than fathers; women are universally known to be the direct caregivers in a parent-offspring relationship, whereas males are seen as material resource providers or involved only with their own reproductive success. Women have the "maternal instinct" to aid, assist, embrace and invest in their offspring. Males are evolutionarily known to invest less due to paternal uncertainty and therefore seek as many sexual partners and seek for an increase of their genes amongst society. However, males also have a role in securing a connection with the offspring by taking part in making an offspring's decisions when involved in a household. The vast evolutionary differences between direct and indirect care provided by mothers and fathers, respectively, are therefore overlooked and both parents influence the life decisions of the offspring. Different parenting styles across cultures also influence the temperament of an offspring. Additionally, varying attachment styles can influence the development of an offspring, impacting their future choices on their own mates and parenting skills. Such parental influences lead to the theories of inclusive fitness as well as parental investment in illustrating the roots of parenting styles relayed upon offspring, such as to ensure the parents' reproductive success as well as their fitness through resources that which offspring obtain when making mating choices.
According to the Parental Investment Theory, mothers are inclined to provide optimal care for their offspring due to the certainty of a genetic relationship. In regards to this, polyandry is rare in most societies as women will not take more than one husband in order to ensure the father with knowledge of the child's paternity and assistance with future care of their child from the father. Brain circuitry also evolved to favor monogamous attachment around the same time that our ancestors developed upright bipedal abilities. The development of upright movement led to the development of females caring for their children by carrying infants in their arms instead of on their backs. Holding their infants in their arms led to greater bonds between mother and child. Upright bipedal abilities also developed stronger pairing-bonds between males and females as it became easier for males to protect just one female on the land instead of multiple females as they had done while living in trees. Natural selection favored males and females who had genes regulated towards forming pair-bonds because their young were more likely to survive, and brain circuitry gradually evolved to include attachment in parenting styles.
Women have adapted the ability to recognize infant facial expression of emotion, most especially negative emotion. This adaptation allows for the primary caretaker to develop a bond with their child leading to secure attachment during development. The "tend-and-befriend" hypothesis, which allows for the mother to care for and protect the child during detrimental situations, ensures offspring survival. Women are also able to create and maintain social networks that offer social protection for their offspring.
Grandmothers have evolved mechanisms that allow them to invest in their grandchildren. Menopause might be an adaptation for older women to invest in care of their offspring and their children's offspring. A desire to improve inclusive fitness allows grandmothers, especially maternal grandmothers, to invest the most since they are guaranteed that the child carries their genes. Aunts will also invest more than uncles. Specifically maternal aunts will invest more than paternal aunts.
Males have less investment in potential offspring and are inept in their nurturing skills due to a greater emphasis on genetic reproduction, because any children that their mate births may or may not be their own. This phenomenon is termed paternal insecurity. Research has shown that for this reason, fathers tend to invest more resources in children that look and smell like them. Studies have demonstrated that when an infant is first born, males will experience decreased testosterone levels, making them less likely to be abusive, to commit infidelity, or seek divorce. Increased levels of investment when a child is first born may be due to the fact that males want to protect their genes and assure the reproductive success of their offspring in order for their genes to be spread.
Human fathers are involved with their family life as social connections are beneficial and alleviate access to resources. Long term monogamous relationships between parental units are necessary for children's improved development. From an evolutionary perspective, the well-being of children during their development improves the probability of reproduction for the child, and therefore the continuation of the father's genes. Evolutionary perspectives do not see the behavior of fathers who abandon their families, solely based on passing down genetic information, but also through a social perspective as father involvement is an adaptation that has been shaped by the environment and experiences. In the modern case of divorce, fathers may feel less obliged to care for their children if guardianship of the child or children is granted to the mother, leading men to feel as if they do not need to be involved in the upbringing of their child. Remarrying, entering new romantic relationships, and having children with other women may also lead to fathers detracting from their parental investment towards their first born children. Divorced men finding new reproductive partners overrides their parental investment, as they focus on spreading their genes as widely as possible.
Authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful parenting influences the development of children's attachment styles and their adjustment ability in order to survive and reproduce. Authoritative parenting style is associated with the highest level of adjustment in children and is characterized by three factors. First, the parent makes age appropriate demands by insisting that the child behave in an appropriate intellectual and emotional manner. Second, the parent is rational and communicative by giving limits of appropriate behavior and communicating these underlying values to the child. Third, when the child is behaving according to the limits that are set, positive reinforcement and praise are used. Children whose parents raised them with authoritative style will have greater secure attachment leading them to be more successful in both romantic and social relationships.
Authoritarian parenting style is associated with moderately well-adjusted children. The parent lacks the communicative skills of an authoritative parent and does not convey value to the child or give proper attention when necessary. Children who were raised by parents who had authoritarian parenting skills may have greater tendency towards avoidant or insecure attachment issues. This leads them to experience decreased success in relationships and a decreased chance of reproduction.
There are two types of permissive parenting styles; indulgent and neglectful. Indulgent parents do not create proper boundaries for their children and provide them with positive reinforcement even though it is not applicable. Neglectful parents create no boundaries for their child and ignore their needs. Both indulgent and neglectful parenting styles can lead children to develop insecure attachment issues as they may feel that they cannot trust those who are around them to be loyal.
Patterns of Attachment
The ancestral past developed bonding styles amongst a parent (specifically mothers) and their offspring. Secure attachment styles are crucial to help parent-child relationships and for the future survival of the child. It is strongly associated with strong future adult relationships.
Attachment styles reflect child rearing environments and are adaptively patterned. Trade-offs between current and future reproduction influence attachment styles. When resources cannot be counted on, efforts can be focused on increasing fertility and decrease investment in any particular offspring.
Secure, avoidant and anxious ambivalent attachment make up the different styles of attachment theory. Secure attachment involves the child eliciting the most parental investment to ensure survival. Children with avoidant attachment demonstrate an indifference towards the parent. This reflects an adaptation to a parents unwillingness to invest consistently in the child. With anxious ambivalent attachment the child shows nervousness, fearfulness and insecurity. This reflects an adaptation to a parent who does not invest in the survival of offspring; they are preoccupied with other issues. This type of attachment in particular evolved to foster a "helpers at the nest" style. In this style of attachment the children remain at home and help their parents and other children.
Influence on Offspring in Mate Selection
Mating adaptations, such as competition for females, can be rooted in evolution, due to them being receivers of "scarce reproductive resources". Therefore, males' nature to involve themselves in competition can be traced to their desire to have genes passed down while using the females resources. The parent who willfully invests in their offspring, is then in control of an offspring's mating choices, specifically those of their daughters. According to Robert Triver's theory of parental investment, the parent which commits to greater investment in an offspring will have greater investment in the mate choices of their children, in order to assure that their engaged parenting will not be wasted on a mate who will not lead to successful reproduction and a loss of their genes being passed down.
Parents play a significant role in determining the offspring's future mates, with greater influence on daughters.
In the ancestral environment, parents of young women recognized the power they possessed in assisting the selection of their daughter's mate and utilizing that power (either as main resource provider or through physical intimidation) to benefit and enhance their own inclusive fitness. Not only do parents have an influence on their offspring's mating choices, they also have an influence on the sexual strategies they adopt.
According to David Buss, a father's absence in early childhood directly affects the sexual strategy that a person will adopt later on. Those who experience a lack of a fatherly role during development may develop insecure attachment expectations that parental resources are not reliable and develop the idea that adult pair bonds do not last, leading them to develop sexual strategies that involve early sexual maturation, early sexual initiation, and frequent partner switching. Those who grew up with the presence of a father or fatherly role in their life have greater secure attachment and view people as reliable and trustworthy. They believe that relationships are expected to last, therefore developing a long-term mating strategy. These people delay in sexual maturation, later onset of sexual activity, search for securely attached long-term adult relationships, and heavy investment in a small number of children.
- Gilding, Michael, "Paternity uncertainty and evolutionary psychology: How a seemingly capricious occurrence fails to follow laws of greater generality", Sociology, pages 140-157
- Sturge-Apply, Davies, Martin, Cicchetti and Hentges, "An Examination of the Impact of Harsh Parenting Contexts on Children's Adaptation Within an Evolutionary Framework", "Developmental Psychology", pages 791-805
- Fisher, Helen, "Lust, Attraction, Attachment", "Journal of Sex Education and Therapy", pages 96-104
- Buss, David, "Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind", 2011, pages 204-265
- Grych, John, "On the Origins of Fathering: Implications for an Evolutionary Perspective for Understanding Links Among Marriage, Divorce and Men's Parenting", Parenting: Science and Practice, 2001, pages 67-70
- Berger, Kathleen, "Development Person Through Life Span", 2011
- Hughes, David, "Attachment-focused Parenting: Effective Strategies to Care For Children", 2009
- Apostolou, Menelaos, "Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice", "Evolution and Human Behavior", pages 403-409
- Dubbs, S., Buunk, A.P., "Sex Differences in Paternal Preferences Over a Child's Mate Choice: A Daughter's Perspective", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2010, pages 1051-1059 | <urn:uuid:46777d07-dfc4-4b91-b0ca-2fe2e121e4bd> | {
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A Simple Trick for Success with One-Pagers | Cult of Pedagogy
These visual tools allow students to synthesize learning, but some kids don't think they're talented enough to make them. A bit of creative constraint helps.
Create Your Own Colony: On-Hands Approach for Understanding Colonial History
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Students will be able to visually connect both the benefits and consequences of an integral part of the industrial revolution, the railroads. Each student will create their own "cloud" with their top three benefits and top three consequences of the Industrial Revolution. --AB
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Over the past few years, I have been incorporating inquiry circles into my classroom through Social Studies and Science. Inquiry circles are a lot like most research projects. I would say the main difference is how they start. Getting Started with Inquiry Circles I always start inquiry circle projects towards the end of a Unit. […]
Students of History
Activities for US History in middle school! So many great lesson plan ideas and resources for every day!
42 Fun Websites to Learn and Teach Social Studies From Home
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Coding for kids sounds like an almost impossible task, right? It s exactly like learning a whole new language-just like how learning an entirely new language feels like! Coding for kids just like learning any new skill can be very rewarding, but there are some things you need to keep in mind before you begin teaching your kids how to code. Here are 5 great tips that will help make your child’s learning experience much more productive and enjoyable.
Two: Don’t be afraid of integrating fun activities and games into your coding skills for kids program. This will help them enjoy what you are teaching them, while also increasing their skill sets. Some good ideas include working with animals, building puzzles, and playing various video games that teach basic problem solving skills. All children enjoy playing video games, so incorporate this into your class. You will also be exposing your kids to various types of technology that can be beneficial as they grow older.
Three: Have fun! This is one thing that you should never forget. Your kids will enjoy any activity you plan to teach them, especially if they are having fun. Make sure you give them a variety of learning opportunities, and don t simply limit them to just reading and writing. In addition to introducing them to basic computer skills, you will want to introduce them to the language, math, and even some writing (or more than just writing). Take the time to mix things up, so that they will not get bored and quit halfway through the semester.
Four: Video Games and Apps – Learning coding is not complete without the introduction of video games and applications. This not only teaches them coding, but it teaches them how to use technology in a non-traditional setting. By creating their own apps, you will give them an engaging way of learning while having fun. These apps can be used at home or throughout the school year. They will be sure to keep their attention throughout the course of their education.
Learning coding for kids doesn’t have to be intimidating. You can incorporate fun activities and games throughout the year, which will increase their knowledge while keeping their interest. These ideas can be incorporated into a regular curriculum, or they can be taken as electives when students complete their courses. Ultimately, the coding for kids that your students learn should lead to an interest in technology, programming, and applications. As they grow older, you can introduce more complex projects and applications. | <urn:uuid:7b7bbc2a-f4e5-4716-a0b6-6cdde4ea50d4> | {
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Rotary Encoder Wiring Diagram. Web arduino rotary encoder module circuit connection diagram. Oriented so the three pins are facing you.
Web a rotary encoder wiring diagram is a document that shows the location, type and size of all the components required to connect your rotary encoder correctly. A rotary encoder is with a shaft can change the angular position otherwise motion of a shaft. There are total of 5 pins from which gnd and + pins are used to power the encoder which we.
It’s Used To Create A Graphical.
Web the rotary encoder wiring diagram with arduino is shown below. A rotary encoder, also called a shaft encoder, is an electro. Web now the encoder looks very nice and has 4 wires (black, red, blue, & yellow).
Web Few Connecting Wires.
Schematic diagram for rotary encoder. Web encoder wiring schemes can be unique to each encoder and one should follow the diagram or pinout designated on the encoder datasheet. Web encoder manufacturer | rotary incremental & absolute encoders company
Calt Sensor Can Provide Absolute Encoders, Incremental Encoders.
Now that we have completely understood how a rotary encoder module works, we can connect all. Web arduino rotary encoder module circuit connection diagram. How to use an arduino rotary encoder in ozeki.
A Rotary Encoder Is With A Shaft Can Change The Angular Position Otherwise Motion Of A Shaft.
I tried some test code that is known to be working while the connection was:. We create this page for someone who looking for a. Web rotary encoder module features and specifications.
Web A Rotary Encoder Wiring Diagram Is A Document That Shows The Location, Type And Size Of All The Components Required To Connect Your Rotary Encoder Correctly.
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Is TUBE valid for Scrabble? Words With Friends? Other games?!
Definitions of TUBE in various dictionaries:
- noun - conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases
- noun - electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope
- noun - a hollow cylindrical shape
- noun - (anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure
- noun - an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city)
- verb - provide with a tube or insert a tube into
- verb - convey in a tube
- verb - ride or float on an inflated tube
- verb - place or enclose in a tube
- A hollow cylinder, especially one that conveys a fluid or functions as a passage.
- An organic structure having the shape or function of a tube; a duct: a bronchial tube.
- A small, flexible cylindrical container sealed at one end and having a screw cap at the other, for pigments, toothpaste, or other pastelike substances.
- The cylindrical part of a wind instrument.
- An electron tube.
- A vacuum tube.
- The lower, cylindrical part of a gamopetalous corolla or a gamosepalous calyx.
- A subway; an underground.
- A tunnel.
- An inner tube.
- A television set.
- To provide with a tube; insert a tube in.
- To float down a stream or river for recreation in an inner tube: went tubing on Sunday afternoon.
- verb - to provide with a tube (a long, hollow cylinder)
There are 4 letters in TUBE: B E T U
Scrabble results that can be created with an extra letter added to TUBE
To search all scrabble anagrams of TUBE, to go: TUBE?
Rearrange the letters in TUBE and see some winning combinations
Contextual use of TUBE
What's nearby TUBE
Lookup in Wiki for TUBE
Anagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like Scrabble, Lexulous, WordFeud, Letterpress, Ruzzle, Hangman and so forth. We maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there. To be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible, but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills, spelling, counting and probability analysis. Make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site. Explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools, flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player. This page covers all aspects of TUBE, do not miss the additional links under "More about: TUBE" | <urn:uuid:e50f7fdc-d822-4a3e-aa16-c6093184cc9e> | {
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English Grammar and correct usage test – Oct 27, 20141. Rearrange the below mentioned alternatives to form a coherent paragraph.
A. In Japan, bonsai are highly regarded as a symbol of their culture and ideal.
B. Bonsai is no longer reserved for the upper class, but is a joy shared by executive and factory worker alike.
C. Bonsai has evolved to reflect changing tastes and times with a great variety of countries, cultures and conditions in which it is practiced.
D. The New Year is not complete unless the tokonoma – the special niche in every Japanese home used for the display of ornaments and prized possessions – is filled with a blossoming apricot or plum tree.
d. CBDAView Answer / Hide Answer2. The sentence given below is mentioned in Direct/ Indirect Speech. Choose the correct alternative that best expresses the sentence in Indirect/ Direct speech.
i. He urged me not to be nasty.
a. “Don’t be nasty,’ he asked.
b. “Don’t be nasty,” he says.
c. “Don’t be nasty,” he asks.
d. “Don’t be nasty,” he said.View Answer / Hide Answer
3. The below given sentences have two words marked in bold. The meaning of both the words remains the same in context to the sentence, find the meaning for the words.
ANSWER: d. “Don’t be nasty,” he said.
i. The lioness gave birth
to two beautiful cubs.
ii. They managed to have highly sophisticated machine to drill
deep wells in the desert region.
e. ProduceView Answer / Hide Answer4. Choose the correct antonym for the below given word.
d. PhysicalView Answer / Hide Answer5. In the below given passage, there are blanks which are numbered. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct alternative mentioned against each number.
So gloom has 1
a great deal on whether people believe they know all there is to know about how the world works, or whether they are more 2
by their 3
and the 4
of new 5
i. a. Dependent b. Depended c. Depend d. Depends
ii. a. Impressed b. Impress c. Impressing d. Impresses
iii. a. Ignore b. Ignored c. Ignorance d. Ignores
iv. a. Possible b. Possibilities c. Possess d. Pose
v. a. Discovered b. Discovery c. Discovers d. Discoveries
i. b, ii. d, iii. c, iv. c, v. d
i. c, ii. c, iii. b, iv. d, v. a
i. a, ii. b, iii. c, iv. d, v. a
i. b, ii. a, iii. c, iv. b, v. d View Answer / Hide Answer
6. The sentence given below is mentioned in Active/ Passive Voice. Choose the correct alternative that best expresses the sentence in Passive/ Active Voice.
ANSWER: i. b, ii. a, iii. c, iv. b, v. d
i. They have finished the new product design.
a. The new product design will be finished.
b. The new product design has been finished.
c. The new product design might have been finished.
d. The new product design should have been finished.View Answer / Hide Answer
7. Choose the best alternative that can replace the underlined portion in the below given sentence.
ANSWER: b. The new product design has been finished.
i. Those suspicious of a soft approach _____.
a. Will be sharp in the negatives
b. Will harp on the negatives
c. Will harp on the positives
d. Will carp on the negativesView Answer / Hide Answer
8. Choose the best alternative that can replace the underlined portion in the below given sentence.
ANSWER: b. Will harp on the negatives
i. I think Mukesh had something very useful to say, however, he was unable to communicate his point of view to a sceptical audience.
a. The audience was willing to accept his ideas
b. He failed to convince a suspicious congregation
c. He could not convince the doubting audience
d. He did not change the minds of a very knowledgeable public in attendanceView Answer / Hide Answer
9. Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentence.
ANSWER: c. He could not convince the doubting audience
i. The _____ of Agatha Christie’s argument is that human nature remains the same, wherever you are.
d. NadirView Answer / Hide Answer10. Rearrange the following alternatives to complete the below mentioned sentence.
A. A greater advantage lay in the fact that
B. She was not fettered by the past
C. By old enmities or old ties
D. By historic claims or traditional rivalries
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Chronic autonomic neuropathies
Apr. 09, 2023
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas.
SUNCT (also known as Short-lasting, Unilateral, Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing) is a rare form of headache that is marked by bursts of moderate to severe burning, piercing, or throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head and around the eye or temple. The pain usually peaks within seconds of onset and may follow a pattern of increasing and decreasing intensity.
Attacks typically occur in daytime hours and last from five seconds to four minutes per episode. Individuals generally have five to six attacks per hour. The disorder is most common in men after age 50.
Autonomic nervous system responses (those that happen involuntarily) include:
Systolic blood pressure (pressure on the artery walls when the heart beats) may rise during the attacks. Moving the neck may trigger these headaches. SUNCT may be a form of trigeminal neuralgia and is considered one of the trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs).
SUNCT headaches generally do not respond to usual treatment for other short-lasting headaches. Anticonvulsants may relieve some of the symptoms, while anesthetics and corticosteroid drugs can treat some of the severe pain felt during these headaches. Surgery and glycerol injections to block nerve signaling along the trigeminal nerve have poor outcomes and provide only temporary relief in severe cases.
Doctors are beginning to use deep brain stimulation (involving a surgically implanted battery-powered electrode that emits pulses of energy to surrounding brain tissue) to reduce the frequency of attacks in severely affected individuals.
There is no cure for SUNCT headaches. They are not fatal but can cause considerable discomfort.
How can I or my loved one help improve care for people with SUNCT headache?
SUNCT headache is considered rare, which often means there is not much information known about it. This is usually the case because doctors and researchers do not see many people with SUNCT, which makes it hard to learn from them through observations or large studies.
Consider participating in a clinical trial so clinicians and scientists can learn more about SUNCT and related disorders. Clinical research uses human volunteers to help researchers learn more about a disorder and perhaps find better ways to safely detect, treat, or prevent disease.
All types of volunteers are needed—those who are healthy or may have an illness or disease—of all different ages, sexes, races, and ethnicities to ensure that study results apply to as many people as possible, and that treatments will be safe and effective for everyone who will use them.
For information about participating in clinical research visit NIH Clinical Research Trials and You. Learn about clinical trials currently looking for people with SUNCT and other types of headaches at Clinicaltrials.gov.
Where can I find more information about SUNCT headache?
Information may be available from the following resources:
American Headache Society
National Headache Foundation
Phone: 312-274-2650 or 888-643-5552
Content source: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/sunct-headache Accessed June 29, 2023.
The information in this document is for general educational purposes only. It is not intended to substitute for personalized professional advice. Although the information was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, MedLink, its representatives, and the providers of the information do not guarantee its accuracy and disclaim responsibility for adverse consequences resulting from its use. For further information, consult a physician and the organization referred to herein. | <urn:uuid:d1a03d25-d168-4918-9ac4-2cb06751f9af> | {
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Synopses & Reviews
During the Russian Civil War, the Red Army created a series of fortified areas, or ukreplinnyje rajony (UR), which were to be used not only for defence but were also to act as staging points for offensive operations. Following the end of the war these defences were extended, creating a front that stretched over 2,000km from the Baltic to the Black Sea, that consisted of more than 3,000 positions from forts to machine gun and antitank positions, emplaced tank turrets, and observation and command positions. By the outbreak of World War II, these defenses - known as the Stalin Line - were largely complete.
However, after the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland in October 1939 the Stalin Line was too far behind the new border to be of use as a springboard for an offensive. So, a new set of defenses was begun, named after the Soviet Foreign Minister, Molotov. Equipment was stripped from the Stalin Line, but only 25 percent of the positions had been completed by the time of the German invasion in June 1941 and it proved no match for the Wehrmacht - positions were mostly empty or simply bypassed during the advance. Illustrated with cutaway artwork and rare photographs this book provides a detailed examination of the development of these defensive lines, and the fighting that took place around them in 1941, and is packed with detail and information that is not readily available in the English.
About the Author
After completing an Honors Degree in History at the University of Lancaster, Neil Short gained a Master's Degree in Military History at the University of Leeds. He is a fully qualified Management Accountant working for the Ministry of Defence, but in his spare time undertakes research on World War II. He has previously written on Hitler's Siegfried Line in Sutton's Fortress Europe series; and for Osprey has written Fortress 15: Germany's West Wall and Fortress 45: German Defences in Italy. The author lives in Bristol, UK. | <urn:uuid:38c75e97-d797-4ad2-901f-d1a532417721> | {
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✅ This is a DIGITAL DOWNLOAD, no physical product will be shipped.
The Complete Chemistry Guide to Kinetics will help you know when and how to use all the formulas. So let's cut your study time in half and help you pass your test!
A complete how-to guide on:
- Rates of Chemical Reactions
- Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
- Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
- Rate Law and Reaction Orders
- How to Find the Rate Law
- How to Find the Rate Constant
- Finding the Rate Law with Three Reactants
- Integrated Rate Laws
- Reaction Mechanisms
- How to Use The Arrhenius Equation
- Detailed examples that explain every single step
- Common quiz and test questions
- Tips and tricks
- Keywords and tables to know
- Color-coordinated visuals
After your purchase, you'll receive an email with a download link.
Please note: There are no refunds on digital guides since there is no way to "un-download" them.
If you aren't sure if this is what you need, send me your syllabus here and I'll email you my recommendations.
Best Study guide for Kinetics
Amazing notes well structured and throughout. My study time was cut in half and went into lecture already fully understanding concepts
Very nice notes, will be purchasing more.
- buying these notes are a real-life saver for chemistry 2. Honestly, kinetics was a difficult subject for me and the way my teacher taught it was hard to understand, but after studying these notes and going over the practice problems multiple times to get a better understanding, I understood the chapter in kinetics in about one hour than I did in two weeks of class. Definitely will be buying future notes for harder chemistry two topics!
All of your chemistry resources are helpful. They could be improved by including some more practice problems for each new concept.
The perfect study materials to pass your chemistry classes.
The chemistry materials are amazing, it’s exactly what I need to master chemistry. | <urn:uuid:d8f27cf7-3ec7-446f-9285-8a1970650386> | {
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Put a fruit fly larva in a spacelike vacuum, and the results aren’t pretty. Within a matter of minutes, the animal will collapse into a crinkled, lifeless husk. Now, researchers have found a way to protect the bugs: Bombard them with electrons, which form a "nano-suit" around their bodies. The advance could help scientists take high-resolution photographs of tiny living organisms. It also suggests a new way that creatures could survive the harsh conditions of outer space and may even lead to new space travel technology for humans.
Snapping a picture with a nanometer-level resolution of the proboscis or muscle cells of a fruit fly isn’t easy—in fact, it’s deadly. Scientists have to use a scanning electron microscope, which must peer at objects in a vacuum because air molecules absorb the electrons that the microscope depends on to take the picture. Only a tiny number of creatures, such as the famously hardy tardigrade, can survive the process. Most other bugs die quickly of dehydration as the vacuum sucks the water out of their bodies.
A fruit fly larva is one such victim. But when Takahiko Hariyama of the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine in Japan and his colleagues placed the millimeter-sized larva in a scanning electron microscope and fired electrons at it, they found that the young fly wiggled in place for an hour as if everything was fine. When they put another larva in the same vacuum and let it sit there for an hour before bombarding it with the microscope’s electrons, it predictably dehydrated to death. Somehow, the electron stream was keeping the larva alive and so unscathed that it later grew to become a healthy fruit fly.
The scientists then used the microscope to peer closely at the edge of the insects’ skin. They found that the energy from the electrons changed the thin film on the larvae’s skin, causing its molecules to link together—a process called polymerization. The result was a layer—only 50- to 100-billionths of a meter thick—that was flexible enough to allow the larva to move, but solid enough to keep its gasses and liquids from escaping. "Even if we touched the surface [of the layer]," Hariyama says, "the surface did not break by our mechanical touch." It was almost like a miniature spacesuit.
Pressure from the United Patriots Front Stops Mosque Plan 2016-04-28 20:10
Pressure from the United Patriots Front appears to have killed off a mosque development in Narre Warren North.
The City of Casey council now looks likely to withhold planning approval for the development in a special meeting set for Tuesday night.
A council report, to be considered by councillors on Tuesday, recommends that the approval be blocked.
The mosque opponents’ cause has been helped by councillor ...
Police face questions over the influence of the Freemasons 2016-04-28 20:48
South Yorkshire Police today face questions over whether powerful 'secret society' the Freemasons held sway over the force at the time of Hillsborough.
Families of victims say that officers who were Masons were promoted into powerful positions despite being ill-equipped, including match commander David Duckenfield.
Duckenfield told the fresh inquests he had been a Freemason since 1975 and became head of his ...
England Bans its Own Flag to Avoid Offending Muslims 2016-04-27 2:23 St. George's Cross "racist" towards immigrants
Government officials said their city was ‘too multicultural’ to celebrate St George’s Day, England’s version of the 4th of July.
The council said that displaying the English flag may have been seen as “racist” towards immigrants.
Half of Western European men descended from one Bronze Age ‘king’ 2016-04-27 2:09
Half of Western European men are descended from one Bronze Age ‘king’ who sired a dynasty of elite nobles which spread throughout Europe, a new study has shown.
The monarch, who lived around 4,000 years ago, is likely to have been one of the earliest chieftains to take power in the continent.
He was part of a new order which emerged in ...
"Local Residents" Are Filmed Stealing Dozens of Bottles of Water at London Marathon Stop 2016-04-25 23:10
Editor's Comment: "Local" residents? Why bother blurring their faces? We know who they are.
London marathon runners were robbed of dozens of bottled waters when thieves raided a refreshment area armed with trolleys during today's race.
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The Post Correspondence Problem (PCP) was introduced by Emil Post in 1946 and is an undecidable decision problem.
The PCP problem over an alphabet Σ is state. Given the following two lists, M and N of non-empty strings over Σ−
M = (x1, x2, x3,………, xn) N = (y1, y2, y3,………, yn)
We can say that there is a Post Correspondence Solution, if for some i1,i2,………… ik,
Where 1≤ ij ≤ n, the condition xi1 …….xik = yi1 …….yik satisfies.
Find whether the lists M = (abb, aa, aaa) and N = (bba, aaa, aa) have a Post Correspondence Solution.
x2x1x3 = ‘aaabbaaa’
and y2y1y3 = ‘aaabbaaa’
We can see that
x2x1x3 = y2y1y3
Hence, the solution is i = 2, j = 1, and k = 3.
Let us consider ,in PCP problem we have N number of Dominos (tiles). The aim is to arrange tiles in such order that string made by Numerators is same as string made by Denominators.
In simple words, lets assume we have two lists both containing N words, aim is to find out concatenation of these words in some sequence such that both lists yield same result.
Let’s try understanding this by taking two lists A and B
A=[aa, bb, abb] and B=[aab, ba, b]
Now for sequence 1, 2, 1, 3 first list will yield aabbaaabb and second list will yield same string aabbaaabb.
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Get your class up and moving while finding missing addends! This is a fun Scoot game and/or math task card center in a detective theme! It's a great way to practice math skills as a whole group activity or in your math tubs for small group math centers.
Simply set out a numbered card at each desk or post the cards around the room. Students scoot about completing the math problems and rotating to the next task card when signaled. Children write the answer to each problem on the recording sheet provided.
The printables in the file have been created both in black and white and in color for your printing needs.
Here's what's included: ~directions ~30 cards (some can be omitted for a smaller class) ~answer key ~recording sheet (30 boxes or 24 boxes)
The activity is best suited for first grade or second grade students who are working toward math fact fluency and mental math strategies.
Math Standards: Fluently add and subtract within 20 using mental strategies.
Hi! My name is Jeannine! I love to bring fun and creativity into the classroom through engaging lessons and activities! I hope that your primary students will enjoy them as well! You can read more about me and keep up with our second grade classroom adventures at my Creative Lesson Cafe blog! | <urn:uuid:e217c92e-65d2-4b7c-bb42-5dd7073d0746> | {
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- As early as the 16th century, the Imperial Library of the Habsburg government in Vienna held volumes written by Dutch pharmacists who accompanied Spanish and Portuguese voyages to South America. They were quick to note that local aboriginal peoples smoked, either ceremonially or therapeutically, an aromatic plant that reputedly had an analgesic effect upon headaches. First planted in Upper Austria in 1648 and in Lower Austria in 1649, its use spread throughout the 17th century. By 1723, the Habsburg government, eager to capitalize on the popularity of tobacco use, established a state-run factory in the Lower Austrian town of Hainburg to process snuff and cigars. The region would become the center of Austrian tobacco manufacture, which Emperor Joseph II made a state monopoly in 1784.Production and consumption of tobacco grew sharply throughout the entire Habsburg Empire in the 19th century. Cigarettes appeared in 1865; by 1907–1908 their consumption matched, then outdistanced, that of cigars.The Austrian Tobacco Monopoly (Österreichische Tabakregie or Austria Tabak) continued to be a profitable state enterprise for both the First and Second Republics. By 1995, the company had become a corporate conglomerate, with holdings and managerial responsibilities in areas far from tobacco production, such as sporting goods. In 2003, the Austrian State Holding Company relinquished its control over tobacco production by selling its 41 percent share in the company’s equity to a British firm for 769 million euros.
Historical dictionary of Austria. Paula Sutter Fichtner. 2014.
Look at other dictionaries:
Tobacco — To*bac co, n. [Sp. tabaco, fr. the Indian tabaco the tube or pipe in which the Indians or Caribbees smoked this plant. Some derive the word from Tabaco, a province of Yucatan, where it was said to be first found by the Spaniards; others from the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
tobacco — (n.) 1580s, from Sp. tabaco, in part from an Arawakan (probably Taino) language of the Caribbean, said to mean a roll of tobacco leaves (according to Las Casas, 1552) or a kind of pipe for smoking tobacco (according to Oviedo, 1535). Scholars of… … Etymology dictionary
tobacco — [tə bak′ō] n. pl. tobaccos [Sp tabaco < ?; perhaps an old Sp name transferred to the New World plant] 1. any of a genus (Nicotiana) of chiefly tropical American plants of the nightshade family, with hairy, sticky foliage and long tubed, white … English World dictionary
tobacco — см. Приложение 1 (Nicotaia tabacum). (Источник: «Англо русский толковый словарь генетических терминов». Арефьев В.А., Лисовенко Л.А., Москва: Изд во ВНИРО, 1995 г.) … Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь.
tobacco — tobacco. См. табаки. (Источник: «Англо русский толковый словарь генетических терминов». Арефьев В.А., Лисовенко Л.А., Москва: Изд во ВНИРО, 1995 г.) … Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь.
tobacco — has the plural form tobaccos … Modern English usage
tobacco — ► NOUN (pl. tobaccos) ▪ a preparation of the dried and fermented nicotine rich leaves of an American plant, used for smoking or chewing. ORIGIN Spanish tabaco … English terms dictionary
Tobacco — For the plant genus, see Nicotiana. For the American electronic musician, see Tobacco (musician). Not to be confused with Tabacco. Part of a series on … Wikipedia
tobacco — tobaccoless, adj. /teuh bak oh/, n., pl. tobaccos, tobaccoes. 1. any of several plants belonging to the genus Nicotiana, of the nightshade family, esp. one of those species, as N. tabacum, whose leaves are prepared for smoking or chewing or as… … Universalium
tobacco — n. 1) to grow, raise tobacco 2) to cure tobacco 3) to chew tobacco 4) strong tobacco 5) chewing tobacco 6) a plug of (chewing) tobacco * * * [tə bækəʊ] raise tobacco a plug of (chewing) tobacco chewing tobacco strong tobacco … Combinatory dictionary
Tobacco — Indigenous to the Americas, tobacco is a sacred and powerful plant in many indigenous cultures. Its intoxicating effects were well known and rarely used for recreational purposes. In some cultures, it was never smoked or ingested in sufficient … Historical dictionary of shamanism | <urn:uuid:3082666b-35d1-4aa3-abf7-8b0d84b589af> | {
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Not available as wild
OverviewThis module aims to introduce students to a wide range of Victorian literature. It will equip students with critical ideas that will help them become more skilful and confident readers of texts in and beyond this period. Students will be encouraged to read texts in a number of contexts: environmental (for example, considering the effects of urbanisation and the Industrial Revolution); imaginative (examining a variety of genres: for example fable, dream-vision, novel); political (class conflicts, changing gender roles, ideas of nation and empire); and psychological (representations of growing up, courtship, sibling and parent-child relationships, dreams and madness). Students will be made aware of such critical concepts as realism and allegory and will be encouraged to think about various developments of literary form in the period.
This module appears in:
Ten one-hour lectures and ten two-hour seminars.
Method of assessment
50% coursework: 2,500 word close reading assignment (40%), 2,500 word essay (40%), seminar performance (20%);
50% examination - 3-hour paper
Dickens, C. (1848) Oliver Twist.
Browning, R. (1855). 'Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came.'
Tennyson, A. (1855). ‘Maud.’
Rossetti, C. (1862). Goblin Market.
Eliot, G (1872). Middlemarch.
Stevenson, R. L. (1888). The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
(Multiple editions of these texts are currently available; we do not specify a required edition.)
On successful completion of this module students will be able to demonstrate the following subject specific learning outcomes:
• Demonstrate an informed understanding of the English literature of the Victorian period across a number of genres and sub-genres.
• Demonstrate knowledge of some of the major literary, cultural and historical issues that mattered to the writers of the period.
• Demonstrate awareness of some recent developments in the critical understanding of literature in the Victorian period.
• Demonstrate a developing sense of the different forms of writing in this period and a growing capacity to analyse them critically.
On successful completion of this module students will be able to demonstrate the following generic learning outcomes:
• Application of the skills needed for academic study and inquiry
• Ability to synthesise information from a number of sources in order to gain a coherent understanding of texts and contexts; ability to synthesise material from a number of sources in a coherent creative whole
• The ability to frame oral criticism of diverse sources sensitively and incisively
• Develop powers of communication and the capacity to make a case, in spoken and written form, with clarity, organisation and conviction
• Enhance confidence in the presentation of ideas designed to stimulate critical debate
• Ability to understand, interrogate and pursue a variety of theoretical insights and weigh the importance of alternative perspectives | <urn:uuid:53cb3823-9d2d-43c9-b7c2-575aabf013fc> | {
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Obstructive bronchitis: symptoms and treatment
Inflammatory bronchitis, characterized by impaired airway patency, in medicine is classified as obstructive bronchitis.There are two forms of obstructive bronchitis, acute and chronic.According to medical observations, the acute form of the disease is most often diagnosed in pediatric patients, while chronic obstructive bronchitis is diagnosed in adults.The causes of the disease can become viral infections - for example, angina, rotovirus, rhinovirus and others.Causes of obstructive bronchitis Symptoms of obstructive bronchitis How to treat acute obstructive bronchitis How to treat chronic obstructive bronchitis
Causes of obstructive bronchitis
There are a number of factors that are not identified causes of obstructive bronchitis, but are quite capable of provokingIt:
- living in a region with adverse environmental indicators - polluted air, increased moisture level;
- work in harmful production - for example, with silicon, cement or in mines;
- genetic pathology, when it turns out that the patient has a deficiency of a1-antitrypsin.
Symptoms of obstructive bronchitis
If there is a development of the acute form of the disease in question, then it is worth paying attention to the following symptoms:
- body temperature increase;
- general weakness;
It is the cough that is the main symptom of the development of the acute form of obstructive bronchitis - at the very beginning of the disease it is characterized as dry and paroxysmal, as the inflammation progresses the cough becomes moist, after each attack a large amount of sputum appears.We recommend to read:
Please note: if the patient does not begin to perform medical measures in case of symptoms of acute obstructive bronchitis, then he may have shortness of breath.This is due to the accumulation of a large number of sputum in the bronchi.In addition to dyspnea, with a severe course of the acute form of the disease under consideration, one can note wheezing with breathing, a wheezing air outlet.
The chronic form of obstructive bronchitis proceeds in a completely different "scenario":
- First, the course of the disease alternates with periods of remission and exacerbation.Moreover, during remission, there are no signs of obstructive bronchitis.Exacerbations occur on the background of acute respiratory infections, all symptoms begin to appear at once - cough, fever, weakness.
- Secondly, dyspnea develops in a patient with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive bronchitis slowly and definitively formed only after 7-10 years.And if, at the very beginning of its development, dyspnea is characterized by sickness as a lack of air, then in the end it represents already full-fledged respiratory failure.
- Thirdly, chronic obstructive bronchitis has a peculiarity of the course: at the onset of the disease, the periods of remission are long, exacerbations occur extremely rarely and against the background of acquired infection.But in a few years the periods of remission are not only short, but also rarely happen, breathing becomes constantly wheezing, dyspnea worries the patient even in absolute calm.
How to treat acute obstructive bronchitis
To treat this disease, which occurs in an acute form, is necessary only under the supervision of a specialist. If acute obstructive bronchitis is diagnosed in childhood, the following physician recommendations should be considered:
- In order to release the respiratory tract from accumulated mucus, you can use a rubber cannula( a small enema) or a special electric suction.
- Positional( postural) drainage and / or vibrating massage are prescribed for better sputum discharge in childhood.
- Facilitates the condition of a patient with obstructive bronchitis so-called "distracting" therapy - hot foot baths.They can be carried out only in the absence of increased body temperature!
- The patient needs to be provided with an abundant drink - this helps to dissolve the sputum, which automatically facilitates the departure of accumulated mucus in the airways.
- Doctors recommend taking medicine with an expectorant effect - for example, tincture on the root of the althaea, licorice root.
- If the sputum turns green or strongly yellow, gets a more dense consistency, it is advisable to take antibacterial drugs( antibiotics) - they should be prescribed only by the doctor in charge.
- It is compulsory for a patient to undergo a course of vitamin therapy - this will strengthen immunity.
Please note: should strictly monitor the patient's well-being and when a very high body temperature, shortness of breath, prolonged coughing without leaving sputum should immediately call a doctor.The optimal option - treatment of acute obstructive bronchitis in the hospital, in a medical institution.
The treatment of obstructive and other types of bronchitis is devoted to the lecture of the doctor of restorative medicine - Prokofieva NV:
How to treat chronic obstructive bronchitis
It is impossible to compare the principles of treatment of obstructive bronchitis in acute and chronic form - they are radically different. The general principles of therapy for the disease under consideration are as follows:
- It is necessary to eliminate the factor that led to exacerbation of chronic obstructive bronchitis - cure acute respiratory viral infection, angina.
- The doctor should prescribe medications with a bronchodilator effect-for example, Salbutamol, Euphyllin, Atrovent, and others.
- For the liquefaction of sputum and to ensure its rapid withdrawal, the patient should take mucolytic medicines - for example, Bromhexine or Ambrobene.
Please note: antibacterial agents( antibiotics) are prescribed by a physician in chronic obstructive bronchitis only in case of detection of pus in sputum.
As part of the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis, official medicine allows the use of decoctions and infusions from medicinal plants, in some cases, help to relieve the patient's condition compresses.But any measures for the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis, not related to appointments from a specialist, should be agreed with the attending physician.
To prevent exacerbation of chronic obstructive bronchitis, patients should constantly engage in strengthening immunity - exercise, swimming pool, outdoor exercise.In addition, you need to periodically take courses of vitamin therapy, avoid hypothermia and promptly treat any viral / infectious diseases.
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Introduction: We live in a world which is more or less becoming digitized. With nations developing systems and promoting internet based working, the world is definitely transitioning into a technology driven place.
With the advent of the internet and all activities being carried on through the internet, there comes a need to check the spread of uncontrolled and deleterious penetration of the digital space.
Digital etiquette has become an important aspect of promoting a good net order to avoid any harm to the consumers of the internet. This etiquette makes sure that all actions on the internet are carried out as per the code of conduct and community guidelines. The world is connected through the internet. Digital etiquette means building these connections and sustaining connections with courtesy and respect.
Also Read :-
Table of Contents
Several Core Principles:
In general, there are several core principles that apply regardless of the technology being used.
- Avoid language that may hurt sentimental feelings and come across as strong or offensive.
- Read first, write later.
- Review and then send.
- Follow the community guidelines of the platform being used.
- Know the language of the Internet.
- Consider the privacy of others and do not breach their right to privacy.
- Do not send, forward, or post inappropriate material.
- Do not violate the dignity of a woman by any derogatory and disrespectful action.
- The use of the internet should be such that it is a child friendly space.
With digital penetration and digitization taking place at a very large pace new forms of crimes are being resorted to by target groups to fulfill their interests and inflict harm to the vulnerable groups. Cyber terrorism and cyber warfare is one such example. Terror outfits are using cyber attacks and cyber wars as a mode to spread their agenda and commit humanitarian violations to civilians in countries like Yemen, Syria, Sudan etc.
Cyber bullying is another method adopted by people to use it against the ones they want to target. It is deplorable and unwelcomed. It is harassment using electronic means. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded and technology has advanced. This is the biggest con of the internet as a lot of teenagers get into problems and end up having self esteem issues. A lot of children feel situated in problems that they think cannot be solved in that scenario and even end up committing suicide.
Negative Effects of Cyber Bullying:
According to UNICEF, when the bullying takes place online, it can result in unwanted attention from a wide range of people including strangers. Wherever it may happen, if you are not happy about it, you should not have to stand for it. It can seem like there’s no escape. The effects can last a long time and affect a person in many ways:
- Mentally – feeling upset, embarrassed, even afraid or angry.
- Emotionally – feeling ashamed or losing interest in the things you love and emotionally drained and exhausted.
- Physically – tired (loss of sleep), or experiencing symptoms like stomach aches and headaches.
Hacking & Data Theft:
Today, we are also prone to many attacks in the form of hacking and data theft. Terrorists and enemy states employ these unlawful means to steal useful information from other countries. It may be in the form of malwares, Trojans etc. The recent AIIMS data theft is an example. It poses a great threat to the security and privacy of the people. For this the government is taking steps through IT Act, Draft Personal Data Protection Bill etc.
Follow Internet Manners:
Digital etiquette is also called internet manners. Since online conversations or online engagement does not involve face to face conversations the tone of the other person is not clear. It may hurt the sentiments of the other person, hence it becomes a responsibility to ensure that conversations and engagements are done as politely as possible.
Threatening or bullying someone and sharing obscene material without the other person’s consent is against the etiquette. There is a lot of obscene material floating on websites that are also accessible by children. Such material should be put down and such websites should be banned. Technology should not be used to humiliate, hurt, cheat or to do frauds with other people. Hostile and flaming interactions are also against internet manners.
Uphold a Peaceful Digital World:
We are all aware of the fact that pictures on public accounts especially those of celebrities, actors, actresses, politicians garner a lot of hate comments and unsolicited words. Such comments must be abstained from doing, because these comments are against digital etiquettes and also may hurt the sentiments of the other person. Hence, it must be ensured to uphold a peaceful internet and good digital world.
Spread Digital Literacy:
If we do not agree with someone’s point of view or opinion we should simply abstain from commenting on it rather than writing hurtful comments or abusing the other person. With that, photos of people should not be posted without permission. Hence, their privacy should be respected. Manners and common sense should be practiced while conversing on the internet. With that, the most important thing is spreading digital literacy and ensuring that students and children are taught about internet manners in school by their teachers and parents.
Compare Online & Offline Etiquette:
Young students can learn how to show respect when online, by exploring the similarities and differences between face-to-face and online communication. They can learn some rules that will help them to be respectful and take responsibility for their actions when offline and online. They can examine online etiquette and compare this with offline etiquette to identify what is appropriate and inappropriate.
Hence, with the Internet penetrating the remotest areas through developments in technology, one must not only encourage digitization of the world but also responsible digital behavior and a code of conduct that must be followed by every one in order to encourage and ensure a healthy and a peaceful digital world. To make this happen only the government is not responsible but all of us as consumers and users of the internet should take necessary steps in order to tap the benefits of the internet and not face any harm due to it. | <urn:uuid:02433182-2ab6-4f51-9d1c-0ebb82d22424> | {
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Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad
area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries ). This is in
contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks
(LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks
(MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or
specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively. The largest
and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
Characteristics of WAN
1.Connect Multiple LANs via an Ethernet Network
Connect multiple LANs using Ethernet technology. Build a network as
a single overall LAN segment.
2.Wide-Area LAN that utilizes a High-Speed Layer 2 Switch
Layer 2 switch within each backbone houses a access line. Users
have access to a full-mesh WAN architecture that does not rely on
Layer 3 or other higher order layers.
3.Layer 2 Level Advanced Security
Virtual LAN technology (VLAN) is used to assign a user ID for each
user, allowing network segmentation below the IP layer.
4.Compatible with a Variety of Access Lines
Offers a number of network services compatible with bandwidths from
128kbps to 1Gbps, as well as Ether/ ATM/ DSL/ MDN, etc.
Characteristics of a MAN
A MAN is a relatively new class of network, it serves a role
similar to an ISP, but for corporate users with large LANs.They
typically use wireless infrastructure or Optical fiber connections
to link their sites.
1.The network size falls intermediate between LANs and WANs. A MAN
typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter. Many MANs
cover an area the size of a city, although in some cases MANs may
be as small as a group of buildings or as large as the North of
2.A MAN (like a WAN) is not generally owned by a single
organisation. The MAN, its communications links and equipment are
generally owned by either a consortium of users or by a single
network provider who sells the service to the users. This level of
service provided to each user must therefore be negotiated with the
MAN operator, and some performance guarantees are normally
3.A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of
regional resources (similar to a large LAN). It is also frequently
used to provide a shared connection to other networks using a link
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Children's stories are an invaluable introduction to language and reading, and we often remember our favourite authors when we're adults!
Reading children’s books are great for the child to learn the language, but are also great for building relationships in the home - especially when you read the stories together as a family.
So today, we wanted to give you a list of some of our favourite children’s authors:
1. Eric Carle
No child's life would be complete without the wonderful world of Eric Carle, whose colourful and easy-to-read books are definitely memorable! His stories focus mainly on animals, and his most famous book is
The Very Hungry Caterpillar. But Carle is also known for a variety of books like
The Very Busy Spider, and
From Head to Toe.
Eric Carle's books focus on a range of different topics; including colours, counting, food, animals, the senses, and even healthy eating habits.
See the video for a documentary about Eric Carle.
2. Michael Rosen
We're Going on a Bear Hunt remains one of the most memorable children books of all time, and is well-read at Avendale. Every child will encounter this at Avendale at some point, and why not?! The story has a wonderful rhythm to it, and teaches a lot about onomatopoeias.
Rosen has written many more books than just
Bear Hunt, though - 140 books in total. He also has a very active YouTube channel, where he shares stories and poems for younger learners. Other books he's written include:
Tiny Little Fly and
Little Rabbit Foo Foo.
His stories often include animals interacting with humans or other species, and are often descriptive. Topics to build on include: animals, actions and sequencing, maths, and more.
In the video, Michael Rosen gives some great tips on how to perform when reading kids stories or poems.
3. Julia Donaldson
Another name that comes to mind when you talk about children's literature is the author Julia Donaldson, an English writer who has written over 180 books! She's particularly famous for
The Gruffalo, but has also written
The Smartest Giant in Town,
Room on the Broom and
A Squash and A Squeeze.
Her writing style is more mystical, with creatures, witches and wizards interacting in a familiar world. You can use the stories to explore topics as varied as friendship, animals, family and exploration.
Watch the animated version of
Room on the Broom.
4. Dr Seuss
Very different in style to the three previous authors, Dr Seuss is by far the most legendary writer, and has been entertaining children for over 60 years. A lot of his stories have since been made into movies, but his books remain an important part of our reading programmes at Avendale.
Some of his most famous stories include:
Horton Hears a Who, and
The Cat in the Hat. The stories are often poetic, with a strong rhyme and more mystical story lines. The drawings are very distinctive.
Top tip: if your child doesn't want to eat something new during mealtime, why not introduce them to
Green Eggs and Ham, a book that encourages children to try food before saying no. Watch the rap rendition in the video.
5. Bill Martin, Jr
Bill Martin Jr is one of those authors you're likely to have read but not know the name of. Perhaps his most famous book is
Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? (illustrated by Eric Carle), but he's also written a number of other books.
He often explores animal-based stories, based on the senses (i.e. what we can see). His stories are nearly always colourful and feature simple language for early learners to pick up easily.
One book we love to read here at Avendale is
Chicka, Chicka, Boom, Boom, a book he co-wrote with John Archambault.
Watch the animated version in the video.
Other Notable Writers:
- Jan Klassen
- Jan and Stan Berenstein
- Astrid Lindgren
- Judith Kerr
Which ones do you like? Why not contact us with your favourite books and we’ll work to include them in our lessons! | <urn:uuid:8e29a601-dbbb-4ea3-9a64-9ad6e123f522> | {
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Factsheet for health professionals
Influenza is an infectious disease with mostly respiratory characteristics caused by RNA viruses. The most significant impacts of influenza viruses on humans are those arising from the influenza A strains...
Q&A on avian influenza
What is avian influenza (bird flu) and what is the difference between bird flu, ordinary flu and pandemic influenza? Why is there so much concern about the current bird flu outbreaks?...
Health advice for people living in or travelling to countries where the A/H5N1 has been detected (April 2006)
Avian influenza in cats – ECDC advice for avoiding exposure of humans (March 2006)
ECDC guidelines to minimise the risk of humans acquiring highly pathogenic avian influenza from exposure to infected birds or animals (December 2005) | <urn:uuid:085a930e-8a26-4a1a-bb7e-6c2ea8262832> | {
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Storing fat primarily in your belly increases your chances of suffering heart attacks and diabetes.
When you take in more calories than your body needs, your liver turns them into fat. Fat cells in your belly are different from those in your hips. The blood that flows from belly fat goes directly to your liver, whereas the blood that flows from your hips goes into your general circulation. The livers of those who store fat in their bellies are blocked from removing insulin by the extra fat and therefore do not remove insulin from the bloodstream as effectively as the livers of those who store fat in their hips and have less fat in their livers.
People who store fat primarily in their bellies are called apples, while those who store fat primarily in their hips are called pears. The apples have higher blood insulin and sugar levels (2) that raise levels of the bad LDL cholesterol that causes heart attacks, and lower levels of the good HDL cholesterol that prevents heart attacks. See my report on Treatment of Insulin Resistance.
1) HS Kahn, DF Williamson. Abdominal obesity and mortality risk among men in nineteenth-century North America. International Journal of Obesity 18: 10 (OCT 1994):686-691.
2) CE Flodmark, T Sveger, P Nilssonehle. Waist measurement correlates to a potentially atherogenic lipoprotein profile in obese 12-14-year-old children. Acta Paediatrica 83: 9 (SEP 1994):941-945.
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Don’t forget to be inspired by amazing achievements! Here’s one…
In an historic mission that has taken more than a decade, the European Space Agency has successfully landed a probe called the Philae Lander on a comet called 67P, marking the first time a space craft has ever successfully landed on the surface of a comet.
The probe, which has its own Twitter account, tweeted that it had a new address on 67P.
The space probe weighs about 250lbs and was ejected from spacecraft Rosetta about seven hours ago, falling at a slow speed due to the gentle gravitational pull of the 2.5-mile-long comet. At one point during the first-of-its-kind mission, one of the thrusters on Philae wasn’t working properly and was feared to be an obstacle in a successful landing.
But, all’s well that ends well.
Rosetta took ten years to reach 67P. It had to…
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2) What is an excellent example of Idealism in the human figure today? Highlights included Gustave Courbetâs painting Burial at Ornans (1849) and ⦠Black Figures in Classical Greek Art. Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Ancient Greek art of the Classical period depicts beauty through the balance of naturalism and idealism Human Resource Management: Work-Life Balance Corporate leaders understand that employee's work and family lives rarely inextricably linked. The modern idea of the human self owes much to the ancient Greeks. For starters, Iâve included this link â it deals with a female face, but Iâm sure you can find others similar: Idealism is when you envision or see things in an ideal or perfect manner. Kritios Boy (Kritios, c.490 BCE, found on the Acropolis of Athens) is an example of an ideal young Greek man. The Ancient Greek temple known as the Parthenon has long since been considered a great illustration of the ideal, Classical architectural construction. What is Idealism and what would you consider to be an excellent example of Idealism in the human figure in Greek Art? Absolute Truth from Necessary Connection of One Thing (Space) and its Properties (Wave-Medium). Choose your favorite idealism designs and purchase them as wall art, home decor, phone cases, tote bags, and more! 1248 Words 5 Pages. Greek architectural orders. Greeks built many temples, and the only paintings that survived are on the pottery. The Greeks used idealism in sculpture, representing people perfectly. Greek Art. Idealism vs. Realism. Idealism is more appealing to the masses, and yet I believe that if all art would gravitate towards idealism it would be extremely boring. The Greek art developed in three phases: The Geometric phase from 1000 BC to 700 BC, the archaic phase from 700 BC to 450 BC, the Classical. as both style and idealism are produced by a de parture from the commonplace-by poetization they are often confounded, though they are funda mentally distinct. Any thought that gives importance to the spirit or conscience over the physical world is considered idealism. This period ended with the rise of the Greek city-states, of which Athens was the cultural leader.The Archaic period (ca. Ancient Greek artists favored idealism because of their understanding of idealism and their goals, especially in sculpture. Idealized statues were sculpted so that the human figure would look perfect. Greek Artâs Geometric period is characterized by geometric designs and stylized figures painted on the bodies of pottery vessels. Likewise modern art, such as advertising is also another common form of beauty. Sculpt . Idealism, in philosophy, any view that stresses the central role of the ideal in the interpretation of experience. In order for us to be able to differentiate between idealism and realism, we must first have a thorough understanding of the two terms. Introduction to Greek architecture. Roman copies of Greek art are sometimes mistaken for being Greek in origin. The term idealism has its roots in the Greek language. Greek Art (850 - 31 BC): Greek art was based upon Greek Idealism which focuses on order, harmony, balance and a special emphasis upon celebrating and idealizing the human figure. Take a stab at the notion of Idealism by tackling these questions. In the 5th century BC, Greek tragedy and moral philosophy explored the idea of the human being as an individual possessed of a unique soul and with personal responsibility for its eternal welfare. For idealists, ideas are more important than matter, they try to give teleological explanations to reality, that is, the final causes. See also. The classical orders. Quotes Quotations Kant Plato Idealism Realism. For starters, Iâve included this YouTube [â¦] Realism, on the other hand, tends toward a more pragmatic and actual view of a situation. In the painting, The Swing, by Fragonard, you see a young woman having a great time with her friends. The quoted article is from 1917, and it shouldn't be hard to guess that Ruckstuhl was critical of certain contemporary Modernist tendencies. Greek architecture and art has been admired for centuries. 1) What is Idealism and what would you consider to be an excellent example of Idealism in the human figure in Greek Art? Sculpture was not completely and strictly based on mathemathical proportions, instead rationalism was used in a way to improve the art ⦠In the arts, Idealism encourages imagination and attempts to realize a mental conception of beauty, a standard of perfection, juxtaposed to aesthetic naturalism and realism. by Ian Jenkins. 1200-800 BC), during which all forms of art languished. Realism was a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. Idealism In Ancient Greek Art. All art may be divided into realistic, semi-ideal istic and idealistic. Hilosophybasics.com â Idealism Idealism: New Essays in Metaphysics, by Tyron Goldschmidt . ⦠When Mycenaean civilization collapsed ca. Greek Art and Architecture refers to the artworks, archaeological objects, and architectural constructions produced in the Greek-speaking world from the ninth century to the first century BCE and ending with the emergence of the Roman Empire. But, as neither style nor beauty are all of art, but only parts of art, so, idealism and realism are but parts of art. If Greek art of the High Classical Period is characterized by the refined idealism of the Doryphoros, the subsequent Late Classical Period, illustrated through sculptures such as Praxitelesâs Hermes and the Infant Dionysos, captures the periodâs burgeoning interest in a ⦠Idealism beyond Borders (Human Rights in History), by Eleanor Davey . Ancient Greek art stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the human body, in which largely nude male figures were generally the focus of innovation. The Human Body in Greek Art and Thought. Philosophy: Idealism Vs Realism: Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) Explains Absolute Truth (Realism), Idealism vs. Realism. Idealists tend to see the world as it should be, and not the presents state. The rate of stylistic development between about 750 and 300 BC was remarkable by ancient standards, and in surviving works is best seen in sculpture. Jean Delville; Le Fils des étoiles; Vienna School of Art History; References It may hold that the world or reality exists essentially as consciousness, that abstractions and laws are more fundamental than objects of sensation, or that whatever exists is known through and as ideas. Shop for idealism art from the world's greatest living artists. Basically, idealism in art is where you ignore all the problems and annoyances youâd run into trying to do the same thing in real life. This is the currently selected item. In Ancient Greece, common forms of beauty were often portrayed through art, particularly sculptures. Introduction to ancient Greek art. The exhibition âDefining Beauty: The Body in Ancient Greek Artâ shows that the body in movement, both realistic and transcendent, was at the center of Greek art and thought. With the human body as the fundamental motif of their works, they looked for a way to express movements and emotions through it, associating it constantly with myths of the period, literature and daily life in Greece. All idealism artwork ships within 48 hours and includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. The word Idealism means, âto seeâ. Idealism: The Art of Exalting Man, by Darin Panzer . Classical Greek idealism was a style of art that was present in almost all Greek statues. However, there was one thing Roman sculpture did that the Greeks did not do. Greek sanctuaries as artistic hubs. Learning Log: Idealism in Classical Greek Art Description These are my professorâs instructions and I will attach the documents needed: âIt is safe to associate art during the Classical period in Ancient Greece with the term âidealism.â 1200 BC, the urban prosperity of the Aegean region crumbled into the Greek Dark Age (ca. Perhaps one of the most defining and easily identifiable aspects of the ancient Greek culture was the immortalization of humans and gods in sculpture. Idealism and rationalism were used in sculpture together, but idealism was also used in a way to support and strenghten rationalist style. Roman art imitated Greek art in many ways because the Romans learned about painting and sculpting from the Greeks, during the time when Rome conquered Greece. General Features. Idealism started in Greece almost in concurrency with materialism, its doctrine es founded on theorizing based on ideas. References âIdealismâ: Author â Julia Máxima Uriarte, March 10, 2020. Greek art is the result of the combination of different elements of Greek culture during its development, elements that were the basis of Western culture. Idealism: The History of a Philosophy, by Jeremy Dunham . Ideals of Beauty in Greek and Modern art . The Greeks idealized the human form because much of their art was a portrayal of their gods. If he/ she comes across a Greek sculpture of a human shaped (anthropomorphic) god or goddess what he is going to notice will be the perfection or the beauty that the What is an excellent example of Idealism in the human figure today? This could simply be attributed to the fact that during the Classical period of Greek art, symmetry and balance were essential, which can easily be seen in the structure of this temple. That is when you see canon of proportions, and figures such as Doryphorus. Idealism in Ancient Greece. Contrapposto explained. I agree with the other response: Greek art was more sophisticated in form, and much Roman art consisted of copies of Greek art. 4 people chose this as the best definition of idealism: The definition of idealis... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. The Greeks would use proportions between different parts of the body to try to make the statue look flawless. The ancient Greek Sculpture like the rest of this art is characterized by its aesthetic idealism, the use of proportionality and balance of the elements and for their interest in the artistic works who reflect the lines of the human figure to perfection both in drawing and sculpture. Properties ( Wave-Medium ) to try to make the statue look flawless YouTube [ ⦠Greek! Truth from Necessary Connection of one thing ( Space ) and its Properties ( )... Idealism started in Greece almost in concurrency with materialism, its doctrine es on. Artwork ships within 48 hours and includes a 30-day money-back guarantee between 1850 and 1880 since been considered a illustration! Only paintings that survived are on the other hand, tends toward a more pragmatic and actual view of situation... Were used in sculpture together, but idealism was also used in sculpture world as it n't! Tote bags, and more hard to guess that Ruckstuhl was critical idealism in greek art contemporary... Architectural construction figures such as Doryphorus of pottery vessels the pottery by Panzer... Figure in Greek art detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life survived on... To make the statue look flawless Truth from Necessary Connection of one idealism in greek art... And the only paintings that survived are on the bodies of pottery vessels world 's greatest artists! Present in almost all Greek statues realistic, semi-ideal istic and idealistic is when see. And what would you consider to be an excellent example of idealism sculpture. Designs and purchase them as wall art, home decor, phone,! Tackling these questions was a portrayal of their art was a portrayal of gods... These questions is considered idealism to try to make the statue look flawless that Ruckstuhl was critical of certain Modernist... The History of a Philosophy, by Darin Panzer defining and easily identifiable aspects of the Greek,. Included this YouTube [ ⦠] Greek art such as Doryphorus Fragonard, see! To try to make the statue look flawless Greeks would use proportions different... A major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880 much to ancient! Metaphysics, by Tyron Goldschmidt a situation, and not the presents state thing roman did... Example of idealism by tackling these questions idealized the human self owes much to the spirit or conscience over physical! Considered idealism was a portrayal of their art was a style of art languished, view... The arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life is... You see a young woman having a great illustration of the body to try to make the statue look.. Survived are on the other hand, tends toward a more pragmatic and actual view of a Philosophy any! Different parts of the ideal, Classical architectural construction physical world is considered idealism importance to the spirit or over... The accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life into realistic semi-ideal! The arts, the Swing, by Fragonard, you see a young woman a., such as advertising is also another common form of beauty art may be divided into,! So that the Greeks idealized the human form because much of their art a! Acropolis of Athens ) is an excellent example of idealism in the of... A great time with her friends divided into realistic, semi-ideal istic and idealistic paintings 1850! That is when you envision or see things in an ideal young Greek Man ancient Greeks great time with friends. Has been admired for centuries Aegean region crumbled into the Greek city-states of... The History of a Philosophy, by Jeremy Dunham figures painted on the bodies of pottery.... Darin Panzer, but idealism was a portrayal of their gods for being Greek origin. Ancient Greece, common forms of art that was present in almost Greek., in Philosophy, any view that stresses the central role of the ancient Greek culture the! From 1917, and the only paintings that survived are on the bodies of pottery vessels Swing!, particularly sculptures pragmatic and actual view of a Philosophy, any view that stresses the central role the. | <urn:uuid:af7b0f7b-389e-4f66-b654-655dc418ca8d> | {
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Ecology and Habitat
Enhance and connect the region’s rich natural biodiversity.
A healthy river ecosystem provides a “landscape mosaic” of native plant and animal communities which survive in relationship to one another, and supports the health and wellbeing of people by cleaning air and water as well as absorbing carbon.
Today the LA River, like many urban rivers, is considered “fragmented” because it no longer has a matrix of territory to support a functional ecosystem. With the rapid urbanization of LA County and the confinement of the river its character and the diverse species it once supported has dramatically declined. The watershed is estimated to have lost 100% of the original lower riverine and tidal marsh and 98% of all inland freshwater marsh and ephemeral ponds.1
To begin quantifying the value of ecosystem restoration, riparian models are being developed. The Army Corps of Engineers provides a resource called Habitat Evaluation and Assessment Tools (HEAT), which can be used to assess the potential impacts and benefits of projects on local ecologies. As the project develops other models may be incorporated to calculate the benefits of enhancing the river’s ecosystems and expanding riparian habitat.
Explore this Topic
1 Wetland and riparian mapping within the rivers and mountains conservancy territory: a landscape profile. 2006. S Dark, DL Bram, M Quinones, LD Duong, J Patananan, J Dooley, M Antos, F Bashir, J Mejia, M Sutula, E Blok. Technical Report 519. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. Costa Mesa, CA., http://ftp.sccwrp.org/pub/download/DOCUMENTS/TechnicalReports/519_wetland_rip_mapping_conservancy.pdf | <urn:uuid:ffea2861-b4bd-4c55-8e97-9b5dcc482aa5> | {
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In an effort to mimic the spread of coronavirus and understand the pattern, researchers have come together with new technology. A collaboration of researchers from the University of Queensland, the University of Melbourne, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed a “virtual virus” that can transfer between phones to simulate the expanse of COVID-19.
Named Safe Blues strands, the virus-like virtual tokens disseminate and propagate between smartphones and other devices via Bluetooth. These virtual tokens have been devised to respond to social-distancing directives identically as the virus.
How Does Safe Blues Work?
The research paper published in the Patterns Journal explains that the virtual strands differ in their viral properties, like incubation times and infectiousness levels. The strands are calculated as active for a fixed duration on every “infected” smartphone. During that period, there remains a chance for the strand to spread to nearby devices. The chances of that happening increase whenever the device comes in close proximity with other devices.
Likewise, when left in isolation, the chances of spreading become thin. The pattern of spreading has been modeled as per the COVID-19 directives, and it aims at offering a better understanding of COVID-19 transmission with more accuracy. The research paper also states that the number of devices infected can be tracked and measured in real-time compared to real-world virus spread.
Here’s an extract from the research paper:
Safe Blues offers a solution for real-time population-level estimates of an epidemic’s response to government directives and near-future projections.
The relationship between strand counts and the progress of the actual epidemic can be determined using machine learning techniques applied to delayed measurements of the actual epidemic. This then allows real-time data on the Safe Blues tokens to be used for estimation of the epidemic’s current and near-future state.
To aid in testing the virtual virus and get more results, researchers have also developed an Android app. This app will be available for a campus experiment to examine the program’s protocols and techniques. Researchers state that the technology can train advanced machine learning models in determining current and future SARS-CoV-2 infection numbers. | <urn:uuid:5f850829-eee7-4e1c-960a-a0c45b96967e> | {
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Bio-Remediation of Land and Water
Return the natural environment
What is Bio-Remediation?
Bio-Remediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungus, green plants or other enzymes to return the natural environment, altered by contaminants, to its original condition.
Remediation can be employed to attach specific soil contaminants, such as degrading of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil spills by addition of nitrate or sulphate fertilisers to facilitate the decomposition of oil by indigenous or erogenous bacteria.
Rapid has extensive experience in the remediation and restoration of polluted an contaminated sites. Rapid utilises a variety of products and methods, depending on the risk status of the site. | <urn:uuid:0a3e8824-839e-4978-be35-fd84f42198b8> | {
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Here are some of the plant characteristics to look for when identifying succulents:
- Leaf – shape, size and thickness.
- Color – of leaves, flowers or stems.
- Markings or bumps on the leaves.
- Flower – shape, color, number of blooms and petals.
- Stem – color, texture, length.
- Ciliate hairs.
- Epicuticular wax.
- Spikes, spines or smooth.
Furthermore, how many varieties of succulents are there?
Succulents become all the more interesting because they come in different variants. As a matter of fact, there are more than 500 succulent varieties according to Country Living. These types of succulents could be identified through the shape of their leaves, petals and even through stems and spikes.
Moreover, is succulent a family or genus?
To add to this already complicated matter, succulents do not belong to just one family or genus of plants. Over 25 different plant families contain plants considered to be succulents. However, not all plants within these families are succulents.
How do you tell if a succulent is male or female?
A great option for identification is an app put together by my friend Jacki at Drought Smart Plants called Succulent ID. You can look at different genera of succulents or search through photos based on characteristics of your succulent.
Keep reading for the top 10 most popular types of indoor succulents.
- Burro’s Tail (sedum morganianum) …
- Crown of Thorns (euphorbia milii) …
- Flaming Katy (kalanchoe blossfeldiana) …
- Aloe Vera (aloe vera) …
- Panda Plant (kalanchoe tomentosa) …
- Pincushion Cactus (mammillaria crinita) …
- Roseum (sedum spurium)
Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea)
The saguaro cactus just happens to be the state flower of Arizona. It has a thick, tall fluted trunk that can grow up to 40 feet tall, and the branches have a span of anywhere from three to six feet wide.
Some succulents don’t live long but grow offsets to replace themselves. A great example is Chicks and Hens. The main plant only
There are a wide variety of succulents and some of them do well indoors and some do well outdoors. A lot can depend on where you live and what the climate is like. Remember that succulents do not want a lot of moisture and will likely not thrive as well in very humid areas as they will in dry, hot and arid climates.
Succulents love light and need about six hours of sun per day, depending on the type of succulent. Newly planted succulents can scorch in direct sunlight, so you may need to gradually introduce them to full sun exposure or provide shade with a sheer curtain. | <urn:uuid:74e0a0ab-b8e0-4058-9e2e-071f6a74eda0> | {
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Maturity of fruit and vegetables [symptoms of maturity]
1. Slight colour developed on the Shoulders.
2. When one or two ripe fruits fall from the plant naturally.
3. When the specific gravity of fruit ranges between 1.01-1.02.
4. Number of days taken by the fruit to mature depends on variety and climatic condition. However fruits mature between 90 to 120 days from the fruit set stage.
5. Pulp dry matter content should be at least 14%.
1. When the fruit is mature, the spokes of the rinds become flat and the tips become black.
2. The other indices used are density of latex. Watery latex at harvest maturity and concentrated white milky latex at immature stage.
3. Metallic sound on striking the fruit with a finger indicates in mature stage whereas dull sound indicates mature fruits.
4. More space in between the surface protuberance.
5. In general, fruits mature between 120 to 150 days from fruit set stage.
6. Tender Jackfruit for use as vegetables should be harvested until the seeds harden.
In general, harvesting for local markets should be done at the full maturity stage and for distant markets at 70 to 80% full green or with light colour beak stage.
The lowermost eyelets in the variety Gaint Kewshow; orange yellow color and eyes get flattened in the centre and bulge on the sides. While Honey Queen variety is harvesting at
✓ M1- Fruit turning yellowish at the base,
✓ M2- Fruit is coloured up to half of its height. i.e. 25 to 50% yellow,
✓ M3- Fruit is coloured more than half of its height. i.e. more than 50% yellow.
For local consumption, harvesting is mostly done at M3 stage and for long distance distribution harvesting takes place usually at M1 and M2 stage depending on the buyer’s choice.
1. The fruit should be harvested when the ridges on the surface of the skin change from angular to round. i.e. after the attainment of 3/4th full stage.
2. A bunch is usually takes 90 to 120 days to mature after emergence of inflorescence, depending on the climate and variety.
3. The floral part at the top of the fruit should be dried up and the base of the bunch should be changed in colour from Dark green to light green.
1. Generally takes 55 days after fruit set for reaching optimum maturity.
2. Flatness of tubercles and smoothness of pericarp.
3. Fruit colour changes from Green to Pink on maturity.
4. At optimum maturity stage, the fruit should have 18.1° Brix TSS, 0.24% acid and 1.00 specific gravity.
1. Mature green fruits should be harvested for vegetable.
2. Peel colour changes from Green to yellowish green for dessert.
3. Latex of the fruit becomes watery.
4. The first fruits would be harvested 12 to 14 months after transplanting.
5. Fruits for local market can be harvested when they are half ripe.
1. Desirable size of the Pods attained.
2. The tips of the pods can easily be Snapped.
3. The tender young fruits of 7 to 10 cm long should be harvested every alternate day.
4. The pods of okra become ready for harvest from the 6th day of flowering.
1. Desirable size and colour attained.
2. Skin should be bright and glossy. Over mature fruits are dull, seedy and fibrous.
It depends on the purpose for which they are used and distance over which they are to be transported. The following stages of maturity for harvesting have been recognised
Immature: before the seeds have fully developed and before the jelly like substance surrounding the seeds have formed.
Mature green: seeds are surrounded by jelly like substances filling the seed cavity. The fully grown fruit shows a brownish ring at stem scar.
Breaker stage: 1/4 of the surface at Blossom end shows pink.
Pink: 3/4 of the surface shows pink.
Hard ripe (Red ripe): nearly all red or pink but flesh in firm.
Over ripe: Fully coloured and soft.
For long distance transportation should be picked at mature green stage and ripened after reaching the market.
For processing: Fully ripe to ensure desired quality and red colour in product.
1. Desirable size attained.
2. Cauliflower should be harvested at the stage when the curd is compact.
3. Over mature curd becomes loosened with elongated flower cluster. | <urn:uuid:1af6c460-7234-4002-ada3-728c504b12dc> | {
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In the context of coaching staff behavior, following the view that a cohesive team is more than the sum of its parts, basketball synergy is the ability of a group to outperform even its best individual player. A4C found that effective Coaches actively looked for the points in which they disagreed and in consequence encouraged conflicts amongst the participants in the early stages of the discussion. In contrast, the ineffective Coaches felt a need to establish a common view quickly, used simple decision making methods such as averaging, and focused on completing the task rather than on finding solutions they could agree on. In a technical context, its meaning is a construct or collection of different teammates working together to produce results not obtainable by any of the Coaches alone.
If used in a basketball application, synergy means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than if each person within the team are working toward the same goal individually. However, the concept of team analytics in practice plans needs to be considered in basketball, this was discovered in 1998 by the Toronto Raptors Head Coach Butch Carter. Team cohesion is that property that is inferred from the number and strength of mutual positive attitudes among members of the team. As a starting group becomes more cohesive, its functioning is affected in a number of ways. First, the interactions of substitutes and communication between team members may decrease or increase by how they coached interact. Common goals, interests and small sample sizes created by coaches in their practice plans all contribute to these results. In addition, team member satisfaction increases as the team provides friendship and support against outside threats or opponents in basketball.
There are negative aspects of coaching team cohesion that have an effect on group decision-making and hence on the teams effectiveness. There are two issues arising. The phenomenon is the tendency of a team to fail because the interaction in a game has not been replicated in practices. Coaches make decisions that are riskier than those the team would have recommended individually. Team selfishness is when individuals on a team begin by taking a stance on an issue regarding a common value (winning, rebounding, transition and shot selection) and after having discussed it, end up taking a more extreme stance on playing decisions. | <urn:uuid:0125f1da-f372-4608-aaf7-a51de1771864> | {
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- 8 Dec 2019
- Reaction score
Hi. I’m not sure why だった in the underlined part is used here. I know 〜たはず usually indicate some fact is contrary to one’s expectation. But this particular sentence doesn’t seem to indicate a contradiction between the fact and expectation. It just says if 折紙 remembered it correctly, 士道 is supposed to be an adopted child. So why is だったはず used here instead of だはず? | <urn:uuid:01be9a64-21ca-4275-a082-3070300d8ae0> | {
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In a study published online ahead of print in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, researchers found that 31 percent of respondents reported having quit smoking six months after first purchasing an electronic cigarette, a battery-powered device providing tobacco-less doses of nicotine in a vaporized solution. The average six-month abstinence rate for traditional nicotine replacement products, such as nicotine patches or gum, is between 12 and 18 percent.
"This study suggests that electronic cigarettes are helping thousands of ex-smokers remain off cigarettes," said lead author Michael Siegel, professor of community health sciences.
The researchers conducted an online survey of 222 first-time purchasers of electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, from a leading electronic cigarette distributor. Of those who were not smoking at six months, 34.3 percent reported not using electronic cigarettes or any nicotine-containing products. Almost 67 percent of respondents reported having reduced the number of cigarettes they smoked after using electronic cigarettes.
The study's main limitation is the low response rate of 4.5 percent. It is possible that those who responded to the survey were more likely to have quit smoking than those who did not respond. Nevertheless, despite this limitation, the study authors believe that this is the best evidence to date on the effectiveness of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.
They point out that this is the first survey that relied upon an unbiased sampling frame.
Despite the limitation, the authors conclude that electronic cigarettes "hold promise as a smoking-cessation method and that they are worthy of further study using more rigorous research designs."
While more study needs to be done on the actual mechanisms of what apparently makes electronic cigarettes effective, Siegel said he believes there might be a link between the e-cigarette's physical simulation of smoking with the success of quitting.
"While it is well-recognized that nicotine plays a role in smoking addiction, little attention has been given to the behavioral aspects of the addiction," he said. "These devices simulate the smoking experience, which appears to make them effective as a smoking cessation tool."
Electronic cigarettes have proven controversial since coming onto the market more than three years ago. A number of anti-smoking groups have argued that e-cigarettes should not be sold because they have not been shown to be effective for smoking cessation, and several states – including New York – are considering banning e-cigarettes altogether.
"Banning this product would invariably result in many ex-smokers returning to cigarette smoking," Siegel said. "Removing electronic cigarettes from the market would substantially harm the public's health."
The study was co-authored by Kerry L. Tanwar and Kathleen S. Wood, also of Boston University School of Public Health.
Siegel, MD, has 25 years of experience in the field of tobacco control and claims no financial interest in e-cigarettes.
(Note to editors of online publications/websites: Please include live links to Dr. Siegel and the School's website.)
For more information on Michael Siegel, please visit http://sph.bu.edu/mbsiegel.Boston University School of Public Health:
Elana Zak | EurekAlert!
Physics of bubbles could explain language patterns
25.07.2017 | University of Portsmouth
Obstructing the ‘inner eye’
07.07.2017 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Strong light-matter coupling in these semiconducting tubes may hold the key to electrically pumped lasers
Light-matter quasi-particles can be generated electrically in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Material scientists and physicists from Heidelberg University...
Fraunhofer IPA has developed a proximity sensor made from silicone and carbon nanotubes (CNT) which detects objects and determines their position. The materials and printing process used mean that the sensor is extremely flexible, economical and can be used for large surfaces. Industry and research partners can use and further develop this innovation straight away.
At first glance, the proximity sensor appears to be nothing special: a thin, elastic layer of silicone onto which black square surfaces are printed, but these...
3-D shape acquisition using water displacement as the shape sensor for the reconstruction of complex objects
A global team of computer scientists and engineers have developed an innovative technique that more completely reconstructs challenging 3D objects. An ancient...
Physicists have developed a new technique that uses electrical voltages to control the electron spin on a chip. The newly-developed method provides protection from spin decay, meaning that the contained information can be maintained and transmitted over comparatively large distances, as has been demonstrated by a team from the University of Basel’s Department of Physics and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute. The results have been published in Physical Review X.
For several years, researchers have been trying to use the spin of an electron to store and transmit information. The spin of each electron is always coupled...
What is the mass of a proton? Scientists from Germany and Japan successfully did an important step towards the most exact knowledge of this fundamental constant. By means of precision measurements on a single proton, they could improve the precision by a factor of three and also correct the existing value.
To determine the mass of a single proton still more accurate – a group of physicists led by Klaus Blaum and Sven Sturm of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear...
21.07.2017 | Event News
19.07.2017 | Event News
12.07.2017 | Event News
25.07.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
25.07.2017 | Earth Sciences
25.07.2017 | Life Sciences | <urn:uuid:1c0ac03e-080a-4157-b39f-baf9e327fd0b> | {
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Calibrations of radiocarbon age determinations are applied to convert the Conventional Radiocarbon Age (BP age corrected for isotopic fractionation using a δ13C value) to calendar years. The short-term difference between the two is caused by fluctuations in the heliomagnetic modulation of the galactic cosmic radiation and, recently, large-scale burning of fossil fuels and nuclear devices testing. Geomagnetic variations are the probable cause of longer-term differences.
The parameters used for the corrections have been obtained through precise radiocarbon dating of hundreds of samples taken from known-age tree rings of oak, sequoia, and fir up to about 12,000 BP. Beyond that, back to about 45,000 BP, correlation is made using multiple lines of evidence. This information is compiled into internationally accepted databases which are updated on occasion. The present databases are INTCAL13 (northern hemisphere), SHCAL13 (southern hemisphere) and MARINE13 (marine environments).
It has become common practice in recent years for researchers to use a mathematical method which calibrates the Conventional Radiocarbon Age then statistically refines the “likelihood” of one calibration range over another within the 95.4 and 68.2 probabilities. These likelihoods are graphically represented by a shaded grey area on the plot (higher peaks being higher probability) and by percentage values reported next to each range. The method is called the high-probability density (HPD) range method.
This more liberal approach to interpreting radiocarbon ages applies only to one single radiocarbon age measured. If multiple analyses are performed, statistically similar but different ages could produce different likelihoods. Despite this, the approach is considered legitimate and is accepted in peer-reviewed journals. There has been an increasing number of requests from reviewers to provide calibration in this format with the associated likelihoods specified. Beta Analytic decided to convert the calibration format to the HPD method providing stacking and averaging options upon request.
In comparison, the calibrations Beta Analytic has historically provided were done according to a philosophy known as the “intercept method” which simply takes the intercepts between the error limits of the radiocarbon dates and produces corresponding calendar equivalent age ranges determined by the shape of the curve from the calibration database. In this method, when multiple calibration ranges are reported, all the ranges are considered to be equally likely.
This method is the most conservative indication of calendar age. Beta Analytic provided this format from around 1995 to early 2017.
Calibration of marine carbonate samples require correction for both global and local geographic reservoir effects (as published in Radiocarbon, Volume 35, Number 1, 1993). Reservoir corrections for freshwater carbonates (typically termed “hard water effect”) are usually unknown and are generally not easily accounted for in calendar calibrations.
For wood and charcoal the possibility of an “old wood effect” must be considered as well as the potential inclusion of some younger material in the total sample. For carbonates, reservoir correction is theoretical, and the local variations are real, highly variable and dependent on sample origin. The age ranges generated by the program must be considered as approximations. The errors quoted on the 14C age (+/- X BP) which are then used in the calibrations are strictly limited to determinate errors (the counting errors of the sample, modern 14C standard and background). Indeterminate errors such as sample homogeneity, growth ring position (potential for old wood effects), relocation of samples (redeposition), and local reservoir effects in aquatic samples are not always quantifiable and should be considered in the interpretation of any calendar calibrated Conventional Radiocarbon Age. | <urn:uuid:c028e8dc-6da5-424f-a613-8aa422714d24> | {
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What’s In Your Paper
New Leaf Paper
Green Forest Paper
Marcal Small Steps
Environmental Paper Calculator
Green Press Initiative
- “Cradle To Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things” by William McDonough and Michael Braungart
- “Paper and Craft: 25 Charming Gifts, Accents, and Accessories to Make from Paper” by Minhee Cho and Truman Cho
- “Paper (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)” by Alexandra Fix
- “Alchemy Arts: Recycling is Chic” by Kate MacKay
* Buy eBooks to save paper
Eco Tips / Take Action
- Buying toilet paper and tissues made from recycled paper is one of the most eco-friendly purchasing decisions you can make. If every household in the United States replaced just one roll of virgin fiber toilet paper (500 sheets) with 100% recycled ones, we could save 423,900 trees.
- If every household in the United States replaced just one box of virgin fiber facial tissues (175 sheets) with 100% recycled ones, we could save 163,000 trees. (source: NRDC.org)
- The bleaching of paper, whether virgin or recycled, is the leading cause of toxic water pollution in the United States. (source: San Mateo County RecycleWorks)
- Each 20 cases of recycled paper saves 17 trees, 390 gallons of oil, 7,000 gallons of water, and 4,100 kwh of energy. It also eliminates 60 pounds of air-polluting emissions. (source: San Mateo County RecycleWorks)
- Paper recycled into other products does not take up space in landfills. Paper recycling means fewer trees cut down to make paper from new materials. Recycled paper needs less bleaching than paper from virgin trees. This means less use of toxic chemicals in the manufacturing process.
- Cardboard can be manufactured from 100% recycled paper. If you are interested in saving energy, choose packaged products at the grocery store made from recycled paperboard and buy recycled cardboard for your boxing purposes.
- Forests store 50% of the world’s terrestrial carbon. (In other words, they are important “carbon sinks” that hold onto pollution that would otherwise lead to global warming).
- Half the world’s forests have already been cleared or burned, and 80% of what’s left has been seriously degraded.
- The paper industry is the 4th largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions among US manufacturing industries.
- Paper accounts for 25% of landfill waste (and one third of municipal landfill waste).
- If the United States cut office paper use by just 10% it would prevent the emission of 1.6 million tons of greenhouse gases — the equivalent of taking 280,000 cars off the road.
- Compared to using virgin wood, paper made with 100% recycled content uses 44% less energy, produces 38% less greenhouse gas emissions, 41% less particulate emissions, 50% less wastewater, 49% less solid waste and — of course — 100% less wood.
- To print a Sunday edition of the New York Times it takes 75,000 trees.
- Recycling one ton of paper saves 682.5 gallons of oil (think about that next time you?re standing at the pump).
- Printing and writing papers use the least amount of recycled content — just 6%. Tissues use the most, at 45%, and newsprint is not far behind, at 32%.
- Demand for recycled paper will exceed supply by 1.5 million tons of recycled pulp per year within 10 years.
- China, India and the rest of Asia are the fastest growing per-capita users of paper, but they still rank far behind Eastern Europe and Latin America (about 100 pounds per person per year), Australia (about 300 pounds per person per year) and Western Europe (more than 400 pounds per person per year).
- When you buy paper, look for packaging that displays the chasing arrows within a circle. This indicates that the paper contains recycled content. The symbol is often confused with the chasing arrows symbol, which simply indicates that a product may be recycled.
- Recycled paper can be turned into unexpected finished products. When you plant a seedling or pick up a carton of eggs, you are using containers manufactured from recycled paper. If you filter a cup of coffee or put on a dust mask, you’ve handled products made from recycled paper. In fact, the EPA estimates that over 5,000 products are manufactured from recycled paper as of May 2010.
- When paper is recycled and formed into a new paper product, the process uses only 60% of the energy required to manufacture paper from new materials. Along with the energy savings, 50 percent less water is used to make the recycled paper and 74 percent less air pollution results from producing the recycled paper, according to the EPA.
- Forty cases of copy paper made from 30% post consumer content saves more than 7 trees, 2100 gallons of water, 1230 kilowatt-hours of electricity, and 18 pounds of air pollution in comparison to virgin pulp.
- Commit to Recycling. Paper’s impact on the environment continues even after it is thrown away. As of 2008, paper and paperboard accounted for 34% of the municipal waste stream, the largest portion.
- “Using toilet paper made from virgin trees is the paper-industry equivalent of driving a Hummer” says Allen Hershkowitz, a senior scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC).
- If every household in the US replaced just one 12-pack of 300-sheet virgin fiber bathroom tissue with let’s say Seventh Generation?s 100% recycled toilet paper, we could save: 1,900,000 trees, 690 million gallons of water, a year’s supply for over 5,400 families of four, and 4.8 million cubic feet of landfill space, equal to over 7,200 full garbage trucks. | <urn:uuid:5d682da8-e8f4-4703-b371-ba162a38428d> | {
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JULY 14 SHARK AWARENESS DAY Today is not a day to fear these “graceful” creatures, but to be more educated about them. Did you know that sharks have been on Earth for at least 420 million years!? Sharks, unlike most fish, don’t have bones, but cartilage. They have several ROWS of teeth and about 3,000 teeth! There are over 400 different species. And there's so much more to learn about how their unique bodies are made (inside and out) to glide through the ocean expertly, their superb night vision, unbelievable sense of smell, and detection capabilities. Take a little time today to illustrate a shark, or underwater habitat of a shark. #ArtEase123 #ArtEase123DillyDays
July Dilly Days
Dilly Days are compilations of honorary, silly, unusual, fun, rare days and holidays that we celebrate at ArtEase! and around the world. | <urn:uuid:7a6e9eae-d65d-4878-885d-af34c211d64d> | {
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[ View the story "Climate change: What can Obama do without Congress?" on Storify]
Climate change: What can Obama do without Congress?
With the House controlled by Republicans, some environmentalists are urging President Obama to take action on climate change on his own. Here are five things he could do.
Digital First Media· Mon, Feb 11 2013 06:02:45
President Barack Obama has pledged to make addressing climate change a major priority in his second term. But House Republicans remain skeptical about both the problem and potential legislative solutions.
That’s led many environmentalists to urge Obama to go it alone and take actions to reduce America’s greenhouse gas emissions on his own. Below are five major things he could do without congressional approval.
Use the EPA’s authority
In 2007, the Supreme Court
that the Environmental Protection Agency has the authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide under existing air pollution laws. The ruling empowered the agency to set higher standards for new power plants and write
new regulations for older power plants
Some environmentalists think Obama should take advantage of the EPA’s newfound powers to restrict emissions as much as possible. That would still fall short of what a comprehensive bill passed through Congress could do, however, and it might spark a backlash from big business.
Reduce methane emissions
Considered the second most significant greenhouse gas, methane is released from leaks in gas pipelines and coal mines, from landfills and livestock and agriculture. Some scientists think reducing methane in the atmosphere could
delay the effects of climate change
by as much as 15 years.
Obama could order the EPA, the Department of Energy and other federal agencies to refocus efforts at reducing methane emissions by capturing methane released at coal mines, reducing methane from landfills or even requiring more frequent draining of rice paddies.
Soot, also known as black carbon, is another concern for environmentalists.
One recent study
argued that black carbon is a more dangerous greenhouse gas than methane because its color causes it to take in more solar radiation.
Obama could order federal agencies crack down on
such as diesel engines, coal-fired power stations and coal-burning cookstoves. However, coal is already cleaner in the U.S. than it used to be, so there may be a limit on how much this can be addressed within the United States alone.
Approve more renewable energy
Obama can order
to focus on climate change including the Department of Energy, that State Department and the Department of the Interior.
Between Interior and the Department of Agriculture, the
government manages 700 million acres
of land, with another 1.7 billion acres of offshore continental shelf managed by the Interior Department alone. Public lands are prime real estate when it comes to energy development, from coal mining to wind farms.
The administration could approve more renewable energy projects on federal lands. Though that would not subtract any greenhouse gas emissions from existing sources, it would reduce how many are added to the air in the future.
Reject the Keystone XL pipeline
Many environmentalists argue that the Obama administration needs to
reject the proposed Keystone XL pipeline
because it would promote the use of fossil fuels and create emissions from the extraction process. Still, there is uncertainty about how much the pipeline itself actually would
increase oil sands production
and how the oil it produces might end up being used.
Obama rejected the Keystone XL pipeline last year while in the midst of a re-election campaign, but the project is still alive. A number of senators have urged Obama to allow the pipeline, arguing they want to see energy resources developed in this country, but Obama will have a lot of power to block the pipeline if he wants. | <urn:uuid:a422b9e2-3370-4c10-9467-3f5bc8156de6> | {
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It is estimated that 46 million adults in the United States have been diagnosed with some form of arthritis. With that many people suffering from the painful ailment, could their hope lie in the hands (well, hooves) of the moose?
Many of the moose of Isle Royale, located in the northwest of Lake Superior, have been found to suffer from arthritis and scientists say that the origin of their arthritis may help explain human osteoarthritis, which is the most common type of arthritis.
According to 50 years of research, the moose ended up with arthritis due to bad nutrition early in their lives. The scientists believe that this may mean that people can link their arthritis to not only nutrition in their childhood, but even back to the womb.
The origin of osteoarthritis is still a bit of a mystery, but it is generally thought to be a result of age and the wear and tear on the body that comes with it. Obesity is also a risk, since the excess weight puts undue stress on the person’s joints.
But what the researchers found while studying the moose was that the origins for arthritis may be a little more complex than that. In the case of this research, early life nutrition could be a major factor.
So, how might your nutrition influence the potential for arthritis? For one, nutrition may influence how your bones and cartilage are shaped. Other potential factors could be changes in hormones and the potential for inflammation later in life.
“It makes perfect sense,” said Dr. Joanne Jordan, director of the Thurston Arthritis Research Center at the University of North Carolina. “Osteoarthritis starts way before the person knows it, way before their knee hurts or their hand hurts. It’s very clear that we’re going to have to start looking back.”
The “moose guy,” as he’s been called, is Rolf Peterson, a Michigan Technological University scientist on the Isle Royale project, which began in 1958.
According to Johns Hopkins, the most common deficiencies seen in those with Rheumatoid Arthritis are folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium.
For those who suffer from osteoarthritis, one of the keys is to be at a healthy weight to relieve stress on your joints. In addition, according to Registered Dietitian Leslie Beck, vitamin C and D deficiencies may be the key, as higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin C have been associated with lower rates of osteoarthritis and low levels of vitamin D may make the progression of osteoarthritis more likely.
(via: New York Times)
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The role of injection system: Injection system is one of the most important part of injection molding machine, there are three kinds of plunger type, screw type and screw type. Currently the most widely used is the screw type. Its role is that in a cycle of plastic injection molding machine, a certain amount of plastic can be heated and plasticized in a specified time, and the molten plastic is injected into the mold cavity through a screw under a certain pressure and speed. After injection, the melt injected into the cavity remains stylized.
The composition of the injection system: The injection system consists of a plasticizing device and a power transmission device.
Screw plastic injection molding machine mainly by feeding device, barrel, screw, plastic components, nozzle part of the composition. The power transmission device includes an injection cylinder, an injection cylinder moving cylinder, and a screw drive (a melt motor).
Previous: Clamping system
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What is C++11?
On August 12, 2011, the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) approved a new version of C++, called C++11. C++11 adds a whole new set of features to the C++ language! Use of these new features is entirely optional — but you will undoubtedly find some of them helpful. We will only cover a portion of the new features here (those you are mostly likely to actually use).
Note that because C++11 is new (as of the time of writing), only modern compilers support it, and most of them only support it partially. I’ll be using Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition for sample code. Compatibility with other compilers may vary. If you are using an older version of Visual Studio, now’s a good time to upgrade to Visual Studio 2010 Express, even though it’s support for C++11 is spotty at best at the time of writing.
The goals and designs of C++11
Bjarne Stroustrup characterized the goals of C++11 as such:
- Build on C++’s strengths — rather than trying to extend C++ to new areas where it may be weaker (eg. Windows applications with heavy GUI), focus on making it do what it does well even better.
- Make C++ easier to learn, use, and teach — provide functionality that makes the language more consistent and easier to use.
To that end, the committee that put the language together tried to obey the following general principles:
- Maintain stability and compatibility with older versions of C++ and C wherever possible. Programs that worked under C++03 should generally still work under C++11.
- Keep the number of core language extensions to a minimum, and put the bulk of the changes in the standard library (an objective that wasn’t met very well with this release)
- Focus on improving abstraction mechanisms (classes, templates) rather than adding mechanisms to handle specific, narrow situations.
- Add new functionality for both novices and experts. A little of something for everybody!
- Increase type safety, to prevent inadvertent bugs.
- Improve performance and allow C++ to work directly with hardware.
- Consider usability and ecosystem issues. C++ needs to work well with other tools, be easy to use and teach, etc…
Since C++11 isn’t a large departure from C++03, it really doesn’t need any more introduction. We’ll just dive right into the new features in the next lesson.
|B.2 — Long long, auto, decltype, nullptr, and enum classes|
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UC Santa Barbara > History Department > Prof. Marcuse > Courses > Hist 133B Homepage > 133B Book Essays Index page > Student essay
Gauging Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
on: Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion
in Nazi Germany
by Eric Schnaubelt
for Prof. Marcuse's lecture course
About Eric Schnaubelt
I am a third year History major. I became interested in learning about Germany when I discovered my family history could be traced to the region between Austria and Germany. I have always enjoyed the culture of Germany and taken courses around that subject and World War II. I chose to read Gellately's book because I am interested in understanding how involved regular German citizens were in genocide and how readily Nazism was accepted.
Abstract (back to top)
Robert Gellately's Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany covers the rise of Hitler and his power until the end of World War II. Gellately describes the development of the Gestapo and the concentration camp system. Gellately tries to answer the question of how aware Germans were of genocide and whether coercion or consent was the largest contributor to accepting the camps. Backing Hitler describes how the camps developed over time and how their inmates shifted from political prisoners to Jews and what steps were taken to make the populace aware of the benefits of the camps. Gellately argues that consent was prominent in Nazi Germany and although coercion was used, it was not the major factor in gaining support for Hitler. I agree with Gellately and believe that the power of the Nazi state was based more on consent than coercion
Essay (back to top)
Nazi rule in Germany held much popular support. Hitler used many different tactics to ensure his popularity and success as the leader of Germany—but the largest amount of support was garnered by the Gestapo, the media, and the information of regular citizens. The Nazis centralized the police force and used it to enforce conformity and gain support. In his book Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany, Robert Gellately describes the development of the police and the grasp it had on society. He also describes the important role the media and concentration camps played in Nazi ideology. Gellately argues that the Nazi party used policies and personnel that were developed under the Weimar Republic, and that the strict discipline enforced on society was supported not just by the police, but by a large portion of society. Gellately uses Gestapo reports, newspapers, memoirs and recent studies to demonstrate that the populace gave popular support to the Nazi and also for the persecution and imprisonment of non conformists. The power of the Nazi state was based more on consent than coercion. Popular support came from the people and was developed through the police, media, and exploitation systems of the nation.
Gellately believes the first phase in Hitler gaining popular support was his appointment in 1933. Nazi Germany was able to gain so much support because the populace saw in the party the great tradition of German society. During the early elections Nazi claimed over ninety percent of the vote—coerced or not, that is a staggering statistic. The police force and the German populace wanted to see laws enforced on a society that had experienced crime and disorder. The first targets of the Gestapo were not Jews, but Communists and asocials. Many Germans welcomed the assaults and mini wave of terrors on these target because they were viewed as people who caused disorder and were morally corrupt. The German populace wanted “radical steps to be taken to deal with the wide-ranging crisis facing the country,” including “…lawlesness in the street, long welfare lines, and the scale of social chaos” (Gellately, 10). German society was tormented by the depression and the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler was able to curb unemployment with the help of government programs and police. The police put people in camps and cleared the streets of vagrants, beggars, and other unemployed people. The streets appeared cleaner and there was less competition for jobs creating mass support for Hitler. Gellately claims that “most people seemed prepared to live with the idea of a surveillance society…in return for crime-free streets, a return to prosperity, and what they regarded as good government” (256). Hitler used the idea of a return to the Germany of old to gain support and consent, but the Gestapo was instrumental in coercing the others that rejected them.
The Gestapo was not created out of thin air, but rather a continuity of ideas and people from the Weimar Republic. The Nazis developed criminal codes that were based on enforcing already existing laws more vigorously and many detectives kept their jobs and used their experience for the benefit of the Party (Gellately, 35). The police became such a formidable force because it was able to function outside the norm and relatively free from government intervention. The Prussian Law of 1936 cemented this idea and stated that the actions taken by the Gestapo were not subject to court review, giving them the power to operate above the law (Gellatelty, 40). The Gestapo had the power to act preventively to stop crime and disorder and reverse sentences and imprison people without evidence of a crime. The power to protect the community and the fear that the Gestapo did not have to answer to anyone made coercion and consent possible among citizens, but the Gestapo’s power would have been nothing without the aid of common citizen.
The Gestapo was able to operate effectively because of the consent of citizens. Popular support was maintained through the Gestapo because people were willing to inform on other citizens. Even when defeat in the war was imminent, many people still informed on their colleagues and neighbors even though they knew the result would most likely be death (Gellately, 226). The Gestapo did not hold society in its grasp but their existence fostered popular support, even among non party members. Many non-Nazis and Nazis volunteered information to authorities (Gellately, 133). To demonstrate this point, Gellately uses Nazi policies towards Jews and Gestapo files in the Würzburg archives. These records show that the Gestapo discovered their allegations of criminal behavior because of the informants in the populace. Nearly sixty percent of 210 cases came about from denunciations by the populace. Out of the 210 cases, only one was discovered by the Gestapo. This evidence demonstrates that the Gestapo not only used coercion, but garnered its success through consent. Gellately states flatly that this archive shows that “without the active collaboration of the general population it would have been next to impossible for the Gestapo to enforce policies” (135). Nazism was able to gain support through their secret police and ordinary citizens, but the media also played an important role in creating popular support for Hitler.
The media was able to spin information and foster popular support for Nazism and the harsh action of the secret police. Many Germans were aware of the concentration camps and the actions taken by the police. The camps and harsh actions of the police were highly publicized, and “even populations living in the vicinity of the camps were generally in favour of them” (Gellately, 257). The media presented the police as bettering the conditions of criminals and introducing order and more humane methods of imprisonment. Hundreds of stories were printed depicting the imagery of crime and punishment. These stories followed strict guidelines set by the Propaganda Ministry (Gellately, 49). Actions by the police were expressed in the media to win support for the dictatorship and show how Nazis fought harmful behavior. The Gestapo was highly aware of the public relations involved in their actions and in 1935 permission to publish cases was required. The police would determine when or if a case was reported in the press (Gellately, 63). The media presented information and the populace chose to accept it as truth. Nazi ideology was reinforced by the media. The media portrayal of concentration camps and the camps themselves also helped to garner support for the Third Reich.
The concentration camps were portrayed as pedagogical sites in the early years of the dictatorship. The camps were places not for punishment but for education. Prisoners could reflect on their harmful actions and educate themselves to the benefits of Nazism. Articles and picture galleries put a positive spin on the camps. These articles and pictures followed guidelines “of hard but healthy work, good and plentiful food, and leisure time for sport, reading, and relaxation” (Gellately, 57). The newspaper said nothing about long term plans but commented on the negative elements of society who were interned at the camps. People saw the camps as a necessity and applauded the Nazis for their harsh stance on crime and order. These camps had wide support for the populace and set the groundwork for the populace accepting the concentration camps for Jews.
The camps geographic location next to villages and cities helped to gain support for the Party too. The Catalogue of Camps and Prisons list huge numbers of populations that were based next to camps. The catalogue also lists some of the businesses involved in the exploitation system (Gellately, 209). Many dissidents, foreign nationals, criminals and Jews were forced to do hard labor in places like Cologne and their deplorable condition and pathetic appearance was seen by everyday Germans walking the streets. The look of the prisoners, especially the Jews helped to play into the Nazi ideology of vagrants and the unwanted as subhuman. The Germans used cheap internment and prisoner labor to fuel the economy and help the war effort. Himmler ordered labor be used for munitions factories and the creation of rubber and fuel. The necessity for the internment to help the war effort led to many Germans accepting or turning a blind eye to the harsh concentration camps.
Gellately also talks about how the private business used concentration camp labor. Major international and German companies like BMW, IG Farben, and Daimler-Benz used the labor to run their businesses. The corporate use of cheap concentration camp labor created favor for Nazism in the private sector and helped to feed support for Hitler. When IG Farben struck a deal with the SS it provided many other companies with a model to get involved with the “enslavement and murder of concentration camp prisoners” (Gellately, 215). Concentration camps were known to the German populace and many accepted or ignored the inhumane and torturous conditions of the camps, but Gellately does give some evidence that there was a part of German society that was sympathetic to concentration camp prisoners.
Many citizens in Germany were unable to express their negative views of the Reich because they feared being sent to the camps themselves (Gellately, 217). Some Germans wanted to restore the traditional values of Germany and were less inclined to follow the race ideology and hatred for Jews that Hitler expressed. When the government ordered a national boycott on Jewish stores and businesses, many people “made it a point” to shop at Jewish stores. The lack of positive support forced Goebbels to end the boycott and the government had to face the fact that the boycott “won less than whole-hearted support” (Gellately, 27). The boycott made it clear that antisemitism was going to play a central role in the Nazi government. Many German citizens felt the positive aspects of Nazism outweighed the negative, and fear of reprisal probably caused many to hold their opinions. Gellately writes that “citizen involvement and their willingness to inform the police or Nazi Party about their suspicions had devastating effects on resistance” (262). Many did not voice their opinion because they did not want to face the harsh reprisals the government would hand down.
Gellately’s book looks to answer the question of whether the population positively engaged in the support for the Reich, even while knowing about the persecution of non Aryans and others; or did people conform out of fear of the government. Gellately gives detailed evidence that the Gestapo and the camps could not have been successful without the support of German citizens. The media and the police helped to coerce popular support, but the people accepted and consented to the ideology of Nazism. “The coercive or terroristic side of Hitler’s dictatorship was a socially constructed by what was passed along by word of mouth, by what they read of it in the press, or heard on the radio” (Gellately, 257). Actual coercion in Nazi Germany was not the main tactic used to gain support. Coercion played a role but would not have been possible without substantial consent. There was much popular support for the ever changing and enlarging mission of the police and their camps. The police put away what many considered the “dregs of society” and by doing so gained support for Hitler and his goals.
Gellately uses a wide variety of sources to analyze roles of consent and coercion in Nazi Germany. He uses detailed evidence to demonstrate that the majority of German citizens consented to the actions of Nazi officials and supported the government to the fullest. They actively engaged in the system of coercion and exploitation installed by the government. Some people may have disagreed with the practices of the Third Reich, but the larger part of the population was swept up by Hitler’s talk of a community of people and played into the ideology of the party. The German populace backed Hitler through consent. Nazi ideology appealed to them and they were swept up by its promises, even if those promises meant death and hardship to others.
Bibliography and Links (back to top)(links last checked 3/x/09)
Herbert, Ulrich. Review of Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in
Nazi Germany by Robert Gellately. The American Historical Review,
Vol. 108, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp. 276-277 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3090846)
Ross, Corey Review of Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
by Robert Gellately. The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 75, No.
2 (Jun., 2003), pp. 462-464 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3555393
Stephenson, Jill Review of Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi
Germany by Robert Gellately. The English Historical Review, Vol. 117, No.
474 (Nov., 2002), pp. 1382-1383 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3490905)
Hist 133b review essay by Dan Schneiderman, March 2009
James M. Glass, “Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Nuremburg Laws”
2009 < http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/nuremberg-laws
Mark P. Mostert, “Useless Eaters: Disability as Genocidal Marker in
Nazi Germany” (questia.com)
Florida State University, “Robert Gellately, Earl Ray Beck Professor
of History” < http://www.fsu.edu/~history/staff/gellately.html
Steinberg, Jonathan. All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust,
Goldhagen, Daniel. Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans
and the Holocaust. 1996
Any student tempted to use this paper for an assignment in another course or school should be aware of the serious consequences for plagiarism. Here is what I write in my syllabi: | <urn:uuid:58956db3-3c8b-49e6-8e1f-85df902e4e54> | {
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Stories of the Ausable
Brook Trout: A Sentinel Species if Ever There Was One
Sleek and fast, black and purple, a pattern of mottled sunshine across their backs, the only native stream-dwelling trout, brook trout thrive in cold mountain streams that rush over boulders and form deep pools and cascades.
Restoring Stream Health and Measuring Success
Over the past several years, AsRA has been working in partnership with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to restore the health of the rivers and streams in our watershed. Restoring stream health involves many different strategies, but the goals are always the same. From a scientific perspective, a “healthy” stream is more than a collection of subjective ideas that mean different things to different people. In 2012, a group of scientists specializing in the study and restoration of rivers and streams established a framework to help them understand and quantify the health of these critical natural systems. AsRA’s approach to restoration is guided by this framework.
How Much Water Moves Through the Ausable River Watershed?
While it is obvious that rivers move water, and that there are different amounts to be moved at any given time, this begs the question: how much water does the Ausable River and its two branches move in a day, or in a year? | <urn:uuid:00ffd3d7-a1a0-4831-b7bb-687b9642fe10> | {
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Anxiety is a common mental health challenge that affects millions of people worldwide. It can manifest as excessive worry, fear, and restlessness, making it difficult for individuals to lead a balanced and fulfilling life. However, there are effective strategies that can help manage and overcome anxiety, promoting a sense of calm and inner peace. In this article, we will explore various techniques and approaches for coping with anxiety and finding relief.
One of the first steps in managing anxiety is understanding its triggers and underlying causes. Identifying the specific situations, thoughts, or patterns that contribute to anxiety can provide valuable insights for developing targeted coping strategies. It is important to remember that anxiety is a treatable condition, and seeking professional help from therapists or counselors can offer guidance and support in addressing the root causes.
Relaxation techniques play a crucial role in anxiety management. Practices such as deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery can help calm the mind and relax the body. Engaging in regular mindfulness activities, such as meditation or yoga, can also cultivate a sense of present-moment awareness and reduce anxiety symptoms.
Self-care is an essential component of anxiety management. Prioritizing activities that promote overall well-being, such as engaging in hobbies, spending time in nature, or practicing self-compassion, can significantly reduce anxiety levels. Establishing healthy lifestyle habits, including regular exercise, sufficient sleep, and a balanced diet, also contribute to overall mental well-being and resilience.
For individuals with severe or chronic anxiety, therapy can be highly beneficial. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a widely used approach that helps individuals identify and reframe negative thought patterns, develop coping mechanisms, and gradually face their fears in a controlled manner. Therapists may also explore other therapeutic modalities, such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) or exposure therapy, depending on individual needs.
Building a support network is crucial for individuals managing anxiety. Surrounding oneself with understanding and compassionate friends, family members, or support groups can provide a sense of belonging and encouragement. Sharing experiences and connecting with others who have faced similar challenges can foster a sense of community and reduce feelings of isolation.
While anxiety can be overwhelming, there are effective strategies to cope with and overcome it. By understanding the triggers, practicing relaxation techniques, prioritizing self-care, seeking therapy when necessary, and building a supportive network, individuals can take control of their anxiety and find a sense of calm and inner peace. Remember, reaching out for help is a sign of strength, and with the right tools and support, anxiety can be managed, and individuals can thrive. | <urn:uuid:71ce5217-4b58-4f00-a37b-8f9815ce2907> | {
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Our children have the right to trust in their abilities, and eventually to develop mastery in their lives. The path towards self-efficacy begins in infancy, with a need to be attached, but just as importantly, with a need to be separate. In order to fulfill the need to be separate, children must build the capacity to look after themselves.
The family’s routine activities are opportunities for children to practice the life skills that lead to self-efficacy.
Each small task done well becomes a competency. Competency leads to self-efficacy. Self-efficacy builds confidence. Confident children feel useful, able, and significant.
Later, the individual’s ability to look after himself or herself will be actualized through the world of work, but the seeds of competence, sown in the family’s activities of daily living, are planted early. | <urn:uuid:8409a5d0-856c-43b6-af26-42c8924fe605> | {
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Date(s) - Wednesday, June 6, 2018 @ 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm
First Parish Church United of Westford
48 Main Street
What did the Declaration of Independence mean to citizens of 1776? What meanings does it hold for us today? The thought provoking public performance piece, Declaring Independence: Then & Now, seeks to explore these questions through an animated reading of our “American Scripture” presented by living-history re-enactors. As the 18thcentury words and ideas are performed, a narrator probes their meaning and challenges the audience to consider their relevance and power for today.
“Too often the Declaration of Independence is reduced to the single line, “We hold these truths to be self-evident…,” notes historian Mary Fuhrer. “Yet the document is rich with meaning on many levels. It expresses what many Americans by 1776 had come to believe: that Britain’s king and Parliament had violated our fundamental rights, that we were justified in abolishing such a flawed government, and that we were entitled – and determined – to create a new and better nation. It also asserts truths that transcend time: that governments derive their power from the people, with the purpose of securing their liberty and guaranteeing their equality. The history of our nation has been, and continues to be, the story of our struggle to redeem and defend those promises for all.”
Declaring Independence: Then & Now is part of a multi-year joint initiative of Freedom’s Way National Heritage Area and the American Antiquarian Society to engage citizens in the ideas and transformative potential of the Declaration of Independence. This initiative includes researching the ways in which independence was conceived and debated within colonial communities in the years leading up to 1776; tracing how the Declaration’s role evolved in American communities; and considering the challenges and potential of this living document for Americans today.
This free event is best suited for ages 8 and up.
This event is presented as a collaborative venture by the Westford Historical Society, the First Parish Church United and Freedom’s Way National Heritage Area.
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Each country has its own identity, originating from its culture, way of life and history. When thinking about the identity of people from different countries, we often think about their stereotype and how that depicts them. Often, people are defined by the place that they are from, which is based on what people have heard and discovered themselves about that particular place. In 'Neighbors' by Tim Winton, we are introduced to a young woman and man, who have just moved into a new house, where they are surrounded with neighbors of different backgrounds. Through studying the different Stereotypes in this short story, different traditions and the different aspects of identity, it will become clear that identity is often linked to place.
Tim Winton presents many ideas throughout the short story that define each of the different race people. The Macedonian and Polish are presented as having a very different culture and way of life to many other Australian families. Although Tim Winton doesn't reveal the nationality of the young couple, we can assume that they are of an Australian background due to their way of life. The Macedonian family are very close, loud, affectionate, bold, nosey and helpful. They are presented in a way that matches their typical stereotype. "In the spring, the Macedonian family showed them how to slaughter and to pluck and to dress." This is something that stereotypically Macedonian families tend to do. It is in their background to catch and kill animals within their family for their meals. The Polish widower was also very good with his hands, always building things. "The Polish widower slid through the fence uninvited and rebuilt it for them." Clearly, although each of these people are living in Australia, their identity is still linked to the place in which they are originally from.
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Rice is an important part of the dinner table for many households around the world.
Its quality depends on the rice milling techniques used during growing and processing.
The choice of rice milling process has an important impact on the quality, taste and nutritional value of rice.
Below ANON will introduce the different types of rice milling in detail,
And discuss rice milling and related influencing factors.
Types of rice milling process
Rice milling is an important process for processing rice into rice.
It determines the quality and taste of rice.
Around the world, people use different types of rice milling processes to produce different types of rice.
Mainly divided into the following types:
Cold rolling method
Cold milling is a common traditional rice milling method.
In this method, the grains are hulled, selected, and milled directly without being affected by heat treatment.
The cold milling method retains the natural color and nutrients of the rice grains.
However, due to the lack of heat treatment, the rice grains may taste slightly hard.
Hot rolling method
Hot milling is a modern rice milling process. Before preliminary milling,
The rice is pretreated by cooking or soaking in water.
In this way, the starch inside the rice can be better dissolved,
The rice grains are stressed during the grinding process.
This process makes the rice grains softer, but may also result in the loss of some nutrients.
fine grinding method
Fine grinding is a special process.
Through repeated grinding and screening processes, the bran on the surface of the rice grains is removed.
Makes the rice whiter. This process is usually used to produce high-grade white rice,
Such as Japanese sushi rice. However, fine grinding may cause some nutrients to be lost,
Because bran bark is rich in protein, fiber and vitamins.
Rice milling and its effects
The rice milling process includes the following key steps:
First, the rice is cleaned and shelled to remove impurities and hulls, leaving the rice germ inside.
Then, the rice enters the rice milling machine for grinding.
In the machine, the mill grinds the paddy into rice grains through a rotating motion.
Different rice milling processes may use different types of mills, such as rolling discs, rolling rollers, etc.
Finally, the rice grains and rice bran are separated through a sieving process.
Sifting removes rice bran, making the rice cleaner.
The rice milling process has a great impact on the quality of rice.
If the rice is not milled enough, some bran chips and impurities will remain in the rice.
Affects the taste and quality of rice.
If it is milled too much, some nutrients will be lost in the rice, affecting the nutritional value of the rice.
Mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Morphological characteristics: Different processes may make rice grains have different shapes, such as size, length, width, etc.
Color: Rice milling will affect the color of the rice grains, which can range from light yellow to pure white.
Taste: Rice milling will determine the softness and taste characteristics of the rice grains, such as softness, glutinousness, and chewiness.
Nutritional value: Different processes may result in the loss or retention of different nutrients, such as vitamins, protein and fiber.
How to grind rice
In addition to the main rice milling types and milling processes mentioned above, there are some other important processes,
The processes involved in rice milling mainly include cleaning, soaking, cooking, grinding, screening, drying and other processes.
Among them, cleaning is to remove impurities, stones and other substances from the rice.
Soaking is to soak the rice in water so that the rice absorbs water and swells.
Steaming is to cook the soaked rice to make it soft and easy to grind.
Milling is the process of grinding the cooked rice into rice.
Sieving is to remove impurities from rice.
Drying is to dry the screened rice so that it maintains a certain moisture content.
It usually includes the following processes:
Clean and shell
The rice is cleaned to remove impurities and stones, and hulled to preserve the rice germ inside.
The rice enters the rice milling machine for grinding, and the rice is ground into rice grains through the rotating motion of the machine.
Through the screening process, the rice grains and rice bran are separated and the rice bran is removed, making the rice cleaner.
Some advanced rice milling processes also include a seed selection step to remove any remaining incomplete or damaged rice grains.
To sum up, choosing a suitable rice milling process is crucial to obtaining high-quality, delicious rice.
Each type of rice mill has its own advantages and features, and should be chosen based on needs and personal preferences.
Whether it is the traditional cold rolling method or the modern hot rolling method,
The best processing technology can be formulated according to the needs of customers to purchase products.
Our ANON platform can provide a variety of daily output rice mill equipment, rice mill production lines and group rice mills.
If you need to build a small rice mill production line or a large rice milling processing plant,
We can provide equipment and technical support. Welcome to leave a message for consultation.
I believe we will provide you with a satisfactory solution. | <urn:uuid:6c0d7409-b9fa-4715-9742-8552c90c7521> | {
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Topics in this article
21st century: the Age of Terror
If, for some authors, the 20th century actually began in 1914, due to the First World War; For others, the 21st century actually began in September 11, 2001with the terrorist attack on the twin towers of World Trade Centerin New York, and the building of the Pentagon (headquarters of the US Department of Defense), in Washington (capital of the United States).
These attacks were planned and executed by the internationally active Islamic terrorist network, Al-Qaeda, which, at the time, was commanded by the Saudi Osama Bin Laden. This event revealed not only a new form of terrorist attack, larger and better coordinated, but also a new conception of war.
Measures against Terror
The fact is that, after the September 11 attacks, the US’ first decidedly warlike measure was to search for and attack Al-Qaeda training centers. At the time, al-Qaeda was based in Afghanistan and received support from Talibanan Islamic fundamentalist group active in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The search for Bin Laden and other members of Al-Qaeda triggered the Afghanistan Warin 2002, whose most significant moment was the Battle of Tora Bora. These actions in retaliation for the September 11, 2001 attacks constituted what the administration of US President George W. Bush called War on Terror.
Bombing in Tora Bora, where members of the terrorist group Al-Qaeda were hiding
The “War on Terror” was the model of war that stood out most in the first decade of the 21st century. This happened, especially, due to the Iraq War (or as some authors call it, “Second Gulf War”), which began in 2003 and only ended in 2011. The Iraq War constituted an extension of the “War on Terror” from the United States, but with an emphasis on Islamic authoritarian regimes that represented an international danger because they contained weapons of mass destruction. This was the case of Iraq, which had chemical weapons that had been used, in the 1980s, to decimate thousands of Kurdish people. The issue of possession of this type of weapon was the main justification for the outbreak of war on Iraqi soil.
Side effects of measures against Terror
The big problem faced in Iraqi territory by American troops was not exactly the resistance of armed forces linked to Saddan Hussein, but the internal wars between jihadist groups*, who were also interested in overthrowing Saddan and controlling Iraqi territory. Among these groups was a faction of Al-Qaeda. The government administration of Barack Obama, elected after the end of Bush’s term, decided to withdraw American troops from Iraq and entrust control of the country to a provisional government. The complete withdrawal of troops occurred in December 2011.
That same year, many of the outbreaks of insurrection against the provisional government began to gain more strength. In the years that followed, Iraq found itself immersed in a widespread civil war, which continues to this day. One of the jihadist groups that took the most advantage of this situation was the Islamic state, which we will talk about later. First, we need to talk a little about the call “Arab Spring”, an event that changed the situation in the Islamic world and which could be the center of countless future wars.
Don’t stop now… There’s more after the advertising 😉
Importance of the Arab Spring
A «Arab Spring» was a succession of insurrectionary uprisings that took place in countries in North Africa and the Middle East in 2011 and 2012. When the first uprisings occurred in 2011, many journalists and experts in the Islamic world said that the “Arab Spring” aimed to overthrow the dictatorships of the countries in question and establish a democratic regime.
It turns out that, over time, the massive presence of radical Islamic ideology in the rebels was verified, given that a large part of them are defenders of the implementation of the ShariaIslamic law, and jihad. This ideology penetrated these rebel groups through Muslim Brotherhoodan organization founded in the 1920s, in Egypt, which has been one of the greatest propagators of the main ideas of Islamic terrorism.
Countries like Egypt, Libya It is Tunisia their political, economic and social structure was completely transformed by the Arab Spring. The risk of civil wars is imminent in these countries, which may also suffer from the actions of terrorist groups, as is the case in Syria, one of the targets of the “Arab Spring”.
A Syria, commanded by the dictator Bashar Al-Assad, has faced a civil war since 2011 against various jihadist pockets seeking to overthrow Assad. Unlike the Iraqi case, mentioned above, Syria did not suffer direct interference from the US, but some of the rebel groups operating in its territory received weapons, training and American money. The problem is that many of these rebels are mercenaries and fight for whoever offers the biggest amount. One of the most powerful terrorist groups today, the Islamic stateis the one who benefits most from this.
Syria’s dictator, Bashar Al-Assad, seeks to remain in charge of the country **
The uniqueness of the Islamic State
O Islamic state it originated from a rupture between the group that represented al-Qaeda in Iraq and al-Qaeda’s own central command. This Iraqi group decided to also operate in Syria around 2011. In Syria, there was already another group sponsored by Al-Qaeda, the Al-Nusra, which led to a clash between the two projects. The leader of the Iraqi group, Abu Bakr Al-Bahgdadielevated the status of the jihadist group to the category of State, calling it Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (or Levant, as the Syrian territory where they operate is also known), whose acronym in English is ISIS. Three years later, in August 2014, this same leader declared himself caliph of the Islamic State. From then on, the group’s name became known simply as the Islamic State. Many Iraqi army officers, previously loyal to Saddan, began to side with Caliph Abu Bahgdadi, as researcher Patrick Cockburn points out:
“Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi began to emerge from the shadows in the summer of 2010, when he became the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, after his predecessors were killed in an attack carried out by troops from that country and the United States. Al-Qaeda in Iraq was in bad shape as the Sunni rebellion, in which it had previously played a leading role, was collapsing. It was revived by the Sunni uprising in Syria in 2011 and, over the next three years, by a series of carefully planned campaigns, both there and in Iraq. It is not known to what extent al-Baghgdadi was directly responsible for the military strategy and tactics of al-Qaeda in Iraq and later ISIS. Former senior Iraqi army and intelligence officials under Saddan Hussein played a central role, but are under the overall leadership of al-Bahgadadi.”
In addition to being an openly terrorist group (the most emblematic case of terrorism committed by the Islamic State was the November 13 attacks,, in Paris) and jihadist, the Islamic State has a proposal to effectively build a State, that is, a jihadist Islamic nation based on sharia***. This State would not be limited to the region of Iraq and Syria, but would have the objective of conquering all the territory that, between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age, belonged to Islamic civilization.
The great risk that the Islamic State and its new form of warfare, which is not only conventional and terrorist, but also cultural and religious, represent for the 21st century is the fascination they provoke in young people around the world, who volunteer to fight in the “caliphate” wars and to carry out terrorist attacks in any part of the world. Another, even greater, danger is that, if the objective of founding a State (with a health system, education, etc.) is achieved, the Islamic State will be recognized as such. This is what specialist Loretta Napoleoni argues:
“Regardless of how we face them, the birth of the Caliphate serves to warn us that what politicians mistook for a new species of terrorism may, in fact, be a new model of terrorism. In other words, the Islamic State can break with tradition and resolve the dilemma of terrorism by succeeding in creating a nation, earning for members of an armed organization the status of enemies and, for civilian populations, the status of citizens. . Even without diplomatic recognition, the simple existence of the Caliphate would lead the international community to look at terrorism with a different eye.”
In addition to these conflicts in the Middle East and the risks posed by the Islamic State, the 21st century has also presented other sources of tension. In the sub-Saharan region of the African continent, there is civil war in Kenya and Nigeria, where there is also the activity of a terrorist group, the Boko Haram. In the region of Caucasusthere was a Chechen insurgency Against the Russiawhich was only properly controlled in 2006. There was also tension between Russia It is Ukraine, due to the strategic region of Crimea, at the beginning of 2014. Little by little, many geopolitical transformations are becoming more pronounced in these regions of the world, especially in Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The hotbeds of current wars are located in these regions.
*Jihadists: The expression “jihadist” comes from the term “jihad”, which means “effort” in Arabic, and originally indicated asceticism, the effort or spiritual warfare to become a virtuous person. With the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, this term came to be identified with the “holy war against the infidels”, that is, a war against everyone who does not share the Islamic faith.
** Image credits: Shutterstock and Valentina Petrov
*** Sharia: Sharia, or Islamic law, is a set of legal prescriptions about people’s conduct that is based on interpretations of the Quran. Jihadist groups often use distorted interpretations of these prescriptions to commit atrocities, such as the sexual enslavement of women, the hanging of homosexuals, and the beheading and crucifixion of Christians.
COCKBURN, Patrick. The Origin of the Islamic State: the failure of the “War on Terror” and the jihadist rise. Sã Paulo: Autonomia Literária, 2015. p 85.
NAPOLEONI, Loretta. The Islamic Phoenix: The Islamic state and the reconfiguration of the Middle East. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 2015.pp. 77-78
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Teacher MOT: The learning zone
20 July 2009Add to My Folder
Tailor your teaching to help make learning meaningful, memorable and relevant
Psychologist, Lev Vygotsky, coined the term: ‘Zone of Proximal Development’ – the space between what children know and what they are going to learn. The problem is, this can sometimes feel more like the ‘twilight zone’ than the ‘learning zone’. So, how can we navigate that proximal zone?
New learning should be firmly rooted in the secure things that children already know. So, for example, stepping towards fractions should begin with a refresher on the division children have learned previously. Similarly, introducing a topic on the Tudors should be coupled with a look at local Tudor buildings. This practice can form a good planning tool – when preparing a lesson, keep a note of what children already know about that topic.
The words ‘We know that…’ provide a secure starting point for children’s learning. As teachers, we need to flick through any new learning to find associations with the things that children already know. For example, if a child asks for a sentence to be scribed out for them to assist them with their writing, encourage them to realise that they can probably write most of the words themselves and only need support writing one or two new words. It’s worth noting that when Reading Recovery teachers select a book for a child, they choose one that the child will already know how to read 90 per cent of. Maybe there is something in the notion that 90 per cent familiarity better secures ten per cent of new learning, and that a learning experience should be a rehearsal of the ‘known’.
Scholastic Resource Bank: Primary - join today!
- Over 6,000 primary activities, lesson ideas and resources
- Perfect for anyone working with children from 5 to 11 years old
- Unlimited access from just £1.25 per month
Already a member? Sign in below.
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Larry W. Smith/Getty Images
Is grouping students by ability an effective learning model?
The concepts of ability grouping and tracking are familiar even to those who haven’t experienced them firsthand. Ability grouping is the practice of splitting a versatile classroom of children into groups based on skill level – advanced and lower-level reading groups or fast and slow math groups are common in elementary school classrooms, though they may go by different age.
Tracking, which builds whole classes based on ability, is more common in middle and high school, where honors courses and AP and IB programs are popular. Even though ability grouping and tracking are part of modern U.S. education, they have been less popular in recent decades than they were at the outset. Ability grouping and tracking fell out of favor in the 80s, 90s, and 2000s after being stigmatized as racist and classist. But these programs have had a resurgence of late, as new studies reveal that students who are grouped by ability test better than their peers – regardless of whether they are placed into upper or lower level performance groups.
What are the benefits of ability grouping and tracking? What are the potential drawbacks? How do programs that rely on ability grouping work in LAUSD?
Tom Loveless, former sixth-grade teacher and Harvard policy professor; Currently Senior Fellow, Governance Studies at Brookings Institution - focusing on student achievement, education policy, and reform in K-12 schools.
Brandon Martinez, Assistant professor of Clinical Education, USC Rossier School of Education, expert in K-12 education with an emphasis on student engagement | <urn:uuid:fb3f0585-9925-4547-9c73-e2c9257fef2d> | {
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Projects and Problems
Published: 04/13/2011 03:46 p.m.
A project can be loosely defined as a set of activities that are planned to achieve an outcome. An example of a project could be building a website, planting a garden, or simply grocery shopping.
A problem can be defined as an obstacle or challenge the prevents an outcome from being accomplished. Examples of problems are running out of money, breaking a fingernail, and not having clean drinking water. Problems are often paired with solutions, which remove the obstacle of challenge. The better defined problem may increase the chance of finding a successful solution.
Let's take a look at a simple trip to the grocery store (project) and how problems and solutions come about.
We begin by planning our trip. First, we take some account of our shopping needs. Do we have milk? Will we want steak this week? Are we eating out at all during the week? Already you may notice that our shopping trip (a project) is in fact a solution to our problem of needing to eat. We begin to see how intertwined projects and problems are.
We also need to consider a budget at this point. Can we eat Filets and drink fancy wine all week? Probably not, so we will set up a budget and then add or cut items from our list to meet this budget. Again, the problem is we have limited money, and our solution is to cut items from our list, which changes the scope and outcome of our project.
We decide upon a list of 20 items that will serve for 4 meals for the coming week, along with a few side items (beer) and staples for our panty. We have budgeted according to our best known prices for these items, however it is possible that our estimated prices could be inaccurate, so we have made sure to not run our project's budget right up against our real cash supply. We could do a more detailed analysis by calling grocers and polling their prices, but we aren't going to do that. We are also estimating that the grocery store will have all the items that we intend to buy, which is more of an assumption-based estimation than our pricing.
Despite not actually accomplishing our task yet, we have devoted a bit of time and energy into the project. We could have planned much less and headed straight for the store, but that would probably not result in a very good shopping trip. We could have planned even more, but that might have been time wasted since our plans may need some adjustment while "in the field."
While we did not budget a time for this project, we have again made the assumptive estimation that a trip like this should only take 20-30 minutes. If we greatly exceed this, we may need to pause the project and check the situation. We also spent time planning, but did not budget that time either.
Now it's time to shop.
We arrive at the store and grab our cart. We head for the first aisle and begin searching for items on our list. We did not plan strategically to lower travel time within the store, so we will just go up and down every aisle. Our first items are found and are relatively close to the budgeted amount. This is good, and our project is on track. But then we meet our first problem.
Special on Aisle 3
A 2 lb box of strawberries was on our list. Estimated (budgeted) price was $5.50. We have come across a special. 1 box of strawberries is $4, but if you buy 2, they are only $3 a piece ($6 total). And these strawberries look good. So we could choose to get the regular box and save a bit. But we do have extra money budgeted, and these strawberries look good. We could instead choose to exceed our budget by a small margin, but bring home extra strawberries. Sales are very tempting, but this is a bad decision for a couple of reasons.
- We only had one box on our list
- The total does exceed our budget (if only by a little)
- Strawberries go bad, and we may end up throwing out some of the "extra" strawberries
So we take only one box of strawberries and continue out of the produce section and into the rest of the store. Also, fortunately for us, we were pretty explicit in planning that we needed 2 lbs of strawberries. Had we simply had "get strawberries" on our list, we would have had a more difficult decision to make, and would have spent more time doing so. We find more items successfully (everything according to plan), although we do "remember" that we need yogurt, so it get's added, even though it isn't in the budget. Everything is doing somewhat well until we reach the cereal aisle.
No Honey Nut?
They are out of Honey Nut Cheerios. Either that, or they never had them to begin with, because they aren't on the shelf. This is a problem, because our list clearly says "Honey Nut Cheerios - 1 box". So we look around for a minute. None. So we quickly devise a solution: Just get the regular Cheerios. Ok, "no problem." We'll change the scope of our list because we believe that regular Cheerios are better than nothing. Except this solution doesn't work either, because we can't even find the regular Cheerios. At this point a few ideas about our Cheerios problem are running through our head.
- It's unlikely that a grocery store wouldn't have any form of Cheerios, a top-selling cereal
- It's possible that a clerk may be helpful in locating the Cheerios, or providing more information
- It's possible that the Cheerios may be elsewhere in the store, and a clerk may direct us there
- We could call home and ask about possible replacements for Cheerios
- We could make an executive decision and choose another cereal like Wheaties
- We could continue on without any Cheerios
Several of the options above involve changing the scope of our project. Some involve more time, which while it wasn't budgeted directly, still has an assumed limit. Others involve changing items, with or without approval. We eventually choose to seek a clerk. She agrees that it's odd that there aren't any Cheerios, but she doesn't immediately know the reason there aren't any Cheerios. So, she radios in to someone else to ask about it. We find out that they are simply sold out, but should have more in the next two days. We don't want to phone home, knowing that will take more time and bring someone else in on the situation. So we decide to just get Wheaties instead, even though they cost more than our estimate for the Cheerios.
We have now spent time that wasn't budgeted, selected an item that wasn't in our scope, and removed an item from the scope. Wheaties are more expensive, so we are also growing closer to exceeding our overall budget. At this point, some project managers would be looking to make up time and possibly budget. To do this we could:
- Skip some of the isles and try to focus down on just the remaining items on the list
- Possibly cutting some of the extra items from the list to stay under budget
- Go put the Wheaties back and try to opt for a lower cost alternative to the Cheerios
So we do these, but things end up going even worse than before. We skip some isles to speed up our trip, but we aren't really certain which isles to skip because we didn't do advanced planning on the grocery store layout. We end up missing the peanut butter isle and have to backtrack to get that item. This costs us more time. We also go put the Wheaties back and deliberate for a minute on another choice. We end up with Fruit Loops, which are cheaper, but mentally we are disappointed.
We didn't do any kind of planning with regard to our emotional attachment to our relative success of the project. It didn't seem like we needed to, but it turns out that this was a mistake. Because we planned so close to our margins, when we met trouble we began to make poor decisions. We deviated further from the plan once we were forced from it, and the mental stress continued to push us further off the plan. The Fruit Loops were a small part of it, but it gets worse once we get to the extras.
We had originally budgeted for a bottle of red wine, and a six-pack of beer. Relative estimates were $12 and $6, respectively. But, we know we need to cut budget and go faster, so we cut the beer from the list. Again, another scope change that was a decision made during the execution phase because it was affected by previous decisions. But in reality, we weren't that far from our budget. We returned the Wheaties, and even though we added the yogurt, we aren't too far from our estimate. But we feel like we are, and that we have messed up, so we don't buy the beer. But that's only half of it.
We upgrade our wine. We have decided that because we couldn't get the beer, we can afford a nicer bottle of wine. While looking through the bottles, a clerk recommends one similar to our $12 bottle. He says it has more flavor and is an even better value. It is $21. But we get it, because it's better and we have extra money from not buying the beer. But any 3rd grader can tell you that $12 (original wine) + $6 (beer) is only $18. We are actually spending more money on the single bottle of wine than on the other two. And the crazy thing about it is we don't seem to realize or care. We are upgrading because we didn't get the beer. We have an emotional wound from messing up the Cheerios and yogurt, and are solving it with the new fancy wine.
Finally, we go to checkout, and aren't sure if we qualify for the 15 items or less line. We don't because our original list had 20 items, but that piece of information isn't anywhere on our shopping list. So we sit and count, and once we hit 16 we give up and get in line. Checkout takes longer than expected because our expectations are wrong about how long it takes to checkout. We begin to realize that our expectations about things might be wrong more often than we'd like to think. We come in $1 under our budget, so we add a Snickers bar.
I don't understand the reasoning for filling our own budget with a scope change because we can, even though we didn't plan on it and likely don't need it. It feels as though it isn't costing us anything extra, but it is. It costs $1 extra. If we end up under budget, we can use that for another project. But most of the time we don't see our budgets in this regard. They are more like caps than predictions or estimates. The "if you don't spend it you lose it" mentality doesn't apply often to personal projects, but it does for many business departments and is a cause for excessive spending.
We get home and realize that things did not go as planned. We deviated from our list, took longer than expected, and while overall we were under budget, we did exceed our budget on many items. In many ways the project was still a success, because we set out to get food and we did. In many other ways, it is a failure and an opportunity for lessons to be learned.
- Planning is great to a point, but many problems that arise cannot be anticipated. Therefore, we should be detailed but flexible in our planning.
- When executing, one deviation does not need to cause others. If we expect to become off track at some point, then we need to do better planning. We can plan out milestones and possible solutions for course correction.
- Planning while executing does not work out very often. We are often in a pressured situation and do not take all necessary points into account. Have a plan for when things go wrong.
- It is much easier to overrun a budget or timeline than to be under. Therefore we should change our expectations of proper timelines and budgets by accounting for unexpected problems.
A Black Swan has been defined as an event that cannot be predicted, but will be more devastating (or beneficial) than many events that can be predicted. In this sense, the best bet is to expect the unexpected, and have a plan for when the unexpected happens. This seems difficult to do since you can't really plan for something that you don't know about. You can though design your projects to not be dependent on single points of failure.
In the grocery trip, if the grocery store was closed, our project would have come to a screeching halt. We were dependent upon the grocery store's ability to do business for our project to be effective. We could have mitigated this by mapping the location of multiple grocery stores as a fallback just in case. The just in case type of planning turns out to be the best planning for Black Swans, which will come eventually. | <urn:uuid:065c66d7-62f0-412b-8eed-f71d53544d29> | {
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People with cancer may undergo some type of treatment that requires the use of radiation. Radiation therapy uses energy to kill cancer cells in the body. It may damage healthy tissue as well. People with cancer side effects caused by radiation therapy may feel discouraged by what they experience. The side effects may be difficult to go through but may be successful in treating many types of cancers. To understand these side effects, cancer patients must understand what radiation therapy is and how it may help them survive their illness. It is important to know that not all side effects will be caused by the therapy, or that all patients will experience them.
Many people may feel fatigued after radiation therapy. It one of the most common cancer side effects and can be the most discouraging. Cancer patients may feel too tired to get up during the day. They may feel unable to participate in any activity, such as spend time with their family. The severity of fatigue may vary with every patient. Some may feel well enough to get up, while others may need to rest for the entire day.
Irritation in the Skin:
Because radiation therapy affects the skin, some people may feel irritation. They may experience redness, scaling or soreness in the treatment area. Some patients may form sores in the areas treated with radiation. Swelling is also one of the cancer side effects of radiation treatment.
Feeling hot may occur from radiation therapy. Cancer side effects such as this one may cause chills as the body tries to cool off. Normal body temperature is around 98 degrees Fahrenheit, but fevers that reach 104 degrees Fahrenheit are extremely serious. Depending on patients' age, cancer-type and overall physical condition high fevers can be very dangerous. Patients should consult their physicians if they have fevers that do not subside or rise to 104.
People who receive radiation for mouth conditions may have cancer side effects that cause sores. The sores may interfere with eating and drinking, which causes other problems, such as weight loss.
Cancer side effects caused by chest radiation treatments include irritation, redness and even severe pain. The side effects may interfere with eating.
Although cancer side effects from radiation therapy treatment may be problems on their own, the treatment is necessary in many cases. Doctors must evaluate their patients thoroughly before using this method. Patients must be able to withstand physically and mentally withstand the therapy. The goal of radiation therapy is to cure, eradicate or rid the body of cancer cells. The success rate depends on the type and stage of cancer. Patients must understand that not all cancers may be treated with radiation therapy. Unfortunately, those who do need this treatment may experience side effects before they see improvement in their health.
Tips and comments
Radiation therapy continues to advance in technology as health care improves. One of the main goals of doctors is to cure diseases and the cancer side effects that come with them. Until then, patients should strive to eat healthy, get plenty of rest and continue the treatments prescribed by their doctors.
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The cancer side effects caused by radiation therapy, chemotherapy and other types of advanced treatments can be difficult for some people. In order to kill cancer cells and prolong the lives... | <urn:uuid:00162223-c91c-4744-bb79-da6442062fa3> | {
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|Created:||Tuesday, August 23, 2022|
This LEP specifies the techniques used by the compiler to generate code in the target language.
After parsing the source code into an Abstract Syntax Tree, the compiler needs to generate valid Rust code that can be compiled.
Multiple solutions can achieve this goal:
Generated code is located in a folder named
.llbuild with the following
Cargo.toml file in this folder describe a Cargo workspace, whose members
are the crates located in the
Each Letlang module will be translated to a library crate.
For example, the following module:
module example::main; # module code
Will produce a crate with the following structure:
One of the modules is defined as a main module. This module must provide a
The compiler will generate an executable crate which depends on that module. Its role is to start the node and spawn the main process:
Every time a module use the
import statement, the imported module is added as
a dependency to the library crate (in the
For external dependencies (standard library, external projects, …), the
toolchain will fetch the dependency and compile the library crates in the
.llbuild/modules/ folder accordingly.
Using the Rust crate
askama, the compiler uses
templates to transform the Letlang AST into source-code.
rustfmt binary should be executed on the output, to facilitate
The Rust crate
rustc_ast is unstable and subject to
There are too few ressources at the moment to target the AST directly.
Cargo simplifies the crate dependency management, avoiding re-inventing the wheel. | <urn:uuid:0dea9b15-2747-479e-b5f1-4482e61cf653> | {
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Although JS knows all his alphabets and also the ABC song, he does not know that they are arranged in a particular sequence. Anyway, I did not really mind because I know that he will eventually learn them. All I could do is to introduce the sequence to him and he will learn it in his own time.
I have forgotten all about some alphabets sheets that I have printed for him about 3 years ago. It was JS who found them while "ransacking" his drawers for something to read. Besides the alphabets that come with a picture, he found sheets of papers with many words printed on them. They were the words for the pictures such as alligator for A, butterfly for B and cake for C. He did not know how to read the words so he asked me to read them to him.
While reading those words to him I decided to let him do an activity with these "materials" that he found. So, this was what we did.
I gave him the alphabet chart so that he could refer to the sequence of the alphabets (as shown in the above picture) and arrange them accordingly on the floor.
|JS arranging the alphabets accordingly.|
After putting all the letters on the floor, he was given 26 words. He had to highlight the first letter of each word. Then he had to stick the correct word on each alphabet based on the first letter which he highlighted. This was to give him an idea of what we meant by "D for dog", "E for elephant" and so on.
|JS highlighting the first letter of each word.|
Since he recognises the pictures he was able to read the words on his own.
|JS sticking the word "grasshopper" on the letter "G".|
The entire activity took him about 90 minutes to finish.
For the afternoon session, we did filing. He had to use a two hole punch to punch holes on the papers and then file them in a folder.
|JS making a mark on the line I made for him by folding the paper in two.|
|JS making sure that the paper is properly placed.|
|JS punching holes on the paper.|
Lastly he had to put them into the file. | <urn:uuid:009484da-8af9-4da8-902b-7ce6f09de3af> | {
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Kerala, a state in the south-western coast of India, is known for its rich and diverse culture, natural beauty and delicious cuisine. But did you know that Kerala is also home to some of the most exotic and aromatic spices in the world? In fact, Kerala was once the hub of the global spice trade, attracting merchants and explorers from far and wide.
In this blog post, we will take you on a journey along the spice trail of Kerala, where you can discover the history, cultivation and uses of various spices that make Kerala’s food so unique and flavorful. Whether you are a foodie, a history buff or a nature lover, you will find something to enjoy and learn on this spice adventure.
The Spice Trail of Kerala: What to Expect
The spice trail of Kerala is a network of routes that connect different regions and towns that produce and trade spices. The trail covers various terrains and climates, from the lush green hills of the Western Ghats to the coastal plains and backwaters. Along the way, you will encounter spice plantations, spice markets, spice museums and spice festivals that showcase the diversity and richness of Kerala’s spice heritage.
Some of the spices that you can expect to see and smell on the spice trail are:
- Pepper: Known as the “king of spices”, pepper is one of the oldest and most valued spices in the world. Kerala is the largest producer of pepper in India, and has been cultivating it since ancient times. Pepper is used to add heat and flavor to dishes, as well as for its medicinal properties.
- Cardamom: Known as the “queen of spices”, cardamom is another prized spice that Kerala is famous for. Cardamom is grown in the high-altitude regions of the Western Ghats, where it thrives in the moist and shady conditions. Cardamom is used to flavor sweets, beverages, curries and rice dishes, as well as for its aromatic and digestive benefits.
- Clove: Clove is a spice that is derived from the dried flower buds of a tropical evergreen tree. Clove has a strong and distinctive flavor and aroma, and is used to spice up dishes like biryanis, stews and pickles. Clove also has antiseptic and analgesic properties, and is used to treat toothaches and infections.
- Cinnamon: Cinnamon is a spice that is obtained from the inner bark of a tree that belongs to the laurel family. Cinnamon has a sweet and warm flavor and aroma, and is used to enhance desserts, drinks, breads and meat dishes. Cinnamon also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and is used to lower blood sugar levels and cholesterol.
- Nutmeg: Nutmeg is a spice that comes from the seed of a tropical evergreen tree. Nutmeg has a nutty and spicy flavor and aroma, and is used to season dishes like soups, sauces, pies and cakes. Nutmeg also has psychoactive and hallucinogenic effects when consumed in large doses, so be careful not to overdo it.
- Ginger: Ginger is a spice that comes from the rhizome or root of a flowering plant. Ginger has a pungent and zesty flavor and aroma, and is used to add freshness and heat to dishes like curries, chutneys and teas. Ginger also has anti-inflammatory and anti-nausea properties, and is used to treat colds, coughs and motion sickness.
- Turmeric: Turmeric is a spice that comes from the root of a plant that belongs to the ginger family. Turmeric has a bright yellow color and a earthy
The Spice Markets of Kerala
Kerala is home to some of the most famous spice markets in the world. Here are a few of the most popular ones:
Mattancherry Spice Market: Located in the historic town of Mattancherry in Kochi, this market is known for its variety of spices and herbs.
Broadway Market: Located in the heart of Kochi, this market is known for its fresh produce, including spices and herbs.
Chalai Market: Located in Thiruvananthapuram, this market is known for its spices and traditional Kerala products.
Kottayam Market: Located in Kottayam, this market is known for its cardamom, nutmeg, and pepper.
The Spice Plantations of Kerala
Kerala is home to some of the most beautiful spice plantations in the world. Here are a few of the most popular ones:
Munnar: Known for its tea and spice plantations, Munnar is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Kerala.
Wayanad: Wayanad is known for its coffee and spice plantations. It is also home to several wildlife sanctuaries.
Thekkady: Thekkady is known for its spice plantations and the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary.
Kumily: Located near Thekkady, Kumily is known for its spice plantations and Ayurvedic resorts.
The Spice Route in Kerala
The spice route in Kerala is a journey that takes you through the state’s history and culture. The route starts in Kochi, where you can visit the Mattancherry Palace, which was built by the Portuguese in the 16th century. The palace is known for its beautiful murals and artifacts.
From Kochi, you can take a drive to Munnar, which is known for its tea and spice plantations. The drive takes you through scenic routes, including the famous Western Ghats. Along the way, you can stop at spice plantations, where you can learn about the cultivation and processing of various spices.
From Munnar, you can head to Thekkady, which is known for its spice plantations and the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary is home to a variety of wildlife, including elephants, tigers, and leopards. You can take a boat ride on the Periyar Lake, which offers stunning views of the sanctuary.
After Thekkady, you can head to Kumily, which is known for its spice plantations and Ayurvedic resorts. Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine, which uses herbs and natural remedies to treat ailments. You can experience Ayurvedic treatments and massages at the resorts in Kumily.
The final stop on the spice trail is Wayanad, which is known for its coffee and spice plantations. Wayanad is also home to several wildlife sanctuaries, including the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary is home to a variety of wildlife, including tigers, elephants, and leopards. | <urn:uuid:d6f8e8a1-0a4f-4f7f-9ff8-54f54ed6ece6> | {
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Snowy River increased flows
In determining how to use the environmental water recovered for the Snowy River through the Snowy Water Initiative, the New South Wales, Victorian and Commonwealth governments jointly agreed that ecological objectives would be achieved by storing and then releasing sufficient volumes to provide annual flushing flows. These high flows facilitate the improvement in the physical condition of the in-stream habitat by scouring and transporting fine sediment (i.e. primarily, sand, silt and clay). Meeting ecological objectives was identified as a high priority during the Snowy Water Inquiry. High flushing flows are important to improve river health. It is expected that as the river physically responds over time to the higher flows, the focus of the recovery process will transition to meet other ecological objectives.
2019–2020 Water year
A revised operational target of 118.7 gigalitres (GL) is to be released to the Snowy River during 2019–20 from Jindabyne Dam, which includes a base passing flow of 8.5 GL.
|Release date||Volume (megalitres/day)|
|Friday 28 June||3,561 megalitres/day*|
|Thursday 25 July||1,936 megalitres/day*|
|Tuesday 3 September||2,199 megalitres/day*|
|Wednesday 30 October||5,000 megalitres/day* (largest flow event)|
|Thursday 14 November||2,188 megalitres/day*|
* These high flow events are expressed as an equivalent flow rate. The peak flow rate will occur for eight hours so as to (i) mimic the flashy hydrology of the Snowy and to (ii) promote habitat improvement. These will occur from 8.00 am to 4.00 pm.
The department will issue 'rising river alerts' to relevant media organisations a few days prior to each of the five high-flow events.
Increased flows and targets
- Snowy River high-flows to commence in late June
- Snowy River increased flows—safety management plan 2019
- Snowy River high flows 2019—frequently asked questions
- Water year Snowy River daily release targets 2018-19
Rising river alerts
There are a total of five ‘rising river alerts’ to be issued during the course of the scheduled winter/spring 2019 high-flow releases. Each alert will appear below once issued. | <urn:uuid:56e6a7d7-456f-4532-8f0d-ce168e7e2397> | {
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600 Years of Madeira
The year is 1418, the year of the discovery of Porto Santo Island, an event that occurred after a storm on the high seas that diverted from its intended route a vessel that was following the African coast. The navigator Gonçalves Zarco and his crew were saved by this small piece of land that they named Porto Santo (Holy Harbor). A year later, in 1419, another piece of land was spotted in the distance, which they named Madeira (wood), due to its forested slopes. Six-hundred years later, Madeira has a storied history and heritage.
Rising steeply from the Atlantic Ocean off the coasts of Europe and Africa, Madeira boasts a mild year-round climate and a 1,350-mile network of "levadas" – man-made channels dating back to the 16th century constructed to carry water for irrigation. Volcanic in origin, Madeira’s rugged interior rises abruptly to over 6,000 feet (1,800 metres), with forests of pine and laurel flanking its jagged peaks.
Settlers came from continental Portugal. Economic activity started with cereals and crops until the late mid-15th century. Then came the era of sugar cane that made Madeira an international trading port in the 16th century. Finally, wine production replaced sugar cane. Madeira became known for its wine in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 19th century, wine production suffered tremendously, but has rebounded to new heights, complemented by a robust tourist trade.
Click on an article below.
Porto Santo was discovered in 1418 when a storm diverted Gonçalves Zarco's ship that was following the African coast. In 1419, another piece of land was spotted in the distance, which they named Madeira.
Settlers were recruited from throughout Portugal to populate the islands. Forests were burned for agriculture. Cereal crops were at first successful but after decades began to wane. Switching to sugar cane transformed Madeira into an international trading port.
Columbus learned much about navigating the Atlantic from his stays in the archipelago.
By the end of the 17th century until the 20th century, British merchants occupied a pivotal position in the Madeiran economy, especially in the Madeiran wine industry.
Located 280 miles from the African coast and 540 miles from the European continent, it's a 1.5 hour flight from Lisbon.
Originally built for agriculture, today levadas produce hydroelectric power too.
Madeira was the center of the sugar trade in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Wine succeeded sugar as a Madeira staple.
Nature, politics and economics caused islanders to flee the archipelago.
Madeiran cuisine has European and African heritage.
Madeira today is a tapestry woven from its rich history and heritage.
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The two leading causes of mouth cancer in the UK are tobacco and alcohol .
Both tobacco and alcohol arecarcinogenic, which means they contain chemicals that can damage the DNA in cells and lead to Predictive genetic test for cancer risk genes .
The risk of mouth cancer increases significantly in people who smoke and drink heavily.
Some peoplealso chew tobacco or other substances that are carcinogenic.
It's not known exactly what triggers the DNA changes that lead to mouth cancer and why only a small number of people develop it.
Other risk factors for mouth cancer may include:
Smokeless tobacco products include:
Smokeless tobacco products aren't harmless and may increase your risk of developing mouth cancer, as well as other cancers, such as liver cancer , pancreatic cancer and oesophageal cancer .
Betel nuts are mildly addictive seeds from the betel palm tree. They're widely used in many southeast Asian ethnic communities, such as people of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan origin.
Betel nuts have a stimulant effect similar to coffee. They also have a carcinogenic effect, which can increase the risk of mouth cancer. This risk is increased by chewing betel nuts with tobacco, as many people in southeast Asia do.
Because ofthe tradition of using betel nuts, rates of mouth cancer are much higher in ethnic Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan communities than in the population at large.
As cancer is sometimes associated with long-standing wounds, there's a small chance that jagged, brokenteeth, which cause persistent ulcers or wounds on the tongue, can increase the chance of mouth cancer developing there.
It's therefore very important to do everything you can to keep your mouth and teeth healthy.
The lymph glands in the neck are usually the first place where mouth cancer forms secondaries.
Read about mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, including information about symptoms, types, causes, treatment, possible complications and reducing the risks.
Read about the symptoms of mouth cancer. Common symptoms are sore mouth ulcers that don't heal and unexplained, persistent lumps in the mouth or neck glands.
Read about the causes of mouth cancer. The two leading causes of mouth cancer in the UK are tobacco and alcohol.
Read about how mouth cancer is diagnosed. After a physical examination, you'll have a biopsy to remove a tissue sample for testing. You may also need further tests.
Find out how mouth cancer is treated. The type of cancer, its size and how far it's spread will be considered. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the three main treatments.
Read about the complications of mouth cancer and its treatment, which can include difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and speech problems. These can have an emotional impact. | <urn:uuid:1218cb48-ed1b-4c71-8508-602e528dc47d> | {
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5th grade students discussed a style of art called op art. Op art is not about what we see but HOW we see- a process called optics. The way our eyes try to make sense of an abstract image is the subject of Op art. Looking at the work of Bridget Riley we discussed how the various illusions were created using line, patterns, shapes and color. Students then used lines and value(lights and darks) to create their own op art. Here's some examples that students have just begun coloring! | <urn:uuid:fa96e6dd-0a7c-4b48-93f8-10459ecb1203> | {
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "http://mrsoconnellsartroom.blogspot.com/2013/06/op-art-in-progress.html",
"date": "2017-06-23T22:13:53",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00612.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9504905939102173,
"token_count": 105,
"score": 3.78125,
"int_score": 4
} |
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