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California’s forests have become climate polluters
California introduced a world-leading carbon dioxide cap-and-trade program to drive down pollution rates after lawmakers approved an ambitious climate protection law in 2006. It also changed rules affecting utilities, spurring investments in some of the biggest solar power plants the world has yet seen.
But an emerging body of research shows it’s going to take more than a clean energy blitz to help the state comply with the historic California Global Warming Solutions Act.
A Californian task force has been handed the confounding task of figuring out how forestry and land management practices could be improved to prevent what scientists say are surprisingly high levels of climate pollution escaping from its forests and other wildlands.
A new study has shown that greenhouse gases are billowing out of the state’s forests faster than they are being sucked back in, with unnaturally intense wildfires mostly to blame.
“Ecosystems are regrowing, but not fast enough,” Patrick Gonzalez, a U.S. National Park Service climate change scientist involved with the research, said. “The losses are outpacing the growth. The key element here is wildfire.”
From 2001 through 2010, the state’s wildlands were responsible for about 8 million tons of carbon pollution annually — more climate pollution than is released every year by the entire economy of Vermont.
That was the conclusion of a sophisticated analysis requested and partly funded by California’s air resources board. Wildfires affecting a small portion of the state were responsible for two-thirds of the estimated losses of carbon from what had been living plants.
Under more stable natural conditions, the state’s forests would be expected to absorb about as much carbon as they lost every decade. At a time of unnaturally high carbon dioxide levels, the forests would ideally absorb more of the greenhouse gas than they produce. But the balancing act has been thrown off kilter.
“There’s a long history of discussion of using forests to sequester atmospheric carbon,” said Michael Goulden, a University of California at Irvine associate professor who studies the state’s forests, but who wasn’t involved with Gonzalez’s research. “This paper points out that any increase in forests’ carbon stock may prove ephemeral. Eventually, forests are disturbed, and then this extra carbon is released.”
Gonzalez led a team that used field measurements and satellite data to compare statewide vegetation coverage at the beginning and end of the study period. The analysis was published as a peer-reviewed paper in Forest Ecology and Management, building on earlier work that provided more tentative findings in a state report published in late 2013. The new study was the most comprehensive stocktaking of fluctuating carbon reserves ever undertaken for California’s landscapes.
Much of the carbon released by burned vegetation is thought to have entered the atmosphere, mostly as climate-changing carbon dioxide, though some of it would still be lying on the ground inside rotting tree trunks and other downed vegetation.
Decades of fire fighting are the major culprit. Fire suppression policies have allowed fuel to build up on forest floors, and they have allowed allowed forests to grow thick with young trees that burn hotter and over larger areas than was the case under more natural conditions.
Additionally, the West Coast has been warming and drying more rapidly than most of the rest of the world recently, with climate change and natural variation both appearing to play roles in producing dangerously incendiary landscapes.
The findings came as an unwelcome surprise, both for California and for the climate in general. California’s 2006 global warming law calls for the state to produce no more climate-changing pollution in 2020 than had been the case in 1990. It also calls for ecosystems — primarily forests — to be releasing no more carbon by 2020 than they’re absorbing.
Some of California’s forests hold more carbon on each square foot of land than is found anywhere else in the world, and it was long thought that the state’s forests and other land ecosystems were absorbing at least as much carbon as they were losing. That’s partly because forests in the state have been recovering in recent decades from once-rampant clearfelling.
But the findings also offer cause for some optimism — optimism that improved land management could reverse the trend.
“In this time period, we’ve seen that there are losses from wildfires,” Karen Magliano, chief of the board’s science division, said. “We’ve also seen that, when you look at healthy forests, that they’re continuing to grow, and continuing to sequester carbon. That’s a very important aspect.”
Magliano also said more research is needed to refine the estimates of carbon losses.
In August, Gov. Jerry Brown (D) formed theForest Climate Action Team, comprising officials from different state agencies charged with producing a “forest carbon plan” by 2016. A draft is expected this year.
“They’re looking at a number of different policy options and actions that will help enhance sequestration of carbon,” Magliano said. “Certainly, improved fuel management is one aspect, given that we’ve had many years of very strong fire suppression.”
Gonzalez said it will be “challenging” but “possible,” with appropriate fire management, to nurture mosaics of blazes throughout California’s ecosystems that would “naturally store more carbon” over the long term.
Letting more lightning-ignited fires burn when they’re sparked far from population centers, and pre-emptively starting more fires in targeted areas, would both help, Gonzalez said.
The ideal fire patterns and fire regimes fostered through the state would be “ecologically appropriate,” he said, meaning they would be adapted to unique local conditions.
“It’s also challenging because climate change is altering what the ‘ecologically appropriate’ fire regimes will be,” Gonzalez said. “Nevertheless, when successful, such fire management will produce stands of older, larger trees whose long-term carbon storage can outweigh the short-term emissions.”
Once that happens, California’s forests will rejoin the human residents of the state in their fight to slow climate change. | <urn:uuid:cccefce1-d5ce-4311-87db-26761be0e4e1> | {
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It’s one of the most important questions on the planet: How much are the seas ultimately going to rise, thanks to what we’re doing to the atmosphere with all our cars and power plants? Scientists are still struggling to find a clear answer to it.
And the punchline is that in each of these periods within the last 3 million years or so, the researchers estimate that sea levels eventually rose some 6 meters — equivalent to nearly 20 feet — higher than they are right now.
“We looked at these three different warm periods, because there’s no one time period that’s going to be a perfect analogue,” said Dutton. “We looked at several of the warmest interglacials, and for each of them, we’re finding at least 6 meters worth of sea level rise.”
It’s important to emphasize that the researchers are not saying we’re committed to this much long term sea level rise yet — just that if current emissions and warming continue, we could get there.
This may seem odd, given that while we read regular headlines about how the planet is losing ice — from mountain glaciers around the world, and from the great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica — the consequent sea level increase seems terribly small, just a few millimeters per year.
Yet current sea level rise may be deceptive — the main factors behind it aren’t the really big ones. The current top drivers are thermal expansion of sea water as it heats up and the loss of glaciers around the world — including 75 billion tons of ice loss yearly from the Alaska region alone. That’s enough to cause sea level upticks of a millimeter or so per year, but when you think about the grand pageant of planetary history, it’s not the real story.
Far more consequential are the slow moving ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, which contain enough frozen water to raise sea levels by 20 feet and 200 feet, respectively. They have started to awaken — but only barely. Antarctica, for instance, is currently contributing well under a millimeter per year to rising seas. Greenland might be contributing one millimeter — but only one.
In past eras of planetary history, though, we know that the pair must have lost ice amounts measured in meters, not millimeters.
“Sea level is a relatively slow responding part of the climate system, and those 20 centimeters of sea level rise that we have seen in the last 100 years or so are clearly just a very small beginning of a much larger sea level rise, which will inevitably unfold,” said Stefan Rahmstorf, one of the study authors who is based at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. “Because it takes a long time to heat up the oceans into the depths, and also it takes a long time, thousands of years, to melt big ice sheets.”
So which past periods are a good guide to the present in this respect? The researchers picked three analogues — each clearly imperfect, because none of them featured billions of fossil fuel burning humans. The current era is unique because unlike in the past, we’re in the driver’s seat. Still, past analogues — featuring climates that were the result of natural planetary changes and cycles — can be illuminating.
The first and most ancient analogue considered in the study is the so-called “Mid-Pliocene warm period,” about 3 million years ago – which contained several “interglacials,” or warm periods in between ice ages. Then, the researchers also considered two much more recent interglacials with less than exciting names: “Marine Isotope Stage 11,” which occurred around 424,000-395,000 years ago, and “Marine Isotope Stage 5e,” the most recent, around 129,000-116,000 years ago.
The state of the planet during these various periods has been painstakingly inferred based on a wide range of evidence, ranging from temperature records preserved in corals and sediments to climate and ice sheet models.
So what did these eras look like? Here are the crucial figures (all of which are characterized, not surprisingly, by considerable uncertainty):
Mid-Pliocene warm era: Average temperatures were some 2 to 3 degrees Celsius warmer than pre-industrial levels. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were quite close to today at around 400 parts per million. Sea levels were at least 6 meters (2o feet) higher than current levels — a “lower bound” — but could have been dramatically higher than that.Marine Isotope Stage 11: Average temperatures were between 1 and 2 degrees Celsius higher than pre-industrial levels. Atmospheric carbon dioxide was less than 300 parts per million. Sea levels were 6 to 13 meters higher than present.Marine Isotope Stage 5e: Average temperatures were 1 degree Celsius warmer than pre-industrial levels (pretty close to today). Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were around or below 300 parts per million. Sea levels were 6 to 9 meters higher than present.
So what should one make of these possible analogues?
In some ways, it’s tempting to liken our situation to Marine Isotope Stage 5e – sometimes also called the “Eemian” period — given the similarity in average temperatures. But the analogy has a critical flaw — the period was the way it was because of planetary orbital cycles, not carbon dioxide emissions, and the poles were considerably hotter than they are now (the temperature measurement most relevant to the fate of ice sheets).
“Apparently the Arctic at that time was a couple of degrees warmer than today (due to orbital forcing) which would have contributed to the Greenland mass loss,” explains Rahmstorf by email.
As a result, he thinks that currently, the mid-Pliocene is a better analogy for where we could be headed, given the comparable carbon dioxide levels. “In the Pliocene, global temperatures 1 – 2 °C warmer than present came with at least 6 m of rise,” Rahmstorf wrote. Thus, while we may not currently be committed to raising seas as much as occurred in these past periods, if we don’t get global warming under control, that could change.
Rahmstorf has previously published results suggesting that if we hold global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, we might thereby hold sea levels to 1.5 meters above where they were in the year 2000 by the year 2300. Warm things up by 2 degrees C, though, and you’d get a 50 percent chance of more than 2.7 meters, the study suggested, by 2300.
Other recent research, meanwhile, has similarly implied that for every degree Celsius that we warm the planet, we’re could be committed to 2.3 meters of sea level rise.
Much like Rahmstorf, Dutton agreed that we’re not committed to 6 meters — yet. However, she said, “we’re getting very close to where we see, repeatedly in the paleo record, something like 6 meters from that type of temperature change.”
There remains much uncertainty to this kind of analysis – especially when it comes to how fast sea level rise will happen going forward. “Rates of sea-level change for previous warm periods when sea level was higher than present range from highly uncertain to completely unconstrained depending on the time period, yet this is perhaps the most societally relevant information the paleorecord can provide for predicting and adapting to future sea-level change,” noted the authors.
It’s a question that people around the world will depend on — and scientists still have a long way to go in answering it. But their current results tell you one big thing: While we may not yet be destined to see the seas of these past eras, what’s troubling is that we’re even making the comparison.
Also in Energy & Environment: | <urn:uuid:98f601d3-c3d9-4233-8e6e-ec46ca09664e> | {
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By now, everyone who’s heard of the Cordova project knows about its mobile app, a Chrome extension for the Cordovas Cordova Desktop environment.
But what is the Electron platform?
And how does it differ from Cordova?
We have to start with the basics.
Cordova is a web-based desktop environment.
It runs on Windows, Mac, Linux, and iOS, and it’s available as a browser extension for Chrome, Opera, Firefox, and Safari.
That means it runs on the same desktop and works on any device.
Cordovans desktop environment is built on top of the Electon framework, which was designed to make building web apps a breeze.
Electron’s mobile app is built with the same platform and same codebase as the desktop app.
It’s the same thing, except for one difference: the Electrons desktop app is based on a Cordova Mobile Platform (CMP) and not Cordova Cordova, the Chrome extension that you can install.
This means that Cordova can run on Windows Mobile, Android, or Windows RT tablets, but not on Windows Phone or iOS.
The difference is in the apps themselves.
Cordovan has a number of desktop and mobile apps available, and Electron is based entirely on Cordova.
But the two platforms differ on how they manage their app data.
The desktop app uses the same Data Sources framework that you’d find in any modern web browser.
This is a collection of code that manages and organizes all the data that a user is interested in.
This framework can be used to make a number, like a contact’s contact information or a user’s location, and also allows for the creation of custom widgets, like custom buttons or icons.
It also has a lot of built-in features that make it easy to work with data that you have collected in the past.
Electron uses the Data Sources Framework in its mobile apps, but it doesn’t have a similar set of features.
Instead, the desktop and Mobile apps use a similar framework.
The Desktop app, like the mobile apps and the browser extensions, uses the Cordovan Data Sources API to manage its data.
This allows you to collect data from different sources, like your web browser, the Web App Store, and your own data sources.
This API allows you access to the data and can provide you with more data in the future.
The mobile app has a Data Source framework that is different than the desktop application.
This provides a way for the mobile app to create and manage data.
It allows you, for example, to have a contact list for each contact that you want to list.
The data is stored in a table that can be retrieved by using the Data Source.
The Data Source can be a single, dynamic column or a collection.
This enables the mobile platform to access data from the web browser or your own mobile apps.
The mobile platform also uses a Data Sources SDK that provides the same access to data that is provided by the desktop platform.
The differences between the desktop apps and mobile applications are as follows:The desktop apps don’t support the data sources API.
Electrons data source framework provides a DataSource API that the desktop can use to retrieve data from.
The desktop app doesn’t support a DataSources SDK.
Instead it relies on the DataSource framework, an extension that works differently than the data source API.
The Mobile apps do have a Data sources API, but they use a different DataSource Framework than the Desktop app does.
This lets the mobile mobile platform access data in different ways.
For example, the mobile application might ask the user for the data they want from a user or a contact, or it might use the data in a different way.
For this reason, the Mobile app has more in common with the desktop than the other platforms.
The Mobile app uses Data Sources APIs that are different from the Desktop App.
In addition to the different data source frameworks and data source APIs, the two mobile platforms are different in other ways.
Electon uses the HTML5-based platform for its mobile platform, while Cordova uses the Java-based framework.
Both platforms use the Cordvas Cordovan Mobile Platform SDK.
In addition, Cordova requires developers to use the Elector app for their mobile apps instead of the native mobile platform.
This article explains how the mobile platforms differ and how you can use them together to build powerful web applications.
You can also check out our video tutorial for the same purpose. | <urn:uuid:a81b086e-d7ed-4e48-ad5d-d3aacf6807e3> | {
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Syria is in the midst of a cholera outbreak that has resulted in more than 75 deaths as of October 2022. Infecting more than 20,000 people, the current outbreak is spreading throughout Syria’s 14 governorates and bordering countries. Fortunately, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other U.N. agencies are currently mitigating the issue by creating treatment centers, providing chlorine dosages, and raising awareness about sanitation practices. To better understand the crisis, here are five facts about Syria’s fight against cholera.
5 Facts About Syria’s Fight Against Cholera
- Syria’s water crisis initiated the outbreak. Many researchers have linked the outbreak to the Euphrates and a lack of effective water infrastructure. According to UNICEF, Syria’s decades of war have resulted in the destruction of effective water and sanitation systems, causing 47% of Syrians to depend on alternative water sources. Seeing as how 70% of Syria’s “discharged sewage is untreated,” millions of people are at risk for catching diseases such as cholera. In addition to a lack of water and sanitation infrastructure, Syria faces undeveloped power supplies and annual droughts, further exacerbating the water crisis. As more households draw unsafe water from the Euphrates and resort to untreated, alternative water sources, Syria’s fight against cholera is going to become more difficult to control.
- Turkish troops control the water flow. In addition to the natural and historical causes of Syria’s water crisis, the politics behind the crisis has hindered water from flowing to certain towns, perpetuating sanitation issues and diseases across regions. Numerous Turkish troops occupy strips of land in northeast Syria and Turkish officials have “practically turned off the spigots.” As a result, Syrians must fight for limited water from wells, exacerbating sanitation issues and directly contributing to the spread of cholera.
- Contaminated food is exacerbating the crisis. Untreated water carrying cholera has made vegetables more prone to contamination. Because food is already scarce in Syria, households are often willing to buy contaminated vegetables just to satisfy their hunger. Thus, millions of people are consuming contaminated vegetables, spreading cholera to their families and communities.
- The cholera outbreak has spread to neighboring countries. Because of its proximity to Syria, Lebanon is facing the consequences of Syria’s cholera outbreak. As of late October, Lebanon’s Ministry of Public Health recorded 803 cholera cases and 11 deaths, with children under 14 making up the majority of the cases. Similarly, Iraq has seen a rise in cholera cases, and authorities also fear that Jordan will face a similar outbreak.
- The Syrian health ministry is currently mitigating the issue. Fortunately, the Syrian health ministry, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, is working to alleviate the crisis. Public health officials have created camps in high-risk areas, delivered 4,000 diagnostic tests and increased response capacity to protect Syrian communities. Furthermore, organizations are actively strengthening border inspection measures to prevent the cholera outbreak from spreading to more neighboring countries.
Although Syria and Lebanon continue to experience thousands of new cases daily, health ministries, WHO and non-governmental agencies are facilitating Syria’s fight against cholera. As more organizations partner to combat cholera, there is hope that the outbreak will begin to slow down.
– Emma He | <urn:uuid:8a42aa28-4bd7-48bd-99a5-5b489367f3b0> | {
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What did the First and Second Industrial Revolutions have in common?
2 Answers | Add Yours
The similarity between the two Industrial Revolutions is that they both involved an increase in the degree to which machines were being used to do tasks that had once been done in other ways. Yes, there were differences in that the earlier Industrial Revolution was more about things capital goods like steam engines while the second was about consumer goods. But, in both cases, the main thing that was going on was an increase in the use of machinery. This is what they have in common and what makes it legitimate to call both of these "Industrial Revolutions."
The first industrial revolution was largely about creating more effecient methods of production in different industries such as agriculture, manufacturing,transportation, etc. through the development of machinery. These machines were able to create less need for a large scale, costly, work force.
The Second Revolution was tied into the first Industrial Revolution as it was a time of utilizing and refining many of the methods in the first revolution in order to use them in the means of large scale consumer production.
Two revolutions dealing with the same final means, however, doing so in stages. The first revolution created the means with which later generations would labor. Each of these times in history was more deadicated to production effeciency than to well-being of human labor and conditions.
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:803a701b-2f2a-4010-a74e-e3ba979a2787> | {
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|Nations||Period of existence in the Peninsula|
|Roman Republic||218 BC - 27 BC|
|Roman Empire||27 BC - 395 AD|
|Cantabrian Wars||29 BC - 19 BC|
- Statilius Taurus make the first important roman intervention against the tribes of Northern Meseta, beginning the Cantabrian Wars.
- Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divides Hispania into three parts, namely dividing Hispania Ulterior into Baetica (basically Andalusia) and Lusitania (including Gallaecia and Asturias) and attaching Cantabria and the Basque Country to Hispania Citerior.
- The emperor Augustus returns to Hispania and makes a new administrative division, leaving the provinces as follows: Provincia Hispania Ulterior Baetica (Hispania Baetica), whose capital is Corduba (presently Córdoba); Provincia Hispania Ulterior Lusitania, whose capital is Emerita Augusta (now Mérida); Provincia Hispania Citerior, whose capital is Tarraco (Tarragona), later known as Tarraconensis.
- The Emperor Caesar Augustus, establishes his base in Segisama (near Burgos), beginning a major campaign against the Cantabrians.
- Augustus give Brigantum, the camp of Augustan Asturica, to the Brigaeci as a reward for their help. Additionally, he share out land in the plains to the allies. However, later the Asturians join the Cantabrians in the common defense.
- The roman general Carisius attack the Astur armies, pursuing them to Mons Medullius. The Roman legions besiege this mountain, but the Astur soldiers prefer to commit suicide rather than surrender.
- Augustus retire to Tarraco, presumably because of sickness.
- The Astures and Cantabri surrender to Rome, ending the Cantabric Wars. | <urn:uuid:af6c3dea-89fd-411b-8b5c-6b1094789ac1> | {
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Stress - as many in this word for our heart merged how much it responded.
to talk about the stress you need to go to the source of occurrence of the term. Introduced the term stress to refer to the General adaptation of stress Selye. Prior to that, the term stress was used to determine the neuro-mental stress, that is the main and only cause of stress was emotional stress.
Hans Selye in his work emphasized that "There is a stereotypical physical model of the response to stress irrespective of its cause." Thus, we can distinguish several definitions of stress, covering a more complete picture.
stress is a state of mental tension that arises in the operation process, typically, in extreme or difficult conditions.
Stress is a condition in which a person finds himself in conditions that hinder its actualization.
stress is a state that accompanies the transition from one equilibrium state to another (eg. health – illness – health).
Stress is considered as a set of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the organism to influence of various adverse factors–stress-stimuli. There is a violation of homeostasis, as well as the corresponding state of the nervous system of the body.
however, based on the nature of the stressors, there are two main types of stress: physical (physiological, pervosignalnyh) and emotional (vtorosignalnyh). Physiological stress usually is associated with objective change in the conditions of human life. It is important to note that a stimulus can become a stressor as a result of his cognitive interpretations, i.e. meanings that a person ascribes to the stimulus.
That is, stress is not what happened, and how the person perceives the incident. And therein lies one of the pitfalls in working with stress - usually the stress is perceived as the cause and the work conducted with the manifestations of stress, that is, with the symptoms, not the cause initially appeared. During therapy it is important to find out what was the starting point for the formation of a stressful situation and work it up.
When analyzing the situation it is important to analyze the stress stimuli, see more here https://www.b17.ru/article/116561 | <urn:uuid:f2f609a1-7ef0-4faf-8b38-f5426ca1be3e> | {
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Understanding Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy refers to a form of energy that represents motion. It can also be defined as scalar quantity which means that it possess magnitude but devoid of motion. This is so unlike momentum, force, velocity and acceleration. In essence, it can be described as a single magnitude. Due to this fact, it is always positive and this is clearly evidenced by the kinetic formula used to calculate kinetic energy. This is as follows.
Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2.
In this regard, M stands for body mass while v is used to denote speed found at the center part of the body.
How it is measured
Kinetic energy is always measured in accordance to the entity of the measured reference frame and in most cases it is clearly defined when used in physics. While this is the case, it is ideal to note that at any given time, the overall energy of an isolated object is not subject to change despite the type of frame used for measurement purposes. This type of energy employs a lot of science and while this might be the case, it is used every single day whether knowingly or unknowingly. In essence, it is known for its regular usage when carrying out different types of work.
Derivation of Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is closely associated with work. This refers to the scalar product as well as displacement of vector which is often applied wherever force is applied. During derivation, equations for basic kinematics are used and this refers to the rate with which an object changes its speed. As such, the kinetic formula can be derived using the equation x –x0. However, when considering the speed the equations will end up been v2 =vo2 +2as in which the equation outlined earlier is replaced by the terms.
There are several calculations used to arrive to the kinetic energy used by any object and while this is the case, the most important aspect lies in the final equation. Consequently, the ultimate kinetic energy which is also known as EK is defined using the following equation.
K= 0.5 mv2.
There are a couple of things that need to be noted from the kinetic formula above and these include the following.
> For starters, the quantity is always a non-zero.
> When the object possesses mass and is in motion, the scalar is positive.
> In instances when the object is without mass or when its resting, it will be zero
Considering all the facts stated above, kinetic formula cannot be used to determine the direction of the motion. However, it is used to indicate the speed and it is this fact that makes it one of the most trusted forms of energy. Basically, everything that is in movement used kinetic energy and this includes vehicles, trains, people and any other moving objects. What is more, if the right technology is used, it is possible to tap into this energy and store it for better use. | <urn:uuid:dcfa5f8a-638d-4234-8c53-908255f2654f> | {
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Origin of the name OLAYINKA.
Etymology of the name OLAYINKA.
Meaning of the baby name OLAYINKA.
Perhaps meaning "she brings salvation," from Yoruba õlà, "that which saves,
salvation, cause of salvation," yín "attract attention,"
or yìn "to praise, admire," and ká, to reap; around, in a circle." (A Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language,
Olayinka Koso-Thomas, a Nigerian-born doctor known internationally for her efforts
to abolish a kind of female circumcision, a religious tradition practiced
in parts of Asia and Africa. (Wiki) | <urn:uuid:76a4a2c5-845e-4a71-9675-f097b257fd5e> | {
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Rodney Brooks of Wanaka asks :-
Why is the moon yellow at night but white during the day?
Kirsten Franklin, a physicist at Otago University, responded.
When you look at the sky during the day it looks blue, not black the way it does at night. This is because sunlight is scattered from the air above you, and mostly it is the blue end of the light spectrum that is scattered in a way that reaches your eyes. This gives distant objects, such as far-off mountains, a blue tinge, and makes the moon look more blue-white during the day.
At night, the moon often looks more brownish. This can be partly due to the light coming from the moon having the blue light scattered out of it, leaving it more red, like the colours of a sunset. The distance above the horizon matters too - a low "harvest moon" can look spectacularly orangey. It is also because the colour of the moon is on the whole rather like brown dirt! Due to the age of the close-up photos of the lunar surface, it can be hard to tell when NASA photos are in colour, but there are neat examples like photo AS11-37-5480 from the Apollo 11 section at http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_gallery.html.
The eye's receptors dont register colour so well under low illumination. Also, it is quite hard for our eyes and brains to pick the colour of an object at the best of times. It depends on what you expect, and what near-by things you are judging against. I like to compare it to trying to determine the colour of my fridge at night. I'm seeing a shade of grey, but I know my fridge is white, and so I have a very difficult time trying to decide, "What shade of grey is that?" I keep thinking it is "white in poor lighting". How you interpret the colours is influenced by what you expect. | <urn:uuid:ab180359-ef94-4192-b505-a32372410832> | {
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There are crocodiles in Perth, Australia
Crocodiles Australia: giant reptiles in salt and fresh water
Crocodiles in Australia is available in both salt water (Saltie) and fresh water (Freshie). While the saltwater crocodile can reach a size of over seven meters and is thus undoubtedly the undisputed giant of Australian waters, the up to three meters tall freshwater crocodiles are more likely to be classified as harmless. Both reptile species live exclusively in the tropical north of the red continent and can very likely be observed in the wild during specific explorations of certain regions.
Info about Salties
Saltwater crocodiles are mainly found in coastal waters, mangrove swamps and estuaries in Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland, but can also sometimes be found in swamps and freshwater lakes. Salties feed mainly on fish, mammals, birds and smaller conspecifics. When the reptile has reached its full size, there are no more natural enemies apart from humans. The young animals, on the other hand, are hunted by larger predatory fish, birds of prey and adult conspecifics. Since "salties" can be dangerous for humans, warning signs are attached wherever the reptiles like to be. Especially at popular bathing spots, such as billabongs, rivers or beaches, you can usually find clearly visible indications of a possible occurrence of reptiles. The signs are often provided with certain rules of conduct (e.g. when fishing) in order to provide the best possible information about the acute dangers and to prevent unwanted incidents.
Info about Freshies
Freshwater crocodiles in Australia are actually found wherever conditions are good for them and there is enough freshwater. So you can find the ancient reptiles in all kinds of water holes or in salt-free inland waters. Their preferred foods include fish, crabs, reptiles and birds. "Freshies" are usually quite shy and only attack people when they feel threatened by them or when they see their offspring in danger.
By the way: Since the reptiles were hunted in earlier times and a large part of the offspring did not survive the first year, their numbers decreased significantly. Wild crocodiles have been under nature protection in Australia since 1971 and are no longer allowed to be hunted. If this law is disregarded, a very high fine, possibly even a prison sentence, is incurred. This in turn caused an enormous increase in the population in the last few decades, which is why there is now renewed discussion about introducing controlled hunting. Furthermore, the animals are bred on farms in order to later process them into leather or to sell their meat to restaurants.
All animals at a glance
First impressions in the video
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- When should someone question authority? | <urn:uuid:3b15c7ff-f969-4ab6-aa08-0b245181c581> | {
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Asparagus densiflorus, also known as the Fox Tail, is a scrambling plant that can grow up to 3 ft long. Its upright or trailing branches are slightly woody and are best known for the 'Sprengeri' cultivar, which forms large cushions with long, arching stems covered in dark green, needle-like leaves. These plants can be used as groundcovers in shade or full sun, or in large containers or hanging baskets. The cultivars 'Cwebe' and 'Myersii' form more upright plants, with the latter having a compact cat's tail-like frond appearance. Cultivar 'Myersii' looks best when grown in shade or semi-shade.
The small, sweetly scented flowers of Asparagus densiflorus are usually white or pale pink, but their flowering can be erratic, with a good flowering year on average only once every three years. The small flowers are followed by showy bright red berries, which are attractive to birds and may be spread by them.
The plant can grow in most soils and is drought tolerant, but it does better in soil that is rich in organic matter and is watered regularly. To rejuvenate the plants, they can be cut back after flowering.
This plant is suitable for growing in USDA Zones 9-11 and can do well as a pot plant in cold regions. The soil should be nutrient-rich, well-drained and moist, and the soil should be kept moist but not wet. Plants should be placed in an area with full sun to partial shade, depending on the variety. Asparagus densiflorus should be watered regularly, with more frequent watering during hot and dry periods. To ensure healthy foliage and growth, fertilize the plant two to three times a year with a balanced fertilizer. Pruning is usually unnecessary, but if, over time, the plants become too large, they can be cut back in late fall or early winter. | <urn:uuid:a1f8bcfb-f4e2-462b-80dc-d55c9c0edda7> | {
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A South Korean research team has developed an environment-friendly facility that can reduce fine dust emissions from coal-fired thermal power plants to a tenth. The clean technology can reduce fine dust emissions of thermal power plants to the level of LNG gas power plants.
The Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM) announced on May 21 that a research team led by Dr. Kim Yong-jin has developed, in cooperation with Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., an electrostatic mist eliminator (EME) which can lower fine dust emissions from coal-fired thermal power plants to less than 0.5 mg per cubic meter.
Chimneys of coal-fired thermal power plants currently have a desulfurizer to treat exhaust gases. On the top of the desulfurizer is a mist eliminator (ME) that removes contamination particles using centrifugal force or inertial impaction. However, a high-priced EME is needed as an ME cannot completely remove small particles of 20 micrometers or smaller.
The research team integrated an electric precipitator into an ME to increase the pollutant removal efficiency by more than 10 times. It removes pollutants after electrically pushing pollutant particles into a corner.
The new equipment can be added in the desulfurization system and it can reduce fine dust levels to less than 0.5 milligrams per cubic meter, which is one tenth of the world’s highest emission standard, which is 5 milligrams. The research team successfully completed the test after installing the actual-size module pilot facility at Doosan Heavy’s plant in Changwon. In addition, it is planning to finish designing a 500 ㎿ EME and test it at coal-fired power plants. | <urn:uuid:2b146677-3061-4d90-afae-5ef9115b1a19> | {
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Supreme is the notion in which there is only ONE authority that rules over all others. Why then did Marcion have the intuition to bring another god into perspective, creating not just one god but two? His research brought him to a conclusion from the scriptures that evil was brought upon by another god prompting two gods. Tertullian ruled this to be simple stupidity. Tertullian was objectionable to this theory because Marcion created an “unknown” god. Tertullian argues that creating a second god produces uncertainty, demolishes the word supreme, and promotes that Christians were ashamed of the god they had!
As Marcion articulates that there is another God, Tertullian brutally steps forward announcing that creating a second God only brings uncertainty.
“Concerning the know there is no question. It is plain that He exists, else He would not be known. The dispute is concerning the unknown god. Possibly he has no existence; because, if he had, he would have been known”(Tartullian, Ch.IX).
He speculates that the creation of this unknown god was based upon nothing; that Marcion had no basis for a second god. Being unknown must only relate to having no existence, this is Tertullian’s argument. This argument brings the opposition of who, if there are two, is the supreme…the known god or the unknown?
Tertullian argues that there is only one god, “God Is not, If He is not one.”(Scripture), and if there is two, then which is the great Supreme? If not having one god is enough then why just settle for two? Are the two gods equal? Tertullian brings all of theses questions to the table. He states that if there is two gods then the word supreme means nothing in the Christian faith. If there was two Gods then equality most take place, making both Gods equal in power and strength. This would raise the questions: Whom should I worship? Who is the greatest? Who came first, this God or that God?. Tertullian expresses confusion between having one God from having two. He... | <urn:uuid:bc045358-7698-4758-8250-0115d583aac5> | {
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- How do you analyze media text?
- What is media language?
- What are the uses of text?
- What are the sources of visual information?
- How is text used in media?
- What are the 4 types of informational text?
- What is the importance of visual information and media?
- How can you tell if something is informational text?
- Why is text important in media?
- What are examples of media texts?
- What are some common informational text features?
- What are types of visual media?
- What are the 9 main informational text structures?
- What are the example of visual media?
- What are three examples of media?
- What are media and information text?
- What is the purpose of media?
- What is a text to world?
How do you analyze media text?
How to Conduct a ‘Close Analysis’ of a Media ‘Text’Visuals.
After the first viewing, write down everything you can remember about the visuals– lighting, camera angles, how the pictures are edited together.
Replay again with the picture off.
Apply Key Questions.
Review Your Insights..
What is media language?
Media language is the way in which the meaning of a media text is conveyed to the audience. One of the ways Media Language works is to convey meaning through signs and symbols suggested by the way a scene is set up and filmed.
What are the uses of text?
7 Surprising Uses of Text MessagingKeeping coworkers in the loop about company events. … Directing conference attendees to where they need to go. … Finding lost pets. … Enhancing game day with food delivery and weather alerts. … Ordering valet service while still in the restaurant. … Interacting with your radio D.J. … Ordering room service from your hotel.
What are the sources of visual information?
Visual resources include photographs, film, video, paintings, drawings, cartoons, prints, designs, and three-dimensional art such as sculpture and architecture and can be categorized as fine art or documentary record.
How is text used in media?
Within media studies, a text could be a TV program, film, video game, website, book, song, podcast, newspaper article, tweet, or app. Texts matter because they are bearers of communication and movers of meaning.
What are the 4 types of informational text?
Types of Informational Text.Text structures.Descriptive or definition.Problem-Solution.Sequence/Time.Comparison-Contrast.Cause-Effect.
What is the importance of visual information and media?
The integration of visual elements within articles, social media posts, web pages, newsletters, print materials, and other media formats is a sure way to capture the attention of consumers, make your content relatable and understandable to the consumer, and it allows information to be processed faster.
How can you tell if something is informational text?
What is Informational Text?text used to inform readers about a topic.nonfiction.noticeable due to its features: bold headers, organized sections, and detailed information.found in magazines, text books, brochures, and flyers.
Why is text important in media?
It is important for children to be able to identify the audience(s) of a text. Texts are frequently designed to produce audiences, which are then sold to advertisers. Modern communication theory teaches that audiences “negotiate” meaning.
What are examples of media texts?
All media products, such as television programmes, films, CDs, books, newspapers, website pages, election campaigns, etc.
What are some common informational text features?
These include the table of contents, index, glossary, headings, bold words, sidebars, pictures and captions, and labeled diagrams. These features can be helpful if they are concise, related to the content, and clear, or they can be harmful if they are poorly organized, only loosely related to the content, or too wordy.
What are types of visual media?
Different types of visual aidsPowerPoint (or equivalent) Microsoft PowerPoint is probably now the most commonly used form of visual aid. … Overhead projector slides/transparencies. … White or black board. … Paper handouts. … Flip chart. … Video (DVD or VHS) … Artefacts or props.
What are the 9 main informational text structures?
The students should be able to understand and identify the structures of informational text (Description, Sequence, Problem and Solution, Cause and Effect, and Compare and Contrast.)
What are the example of visual media?
“Visual Media” is a colloquial expression used to designate things like TV, movies, photography, painting and so on . But it is highly inexact and misleading. All the so called visual media turn out, on closer inspection, to involve the other senses (especially touch and hearing.)
What are three examples of media?
An example of media are materials used in the fine arts such as paint and clay. An example of media is The New Yorker magazine. An example of media are CDs and DVDs. An example of media are newspapers, television, radio, printed matter, Internet information and advertising.
What are media and information text?
Text media are either printed or digital text material that are published for the purpose of communicating information to an audience. … Text media and information is also important in data gathering and preserving / documenting written oral works, and language translation.
What is the purpose of media?
Media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), and advertising.
What is a text to world?
Text-to-world connections are the larger connections that a reader brings to a reading situation. We all have ideas about how the world works that goes far beyond our own personal experiences. We learn about things through television, movies, magazines, and newspapers. | <urn:uuid:39a1baa5-8443-47f9-8dc1-7e334e25d5bb> | {
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By Educators and Cultural Diversity- An aboriginal Perspective
Karen Elzinga 04/01/2018
Educators who work with diverse cultures need to have cultural sensitivity to whom they are working with, if teaching and bonding with families is to be successful. Education is all about collaboration with students, families and communities. Unfortunately even in the lucky country of Australia, we have a dark past when it comes to cultural tolerance and acceptance. In this document l take a look at Aboriginal culture and past atrocities, trauma's and intergenerational trauma and how educators have a huge role in teaching and helping to
How has forced removal impacted on the lives of these individuals?
ELYF Practice of Cultural Competence states that educators need to research and build upon their own knowledge of cultural topics and atrocities. Topics that have burdened and changed how some cultures may view and interact with other cultures. Understanding the differences between cultures, and not just having awareness that one culture is simply different, allows educators to align their thinking and logic, of how to pass on learned knowledge to children. To be truly empathic to the plight of other cultures, educators need to become culturally competent. Educators learn by conversing with families and communities, and engaging in thoughtful and pro-active interactions with other cultures. Learning about cultural traits, impacts of trauma, the joys and the sorrows that have built the cultures internal identity, allows beliefs and value systems such as the Aboriginals, to become emotionally and socially validated in early educational and care settings (Belonging, Being &Becoming).
Aboriginal children from the stolen generation are coming from a place of insecurity and mistrust. Physically taken from everything near and dear to them, and placed into static, unfriendly and uncaring institutional environments. Forced to change everything that made them who they were prior to arriving. Children were left emotional, disorientated and often alone. Some were told they no longer had parents, believing that their parents or other siblings were deceased. Children were lied to, some beaten and tortured, and left extremely distressed for long periods of time (Atkinson, p.p. 146-147).
Aboriginal children were punished for simply becoming emotional or asking questions about their circumstances. Children deemed disobedient for even minor infractions, were tied up and placed into boxes as punishment, for long lengths of time. Extreme racism was evident, as the white society hit back at an increase in Aboriginal presence. Some Aboriginals faced it more than others based on how "black" their skin was. Aboriginal children were segregated in restaurants and theatre's, with "half cast kids" as they were referred to, having charcoal added to their skin so they would appear darker and more Aboriginal. As children and adults Aboriginals face racial actions reporting the use of insulting name calling, and having aggressive verbal abuse hauled at them for no apparent reason (Stolen Generations Testimonies).
Aboriginal adults face terrifying nightmares from their institutionalization, from being physically, mentally/emotionally, and sexually abused by state care staff, and the broader community. Aboriginals lost their sense of self, their self concept diminished, their self esteem annihilated. Told they were on this planet to serve the white man, and many did working as station hands and domestic servants. Some had limited education placing them at severe disadvantage for prospective employment, thus leading to low socio economic status. Lack of family structure and support left them feeling alone and unwanted, leading to high suicide rates. Destitute, angry and disillusioned, a high number of Aboriginals of the stolen generation are left relying on self medication actions, such as alcohol and drugs (both prescribed and illegal) to numb painful childhood memories (Stolen Generations Testimonies).
As one testimonial quote from Barbra Kickett said "We only became citizens in 1967, we were classed as flora and fauna before that", that puts into perspective the mentality and logic of Government policy of the era. Aboriginals who were part of the stolen generation still today have strong emotional reactions when asked to describe their childhoods; it is raw pain, of often tortured memories recalling vicious beatings, and verbal assaults. Barbra Kickett stated that she never told her husband or family of her upbringing, until they were grown up, choosing to bury her childhood (Stolen Generations Testimonies).
What has been the impact on their children and grandchildren? Is there evidence of intergenerational trauma?
Intergenerational trauma has huge impacts on the children and grandchildren of indigenous people from the stolen generation. With such extreme trauma experienced as children, this translates to a plethora of emotional and social consequences. The implications of these are passed on both consciously and unconsciously to members of the next generational family unit. As the stolen generation struggled into parenthood many became re-traumatized over and over. They relived treacherous memories of being taken from loving families, living isolated from parental support and love. Victimized by physical, sexual and psychological abuse and neglect over many years, led to a cycle of behaviours, which in turn has devastating consequences in how the next generation and subsequent generations are raised (Atkinson, p.p. 146-147).
Low socio economical environments where children are raised on welfare leading to constructed poverty, is one such outcome from the effects of intergenerational trauma. Parents for reasons of alcohol and drug dependency, mental and behavioural issues, health reasons or simple racism, are unable to secure and sustain employment leading to intergenerational welfare recipients. Domestic violence arising from unresolved anger issues extend to spouses with children watching on, or are enacted upon children. Aggressive behaviours are learned and sometimes repeated on other people as learned behaviours. Suicide of a parent inflicts feelings of resentment, guilt, and feelings of unworthiness by the children as they measure that if my parent loved me they wouldn't have left me. Incarceration of a parent causes low self esteem and other school children inflict bullying, leading to decreased self concept, anger, and resentment issues (Atkinson, p.p. 146-147).
Just imagine re-counting every time your child has a birthday that they were the product of a sexual and torturous act, now imagine being that child and knowing what your father was, and that you were conceived not by a loving act, but by a despised act. What does that do for your self image? How a mother treats the sensitivity of that topical issue depends on how she is able to cope herself with it. Her emotions may extend to resenting the child for where she came from, and the act that she had to endure at the hands of a monster, in order to conceive the child. This may well play out in how the parent raises the child. Likewise fathers, who drink excessively in anger, take their pain out aggressively and emotionally on children, especially male sons, as sons challenge and react to their behaviour (Atkinson, p.p. 146-147).
Educators can help intergenerational trauma victims by enacting the ELYF- Practice- Cultural Competence. Self education by teachers of the contributing factors related to trans-generational trauma, can aid children and families to cope in hard times. Educators can help by being aware that parents maybe fearful of teachers, and the education and care setting. Educators need to strive for greater understanding of issues, and be proactive in forming collaborative partnerships. Educators need to relay openly to families, that cultural traditions, values and beliefs are important, and will be provided for within the educational and care setting. Cultural Competence means that teachers are "aware", and are able to meet the success of short term and long term learning out comes. When a child's sense of belonging, being and becoming is centred to incorporate their cultural beliefs, values, practices and language, then children are set up to achieve greatness (Belong, being and becoming).
Educators can create change, they just have to be educated themselves into the sensitivities surrounding the culture they are teaching in order to centralise teaching practices, and pedagogy strategies, in line with curriculum but also taking in individual learning.
Hope this short topic was helpful to your teaching.
Australian's Together. Home List of stories 'Just Get over It’ - Understanding Intergenerational Trauma. Retrieved from http://www.australianstogether...
Belong, being and becoming. (2009). Retrieved from https://docs.education.gov.au/...
Atkinson, J. Trauma trails recreating song lines: The trans-generational effects of trauma in Indigenous Australia. (2002).Spinifex press Pty Ltd. p.p. 146-147.
Stolen Generations Testimonies. (2009). retrieved from http://stolengenerationstestim... | <urn:uuid:dfb25689-6f3b-4fb6-9f6e-d422dd5adeeb> | {
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What is the difference between inner and outer motivation? Merriam-Webster defines motivation as:
1a: the act or process of motivating. b: the condition of being motivated.
2: a motivating force, stimulus, or influence: INCENTIVE, DRIVE.
Typically, the hero’s inner motivation springs from his or her mental life – values, needs, background. These elements, in turn, guide the physical actions that arise in response to some outer challenge or opportunity, in other words, the outer motivation.
Importantly, it is the outer goal that first catches a reader’s or audience’s attention, ordering the events of the story in a visceral way—as in a story about a man who uses his superpowers to try and save the world. Any inner persuasion lies beneath the surface of the tale and is revealed as the story progresses. The outer motivation, then, is the initial cause that starts the hero down a certain path.
Inner motivation, however, is important because it helps to keep the hero’s physical actions to that path. Together, outer and inner motivation form an integrated unit – the description of the event-driven action and its justification.
“The combination of inner and outer motivation serves to explain character action reaching for an external goal.”
The Terminator, for example, is about a waitress who wants to prevent a time-traveling cyborg from murdering her. That is her outer goal. But her ability to do so needs to be grounded in her traits of resilience and determination.
Ghostbusters is about a fired university researcher, and his team, who wants to make cash by ridding clients of ghosts. Acumen in the paranormal field and the need to survive in a harsh real-world environment outside the university result in the creation of a ghost-busting business.
In Breaking Bad Walter White’s desire to provide for his family in light of his seemingly fatal illness, drives him to cook meth. But as the story progresses we realise that he is increasingly propelled by a desire to regain the power and reputation he lost when he sold his share of his company years previously, for a pittance. In one telling moment of hubris, he demands of a dangerous drug distributor, “Say my name!”
The hero’s inner and outer motivation, respectively, then, can be understood as his physical pursuit of the goal, guided by the reasons that drive him.
Inner and outer motivation explain why the hero physically responds to some external challenge or opportunity in the way that he or she does. | <urn:uuid:9421b888-a287-4d95-9f38-dbca93bcef6e> | {
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The most common cause of red urine is hematuria. Hematuria can be associated with cystitis or malignancy along with other causes. Other causes of red urine include other sources of heme including myoglobin. Various foods and drugs can also cause red urine. The most common cause of red urine due to food intake is the ingestion of beets. Porphyrins may cause pink or red urine, and the presence of red urine without dysuria, accompanied by abdominal and pelvic pain, raises the question of porphyria.
New England Journal of Medicine - Vol. 358, No. 26, June 26, 2008 | <urn:uuid:b22d7685-89b7-42c0-8a92-a20787e7ffc3> | {
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(RxWiki News) Detecting pancreatic cancer before its symptoms occur could save lives. Scientists are working on a method that can do just that.
In a new study, researchers describe how they have been able to effectively detect pancreatic cancer at its earliest and most curable stage in people who have high risks for the disease. The method involves looking for a tumor marker called serum CA 19-9, then performing an endoscopic exam if the levels of this protein are elevated.
"Discuss your risk factors for pancreatic cancer with your doctor."
According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 44,000 Americans will be diagnosed with the disease and 37,660 will die from it in 2011. It's the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States.
"We typically wait for symptoms such as jaundice, weight loss and abdominal pain to occur prior to diagnostic testing," said lead author, Richard Zubarik, M.D. with Fletcher Allen Health Care at the University of Vermont. "Unfortunately, symptoms do not usually occur until the disease has progressed to a more advanced stage."
When this cancer is detected at its earliest stages, overall survival is greatly improved.
A family history of pancreatic cancer is the most common risk factor for the disease. Having a first degree relative increases a person's risk roughly two to five-fold. Age is also a significant factor. It's usually diagnosed in people over the age of 50. Dr. Zubarik took these factors into account when designing the study.
"A more active screening approach to pancreatic cancer, which can detect the disease at an earlier, more curable stage, is desperately needed. This was the impetus for carrying out our pancreatic cancer screening study," Dr. Zubarik said.
The study involved 540 patients aged 50 to 80 who had at least one first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) with pancreatic cancer. Each person was screened for the tumor marker CA 19-9, which indicates presence of the disease. If levels were high, a targeted endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was performed. EUS involves inserting a slim tube into the body to examine an organ.
Another 124 patients who had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer between September 2006 and July 2009 at the University of Vermont served as the comparison group. In this group, only one patient (0.9 percent) presented with stage 1 pancreatic cancer. Median survival in this group was seven months, and 10 percent live for two years.
In the study group of 540 patients:
- CA 19-9 was elevated in 27 patients
- Suspicious findings were detected in five patients
- Stage 1 pancreatic cancer was diagnosed in one patient
Dr. Zubarik notes that the patient who was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer has not had a recurrence (return of the disease) in three years after surgery.
“Our results showed that potentially curative pancreatic adenocarcinoma can be identified with this screening protocol," Dr. Zubarik said. "Stage 1 pancreatic cancer is more likely to be detected by using this screening protocol than by using standard means of detection,” he concludes.
The study appears GIE: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the peer- reviewed journal of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. | <urn:uuid:e8cf03f0-fc41-40d6-ba01-33feee3c9cd9> | {
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AIPMT Biology Aspirants, read out the next AIPMT Biology Study material/ Notes of Menstrual Cycle, important for AIPMT Biology.Free online notes for AIPMT. Female Reproductive cycle.
- Reproductive cycle in female primates (e.g. monkeys, apes and human beings) is called as Menstrual cycle.
- First menstruation begins at puberty and is called Menarche. In human females, menstruation
is repeated at an average interval of about 28-32 days, and the cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called the menstrual cycle. Here, we will discuss for 28 days cycle.
- Each cycle involves Oogenesis and preparation of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.
- Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries control the main events.
- Menstrual cycle involves series of changes in the Endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for the arrival of a fertilized ovum that will develop there until birth.
- Menstrual cycle can be divided into four phases: (1) Menstrual phase, (2) Pre-ovulatory phase, (3) Ovulation, and (4) Post-ovulatory phase
- Menstrual Phase: Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase which lasts for 3-5 days. During this phase, menstrual flow occurs. Day 1 of the menstrual phase is counted as day 1 of the new cycle. Also called as Menstruation or menses.
- Menstrual flow contains about 50–150 mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells shedded from the endometrium of the uterus.
- Menstrual flow results due to breakdown of stratum functionalis of endometrium of the uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid that comes out through vagina.
- Endometrium is divided into two layers: Stratum functionalis and Stratum basalis. Stratum functionalis is the outer layer lining the uterine cavity and it shed away during each menstruation while stratum basalis is inner to statum functionalis and is permanent layer and it gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation.
- Declining levels of progesterone and estrogen hormone are responsible for shedding of stratum functionalis and menstrual flow.
- Menstruation only occurs if the released ouvm is not fertilised. Lack of menstruation may be indicative of pregnancy, but may also be caused due to some other underlying causes like stress, poor health etc.
2.Pre-ovulatory phase: This phase starts at the end of menstruation and continues till ovulation.
- It lasts from day 6 to 13 of the cycle.
- This phase is also called as Follicular phase because follicles in the ovary are growing and developing.
- During this phase, in the ovary, primary follicles begin to grow, but only single secondary follicle outgrows all other and becomes dominant follicle. This single dominant secondary follicle finally grows to become a fully mature Graafian follicle. This mature follicle continues to increase the production of estrogen.
- In uterus, increasing level of estrogen (by mature graafian follicle), stimulates stratum basalis of endometrium to produce new stratum functionalis of endometrium. Due to formation of new layer in endometrium, its thickness increases.
- This phase is also called as Proliferative phase because the endometrium is proliferating.
- These changes in the ovary and the uterus are induced by changes in the levels of anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones. The secretion of gonadotropins (Luteinizing hormone, LH and Follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH) by anterior pituitary increases gradually during this phase, which stimulates development of follicles, as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles. Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day).
3.Ovulation/ Ovulatory phase: During the mid-cycle (day 14 of the cycle) LH leads to its maximum level called as LH surge which induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby the release of ovum (ovum is still in its secondary oocyte stage).
Ovum only gets released if there is chance of fertilization. Surge of LH is necessary for ovulation.
- During ovulation, secondary oocyte remains surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata.
- Only one ovum is released (ovulation) during each cycle.
4. Post-ovulatory phase/ Luteal phase/Secretory phase: Ovulatory phase is followed by the luteal phase during which remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform as Corpus Luteum.
- It is the time between ovulation and onset of the next menstrual cycle. It lasts from day 15 to day 28 of 28 days cycle.
- As the mature follicle or Graafian follicle gets ruptured during ovulation, granulosa cells and theca interna of follicle also breaks down which leads to minor bleeding and formation of blood clots and ruptured follicle now called as Corpus hemorrhagicum.
- Under the influence of LH, granulosa cells get mix with theca interna cells and they all change rapidly into lutein cells. Follicle is now called as Corpus luteum. This process is called as Luteinization. Lutein cells give corpus luteum a yellowish appearance.
- Corpus luteum secretes mainly progesterone. Other hormones include estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin.
- Progesterone is essential for maintenance of the endometrium, which is necessary for implantation of the fertilized ovum and other events of pregnancy.
- In the absence of fertilization, or if the oocyte is not fertilized, corpus luteum has a life span of only 2 weeks. Then, its secretory activity declines, and corpus luteum degenerates into Corpus albicans. This causes disintegration of the endometrium. No secretion of progesterone and estrogens leads to menstruation, marking a new cycle.
- If fertilization oocurs, corpus luteum does not degenerate. Another hormone called as Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, produced by chorion layer of developing embryo prevent degeneration of corpus luteum.
- Presence of hCG in maternal blood or urine is an indicator of pregnancy and is the hormone detected by home pregnancy tests.
- During pregnanacy all events of the menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation.
In human beings, menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age which is termed as Menopause. Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive phase and extends between menarche and menopause. | <urn:uuid:8dbc57ea-4d14-4a4f-b148-16ecdb56bd98> | {
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Scientists have demonstrated a new bio-inspired material for an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to recovering uranium from seawater.
A research team from the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, the University of California – Berkeley, and the University of South Florida developed a material that selectively binds dissolved uranium with a low-cost polymer adsorbent. The results, published in Nature Communications, could help push past bottlenecks in the cost and efficiency of extracting uranium resources from oceans for sustainable energy production.
“Our approach is a significant leap forward,” said coauthor Ilja Popovs of ORNL’s Chemical Sciences Division. “Our material is tailor-made for selecting uranium over other metals present in seawater and can easily be recycled for reuse, making it much more practical and efficient than previously developed adsorbents.” | <urn:uuid:1aa36ae7-9be2-4660-ad5b-0ed3ec6d3c69> | {
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UML stands for Unified Modeling Language and sequence diagram is a very common and important technique for representing data and research in this field. In between the components or elements of a system, sequence diagrams are used to present or show the relationship or link for the flow of events or messages. In computer networking, UML sequence diagrams are frequently used because they are easy to generate and simple to understand. In this diagram, the time between the interactions or reactions against the actions is shown in vertical direction where the elements or the parts of the system are presented horizontally.
Importance of UML Sequence Diagrams:
The most important thing about UML sequence diagram is that this tool let you know or find out about the system and its architecture before time. This means before you implement anything in real time, you can verify the authenticity and correctness of the system so that if there are any mistakes or errors in the programming, they can be eliminated or fixed in time. Another key benefit of this technique is that these diagrams elaborate the complex system in easy and simple terms and figures which means even if any of the participant can’t understand the networking, the diagram will explain itself in very simple way. For documentation purposes, UML sequence diagrams provide great ease to record and save the data at any point of the structure construction which is quite difficult to abstract from static images.
Here is preview of a Free Sample UML Sequence Diagram Template created using MS Word,
Application of UML Sequence Diagrams:
Just like a cycle or any other type of project, when we talk about computer systems such as email or response for any action on the computer network, there is also a sequence present in this system. This sequence decides the actions that are required to perform in order to complete a loop or circuit. With UML sequence diagram, basically this is the system or method that is defined. The most important part or factor about UML sequence diagrams is that these presentations provide a dynamic view of the system in an easy way which is quite hard and complex to understand in case of a static diagram.
Most of the time, these diagrams are used for presenting the data or the system of the network on which it operates but due to the versatility of this technique, this diagram is also used to modify or define the architecture of an entire computer system in computer and network engineering. In simple words, we can say that UML sequence diagram is a system that shows or explains the interactions between the elements of a computer network such as in case of email accounts, when to send the message and what message to be sent.
Some of the most common uses of UML Sequence Diagrams include:
- For case elaborations
- To explain the complex interactions in between the components or elements
- For defining and explaining static machines
- For elaborating complex logics
- For distribution in the web base programs
Here is download link for this UML Sequence Diagram Template,
Download UML Sequence Diagram Template
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Correlations to the NAAEE Guidelines
In order to meet the needs of educators nationwide, correlations of Project WILD K-12 materials have been developed for the North American Association for Environmental Education's (NAAEE) Excellence in Environmental Education: Guidelines for Learning. These guidelines identify knowledge and skills essential for environmental literacy and articulate how environmental education fits into formal classroom settings.
Entire document (8.4 MB)
Grades K-4 (1.5 MB)
Grades 5-8 (1.4 MB)
Grades 9-12 (1.1 MB)
Correlations to Common Core Standards
Efforts are underway to further correlate Project WILD and Aquatic WILD activities to Common Core State Standards in mathematics and English language arts/literacy (ELA). Links to Common Core standards that are currently available are listed below.
Aquatic WILD's Correlations to Common Core Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects
Correlations to Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)
The documents linked below identify how activities in the Project WILD K-12 Curriculum and Activity Guide and the Aquatic WILD K-12 Curriculum and Activity Guide correlate to NGSS Student Performance Expectations (PEs).
Project WILD Correlations to NGSS PEs
Aquatic WILD Correlations to NGSS PEs
Growing Up WILD Correlations to NGSS PEs
Correlations to the National Science Standards
Each Project WILD and Project WILD Aquatic activity has been correlated to the National Science Standards.
AFWA Scope & Sequence Correlations
Correlations to Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) K-12
Conservation Education Scope and Sequence
Many state Project WILD programs have correlated the Project WILD K-12 Curriculum and Activity Guide and the Project WILD Aquatic K-12 Curriculum and Activity Guide to their state standards. Links to online correlations can be found below. Click on the appropriate state.
If your state is not listed, correlations may be available by request. Please contact your state coordinator.
- LA, Math, Social Science, & Investigations Correlations- 5th
- LA, Life Science, Resources, & Investigations Correlations- 6th
- LA, Math,& Science Correlations- 7th
- LA, Math, Social Science, & Science Correlations- 8th
- Science & History Correlations- 9th-12th
- (Excel) History & Social Science Correlations- K-12
- (Excel) Science Correlations- K-12
- (Excel) Environmental Education Initiative (EEI) Correlations- K-12
- Science & Civics - Science Correlations
- Science & Civics - Social Science Correlations
- Science, Math, Social Studies & LA Correlations (K-12)
- High School Correlations (K-12)
- Project WILD Aquatic correlations
- K - 4th Grade ABC GLCE Correlation
- K - 4th Science GLCE Correlation
- 5th -8th Grade ABC GLCE Correlation
- 5th - 8th Grade Science GLCE Correlation
- 6th Grade ABC Correlation
- 7th Grade ABC Correlation
- 9 - 12th Grade ABC Correlation
- 9 - 12th Grade Science HSCE Correlation
- Aquatic WILD Correlations to K-5 Science Essential Standards
- Project WILD Correlations to K-5 Science Essential Standards
- Project WILD Correlations
- Growing Up WILD Correlations
Many state Project WILD programs have correlated the Project WILD K-12 Curriculum and Activity Guide and the Project WILD Aquatic K-12 Curriculum and Activity Guide to Girl Scout and Boy Scout Badge Requirements. Please see the completed correlations below.
Mississippi Girl Scout Correlations
North Carolina Boy Scout Correlations
Virginia Girl Scout Correlations (formatted)
Virginia Girl Scout Correlations
Children's Environmental Literature
An updated Children's Environmental Literature Bibliography is available for download courtesy of Wisconsin's Project WILD, Project Learning Tree, and Project WET programs. This popular resource was initially developed in 1997 and has been revised as a reading list for early childhood providers and to help teachers meet the requirements of the No Child Left Behind legislation (NCLB). The bibliography contains more than 400 books, over 300 of them new additions. For easy teacher reference, the books are grouped according to topic area and age group. To download the bibliography, click here.
Additional Children's Books on Wildlife
Children's Books on Wildlife
Books Used in Environmental Education
How To Get Materials
The Project WILD Correlations can be purchased by sending an order form to the Project WILD National Office with a check or money order. | <urn:uuid:ff65c1d1-dac6-46fb-806b-3d56989a94da> | {
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|This iceberg represents Ben's emotions. (express.com)|
A hero is someone who is looked up to by one or many. A hero is not always a good person. In most cases someone is considered to be a hero because others can closely relate to their situation or feelings. Most often heroes are famous, but in some cases heroes can be as simple as a relative who you look up to.
I believe that for some people it is important to have a hero. If you are going through a rough time in life it is good to find a person who has made it through, so that you can try to follow their footsteps. Others may want to become their own hero. Some may find that looking up to someone else does not always help you.
In this novel Ben portrays many characteristics as a hero. From the very beginning he looks after his brothers. They are all going through a rough time and all need someone to look up to. During most of the book they resent their father and have no one to look up to. Ben's younger brothers Dylan and Gerry both look to him. Whenever Jim, their father, tries to force Gerry into learning how to swim. Instead of helping him he forces his head into the water. Ben tackles his dad and tells him to leave Gerry alone. "I watched for what felt like hours. I felt myself go ice cold over my ears and down my spine. Then I raced into the water and jumped on Dad." "The Great Wide Sea" (64). Later in the book their father, Jim, tells them that they're going to cross over a reef. Ben speaks for the three kids and tells his dad no. "When you first start out on a boat, being on the deep ocean makes you nervous. You're always imagining falling off the boat, and somehow the fact that the water is so deep makes it seem more dangerous. But after a while, you change. After a while, you realize that it's the boat that's keeping you out of the water, and you want the boat to be safe. Then you get nervous when you can see sand sliding by under your keel." "The Great Wide Sea" (68). Near the end of the book when the three brothers are struggling to survive there is a part that shows what all leaders go through at times. Questioning reality. "And all those books-- Swiss Family Robinson, Robinson Crusoe, The Cay. People did it that way, I knew. So where was our miracle? We didn't get one. We just got hungry." "The Great Wide Sea" (204).
During your life there will be many people that you look up to. Whether it is an athlete that you want to compete like or a president that you want to lead like. But in this case my hero was an ordinary teenager. After going through the death of his mother he had to help keep the spirits of his younger brothers up. The three brothers soon realized that they did not like their dad. Even through having to live on a boat with him, Ben kept their spirits up. He was not always nice or happy to be in the position he was in, but he always got the job done. When they were separated from their dad he made sure that they stayed safe and alive. He kept them going as they lived on the island. And when the time came where he had to get help he found a deep sea fishing boat who contacted land. He had his two brothers and himself saved from sea and sure death. And he did it all as a sixteen year old.
1.What was home life like before your mother's death? "Most often my brothers and I did our own thing. Mom and Dad occasionally argued, but never in front of us."
2.What were your initial feelings when you found out about your mother's death? "Disbelief. Sheer disbelief. I had no idea what to think or to feel."
3. What kept you going through the arguments with your father? "Knowing that Mom would've wanted me to stay strong. If she could do it then I can."
4. What made you start to dislike your father? "When I first saw him trying to get rid of every memory of Mom."
5. Did you ever think about what examples you were setting for your brothers? "I was always thinking about it, but that didn't mean it would stop me from the things I was saying or doing."
6. What was life on the boat like? "Terrible. We couldn't ever get away from each other. The word privacy did not exist on the Chrysalis."
7. How did you maintain sanity when on a remote island? "I knew that if I began to lose it then my brothers would too. A 6 year old does not need to go through that."
8. When did you decide it was time to get help? "When I realized that Dylan needed help that I could not give him. His leg was severely injured and I could do nothing."
9. What were your thoughts when you realized you were getting saved? "I thought about Dylan and Gerry. I hoped they were still alive and waiting for me."
10. From here on out what will your relationship with your brothers be like? "I believe that we will be as close as brothers can be. When you come so close to death with someone you gain a friendship that you cannot get otherwise. Unless you've gone through it you wouldn't understand."
This link is about icebergs. Though the actually iceberg is irrelevant, its symbolism is meaningful. Ben throughout this story has many thoughts and feelings. He holds back most of them and only some are shown. Like an iceberg he only shows a little portion of his true self.
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3.2 Angular size, actual size and distance
The angular size of an object is determined uniquely by its actual size and its distance from the observer. For an object of fixed size, the larger the distance, the smaller the angular size. For objects at a fixed distance, the larger the actual size of an object, the larger its angular size. For objects with small angular sizes, such as typical astronomical objects, the precise relationship between angular size, actual size and distance is well approximated by the equation:
angular size = (actual size ÷ distance)
However, when using this equation you must be very careful about the units in which quantities are measured. If the actual size and the distance are measured in the same units (metres or kilometres, or anything else as long as it is used for both quantities), the angular size that you calculate will be in measured units called radians. A radian is equal to a little more than 57° so, in order to obtain angular sizes in degrees, the following approximation can be used (as long as the angular size is not too great):
angular size = 57 × (actual size ÷ distance)
The next question asks you to apply this expression to Figure 20.
Calculate 57 × (actual size ÷ distance) for each of the objects in Figure 20.
The values are 57 × (1 m ÷ 5.7 m), 57 × (2 m ÷ 11.4 m), 57 × (3 m ÷ 17.1 m), which is 10° in each case (as expected).
Units, numbers and physical quantities
Much of astronomy concerns quantities such as temperatures, distances, diameters and angular sizes. In all of these cases, units of measurement are important. Physical quantities are generally the result of multiplying together a number and a unit of measurement. Thus a distance such as 5.2 kilometres is really the result of multiplying the number 5.2 by the unit of distance known as the kilometre. There are many units of measurement in common use, so, whenever you quote the value of a physical quantity, you should always take care to include the unit as well as the number multiplying that unit. It is no use being told that a distance is 5.2 if you don't know whether that means 5.2 centimetres or 5.2 kilometres. The unit is at least as important as the number.
In scientific work there are several internationally agreed conventions for the definition of units and the way in which units should be used and represented when writing down the values of physical quantities. The most widely adopted system of units is known as SI, which stands for Systeme International. This is based on seven carefully defined units that include the metre (for length), the second (for time) and the kilogram (for mass). The other four base units relate to luminous intensity (i.e. brightness), quantity of matter, electric current and temperature, the unit of which is the same size as the degree Celsius but starts from a different zero value and is called the kelvin.
The recognised abbreviations for the metre, the second and the kilogram are m, s and kg, respectively. In all cases, units should be written in the singular form, so it should really be 5.2 kilometre or 5.2 km, rather than 5.2 kilometres, and certainly never 5.2 kms, since that might be misinterpreted as 5.2 × 1 km × 1 s.
In calculations, units should be treated in the same way as numbers, so the result of dividing 6.0 km by 3.0 s is 2.0 km/s, which can be read as 2.0 kilometre per second.
Units, such as km/s, that result from combining the base units are called derived units. The most common derived units are sometimes given their own names and symbols. The angular unit known as a radian is an example, since angular size can be equated to the result of dividing one length (a diameter) by another length (a distance). The more familiar unit of angle - the degree - is said to be a supplementary unit since it is defined as a specific fraction (a little less than 1/57) of a radian.
To do the next activity, you need to know that the Moon's diameter is 3476 km. You may wonder how this can be measured from the Earth. In principle, it is a surprisingly easy measurement to make. First, you have to find the diameter of the Earth, which can be worked out by measuring how much its surface curves. You may be surprised to learn that this measurement was made in about 235 BC by the Greek astronomer Eratosthenes, and that his value was quite close to our modern measurement of 12756 km (for the equatorial diameter, which is slightly bigger than the polar diameter). The sizes of the Earth and the Moon can be compared by looking at the Earth's shadow on the Moon's surface during a partial eclipse of the Moon (see Figure 21). A careful measurement of this kind reveals that the Earth's diameter is 3.67 times that of the Moon.
Activity 4 The distance to the Moon
This activity needs to be done when the Moon is clearly visible in the sky. (It need not be done at night and, in fact, can be easier in the day or at twilight.)
DO NOT ATTEMPT THIS ACTIVITY ON THE SUN.
You will need the following items:
a selection of coins (e.g. 1p, 5p and 10p);
a straight rod (e.g. a piece of dowelling or a garden cane) at least 2 m long;
a tape measure at least 2 m long;
a ruler marked in centimetres and millimetres;
some Blu-Tack® or plasticine;
a pocket calculator.
Set up an arrangement with a coin fixed to a rod so that the coin just 'eclipses' the Moon. Figure 22 shows one possible set-up.
Observing from one end of the rod, try different coins until you find one that is the right size to eclipse the Moon when fixed somewhere on the rod. Then adjust the position of the coin until it just blocks your view of the Moon. (This is less easy than it sounds, as there will always be some haze visible around the edge of the coin - try to get the best match.)
Measure the distance from the coin to the end of the rod where you have placed your eye, and measure the coin's diameter. Record your values like this:
Diameter of coin = .................... mm
Distance of coin = .................... mm
You now have the measurements that will enable you to calculate the angular size of a coin that has the same angular size as the Moon.
Use your two measurements on the coin to calculate its angular size in degrees, using the formula introduced earlier, adapted to the current case, i.e.:
angular size of coin = 57° × (diameter of coin ÷ distance of coin) = ....................
Your answer should be about half a degree (0.5°). Any value between 0.4° and 0.6° is fine. This is also your measurement of the angular size of the Moon. So, write down:
angular size of Moon in degrees = ....................
The next step is to calculate the distance to the Moon. Just as for the coin:
angular size of Moon = 57° × (diameter of coin ÷ distance of Moon) = ....................
This equation can be rearranged to give:
distance of Moon = 57° × (diameter of Moon ÷ angular size of Moon in degrees).
(Take this on trust if you cannot see it.) Now calculate the distance to the Moon, using your value for its angular size and 3476 km for its diameter.
Distance of Moon = 57° × (.................... ÷ ....................) = ....................km..
You might like to compare your result with the accurately measured value of the Moon's distance: 384 500 km. It is unlikely that you would have got very close to this answer, but even with such a quick and fairly rough measurement, your answer should show that the Moon's distance is a few hundred thousand km.
Here are some typical results from this activity:
diameter of coin = 1.7 cm (UK 5 pence coin)
distance of coin = 182 cm
distance ÷ diameter = 107.058 82 on a calculator (near enough 107).
So, for something whose angular size is that of the Moon (half a degree):
distance = 107 × diameter
diameter of Moon = 3476 km.
Therefore, distance of Moon = 107 × 3476 km, i.e. distance of Moon = 371 932 km (near enough 372 000 km).
To eclipse the Moon, the distance of the coin needs to be roughly one hundred times its diameter. If you tried using a coin larger than 2 cm diameter, it would need to be more than 2 m from your eye and would not fit on a 2 m rod.
Our result is quite close to the accurately measured value of 384 500 km; yours may be closer, or not quite so close. Provided you got a value of a few hundred thousand kilometres, that is reasonable. If your value was very different, check back through your calculations to see whether you have made a mistake, and look again at your measurements.
The technique used in Activity 4 could also be used to work out the Sun's distance if you knew its size. However, under no circumstances should you try Activity 4 on the Sun because it would seriously damage your eyes. | <urn:uuid:00959b32-8f67-4ce7-8cbc-02ab4f6c440b> | {
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Preschool Color Math Curriculum
The McRuffy Preschool Color Math Curriculum Package includes:
- Teacher's Manual
- Puzzle Book
- Resource Pack
This package does not include the Manipulative Kit, but a package with the Manipulative Kit is available.
The Teacher's Manual details simple, short foundational math tasks that keep telling to a minimum and involves children in doing. You can do a single task in a day or multiple tasks as your child grows into formal learning instruction. The color-coded system allows you choose activities quickly that focus on many different math tasks. The lessons not only tell how to teach but why.
The Purpose section tells what the task is accomplishing.
The Materials section helps you know what materials are needed at a glance.
The Teaching section gives you the direction you need to turn abstract math concepts into experiences young children can understand.
Six animal characters lead children on a math adventure in the Color Math Workbook. The Teacher's Manual contains multiple ways to use the workbook activities. The sheets aren't one and done, they're completely reusable without copying with our flip & draw format. A clear plastic flip sheet coil bound into the back cover can be flipped over onto any workbook page. Dry erase markers can then be used by the child to complete the exercises without consuming the page. This allows the same page to be completed several times for practice. The pages can also be reused using different instructions and sometimes for different purposes. The laminated back cover features drawing practice for shapes and number writing practice using erasable markers.
The Preschool Puzzle Book emphasizes early geometric reasoning. Children repeat designs on the page using three kinds of math manipulatives.
With Cube Design Puzzles students match the color and design patterns using one-inch cubes on the cube puzzles.
Pattern Block Puzzles feature one page with a complete design showing all the pieces used and the second page of just the outline.
The Tangram Puzzles feature a similar format. One page shows interior lines and the opposing page show just an outline. This allows the puzzles to be used at various skill levels.
The coil bound book can be folded flat so students can see both pages at a time. Folding the complete design to the back can increase the difficulty level of completing just the outline.
The Resource Pack includes a variety of materials. Six game boards emphasize number recognition, counting, patterns, and shapes. Precut card sets are used throughout the curriculum for counting, number recognition, shape recognition, patterning, game playing, and more. The set contains over 150 cards. Additional pages include planning sheets to help you plan and track lessons. PDF Planning Sheets are available here. | <urn:uuid:6986ebbb-9d8f-4009-a001-f64136cd6005> | {
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Dissections are often an important component of high school biology and anatomy courses. Students observe the appearance of structures as well as the texture, comparative size, and three-dimensional nature of how these structures are connected. Diagrams typically fail to fully convey all the information and experiences of a dissection. A series of dissections can give an in-depth approach to comparative anatomy, taxonomy, and evolution. Students can make observations and measurements in addition to practicing a delicate skill; good dissections are performed carefully and methodically.
There are drawbacks to the practice, though. Specimens can be expensive and there are associated environmental concerns. Even with improved preservation formulas, the smell takes a little getting used to. Also, many students, parents, and teachers are ethically opposed to the practice. For these reasons, virtual dissections have been developed over the years.
These virtual options are, at a middle and high school level, often sufficient to meet many goals of the dissection process. However, they lack practical hands-on skill development and first-hand experience. The "messiness" of real life is not duplicated, and virtual dissections present a "perfect" situation in terms of what students are seeing, without any of the variations present in real specimens. Depending on the specific goals of the course, these aspects can be viewed as either a benefit or drawback to the virtual options. Interactive simulations typically require purchase and some also require special equipment (such as VR).
Over the past year, Biology Simulations has been developing dissection resources that can be used as a study tool to accompany dissection or as an alternative to dissection. These are NOT virtual dissections in that they do not attempt to replicate the dissection process at all. These activities are labeling games that use real pictures. All the dissections used for the images were prepared by my colleague Beth Wolfer.
Currently (5/31/22) we have nine cat images and a mammalian organ set (eye, kidney, brain, and heart). Frog images are on the way, and we'll likely keep adding to the anatomy games section over the next school year. In addition to the review games there are blog posts for the cat and mammalian organ set with labeled images available. | <urn:uuid:769c91d4-9fd6-4bfd-96b5-3a700e153188> | {
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What’s in a leaf
As the primary means by which a tree harnesses and translates solar energy into growth, defense, repair, and reproduction, leaves are fundamental to a plant’s ability to compete and thrive in various habitats. While there is certainly wide variation across species in leaf morphology, several patterns emerge in trees of the northeast, indicating convergent evolution as plants have developed adaptations to confront similar challenges. Here in Vermont, all trees must weather our long, harsh winters (growing seasons can range from 150 days down in the Champlain Valley to less than 100 in the Northeast Kingdom). While a bird might migrate south or a mammal hibernate underground, trees have to stand up against the cold temperatures, frozen soil, and dry air. Most of our flowering trees and shrubs (ANGIOSPERMS) take the easy way out and just lose their leaves each fall (akin to migrating) while conifers (GYMNOSPERMS) – except larches and tamaracks – have narrow, waxy needles that remain dormant on the branch throughout the winter (like hibernation). These needles have lifespans between 2 and 40 years. On this page you’ll learn about the different features of leaves (e.g. the blade, margin, and venation) and how to interpret the ecological significance of variation in leaf shape both within and across species.
Leaf type: Needles and Simple + Compound Leaves
Conifer needles are typically small, narrow, waxy, and darker green. Needles borne singly off the branch are short, typically around 1″, and can either be flattened in cross section (e.g. hemlock, yew, fir) or diamond shaped (spruce). As with spruce and hemlock, the branches can be covered in small knobby projections (STERIGMATA) that hold the needles. The leaves of the cedars (red and white) are small overlapping scales. On redcedars, the terminal leaves on lower branches or often modified into sharp, awl-shaped needles that deter herbivores. On white cedar, the awl-shaped needles are on the branch and occasionally on new growth. The pines have a FASCICLE, bundles of 2-5 needles enclosed at the base in a papery sheath. Tamaracks and larches have 12+ needles that all emerge from a small spur branch.
The leaf blade of angiosperms is broad, flattened, and significantly larger than with needles. The leaves can be simple or compound, with numerous leaflets. Small and medium sized leaves are more typically simple. Leaflets and simple leaves can look very similar, but there a couple key differences between simple and compound leaves:
- A simple leaf has a bud at the base of the petiole, leaflets lack a bud
- Leaflets typically drop with the entire leaf in the fall rather than falling off individually (though this isn’t always true as in ashes, sumacs, and to a lesser extent walnuts and black locust).
- Leaflets lie on a single plane, while the arrangement of simple leaves spiral up a branch or are perpendicular from one node to the next.
Advantage of compound leaves
Compound leaves act as a cheap, deciduous branch. There is also more turbulence as wind blows over a compound leaf, which can knock dust, fungal spores, and small insects off the surface. The more convoluted surface also makes it more difficult for insects and pathogens to spread from one part of the leaf to another.
For broad-leaves, the categories of leaf (and leaflet) shape are based on length-to-width ratio and where the widest point is. There can be some variety of leaf shape within a species, and you might find both elliptical and ovoid leaves on a single plant. It’s also good to remember that there grades between the different categories, so get a general sense for the variation, but don’t expect each species to have textbook worth leaf shapes.
Terminology for shape of the blade
- ORBICULAR: Round
- OBTUSE: bluntly tipped
- ELLIPTICAL: Widest in the middle
- OVOID: Widest at base (egg shaped)
- OBOVOID: Widest at tip (but also egg shaped)
- DELTOID: Triangular shape
- LANCEOLATE: Pointed at both ends, significantly longer than wide
- PALMATE: Hand shaped
- ODD PINNATE: Compound with paired leaflets and a single terminal leaflet
- EVEN PINNATE: Compound with paired leaflets and 2 terminal leaflets
- TRIFOLATE/TERNATE: Compound with 3 leaflets
- BIPINNATE: Compound leaf with compound leaflets
Terminology for the leaf apex:
- CORDATE: Heart shaped
- ACUMINATE: Long tapering point
Terminology for the leaf base:
- CORDATE: Heart shaped
- ACUMINATE: Long tapering point
The margin of a leaf is where both the highest rates of photosynthesis and evapotranspiration occur. The perimeter can also function in heat dissipation (as in the plates of a radiator or the sail of a spinosaurus). A leaf’s shape, or rather the blade’s area to perimeter ratio, then, is a function of its environment. Different shapes have different ratios, and as you can see in the table below, the rounder a leaf, the larger the ratio of area to perimeter is. The ratio drops significantly when the margins are concave (the equivalent of a leaf having teeth or lobes).
|Circle||31.8 sq in||20 in||1.6 : 1|
|Octagon||30.2 sq in||20 in||1.51 : 1|
|Square||25 sq in||20 in||1.25 : 1|
|Triangle||19.25 sq in||20 in||.96 : 1|
|Rectangle (2″x8″)||16 sq in||20 in||.8 : 1|
(with equilateral triangles as points)
|15.5 sq in||20 in||.78 : 1|
(with equilateral triangles as points)
|12 sq in||20 in||.6 : 1|
Because the margin of a leaf is where the most water is lost, having a higher ratio of leaf surface area to perimeter is useful in conserving water in dry environments. In Vermont, trees are limited more by our shorter growing seasons than water availability so trees can afford to lose a little moisture at the benefit of increasing photosynthetic rates. And indeed, all of our native trees have toothed and/or lobed margins. If you drove south towards warmer (and often dryer) habitats, you would see CONGENERIC species with relatively higher ratios. Compare, for example, our native oaks like northern red oak or bur oak with their deeply cleft lobes to the nearly entire leaves of the much more southern live oaks. As you go south you even counter trees that have entire margins, like catalpa and osage orange. Caution is advised with congeneric comparisons and conspecific comparisons are likely more accurate. For example, red maple leaves across their range show a strong correlation with mean annual temperature: those in colder habitats are toothier and have deeper lobes. California black oak leaf shape, on the other hand was not linked to temperature but instead to high wind and ample sunlight contributed to smaller teeth at higher elevations (link).
Leaf margin is also impacted by a leaf’s location on the crown of the tree. Sun leaves tend to have lower area:perimeter ratios than shade leaves. When exposed to full sunlight, sun scald and overheating can be a bigger concern than water loss. Adding extra perimeter to a leaf by having deeper cut lobes or teeth increases the leaf’s ability to dissipate heat. To counterbalance the potential for water loss, sun leaves tend to have much thicker cuticles (link).
There’s a spectrum from a perfectly smooth (entire) margin to the extreme of a compound leaf, and there’s a term for nearly every gradation between the two ends (I don’t include all types below):
- ENTIRE: smooth
- TOOTHED: having any sort of small projection
- CRENATE: wavy teeth
- DENTATE: symmetrical teeth
- SERRATE: teeth that point forward
- DOUBLY-SERRATE: teeth with teeth
- LOBED: indented less than half way to midrib
Terminology for the leaf margin:
- DOUBLY SERRATE:
Anatomy of a leaf
Generally, we can break down leaves into 2 broad categories: NEEDLES (found on conifers) and BROAD-LEAVES (found on flowering plants). The needles of conifers can have several different shapes (see below), but in general they have a thicker waxy cuticle and are darker green, evergreen, and stiffer. Broad-leaves, on the other hand, are deciduous leaves with large, round, and thin blades (see diagram below for a typical leaf cross section). Regardless of whether you’re looking at a needle or a broad-leaf, they share a common ancestor and many internal anatomical features. We can group the internal parts of a leaf by the various functions each leaf must perform:
|Function for Leaf||Structure in Leaf (Tissue)|
|1. Photosynthesis||Palisade mesophyll (ground tissue)|
|2. Gas exchange||Stomata (epidermis), spongy mesophyll (ground tissue)|
|3. Nutrient, water, and sugar transport||Xylem, phloem (vascular tissue)|
|4. Protection from water loss||Cuticle (epidermis)|
|5. Defense||Trichomes, glands, etc. (epidermis), resin pits (ground tissue)|
1. Photosynthesis in the Mesophyll
While some photosynthesis occurs in the bark of woody plants or on the PERICARP of fruits, the vast majority of photosynthesis occurs in the MESOPHYLL layer of a leaf. Epidermal cells are typically non-photosynthetic and light passes right through these. Beneath these cells is a row (or several rows) of vertically oriented photosynthetic cells densely packed with chloroplasts. Cells in this PALISADE MESOPHYLL utilize incoming light to construct sugars, but they’re not 100% efficient at capturing light and some of it wiggles right through. In leaves that grow in full sun, there are more layers of palisade mesophyll to harness as much of this light as possible. In shadier environments, a leaf may have just be a single layer of palisade mesophyll (as in the image below).
2. Gas exchange via stomata & spongy mesophyll
The epidermis of a leaf is pocked by tiny openings, called STOMA (pl. stomata). Each stoma is flanked by a pair of GUARD CELLS that can be opened or closed by pumping water into or out of these cells’ vacuoles. As water enters the guard cell, it goes turgid, forming a C-shape; the pair of cells together form an aperture. As water is drawn out of the vacuoles (e.g. at night or during a drought), the pore closes. Guard cells, curiously, contain chlorophyll (other epidermal cells do not), and it’s exactly not clear why. Possibly these light-sensitive pigments help the guard cells figure out when to open and when to close.
CO2 enters the leaf through the stomata and concentrates in the porous spaces of the SPONGY MESOPHYLL. From here it diffuses into the palisade cells where it is used to run the Calvin Cycle. Water also evaporates out of the stomata; up to 95% of all water absorbed through the roots evaporates from the leaves. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION might seem like wasteful management of water, but it serves a couple essential functions. First, as the water evaporates, it slowly draws more water up the trunk through the xylem. This water contains minerals extracted from the soil that are essential for growth. While the water evaporates, the nutrients remain in the leaf. Second, when water evaporates it draws heat away from the leaf; leaf temperatures in the summer are often cooler than the air. In the winter, when the ground freezes and the roots cannot replace water that would be lost through evapotranspiration, broad-leaf plants avoid desiccation by dropping their leaves. Conifers embed their stomata in grooves on the underside of needles, hiding them away from the dry, cool air.
3. Nutrient, water, and sugar transport in vascular bundles
Leaves need to move materials both into and out of the leaf. Diffusion across cell membranes can move materials, albeit slowly, and is only useful for moving materials less than a half dozen cells away. This is why non-vascular plants (e.g. mosses, liverworts) are short and grow in moist environments. Vascular tissue is responsible for the vast amount of movement of water, nutrients, sugars, and other compounds throughout the plant (see more on transport here). Roots pipe water, minerals, and stored energy up the trunk through XYLEM, while sugars and metabolites are piped back out of the leaf through the PHLOEM. In broadleaves, the strands of xylem are on top of the phloem in cross section (aphids and other insects with sucking mouth parts attack the phloem on the underside of the leaf). The vascular tissue is wrapped in a BUNDLE SHEATH. The bundle sheath is a ring of a single layer of photosynthetic cells that provide structural support to the leaf (particularly important since spongy mesophyll makes a leaf structurally weaker). The different arrangements of vascular tissue into a network of veins can be diagnostic for identifying trees.
4. Protection from water loss
Epidermal cells secrete CUTIN on the outer surface of the leaf to prevent water from escaping the leaf. The CUTICLE primarily functions in water retention, and its thickness is variable within a leaf or tree and across species. It tends to be thicker on the ADAXIAL surface where it is exposed to sunlight than on the ABAXIAL surface of the leaf. Likewise, on a single tree, leaves growing at the top of the canopy exposed to full sun (SUN LEAVES) will have thicker cuticles than those growing in the shade (SHADE LEAVES). So to is this mirrored across species, where trees that grow in drier and/or sunnier habitats (e.g. pines, oaks, aspens) tend to have thicker cuticles than their wetland or understory counterparts.
5. Defense with trichomes, glands, etc.
As plants are fixed in place, they have developed many different mechanisms by which they can protect themselves from predators, UV radiations, and temperature fluctuations. The epidermis of a leaf is directly exposed to these threats and has various means of addressing these challenges. TRICHOMES can densely coat a leaf, protecting the leaf from UV radiation by scattering light or may provide a physical barrier to deter herbivorous insects. Trichomes may also be irritants (as in the case of nettles). Glands on leaves may contain noxious metabolites that deter herbivores. Extrafloral nectaries on cherry leaves attract beneficial insects that control mite populations.
- Leaf Snap (tree ID app)
- Tree Finder by May Theilgaard Watts
- Virginia Tech Dendro page (link)
- Graphic of leaf shapes (link)
- Road dust induced increase of leaf temperature (link)
- Leaf shape and venation pattern alter the support investments within leaf lamina in temperate species: a neglected source of leaf physiological differentiation? (link)
- Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate within Acer rubrum and Quercus kelloggii (link)
- How strong is intracanopy leaf plasticity in temperate deciduous trees? (link) | <urn:uuid:145e9e85-c3b4-42c7-8a9e-5aa756059114> | {
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The human body lives in a complex symbiotic relationship with bacteria, but some can be harmful or even pathogenic. Your face is especially susceptible to bacterial growth. This can often result in acne, a skin condition that is in part aggravated by the presence of parasitic bacteria. By learning how to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria on the face, you can prevent acne while encouraging the growth of good bacteria as well.
Wash your face daily to prevent oil and dirt buildup. When excess oil and dirt is on your face, it clogs your pores. This makes it easy for pathogenic bacteria to move in and start multiplying, aggravating skin conditions such as acne.
Use a shampoo that specifically removes oil. Hair oil can foster bacterial growth on your face's skin, so shower one to two times per day to avoid excess oil.
Avoid touching your face. This can transfer pathogenic bacteria to your face, which compete for resources and reduce the amount of beneficial bacteria species present.
Use sunscreen when spending extended periods of time outside. Sun can damage the skin, making it prone to bacterial infection.
Stop using oil-based moisturizers or makeup. The oil in these products can clog pores and allow pathogenic bacterial species to colonize, which reduces the amount of beneficial bacteria present because of competition.
Avoid eating foods that are hard to digest. According to Acne Replies, "The damaging bacteria in your small intestine and, more importantly, in your colon actually feast on undigested food. They design evil toxins" as part of "their metabolic activity." These toxins can then transfer to the skin, creating an environment prone to negative bacterial growth and hostile to beneficial bacteria.
Avoid consuming antibiotics. Antibiotics will eliminate all bacteria in its path, including the beneficial types on your face. This creates an opportunity for pathogenic bacteria to invade once the antibiotic regimen ends.
Cut out consumption of prescription and over-the-counter medicine. Prescription and OTC drugs can disrupt the natural functioning of the human digestive system. This imbalance can inhibit the growth of beneficial bacteria while encouraging the growth of pathogenic species.Consult a doctor about the digestive effects these medications might have.
Consume probiotic bacteria in the form of yogurt. These bacteria can help restore the balance of bacteria within the digestive system, which prevents the build-up of toxins that can foster pathogenic bacterial growth and encourages the establishment of beneficial bacteria on the face.
Avoid the consumption of processed food and meat. These can contain hormones and antibiotics that can negatively affect the growth of probiotic bacteria.
If using a facial skin-care regimen, evaluate its potential effects on the presence of beneficial bacteria on your face. Many skin-care products indiscriminately kill healthy bacteria on the face that prevent the growth of parasitic bacteria, such as those that cause acne in the first place.
Avoid washing your face too often. This can cause it to dry out, which might lead to unsightly peeling. | <urn:uuid:22803c81-a4aa-468b-9d95-6c1a9636ceb5> | {
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The National Weather Service (NWS) is one of the primary sources for weather information used by pilots and dispatchers to plan and monitor flights. Weather information is a fundamental element in the lives of aviators, and has been since the first aviators took to the skies. The NWS we know today was originally called the Weather Bureau, created by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1870, 33 years before the Wright Brothers made their historic flight. To celebrate the NWS’s sesquicentennial, let’s look at how weather information has changed lives and shaped entire generations.
The first large-scale attempt to gather weather information began in 1849, when the Smithsonian Institution supplied weather instruments to telegraph companies to establish a weather observation network. The network relied on 150 volunteers throughout the United States to submit observations via telegraph to the Smithsonian, where the weather maps were eventually created—a far cry from the instantaneous readings available to us today.
Over the following twenty years, that network grew and absorbed many other weather-reporting systems, including many state weather services. Then, in 1870, an official weather service was born. According to NWS history:
A joint Congressional Resolution required the Secretary of War to “provide for taking meteorological observations at the military stations in the interior of the continent, and at other points in the States and Territories . . . and for giving notice on the northern lakes and on the seacoast, by magnetic telegraph and marine signals, of the approach and force of storms.” On February 9, 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant signs the resolution into law. The U.S. Army Signal Service is assigned to oversee the new organization, with Gen. Albert J. Myer as its first Chief.
Notice the similarity of the symbols used on on the surface weather maps current weather charts.
William Abner Eddy was the pioneer of the winds aloft readings we use today. In August 1894, at the Blue Hill Observatory near Boston, MA, Eddy chained five diamond kites together with a total sail area of nine square meters. The chain of kites was attached to a thermograph that was lifted to a height of 1,500 feet, recording measurements as it traveled to altitude. Once recordings were completed, the thermograph was safely returned to Eddy and his technicians on the ground by carefully reeling in the kites. It wasn’t until 1909 that the Weather Bureau began it’s program of free-rising weather balloons we are familiar with.
In 1903, the eminent Wright Brothers made history by achieving the first powered airplane flight at Kill Devil Hills, N.C., after consulting with the Weather Bureau to determine the most suitable location with steady winds.
In 1927, Charles Lindbergh prepared for the first transatlantic flight from Long Island, NY to Paris, France by asking for information from the Weather Bureau. But before the Weather Bureau was able to provide Charles Lindbergh with their analysis, he departed and was greeted with fog and rain along his journey. Had he waited for the Weather Bureau’s analysis, he would have known to delay the flight for at least 12 hours, potentially making his expedition a more comfortable one.
After decades of development in weather technology, the most prominent moment in the history of the Weather Bureau came in 1942, when the Navy gave the Weather Bureau 25 surplus aircraft radars to be modified for ground meteorological use. This allowed U.S. carrier-based Navy planes to defeat the Japanese fleet in the mid-Pacific Battle of Midway Island in early June 1942, a turning point in World War II. Two years later, the Invasion of Normandy used weather forecasts to predict the ideal combination of tides and winds for the attack.
In the mid 20th century, two exciting developments in technology helped advance weather systems into a new era of observing and forecasting.
- In 1954, the first radar specifically designed for meteorological use, designated AN/CPS-9, was unveiled by the Air Weather Service of the U.S. Air Force.
- In 1960, the Weather Bureau was armed with the world’s first weather satellite, the polar-orbiting TIROS I, after it successfully launched from the Air Force Missile Test Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The TIROS I carried cameras thatsent the first television pictures back from space during its 78-days in operation.
In 1961, special training began for Federal Aviation Authority employees to equip them to brief pilots as part of a joint FAA-Weather Bureau program, similar to what pilots know today as weather briefings. Additionally, this was the year when the first official forecast of clear air turbulence were issued.
The U.S. Weather Bureau was renamed the National Weather Service in 1970. Significant developments have been made since then to provide advanced early warning of potential natural disasters. It played a key role in launching the first “hurricane hunter” Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) into orbit, vastly reducing the loss of life from devastating storms. GOES also allowed aviators to use multi-wave imagery to identify the different levels of clouds, moisture, water vapor, and smoke/ash long flight paths.
In 1980, the NWS was able to identify the imminent eruption of the previously dormant Mt. St. Helens volcano in Washington state, prompting an alert to the FAA that notified pilots of the threat.
The Rutan Voyager completed the first nonstop, non-refueled flight around the world in 1986 with assistance from NWS employees (including retired and volunteer individuals).
By this time, the NWS deserved an upgrade—an eight year, $4.5 billion national plan for the modernization and restructuring. The overhaul allowed the organization to develop and implement the following major technologies:
- Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) replaced manual weather observations at airports.
- Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD), a network of advanced Doppler radars, contributed to increased lead times in predicting severe weather events, such as tornadoes, hail, and flash floods.
- A new series of satellites provided improved, all-weather data for longer-term forecasting.
- Advanced computer systems increased the computing power to support National Centers.
- Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) allowed communication among forecast offices and distribution of centrally collected data.
Recently, services such as HIWAS and area forecasts have been discontinued; however, new services have been developed, such as Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFAs). As new technology provides easier access to information, these new services put highly accurate and more useful data at our fingertips. With NextGen and ADS-B, we now have access to a host of weather products directly in the cockpit without paying for subscriptions.
The NWS helps save lives through its observations and forecasting, work that must not be taken for granted. On the 150th year of its existence, we celebrate the people of the NWS who help us safely plan our flights and navigate the skies. Take a few minutes to visit the NWS Aviation Weather Center website and check out the daily weather maps from the day when you were born at the NOAA Central Library online. You can learn more about weather resources in our book, Aviation Weather and Weather Services.
Written by Ryan Jeff, AGI, Aviation Research Assistant, and Paul Duty, CFI, CFII, MEI, AGI, Chief Instructor | <urn:uuid:5e8d3a3d-6ac6-4de4-851f-1be325832e87> | {
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Using the general principles of radioactive decay, scientists have developed a simple equation to calculate a rock’s age. Let us examine how a scientist might use these principles to develop such an equation. Our goal is to give the age of a rock sample in terms of the number of atoms that have decayed. Suppose a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 1 million years. A certain number of these atoms are trapped in a crystal as molten lava cools to form a rock. After 1 million years, half of them would be left. After 2 million years, half of that amount would be left. This would be ½ × ½ = 1/4 of the original number. How many would be left after 3 half-lives, or 3 million years? It would half that number again, or ½ × ½ × ½ = 1/8. From the progression of half-lives, it is easy to see how to convert from this specific description to a formula for the general case. Let’s define the fraction of the atoms that are left as F. Suppose that we wait N half-lives, and ask how many atoms would be left. Based on the paragraph above, we see that the answer would be:
F = (1/2)N
To make the same equation even more useful if you have a calculator, we can take the logarithm of both sides (base 10 logarithm), which gives:
log F = N log (1/2) = -0.301 N
We can check this result. From the discussion above, we know that when N = 3 half lives, the fraction of atoms left is 1/8. Substituting N = 3, we get log F = -0.903. A calculator confirms F = 0.125, or 1/8.
Suppose we want to determine the age of a rock crystal and its potassium atoms. A particular radioactive form of potassium decays with a half-life of 1.25 billion years (known to 3 significant digits), yielding a certain form of argon atoms. Suppose we measure the argon and potassium in the rock crystal, and we find that 58% of the radioactive potassium has already decayed into argon, while 42% of the original radioactive potassium atoms are left in the crystal. How old is the rock? Our measurement has told us that F is 0.42, and so our equation gives -0.376 = -0.301 N. Thus, N = 1.25 half-lives. That would mean that the rock is 1.62 billion years old.
The half-life of the radioactive tracer used should be roughly the same as the expected age of the rock sample. Suppose we have a lava sample that is suspected to be about 100,000 years old. Potassium-40 has a much longer half-life. So N is given by 105 / 1.25 × 109 = 0.000077. Using the equation above to solve for F we get F = 0.99994. The problem in this case is that very few potassium atoms will have decayed into argon atoms — only 6 out of every 100,000. Since potassium-40 is rare to start with, the measurement becomes very difficult. We should look for a more appropriate tracer with a shorter half-life.
In practice, there are many complexities in measuring the original numbers of radioactive atoms and the numbers that have decayed, but a discussion of radioactive decay shows the way in which general principles can be converted into a simple equation that covers all cases. The goal in scientific work is often to formulate a general equation that describes a phenomenon. Others can then make careful measurements, plug in the numbers, and get answers easily. | <urn:uuid:4423c878-f5fc-4505-9e36-d9dcc52f1849> | {
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Influences In Essay, Research Paper
In literature we often encounter characters being influenced by an outside force. These influences are the exercises of a moral or a secret control over the actions of another. Usually brought about by a controlling or directing power based not on authority, but on social, moral, financial, or other forms of ascendency. Sometimes the power of privately controlling the acts of those in authority brings about persuasive capabilities. These influences can have a positive or negative effect on the characters lives, depending on their reactions to the influence.
The effect of predominance is seen in William Faulkner s “A Rose for Emily.” “A Rose for Emily” is about a “stubborn and coquettish” (Pg. 479) girl trying to make her way as an independent woman after her father s tragic death.
In this work, Faulkner develops the idea that influences from our past and present affect our lives; making these influences work to our benefit creates prosperous lives, while continuing to believe in these influences after they are no longer applicable in our lives leads to twisted lives.
Influences have spanned back as far as man has existed. Even an animal can have social dominance over another animal. In the following quotation we see the influence of the father figure:
“We had long thought of them as a tableau; Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip.” (Pg. 481)
This “horsewhip” (Pg. 481) is the legendary weapon used by American father to protect his daughter from unwelcome suitors. Just like the America fathers, Emily s father is influencing Emily to stay away from “all the young men.” (Pg. 481) Even as Emily ages to a ripe age of “thirty” (Pg. 482) she still remains “single” (Pg. 481), because of her father s control over her love life. When Emily s father dies she “cling[s] to that which had robbed her, as people will.” (Pg. 482) This is a sign of the control Emily s father had over Emily. Even after Emily s father was “buried” (Pg.482) and his influences are extinguished, Emily still remains “stubborn and coquettish” (Pg. 479) like her father s influence taught her. Even as Emily ages she remains “dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse” (Pg. 485), causing her to be “an eyesore among eyesores.” (Pg. 479) By her being “an eyesore among eyesores” (Pg. 479) Emily is not moving on in her life; just like her house which as been “encroached and obliterated” (Pg. 479) by “garages and cotton gins.” (Pg. 479) By not moving no in her life and forgetting about her father s influence, Emily has created a twisted life for herself. In this the author strengthens his idea that influences from the past and present affect our lives and continuing to believe in these influences after they are no longer applicable in our lives leads to twisted lives.
Influences can also come from an authority figure. Some authority figures that we as a society recognize are the policeman, the fireman, and the doctor. All of these positions contain “the work as identity idea.” This is that they all have certain identities associated with their career. Although authority figures usually work for the people, many of them have been know to use their influence over people s minds in a negative way. This is seen in the following quotation:
“Colonel Sartoris invented an involved tale to the effect the Miss Emily s father had loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business, preferred this way of repaying.” (Pg. 479)
In this we see Miss Emily s trust in the authority figure. We can interpret that the reason she believes Colonel Sartoris is that he is a veteran from WWI. This allows him to fit the stereotype of an authority figure. Although Colonel Sartoris only offered Emily this idea because “Miss Emily would have [not] accepted charity.” (Pg. 479) Faulkner says that ” only a man of Colonel Sartoris generation and thought could have invented it, and only a women could have believed it.” (Pg. 479) In this we can interpret that Colonel Sartoris is a radical man and that he uses his power as the authority figure in a negative way. By doing this deed Colonel Sartoris dooms Emily to a life long hassle over her taxes. When Colonel Sartoris dies and it is time for Emily to pay her taxes Emily refuses. She states that she has “no taxes in Jefferson, Colonel Sartoris explained it to me.” (Pg. 480) Because she can no let go of Colonel Sartoris influence after his death, Emily leads herself into a twisted life. In this Faulkner furthers his idea that influences past and present affects our lives and continuing to believe in these influences after they are no longer applicable leads to twisted lives.
Influences can also come from culturally accepted beliefs. In the days of Kings and Queens, the King and Queens believed that God put them on the throne. Because this power was bestowed upon them and only them in this manner, they believed that they could influence anyone in anyway they wished or deemed necessary to. This belief of being superior is seen in the following quotation:
“But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige [the obligations of the upper class].” (Pg. 482)
In this we see that Emily has an influence produced by her being part of “the high and mighty Griersons.” (Pg. 481) Because of this predominance, we can interpret that Emily wishes to marry “Homer Barron, a Yankee” (Pg. 482) but cannot due to her hereditary obligations. This influence then causes Emily to make a futile decision. This decision is wither or not to go through with the marriage. Even though Emily knows she cannot marry Homer she still buys “a man s toilet set in silver, with the letters H.B. on each piece.” (Pg. 484) This makes it seem like Emily is making her own decision, like her old Aunt Wyatt when she went crazy and stated “that the Griersons held themselves a little to high for what they really were.” (Pg. 481) In the end Emily goes with the influence of the Griersons and does not marry Homer Baron. Although she did this she created a greater sin by murdering Homer, so that she may keep him for herself for eternity. Because the influence of the Griersons has long been out of Emily s house as supported by this quotation:
“She had blood kin under her roof again.” (Pg. 484)
She has still clung to the influence of her noble background even though it was no longer applicable in her life. Because Emily held on to this influence for so long she created her twisted life. In this the author solidifies his idea that influences past and present affect our lives and continuing to believe in these influences after they are no longer usable in our lives leads to twisted lives.
To bring this matter of Miss Emily and Faulkner s ideas about influence to some telling close, the author implies that life is all about influences. These influences may be social, political, economical, cultural, and intellectual. If a human properly tackles these influences then their life will be prosperous. If they continue to believe in these influences after they are no longer applicable, then their life will become twisted. Emily s father does not allow Emily to see men thereby condemning her as a youth to remain “stubborn and coquettish.” (Pg.479) This stubborn nature of Emily s furthers her inability to let go of past influences and move on in her life. Eventually as the story comes to a close Emily has to overcome the pressures of her upper class. She is not able to cope with this influence thereby leading to the tragic ending of the story as one “long strand of iron-gray hair” (Pg. 486) is found on a pillow next to a dead body.
All life brings inevitable influences that we must properly conquer. If these influences are handled with caution and care then our lives will be prosperous and fulfilling — this is the gem at the heart of Faulkner s story. | <urn:uuid:e057dc1d-4c83-473d-89ce-875922af5ad0> | {
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Tony O’Neill, gardener and author of the popular “Composting Masterclass” and “Your First Vegetable Garden,” combines lifelong passion and expert knowledge to simplify the art of gardening. His mission? Helping you cultivate a thriving garden. More on Tony O’Neill
Do Jade Plant Leaves Grow Back After They Are Dropped? Jade plants are succulents with fleshy, thick leaves. A jade plant generally grows in a mound shape with age but grows upright or trails on the ground.
The variegated variety of jade is perhaps the most popular, though it is also grown in shades of green. Jade leaves are thick, fleshy, and sometimes red or purple.
Jade Plant leaves can easily break when handled, making people wonder whether dropping them will lose the entire leaf or just a tiny branch. If you’ve ever dropped the leaves of your jade plant, you understand how fragile they are.
As with many houseplants, a jade plant can regrow lost leaves if the damage is not too severe. But with large or old jade plants, a leaf that has been dropped may not grow back.
The plant takes several months to a year to regrow its leaves after falling off. Dropping jade plant leaves is usually not harmful unless the leaf’s stem breaks with it when you drop it; there is a chance of bacterial or fungal infections.
To minimize leaf breakage, gently hold the stem of the jade plant leaf between your thumb and forefinger and firmly near where it joins the base of the leaf.
How Do You Fix a Broken Jade Plant?
Jade plants are succulents and very easy to take care of. Regular watering may lead to weak stems and branches, but if the plant has no leaves and dry soil, it might need help.
Gather small rocks around it to help stabilize it, then transfer the broken part into fresh soil in another pot.
When a jade plant has no leaves, the stem may be broken, or there could be no stem. This extreme situation needs urgent care if you don’t want all your hard work getting that plant back to health to go to nothing.
The good news is that when the stem is not entirely broken, there’s a high chance your jade plant will be just fine. If you have roots, cut off the branch’s top, replant it and treat it well until it’s growing well again.
If the stem is completely gone, you will need to experiment. You can collect fallen jade tree branches and replant them so the roots touch the soil.
If there are no roots, nothing will probably happen. However, if you are lucky enough to have some sprouts on that branch, you can plant them down into the soil and hope for the best – most likely, they will root in time.
When fixing a broken jade plant, please remove all the soil around the broken stem and shake it so that excess soil falls off. If there are roots, cut off both ends of the broken part and set it aside.
Can You Replant a Broken Jade Plant Stem?
If you’ve broken off a stem from your jade plant for some reason, don’t panic. It’s possible to root and regrow the stem, so you’ll have two plants instead of one!
The steps below will help you replant a broken jade plant stem:
1. The cutting should be about 4-6 inches long and contain at least two nodes (the place where the leaves sprout from).
2. Remove all the leaves from the lower half of the cutting, and dip them in rooting hormone (available at most nurseries and garden centers) to encourage root growth. Stick the cutting in a moistened, soilless mix or sand-filled pot. The top half should be sticking out of the pot.
3. Place the pot in a plastic bag and tie it closed to seal the cutting in a moist environment. Then place it outside or near a bright window and wait for rooting (it could take up to 2 months). Once you see new growth sprouting from the stem, snip off all leaves except for about 5-8 on top. These leaves will help the plant successfully develop roots.
4. Once the stem is well-rooted, place it outdoors in a shady area or porch to encourage new growth and transplant it into a larger pot when the roots have filled the smaller one.
How Do You Regrow A Jade Plant From the Stem?
It’s not too tricky to regrow a jade plant from cuttings of its stems. Below is the procedure for regrowing a jade plant from the stem, although it takes patience.
- After your succulent has died, you must remove all the dead leaves and branches on the plant. You can use pruning shears or a sharp knife for this.
- Remove the leaves from the bottom 3rd of your jade’s stems, leaving at least 4-5 inches of stem on each cutting.
- Use sterile sandpaper to file off any rough spots on the cut end where you removed the leaves. This will help prevent disease.
- Fill a 6-inch pot with moist cactus or succulent potting mix. Don’t bury the stems too deep with how to regrow a jade plant in mind. Try sticking them halfway into the soil.
- Place your stem cuttings in bright but indirect sunlight, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings. You’ll notice new growth in a few weeks or months (depending on how old your cutting is).
- When the stem has several leaves, you can cut it back to about 2 inches of stem and let it regrow again.
- If your cuttings begin to rot, you can nurse them back to health by removing the affected area immediately. Dust with cinnamon or neem oil spray if fungus grows on the leaves.
Can a Jade Plant Grow From a Stem?
Simple answer? Yes! A leaf can root and form its plant. In addition, many plants will sprout from cuttings, but they may be different species than the parent plant. Here are the steps for propagating a jade plant using a stem cutting:
1) Remove a leaf from the tip of your cutting. If it’s already growing, you can remove a side leaf.
2) Remove most of the leaves from the lower half of your cutting. Leave at least one, no more than three leaves per cutting. As a note: sometimes you can’t get all the leaves off before they brown and die – that’s okay! It’s better to have too many leaves than too few.
3) Using a sharp, sterilized knife or scissors, cut your stem cuttings from the mother plant at an angle. Ensure that at least one node (where new branches will come from) is on your cutting.
4) Place your stem cutting in a glass of water and leave it somewhere relatively warm (I put mine on the fridge).
5) After about a week, you should notice root growth. Once the roots are noticeable, plant your cutting in soil, careful not to cover any part of its stem.
6) Place your newly potted jade plant in indirect sunlight for about a month. You should see new growth in the coming weeks if everything goes well.
Frequently Asked Questions
Jade Plants, Are They Poisoning You?
The Jade tree is mildly poisonous to humans upon ingestion, causing minor symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea. However, according to ASPCA, Jade plants are included in highly toxic plants for dogs and cats.
Why do The Leaves Of Jade Plants Turn Red?
The leading cause of Jade plant leaves turning red is receiving too much sun. Jade plants typically like bright light and thrive under these conditions but don’t always like direct sunlight. Like humans, Jade plants can be sunburned by strong and intense sunlight.
How Much Sunlight Do Jade Plants Need?
At least 4 hours per day in a south-facing or west-facing window, keep the soil moist but not wet during the growing season (spring and summer) and let the soil dry out during the dormant season (fall and winter). Don’t splash the leaves when you water.
Do Jade Plants Like Small Pots?
Jade plants do best in a pot that provides a broad, sturdy base to support the weight of the plant as it releases new stems and leaves over time and allows for maximum drainage. The size of the pot should be only slightly larger than the diameter of the plant.
Can Jade Plants Be Grown Outside in the Summer?
The soil should be allowed to dry out thoroughly between waterings during the growing season, as jade is very susceptible to rot. Jade plants may be grown outdoors as landscape plants in areas with a mild, dry climate year-round (typically Zone 10 and warmer).
Conclusion On Do Jade Plant Leaves Grow Back After They Are Dropped
Depending on the circumstances surrounding the plan to regrow the leaves, they grow back. Sometimes they drop for nature-related reasons; others do so for unrelated reasons. Whichever the case, there’s always a way to go about it. | <urn:uuid:15c1abb2-a6ac-4111-9830-5c305da77302> | {
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Madagascar Hissing Cockroach
Hissing cockroaches live in colonies with all ages and both sexes. Males tend to be larger than females and have a pair of horns on their head used to fight other males. When disturbed, this insect emits a loud hiss to startle potential predators. Hissing is also used in mating. The roach creates the sound by forcing air out of its abdominal air holes (called spiracles). The hiss is 90 decibels—equivalent to the sound made by a lawnmower or hair dryer!
Hissing cockroaches eat leaf litter and fallen fruit in the forest.
Mating can occur all year long. Females emit a scent to attract males. The females will then carry eggs around a pouch of eggs for about 60 days. The eggs hatch while they are still inside. The female gives birth to anywhere from 30 to 60 live nymphs, which will reach maturity in seven months. This species of cockroach can live two to five years.
Population Status & Threats
The hissing cockroach is classified as an animal of least concern. It is a widespread and fairly common species and there are no known immediate threats to its population levels.
WCS Conservation Efforts
The Wildlife Conservation Society has worked in Madagascar since 1990, helping to protect its coastal, marine, and dry forests. WCS has partnered with the Malagasy government and local communities to create protected areas and is working to develop new approaches to support conservation and livelihoods. Learn more about WCS work in Madagascar.
Next: Marakely >> | <urn:uuid:1e5d3445-a8c4-4fa9-9768-e101b2d6d880> | {
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Free Lead Assessment Essay Sample
Since the biological argument has been proven not to be valid and that all races are genetically uniform, the idea of race is rendered a social construct. This is evidenced by the fact that colonialist's viewed races other than white as inferior. In fact, the idea of superiority arose from slavery conditions that the blacks were subjected to. The whites suppressed their quest for liberty, seeing them as inferior and not worthy of any freedom. This idea was later reinforced by Eugenics, which propagated ideas of the superiority of the white race, and advocated for the eliminating of other races.
In addition, racial beliefs have always been attached to social ideas and policy. It is therefore arguable that if differences between groups are natural, nothing should therefore be done to correct such outcomes. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that scientists in the late 19th century and early 20th century devoted their time to documenting racial differences and promoting man's natural hierarchy. Moreover, the emerging of American popular culture fueled racial explanations behind American power and progress, further developing the ideas of white superiority in the minds of the people.
In conclusion, the social implications to justice is that these are social inequalities that have been rationalized as natural, thus diverting attention from the social practices and public policies that benefit the white or any other group considered superior at the expense of others. In addition, racial hate, and continued judgment of people based n the identified characteristics that describe their race. | <urn:uuid:847c087f-8c72-4610-a2ee-97d860e96bac> | {
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Grade 1 revisited their ‘outdoor classroom’, located currently on the sandy shores of Layan Beach. This location suits their learning perfectly as we inquire into their Sharing the Planet unit and focus on the central idea that ‘people make choices that affect the ocean and its inhabitants.
On this outing, they entered their beach classroom with a focus on Science, Literacy and Community Building. Grade 1 students learned about what it means to be an observer and used their skills to find evidence that there are living things beneath the water. In their observations, they found living animals (ghost crabs and hermit crabs), dead animals (an unlucky crab, cuttlefish), shells, holes for homes and coral.
As they finished their observations they had a surprise visit from Kru Siaji who shared a traditional tale about why animals no longer live with humans (spoiler alert…they are too dirty!) It was an engaging tale that had a poignant message about how we interact with our environment.
As the story was ending, a local spear fisherman emerged from the sea in a mask, goggles and flippers carrying a spear and a handful of cuttlefish. Students had the opportunity to meet him, ask him some questions about the sea and its inhabitants and even purchase a cuttlefish to give to our housekeeping staff as a tasty treat. How lucky they were to have had this unplanned and authentic learning experience…just one of the things outdoor learning offers that can not be re-created in our classroom at school.
Of course, they had a lot of time to have some playful fun at the beach as well. They enjoyed building their social and collaboration skills with some parachute games and playing with skipping ropes, bouncy balls and frisbees.
The weather was perfect for a morning at the beach. It made for a fantastic experience of connecting with nature, thinking about the creatures that live in the sea and building relationships with members of our community. Our students can’t wait until next week when they get to visit their ‘outdoor classroom’ again. | <urn:uuid:34465453-0542-42b6-aac5-6f83914a8d43> | {
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Comparing the equality of men and women in the workplace and at home
Home find a therapist get help it seems to work actually i do that with both genders actually one thing but how did it become the case that talking about biological differences reifies the idea that women are less than equal just because men and women have different ways of. Although many people see the equality of men and women in -first century may seem that women have made substantial leeway in obtaining the equal rights and treatment in the workplace as men women still face inequalities equality: comparing hobbes and locke - hobbes and locke. As the goal of equality between men and women now grows closer we are also losing our awareness of important differences yet these differences can profoundly influence how we form and maintain relationships that can range from work and friendships to marriage and parenting. Brief history and description of the concept of comparable worth: equal pay for work of equal value comparable worth systems seek to fairly compensate jobs held primarily by women or by men more equitably by comparing the educational and skill requirements. More women are subjected to the illegal practice of gender discrimination but men are also fired or denied opportunities based on illegal treatment the in the workplace, women are frequently subjected to subtle discrimination by both sexes new york mills, home depot, morningstar. Why the us is losing the global fight for gender equality subscribe home subscribe 40 under the gap in economic opportunity between american men and women is narrowing yet it still has work to do on wage equality for similar work. About workplace gender equality this section focuses on achieving gender equality for small businesses within australia women's work | men's work a series of profiles of women and men in non-traditional roles, designed to challenge stereotypes about work. Home / education / face the facts / australian men and women overwhelmingly believe equal pay day is calculated using the following formula: 365 days x gender gap estimate ÷ 100 workplace gender equality agency, gender pay gap statistics (march 2014.
This theory is the most satisfactory moral answer to the issue of gender equality, comparing with which demonstrate men's relation to women in different situations as a this ethical theory helps to explain the necessity of struggle for equal rights in the workplace, at home. While most the current research focuses on women and mother's experiences balancing family life and paid employment, addressing the issues facing men and fathers is equally important to promoting greater equity at home and at work. Even in a workplace where women and men share equal stature, knowledge and experience, differing communication styles may prevent them from working together effectively these gender barriers can be inherent or may be related to gender stereotypes and the ways in which men and women are taught to behave as children. The postindustrial countries that have made it possible for women (and men) to balance work and family typically have replacement-level birth rates increased gender equality—both in the workplace and at home—is an important part of the solution to declining birth rates. But still far from being equal with men at the same time many were also well aware of the fact that their work was low paid, both in comparison with male workers but also with women brazil, middle-class women in paid work outside the home have been able to afford to pay other. 1975 sex discrimination act - promoted equality and opportunity between men and women comparing women in work with dependent children with those without notes for women in the labour market.
Women in law enforcement: how gender differences enable new police leaders for that matter) wants to hear about the differences between the sexes, but the fact remains that men and women communicate, work the law enforcement workplace doesn't need to be equal — it needs to be. Female vs male roles in the workplace the roles that women and men play may work to each of their advantages at times, but they may also hurt each other indirectly advantages females have in the workplace gender equality issues in nursing careers. Facts about equal pay and compensation discrimination the equal pay act requires that men and women be given equal pay for equal work in the same establishment and assigns them to separate work locations, the separate work sites can be considered part of one establishment. Gender equality universally embraced, but inequalities acknowledged men's lives often seen as better fifteen years after the united nations fourth world conference on women's beijing platform for action proclaimed that shared power and responsibility should be established between women and men at home, in the workplace and in the wider.
Two wings of a bird it promotes destructive attitudes and habits in men and women that pass from the family to the work place, to political life in announcing god's purpose for the age, proclaimed the principle of the equality of women and men. Home » resources » factsheets » women and work: the facts 4% of women are engaged in entrepreneurial activity compare to 9% of men 17 if women set up businesses at the same rate as men women in the workplace: latest trends in gender equality, thomson reuters 2012 [9. For sixty years, the baha'i international community's united nations office has worked for women's advancement and gender equality.
Unicef says gender equality means that women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the at home or in the workplace unfpa conducted a study on gender equality by comparing the text of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women with some widely recognized. The complementary nature of marriage—in which two people work its sinking took 1,450 lives only 103 were women one-hundred three compare that with last year's and guess what no one won why not try something else on for size like this: men and women are equal. President obama is set to sign two executive orders to help narrow the pay gap between men and women here's why there is much comparing earnings between men and women seventy-five percent said america needs to do more to achieve gender equality in the workplace, compared with 57.
Comparing the equality of men and women in the workplace and at home
A look at gender expectations in japanese society july 7, 2013 men should work outside the home explaining how gender is nothing more then a social class with women on to making a comparison to aristocratic men of the past who also wore makeup,jewelry. 2017's best & worst states for women's equality drugs are for more frequently tested on white men than on women they may work differently on please stop comparing the us to rawanda, clearly the men of that country destroyed it and yes strong women will love and nurture that country.
- Aimed to raise women up from home and work situations that they considered tells workforce management that lingering stereotypes and biases play a large role in keeping women from achieving equality in the workplace as for the disparity between wages earned by men and women.
- Are you interested in the future of women in the workplace this article most importantly, need to be knowledgable about the pay gap that still exists between men and women doing comparable work managers hire an equal number of women into employer-sponsored training and.
- Women have achieved equality at long last according to men when it comes to equality, men and women really do see things differently satisfied with their efforts in comparison, just under half of men (48%) felt that their government was doing enough, while a quarter (25%) disagreed.
Her ghostwriting work has covered a variety of topics but mainly focuses on health and home improvement articles kelchner, luanne gender differences in the workplace & statistics what are the benefits of equal pay for women & men [workplace evaluation] | workplace evaluation on. Values and economic realities of women and men in the workplace numbers, facts and trends shaping 6 women are much more likely than men to say more change is needed to achieve gender equality in the workplace how do your views on gender compare with those of other americans topics. A couple of caveats to all this newfound equality first the difference between the amount of time that men and women work, again in and out of the home but when you compare men and women in each education bracket. Home laws, regulations & guidance types of discrimination equal pay/compensation discrimination the equal pay act requires that men and women in the same workplace be given equal pay for equal work the jobs need not be identical, but. | <urn:uuid:3d2680b5-e34a-4eb0-b542-668533734281> | {
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Like Columbo, taking a puff on his cigar, I have a few nagging questions about the moon landings. I'm sure someone out there can enlighten me. Since Ken's thread is not available for posting, here goes:
How was the film used in the Haselblad 500EL cameras able to withstand the extreme temperatures on the moon (+250 in the sun, -378 in the shadows). We know the types of film used was:
* Ektachrome EF film SO168
* Ektachrome MS film SO368 35mm film used in the stereo
* Panatomic-X recording film - this was specially developed for use on the moon
These films were used in three forms 16mm motion pictures, 70mm stills, and 35mm in the stereo close-up camera. The 70mm still film had a special thin-based and thin emulsion double perforated film that was able to capture 160 color pictures or 200 black and white pictures.
We know that the cameras were modified with special lubricants to withstand the temperature range of +/- 250 F and prevent evaporation due to the the vacuum on the moon.
The cameras did not have any type of cooling system or shielding against cosmic rays, or radiation from solar flares, which happened to be at a peak period during the missions, or radiation from the VanAllen radiation belts, all of which which would fog film, making the images quite unusable. (see NasaCr188427)
Why were all of the shots superb with not even the slightest fogging or radiation exposures that we would expect to see in the black areas of the film (specks)
We know that no special shielding was used on the camera or film cannisters.
On the moon, radiation from solar flares and cosmic rays ranges from 10 to 100 roentgens/hr.
Since the Moon has no magnetic field, it is subjected to a steady flux of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and low energy solar wind particles. The radiation levels are normally low enough (on the order of 1 to 2.5 particles per square cm per second) that people can carry on surface activities without any protection beyond what is offered by the space suits. However, during periods of high solar activity, it sometimes happens that the Sun ejects high energy particles and radiation in the direction of the Moon that can be lethal to anyone on the surface within just a few minutes of exposure.
Solar protons pose a significant risk to inadequately shielded crewmembers. Very large energetic particle events, which can cause acute radiation effects, occur at intervals of 7 to 10 years. Intermediate events, which can limit mission activities, occur several times each year. For nominal flares, build-up to peak radiation intensity occurs within a few hours or less. Monitoring of X-ray precursors may provide 30 minutes to one hour of additional warning.
Regarding Solar Flare, Cosmic and Van Allen Radiation:
Hoyt and his fellow researchers point out that energetic particles will steadily degrade electronics, optics, solar panels and other critical systems by breaking chemical bonds, disrupting crystalline and molecular structures, and by causing localized charge effects.
Higher energy particles in solar events and cosmic rays cause single-event disruptions or damage to electronics. At present, spacecraft systems operating in Earth orbit must be hardened to withstand this radiation environment.
As for humans, radiation particles pose a significant threat, Hoyt said. Zipping through tissue, radiation particles can deposit their energy by ionizing water and proteins, causing cellular damage, modifying DNA, RNA, and proteins in ways that can lead to cancers, immune system disorders, and other maladies, he said.
What type of cooling / heating system was used to protect the astronauts from the extreme cold and heat of the vacuum of space on the moon. We know that there was a nylon undergarment that circulated water for cooling or heating but there is little to no information on the mechanism used to produce the cooling or heating as required to stabilize the extreme temperatures, which could cover the rang of +253F to -378F.
Since there is a near perfect vacuum on the moon, conduction and convection can be ruled out as there is no atmosphere to exchange the heat to. The backpacks look to be sealed with no evidence of cooling fins etc. which would be useless anyway. The only mechanisms left are evaporation and radiation, but we see no evidence of any gases emanating from the backpacks that could carry away heat. The internal drawings of the backpacks show a H2O sublimation plate which would somewhat answer the cooling issue, but again we never see any evidence of outgassing. There is also no evidence of radiation e.g. pumping to a higher energy state than the surroundings and allowing it to radiate into space.
The same questions apply to the lunar landing module, which had to survive up to three days in blistering 250F heat. The all aluminum tin can construction of the lunar lander would have posed enormous problems of heat conduction to the interior.
When questioned on this Alan Bean, briefly hesitated like a deer in the headlights then said batteries were used for the cooling (yeah that's it...batteries). This is absurd as anyone who has worked in thermodynamics knows you cannot pack that much power into batteries to provide the tonnage of air conditioning required over three days.
Again with the lunar lander we are faced with the same problem i.e. how was the cooling performed, as normal air conditioning requires an atmosphere to conduct or convect heat away.
The gravity of the moon is 1/6 that of earth. The backpacks were 180 lbs earth weight, 30 lbs moon weight. The muscles in the astronauts legs were strong enough to jump maybe up to two feet in earth gravity without a backpack. Lets say an astronaut weighed 180 lbs on earth. He would weigh 30 lbs on the moon plus 30 lbs for the backpack. This is a total of say 60 lbs.
We never see an astronaut jump more than 6 inches (the jumping salute to the flag) yet he should have been able to easily jump several feet.
Upon close examination of the videos there are several places where the astronauts seem to be dangling from something. There are many cases where they are way off balance and should have fallen backwards, but are always magically up righted again by some means defying our visual sensibilities. In one case an astronaut that falls onto his back is mysteriously uprighted, hinging up on his heels as he is brought to an upright position defying the 1/6 gravity of the moon.
Why were there no unmanned tests flights of the hardware required to send men to the moon. Logic would presume that unmanned tests of all hardware should have preceeded an actual manned flight.
Yet the lunar lander crashed and burned on testing and the pilots had to eject to save ther lives. Still this was used to supposedly land men on the moon without a single actual test flight to the lunar surface. The lunar lander was tested with a jet engine, not a rocket engine, and failed to be stable, crashed and burned. No tests were performed with the rocket engine supposedly used. Additionally, there have never been any successful testing of rocket powered soft landing vehicles as it poses extremely different problems than rocket takeoff. The amount of shrapnel in the form of rocks etc. kicked up from the lunar surface could have severely damaged the landing vehicle. Recall that the rocket would have produced 10,000 pounds of thrust and produced an eight foot deep crater under the craft. All of the ejected material from the crater would have bombarded the craft, possibly creating great damage. Note that rocket tackeoffs on sandy, rocky surfaces are far different than with controlled steel or refractory surfaces. Attempting a soft landing of a rocket on an undefined surface is extremely risky if not impossible. It may have looked possible for Buck Rogers, but in reality poses many insurmountable problems. Note that none of the photos of the lunar landing vehicle show anything like a crater under the craft, rather there is a surface much like the area surrounding the vehicle.
Why has no one returned to the moon in the 40 years since this was last done. Many countries have technology that equals or exceeds that of the late 60's. Yet no one, not even the U.S.A. has ventured back. This is extremely strange as typically, once something is achieved technically it gets easier with the passage of time and as the technology advances. The lunar missions were abruptly halted, being replaced with space shuttle flights that never exceeded 400 miles above earth and more typically were in the range of 50 to 250 miles above earth. Compare this to the lunar missions which travelled in excess of the 240,000 miles earth-moon distance. Consider also that the space station is only 100 miles vertical from the earth. This is not deep space exploration, yet is touted in the media as if we were really exploring space. Considering the farthest space shuttle flights, they were only 1/600 of the distance to the moon, typical flights are 1/4800 the distance to the moon.
Why do interviews and press conferences show the astronauts being extremely guarded and careful about what they say. They rarely look joyful in these interviews, rather they seem to respond to questions by looking at each other in a worried way, to make sure they are all in agreement before answering. Their body language demonstrates a detectable tension and anxiety.
Consider for a moment what a huge embarrassment it would have been for the US if there was a failure that stranded the astronauts on the moon. They would have died a slow horrible death, cooked by the extreme moon temperature. Future people looking at the moon would no longer think of it as an object to inspire love and love songs, but rather a constant reminder of the horrible death of the astronauts. Would the US have taken this chance considering the calculated odds of reaching the moon and returning safely were something like 0.017%. It is one thing to lose astronauts into the void of space as with some of the space shuttle missions, but to have their deaths forever associated with the moon would be a huge black eye to the US.,
I would heavily discount propagandists such as Myth Busters. Their rebuttals are full of holes. I tend not to believe a lot of the moon hoax videos, as they really don't address the fine technical points needed to be discussed.
I'm on the fence on this issue, after countless hours of investigation, still puffing that cigar and asking a few questions.
« Last Edit: 2012-08-28, 00:54:05 by ION »
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Cotton and Textile Industry (in India and World)
This article deals with the ‘Cotton and Textile Industry (in India and World).’ This is part of our series on ‘Geography’, which is an important pillar of the GS-1 syllabus. For more articles, you can click here.
Location Factors of the Cotton & Textile Industry
Many factors have influenced the establishment of cotton and textile industries in India.
- Proximity to Raw Material: Unlike other industries where the weight or perishability of raw materials is a critical concern, cotton and textile industries benefit from the fact that cotton is relatively lightweight and non-perishable. Therefore, being in immediate proximity to the source of raw cotton is less important than in some other industries.
- Proximity to Market: Given the importance of market demand in dictating the type of cloth to be produced, a significant consideration is the proximity to the consumer markets. Being close to the market facilitates efficient distribution and reduces transportation costs.
- Water Availability: The textile industry involves processes like dyeing and bleaching that require substantial amounts of water. Consequently, the availability of water bodies such as rivers and lakes plays a role in industry location.
- Energy Availability: Cotton and textile production requires a considerable amount of energy, particularly in processes like spinning, weaving, and finishing.
- Labour Supply: Textile production involves intricate processes that require skilled workers, and a region with an ample labour pool can provide a competitive advantage.
- Capital and Finance: Access to financial resources can facilitate expansions, modernization, and technological advancements.
- Climate: Climate considerations are also relevant. Dry climates can lead to thread breakages during textile production. Historically, this led to the preference of coastal areas with higher humidity for textile industry setup. However, technological advancements, such as artificial humidifiers, have diminished the climate-related constraints on industry location.
At present, the trend is to locate industry at or close to markets, as the market decides what kind of cloth is to be produced.
Cotton Industry in India
Cotton Industry in Ancient & Medieval India
- The cotton textile sector has been integral to India’s traditional industries. Across the globe, India held a renowned reputation for crafting muslin, an exceedingly delicate form of cotton fabric, along with calicos, chintz, and various other superior cotton textiles.
- The development of the textile industry in India stemmed from many factors.
- Firstly, the nation’s tropical climate made cotton the optimal fabric, providing a large market.
- Secondly, India has abundant raw materials due to the substantial cultivation of cotton.
- The country possessed an abundant reserve of skilled labour necessary for this industry.
During the Colonial Era
- Initially, the British didn’t foster the growth of the native cotton textile sector. They shipped raw cotton to their mills in Manchester and Liverpool, then imported the finished goods back to India. These products were more affordable due to mass production in British factories.
- In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was set up in Mumbai. The city had various advantages as a hub for cotton textile manufacturing:
- It was situated close to Gujarat and Maharashtra, key cotton-producing regions.
- Mumbai’s status as a financial centre provided access to the necessary capital for industrial initiation.
- Its urban nature attracted a substantial labour force, ensuring a readily available pool of affordable workers.
- The machinery required for cotton textile mills could be directly imported from England.
- Subsequently, Ahmedabad saw the establishment of two more mills, namely the Shahpur Mill and the Calico Mill.
- By 1947, the total number of mills in India rose to 423. However, this situation changed after the partition, leading to a significant downturn in the industry. This was because most of the prime cotton-producing areas were now in West Pakistan, leaving India with 409 mills and only 29% of the previous cotton-producing territory.
- After Independence, this industry gradually recovered and eventually flourished.
- Production of cotton cloth has increased almost five times since Independence. Cotton textile has been facing tough competition from synthetic cloth.
Importance of Cotton and Textile Industry
India’s Cotton and Textile industries are vital to the nation’s economic landscape, owing to their multifaceted significance and widespread impact.
- Backward Linkage with the Agriculture Sector
- Employs 4.5 crore individuals
- Approximately 12% of the nation’s total exports are comprised of textiles and textile products.
- Rural Development: Cotton cultivation and subsequent processing through the textile value chain often occurs in rural areas. As a result, the growth of these industries contributes to rural development.
Location of Cotton and Textile Industry in India
The Cotton and Textile industry is located in almost every state where one or more locational factors have been favourable.
|South India||Coimbatore, Madurai, Tirunelveli and Bengaluru|
|Central India||Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Ujjain, Nagpur, Indore, Kolhapur and Solapur|
|UP||Kanpur, Agra and Hathras|
|West Bengal||Kolkata (due to port facilities)|
- Among the major centres of this industry, Ahmedabad, Bhiwandi, Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Indore, and Ujjain stand out, which are strategically located in proximity to cotton-producing regions, optimizing their supply chains.
- The role of hydroelectricity in shaping the industry’s geography cannot be overlooked. Cotton textile mills began to sprout away from traditional cotton-producing areas due to the availability of hydroelectric power. This shift is particularly evident in Tamil Nadu.
- Labour costs can play a pivotal role in determining industry locations. Centres like Agra, Ujjain, Bharuch, Agra, Hathras, Coimbatore, & Tirunelveli capitalized on lower labour expenses, prompting the industry to be located away from primary cotton-producing areas.
Reasons: Why Cotton and Textile Industry is located in Mumbai?
Mumbai, known as the “Cottonopolis of India,” is the epicentre of the country’s thriving cotton and textile industry.
- Abundant Raw Material: Maharashtra, particularly the region around Mumbai, has black soil well-suited for cotton cultivation.
- Access to Premium Cotton: Being a busy port, Mumbai historically had access to international trade routes as a bustling port city, allowing the import of long-staple cotton from places like Egypt.
- Favourable Climate: Mumbai’s proximity to the sea results in a humid coastal climate conducive to textile manufacturing.
- Reliable Power Supply: The Tata hydroelectric grid in the nearby Western Ghats provides a consistent and reliable source of power.
- Availability of Soft Water: The Mithi River in Mumbai supplies soft water, which is ideal for dyeing and bleaching (important processes in the textile industry).
- Capital and Financial Infrastructure: During the American Civil War, Mumbai-based capitalists amassed substantial profits through the cotton trade. They later reinvested this wealth into the establishment of textile industries. Today, Mumbai is home to a well-developed banking and financial sector.
- Skilled and Affordable Labour: Mumbai and its surrounding regions provide a vast pool of labour, which is both skilled and cost-effective.
- Access to Expansive Markets: Mumbai’s strategic location places it at the heart of India, with access to the local and national markets.
Reasons: Why Cotton and Textile Industry is located in Gujarat?
- Abundant Raw Materials: Gujarat benefits from its proximity to cotton-producing districts in the state and neighbouring regions.
- Water Availability: Water is a crucial resource in textile manufacturing, particularly for dyeing, cleaning, and bleaching. Gujarat benefits from water sources such as the Sabarmati and Khari rivers.
- Proximity to Markets: Gujarat has a large domestic market for textiles, owing to its population and the presence of major industrial and commercial centres.
- Port Facilities: Gujarat’s coastline is dotted with major ports like Kandla, Mundra, and Pipavav. These ports offer excellent connectivity for the export of textile products.
- Government Support: The state government has been proactive in supporting the growth of the textile industry through favourable policies, incentives, and infrastructure development.
Reasons: Why Cotton and Textile Industry is located in Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)?
- Abundant Raw Material Supply: Tamil Nadu has a consistent and substantial cotton supply. The region is known for cultivating a specific variety of cotton known as “Cambodia cotton,” which is highly sought after in the textile industry.
- Energy Resources: Coimbatore is home to the Pykara Hydel project, a significant source of hydroelectric power.
- Water Resources: Access to ample water resources is critical for various stages of textile production, including dyeing, cleaning, and bleaching—Coimbatore benefits from the Noyyal River.
- Market: Coimbatore has a massive demand due to its proximity to large consumer markets in the southern states, including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
Problem faced by Indian Cotton Textile Industry
- Fierce International Competition: The industry faces fierce competition from countries like Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Ethiopia, which enjoy Duty-Free Access or have signed Free Trade Agreements with major markets such as the EU and USA. This advantage puts Indian textiles at a disadvantage in terms of pricing and market access.
- Most Indian mills are small-scale operations, preventing them from achieving the economies of scale enjoyed by larger competitors.
- Mechanization vs Job Dilemma: The Indian industry is caught in a dilemma regarding mechanization. While mechanization can enhance productivity, it also threatens traditional jobs. Balancing technological advancement with employment opportunities is a critical challenge.
- Competition from synthetic textiles: The rise of synthetic textiles has further intensified the struggle for market share. Synthetic textiles often offer cost advantages and versatility.
- Cotton Farmers under stress: Indian Cotton Farmers face immense stress due to various factors, including the monopolization of seeds by a few major corporations and the introduction of genetically modified crops like BT Cotton.
Location of Cotton and Textile Industry in the World
The foundation of the cotton and textile industry lies in cotton cultivation. Cotton is primarily grown in regions with favourable climatic and soil conditions. Significant producers of cotton include
- United States: Cotton is grown in southern states like Texas and Mississippi
- India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh
- China: Northwest regions, particularly Xinjiang
- Pakistan: Sindh and Punjab provinces contribute significantly to Pakistan’s cotton production
- Brazil: Mato Grosso region
After cotton is harvested, it goes through a series of processing stages. Major cotton processing centres are concentrated in:
- United States: Southern states like North Carolina.
- India: Textile Mills are concentrated in Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu
- China: Coastal regions like Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu
- Pakistan: Karachi, Faisalabad, and Lahore
- Brazil: São Paulo and Santa Catarina
Analysis: Rise and Fall of Textile Industry in Manchester & Lancashire
The textile industry in Manchester and Lancashire has a rich history that witnessed remarkable growth during colonial times but declined significantly after World War II.
Rise during Colonial Times
- Favourable Climate: Manchester and Lancashire’s location was advantageous due to the moist Westerlies, providing high humidity levels and preventing threads from breaking during manufacturing.
- Abundant Raw Materials: Cheap cotton was available from its colonies, such as India and Egypt.
- Strategic Transportation: The proximity of Liverpool as a major port city facilitated the import of raw materials and the export of finished products.
- Quality Water Sources: Streams from the Pennine hills provided soft water, ideal for dyeing and bleaching.
- Abundant Energy: The availability of coal from Northern England and Wales served as a reliable source of energy.
- Expansive Market: The demand for textiles in Europe And the massive market in British colonies provided a market for the finished product.
Decline after World War II
The decline of the Textile industry after World War II can be attributed to the following factors.
- Loss of Colonies: Post-World War II, the loss of colonies meant that the dirt-cheap raw materials(cotton) from India and Egypt were no longer readily available.
- Competition from Other Nations: Emerging players like Japan entered the global textile market with cheaper production methods.
Reason: Cotton Industry in the USA
In the USA, there are two important regions of the cotton and textile industry, which can be attributed to several geographical factors.
New England Region
- It is located in the northeast corner of the US and emerged as a hub for cotton-related activities.
- Major factors of the concentration of cotton and textile industry include
- Its proximity to major urban centres like Boston and New York
- Easy access to ports for exporting cotton
- The region attracted immigrant workers, adding to the labour force and diversity of skills.
- The availability of coal from the Appalachian region ensured a stable energy supply, powering the cotton mills.
Cotton Belt in the South
- The Cotton Belt, stretching across states such as North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and parts of Texas and California, constitutes the heartland of cotton cultivation in the USA. This region boasts vast expanses of fertile land, forming large cotton-growing areas.
- Transformation from Slave Labour to Mechanization: Historically, the cotton industry in the South relied heavily on slave labour. However, over time, technological advancements led to the mechanization of cotton production. Highly efficient machines revolutionized the industry, making it less reliant on human labour.
- Hydroelectric Power: Major rivers in the cotton-producing regions have been harnessed for hydroelectric power generation.
Reason: Cotton Industry in China
Various factors contribute to the thriving cotton industry in China, with a major concentration in the bustling city of Shanghai.
- Favourable Climate: Shanghai is a port city with a humid climate. This humidity is crucial in the cotton industry as threads are less likely to break during production.
- Raw Material: The Yangtze-Kiang Delta, where Shanghai is located, is fertile ground for cotton cultivation.
- Transport: Shanghai benefits from its status as a port city, offering easy access to international markets. Additionally, the city is well-connected by rail and road networks, facilitating the movement of raw materials and finished products.
- Water and Energy: The Yangtze River not only serves as a transportation route but also provides a source of water and energy. Access to water resources is crucial for textile industries. Furthermore, the river can be harnessed for hydroelectric power.
- Labour: With a large population, Shanghai has a pool of skilled workers who contribute to the manufacturing process.
- Market: Within 1000 nautical miles, major markets like Kobe, Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong are accessible, facilitating international trade. Moreover, within China, cities like Nantong, Wuhan, and Chongqing, connected via the Yangtze River, create a robust domestic market.
Other centres in China include Hwang-Ho Valley, Sichuan, Nanjing, Beijing, etc. | <urn:uuid:238f61a9-b1eb-44e4-95ef-9c205209c0de> | {
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Henry Ford said:
“I will build a motor car for the great multitude…constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise…so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one-and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God’s great open spaces.”
While working as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit, he built his first petrol-powered horseless carriage, the Quadricycle, in the shed behind his home.
In 1903, he established the Ford Motor Company, and five years later the company produced the first Model T
In order to meet overwhelming demand for the vehicle, Ford introduced revolutionary new mass-production methods, including large production plants, the use of standardized, interchangeable parts and, in 1913, the world’s first moving assembly line for cars.
Before 1913 vehicle production was based on a small team of skilled workers producing a single car (or rolling chassis to be sent to a coachbuilder). Henry Ford’s method was to organise a factory that supplied parts to a moving assembly line where a worker(s) would perform part of the assembly process before the car under construction was moved on to have the next assembly process.
By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model Ts
Henry Ford had bought out all minority stockholders by 1920 & in 1927 he moved production to a massive industrial complex he had built along the banks of the River Rouge in Dearborn, Michigan. | <urn:uuid:87dc12a5-4ad3-4e3a-a427-5ae7abc90e92> | {
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Functional Medicine addresses the underlying causes of disease, using a systems-oriented approach and engaging both patient and practitioner in a therapeutic partnership. It is an evolution in the practice of medicine that better addresses the healthcare needs of the 21st century. By shifting the traditional disease-centered focus of medical practice to a more patient-centered approach, Functional Medicine addresses the whole person, not just an isolated set of symptoms. Functional Medicine practitioners spend time with their patients, listening to their histories and looking at the interactions among genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that can influence long-term health and complex, chronic disease. In this way, Functional Medicine supports the unique expression of health and vitality for each individual.
HOW FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE CHANGES THE WAY WE DO MEDICINE:
- Functional Medicine is a personalized, systems-oriented model that empowers patients and practitioners to achieve the highest expression of health by working in collaboration to address the underlying causes of disease.
- Functional Medicine offers a powerful new operating system and clinical model for assessment, treatment, and prevention of chronic disease to replace the outdated and ineffective acute-care models carried forward from the 20th century.
- Functional Medicine incorporates the latest in genetic science, systems biology, and understanding of how environmental and lifestyle factors influence the emergence and progression of disease.
- Functional Medicine enables physicians and other health professionals to practice proactive, predictive, personalized medicine and empowers patients to take an active role in their own health.
Want to learn more? Read this Introduction to Functional Medicine.
Why Functional Medicine?
Our society is experiencing a sharp increase in the number of people who suffer from complex, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, mental illness, and autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. The system of medicine practiced by most physicians is oriented toward acute care, the diagnosis and treatment of trauma or illness that is of short duration and in need of urgent care, such as a heart attack or a broken leg. Physicians apply specific, prescribed treatments such as drugs or surgery that aim to treat the immediate problem or symptom.
Unfortunately, the acute-care approach to medicine is ill equipped to address complex, chronic disease. In most cases, the model does not take into account the unique genetic makeup of each individual and does not allow time for exploring the aspects of today’s lifestyle that have a direct influence on the rise in chronic disease in modern Western society; critical environmental factors such as stress, diet, and exposure to toxins. As a result, most physicians are not adequately trained to assess the underlying causes of complex, chronic disease, nor to apply strategies such as nutrition, diet, and exercise to both treat and prevent these illnesses in their patients.
Functional Medicine is a different approach, with methodology and tools that are specifically designed to prevent and treat chronic diseases.
Call us at (262) 785-5515 to see how we can help you get your health back with functional medicine! | <urn:uuid:ae6ca8af-6cc4-4fc9-bdd1-107ae3651e92> | {
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How did the Industrial Revolution in England affect India's industrialisation?
With the Industrial Revolution in England, technological advancement began which made the life of the workers easy but at the same time it led to decrease in the number of employment opportunities as only a few people were needed to operate the machines.
Around the 19th century, cotton industry developed in England which had the advanced technology in use. Because of this cotton weavers in India faced a major problem. The export market collapsed completely as British goods were more in demand.
The Indian markets were flooded with the British goods which were very cheap in price as compared to the Indian handmade goods which were expensive.
Rate this question :
Why did the port of Surat decline at the end of 18th century?Full Marks - Social Science | <urn:uuid:3a061de4-a392-434c-b02c-cec8bd4b4b3f> | {
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Review the Right Way!
Reviews are a prominent part of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). A review is a process of looking over a document/ piece of code for the purpose of evaluation, for examining the quality or for approval.
Types of Reviews
The reviews are done in various ways. But there are majorly three types of reviews. Informal reviews, Formal reviews and Walkthroughs.
Informal reviews are also known as Peer reviews. In this type of reviews, the reviewer gets his/ her documents or code verified by a peer (a co-worker). The findings of this type of review is not documented. This is majorly done to assess the content and the quality of the work.
The walkthroughs are generally done in the groups. The author of the document/ code leads the group by explaining the work to the group, from training perspective. The participants can suggest the gaps and improvement areas and can ask the questions related to the work.
In a formal review process, we usually have a planned time slot. The meeting room is booked and the attendees are informed. There has to be a reviewer, author, moderator and a recorder. The findings of the review is noted down by the recorder. The moderator will keep track of the time and moderates the review meeting.
Fundamentally what is the Difference?
- Let me give you a simple example to explain the difference. Imagine you are in School and your teacher has given an assignment that you need to complete at home. You did completed your homework properly. Now, you come to the school next day. Before your teacher comes to the class, out of curiosity, you ask your friend to check your assignment ensuring it is good and is complete. Your friend suggested some minor changes. You validated them and fixed few out of all the suggestions.This is called Informal Reviews.
- Now, the teacher arrived in the class and start checking the notebooks, one-by-one, where you have written the assignments. The teacher checks your assignment, mark it with the red pen wherever there were mistakes (highlighting the mistakes / gaps), and finally gave you a score. This is called Formal Review.
- The teacher liked your assignment, hence asked you to explain your assignment in the class, line-by-line. The class discusses the style and process of creation of the assignment and suggesting the improvement areas. The teacher is making notes of the suggestions. This is called Walk-Throughs.
The Review Process
A review process may have multiple steps and it may vary from Organization to Organization. However, the basic process will remain same. You can find some tweaks here and there depending up on the process and customer requirements.
In an informal review process, the reviewer reviews the work as per their level of understanding and suggests the changes. The reviewer validates the list of changes and may choose to fix few or all the suggested changes.
In Walkthrough, the author acts as a trainer and the participants becomes in reviewee. The purpose is not fault finding but to transit the knowledge and improvement of the quality of the work. One of the member makes notes about the suggestions. It depends on the author whether he/she wants to incorporate the suggested changes.
Following the Steps
A formal review process consists of defined steps. There are majorly five main steps involved in the formal review process:
In the planning phase, a self-review of the work need to be done. The availability of the reviewer and other participants is requested. A meeting request should be sent accordingly along with the copy of the work, which needs to be reviewed.
The next step is to get the confirmation from all the participants and get ready for the meeting. Moderator will moderate the meeting and keeps the track of the time. Moderator also ensures that everyone is on time and does not deviate from the topic while the review process is goes on.
The review starts with the explanation of the work by the author. The recorder will keep the record of suggestions and corrections, which need to be made in the work. Reviewer(s) will review the work and suggests the changes and corrections. At the end of the meeting, the author will thank everyone.
After the meeting, the author will collect all the suggestions from the recorder and incorporate the suggestions in his/ her work. The updated document is emailed to the reviewer for final check.
In case, some more updates are required, the reviewer will communicate the same to the author directly. A follow-up is done on the fixing of the suggestions by the reviewed and a follow up is expected by the author for getting his/ her work reviewed and approved.
Reviews are crucial part of SDLC and are an important aspect of static testing. The reviews of every artifacts of a project has to be done to ensure the better quality output. It is not necessary to always opt for Walkthroughs or Formal Reviews as they are quite time consuming. We can also choose informal or peer reviews to get a check done on our work.
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- A Review of the Blood Type Diet: What Do Genetics Have to Do with Eating and Weight Loss? | <urn:uuid:dc9005c7-50c3-450d-ba3e-9280494b7e6c> | {
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Studying for exams can be a stressful time for students. You have to try and retain information in a short space of time, and then you need to put what you’ve learned into practice. Do you struggle to retain information when you study? You’re not alone. Many people struggle to remember their exam notes. But there is a way you can train your brain and improve your memory.
Today, we’re giving you three study hacks that will help you retain facts long after you’ve studied. Whether you’re following practical online courses like the ones at Newcastle Training, learning a new skill, or studying for an exam at college, these tips will help you.
1. Create Mental Association
Association as mentioned in psychology is a mental connection between events, concepts, and mental states. You can use mental association to help you retain study material. All you have to do is create connections that will help you remember important information, using creative approaches.
A mind map is the easiest way to create connections with a visual overview of your ideas. To create an effective mind map while you study, follow these steps:
-In the center of your mind map, write a title for the chapter you’re studying
-Read one paragraph of your study material at a time
-Pause after each paragraph and write down keywords or main ideas into your diagram
-Keep adding links and bubbles that connect to these ideas
By including words, colors, and branches in your map will help you memorize the information you’ve read. This is because you’re utilizing association and imagination to improve your memory.
2. Teach or Talk About What You Learn
The best way to test whether you understand the work you’re studying is to try and teach it to someone else. Alternatively, you could simply talk about what you’ve learned. This will help you remember the correct terminology when you’re explaining your work to others. Additionally, talking about your work makes it more enjoyable and interesting which could motivate you to study more.
3. Use Online Tools to Practice Exams
Do you want to train your brain to retrieve information? Use past exam questions to help you practice. You can create your own exam using realistic online tools to help you practice for real-life exam scenarios. With this method, you can train your brain to think fast and remember what you’ve learned.
The final tip for you is to go to bed at a reasonable time every evening. This may seem like an obvious tip, but there’s a reason for it. When you get the proper hours of sleep you’re improving memory consolidation. This is the process of turning short-term memory into long-term memory when you sleep. So if you want to improve your memory, catch those z’s. We hope these tips helped you with your study process. Good luck with your exams, and may you get straight A’s for all your hard work. | <urn:uuid:2f3924a8-bcee-429e-b38f-a1b460881bdc> | {
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At present, “healthy aging” has become a major public health concern globally. The goal of healthy aging is to develop and maintain function ability needed for healthy life in older adults. The World Health Organization (WHO) released the “World report on aging and health”, and the concept of intrinsic capacity (IC) was first proposed in the report.1 IC plays an crucial role in promoting healthy aging because IC can determine the functional ability of older adults in combination with the environmental factors.2 IC is defined as the sum of mental and physical strength in individuals, reflecting the basis of what old people can do. Five domains were proposed for IC screening: cognition, locomotion, sensory, vitality, and psychology by the WHO in 2017.3 IC embodies the overall state of older adults, which penetrates the entire life over time, instead of an observation indicator at a given moment.4,5 The statistics data of IC is relatively limited. Based on the small amount of literature, the proportion of IC impairment in one domain or more is about 64.5%-89.3%,6–11 indicating that the decline in IC is prevalent among older adults. Due to the differences in included populations and IC assessments, IC status still requires more exploration and research to know for certain. Constructing the health system with IC as the core to provide monitoring, evaluation, and interference in IC can promote a shift from a disease-centered model to a human-centered model to satisfy the health needs of older adults.12
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid metabolite involved in methionine metabolism.13 Hyperhomocysteine is characterized by a high level of Hcy, and can result in cardio-cerebrovascular disorders through damage to vascular endothelial cells and oxidative stress, which promote thrombosis.14 Hcy is an independent risk factor for stroke and a high risk factor for cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, cognitive impairment, and macular degeneration, which are particularly prevalent in older adults.15 Hcy concentration levels vary in gender and ethnicity. Hcy was significantly higher in men than in women due to the gender difference in creatine biosynthesis, vitamin status, life styles, and so on.16,17 The China Stroke High-risk Population Screening Program of 110551 residents from 31 provinces showed that the median Hcy level was 10.9µmol/L,18 which was similar to other Asian countries,19,20 but higher than European and American countries,21,22 resulting from a higher genotype frequency of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T mutation and no full implementations of folic acid supplementation in Asian countries compared with European and American countries.
Previous clinical studies have found that Hcy is associated with a decline in physical function,23 increased bone resorption,24 sarcopenia,25 and frailty.26 On the molecular level, high Hcy induces senescence through multiple mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammatory responses, and DNA methylation.14,27 Moreover, mouse models have shown that high Hcy levels might cause skeletal muscle atrophy and decreased skeletal muscle mass, leading to a decline in muscle contractions, easy fatigue, and frailty.28
The proposal of IC and frailty is based on the common goal of healthy aging. Compared with the focus of frailty on deficits, IC pays more attention to existing function in the old, which provides a positive and comprehensive connotation.29 IC has great public health significance in strategies for older adults with different health status. However, research in the IC field is still at a preliminary stage, and relatively few studies have described biomarkers associated with IC. On the basis of biological experiments and clinical studies on Hcy and senescence, we examined the association between Hcy and low IC to explore the biomarker for the decline of IC.
Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fuzhou Wenquan Community Health Service Center, recruiting 2046 subjects from May 2020 to December 2020. There were three inclusion criteria: (1) aged 60 years or older; (2) negative nucleic acid detection for COVID-19; (3) provided written informed consent. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) acute, critical or terminal stages of chronic disease; (2) acute infection within one week (acute respiratory infection, gastrointestinal infection, skin infection, and so on induced by the virus, bacteria, fungus or parasite); (3) serious psychiatric or neurological disorders; (4) motor disability of upper and lower limbs; (5) unable to complete the study due to severe visual, hearing impairments, or language difficulties; (6) Hcy testing not completed; (7) severe renal failure (eGFR <30 mL/min•1.73 m2); (8) participants who have used drugs affecting Hcy metabolism, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, and so on. A total of 1927 participants aged 60–98 years were included in the analysis finally. The study obtained approval from the ethics committee of Fujian Provincial Hospital (K2020-05-008). The protocol (ChiCTR2000032949) can be found on the Chinese Clinical Trial Register Network (www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx).
Assessment of IC
IC is composed of five domains: cognition, locomotion, sensory, vitality, and psychological capacity based on the WHO guideline.3 Our study was based on the comprehensive assessment of older adults, and we adopted screening tools that have been widely used or proven to be convenient and reliable in each domain. The score of each domain dichotomized as 0 (normal) and 1 (impaired) was added together to an IC total score. IC total score ranged from 0–5. Low IC was defined as a score of 3–5, and high IC as 0–2 (the reference group).
Cognition was evaluated using the Mini-cog, which comprises three-word recall and clock drawing tests. The Mini-cog has been validated for identifying dementia in community-dwelling older adults with high diagnostic performance.30 The Mini-cog score ranged from 0 to 5. Impairment in cognition was recognized as a Mini-cog score ≤ 3. Older adults with cognition impairment received one score, and those with normal cognition received no score.
Locomotion was assessed by a 4-m walk test, which was used in several articles.7,31–34 Participants started from the same position and ended when the first whole foot crossed over the 4-m line. The average time of the two trials was taken as gait speed. An impairment in locomotion was defined as a gait speed < 1.0 m/s based on the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia consensus.35 Older adults with locomotion impairment received one score, and those with normal locomotion received no score.
The sensory capacity domain included vision and hearing impairments. Most IC-related articles applied the self-report by participants to evaluate the sensory impairment,8,10,31,34,36–40 and we also adopted this method. Participants were asked to choose the most appropriate answer for their vision and hearing conditions: (1) normal; (2) slight decrease; (3) daily life limited; (4) vision or hearing disability. We defined the slight decreased or more severe conditions as an impairment in sensory capacity. Older adults with sensory impairment received one score, and those with normal sensory capacity received no score.
Vitality was measured by the Short-Form Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA-SF), which was commonly used to assess the vitality domain in previous IC articles.7,8,31 The MNA-SF has also been verified to have diagnostic consistency with the MNA scale in malnutrition and the risk of malnutrition among older adults.41,42 The MNA-SF score ranged from 0 to 14. Malnutrition risk was considered a score ≤11, representing an impairment in the vitality domain. Older adults with vitality impairment received one score, and those with normal vitality received no score.
Psychology was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale-4 (GDS-4). Its diagnostic performance for depression in older populations has also received recognition.43,44 Participants were asked four questions: “Do you feel satisfied with your life?” (yes/no, 0/1), “Do you often feel empty?” (yes/no, 1/0), “Do you often feel that something bad is about to happen?” (yes/no, 1/0), and “Do you feel happy most of the time?” (yes/no, 0/1). An impairment in the psychological domain was defined as a score of 2 or more out of 4. Older adults with psychology impairment received one score, and those with normal psychology received no score.
Fasting peripheral venous blood samples (5 mL) were collected by venipuncture in the morning, which were centrifuged for 15 min at 2500 r/min at room temperature. Serum and plasma samples were both collected in separate EP tubes and stored in a refrigerator at −80°C. Serum Hcy was measured by a two-reagent enzymatic assay using an Hcy kit (AxIS-Shield, Norway). All operations were performed strictly followed the detection instructions in DxC800 biochemical detector (Beckman Coulter, USA). Hcy was analyzed as continuous variable in this study.
Participants were interviewed for demographic data including age (continuous variable), sex (female vs male), marital status (widowed vs others), education (high school or above vs less than high school), smoking (current or former vs never) and drinking (current or former vs never). Comorbidity was defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases. Polypharmacy was defined as taking five or more long-term medications. The covariates were selected based on clinical relevance.
Continuous variables are presented as the mean and standard deviation (SD) for normal distribution, and the median and interquartile range (IQR) for non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages (%). Independent sample t-tests were applied for two-group comparisons of continuous variables with a normal distribution, and non-parametric tests were applied for two-group comparisons of continuous variables with a non-normal distribution. The differences in categorical variables were analyzed by the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test.
The primary dependent variable in the study was low IC (dichotomic variable), using high IC as the reference group. The independent variable was Hcy (continuous variable). Considering that the low level of Hcy should also be a health risk factor similar to the high level of Hcy,14 we supposed that the association between Hcy and low IC might be non-linear. Therefore, we used restricted cubic spline models with three knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of Hcy to test for potential non-linearity association of Hcy with low IC and impairments in IC five domains. The spline models were adjusted for age, gender, widowed, education, drinking, smoking, comorbidity, and polypharmacy. Additionally, piecewise linear regression was used to quantify the odds ratio (OR) per 5 µmol/L Hcy increase below and above the change point. We also performed sensitivity analyses for the association between Hcy and low IC. First, we examined the shape of Hcy-IC relation after excluding Hcy outliers. Second, the excluded population was later included for a reanalysis, the missing values of Hcy among them imputed by multiple imputation. Third, analysis was performed on log-transformed Hcy and low IC. Lastly, we redefined the low IC as a score of 4–5 to explore whether the relations between Hcy and low IC still existed.
All statistical analyses were conducted using R language (version 3.6.1) and SPSS (version 22.0). The hypothesis test was conducted by a two-sided test, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
The study included 1927 subjects (mean 72.0±7.2 years); 40.1% of them were male. As shown in Table 1, the median (IQR) for Hcy, Mini-cog score, gait speed and MNA-SF score in the older population were 8.45 (5.84, 11.25) μmol/L, 4.0 (3.0, 5.0), 0.84 (0.74, 0.94)m/s and 13.0 (12.0, 14.0). Supplementary Figure 1 presented the distribution of Hcy by gender. The Hcy level was 7.87(5.42, 10.42) in females and 9.44 (6.59, 12.71) in males. All participants were grouped into low IC and high IC. Compared with participants with high IC, those with low IC were older, more female, fewer smokers and drinkers, more likely to be widowed, less educated, with higher Hcy, lower gait speed, lower scores on the Mini-cog and MNA-SF, and vision or hearing impairments and depression, which had statistical significance. There was no statistically significant difference in comorbidity and polypharmacy between the low IC and high IC groups.
Table 1 General Characteristics of Participants at Baseline
Association of Hcy with Low IC and Impairments in IC Domains
As shown in Figure 1, the association between Hcy and low IC was non-linear (P for non-linearity <0.05). In the restricted cubic spline models, a J-shaped non-linear association was observed. The change point, which was recognized as the nadir for risk of low IC, was estimated from piecewise linear models to be at a Hcy of 8.53 µmol/L. The OR of IC gently decreased until the Hcy change point and increased rapidly afterwards. Among the five domains of IC, Hcy also had a J-shaped non-linear association with impairments in cognition, sensory, vitality, and psychology, except for locomotion (P >0.05) in Figure 2.
The piecewise linear regression analysis showed that (Table 2), the estimated OR of the IC per 5 µmol/L increase in Hcy was 0.753 (95% CI: 0.520–1.091) below 8.53 µmol/L and 1.176 (95% CI: 1.059–1.327) above this point. The risk of cognition, vitality, and psychology increased per 5 µmol/L increase in Hcy above the change point, with ORs of 1.116 (1.009–1.247), 1.167 (1.055–1.305), and 1.160 (1.034–1.303). Hcy had a negative correlation with sensory below the Hcy change point (OR: 0.679, 95% CI: 0.470–0.976), and no significant association was found between Hcy and sensory above the Hcy change point.
Table 2 Association of Hcy with Low IC and Impairments in IC Domains Below and Above the Change Point Among Older Adults Based on Piecewise Linear Regression
We performed restricted cubic spline analysis in participants excluding Hcy outliers (n=1850), which showed a U-shaped non-linear association between Hcy and low IC (P for non-linearity <0.05, Figure 3A). After including the initially excluded population and conducting multiple imputation for the missing values of Hcy, the reanalysis was performed on 2046 participants. Figure 3B indicates that Hcy had a J-shaped non-linear association with low IC (P for non-linearity <0.001). Thus, log-transformed for Hcy or using a different definition of low IC did not qualitatively alter the result of non-linear relation between Hcy and low IC (P for non-linearity <0.001, Figure 3C and D).
Our study showed that males had higher Hcy levels than females, which was consistent with previous researches.16,17 Hcy levels in older adults were higher in the low IC group than in the high group. A nonlinear association between Hcy and low IC was verified, and Hcy was also associated with cognition, sensory, vitality, and psychology among the five domains of IC. We confirmed that the risk of IC decline increased with elevations in Hcy levels when Hcy reached 8.53 µmol/L and above. However, once Hcy was lower than 8.53 µmol/L, the negative correlation between Hcy and low IC was of no statistical significance. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was performed to strengthen the results of the nonlinear relation between Hcy and low IC.
IC can reflect the physiologic reserve of individuals, and has been used as a predictor of frailty, disability, and other adverse outcomes in recent studies involving different populations. Among older hospitalized patients, Chen et al found a predictive value of IC for new disability and one year after hospital discharge.31 Alexia et al completed a three-year follow-up in a cohort of Belgian 28 nursing homes, indicating that the locomotion and nutrition domains of IC were associated with the risk of mortality and falling.34 The INCUR study found a relationship between higher IC levels and lower risk of adverse outcomes in nursing home residents.45 Focusing on community-dwelling older adults, a number of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showed that the decline in IC had a positive association with an increased risk of incident disability, frailty, and other negative health outcomes.6,33 There have also been several studies from the perspective of the trajectory in IC change to discuss the connection between IC and frailty8 or mortality.46 Chew et al used cluster analysis to conclude that the evaluation of IC could be complementary to the prognosis risk stratification in prefrail individuals.47 Screening for IC impairments might provide better predictability of disability compared to the comorbidity status, which means that the function-centered geriatric concept should receive more emphasis.10
By virtue of the close correlations between IC and multiple adverse outcomes, there is an increased need for the early identification of related factors to prevent the decline in IC. Currently, a few scholars have investigated the effects of various exercises and dietary patterns on IC. A single-blind randomized controlled trial suggested that a 26-week aerobic training course and resistance training plus self-paced home training could lead to improvements in IC in older adults with subjective memory concerns, but the effects were weakened later.48 Huang et al identified that “fruits and vegetables” and “protein-rich” dietary patterns were positively associated with high IC by using the food frequency questionnaire.36 Moreover, Yeung proposed the view that there might be sex differences in the association between dietary patterns and IC.49
Except for lifestyle modifications, IC-related biomarkers have also been explored. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was found to be associated with a decline in IC.9 A secondary analysis of CRELES indicated that allostatic load was an independent risk factor of IC, even after adjusting for socioeconomic factors and chronic diseases. The allostatic load was a multi-system comprehensive index reflecting disorders of physiological systems by using ten biomarkers of five biological systems (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, inflammatory system, metabolic system, and cardiovascular system), which applied the sex-specific parameters and was calculated as a composite score.50 Besides, biomarkers that can reflect chronic inflammatory states, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1),37 C-reactive protein (CRP),51 and Hcy, have been found to be related to the impairment of IC domains. In the MAPT study, the IC score decreased among participants with hyperhomocysteine during the five-year follow-up, but the group difference between normal Hcy and hyperhomocysteine on IC score did not persist after adjusting for confounders, and only handgrip strength remained significant.51 Our study is the first study on the correlation between Hcy and IC in a Chinese population, which obtained a similar result to the MAPT study that high Hcy was associated with a decline in IC. But there are still some discrepancies between the two studies. The MAPT study was a longitudinal study to examine the IC score change in different Hcy groups targeting community-dwelling populations aged ≥70 years with spontaneous memory complaints. Our study was conducted to explore the association of Hcy (a continuous variable) with low IC (a dichotomous variable) among older people aged ≥60 years residing in the community.
Two potential explanations may be proposed for the correlation between Hcy and IC. On the one hand, elevated Hcy promotes inflammatory reactions and mitochondrial malfunction,14,27 which are crucial mechanisms of aging at the biomolecular level. These underlying changes may ultimately influence IC and the expression of functional ability when individuals are faced with various stressors.12 On the other hand, Hcy is closely related to the cognitive and physical reserve of individuals, and are the main domains of IC. For instance, numerous studies have revealed that high Hcy might have a negative effect on cognitive function among older adults.52,53 Regarding sensory aspects, Gopinath found that participants with elevated tHcy (>20 mmol/L) had an increased prevalence of age-related hearing dysfunction in a cross-sectional study, but the correlation did not hold up in a longitudinal study.54 Martínez demonstrated that the correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia induced by folate deficiency and premature hearing dysfunction involved the impairment of cochlear Hcy metabolism.55 Some studies have reported that Hcy might be associated with cataracts and age-related macular degeneration, which are major causes of vision loss in older adults, but the relevance is still in dispute.14,15 Moreover, Hcy is strongly related to nutrition, due to the fact that Hcy is an intermediate product of methionine metabolism, which can be affected by vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12, especially in older adults with insufficient nutrient intake.13,14 At the psychological level, a meta-analysis summarized that subjects with hyperhomocysteinaemia had a higher probability of depression.56 The result of our study shows that elevated Hcy is associated with impairments in cognition, sensory, vitality, and psychology, accordance with the studies described above. However, the heterogeneity of the diagnostic tools was non-negligible. Some earlier studies discussed the effect of high Hcy on the decline in gait speed,23 but this study was not powered to draw such an inference.
There are some strengths that need to be acknowledged. Our study is one of the early researches investigating the related biomarkers of IC and the first to explore the association between Hcy and IC in the older Chinese population. Hcy has attracted much attention in the fields of cardiology and neurology due to its predictive effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In recent years, more and more studies have explored the relationship between Hcy and aging diseases. This study indicated that Hcy might be associated with the decline of IC among older adults, suggesting more necessity to regard Hcy as a routine health examination item for the senior population. Meanwhile, we also revealed that Hcy might be developed as a potential biomarker of IC. The increase of Hcy (Hcy>8.53umol/L) may have important implications for clinicians to identify the decline of IC earlier. Besides, the abnormally low level of Hcy needs concern. Although we did not obtain a statistical association between low Hcy and low IC, it deserves more studies to investigate and verify in the future. In addition, this study presents a certain degree of precision. Restricted cubic spline models were performed to explore the nonlinear relationship of Hcy and the low IC in order adults, and the sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness.
Several limitations should also be considered. Firstly, this was a cross-sectional study that only evaluated an association but could not prove a causal effect of elevated Hcy on the decline in IC. Future longitudinal research is warranted to establish the IC trajectory and further test this hypothesis. Moreover, the generalizability of our findings to older adults of different ethnicities or older adults of Chinese ancestry not living in China is uncertain. It needs further prospective study with multiple populations and larger sample size to explore because Hcy is influenced by many factors such as heredity, diet, and lifestyles, which vary in different ethnicities and living environments.
In conclusion, Hcy was associated with low IC, as well as impairments in cognition, sensory, vitality, and psychology, even after adjusting for demographic status, comorbidity, and polypharmacy. Hcy may be considered as an IC-related biomarker, but its predictive effect needs further longitudinal studies for confirmation.
Hcy, homocysteine; IC, intrinsic capacity; MNA-SF, the Short-Form Mini Nutritional Assessment.
Data Sharing Statement
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Informed Consent
The design and procedures of the study were performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Fujian Provincial Hospital research ethics committee (K2020-05-032). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Consent for Publication
The participants consented to the submission of their data to the journal.
We are grateful for the support from Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics and Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics. We appreciate the technical assistance of the Institute of Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Geriatrics.
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
This study was supported by Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Joint Major Project (2019Y9027), and Firestone Foundation of Fujian Provincial Hospital (2019HSJJ27).
The authors have no conflict of interest.
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In response to the coronavirus pandemic, public health officials are asking us to do something that does not come naturally to our very social species: Stay away from each other. Such social distancing—avoiding large gatherings and close contact with others—is crucial for slowing the spread of the virus and preventing our health care system from getting overwhelmed. But it won’t be easy.
“The coronavirus spreading around the world is calling on us to suppress our profoundly human and evolutionarily hard-wired impulses for connection: seeing our friends, getting together in groups, or touching each other,” says Nicholas Christakis, a social scientist and physician at Yale University.
And social distancing also tests the human capacity for cooperation, he adds. “Pandemics are an especially demanding test … because we are not just trying to protect people we know, but also people we do not know or even, possibly, care about.”
The effects of short-term social distancing haven’t been well studied, but several researchers—most of them scrambling to deal with disruptions to their own lives because of the coronavirus—recently took time to share some thoughts with ScienceInsider on the potential social and psychological impacts, and how to mitigate them. Here’s what they said:
What’s known about the effects of social interaction on mental and physical health?
Over long periods of time, social isolation can increase the risk of a variety of health problems, including heart disease, depression, dementia, and even death. A 2015 meta-analysis of the scientific literature by Julianne Holt-Lunstad, a research psychologist at Brigham Young University, and colleagues determined that chronic social isolation increases the risk of mortality by 29%.
That may be because social contacts can buffer the negative effects of stress. Lab studies by Holt-Lunstad and others have found that having a friend present can reduce a person’s cardiovascular response to a stressful task. There’s even a correlation between perceived social connectedness and stress responses. “Just knowing that you have someone you can count on if needed is enough to dampen some of those responses even if [that person is] not physically present,” Holt-Lunstad says.
What effects, if any, might be caused by social distancing in response to the coronavirus is an open question. “I have a couple competing hypotheses,” Holt-Lunstad says. “On the one hand, I am concerned that this will not only exacerbate things for those who are already isolated and lonely, but also might be a triggering point for others to now get into habits of connecting less.”
A more optimistic possibility, she says, is that heightened awareness of these issues will prompt people to stay connected and take positive action. “We’d love to be collecting data on that,” she says.
Are certain people or populations more likely to be affected?
People of all ages are susceptible to the ill effects of social isolation and loneliness, Holt-Lunstad says. But a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences (of which she was a co-author) highlights some reasons older people may be more susceptible, including the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments like hearing loss that can make it harder to interact.
There’s enormous individual variation in people’s ability to handle social isolation and stress, adds Chris Segrin, a behavioral scientist at the University of Arizona. It’s important to remember that not everyone is going into this with the same level of mental health, he says. “Someone who is already having problems with, say, social anxiety, depression, loneliness, substance abuse, or other health problems is going to be particularly vulnerable.”
Overall, though, people are remarkably resilient. And many have endured far worse situations. Segrin points to case studies of U.S. prisoners during the Vietnam War who were confined in tiny cells called “tiger cages,” sometimes in water up to their chin. One trait that predicted their long-term psychological health was optimism: Prisoners who believed that, no matter how bad things were, they would survive and the war would eventually be won had better mental health later on in life.
Can technology help compensate for some of the downsides of social distancing?
Texting, email, and apps like Skype and FaceTime can definitely help people stay in touch. “We are fortunate to live in an era where technology will allow us to see and hear our friends and family, even from a distance,” Christakis says.
Even so, those modes of communication don’t entirely replace face-to-face interactions, Segrin says. “When we interact with other people, a lot of the meaning conveyed between two people is actually not conveyed in the actual words, but in nonverbal behavior,” he says. A lot of those subtleties of body language, facial expressions, and gestures can get lost with electronic media. “They’re not as good as face to face interactions, but they’re infinitely better than no interaction,” Segrin says.
What will we miss by not being able to go to things like concerts and sporting events?
One hundred years ago, French sociologist Émile Durkheim used the phrase “collective effervescence” to describe the shared emotional excitement people experience during religious ceremonies. The same concept applies to sporting events where spectators simultaneously experience the rise and fall of emotions during the course of a game, says Mario Small, a sociologist at Harvard University. “It dramatically magnifies the sensation for you while also reinforcing the idea that you’re something larger than yourself,” Small says.
Such events help build cohesiveness, he says, and although no one expects society to fall apart just because NBA and other sports leagues have suspended their seasons, for many sports fans (and music fans and festival goers) the growing list of canceled events represents another coping mechanism they’ll have to temporarily get by without.
What else can we do?
“Any one of us can pick up a phone and call to see how people are doing and what they might need,” Holt-Lunstad says. She notes that research on altruism has found that giving support can be even more beneficial than receiving it. “Not only will helping others potentially help them, but it can help us to still feel connected as well.”
There’s also the inspiration of people under lockdown in Italy singing and playing music through open windows to keep spirits up. “That’s the kind of thing we need!” says Robin Dunbar, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of Oxford. “But maybe only the Italians would have the flair to do that without being embarrassed,” he adds. The rest of us, it seems, will have plenty of time to work up the nerve. | <urn:uuid:4bb65c41-8af7-4db7-8f7c-f20479b7ceb5> | {
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Views: 58 Author: jane fu +86 18817121520 Publish Time: 2019-11-05 Origin: Site
Water utilities in many parts of the world are facing growing challenges in their attempts to meet the demand for drinking water. For example, in the United States more than 36 states expect to experience water shortages over the next 10 years . Another major example is China where more than 400 of its 600 large and medium sized cities suffer from water shortages, with at least 100 cities, including Beijing, seriously threatened . Several factors are contributing to this situation. Climate change, manifested by extended periods of drought, is adversely impacting water resources. Population growth caused by migration to large urban centers and temperate regions is exerting increasing pressure on existing water supplies. The problem is compounded if water treatment infrastructure is operating near capacity and funds required for expansion are scarce. Limited treatment capacity can create drinking water shortages even in water-rich regions. In the face of these challenges, the recovery of water loss from leaks in transmission and distribution pipes can provide a solution, at least partially, to shortages caused by insufficient water resources and / or limited treatment capacity. Water transmission and distribution networks deteriorate naturally with time and subsequently loose their initial water tightness. Causes of the deterioration include corrosive environments, soil movement, poor construction standards, fluctuation of water pressure, and excessive traffic loads and vibration. Water is lost due to leakage in different components of the networks that include transmission pipes, distribution pipes, service connection pipes, joints, valves, fire hydrants, and storage tanks and reservoirs. In addition to the physical losses due to leakage, many networks suffer from so called apparent losses. These are caused by underregistration of customer meters, accounting errors, and unauthorized water use. The amount of water loss is typically between 20 to 30% of production, with leakage being the main component. For some distribution systems, the loss can be in excess International Water Demand Management Conference 30 May to 3 June 2004, Dead Sea - Jordan 2 of 50%. In addition to their help in meeting water demand, detection and repair of pipe leaks help to minimize water quality breaches that may result from the entry of contaminants via leaks. They also help to reduce the high cost of energy wasted on the treatment and pumping of leaking water . The energy-wasting aspect of leakage is important as significant savings can be realized. Energy to supply water is the second largest cost after labour for water systems in developed countries, and the cost may easily consume 50% of a municipality’s budget in the developing world. Acoustic equipment is commonly used to locate leaks in municipal water pipes. These include noise loggers, simple listening devices, and leak noise correlators. The economic viability and leak detection effectiveness of noise loggers is questionable. Also, they are not suitable for pinpointing leaks. The effectiveness of listening devices such as ground microphones for pinpointing leaks depends greatly on the experience of the user and the process is timeconsuming. Leak noise correlators are more efficient, yield more accurate results and depend less on user experience than do listening devices. Existing correlators, however, require extensive training and can be unreliable for quiet leaks in cast and ductile iron pipes and for most leaks in plastic and large-diameter pipes. Correlators are also expensive and remain beyond the means of many water utilities and leak detection service companies. A new leak noise correlation system is introduced in this paper.
Overview of Leakage Management
Leak Detection Equipment Acoustic Equipment Listening devices. These devices include listening rods and ground microphones and may be either mechanical or electronic. They use sensitive mechanisms or materials such as piezoelectric elements to sense leak-induced sound or vibration. Modern electronic listening 4 devices incorporate signal amplifiers and noise filters to make the leak signal stand out. Leak inspectors conducting leak surveys work their way around the pipe network systematically and use listening rods at appropriate pipe fittings to detect the characteristic hissing sound created by leaking water. The leak detection effectiveness of listening surveys depends on the size of leaks, ambient noise from road traffic and water draw, and the degree of detail of the survey. General surveys, performed by listening at only convenient fittings such as fire hydrants and / or valves, mainly detect large leaks. On the other hand, detailed surveys conducted by listening at all pipes fittings, including curb-stops (or stop-taps), can detect small leaks. Ground microphones are used to pinpoint leaks by listening for leak noise at the ground surface directly above pipes at small intervals. This process is time consuming and its success depends on the experience of the user. Noise loggers. These are compact units composed of a vibration sensor (or hydrophone) and a programmable data logger. They are used to leak survey large areas but they are not suitable for pinpointing leaks. Loggers are deployed in groups of 6 or more at adjacent pipe fittings, e.g., fire hydrants and valves 200 to 500 m apart, and left there overnight. The units are normally programmed to collect pipe noise data between 2 and 4 AM. The loggers are collected the next day and the stored data are downloaded to a personal computer before the loggers are deployed at the next location. The logged data are analysed statistically, e.g., frequency analysis of leak noise levels, to detect the presence of leaks. Recent models of acoustic noise loggers can be deployed permanently – leak noise is processed using onboard electronics and the stored result is transmitted wirelessly to a roaming receiver. The economic viability and leak detection effectiveness of temporarily or permanently deployed noise loggers is questionable. van der Klejj and Stephenson (2002) found that both permanently and temporarily deployed loggers are not an economical alternative to skilled and well-equipped leak inspectors. For network-wide coverage, permanent loggers had a minimum payback period of 25 years. When the loggers were used in temporary mode, i.e., moved from one survey area to the next, they were three times less efficient than acoustic surveys. van der Klejj and Stephenson (2002) also report that the number of leaks found by noise loggers and by general listening surveys were similar; however, the loggers failed to detect approximately 40% of leaks found in detailed listening surveys. Acoustic loggers can be advantageous over listening surveys in instances where the latter cannot be undertaken during daytime due to high ambient noise. Leak noise correlators. These are portable microprocessor-based devices that can be used in either leak survey or pinpointing modes. They are based on the cross-correlation method, which involves the measurement of leak noise (either sound or vibration) at two locations on a pipe section. Measured noise is transmitted wirelessly to the correlator, which then determines the position of the leak based on the time shift of the maximum correlation of the two leak signals, propagation velocity of leak noise, and the distance between sensing points. The distance between sensors can be read from distribution system maps when the correlator is used in survey mode but it should be measured onsite accurately when it is used in pinpointing mode. Propagation velocities for various pipe types and sizes are programmed in most correlators, but they should be measured onsite to improve pinpointing accuracy, especially for non-metallic pipes. Leak noise correlators are more efficient, yield more accurate results and are less dependent on user experience than listening devices. However, existing equipment requires extensive training and can be unreliable for quiet leaks in cast and ductile iron pipes and for most leaks in plastic and large diameter pipes. Correlators are also expensive and remain beyond the means of many water utilities and leak detection service companies. The new correlator presented in this paper overcomes these shortcomings.
PQWT-CL series pipe leak detector is a professional water leakage detecting device for water supply companies, heating companies, municipal construction companies and property companies. They are mainly used to find and determine the location of leakage points of water supply pipeline, and they can also be used to detect the leakage of other pressure piping systems. When the fluid in pipeline erupts through leakage source due to pressure, the noise produced by the impact on internal wall will spread along the pipeline or along the buried layer medium to the ground, and the device can determine the leakage source through the amplification of leakage noise and analyze the spectrum signal.
1. Combine the dual-mode function acoustic vibration with spectrum technology to determine the accurate leakage
2. Equipped with the windproof sensor and super anti-jamming filtering environmental noise
3. Setting active noise reduction function to exclude external interference and locate the position
4. Applicable to all kinds of pipeline material and ground
5. Setting the function of rough measurement and accurate measurement to quickly lock the leaking point
6. The professional technical guidance 24hours online
7. The instrument full touch screen operation, light weight, easy to carry
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First 378 words of the document:
King Lear: Act 2 Scene 1 notes
Key: Plot form language structure character
Lines 1-76: Edmund who is going to see Edgar is told that the duke of
Cornwall and Regan are going to visit the Earl of Gloucester. There are also
rumours of conflict between Cornwall and Albany. Edmund persuades Edgar
to pretend to fight with him, as he knows Gloucester is coming. When Edgar
goes Edmund wounds himself and convinces Gloucester that he was injured
because he refused to co-operate with Edgar and kill Gloucester. Edmund
tells of Edgars attack and Gloucester says Cornwall will help him have
Edgar killed. Edmund says Edgar will deny all charges and blame Edmund as
he will be expects he will be believed as he is the legitimate child.
Lines 28-30: Edmund uses lots of imperative and exclamative verbs to
create a sense of panic and confusion to manipulate Edgar.
Dramatic irony: as the audience knows that Edmund is doing, unlike Edgar
and Gloucester, making the audience dislike Edmund.
Lines 77-129: Gloucester is pleased with Edmund and makes sure that he
will inherit his land. Cornwall and Regan arrive as they have heard that Lear
is coming and they don't want to be home when he arrives. They are
surprised by Edgar's behaviour which Reagan blames on her father's
influence. Edmund accepts to become a servant of Cornwall. Regan tells
Gloucester they have come to him for advice.
Line 83: "loyal and natural boy" ironic language as Edmund isn't showing
loyalty and due to his illegitimacy he may not be considered natural.
Lines 89: Gloucester shows how sad and heartbroken he is by the dramatic
tone and repetition used.
Regan thinks Edgar has behaved this way as he has been with Lear's knights,
she will do anything to blame Lear, Edmund supports this (lines 93-96)
Regan is manipulative but she is closer to Cornwall than her sister is to
Albany as they are more of a team and are able to work together, whereas
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Do you love bread and pasta? Yeah, unfortunately, just about everybody does. I know everyone is throwing around that “gluten” term these days. But, do you really know what it is and what it does to your body? Check out the facts! I bet you’ll be surprised!
- Unfortunately, this is the only good part of the entire process…what happens in the mouth. Yes, gluten makes food texture delicious and your tongue gets a tasty treat. The digestion process also starts in your mouth, teeth grind the food and digestive enzymes in the saliva start to break apart carbohydrates into simpler sugars.
- Stomach acid and digestive enzymes break apart wheat and all other foods into smaller digestible fragments. This is like breaking a completed Lego toy into its parts.
- Gluten, one of the groups of proteins in wheat, is released and starts to get broken into even smaller proteins, one being gliadin (a similar protein is called hordein in barley, secalin in rye and avenin in oats). However, these types of proteins (high in prolines and glutamines) are difficult to completely digest by the body.
- Partially digested gliadin peptides (small chains of proteins) interact with the mucus layer in the intestinal wall and release immune cells (interleukins).
- Some of these immune cells (interleukins) trigger automatic cell death in the intestinal cells. Yep, your cells are killing themselves in response to gluten!
- At the same time, some of the gliadin proteins are interacting with receptors (think of a handshake) on the intestinal cells which triggers a signaling protein to be released called Zonulin. Zonulin signals the intestinal cells to widen the gaps between themselves, essentially opening the gates to anyone who wants to come inside the body! This is called increased intestinal permeability and it happens in ALL PEOPLE when they eat gluten! Fun fact- Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria that causes the fun diarrhea illness called cholera, produces a chemical that mimics zonulin to give you that extra watery diarrhea that dehydrates and kills you!
- Increased permeability on this scale, as you can imagine, is BAD. All sorts of food and bacterial proteins, that are not supposed to be in there, enter the body and the immune system sees them as a threat. This causes more immune cells to be activated, more inflammation occurs and increased intestinal damage follows. This is called “kicking you when you’re down”! Fun fact number two- researchers think zonulin also has the same effect on the blood brain barrier, the barrier that keeps all the bad stuff out of your brain!
- Increased zonulin has been linked to MANY immune-related diseases such as celiac disease, asthma, multiple sclerosis, diabetes Type I, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, cancer and more! Yay gluten! How about some bread with a nice side of thyroid disease?!
I’m sure most of you have atleast heard of gluten by now. However, exactly what gluten is can be a little confusing. So, let’s clarify that first. The terminology gets a little complex here but essentially gluten is a mixture of proteins. Wheat gluten contains a smaller protein called gliadin, which is the actual part that celiac patients react to.
Gluten is also found in barley, rye and oats. In barley, instead of gliadin as in wheat, the smaller protein is called hordein; in rye, it is named secalin and in oats it is known as avenin. While oats are the least problematic, some people with celiac disease will react to the avenin in oats. So, oats should also be removed, or at least tested by removing it from the diet and re-testing it down the road. Further, oats are commonly packaged in facilities that also package wheat products. So, make sure your oats are certified “gluten-free” if you add them back into your diet.
As you can see from the above infographic, eating gluten causes all sort of disastrous effects in your body. Feel free to browse the references to the various research studies listed below that have shown repeatedly that these effects are not just the ravings of a crazed hippie (and I only listed a handful).
The worst part? Eating gluten causes increased intestinal permeability IN ALL PEOPLE tested! It’s not even like most of us can stand back and scoff at the genetically cursed having these issues. We all have this effect when eating gluten! It likely also increases permeability in the brain too! As Dante writes, “Abandon all hope, ye who enter here!”
Yes, these consequences really do occur, and we are still just beginning to understand the reach of this little troublesome protein. In another ten years we could be administering various gluten reaction tests as a first line diagnostic to all patients because the symptoms and illnesses are so far reaching, and express themselves in so many different ways, it will be prudent to rule out gluten reactions as a possibility to just about any symptom that walks through the clinic doors. I think we’re just getting started with this little bastard called gluten.
So, what can you do to heal your body from the decades of gluten damage, besides keeping it out of your mouth from now on? Well, I don’t think anything will completely negate the effects of gluten, atleast, not yet. So, keep it out of your mouth from now on! 😉 However, there are a couple of things that can help heal your body.
Many research studies have shown various types of bacteria to aid in regulating the tight junctions in both the intestines and the blood brain barrier. Zinc is one mineral repeatedly shown to also aid in tight junction integrity. So, eat (non-dairy) cultured foods such as kimchee or sauerkraut as often as you can (My kids literally eat fermented sauerkraut out of a bowl!). For dinner, have some shellfish (if you don’t have allergies) or beans, as both are high in zinc. If you can’t or won’t consume those types of things on a regular basis, supplement with high-quality probiotics and a good zinc or multimineral containing zinc.
I’ll admit it, avoiding gluten isn’t always easy. But we can do the best we can and improve our health and the health of our children greatly by making the difficult choices. Besides, these days, many restaurants and even Walmart has gluten free sections!
Tiwari, M. (2011). Science behind human saliva. Journal Of Natural Science, Biology And Medicine, 2(1), 53. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.82322 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312700/
General Information | Cholera | CDC. (2018). Cdc.gov. Retrieved 21 December 2018, fromhttps://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html
Serena, G., Camhi, S., Sturgeon, C., Yan, S., & Fasano, A. (2015). The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes. Nutrients, 7(9), 7143-7162. doi:10.3390/nu7095329 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586524/
Pacifico, L. (2014). Increased circulating zonulin in children with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World Journal Of Gastroenterology, 20(45), 17107. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17107 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258579/
Haboubi, N., Taylor, S., & Jones, S. (2006). Coeliac disease and oats: a systematic review. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82(972), 672-678. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.045443 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653911/
Cenit, M., Olivares, M., Codoñer-Franch, P., & Sanz, Y. (2015). Intestinal Microbiota and Celiac Disease: Cause, Consequence or Co-Evolution?. Nutrients, 7(8), 6900-6923. doi:10.3390/nu7085314 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555153/
A, F. (2018). Zonulin and its regulation of intestinal barrier function: the biological door to inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. – PubMed – NCBI. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved from: https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00003.2008
Fasano, A., & Shea-Donohue, T. (2005). Mechanisms of Disease: the role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2(9), 416-422. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep0259 https://www.nature.com/articles/ncpgasthep0259
Sapone, A., de Magistris, L., Pietzak, M., Clemente, M., Tripathi, A., & Cucca, F. et al. (2006). Zonulin Upregulation Is Associated With Increased Gut Permeability in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Relatives. Diabetes, 55(5), 1443-1449. doi:10.2337/db05-1593 http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/55/5/1443#ref-31
Mu, Q., Kirby, J., Reilly, C., & Luo, X. (2017). Leaky Gut As a Danger Signal for Autoimmune Diseases. Frontiers In Immunology, 8. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00598 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00598/full
Lionetti, E., Leonardi, S., Franzonello, C., Mancardi, M., Ruggieri, M., & Catassi, C. (2015). Gluten Psychosis: Confirmation of a New Clinical Entity. Nutrients, 7(7), 5532-5539. doi:10.3390/nu7075235 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517012/
Kelly, J., Kennedy, P., Cryan, J., Dinan, T., Clarke, G., & Hyland, N. (2015). Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Frontiers In Cellular Neuroscience, 9. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604320/
Foster, J., & Zhou, L. (2015). Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. Neuropsychiatric Disease And Treatment, 715. doi:10.2147/ndt.s61997 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4370913/
Orlando, A., Linsalata, M., Notarnicola, M., Tutino, V., & Russo, F. (2014). Lactobacillus GG restoration of the gliadin induced epithelial barrier disruption: the role of cellular polyamines. BMC Microbiology, 14(1), 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-14-19 https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-14-19
Braniste, V., Al-Asmakh, M., Kowal, C., Anuar, F., Abbaspour, A., & Toth, M. et al. (2014). The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. Science Translational Medicine, 6(263), 263ra158-263ra158. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009759 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4396848/ | <urn:uuid:156157f7-d94f-4b31-90fe-00e2c18d9030> | {
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Nebraska Population by Percentage
Nebraska the 37th largest U.S. state by population has a racially and ethnically diverse population. As of 2020, White (Non-Hispanic) are the largest group in Nebraska followed by Hispanic or Latino Americans.
also read about the Population of Nebraska
Ethnic and Racial Percentage
In 2020, the White alone (non-Hispanic) population was the largest racial or ethnic group in Nebraska, comprising 75.69% of the total population. It was followed by the Hispanic or Latino population whose share was 11.97%.
Black or African American was the third largest group at 4.81%. Two or more races are at 3.70% and Asians at 2.67%
The ethnic composition of Nebraska is as follows
|Race and Origin||Actual Population||Percentage 2020|
|Hispanic or Latino||234,715||11.97%|
|Black or African American alone||94,405||4.81%|
|Two or more races:||72,634||3.70%|
|American Indians and Alaska Natives alone||15,051||0.77%|
|Some Other Race alone||6,335||0.32%|
|Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islanders||1,318||0.07%|
Source: US Census 2020
also read about Religion in Nebraska
*US Census recognized five racial categories (White, Black or African American, Asian American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander) as well as people of two or more races. It also classified respondents as "Hispanic or Latino" or "Not Hispanic or Latino", identifying Hispanic and Latino as an ethnicity (not a race), which comprises the largest minority group in the nation.
Ancestry in Nebraska
As per Census Studies & estimate German, Irish, English, Czech, and American have made the five largest ancestry groups in Nebraska. In 2020, 3.9% of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity). Many of these were of English or Scotch-Irish or European descent; however, their families have lived in the state for so long that they choose to identify as having “American” ancestry or do not know their ancestry.
The Largest Ancestry in Nebraska is as follows
|10||French (except Basque)||38,269||2.0%|
Source: US Census 2020
also read about the List of Counties in Nebraska
European ancestry in Nebraska
Non-Hispanic Whites account for nearly 75.69% of Nebraska’s population. German, Irish, and English Americans have made up the three largest European ancestry groups in Nebraska. As per the Census report, German Americans made up 30.9% of the population and numbered 597,127 members.
Irish Americans made up 11.5% of the population and numbered 223,145. English Americans made up 7.4% of the population and number 142,766 followed by Czech ancestry at 4.1 % of the population and number 79,177.
Hispanics and Latinos in Nebraska
Hispanics and Latinos are the second-largest groups in Nebraska. Around 11.97% of Nebraska’s Population claims Hispanic or Latin American ethnicity. Mexican (7.8%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.2%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (2.0%).
African Americans in Nebraska
African Americans are the third-largest group in Nebraska. As of 2020, those of African ancestry accounted for 4.81% of Nebraska’s population.
Asian Americans in Nebraska
Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Nebraska. Americans of Asian descent formed 2.67 % of the population. Its ethnic Asian population has grown rapidly since the late 1990s; the majority are Indians, Filipinos, Vietnamese, and ethnic Chinese.
Native Americans in Nebraska
Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans made up 0.77 % of Nebraska’s population and number 15,000 individuals as of 2020.
Pacific Islanders in Nebraska
Americans with origins from the Pacific Islands are the smallest minority in Nebraska. They made up 0.07% of Nebraska’s population and number 1318 individuals as of 2020.
Multi-Race in Nebraska
Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Nebraska. People identifying as multiracial form 3.70% of the population, and number around 72,634 people. | <urn:uuid:7ff6d115-e7e4-4f22-bb76-b698dcb659e6> | {
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Unformatted text preview: the size of
an angle is the easiest. Finding an edge provides two cases. With tans, for example, finding the 'opposite'
(the multiplication case) is easier than finding the 'adjacent' (the division case). Far too many just go for
multiplication, whether it appropriate or not.
Abstracting the necessary right-triangles from 3-dimensional situations provides difficulties for
most pupils. Encourage the use of primitive constructions, like holding some pens and pencils together
at the top to represent the edges of a pyramid. Have some 'wire' models available to view. Make up a
big model for demonstration purposes. Eight one-metre sticks and some lumps of plasticine enable a
pyramid to be assembled very quickly, and the various right-triangles can pointed out using more sticks
or some string. (Don't attempt cuboids, they are not rigid enough, and provide more amusement than
instruction!) A Diversion
Do you use the 'meaningless' string of letters
with its attendant mnemonic
Should Old Harry Catch Any Herrings Trawling Off America
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This document was uploaded on 03/01/2014.
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This category of design Includes more than one purposely created group, common measured outcome’s, and random assignment. ј It is regarded as the most accurate form of experimental approach. CLC It proves or disproves a hypothesis mathematically, with statistical analysis. Criteria for an experimental design to fit as a true experimental design: The sample groups must be assigned randomly. 0 There must be a viable control group. CLC Only one variable can be manipulated and tested.
The tested subjects must be randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups. CLC The results of a true experimental design can be statistically analyzed and so there can be little argument about the results. 0 It is easier to replicate the experiment and validate the results. 0 It Is easier to manipulate one variable. It usually gives a yes or no answer. Less external validity (not like real world conditions). 0 Not very practical (too difficult and expensive) EXAMPLE
In order to study the effects of a new headache medication, researchers select 80 subjects at random. They divide the subjects into two groups of 40 and one group is given a sugar pill, and the other is given the new headache medicine. The researchers give the subjects the treatments for 3 weeks. After the designated time period, the researchers The researchers then calculate the t-test and p value to be . 03, indicating that there is a significant difference between the sugar pill group and the treatment group.
Therefore, the researchers conclude that the new headache medication is effective at treating headaches. Why is it considered to be a … Researchers select 80 subjects at random. One group is given a sugar pill. 0 Only one variable can be manipulated and tested. The variable in the study that can be manipulated and tested is the new headache treatment. The tested subjects must be randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups. They divide the subjects into two groups of 40 and one | <urn:uuid:3fdcfd17-f802-4fbc-af9f-c2fb0ef9f2d3> | {
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HCl is a highly reactive which is used in many neutralization reactions whereas Li2SO3 (dilithium sulphite) has three elements. Let us examine this reaction in greater depth.
HCl is a very strong acid that breaks down into ions when dissolved in water. HCl, also known as muriatic acid, has a molar mass of 36.458 g/mol. HCl is colorless and has a pungent smell. Li2SO3 is a deliquescent powder of yellow-white color and is an inorganic compound with a molecular weight of 94 u.
HCl is formed by the reaction of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas and is used as a laboratory reagent. We are going to find out more about this reaction.
What is the product of HCl and Li2SO3?
HCl and Li2SO3 combine to form two products: lithium chloride and sulfurous acid.
- Li2SO3+ HCl→ LiCl +H2SO3
What type of reaction is HCL + Li2SO3
The reaction of HCl and Li2SO3 is a double displacement reaction as Li and H interchange changes their anionic parts to form H2SO3 and LiCl.
How to balance HCl+ Li2SO3
The steps involved in the reaction of HCl + Li2S to form H2SO3 and LiCl are illustrated below:
- The unbalanced equation is-
- Li2SO3 + HCl→ H2SO3 + LiCl
- Examine the number of atoms on both sides of the chemical equation
|Elements||Number of atoms on the reactant side||Number of atoms on the product side|
- To balance Li atoms, we must multiply Li by 2 on the right side and We must multiply H by 2 on the left side to balance H atoms.
- The balanced chemical equation is,
- Li2SO3 + 2HCl→ H2SO3 + 2LiCl
HCl+ Li2SO3 titration
There are insignificant results in the titration of Li2SO3 and HCl, as Li2SO3 is a strong electrolyte.
HCl+Li2SO3 net ionic equation
- First, the complete equation is written along with their physical states.
- Li2SO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) = 2LiCl(aq) + H2SO3(aq)
- Next, break all the compounds which are soluble in water into their respective ions.
- 2Li+(aq) +SO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) = 2Li+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)
- Now remove all the ions on both the product and reactant side, also known as spectator ions. In the above reaction, all the ions are spectator ions, so there is no reaction.
HCl + Li2SO3 conjugate pairs
In the above reaction no conjugate pairs can be made because when a proton is added to a base, a conjugated acid is formed, and when a proton is removed from an acid, a conjugated acid is formed. Here-
- HCl is a strong acid with conjugated base Cl–.
- Li2SO3 has a conjugate base of Li+.
HCl and Li2SO3 intermolecular forces
- Between the HCl molecule, there are two types of intermolecular forces present, namely: dipole-dipole interaction and London dispersion force.
- Between the Li2SO3 molecule, an ionic bond is present. The ions are Li2+and SO3-, respectively.
HCl + Li2SO3 reaction enthalpy
HCL + Li2SO3 reaction enthalpy has not been studied yet.
Is HCl + Li2SO3 a buffer solution
HCl+Li2SO3 will not be a buffer solution as HCl is a strong acid, and a solution is said to be buffer when it involves a weak acid and salt from weak base or salt of the respective weak base.
Is HCl + Li2SO3 a complete reaction
HCl + Li2SO3 is a complete reaction because this reaction has reached it’s point of equilibrium as in concentration of both reactants and products are stable.
Is HCl + Li2SO3 an exothermic or endothermic reaction
The reaction between HCl + Li2SO3 is exothermic as it releases a large amount of heat because the formation of ionic compounds is always an exothermic reaction.
Is HCl + Li2SO3 a redox reaction
HCl + Li2SO3 is not a redox reaction, and the reason is that there is no change in the oxidation numbers on both sides (reactant and product).
Is HCl +Li2SO3 a precipitation reaction
HCl + Li2SO3 is not a precipitation reaction as the products formed, LiCl and H2SO3, are both aqueous and hence, soluble in water.
Is HCl +Li2SO3 reversible or irreversible reaction
HCl +Li2SO3 is irreversible as this reaction moves only in one direction.
Is HCl+ Li2SO3 displacement reaction
HCl + Li2SO3 is not a displacement reaction because both Li and H interchange their anionic parts, making it a double displacement reaction.
HCl + Li2SO3 is a strong acid reaction with the salt of a weak base, and the product formed is a weak acid. The product formed, H2SO3, is colorless reducing agent but is unstable in aqueous solution, whereas LiCl is a white solid , and form crystalline hydrates and is widely used in the process of electrolysis. | <urn:uuid:2c0722b1-7ff2-42a7-aca6-524a08a703cc> | {
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In Australia, poisonous cane toads have become their own worst enemies.
For decades, scientists have been witnessing cane toad tadpoles devouring their younger kin in the puddles and ponds they share. The cause of the cannibalistic behavior has been a mystery, until now.
A new study, published this month in the journal Ecology and Evolution, found that cane toad tadpoles in Australia develop an insatiable appetite when they’re exposed to a toxin found in cane toad eggs, the same toxin that makes the toads poisonous.
Cane toads, which are native to South America and Central America, were introduced to Australia in 1935 by scientists who hoped they would bring down the number of cane beetles, which were causing problems for Australia’s sugar cane farmers. With ample prey and no predators able to withstand their poison, the toads quickly proliferated to number in the tens of millions, becoming an invasive pest that has squeezed native amphibians out of habitats in Australia.
But something changed as they settled into their Australian homes. Such cannibalism among cane toads had not been observed in the toad’s native range. It started to be observed across Australia only in recent decades, suggesting that this behavior evolved rapidly in the Australian population.
“This is a unique case where evolution is extremely rapid and we can see it happening in real time,” said Jayna DeVore, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Sydney and an author of the study.
Just over a decade ago, scientists in Australia, including Michael Crossland, a research fellow at the University of Sydney who is also an author of the study, were studying the impacts of cane toads on native frogs when they discovered that cane toad tadpoles had a fierce appetite for hatching cane toad eggs, flocking to traps baited with them even when offered other kinds of amphibian eggs.
This led Dr. Crossland to conduct a series of experiments to better understand this phenomenon. Last year, he and his colleague Richard Shine, a biologist at Macquarie University, proved that cane toad tadpoles are attracted to chemical compounds associated with cane toad eggs and hatchlings. These eggs are chemically similar to those of other amphibians, but there is one important difference: They contain bufadienolide toxins, the same chemical that makes cane toads poisonous and protects them from predators. The researchers suspected that it was this chemical that was triggering the tadpoles to feed on the younger members of their species.
In their latest study, the researchers bred wild cane toads, put their tadpoles in tanks with different amounts of the bufadienolide toxin in the water, and presented them with cane toad eggs as well as the eggs of Australian frog species. The tadpoles that were not exposed to the bufadienolide toxin barely nibbled their toad and frog eggs. However, the tadpoles that had been exposed to the bufadienolide toxin consumed both the native frog eggs and the eggs of their own kind with gusto.
The researchers also offered the tadpoles eggs as they were hatching. They found that the hatching process caused the tadpoles to exhibit the same cannibalistic hunger as when the bufadienolide toxin was added to their water. That suggests the toxins within the eggs are released into the water when the hatchlings emerge from them.
“We’ve known for a while that they’re highly cannibalistic, but this explains the mechanism that seemed to be driving that cannibalism,” said Matthew Greenlees, a cane toad expert and postdoctoral researcher at Monash University who was not involved with the study.
The study’s authors argue that cane toads in Australia most likely evolved this response to their own toxins to reduce the number of other cane toads in their habitat.
“It’s well known that toad tadpoles in Australia compete very strongly with each other,” Dr. Crossland said. “The density of cane toads in Australia is so much greater than it is in their native range and under high-density conditions, cannibalism is likely to evolve. They’re basically working out a way to eliminate future competitors.”
The fact that cane toads have been able to evolve this cannibalistic behavior in such a short time is “unbelievable,” Dr. Crossland said. “The toads only got to Australia in 1935. It’s evolution in fast motion.”
Invasive species tend to evolve faster than native species, in part because they multiply rapidly. This allows scientists to watch evolution unfold over the course of decades, as opposed to centuries or millenniums.
The researchers believe that cane toads in Australia are not done evolving. For their next study, they plan to examine how cane toad hatchlings are evolving to defend themselves against their cannibalistic elders. “It’s really an arms race between the increasingly cannibalistic tadpoles and the hatchlings,” said Dr. DeVore. | <urn:uuid:f6475876-c425-4c09-bb6b-d7137a347fc5> | {
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Tsunamis generally begin with the vertical movement of the earth's crust on the ocean floor. The movement displaces the water above, creating a wave. As the wave reaches shore, its amplitude increases.Continue Reading
Tsunamis may reach shore as either a breaking wave or as a fast, strong tide. Either form can cause catastrophic damage to property and destroy lives. Powerful tsunamis can reach as much as 1000 feet inland in an area called the inundation zone. Thus, earthquake warning systems are an important factor in preventing tsunami-related deaths.
The earthquake that triggers a tsunami may last only a few seconds. Moving at speeds of up to 500 miles per hour, tsunamis can travel the width of the Pacific in 24 hours and the residual waves can last for several hours or even weeks (in extreme cases) as the displaced water travels back and forth across the ocean.
Tsunamis often occur in the Pacific Ocean in the area known as the Ring of Fire. Many continental plates converge in this area, resulting in a higher-than-average number of earthquakes. Besides the movement of the earth's crust, ocean water can be displaced by other methods. Landslides and volcanoes may thrust objects into the ocean, resulting in a tsunami. Volcanoes, both underwater and on land, are also common in the Ring of Fire.Learn more about Storms | <urn:uuid:d0e3eaf8-df2b-4441-8a87-3d6d739dd638> | {
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Avocado trees make a great indoor plant. The key to growing an avocado plant indoors is finding dwarf varieties that fit in your living space. Even a dwarf avocado plant can reach 8 feet tall (2.4 meters), so you’ll need a lot of space. After that, it’s just a matter of making sure your indoor trees get enough direct sunlight. Your avocado tree needs at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. As long as your avocado houseplant gets enough sun and water, it will grow well indoors.
Table of Contents
How Long Does it Take to Grow an Avocado Indoors?
An avocado pit will sprout into an avocado seedling after only 6 weeks. After that, it can take anywhere from 5 to 15 years for your tree to reach full maturity. However, an indoor avocado tree can take up to 10 years to bear avocado fruit.
- Avocado pits will grow into seedlings after only a few weeks.
- Avocado trees reach maturity by 15 years.
- Avocado trees often do not bear fruit until nearly 10 years old.
- Buy an avocado tree from a nursery to decrease the time until the tree bears fruit.
If you’d like to enjoy fresh avocados from your own tree sooner, consider purchasing a tree from a nursery. By buying a dwarf avocado that is already several years old, you won’t have to wait as long before it begins producing avocados.
Will an Avocado Tree Produce Fruit Indoors?
Dwarf varieties of avocado can be easily grown indoors and will bear fruit. As long as the tree gets lots of light (at least 6 hours of sunlight per day), you’ll have a healthy, attractive plant. It should be noted that “dwarf” is a bit of a misnomer. Even a dwarf variety can reach 8 or more feet tall (2.4 meters).
- Avocado trees will bear fruit indoors if they get plenty of sunlight and water.
- Be sure to plant a dwarf variety of avocado fruit tree if you are growing indoors.
There are some benefits to growing indoors. An outdoor plant will only really succeed in a sunny spot like Southern California or Central America. However, indoor avocado varieties can weather winter months pretty much anywhere if your house has a warm spot for it.
How Do You Grow an Avocado Indoors?
Growing an indoor avocado plant takes a fair bit of care and time. These attractive houseplants are well worth it for their delicious fruits though. An avid gardener can experience quite a bit of success in growing a dwarf tree if you follow a few simple steps.
Step 1: Sprouting Your Seed
You can buy a tree from a nursery (if so, skip to step 4) but planting your own seed is another way to go. If you want to grow a dwarf avocado from seed, be sure you have gotten a Wurtz variety seed. Wurtz avocados are the only true dwarf variety of avocado trees. They’re the best choice for growing indoors.
- To grow an indoor avocado from seed, plant a Wurtz avocado seed.
- Wurtz avocados are the only avocado variety small enough for indoor planting.
- Plant a cracked avocado seed for faster growth.
When choosing an avocado seed to plant, look for seeds that are cracking. Cracked seeds are healthy and already starting to sprout. Planting a cracked seed will speed up tree growth.
Step 2: Starting Containers
Avocados need moist soil and a container with adequate drainage for the best growth. It’s recommended to start off with natural terra cotta for your potting material. Terra cotta is porous enough to allow air and moisture circulation.
- Terra cotta makes for a great container.
- Start with a 6 to 8 inch diameter container.
Pick a container with good drainage holes and acquire a drainage dish to collect runoff. Your first pot should be 6 to 8 inches in diameter, but you will need a bigger pot over time.
Step 3: Soil Types
Avocado trees will need slightly acidic soil that is well-draining. They may also need the soil to be a bit sandy to combat root rot and other fungus growth.
- Use well-draining and well-aerated soil for planting.
- Limestone, sandy loam, and decomposed granite are all great choices.
The best potting mix ingredients are soil types like limestone, sandy loam, and decomposed granite. All of these make for loose, well-aerated soils that will encourage faster growth.
Step 4: Fertilizing
Young avocado trees need to be fertilized with somewhere between half a pound and a full pound of actual nitrogen per year. It’s best to spread it out over three applications throughout the year rather than in one application. Plan to fertilize in spring, summer, and fall for best results.
- Fertilize your avocado with an organic fertilizer formulated for avocados.
- Apply fertilizer 3 times per-year—spring, summer, and fall.
- Follow the bag instructions for this organic fertilizer in order to provide the correct amount of fertilizer each time.
Zinc is also an important nutrient for avocados. You can get this ingredient from organic fertilizer for houseplants. It will lead to a healthier, stronger tree.
Step 5: Positioning
Avocados need up to 6 hours of direct sunlight per day, which can be tricky to get indoors. It’s best to find a bright spot in your home, preferably a south or west-facing window.
- Place your plant near the sunniest window you have.
- Avocado plants need 6 hours of direct sunlight each day.
- In summer, consider leaving your potted avocado outside so it receives more sunlight.
If you do not have a sunny window to work with, you may need to physically take your plant outside during warmer months. A potted avocado can live in the yard or on the porch in summer. Just make sure to bring it indoors before cool weather arrives.
Step 6: Watering
Avocados need up to 2 inches of water a week (especially in summer) to stay healthy. Be sure to moisten the soil fully down to a depth of 6 inches (15 cm). Then, let it dry slightly before your next watering. Freshly planted trees can require 2–3 waterings per week for their first year.
- Water your avocado 2–3 times each week.
- Moisten the soil down to a depth of 6 inches (15 cm) each time you water.
- Most avocado roots grow in the top 6 inches of soil, so there is no need to water deeper.
Avocado roots rarely grow deeper than the top six inches of soil and this region dries out quickly. So, make sure to check the moisture level in your soil daily when your avocado is young and fragile. Very hot weather may cause the soil to dry out more quickly.
Step 7: Pruning
Avocado trees can be pruned anytime you feel the branches are getting unruly. To trim back the height, pick the tallest branch off the tree and shear it down to a manageable size. Continue to trim down the tallest branches each year.
- Never prune more than one third of your branch’s length.
- Always start by pruning the longest branches and work your way in.
For lateral branches, once again pick the longest, wildest branch first. With each following year, pick the next wildest outgrowing branch to trim down. There is one important caveat here though: never prune more than a third of the branch’s length. Any more than this and you can risk killing the branch.
Step 8: Repotting
Eventually, your avocado tree will grow too big for its first container. Most avocado plants will not need to be repotted for at least a year after sprouting. However, once they do need repotting, there is a simple system to use. Increase the pot diameter by no more than 4 inches (10 cm) larger than the previous pot.
- Avocados may go years between repotting.
- Always repot into containers that are only slightly bigger than the previous container.
- Repotting an avocado into a container that is too big may cause root rot.
Avocados need to be eased into new, bigger pots. Always go for a new pot that is only a few inches bigger in diameter than the previous pot. Potting your avocado in a container that is too large for it will cause the soil to remain moist for extremely long periods after watering. This is because the small tree’s root system isn’t large enough to absorb all the moisture. Being potted in a large, damp pot will cause root rot and other tree diseases.
Will a Cracked Avocado Seed Grow?
Avocado seeds that have started to crack are ideal for planting. Cracks form most often when the pit is undergoing root growth. A crack typically means you have a healthy seed. Most avocado seeds will have a flat bottom and a pointed tip (the top). Usually, the bottom will crack first.
- Cracked seeds are ideal for growing avocado plants.
- Plant cracked seeds bottom side down and cover up to the tip with soil.
Once you see cracks, plant in soil with the seed tip pointing up. Make sure you have well-draining, slightly acidic soil. Cover up to the tip, but do not cover. Keep the soil where the seed is planted moist (don’t deep soak) and in a few weeks, you’ll have a seedling.
What is the Best Dwarf Avocado Tree to Grow Indoors?
The best dwarf avocado tree is the Wurtz variety, also nicknamed “Little Cado.” This is because it is the only true dwarf variety of avocado trees. The Wurtz is a hybrid of two different cultivars of avocado trees in Latin America (Guatemala and Mexico).
- The only dwarf avocado is the Wurtz or “Little Cado” variety.
- Indoor gardeners will not be able to grow any other variety.
Outdoor avocado trees can reach a staggering 80 feet in height (24 meters). By contrast, Wurtz varieties reach a more manageable size of 8 to 10 feet (2.4–3 meters). This is small enough that you may be able to grow it in your home with other potted plants.
Can an Avocado Tree Survive Indoors?
A dwarf avocado tree can easily grow indoors with some simple tricks and regular pruning. Though these plants are slow to produce avocado fruit, they are quite fetching plants. This makes them very popular to grow indoors despite the lengthy wait till avocado harvest. Just remember these tips and you’ll be growing an indoor avocado plant in no time:
- Avocados can sprout from seeds in a few weeks but take a decade or more to reach maturity
- Avocado trees won’t bear fruits for at least 10 years
- Cracked avocado seeds make ideal seeds to plant
- There is only one variety of dwarf avocado tree that can be grown indoors
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San bushmen out hunting in Makadikadi Pan, Botswana.
At different times and places, San-speakers have lived in various ways; the Kalahari San are not necessary typical of all San and, even in the Kalahari groups, lifestyles may differ. Nevertheless, studies of Kalahari groups, for instance the Ju/'hoasi and the G/wi, create a general picture of the hunter-gatherer life. A division of labour between men and women is central to the economy. Plant foods are the dietary staple, and women, the chief gatherers, have expert knowledge of the veld: they know when and where resources such as melons, tubers, corms and berries are to be found. Women also collect or snare small fauna (such as reptiles, birds and small antelope). While out collecting, they may observe the movements of the game and relay this information to the hunters. Men may gather food too, especially in the low hunting season.
Gathered foods are distributed among the gatherer's family, while the larger game hunted by men gets distributed among the whole group.
The formidable reputation of the San as expert hunters is due to their outstanding tracking abilities and their ingenious hunting techniques. San trackers can follow spoor across virtually every land surface, even pursuing a wounded antelope among the spoor of a whole herd, until it finally leaves the herd and dies. Hunters use bows and arrows tipped with poison (derived from beetles or snakes) which does not contaminate the meat. However, it usually takes time before the poison works, allowing the dying animal to flee from its attackers, sometimes over considerable distances, making skilled tracking essential.
San Hunting Skills
San arrows are clever instruments of death. Today, as in earlier times, they consist of four components. The point used to be made of bone or small skilfully flaked stones; today flattened nails or pieces of wire are used. The point is fitted into the 'link', which is tapered at either end and held in place by a reed collar. The link is fitted to the shaft in such a way that, when the arrow strikes its target, the impact breaks the link free from the shaft, reducing the likelihood of the head working loose, as there is less weight hanging from it. This also means that the animal cannot easily dislodge the point by rubbing against a tree.
The poison is applied just behind the point, and the arrowhead has to stay in the animal for some time to ensure that the poison is adequately absorbed into the animal's system. The man who owns the arrow that killed the animal has the privilege of distributing the meat, according to rules of kinship, ensuring that everyone receives a portion. Sharing and the relative equality of all group members are important features of San societies. Though San groups did not have political chiefs, leadership was certainly recognized, according to seniority and ability.
In traditional San societies, the husband went to live with the bride's parents on marriage. There were many rules of respect to be observed between the couple and their respective in-laws, whereas those separated by a generation (such as grandparents and grandchildren) were permitted a 'joking relationship', in which less formal conduct was appropriate. The San are known for their marked fondness for and indulgent attitude to children.
Typically, the group would split into smaller family units seasonally (usually when water and food were at their most sparse and dispersed), re-uniting at a later stage. Formalized gift giving, called hxaro by the Ju/'hoasi, is a way of maintaining reciprocal relationships between friends and relatives both in and beyond the group. This creates a web of support and access to resources over large areas. The importance of San kinship systems is echoed in religious beliefs, in myths and stories, and, obliquely, in their rock art. | <urn:uuid:3036f92a-9731-4fb4-86a9-966aa31ece58> | {
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By: Sharanya Jain
It has been common knowledge that if we are ready and receptive we can derive knowledge from anything and that information may be valuable in the most dire and unforeseen situations. Who would have thought in our fight against climate change, the values we learnt from the members of LGBTQ+ might be constructive and advantageous.
Their remarkable tenacity in the face of persecution and adversity over the years urges us to stay strong and fight on. The ever inspiring open mindedness encourages not only ourselves, but everyone, to be a bit less judgmental and a lot more accepting and welcoming of everyone. It teaches everyone the importance of being honest and open about our thoughts and opinions and communicating them to everyone. These ideals can do more than just help us in our fight against climate change. They may also be immensely useful for our personal growth if they are incorporated in our lives.
The resilient and interdependent communities that LGBTQ people created to survive are already undermining conventional values individualism, materialism and rivalry. The struggle of LGBTQ persons involved in the environmental movement is extremely personal. Your chosen communities, friends and families are especially vulnerable when fast climate change causes more natural disasters and environmental degradation.. The transgender community has taught us to question what we consider to be normal. If we can attack the gender divide, we can tackle prisons, as well as the fossil fuel, agriculture, and plastics businesses.
It is believed trans men and women have high levels of social intelligence as a result of insights into what it meant to live life outside of the gender binary.
Because LGBTQ people are statistically more likely to be minorities in group situations, they learn to adjust their behaviours and emotions in order to avoid being aggressive or suspicious by their peers. This often results in the capacity to “read a room” and assess “proper” social reactions. Symptoms of culturally induced intolerance have given place to a variety of adaptive social abilities that sexual persons are less likely to have.
Concern about climate change is an integral part of queer identity. It expresses solidarity with the oppressed, which in this case could include almost anyone, opposition to the one percent that got us into this mess, and a sincere outrage fueled by decades of experience of LGBT activists.
Some LGBT activists have equated government delay on climate change to the government’s incapacity to address the AIDS problem, while others have connected climatic instability to the emergence of oppressive regimes targeting the LGBT population. When it comes to discussing and arguing the problem, activist organisations have already begun shifting the narrative, employing a variety of techniques to reach out to a larger audience.
We miss the interrelated and overlapping intricacies inherent in our society in an effort to describe issues in a simple and distinct way, and when we strip society of its complexity, we become oblivious to the symbiotic links that link the issues together. As a result, our efforts to address problems effectively are jeopardised. A good illustration of this phenomena is the interaction between gender equality and climate change. | <urn:uuid:958be5d4-7fea-4e21-a836-24f5070537d4> | {
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Children will understand the legacy of the Roman Empire, including what they did and how they have impacted life in modern Britain eg. roads,buildings,democracy.
This is a Geography based unit. Children will have the opportunity to learn about and understand the geographical similarities and differences (human/physical) between the UK and a European country (London and Canary Islands- focus on one island).
Children will explore the concept of how far back history goes by asking questions, looking at artefacts to understand the changes over time and how gradual steps have led to life today. | <urn:uuid:62182b57-7dfe-4ea8-9b04-747a5b6b34ba> | {
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The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. The Lords currently possess no governmental power whatsoever except to delay a bill passed by the Commons. The House of Lords, like the House of Commons, assembles in the Palace of Westminster.
Unlike the House of Commons, membership of the House of Lords is not attained by election from the population as a whole, but by inheritance or by appointment, or by virtue of their ecclesiastical role within the established church. The Lords currently has around 740 Members, and there are three different types: life Peers, bishops and elected hereditary Peers. The number of members is not fixed. Unlike MPs, the public do not elect the Lords. The majority are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister or of the House of Lords Appointments Commission.
Elected hereditary Peers
Membership was once a right of birth to hereditary peers. The ranks of the peerage are, in descending order of rank, duke, marquess, earl, viscount and baron, the female equivalents are duchess, marchioness, countess, viscountess and baroness respectively.
In 1958, the predominantly hereditary nature of the House of Lords was changed by the Life Peerages Act 1958, which authorised the creation of life baronies, with no numerical limits. The number of Life Peers then gradually increased, though not at a constant rate.
The right of hereditary Peers to sit and vote in the House of Lords was ended in 1999 by the House of Lords Act. As a part of a compromise, however, it agreed to permit 92 hereditary peers to remain until the reforms were complete. Thus all but 92 hereditary peers were expelled under this Act, making the House of Lords predominantly an appointed house.
Appointed for their lifetime only, these Lords' titles are not passed on to their children. The Queen formally appoints life Peers on the advice and recommendation of the Prime Minister.
Archbishops and bishops
A limited number of 26 Church of England archbishops and bishops sit in the House, passing their membership on to the next most senior bishop when they retire.
The Lord Speaker is the speaker of the House of Lords. The office is analogous to the Speaker of the House of Commons: the Lord Speaker is "appointed" by the members of the House of Lords and is expected to be politically impartial. It was announced on 4 July 2006 that Baroness Hayman had won the first election for the position. Until July 2006, the role of presiding officer in the House of Lords was undertaken by the Lord Chancellor.
The Lords work in Parliament's second Chamber - the House of Lords - and complement and operate alongside the business of the House of Commons. It is one of the busiest second chambers in the world. The expertise of its Members and flexibility to scrutinise an issue in depth means the Lords makes a significant contribution to Parliament's work.
Making laws takes up the bulk of the House of Lords time, and Members are involved throughout the process of proposing, revising and amending legislation. Some Bills introduced by the Government begin in the Lords to spread the workload between the two Houses.
Checking the work of Government
Lords check the work of the Government by questioning and debating decisions made by Ministers and Government Departments. | <urn:uuid:f3af5c92-ab8a-4f0b-9ea7-16add7a6c5a3> | {
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From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
The title of Baron Manny was created in the Peerage of England on 12 November 1347, as a barony by writ. It became extinct in 1389.
Barons Manny (1347)
- Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny (d. 1372)
- Anne Hastings, 2nd Baroness Manny (1356–1384), suo jure
- John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and Baron Manny (1372–1389) | <urn:uuid:8fb34876-47a1-474a-92a3-6676aeb913bc> | {
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Roles Men Play
The topics of gender bias, woman and child health as well as nutrition has for long been on the agenda of global organizations and the governments of all countries. As a result, substantial amount of research work and developmental work has taken place in providing and improving access to primary health care for the mother and child in all countries especially in the third world countries. Women’s health issues too have been receiving considerable importance and attention for a number of years. The awareness about personal health, hygiene, family planning, self help, safe sex as well as mental health has increased amongst women.
The success of women based health programs and awareness programs can be largely attributed to the way women are made and think. Women by nature seem to be open to approaching self help groups as well as seek out professional help in the matters of health of not only herself but of her children and the family too. The fact that women network very well ensures that the awareness is created and sustained amongst women across all social groups.
This brings us to the question about men and their health. Men too need the same kind of education and awareness as well as focus on their health issues too. While physical health is quite important too, in the case of men, the issues of their mental and emotional health coupled with their pre disposition to drinking, smoking and sexual behavior predisposes them to mental health problems and resultant behavioral problems and consequences.
Studies have shown that the number of male suicidal death is increasing as compared to women and the trend is evident especially in the western and developed countries like Canada, US, Europe and Australia. Analysis of data shows an increase of depression and schizophrenia amongst the young adults and middle aged men. Increase of substance abuse as well as the new sexual orientation too is believed to be the cause of many suicidal deaths.
When one talks about men’s health, it is important to first take note of the barrier that prevents men from seeking and accessing professional medical help. The professional facilities are available to one and all. But then, it is noticed that men are not likely to come forward to seek professional help until and unless they are brought in by their family or friends.
The important reason for this male behavior is the stereo type gender role demands that are placed by the society on men. Every society expects men to be strong both physically and mentally. Crying, seeking help or talking about one’s feelings as well as not being in control of one’s emotions is seen as ‘womanly’ of ‘girly’ behavior. Most men get caught between their inner turmoil and their need to be seen as a strong person externally and as a result tend to suffer from within.
Men and women have the same emotional quotient. However in the case of women the feelings are dominant and more easily expressed while in the case of men, the feelings are concealed and reason and logic are in the fore front. The fact remains that the emotions still rule both women and men. | <urn:uuid:f815c695-a9d1-410a-bb88-99865fa45c87> | {
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Politics’ refers to the scientific research of government and public law. This includes the research study of the political economic situation, political viewpoint, and representative freedom. The background of national politics as well as the ideologies of various cultures have shaped the globe in which we live.
Using a selection of methods, political economic climate is the research study of partnerships between individuals, societies, as well as financial systems. The discipline draws from fields such as economics, sociology, and anthropology.
The beginnings of political economic situation can be traced to Greek theorists. At first, the emphasis got on the research of private ideas and also behaviours, such as the notion that an undetectable hand overviews individuals in their daily life. Nonetheless, in the 18th century, the field ended up being a lot more focused on analyzing the financial ramifications of national politics.
Throughout the 18th as well as 19th centuries, lots of political financial experts slammed mercantilism. They assumed that the state ought to play a major function in the policy of the economy.
Various other debates were made that people advance culture more effectively by acting in their very own interests. Nevertheless, Adam Smith rejected to discuss wide range and power distribution in terms of God’s will or all-natural pressures.
Throughout background, various political viewpoints have actually voiced to different kinds of political organizations as well as ways of living. These viewpoints have attended to inquiries concerning justice, social justice, political liberty, as well as commitment to the state.
Over the centuries, many responses have actually been established to these fundamental questions. The old Greeks, Romans, and medieval Europeans developed a variety of categories and techniques. They created background, unsupported claims, comedy, catastrophe, as well as various other categories.
Amongst the major classic works in political philosophy are Plato’s Republic, Aristotle’s Politics, as well as St. Augustine’s “The City of God.”
During the Renaissance as well as very early contemporary durations, nonreligious political approach started to arise in Europe. These political ideologies put the question of regimes and also their role in society at the facility of their job.
Machiavelli, the Italian thinker, developed a pragmatic concept of politics. He thought that great as well as wicked were plain methods to an end.
Several research study techniques have actually been utilized to recognize the idea of representative democracy. They consist of scientific studies as well as the viewpoint of a range of widely known authors.
One of the most apparent way of comprehending this concept is to research the background of representative politics. The initial well-known state in the Western globe that was founded on the basis of democracy was the Roman Republic.
The idea of representative freedom has been around for centuries, as well as the beginnings of the system date back to the early Greek civilization. In the late Middle Ages in Western Europe, the principle ended up being widespread. In an extra modern-day context, the Roman model of governance provided inspiration to numerous political thinkers for many years.
The modern day USA is an example of a depictive freedom. The federal government is separated right into a number of branches, all of which serve the purpose of representing the passions of the population.
Throughout the early part of the century, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) started to integrate itself into the worldwide capitalist class. It additionally started to take control of the media as well as national politics. It presented an usage fund for private financial investments in the global financial markets, and it utilized it to finance deluxe buildings abroad.
As the Soviet Union increased its impact into Europe, it additionally began to take over political, social as well as media establishments. Among other things, it was announced that the education system would certainly be replaced by a Russian educational program. The new military-political management also began to use the consumption fund to acquire jets and deluxe buildings.
As the Communist Party of the Soviet Union incorporated itself into the global capitalist class, an additional intrigue of the domestic organization class involved power. It ended up being known as the Right Field. It won only a single seat in parliament, but it managed to collect less than two percent of the vote.
Usually neglected in the bigger federal government picture is the function of the local representative. There are a myriad of tasks and responsibilities charged to this underpaid as well as under-resourced team, varying from establishing the correct degree of police to maintaining the honesty of a neighborhood park. The nitty gritty details can be discovered in any type of number of city government internet sites. Along with the conventional suspects, a plethora of citizen volunteers aid the chosen official in all type of tasks varying from providing security to imposing rules as well as laws.
The state of the art is to supply people with the possibility to voice their problems and participate in the decision making process. This is not to state that a councilor is the only person entailed, but instead, the wide variety of voices is a powerful ally in the search of good administration.
Throughout background, political corruption has been discovered in all nations. It has been a source of social as well as financial troubles. It is specifically prevalent in the general public sector.
The Globe Financial institution defines corruption as abuse of public power for private gain. Usually, political corruption happens when an official makes use of official powers to damage his/her opponents.
There are a range of kinds of corruption. They consist of extortion, bribery, and also embezzlement. In addition to these, there is a classification called “institutional corruption.” This sort of corruption arises in organizations that hinge on financing from the government. sampling whiskey
Besides these, there is additionally a kind of corruption known as “petty corruption”. This describes lower-level officials who are involved in carrying out federal government policies. It is likewise possible for an individual to become damaged by kickbacks from organizations. | <urn:uuid:fdb81572-f8f0-48ca-bacf-ff6c8f4c4cca> | {
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Hearing impaired individuals depend on technology to function normally in everyday life. For healthy people, the hearing organ contains ten thousand tiny outer hair cells (OHC). Damage to the OHC is one of the leading reasons for a decline in hearing. The hair cells move in correspondence to the mechanical wave a sound creates in the air and transfer electric impulses to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This nerve transmits the auditory information to the brain where it’s processed further and is translated into meaningful signals.
Existing hearing aids use the basic biology of the ear to reproduce the sound. A common solution to a hearing problem that results from hair cell damage is placing an implant into the cochlea. Cochlear implants covert the mechanical wave that reaches them to digital information which is then translated to electrical pulses which are passed on to the vestibulocochlear nerve. Most of the implants’ technology is based on wave frequency conversion. They predict the reaction of the cochlea, but do not always simulate correctly the properties of cochlear signal processing, especially when complex signals such as fluent speech are involved. While existing hearing aids have proven themselves efficient in a relatively noiseless environment, they fail to provide a good hearing experience in a noisy one.
Professor Miriam Furst-Yust has developed a new algorithm for sound conversion based on a mathematical model that better simulates the process that occurs in the ear once a sound wave reaches it. Her team incorporated an outer hair cell model which acts as an amplifier and increases the cochlear response. This affects mostly the middle part of the cochlear partition, which corresponds to the characteristic frequencies of 2 to 6 kHz. The team effectively replaced the organ which normally works as a sound amplifier with a mathematical model that analyses the mechanical wave and has the same functionality as the OHC. On the basis of the cochlear response, the researchers have developed a heuristic algorithm for reconstruction of noisy speech signals.
Implementing this new algorithm should not be a difficult task for hearing aid manufacturers, as the alternation requires only minor re-engineering. Once the alteration is done, the invention can improve the quality of life for many hearing impaired individuals worldwide.
TFOT has recently covered a computerized lip reading system developed at the University of East Anglia, which was designed to help hearing disabled individuals. We have also covered the discovery of hair cells that have an important role in transmitting molecular signals, made by researchers from Yale University.
For more information on the novel technology, please visit the Ramot site for Tel Aviv University technology patents. | <urn:uuid:ad9f60f7-b4df-4583-b0fe-71fa707c39c9> | {
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It’s the dream of everyone to be strong and healthy at old age, and to also have good memory.
A study carried out by researchers from UCLA, California, USA has found that regular physical activity in older adults could increase brain size and decrease the risk of cognitive decline.
For the study, the team used a previous research (the landmark Framingham Heart Study) to look at an association between exercise, brain volume and the risk of developing dementia. The team looked at the physical activity levels from the original group of participants in the Framingham Heart Study as well as their offspring who were age 60 or over.
The team looked at an association between physical activity and the risk of developing all types of dementia in 3700 participants from both groups, as well as an association between physical activity and total brain volume and hippocampal volume, as measured by brain MRI scans, from a further 2063 participants from the offspring group only.
The participants, who did not suffer from dementia at the start of the study, were followed for more than a decade.
The results showed that there was an association between a low-level of physical activity and a higher risk for dementia in older individuals, and that physical activity had a positive effect on brain volume, in particular on the size of the hippocampus, the area of the brain involved in short-term memory.
The researchers also found that the positive effects of exercise were also strongest in people age 75 and older. The findings showed that physical activity in old age could reduce the risk of dementia and lead to higher brain volumes, although the researchers acknowledged that more research needs to be done to understand the intensity and duration of physical activity.
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Sensory Processing Tools and Resources
Sensory processing toys, tools and aids for babies, kids, children and teens.
Sensory processing is a relatively new term for many people. It refers to how we deal with sensory information, whether it be things we touch, see, hear, etc, or things that touch us, move us, push us. Some people are highly responsive to sounds and can be easily upset by sounds that don't upset others. Some people find certain tactile sensations very calming. Some people are very distracted by lots of 'visual clutter' and others like it. We're all different. Sensory processing differences are fine until they become problematic and limit function. Then we start to use terms like 'Sensory Processing Disorder' and it's time to do something about it.
We refer to sensory processing resources as both tools and toys. It might need to look like a toy for a child to engage with it. However, there is a fine line between something that is engaging enough to address the sensory need, but not so 'engaging' that it's a distraction. This is especially important for use of sensory tools in the classroom. Sometimes it takes some trial and error to find the resources that best suit a child's sensory needs. Occupational Therapists are generally the professionals who are best qualified to assist in this area and they can help reduce the need for trial and error.
OT's assess the child's situation using sensory profiling. This is useful in that it helps the people in the child's world have a better understanding of the issues for the child and how to support the child (or teen). Depending on the child's age OT's can also teach the child to recognise and manage sensory issues for themselves.
On this page:
- Sensory Processing Disorder treatment
- Toys for Sensory Seekers
- Sensory Tools for Children | <urn:uuid:81fd6ff6-0feb-4dec-a2f3-9f06b04867f5> | {
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Also Known As: Hallucinations, Hallucination
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of apparent stimulus which has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, manipulative, substantial, and located in external objective space. They are distinguished from the related phenomena of dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is under voluntary control; and pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, but is not under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from "delusional perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e. a real perception) is given some additional (and typically bizarre) significance.
A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in any of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises and/or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in paranoid schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the patient good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the patient etc. Auditory hallucinations of the malicious type are frequently heard like people talking about the patient behind their back. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of their visual counterpart can also be behind the patient's back. Their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked-stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the patient together.
Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. | <urn:uuid:6856098b-2dbd-4feb-8fff-1818e1c9994a> | {
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Many parents are happy to take a break from the seemingly endless numbers of pediatrician visits for infants, toddlers with ear aches, shots and young kids with fevers. Parents (and their kids) may stop going to the doctors as long as everyone is feeling fine.
Here's a question for you though, if you are a healthy young person, do you still need to see a doctor regularly for a checkup? Checkups can also be called routine physicals or health maintenance visits.
The answer is yes, and here is why.
Even if you don't have any major illnesses, injuries, or questions for your doctor, you can learn a lot about how to take care of yourself and how to stay healthy. Preventive Services are small and easy steps you can take now, that may help you from getting sick later on. You might want to think of your body as a well-oiled machine that you depend on each and every day. We take our bikes or our cars for service regularly, right? How many of us ignore possible signs that our smartphone isn't working until it crashes? That's why it is important that you run those annoying software updates- just to keep your phone in good working order. Your body needs a regular software update too.
Recommended Preventive Services for Young Adults
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that adolescents have yearly doctor's visits. These regular visits can help doctors pick up on things that could lead to disease or injury in the future. These are called risk factors. Some of the risk factors in young adults that your provider might screen for are:
- High blood pressure (a painless measure of how hard or easy it is for your heart to pump blood around your body)
- High cholesterol (a blood test to measure a type of fat found in your blood)
When you have high cholesterol or high blood pressure you may not have any symptoms. Over time, if not at healthy levels, high blood pressure and high cholesterol can lead to heart disease, kidney disease and stroke as you get older. Sometimes changing the way that you eat, becoming more active, and losing weight can help to lower blood pressure and high cholesterol without even having to take medication. Learning these healthy habits at a younger age will make it easier to follow a healthy lifestyle for the rest of your life, preventing more health problems later on.
- Risk behaviors. Risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol use, how often you get sunburns, and sexual behaviors are all things that doctors may ask about at these visits. Sometimes risky behaviors can lead to problems such as cancer in the long run, and can lead to illness and injury in the shorter term. The doctor's office can be a safe space for youth to practice asking sometimes awkward or sensitive questions.
- Depression and mental health. Life as a young adult can be confusing, stressful, and challenging. Sometimes it is hard to find someone to talk to or to ask questions. A doctor's office is a safe space where you may find some ways to feel better and to get through tough times. We know that people who live with depression for most of their life have an increased risk for other chronic (long term) diseases like heart disease and diabetes. Even if your are not in crisis when you see your doctor, getting to know your doctor and feeling comfortable around them will make it easier for you to reach out for help if you need it someday.
- Family history. Some diseases can be passed down from one generation to another and knowing ahead of time that certain conditions or diseases run in your family may help your doctor to take better care of you. It is a good idea to regularly talk with family members about any new health conditions and to update what your doctor's office has in your medical record. The Centers for Disease Control offers several tools and questions to help you review your family medical history.
- Vaccination history. Many summer camps, organized sports programs and employers require up-to-date vaccinations(shots, immunizations). Vaccine recommendations frequently change and some young adults will require additional shots (boosters) to make sure they are protected. By seeing a doctor regularly, you can make sure you all set before you start on a new adventure. You can check out the recommended vaccination schedule for kids ages 7-18 years old here.
Young people may not need to have a complete physical exam every year. But having an appointment once a year to at the very least review of the types of health risks described above can help you stay healthy as you get older.
For more information, check out the following links:
If you would like more information on this, or any other health-related topic, the Health Educators at the Learning Resource Center are happy to help. They provide trusted & reliable health information and connect people to local resources in the community. Connect with a health educator today! Be well, be well informed. | <urn:uuid:28fb1f52-db6e-4390-9519-ebb00aab8fd3> | {
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Main article Prehistory of France. The sectors arrondissements of Marseille In late 12th century school of polyphony was established Notre-Dame Among Trouvères of northern France group of Parisian aristocrats became known their poetry songs Troubadours from south of France were also popular During reign of François I Renaissance era lute became popular French court French royal family courtiers disported themselves masques ballets allegorical dances recitals opera comedy national musical printing house was established Baroque-era noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully Jean-Philippe Rameau François CouperinConservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded 17951870 Paris had become important centre symphony ballet operatic musicRomantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique) Charles Gounod (Faust) Camille Saint-Saëns (Samson et Delilah) Léo Delibes (Lakmé) Jules Massenet (Thaïs) among others Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875 Carmen has since become one of most popular frequently-performed operas classical canon Among Impressionist composers who created new works piano orchestra opera chamber music other musical forms stand particular Claude Debussy (Suite bergamasque its well-known third movement Clair de lune La Mer Pelléas et Mélisande) Erik Satie (Gymnopédies Je te veux Gnossiennes Parade) Maurice Ravel (Miroirs Boléro La valse L'heure espagnole) Several foreign-born composers such Frédéric Chopin (Poland) Franz Liszt (Hungary) Jacques Offenbach (Germany) Niccolò Paganini (Italy) Igor Stravinsky (Russia) established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works their influence ParisCharles Aznavour, Saint-Bruno des Chartreux (17th 18th century) church masterpiece of Baroque architecture.
Animated map of growth decline of French colonial empireFrance had colonial possessions various forms since beginning of 17th century but 19th 20th centuries its global overseas colonial empire extended greatly became second largest world behind British Empire Including metropolitan France total area of land under French sovereignty almost reached 13 million square kilometres 1920s 1930s 8.6% of world's land Known Belle Époque turn of century was period characterised optimism regional peace economic prosperity technological scientific cultural innovations 1905 state secularism was officially establishedThe French conquest of Morocco was one of longest toughest annals of European colonialism French historian Daniel Rivet puts casualty rate among Moroccans who resisted French occupation 100,000Contemporary period (1914–present), Main article Paris Métro The Association Pour le Developpement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises (ADLCJ リヨン補習授業校 Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō) held Maison Berty Albrecht Villeurbanne near Lyonwas formed 1987serves Japanese expatriate children who wish continue their Japanese education whilst abroadTransport; The Paris Métro busiest subway network European UnionSince inauguration of its first line 1900 Paris's Métro (subway) network has grown become city's most widely used local transport system today carries about 5.23 million passengers daily through 16 lines 303 stations (385 stops) 220 km (136.7 mi) of rails Superimposed this 'regional express network' RER whose five lines (A B C D E) 257 stops 587 km (365 mi) of rails connect Paris more distant parts of urban areaOver €26.5 billion will be invested over next 15 years extend Métro network into suburbs, with notably Grand Paris Express projectIn addition Paris region served light rail network of nine lines tramway Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers Noisy-le-Sec Line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons Porte de Versailles Line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano Porte de Vincennes Line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes Porte de la Chapelle Line T5 runs from Saint-Denis Garges-Sarcelles Line T6 runs from Châtillon Viroflay Line T7 runs from Villejuif Athis-Mons Line T8 runs from Saint-Denis Épinay-sur-Seine Villetaneuse all of which operated RATP Group, line T4 runs from Bondy RER Aulnay-sous-Bois which operated state rail carrier SNCF Five new light rail lines currently various stages of developmentAir, Main articles History of Lyon Timeline of Lyon, A central hub of national rail network Paris's six major railway stations (Gare du Nord Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare d'Austerlitz Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare) minor one (Gare de Bercy) connected three networks TGV serving four high-speed rail lines normal speed Corail trains suburban rails (Transilien)Métro RER tramway. See also Urban area (France) Urban unit, Autochrome of 114 Infantery regiment París 14 July 1917 with French flag unfurled laying stacked arms, The Eiffel Tower world's most visited paid monument icon of both Paris FranceThe Château de Marqueyssac featuring French formal garden one of Remarkable Gardens of FranceWith 83 million foreign tourists 2012, France ranked first tourist destination world ahead of United States (67 million) China (58 million) This 83 million figure excludes people staying less than 24 hours such North Europeans crossing France their way Spain or Italy third income from tourism due shorter duration of visitsmost popular tourist sites include (annual visitors) Eiffel Tower (6.2 million) Château de Versailles (2.8 million) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (2 million) Pont du Gard (1.5 million) Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million) Mont Saint-Michel (1 million) Sainte-Chapelle (683,000) Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000) Puy de Dôme (500,000) Musée Picasso (441,000) Carcassonne (362,000)Paris. Lyon home football club Olympique Lyonnais (OL) whose men's team plays Ligue 1 has won championship of that competition seven times all consecutively from 2002 2008) OL played until December 2015 43,000-seat Stade de Gerland which also hosted matches of 1998 FIFA World Cup Since 2016 team has played Parc Olympique Lyonnais 59,000-seat stadium located eastern suburb of Décines-Charpieu OL operates women's team Olympique Lyonnais Féminin which competes dominates Division 1 Féminine They streak of 11 top-flight championships (2007–present) additionally claim four titles won original incarnation of FC Lyon women's football club that merged into OL 2004 (the current FC Lyon was founded 2009) OL women have also won UEFA Women's Champions League five times including two most recent editions 2016 2017Lyon has rugby union team Lyon OU Top 14 which moved into Stade de Gerland full-time 2017–18 addition Lyon has rugby league side called Lyon Villeurbanne that plays French rugby league championship club's home Stade Georges Lyvet VilleurbanneLyon also home Lyon Hockey Club ice hockey team that competes France's national ice hockey league Patinoire Charlemagne seat of Club des Sports de Glace de Lyon club of Olympic ice dancing champions Marina Anissina Gwendal Peizerat world champions Isabelle Delobel Olivier Shoenfelder Villeurbanne also has basketball team ASVEL that plays Astroballe arenaStreet art. | <urn:uuid:72300481-4073-4cd4-8e8e-03c0ddfd87fe> | {
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The human microbiome is a community of microbes (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi) that live in and on our bodies. Ideally, these microbes live in balance and play a supportive role in many processes in the body. The gut microbiome requires a protective mucosal layer to prevent unwanted pathogens from entering the system and causing inflammation throughout.
The Microbiome and Cavernous Angioma
In 2017, the Kahn lab published research that identified gram-negative bacteria as playing a large role in the development of cavernous angioma lesions in mice bred with a CCM mutation. It seems that for lesions to form, gram-negative bacteria must leak from the gut to initiate an inflammatory response. This propelled a follow-up study that aimed to identify whether mice bred with CCM mutations are more at risk for having compromised gut linings and, as a result, more lesions.
What the researchers found was that mice bred with the CCM3 gene were more at risk for increased lesion development because these mice had impaired gut mucous production. The compromised mucous production caused the gut lining to be more permeable. When this breakdown in the mucous lining occurs, harmful gram-negative bacteria have an opportunity to leak into the system causing an inflammatory response and more lesions. While mice with CCM1 or CCM2 genes did not have impaired gut mucosal linings, the research demonstrated that when fed a diet high in emulsifiers, they can experience the same damaging effects on the gut lining, causing a proliferation of lesions.
In 2020, results from the first human subject study on the microbiome of cavernous angioma patients were published. The goal was to understand what the gut microbiome looks like and whether this differs from that of the average individual. The research showed that those with sporadic as well as familial cavernous angioma indeed have a unique gut microbiome compared to those without the disease. This distinctive presentation demonstrated an imbalance in gram-negative producing bacteria which leads to lesion development by escaping through a leaky gut lining into the brain.
We now know that gram-negative bacteria leaking through a permeable gut lining into the body can trigger an inflammatory response and drive lesion formation. One of the best ways to mitigate this is by avoiding dietary emulsifiers.
What exactly are emulsifiers?
From the research described above, we learned that one of the ways we could actively participate in protecting our gut lining is by avoiding emulsifiers, which are mostly found in processed foods.
Oil and water don’t mix — until an emulsifying agent is added. Emulsifiers made from plant, animal, and synthetic sources commonly are added to processed foods such as mayonnaise, ice cream, and baked goods to create a smooth texture, prevent separation, and extend shelf life. Low-fat spreads, margarine, salad dressings, and many other creamy sauces are more examples of foods containing emulsifiers. Emulsifiers are required by law to be included on a food’s ingredient list. The FDA is a great resource for looking up questionable ingredients. Angioma Alliance has created a List of Common Emulsifiers and a List of Emulsifier-Free Foods as aids. The lists will be updated periodically.
Keep in mind that the more processed an item is, the more likely it will contain emulsifiers and other harmful ingredients. Chemically processed emulsifiers, like polysorbate 80, are more harmful than other emulsifiers found naturally in food, like eggs. Damage is dose-dependent. A small amount of an emulsifier, even a chemically processed emulsifier, once in a while is not going to destroy your gut lining. We should be more concerned about regular use.
What can I do to support my microbiome?
A great place to start is by avoiding emulsifiers and reducing your intake of processed foods. Consuming processed foods increases inflammation, and they are typically low in fiber. Incorporating more plants into your diet is an essential way to feed your microbiome. Plants also contain powerful nutrients known as polyphenols which help protect our immune system and regulate inflammation in our bodies. For more information about following a CCM-healthy diet, check out this presentation from our Patient Conference by Diane Darcy, RD on our YouTube channel.
Here are some short tips to help you incorporate these foods while eliminating emulsifiers from your diet:
Try adding in one new healthy food item per week; over time these will crowd out the more processed foods in your pantry.
Aim for a grocery cart with fruits and veggies representing all the colors of the rainbow; more fiber and color equals a healthier gut and beneficial nutrients to combat inflammation.
Purchase our CCM-Healthy Cookbook for emulsifier free recipe ideas
Are probiotics safe to take if I have cavernous angioma?
At this time there is no evidence that taking probiotics is beneficial for individuals with cavernous angioma. There have been instances where patients have presented with a hemorrhage who recently started ingesting probiotics. Until we know more, it is recommended that you avoid taking probiotic supplements.
- Polster SP, Sharma A, Tanes C, et al. Permissive microbiome characterizes human subjects with a neurovascular disease cavernous angioma. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2659. Published 2020 May 27. | <urn:uuid:5486cc81-a01f-4729-952f-08cad3af57b9> | {
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Creating smart readers is my goal as a Reading Specialist. I’ve given advice to hundreds of parents who are worried because their children struggle with Reading comprehension. This Blog contains information, tips, and tricks for busy parents who want to raise their kids to be smart readers – children who think about what they read.
My jumbo read-aloud book will be your guide. It contains step-by-step instructions on how to read high-leveled picture book stories to your children in a certain way (including tricky words, reading skills & strategies, discussion questions, hidden meaning, and activities to take action about issues you and your children care about after reading). Don’t be put off when you see the words, “picture books.” I have searched for over 20 years to find suitable books to use in my reading lessons and those are the ones I used in my read-aloud guide. They definitely should not be read alone by your child. The benefit in using them is that you will become the “teacher” using my step-by-step instructions. You’ll be surprised at how easy, fun, and effective it is to use my suggested method at home to turn your ordinary or poor readers into extraordinary thinkers who can succeed at reading any school texts at any grade level. You see, thinking about what they are reading is the key to your child’s real success in school. As you follow my guidelines, you will model how good readers think. Your kids will be motivated to follow your lead when they read on their own. And, no worries – I am only an e-mail away if you have any questions.
Here’s what you need to do:
- Buy the read-aloud guide by clicking on the link at the top right.
- Acquire the books that appeal to you and your child.
- Before reading, use post-it notes to mark places where you want to stop and talk as you read each story.
- Choose after-reading activities with your child.
At the bottom of my Blog post, The Power of Play, http://The Power of Play , there are two sample read-aloud guides that you may use for free. Another Blog post you might find useful is Quick Main Idea Strategy. I have used this for every grade I’ve taught from 1-12 and it is what I consider to be the number one most important thing kids should be good at doing when they read. http://Quick Main Idea Strategy.
Please join me and other parents who want to raise our kids to be better readers. Sign up as a Subscriber to receive e-mail alerts of each new blog post. Please contact me with questions, concerns, or to share success stories using the form below. “Happy Reading!” | <urn:uuid:f5417b89-901e-4222-92f8-2e4f48050522> | {
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Ocean currents, winds and their own biological cycles cause jellyfish to approach coastal areas, although on our beaches We found no deadly jellyfish stings, it is clear that their presence would make any bather’s holiday, day off or free time unpleasant.therefore It’s handy to have the information you need to protect yourself from this uncomfortable animalknow what we can do if bitten by it, and even know how to equip our beach first aid kit so that we have what is necessary when treating injuries on the beach.
Although there is no consensus among experts on whether an increased presence on the Spanish coast could be achieved, Fundación iO, a scientific organization dedicated to the study of infectious diseases, emerging zoonotic diseases, and tropical and travel medicine, estimates that, Several factors combine to favor jellyfish reproduction Examples include the entry of organic pollutants (especially agricultural fertilizers) into the ocean and overfishing, which reduces the competition of jellyfish for food while reducing the number of their predators.
Signs of a jellyfish sting
what is reality Over 200 species of jellyfish inhabit our coastlines. The most dominant jellyfish in our waters are Pelagia noctiluca (also known as the carnation jellyfish) and Rhizostoma pulmo (known as aguamala).
The stinging cells of jellyfish can inject venom through tentacle contact.which contain tiny spines that penetrate our skin or body. “Their bites are very painful and produce red, eyelash-like lesions with blisters that can scar for life.”María del Campo, Deputy Secretary General of the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC), explains. “The most common are rash-like skin lesions (hives or blisters) with intense itching, and, after multiple bites from a single bite, may also cause hives (generalized urticaria),” says allergist Javier Pepe Leila added at the Vall d’Hebron Hospital in Barcelona.
Recently, the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (Seaic) warned that, An allergic reaction may occur and other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, cramps, muscle pain, fever, chills, headache, dizziness, and shortness of breath may occur.
In this sense, Javier Pereira points out that repeated jellyfish stings may produce an anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reaction in susceptible individuals, “an immediate systemic reaction similar to anaphylaxis, but not caused by caused by an IgE-type immune response”. Pereira believes more research is necessary to better understand the underlying immune components of jellyfish and to elucidate their role in sensitization.
What to do if you get stung by a jellyfish
As for how we should act, understand the situation first.There is an app (MedusApp) that is one of the most downloaded jellyfish viewing apps in the worldwhich allows anyone to be warned of the presence of jellyfish and provide a real-time map of where they were detected.
The golden rule is Listen to beach monitoring and emergency services. If the beach is closed, we should not swim even if the jellyfish are invisible to the naked eye. “The best way to prevent bites is to follow the warnings of these services,” Pereira emphasizes.
The iO Foundation warns of particular concern for children, people with a history of allergies, previous stings and people with heart conditions. It is also recommended to avoid areas where many boats are docked, as their propellers can snap off tentacles, and many stings are caused by unseen loose tentacles.
If we are stung, You must get out of the water quickly and do not rub the affected area with sand or a towel. Next is to carefully remove the tentacles that are still attached to the skin with tweezers or protective gloves. The area should be flushed with copious amounts of seawater or saline. “Fresh water and alcohol help expel the venom from the tentacles.’, warned Maria del Campo, Who recommends a cold compress for about 15 minutes without rubbing (If we use ice cubes, it is necessary to avoid direct contact with the skin with the cloth) Then soak the compress with vinegar or reduced bicarbonate.
Regarding whether to recommend topical antihistamines and corticosteroids, Pereira believes Antihistamines (one or two doses per day) and methylprednisolone 0.1% (a topical corticosteroid) can be used if itching persists. The allergist rejects and warns against false myths such as the use of human urine, alcohol or ammonia, bandages and pressure immobilization.
when to see a doctor
You should go to a hospital or health center if you Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, cramping, muscle pain, fever, chills, headache, dizziness, increased pain or swelling, itching all over the bodyhave purulent in injury and Shortness of breathA doctor should also be consulted when an eye, ear or mouth is bitten.
Generally, symptoms improve after 24 hours, Pereira said. It is important to note that the size of the lesion should be reduced and the skin should not become red or very hot. Allergists stress against scratching to avoid bacterial superinfection of the skin (cellulitis): “Taking antihistamines for itching is better than scratching.”
emergency kit in beach bag
With these recommendations in mind, our bags on the beach, especially if we are in an area where jellyfish are frequent, Should include an emergency kit with tweezers, antihistamines, and topical corticosteroids.
Seaic recommends that whenever possible Identify the jellyfish causing the sting so health care professionals who manage the case can be notified. Likewise, it urges people to report all jellyfish stings and exposures on our shores via the MedusApp, and not to underestimate the problem.
The scientific society recalled that in 2026, a severe allergic reaction to a nomadic jellyfish sting occurred off the coast of Tel Aviv, Israel; in 2018, the Marine Asthma Committee published a case of anaphylaxis due to nocturnal jellyfish. | <urn:uuid:54b94407-ab59-40e8-8280-7f9a440bb995> | {
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WASHINGTON, D.C.– According to a study by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), rinsing raw poultry is putting consumers at a greater risk of spreading illnesses.
“Even when consumers think they are effectively cleaning after washing poultry, this study shows that bacteria can easily spread to other surfaces and foods. The best practice is not to wash poultry,” USDA Deputy Under Secretary for Food Safety Mindy Brashears said in a statement released Tuesday.
The USDA study shows that “of the participants who washed their raw poultry, 60 percent had bacteria in their sink after washing or rinsing the poultry.”
The study says 14% still had that bacteria in their sinks after they tried cleaning up after their meal prep.
Finally, the USDA says 26% of the people who rinsed their raw chicken spread illness-causing bacteria to their meal’s side item during the cooking/prepping process.
Instead of rinsing raw chicken, the USDA suggests these three steps for preventing the spread of food-borne illnesses.
- Prepare all foods that don’t require cooking (salads, raw vegetables) BEFORE handling raw chicken.
- Then, cook all meats to a safe internal temperature (beef and pork 145°; ground meat, 160°; and chicken, 165°)
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You may have noticed that your bird doesn’t behave in the way you might expect and so you might be wondering if they have a condition such as Down Syndrome.
You will obviously want to give your pet bird the care it needs and so it would be in your best interests to learn all you can about what conditions they can have.
Otherwise, you may just be curious about whether this condition appears in birds. So, within this article, we will let you know whether birds can have down syndrome and what exactly that means.
Down Syndrome in Birds
No, birds cannot have Down Syndrome. If you have noticed that your bird behaves differently, you can be sure that your pet does not have Down Syndrome. The reason for this is simple, Down Syndrome is a uniquely human condition. Whilst animals can show symptoms that are somewhat consistent with what someone with Down Syndrome might have, in the case of birds calling it Down Syndrome would be simply false.
Why can’t birds have Down Syndrome?
Birds cannot have Down Syndrome as they have a genetic makeup that differs greatly from humans. Where humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, birds have 80 chromosomes and as Down Syndrome is a condition that is caused by a defect in the chromosomes of humans, birds cannot be affected in the same way.
Down Syndrome in humans is when a person has a defect in the way their cells divide and end up with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
As birds have a different number of chromosomes, this change would not be the same, even if they did have the same amount, the genetic makeup of birds is so different that it would have a different effect altogether.
Decreased cognitive function, digestive issues, and weak muscle tone are symptoms of Down Syndrome in humans that may also be something that your bird might have, but the cause of these symptoms for your bird would be different.
If you think that your bird may have any kind of condition, it is highly recommended that you take your pet to a vet to make sure that you can give them the best possible care and make sure they live their best life.
In conclusion, Down Syndrome is not something that can be had in birds, whilst they can be prone to other genetic conditions that may be similar to Down Syndrome, they cannot actually have it themselves.
Hopefully, this article has been useful in explaining to you that birds cannot have Down Syndrome and why they cannot have it.
As with anything concerns about your pet, if you think your bird may have any kind of condition please take them to a vet for a check-up. | <urn:uuid:ff2e08b6-3165-4070-80f6-c5f16ef90fad> | {
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Also available on NUS Webcast.
Spatial justice has no singular or easy definition. Most broadly, it involves applying a strong and explanatory spatial perspective to concepts and actions regarding social justice. Spatial justice is thus not in any way a substitute for or alternative to social justice. Its primary aim is not theoretical but rather to inform activist groups of new strategies, targets, and tools in their struggles to achieve greater social justice. Increasing justice is the aim, not achieving perfect justice for all. The many layers that define increasing spatial justice include:
- Territorial justice: the allocation of public resources based on need more than numbers—a just distribution justly arrived at (Davies, 1968; Harvey, 1973). See Bus Riders Union emphasis on the special needs of the transit dependent working poor.
- Environmental justice: adds locational discrimination to justice struggles; disadvantaging certain areas and their populations either by public policy (locating incinerators or hazardous waste dumps in poor minority areas) or by geographically uneven environmental impacts (air and water pollution, public health, infant mortality, access to potable water)
- Representative and participatory democracy, especially related to electoral districting and discriminatory gerrymandering (the first use of the term spatial justice).
- Food justice, a new addition based on unequal access to healthy food, urban food deserts, problems of obesity, related to locational discrimination
- Right to the city, the right to inhabit space anywhere, to participate fairly in the social production of urbanized space within and outside cities, reshaping the entire workings of the urban system, including labor and housing markets and the planning process.
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Prof. Edward W. Soja, Distinguished Professor (Emeritus), University of California, Los Angeles
- Wednesday, 23 January 2013
- 5:15 p.m. - 7:15 p.m.
Level 3, Block B,
Faculty of Law,
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00:00 / 00:00
Tubular secretion of PAH
0 / 5 complete
0 / 1 complete
If we take a cross-section of the kidney, there are two main parts, the outer cortex and the inner medulla.
If we zoom in, there are millions of tiny functional units called nephrons which go from the outer cortex down into the medulla and back out into the cortex again.
Now, when blood gets filtered, some fluid remains in the glomerulus, and some fluid goes into the renal tubule.
The renal tubule is a structure with several segments: the proximal convoluted tubule, the U- shaped loop of Henle with a descending and ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule, which winds and twists back up again, before emptying into the collecting duct, which collects the final urine.
Now, zooming in on this nephron’s tubule, each one’s lined by brush border cells which have two surfaces. One is the apical surface which faces the tubular lumen and is lined with microvilli, which are tiny little projections that increase the cell’s surface area to help with solute reabsorption.
The other is the basolateral surface, which faces the peritubular capillaries, which run alongside the nephron.
Alright, now, one substance that’s filtered out of the glomerulus and into the tubule is para-aminohippuric acid, or PAH for short.
Actually, PAH is an organic acid, and about 90% is bound to plasma proteins. So, really, only the unbound 10% can pass through the glomerular capillaries.
Essentially, the higher the unbound PAH concentration, the more PAH will get filtered.
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) is a substance that is freely filtered by the glomeruli in the kidneys and secreted by the tubular cells into the tubular fluid. The secretion of PAH occurs primarily in the proximal tubule of the nephron and is facilitated by transporters located on the luminal surface of the tubular cells.
The amount of PAH that is secreted by the kidneys is used to estimate the renal blood flow, which is an important parameter in the assessment of kidney function. Since nearly all of the PAH that is filtered by the glomeruli is secreted by the tubular cells, the amount of PAH that is excreted in the urine is directly proportional to the amount of blood that is flowing through the kidneys.
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What historical events happened in Ireland?
Eleven moments that changed Ireland’s history
- Certain moments have had a seismic impact on Irish history.
- The coming of the gospel to Ireland.
- The arrival of King Henry II in Ireland.
- The Plantation of Ulster.
- The Sack of Drogheda.
- The Battle of Aughrim.
- 6. “
- Daniel O’Connell and Catholic Emancipation.
What is famous about Northern Ireland?
1. The Giant’s Causeway. Famed around the world for its columns of layered basalt, the Giant’s Causeway is Northern Ireland’s only UNESCO World Heritage Site. These polygonal-shaped natural features (there are around 40,000 of them) were created by a volcanic eruption 60 million years ago.
What’s the history of Northern Ireland?
Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, creating a devolved government for the six northeastern counties. The majority of Northern Ireland’s population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom.
What were the major events of the Troubles?
Key Events of the Northern Ireland Conflict
- Civil Rights Campaign (1964 to 1972)
- Derry March (5 October 1968);
- People’s Democracy March (1 January 1969 to 4 January 1969);
- Deployment of British Troops (14 August 1969 to 31 July 2007);
- Internment (1971 to 1975)
- ‘Bloody Sunday’ (30 January 1972);
What was the biggest event in Irish history?
1. War of Independence – one of the most important moments in Celtic history. The Irish War of Independence was fought in Ireland between 1919-1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British Forces.
What was Ireland before it was Ireland?
Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. For almost all of this period, the island was governed by the UK Parliament in London through its Dublin Castle administration in Ireland….History of Ireland (1801–1923)
|Preceded by||Succeeded by|
|Kingdom of Ireland||Northern Ireland Irish Free State|
Who is the most famous person in Northern Ireland?
Top 10 most famous people from Northern Ireland of all time
- George Best – a Northern Irish football star.
- Michelle Fairley – another of Northern Ireland’s acting greats.
- Jamie Dornan – Northern Ireland’s biggest heartthrob.
- Liam Neeson – the most famous Northern Irish Hollywood actor.
What did Belfast invent?
Pneumatic tyres, by John Dunlop Belfast-based John Dunlop’s air-filled tubes are one of transportation’s greatest inventions.
What are 5 interesting facts about Northern Ireland?
10 Fun Facts About Northern Ireland
- It’s the Homeland of Presidents.
- It Belongs…and…
- It’s the Home of Dunlop.
- It’s Really Famous Now.
- It’s Got Caves.
- Its Walls Bring Peace.
- Its Schools are Unique.
- It Has Numerous Micro-Climates.
When was Northern Ireland annexed?
It was enacted on 3 May 1921 under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The Act intended for both territories to remain within the United Kingdom and contained provisions for their eventual reunification. The smaller Northern Ireland was duly created with a devolved government (Home Rule) and remained part of the UK. | <urn:uuid:baab4862-cb5c-4e08-86df-faaaf4f34355> | {
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The strengthening of Argentina’s Epidemic Surveillance System has been a government priority for the last fifteen years and, although the public health in the country at large has improved, many more resources need to be devoted to reach a higher level of health, especially regarding epidemic prevention and control. In 2002 the declaration of a health emergency required the adoption of urgent measures to ensure the supply of medicines to the population. Following the outbreak of swine flu in Mexico in April 2009, the government declared a health emergency, taking immediate action to ensure the supply of medicines to the population. The current alert on the Ebola virus outbreak is under strict surveillance by health authorities in the country, who are following the World Health Organization’s international epidemiology protocols.
I. Government Structure
Argentina’s political organization was established by the National Constitution as a Federal Republic consisting of twenty-three provinces and the autonomous city of Buenos Aires. The federal state is headed by a President, who appoints a cabinet and holds the country’s executive power. The legislative power is exercised by a bicameral Congress with a Lower Chamber (Cámara de Diputados) and an Upper Chamber (Cámara de Senadores).
Under the National Constitution, each province has its own provincial constitution, legislation, and resolutions. However, provincial legislation may not violate any of the individual rights protected under the National Constitution. The provinces have delegated to the federal legislature the power to enact laws of national scope governing civil, commercial, and other matters.
Although not stated explicitly, the National Constitution guarantees the right to health as a derivative of the right to life. Several provisions also guarantee the right to health, including the right to a healthy environment, the right of consumers to the protection of their health, and in a broader sense, the right to protect collective rights. The constitutional guarantee of health protection may be defined as the right of all individuals to be protected by the state with regard to the prevention and treatment of diseases and the maintenance of health.
II. Structure of Public Health Crisis Management System
The health system has a decentralized structure where many responsibilities have been transferred to the provinces. The Law on Ministries of 1999, as amended by Decree 355/2002, restructured the Ministry of Health (MH), creating two new subdivisions: the Secretariat for Health and Care and the Secretariat for Health Policy and Regulation. The Secretariat for Health and Care has an office of the Undersecretary of Prevention and Promotion Programs, which comprises the National Directorate of Health Programs and the Directorate of Epidemiology (DE).
Under the Law on Ministries, the MH is assigned the responsibility of assisting the President in all health matters, including
- executing plans, programs, and projects related to health;
- medical aspects of immigration and the defense of borders, ports, airports, and international means of transportation;
- coordinating national, provincial, and municipal health services;
- participating in the control of food safety in coordination with the Ministry of Production;
- intervening in the assignment and control of subsidies to solve health emergencies, either unforeseen or not covered by the system in place;
- preparing health statistics and ensuring access to health information for the population;
- developing epidemiology research studies to improve the efficiency and quality of health services;
- managing international health relations, not only with other countries, but also with international health organizations;
- planning health campaigns to eradicate endemic diseases, rehabilitate the ill, and detect and prevent nontransmissible diseases;
- epidemic control and surveillance, including the management of the disease notification system;
- planning national vaccination and immunization programs; and
- establishing integrated programs to cover specific pathologies affecting groups determined to be at risk because of their geographic location.
In the provinces, health services are provided by a network of provincial primary and secondary care services and by the private sector. The MH establishes basic regulations for the delivery of health services and the operation of health facilities, but most provinces also have an extensive set of regulations. The MH is represented in each province through a Federal Health Council, which constitutes the link between the national MH and the provinces in all health-related matters.
The Federal Health Plan 2010–2016, released by the MH, provides for general guidelines on public health in the country. However, the guidelines are only indicators, since provinces have autonomy in setting their own health policies for the protection of their population. The Federal Health Council, which is made up of the ministers of health of all the provinces and municipalities in the country, facilitates the coordination of health policies and services between the National Health Authority and the provinces.
In 2011, the MH and the Ministry of Planning signed an agreement to integrate hospitals, primary health care centers, integrated community centers, and other health care centers throughout the country into the National Fiber Optics Network, which became operative in August 2014.
III. Powers of Public Health Authorities
The DE and its National Epidemiological Surveillance System are responsible for the registration of diseases subject to obligatory reporting, as established by Law 15465. The Law includes a list of diseases that is updated periodically as needed. The reporting is required not only in confirmed cases but also in suspected cases. Physicians and veterinarians and, when applicable, laboratory technicians and pathologists, dentists, OB/GYNs, and kinesiologists, are all under obligation to report the listed diseases. Noncompliance with this obligation is punishable by a fine and temporary suspension of the professional license to practice for one to three months. The sanctions are determined by the MH or its provincial counterparts when the offense falls under their jurisdiction.
The Advisory Commission on Epidemic Surveillance was also created within the jurisdiction of the DE to provide guidance on procedural and operational aspects of epidemic surveillance actions. The Advisory Commission on Epidemic Surveillance provides technical advice to the provinces contributing to the organization and development of the National Epidemiological Surveillance System, of which it is a part.
The DE also promotes the control of transmissible and nontransmissible diseases and health risks and regulates all activities related to environmental health, including training, research, and control in situ upon request of the different jurisdictions. This system is organized by levels and is comprised of the DE at the national level and epidemiology directorates, departments, and units within ministries of health at the provincial level. The system compiles information on reportable diseases and laboratory data weekly.
The provincial Federal Health Department is in charge of controlling epidemic diseases; this includes diseases subject to quarantine and those that, by their character, danger, or scope, may become a national threat. To this end, the Federal Health Department reports the presence of any such diseases by means of a uniform national procedure and, together with the provincial authorities, carries out epidemic research related to these diseases. Such reporting and communication are confidential. The manner in which the information is reported allows the Federal Health Department to identify and locate the individuals affected and the source of infection. However, the National Health Authority is the only government body with the power to report on this subject abroad.
Once the National Health Authority receives the required information or report, it provides all the means necessary to perform clinical and laboratory tests, provide assistance to the sick, and protect public health, including ordering quarantines and other preventive measures.
The Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (National Commission on Space Activities) concluded an agreement with France’s Nationale d’études Spatiales (National Space Studies Center) to develop a panoramic epidemiology system, which allows the prediction and early warning of diseases through the cross-referencing of a combination of satellite-gathered data on such things as vegetation, clouds, rain, rivers, and forests, with traditional data.
Through the Directorate of Health Emergencies, the MH manages catastrophic and emergency situations and provides necessary medical supplies and health assistance throughout the country. The Directorate of Health Emergencies has a permanent communications unit on call for emergencies in coordination with the Federal Emergency System. However, it has been reported that the Federal Emergency System has not been efficiently used in spite of the considerable amount of funds assigned for its operational budget. Since its creation in 1972, the Directorate of Health Emergencies has assisted both in Argentina and abroad in a number of disasters and health emergencies, providing medicine, medical assistance, and transportation when the seriousness of the situation required treatment in a more sophisticated medical facility. The Directorate of Health Emergencies coordinates with theNational Directorate for Trauma, Emergencies, and Disasters within the jurisdiction of the Undersecretary of Prevention and Promotion Programs to implement assistance at the national, provincial, and municipal level in cases of emergencies or disasters requiring federal intervention. The National Directorate for Trauma, Emergencies, and Disasters is the authority in charge of the evacuation and reception of victims and the referral of patients, whether individually or in mass, in cases of natural, technological, or other disasters.
The Border Health Program is in charge of maintaining health and epidemic control at the borders and in the international transportation terminals, according to international standards and in compliance with the International Health Regulation.
As a result of the 2003 worldwide SARS alert, the MH took a number of measures to prevent and eventually control the disease. The Secretariat for Health Policy and Regulation of the MH ordered the strict control over any vessel and its crew entering the country.
The Criminal Code sanctions with imprisonment of three to fifteen years anyone who knowingly propagates a dangerous and contagious illness to human beings. If the propagation is due to negligence or violation of the public authorities’ regulations or directives but does not result in the death or infection of someone else, a fine may be imposed. If the propagation does result in death or infection, the offender is subject to imprisonment for six months to five years. Anyone who violates the measures adopted by the designated authorities to prevent the introduction or containment of an epidemic is subject to imprisonment for six months to two years. This crime is punishable even when an epidemic does not occur. If the wrongdoer is a public officer or professional, the sanction will include a special disqualification from his/her post for a period double the length of the penalty.
IV. Transparency of Public Health Crisis Management System
The Statistics and Health Information Directorate is the agency in charge of the collection and analysis of health data on a permanent basis. Its objectives include the identification of health factors that allow the early detection of diseases to prevent their spread and alert the population.
The DE publishes an epidemiological bulletin entitled Boletín Epidemiológico Periódico, which is available on the MH webpage. This weekly report includes the latest news on health issues, the current situation on specific illnesses threatening the population, outbreaks of new diseases in the country and abroad, and the epidemic surveillance data provided by the provinces.
V. Management of Health Emergencies
In September 2002, the MH, together with its provincial counterparts, implemented a surveillance system called unidades centinela (health watch units) to closely monitor specific health threats like pneumonia. Since 2001, the National Health Statistics Program has been equipped with the proper hardware and software to make the health information collected accessible to all in a timely manner.
In March 2002, the President declared a National Health Emergency as part of an overall public, social, economic, financial, and monetary emergency declared by Law 25561. The social and economic situation in the country was so serious that the provision of medicine and other health and medical supplies, especially those imported, was undermined, causing a genuine crisis and collapse of the national health system. The critical situation of the health sector constituted an exceptional circumstance, rendering it impossible to provide health services according to regular procedures. Under the National Health Emergency, the MH was empowered to take all necessary measures to guarantee the provision of medicine to the population, and to establish the procedures and priorities for its distribution. The MH instituted exceptional procedures to acquire such medicine, authorized special funding for its acquisition, and imposed price controls to avoid excessive price increases. The MH also developed a system that prioritized medical attention during the emergency.
On April 29, 2009, as part of the measures taken by the Argentine government to control the swine flu outbreak that originated in Mexico, all flights incoming from Mexico were suspended until May 5, 2009. At the same time health control points were set up at all points of entry to the country, and sensors to detect fever among the travelers were set up in international airports. Flights from Mexico resumed on May 15, 2009, but measures to check the body temperature of arriving passengers at international airports remained in effect for some time.
VI. Current Crisis
On August 7, 2014, the MH issued an epidemiological warning (alerta epidemiológica) in the country because of the Ebola virus outbreak in Africa. The warning provides specific instructions and a health protocol to follow in suspicious and confirmed Ebola cases. It further provides information about symptoms to the population at large and specific information for travelers entering the country. On August 20, 2014, the MH published a comprehensive update on the evolution of the Ebola virus in the world, providing an update of the reinforcement prevention, notification and detection measures in compliance with WHO standards.
On September 10, 2014, Argentina announced that the Malbrán Institute of Health in Buenos Aires had developed a biological molecular method for detecting the Ebola virus in less than twenty-four hours.> The Minister of Health announced that Argentina was the first country in Latin America that had a diagnosis method for Ebola that had been validated by the WHO. Health authorities have been working in training health staff, acquiring equipment for patients’ isolation, and developing and updating a protocol for handling Ebola cases. Currently there are three hospitals in the country already selected and ready to treat Ebola patients.
Prepared by Graciela Rodriguez-Ferrand
Senior Foreign Law Specialist
Constitución de la Nación Argentina, Dec 15, 1994, http://infoleg.mecon. gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/0-4999/804/norma.htm.
Id. arts. 121–129.
Daniel Sabsay & Pablo Manili, Constitución de la Nación Argentina y Normas Complementaria, Análisis Doctrinal y Jurisprudencial 1234 (2009).
Constitución de la Nación Argentina art. 41, para. 1.
Id. art. 42, para. 1.
Id. art. 43, para. 2.
Sabsay and Manili, supra note 3, at 1235.
Law 25233, Law of Ministries, Dec. 10, 1999, http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000- 64999/61394/norma.htm (in Spanish).
Decree 355/2002, amending Law 25,233, Law of Ministries, Feb. 21, 2002, http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infoleg Internet/anexos/70000-74999/72483/texact.htm (in Spanish).
Id. art. 23 ter.
Pan American Health Organization [PAHO], Argentina, in II Salud en las Americas, 2007: Países 53, http://www.paho.org/hia/archivosvol2/paisesesp/Argentina%20Spanish.pdf.
PAHO, Argentina, in Salud en las Americas, Edición de 2012, at 35–36, http://www.paho.org/saludenlas americas/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=186&Itemid.
Id. at 37.
Manzur y DeVido Pusieron en Marcha la red federal de Infraestructura Cibersalud, Ministerio de Salud, Aug. 5, 2014, http://www.msal.gov.ar/prensa/index.php/noticias/noticias-de-la-semana/2150-manzur-y-de-vido-pusieron-en-marcha-la-red-federal-de-infraestructura-cibersalud.
Law 15465, on Required Reporting of Diseases, Sept. 29, 1960, http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/ 195000-199999/195093/norma.htm, regulated by Decree 3640/64, May 19, 1964,http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/ infolegInternet/anexos/195000-199999/195289/norma.htm (in Spanish).
Decree 2771/79, Nov. 1, 1979, art. 2,available on the Legisalud website, at http://test.e-legis-ar.msal.gov.ar/ leisref/public/showAct.php?id=4140&word (in Spanish).
Id.art. 3.
Id. art. 5.
Id. art. 4.
Law 15465, art. 16.
Id. art. 18.
Ministry of Health, Manual de Normas y Procedimientos de Vigilancia y Control de Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria (rev. ed. 2007), http://www.snvs.msal.gov.ar/descargas/Manual%20de%20Normas %20y%20Procedimientos%202007.pdf.
Dirección de Epidemiología: Acciones, Ministerio de Salud, http://www.msal.gov.ar/index.php/component/ content/article/43-funciones/28-funciones (last visited Oct. 23, 2014).
Ministry of Health, supra note 22, at 6–8.
Decree-Law 4143/58, Health Assistance, Apr. 2, 1958, arts. 2 & 7, Boletín Oficial, Apr. 16, 1958.
Law 15465, on Required Reporting of Diseases, Sept. 29, 1960, arts. 7, 8.
Id. art. 11.
Id. art. 14.
Nora Bär, La Argentina Desarrolla una Red de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Satelital, LaNación (July 14, 2003), http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=511256.
Daniel Gallo, El Sistema Federal de Emergencias No se Utiliza, La Nación (Apr. 7, 2013), http://www.lanacion. com.ar/1570410-el-sistema-federal-de-emergencias-no-se-utiliza.
For historical data on emergencies in Argentina and abroad covered by the Directorate of Health Emergencies, see Historia, DINESA (June 13, 2011), http://www.msal.gov.ar/dinesa/index.php/sobre-dinesa/historia.
Servicios, DINESA (June 13, 2011), http://www.msal.gov.ar/dinesa/index.php/actividades/servicios.
Decree 1106/2000 of the Ministry of Health, Nov. 27, 2000, Annex II, http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/ anexos/65000-69999/65187/norma.htm; DP’12 – Documento Pais 2012: Riesgo de Desastres en la Argentina 183–84, http://www.msal.gov.ar/salud-y-desastres/images/stories/4-biblio-recursos/pdf/2014-04_documento-pais.pdf.
Decree 1343/2007, Oct. 4, 2007, sched. annexed to art. 2, Secretaria de Politicas Regulaciónes e Institutos, Objetivos 6; Subsecretaria de Politicas, Regulación y Fiscalización, Objetivos 14; Dirección Nacional de Registro, Fiscalización y Sanidad de Fronteras, Acciones 5, 9, 11, http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/130000-134999/133099/texact.htm.
See Ministerio de Salud, Plan de Contingencia Nacional – Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave (SRAG) (Apr. 2003), availableon the Federación Médica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires website, at http://www. femeba.org.ar/fundacion/quienessomos/Novedades/sragministerioabril.pdf.
Id. annex D.1.A, at 21.
Código Penal de la Nación Argentina, as amended (1984 revised text), art. 202, http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/ infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/16546/texact.htm#22.
Id. art. 203.
Id. arts. 205, 207.
Dirección de Estadísticas e Información de Salud, Sistema de Información de Salud 9 (rev. ed. Sept. 2004), http://www.deis.gov.ar/publicaciones/Archivos/sis2005.pdf.
Boletín Epidemiológico Periódico, http://www.msal.gov.ar/saladesituacion/epidemiologia_ boletines.php.
Boletín del Programa Nacional de Estadísticas en Salud, http://www.deis.gov.ar/Publicaciones/ arbol_tematico.asp (last visited Oct. 29, 2014; click on “Boletín del Programa Nacional de Estadísticas en Salud” under “Búsqueda Avanzada”).
Decree 486/02 on National Health Emergency of March 12, 2002, http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infoleg Internet/anexos/70000-74999/72887/texact.htm (in Spanish).
Law 25561 on National Emergency of Jan. 6, 2002, http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/verNorma.do; jsessionid=A917C3C78C096E7D9B12CFD246CC3D4A?id=71477 (in Spanish).
Id., intro.
Id. arts. 2, 3.
Id. art. 9.
Id. art. 10.
Id. arts. 18–20.
Resolution 201/2009 of the Secretaría de Transporte, Apr. 29, 2009, http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/ anexos/150000-154999/152904/norma.htm; Resolution 214/2009 of May 4, 2009, http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/ infolegInternet/anexos/150000-154999/152973/norma.htm.
Por la Gripe Porcina, el Gobierno suspende los vuelos con México, Clarín.com (Apr. 28, 2009), http://www. clarin.com/diario/2009/04/28/um/m-01907438.htm.
Mariano Obarrio, Se reanudan hoy los vuelos a México, LaNacion (May 15, 2009), http://www.lanacion.com. ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1128307.
Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Semana Epidemiológica 32 (Aug. 7, 2014), http://www.msal.gov.ar/images/stories/epidemiologia/inmunizaciones/11-08-2014-alerta-6-enfermedad-virus_ebola-.pdf.
Id. at 2, 3.
Información sobre la Enfermedad del Virus del ébola, Ministerio de Salud, http://www.msal.gov.ar/index. php/component/content/article/47-epidemiologia/448-informacion-sobre-ebola (last visited Nov. 14, 2014).
Subsecretaría de Política, Regulación y Fiscalización, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Refuerzo de los Planes de Contingencia de Salud Pública ante el Riesgo de Ébola: Puntos de Entrada Argentinos (Aug. 20, 2014), http://www.msal.gov.ar/images/stories/epidemiologia/ebola/pdf/10-11-2014-plan-contingencia-puertos-entrada.pdf.
Argentina Desarrolló un Método para Diagnosticar Casos de Ebola, Telam (Sept. 10, 2014), http://www.telam. com.ar/notas/201410/81135-argentina-metodo-diagnostico-ebola.html.
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Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards require automakers to raise the average fuel efficiency of new cars and trucks from 24.8 miles per gallon to 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025. Also, the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s greenhouse gas emissions standards are projected to require 163 grams/mile of carbon dioxide (CO2) from 358 grams/mile of CO2 by 2025. This paper focuses on waste heat recovery system, which is an efficient technology to reduce fuel and vehicle CO2 emissions. Wide variations of power of a vehicle make it difficult to design a heat recovery system which can operate optimally at all powers. Usually, a vehicle does not run at rated power and speed all the time. The exhaust temperature from the engine is critical to design a heat recovery system. Higher the temperature higher will be the gain from the waste heat recovery system. However, as power drops the exhaust temperature drops which makes the heat recovery system performs poorly at lower power. In this research, a small truck engine was used to design a heat recovery system to produce additional power. Heat exchangers were used to produce superheated steam which was used to predict additional power using a steam expander. The heat recovery system was designed at the rated power and speed of 42.8 kW and 2600 rpm, respectively. At this design point, 15.41% additional power improvement was achieved resulting 13.35% break specific fuel consumption reduction. Then, the performances of the heat recovery system were evaluated at other powers to cover the span of the vehicle operation. At lower powers, the heat recovery system could produce any additional power due to lower exhaust temperatures. Thereafter, different design points lower than the rated power were chosen to find out optimum design point which covered the usual vehicle operations. | <urn:uuid:0f36033d-f768-4ab9-94ff-1712dda1032d> | {
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All a woman needs is a good bath, clean clothes and her hair combed. These things she can do herself - Hedy Lamarr
The reviving qualities of a hot bath have been celebrated from Homer onwards. In Book XXII of the Iliad, Hector's wife heats a cauldron of water over a fire to for him to soak in after his epic battle with Achilles. Unfortunately, Hector ends up "beyond the reach of baths". The oldest bathtub yet discovered is in the Queen's bathroom in the palace of Knossos on Crete, dating from 1500BC. It was made from fired clay, and sat alongside one of the earliest water-flushed lavatories.
Bathing has always meant more than hygiene – most religions use water, literally and metaphorically, to clean away sin and purify the body. The Ancient Egyptians washed twice a day to honour Isis, Jesus washed his disciples' feet, and the Odyssey's sorceress Circe washed her head to entice dreams. Bathing was also used after "spiritual defilements" such as menstruation and sex.
By the fifth century AD, Rome had around 900 public baths. The Romans initially built these communal places for the poor (the rich had private ones at home) but when emperors and aristocrats began to patronise them they became social hubs where wine flowed, friends met and the wealthy visited five or six times a day, even taking meals while immersed. The baths of Caracalla, built in 212AD, held 1,600 bathers and covered 33 acres. As well as hot, warm and cold baths, they contained a steam room, shops and two libraries. They were still in use long after the end of the Roman Empire.
Medieval Europe wasn't quite as filthy as it is now portrayed. Returning Crusaders brought back the tradition of the hamam, or Turkish bath. By the end of the 11th century most European towns had bathhouses and were part of everyday life. By the early 1300s, London had 18 bathhouses or "stews"; Paris had 26. Unlike the hamam, European baths were often mixed. A Florentine traveller called Gian-Francesco Poggio visited the outdoor baths in Baden near Zurich in 1414, where he was amazed to find naked men and women cavorting together. "Every day they go to bathe three or four times, spending the greater part of the day singing, drinking and dancing."
The Black Death changed all that. In 1348, medical scholars at the University of Paris published their opinion about the plague's cause: noxious air entering the body through the nose and mouth or the pores of the skin. Suddenly, soaking in a bath was tantamount to suicide. Water became something to be avoided, the bathhouses were closed, and for the next 300 years almost no one in Europe washed at all.
One theory for what causes wrinkly skin after a bath is that the outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum, (literally "horned layer") contains dead keratin cells which absorb water. This makes the surface of the skin swell but not the lower layers, so the surface is forced to pucker as a result.
Bath or shower?
Conventional wisdom says a shower saves more water than a bath but with more powerful, longer-lasting showers this is not always true. An average bath uses 80 litres of water; an eight-minute power shower 136 litres.
According to RoSPA (the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents) only one in 17 fatal drownings in the UK in 2005 took place in the bath. On the other hand, domestic baths accounted for four times as many deaths as garden ponds and 12 times as many as swimming pools. The nation with the most dangerous baths in the world is Japan, where in 2004, 3,429 people were reported as having died in the bathtub. Even when adjusted for population, this is still 68 times higher than in the UK.
Smegma was the Ancient Greek word for soap. According to John Jamieson's Etymological Scottish Dictionary of 1808, curglaff was the shock of suddenly entering a cold bath.
The Kindle version of The Noticeably Stouter Book of General Ignorance is now available at £4.59
An expanded updated version of the QI App for iPad and iPhone is available at theqiapp.com at £2.99 | <urn:uuid:61b5a36c-9b60-409b-97f0-906b0923e3dc> | {
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METHODS B - INTEGRATING CURRICULUM
Credit points: 15
In this subject students develop an understanding about how to construct authentic, integrated learning experiences for Middle Years students, and how to locate and analyse resources which will assist in presenting engaging curriculum experiences to students in this age group. There is also a focus on ensuring that students have strategies for assisting learners with a range of difficulties. The development of ICT skills and their use in both teaching and learning underpin this subject.
SchoolSchool of Education
Subject Co-ordinatorAlan Mclean
Available to Study Abroad StudentsNo
Subject year levelYear Level 4 - UG/Hons/1st Yr PG
|Resource Type||Title||Resource Requirement||Author and Year||Publisher|
|Readings||Class Notes, Reading Lists, Prescribed web pages||Prescribed||2016||TBA|
|Readings||Learning to Teach new times, new practices||Recommended||Latham, G et al||OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2007|
|Readings||Smart in the Middle Grades||Recommended||Tomlinson, C & Doubet, K||HAWKER AND BROWNLOW, 2007|
Graduate capabilities & intended learning outcomes
01. Students will develop an understanding about how to construct authentic, integrated learning experiences for Middle Years students and how to locate and analyse resources which will assist in presenting engaging curriculum experiences to all students in this age group. This unit is underpinned by use of ICT in curriculum to improve motivation and engagement.
- Students will engage with reading and resource material and write reflectively on a range of related understandings as part of the online module associated with this subject. Students will develop a unit of work appropriate for secondary teaching.
02. Students will engage with a range of options involving Web 2.0 tools, interactive games, learning programs and apps and evaluate their potential use in school curriculum in terms of their capacity to motivate and engage learners.
- Students select an ICT option and comment on its application for engaging, motivating and personalising learning. Students post this in a shared space and comment on the posts of others to mazimise learning from the activity.
03. Students will engage with the posts of other students concerning the application of an ICT initiative to a learning context and reflect on how this has contributed to their own learning.
- Students will post a reflective comment which focuses on their own learning in response to other students# posts about effective use of an ICT tool in a learning program for school children.
Select to view your study options…
Shepparton, 2016, Semester 2, Blended
Maximum enrolment sizeN/A
Subject Instance Co-ordinatorAlan Mclean
Scheduled Online Class
Two 1.0 hours scheduled online class per study period on weekdays and delivered via online.
Problem Based Learning
One 2.0 hours problem based learning per week on any day including weekend and delivered via online.
"Directed online learning"
Eight 4.0 hours lecture/workshop per study period on any day including weekend and delivered via face-to-face.
"On-campus intensive classes"
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|Use of technology to motivate and engage in the Middle Years - written report - 1000 words||30||02, 03|
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Puposky has cold winters, and in the early years of the San, no one knew that better than the patients. At that time, the theory was that cold, fresh air helped with breathing. Therefore, it was thought that Northern Minnesota was a good place for patients who had tuberculosis, which mainly affects the lungs.
The Sanatorium was built to allow air to flow clear through the place, from front to back and side to to side. At first, there was not even glass in the windows, just a canvas shade to pull down. As you will read in Open Window, patients woke to snow and ice on their thick covering of blankets, frozen water in their glasses, and frozen urine in their pots.
Nurses like Teresa Lomen, my aunt’s sister, carried heavy stoneware vessels called pigs (see photo in Open Window) that were filled with hot water to warm the patients. She spoke of how heavy those trays of “pigs” were.
Later, when 17-year-old patient Art Holmstrom was at the San, windows that closed had been added. Before that, many patients, even though they had not recovered, left the San before spending another bitterly cold winter there.
Photo is of Art Holmstrom. Interviews with Art provided an inside look at being a patient at the San. Read about it in Open Window. | <urn:uuid:9484c01e-5f6f-47a5-8632-8a7182d4b49d> | {
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Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) can be called the missing greenhouse gas: It is a synthetic chemical produced in industrial quantities; it is not included in the Kyoto basket of greenhouse gases or in national reporting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); and there are no observations documenting its atmospheric abundance…With 2008 production equivalent to 67 million metric tons of CO2, NF3 has a potential greenhouse impact larger than that of the industrialized nations’ emissions of PFCs or SF6, or even that of the world’s largest coal-fired power plants.
Yoiks. So there’s at least one greenhouse gas that’s NOT recognized by international global warming protocols, but IS a significant climate concern. Great. Just great. Of course, the gas is used in tiny quantities—but molecule-for-molecule, NF3 is about 17,000 times as potent as CO2 in warming up the atmosphere.
Still, there’s a pretty straightforward solution here: just add nitrogen trifluoride to the list of climate-warming pollutants that are covered under any global warming regulatory system or GHG tax. (Are you listening, WCI? How ’bout you, British Columbia?)
[Hat tip to Brandon.] | <urn:uuid:c205eddf-e122-4ad3-9274-9eb263435708> | {
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Anemia is a disease that currently has a reasonably high incidence. There are many types of anemia. Some are more serious than others; however, in most cases, they can be easily controlled with the correct medication, allowing the affected person to lead an everyday life. However, some others are pretty serious, such as Fanconi anemia, which has the characteristic of being hereditary, and therefore those affected will suffer from it from birth. When this disease is overlooked or is not given the importance it deserves, there can be essential consequences that lead to premature death in a young person, so in this FastlyHealarticle, we will explain everything about Fanconi anemia: symptoms and treatment.
What is Fanconi anemia?
Fanconi anemia is a hereditary disease characterized by affecting multiple organs. Still, always the affected tissue is the bone marrow, which is the tissue responsible for producing the cells that are transported in the blood, that is, red blood cells. Whites and platelets. By affecting this, patients often have problems related to their deficiency, such as anemia, infections, and bleeding.
While it is a relatively rare disease, its consequences can be pretty serious because it has been shown that Fanconi anemia causes those affected to be more likely to suffer from many types of cancer, among which stands out leukemia, which mainly affects the bone marrow.
Causes of Fanconi anemia
Fanconi anemia is a disease characterized by being hereditary; that is, the affected person is born with it and, therefore, it is mainly a childhood disease. The genes of this disease are of the recessive type, which means that both parents of the baby must carry a copy of the disease gene to transmit it to their children, who will have a 50% probability of suffering from the disease, a 25% of being carriers and 25% of not inheriting the disease gene.
When a person possesses both copies of the gene and develops the disease, it compromises the formation of specific proteins that participate in the DNA repair processes, the life cycle and cell death, oxygen metabolism, and the adequate production of growth factors, which has as a consequence the manifestation of the different signs and symptoms of the disease.
Fanconi’s anemia: symptoms
Decreased blood cells
Because the bone marrow is the tissue responsible for forming the various cells in the blood, the red, white, and platelet blood cells will decrease, causing what is known as pancytopenia. The deficiency of red blood cells will produce aplastic anemia related to fatigue, weakness, and paleness. The decrease in white blood cells, responsible for defense, makes the person sensitive to infections. The decline in platelets, responsible for clotting, will make him susceptible to bleeding and bruising of the skin.
The presence of the genes that produce Fanconi anemia are also responsible for causing malformations in the body, the most common of which is the appearance of brown spots or large moles. Others may include malformations of the fingers and forearms, hip bones, spine, and ribs, poor development of sexual organs, impaired implantation of the ears, nose, and hair, and malformations of the kidneys or nervous system central, the latter being able to produce cognitive deficiencies. There is an increased risk of tumor formation in various organs, such as the breasts, uterus, head, neck, and esophagus.
As a consequence of the disease, a decrease in the production of certain hormones, particularly growth hormones, is also common, so the child’s development may be delayed. Other hormonal deficiencies can lead to hypothyroidism, diabetes, or hyperinsulinism.
Fanconi’s anemia: diagnosis
The first step in treatment is to make a correct diagnosis of the disease, for which different methods can be applied. A blood test is essential to assess the number of blood cells the patient has, being a reasonably necessary clue in case of deficiencies in all three types of cells. These tests also allow for verifying the hormonal elements.
There are specialized tests that allow studying the behavior of blood cells in terms of their life cycle, through which the disease can also be diagnosed. Sometimes a bone marrow sample is needed for study in a laboratory. The physical examination allows them to identify the different malformations that accompany this disease and corroborate the physical manifestations of hormonal deficiencies.
Treatment of Fanconi anemia
When a person suffers from Fanconi anemia, perhaps the most important of all is the scheduled visits with the doctor who treats him since, in this way, he will be able to be aware of the possible changes that occur in the patient’s body, which they can be pretty significant, such as the development of a tumor or cancer.
The treatment of the disease consists basically of replacing the elements that are insufficient or deficient. Patients with the most severe cases may require blood transfusions to make up for the deficiencies. Still, in general, treatment with drugs, which are used to replace growth factors, can be sufficient to level the blood’s components temporarily.
Bone marrow transplantation is an alternative since, in this way, the patient’s deficient marrow can be replaced by one in good condition that can perform its function correctly, being perhaps the best option to treat the disease permanently.
This article is merely informative, at FastlyHeal .com we do not have the power to prescribe medical treatments or make any type of diagnosis. We invite you to see a doctor in the case of presenting any type of condition or discomfort.
If you want to read more articles similar to Fanconi Anemia: symptoms and treatment , we recommend that you enter our category of Blood, heart and circulation .
I am a Surgeon with a diploma in comprehensive ultrasound and surgical care residency, an area I am specializing in. During the exercise of my profession, I have realized the need for patients to know the diseases they suffer, and I can tell you that a large part of their complications is due to a lack of information. Being a health web writer allows me to transmit my experience, without borders, to all those readers eager for knowledge, educate them in the prevention of diseases and promote a healthy lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:ede300de-76e7-45f4-8a4d-479cc7d60ccb> | {
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Cheap fuel ... when?
"Hydrogen fuel cells are a really good source for the future," said Tanuj Duttu, an engineering student at Western. "It's completely renewable because there's water everywhere. And it doesn't really produce any major by-products other than water vapours."
But water vapours are still considered a greenhouse gas. "It can still be improved upon, I guess ... but it's definitely the best alternative right now," said Duttu.
Fuel cells are made up of water and hydrogen, using platinum as a catalyst. Although platinum works best as a catalyst, it is expensive. Dr. Andy (Xueliang) Sun is an associate professor at Western and the Canada Research Chair in Development of Nanomaterials for Energy. "We're trying to reduce the platinum amount and then reduce the fuel cell cost," he said.
Dr. Sun and his team designed platinum nanowires in place of platinum particles. Particles are inefficient because they bind quickly and then detach from the carbon black, which holds all the elements of the fuel cell together. Nanowires do not attach to one another, but they do eventually also detach from the carbon black molecule. Their slower reaction allows for a more efficient reaction rate.
Shuhui Sun is a Ph. D. student studying under Dr. Sun. "The long durability means that catalyst can be around longer time," explained Sun. "Compare that to commercial E-Tek catalyst, particle catalyst. Our platinum wire catalyst shows that it is five times better durability."
While the efficiency has increased by 60 per cent compared to fossil fuels at 20 to 30 per cent efficiency rate, the price is still an issue. Five milligrams of platinum costs $1,000 USD. Dr. Sun and his team have already tried to find a replacement for platinum, but unfortunately platinum is the best catalyst for the fuel cell. They are currently experimenting with ways to use less of this precious material.
They are also working on eliminating the carbon black molecule completely and attempting to produce the fuel cell with a cluster of nanowires. This way, the nanowires have nothing to detach from and can work at their most efficient rate.
If platinum continues to be used the way it is being used now, there is only enough to last 10 years. Dr. Sun says other challenges include hydrogen storage and hydrogen production for fuel cells.
California already has hydrogen gas stations. They have an agreement with industry partners in Canada for testing purposes. Dr. Sun and his team work in collaboration with other industry leaders such as GM, and he said he believes they will come up with an efficient low-cost formula within the next 10 years. | <urn:uuid:f90793a7-e736-485c-b13d-6e472ac0b525> | {
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If you’ve ever rushed out the door without brushing your teeth, you’re not alone. And while skipping a day here and there won’t make much difference, if you were to stop brushing altogether, the outcome wouldn’t be good, as you might guess.
If you neglect your teeth and stop brushing, flossing, and visiting your dentist for checkups, the outcome will not be positive.
It’s a Recipe for Gum Disease
More than half of Americans have gum disease, and if you stop brushing your teeth, you’ll be on the fast track to becoming one of them. Unfortunately, once the bacteria enters your gums, there’s no way to completely remove it. Once you’re diagnosed with gingivitis, you’ll need to visit the dentist every three months, instead of six.
When plaque sits on your teeth for prolonged periods of time, it develops into a substance that dentists call super plaque. That super plaque inhabits the space beneath your gum line, where it hardens into tartar, which is much harder to remove than plaque. The tartar then starts to irritate your gum tissue, and you have gingivitis, which is the most common type of gum disease.
Surprisingly, gingivitis isn’t painful, so many people don’t even realize they have it. However, it’s important to treat it early. If you don’t, pockets begin to form at the bases of your teeth where your gums are pulling away. Those pockets create an ideal environment for more plaque to collect. The result is discolored teeth, swollen gums, and the more serious form of gum disease: periodontitis.
You’ll Have Bad Breath
Most of us have caught a whiff of halitosis, or bad breath. After all, 65% of Americans have it. Less than stellar oral hygiene is one of the biggest contributing factors. In that case, the foul smell comes from plaque feeding in your mouth and food starting to break down. Gross!
Your Teeth Could Fall Out
As periodontitis progresses, it usually spreads to the jaw. The pockets in your gums give bacteria easy-access to your jaw bone, making it easy for your jaw to become infected. This eventually results in the disintegration of the bone and tissue that hold your teeth in place, which makes it likely that your teeth will fall out.
The majority of Americans between the ages of 20 and 64 have lost 7 teeth to gum disease.
You Could Suffer Other Health Issues as a Result
When bacteria and inflammation thrive in your mouth, they can also access other parts of your body, resulting in a range of health problems. Three diseases that are linked with bad dental hygiene are:
- Heart Disease: Bacteria in your mouth can make its way into your bloodstream, where it travels to your heart and causes inflammation. An inflamed heart is at risk for a number of issues.
- Diabetes: Gum infections can trigger a spike in blood sugar, which makes diabetes more difficult to control. As a matter of fact, many people who have diabetes also have periodontitis.
- Pneumonia: The bacteria in your mouth can become airborne, making it possible for you to inhale it where it travels to your lungs.
If you ask us, all these consequences don’t seem to be worth the risk. We’ll stick with dedicating a few minutes of our day to oral hygiene! | <urn:uuid:1dd84c73-bc04-4355-870d-1dbee079c3d1> | {
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Learning Activities For Kindergarten. Got a curious kindergartener on your hands? Which English learning activities your kindergartener liked the most?
That's why I create engaging and effective I thought it would be even more helpful, if I gathered all of the activities I've created for kindergarten students and put them in one place for you. Kindergarten worksheets are a wonderful learning tool for educators and students to use. Kindergarten introduces a lot of skills, but it is super important to keep learning fun!
First choose an English topic from the curriculum page, then a game from this page to practise it.
One of the ways we describe the study of science to small children is by saying we are "learning about the world and how it works." Planning differentiated learning activities for your kindergarten students can be a daunting task.
Set up your classroom to encourage learning through play. This activity is in itself a valuable language learning activity, as you carefully demonstrate and give each instruction in English. Kindergarten worksheets are a wonderful learning tool for educators and students to use. | <urn:uuid:5bb27e35-41be-46f6-9094-3344c5165ebc> | {
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The hamskey is one of the rarest species on planet earth. A hamskey is a hybrid of two species; it’s half monkey and half hamster. There have only been a few dozen spotting of a hamskey out in their natural habitat, and most of them have been in the Amazon rainforest and a few in the Panama jungle. A hamskey can sit on the average man’s palm and usually weighs about a pound and a half.
The first recorded sighting of a hamskey was in 1987 by two scientists, Emily Grason and Stephan Salvator, who were exploring the Amazon jungle. They spotted the creature one day, as it leaped from one branch to another. At first they thought the creature was a tiny monkey but at they took a closer look they realized the animal had the tail, arms and legs of a monkey, but the body and face was different. Setting up a small cage on the ground with food inside they were able to attract the creature in and safely capture it so they could then take it back to camp and take a closer look as well as run some tests. After taking a closer look at the creature’s DNA they were able to determine that it was in fact part monkey but it was also part rodent. Further tests and analyzes would later reveal that the creature was half hamster too, and so the creature was named a hamskey after the two different species that came together to make one new one.
The hamskey’s diet consists of fruit, native vegetation, depending on the area it is living in, and nuts. Based on the latest research the hamskey can live up to 20 years, but the average hamskey lives somewhere between fourteen and eighteen years. At this moment there are two hamskies being held in captivity at the San Francisco Zoo. There is one female named Jane, and who is thought to be about seven years old and a male, Ron who is about nine years old. Jane at the moment is pregnant with two little hamskies though the genders are not known, Jane’s due date is any day now and this will be the first birthing of a hamskey seen by man.
From the data that has been collected by scientists hanskies are a very playful species. They like to stay together and at night they sleep either underground in a borough or up in the trees holding each other. They tend to divide their time pretty evenly between being up in the trees swinging from trees to trees and down on the ground exploring. Like their ancestor, the hamster, the hamskey also likes to carry its food in its cheeks, until it find a safe place to store for a later time when its hungry. However, something they do like monkeys is that a hamskey enjoys getting cleaned by other, rather than doing it themselves.
These creatures are such fun to watch, so if ever you are in the San Francisco area be sure to mark the San Francisco Zoo as one of your stops along the way. This is one stop you won’t want to miss! | <urn:uuid:5a740a1a-fb85-41a2-9768-9ae3b9bb42a6> | {
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|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009)|
Tushratta was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten—approximately the late 14th century BC. He was the son of Shuttarna II. His sister Gilukhipa and his daughter Tadukhipa were married to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III; Tadukhipa later married Akhenaten who took over his father's royal harem.
He had been placed on the throne after the murder of his brother Artashumara. He was probably quite young at the time and was destined to serve as a figurehead only. But he managed to dispose of the murderer.
At the beginning of his reign, the Hittite King Suppiluliuma I, reconquered Kizzuwatna, then invaded the western part of the Euphrates valley and conquered the Amurru and Nuhašše in Hanigalbat. According to the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty, Suppiluliuma had made a treaty with Artatama, a rival of Tushratta. Nothing is known of Artatama's previous life or connection, if any, to the royal family. The document calls him king of the Hurrians, while Tushratta is given the title of "King of Mitanni", which must have disagreed with Tushratta. Suppiluliuma started to plunder the lands of the west bank of the Euphrates river and he annexed Mount Lebanon. Tushratta threatened to raid beyond the Euphrates if even a single lamb or kid was stolen.
Suppiluliuma then recounts how the land of Isuwa on the upper Euphrates had seceded in the time of his grandfather. Attempts to conquer it failed. In the time of his father, other cities rebelled. Suppiluliumas claims to have defeated them, but the survivors fled to the territory of Isuwa that must have been part of Tushratta's realm. A clause to return fugitives was part of many treaties made at the time, so possibly the harbouring of fugitives by Isuwa formed the pretext for the Hittite invasion. A Hittite army crossed the border, entered Isuwa and returned the fugitives (or deserters or exile governments) to Hittite rule. "I freed the lands which I captured; they dwelt in their places. All the people whom I released rejoined their peoples and Hatti incorporated their territories," Suppiluliuma later boasted.
The Hittite army then marched through various districts towards the Mitanni capital of Washshukanni. Suppiluliumas claims to have plundered the district and to have brought loot, captives, cattle, sheep and horses back to Hatti. He also claims that Tushratta fled, but obviously he failed to capture the capital. While the campaign weakened Tushratta's kingdom, he still held onto his throne.
A second campaign
In a second campaign, the Hittites again crossed the Euphrates and subdued Halab, Mukish, Niya, Arahati, Apina, and Qatna as well as some cities whose names have not been preserved. Charioteers are mentioned among the booty from Arahati, who were brought to Hatti together with all their possessions. While it was common practice to incorporate enemy soldiers in the army, this might point to a Hittite attempt to counter the most potent weapon of the Mitanni, the war-chariots, by building up or strengthening their own chariot forces.
Tushratta had possibly suspected Hittite intentions on his kingdom, for the Amarna letters include several tablets from Tushratta concerning the marriage of his daughter Tadukhipa with Akhenaten, explicitly to solidify an alliance with the Egyptian kingdom. However, when Suppiluliumas invaded his kingdom, the Egyptians failed to respond in time—perhaps because of the sudden death of Akhenaten, and the resulting struggle for control of the Egyptian throne.
According to a treaty later made between Suppiluliuma and Tushratta's brother Shattiwaza, after a third devastating Hittite raid led to the fall of Carchemish, Tushratta was assassinated by a group led by one of his sons. A time of civil war followed which came to an end when Suppiluliuma placed Shattiwaza on the Mitannian throne.
14th century BC | <urn:uuid:5f727e01-b6da-4498-bef5-db8b6ab76dea> | {
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Where should you store information?
A framework based on half-life of knowledge
What is half-life of knowledge?
In nuclear physics, the half-life of a radioactive substance refers to the amount of time taken for it to reduce (decay) to half. Similarly, half-life of knowledge, information or facts refers to the amount of time needed for half of the knowledge to become irrelevant or outdated.
For example: A company's press release or an investor update will typically have a half-life of a couple of weeks. On the other hand, your company's wiki or your SOPs will have a half-life of ~0.5-1 years.
What is this framework?
The half-life of knowledge talks about the time till a particular bit of information would be useful. It naturally follows that different types of information having widely varied lifespans should also have their respective channels.
This framework aims to give you an initial direction as to where a particular piece of information that has been generated is best stored.
Please respond to the questions. | <urn:uuid:5db598a7-f487-4aa6-9a17-1f02b641ef66> | {
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Locke’s difference between the actual essence of the material as well as nominal essence of the substance is Probably the most intriguing parts of the Essay. Scholastic philosophers experienced held that the main objective of metaphysics and science was to find out about the essences of things: The true secret metaphysical elements of points which described all of their exciting attributes.
Ideas of modes are Suggestions of things which are depending on substances in some way. On the whole, this taxonomic classification might be fairly challenging. It doesn't seem to have a clear parallel in modern metaphysics, and it is sometimes regarded as a mere capture-all class for items that are neither substances nor relations. But it really is useful to think of modes as staying like attributes of substances; modes are “these types of elaborate Concepts, which on the other hand compounded, incorporate not in them the supposition of subsisting by on their own, but are considered as Dependences on, or Affections of Substances.” (two.twelve.4, 165). Modes are available in two kinds: basic and mixed.
If Locke is prosperous can be a make any difference of dispute. On some situations the Examination he gives of how an incredibly complex plan could possibly be built using only straightforward Tips is vague and necessitates the reader to fill in a few gaps. And commentators have also instructed that a lot of the uncomplicated Suggestions Locke invokes, such as the simple Thoughts of power and unity, will not appear to be evident factors of our phenomenological working experience.
Two varieties of villa-prepare in Roman Britain may be attribute of Roman villas generally speaking. The more typical program extended wings of rooms all opening onto a linking portico, which could be extended at suitable angles, even to enclose a courtyard. The other sort featured an aisled central corridor similar to a basilica, suggesting the villa owner's magisterial position.
Guide 2, Chapter eight from the Essay contains an extended dialogue of the distinction involving Main and secondary characteristics. Locke was barely authentic in making this difference. By the time the Essay was printed, it were created by lots of others and was site even considerably commonplace.
Stillingfleet, Together with being a robust political and look at these guys theological figure, was an astute and forceful critic. The 2 Adult men debated a variety of the positions within the Essay inside a series of revealed letters.
Locke reaffirms his determination to this account of notion at several other factors in the Essay. And when talking about materials objects Locke is very often pleased to allow that they're composed of fabric corpuscles. What on earth is peculiar, having said that, is always that while the Essay does appear to have quite a few passages by which Locke supports mechanical explanations and speaks really of mechanism, In addition, it includes some highly crucial remarks about system and conversations of the bounds in the mechanical philosophy.
Locke was not the very first philosopher to present Suggestions a central part; Descartes, as an example, had relied seriously on them in conveying the human brain. But determining precisely what Locke usually means by “thought” has triggered disputes amid commentators.
You may locate it beneficial to search inside the web site to discover how very similar or linked subjects are lined.
As Villa's biographer Friedrich Katz has noted, "During his life span, Villa had under no circumstances bothered with common preparations in his loved ones daily life," and he contracted numerous marriages without having looking for annulment or divorce. On 29 Might 1911, Villa married María Luz Corral, who has long been described as "quite possibly the most articulate of his quite a few wives."[sixty one] Villa fulfilled her when she was dwelling together with her widowed mom in San Andrés, where by Villa for the time experienced his headquarters. Anti-re-electionists threatened the locals for monetary contributions to their trigger, which The 2 Girls could not manage. The widow Corral did not want to seem a counter-innovative, and went to Villa, who permitted her to produce a token contribution for the trigger.
Although it has never been proven who was answerable for the assassination, most historians attribute Villa's death to the perfectly prepared conspiracy, most likely initiated by Plutarco Elías Calles and Joaquín Amaro with no less than tacit acceptance of the then president of Mexico, Álvaro Obregón.:393
A basic in Locke scientific tests. Explores philosophical subject areas within the Essay and discusses Locke’s undertaking in general. One quantity more on epistemology and just one on metaphysics.
"Villa is not just there to finish performs. Villa is synonymous with depth. It means often staying able to open passing lanes, to draw defenders and therefore freeing House for Other people."
In what sense was it me that attended Bridlemile Elementary School a few years back? In any case, that man or woman was quite brief, knew little about soccer, and beloved Chicken McNuggets. I, However, am common height, know a lot of soccer trivia, and acquire fairly queasy on the thought of eating rooster, specifically in nugget sort. Yet, it is actually true that I am similar to the boy who attended Bridlemile. | <urn:uuid:f755cfda-68bd-4fec-b2df-58bba18baa29> | {
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The following information is taken directly from the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy web site from breeds information.
The first Chinchillas were created by a French engineer M.J. Dybowski and were
shown for the first time in April 1913 at Saint-Maur, France. The new breed took
the rabbit world by storm as the ideal fur rabbit, which so greatly resembled
the South American Chinchilla lanigera. A Mrs. Haidee Lacy-Hulbert of Mitcham
Surrey, imported the first of the breed to England in the summer of 1917. A
British exhibitor presented a shipment at the New York State Fair in 1919. After
the show, he sold all the stock to Edward H. Stahl and Jack Harris. The original
Chinchillas were rather small at 5 to 7 1/2 pounds, and American breeders set
out to produce a larger animal that would be better suited for meat and pelts.
Through selective breeding for larger size, fine bones, and a good dress-out
percentage, a breed standard was issued for the Heavyweight Chinchilla. It was a
larger form of the Standard Chinchilla – the same shape, color, and general make
up. In 1924, both Chinchilla breeds were adopted into the standards book and
shortly thereafter, the Heavyweight Chinchilla was renamed the American
We were fortunate to have the opportunity to purchase four American Chinchilla Rabbits from Mr, Herman Young in Indiana. We were excited to obtain these animals as part of our continuing effort to help preserve those breeds of farm animals which are in danger of extinction. The American Chinchilla Rabbit is currently listed as Critical on the ALBC Conservation Priority List.
The organization task with maintaining the integrity of the breed and making sure those rabbits registered as American Chinchillas meet the established breed standards is the American Chinchilla Rabbit Breeders Association (ACRBA). The ACRBA is located in Unionville, Indiana.
My Grandson, Nick, and his
American Chinchilla Rabbit
My nephew, Cole, enjoying the
American Chinchilla rabbit
Content copyright . Old Fashioned Farm. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:ec4fea41-ed5b-48c4-9caa-ba669b4aa4c0> | {
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Task: sort the statements according to whether they are always, sometimes or never true.
This was the first time for this routine with my class (I included an example for each statement to help my EAL students with the language). Here is how we tackled it:
1. We started with a quick sorting activity with groups creating 3 piles of statements
2. I took one example from a group and asked the students to explain why they had placed it in that pile. At this point it became clear that we needed to breakdown what it means to prove if something is true or not. We discussed:
- examples and counterexamples
- how many examples you need to prove something is true
- convince yourself – convince others
- justifying reasoning
- using precise language
- ways of showing eg numbers, symbols, words, pictures, manipulatives
3. We created a shared proof on the board
4. Groups then were given materials to record their proofs for each statement
5. We paused periodically to share ideas, give feedback, go on gallery walks etc
There were some great questions raised and subsequent discussions:
- when you add numbers you get a bigger answer – Does zero count as a number?
- adding two 2-digit numbers results in a 3-digit number – What’s the difference between a digit and number?What about with decimals – is 6.3 a 2-digit number?
- when you subtract numbers you get a smaller answer – How do you subtract a negative number? (lots of number line work here to get our heads round subtracting negative numbers for those who were ready)
- How can we change the words so an always statement becomes a never statement? | <urn:uuid:5b5a231f-04d1-4d0e-bf26-9a473e20fda3> | {
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Imagine bring in a boat drifting down a river. You can't determine any motion internally only by external reference as the river & you move at the same speed. Similarly, free-falling with gravity you can't feel it so it must be going at the same speed as you. Try going faster or slower & gravity drags on you just as a river does.<br />In a space ship sling-shotting around a giant planet you would feel absolutely nothing, despite increasing or reducing your speed & even changing direction! Similarly aiming directly at the Sun you could not know your speed except by external reference.<br />How can this be? Well it must be because the speed of gravity is a second constant of the universe & is zero. However we measure it the answer is always the same just as light.<br />The problems now are: we can't make any measurement as nothing I know measures zero; our maths, of which I've complained for most of my life, can't deal with zero, except as a trick.<br />The universal constant of gravity was measured here in the UK by use of a plumb-bob deflected by a mountain. This leads us to think it is contained within mass but can't be true else a black hole would be just as invisible to gravity as light, since neither can escape. Therefore it appears to be a property of space which mass, somehow, is able to dent. Just as space seems to keep the speed of light C constant does it keep the speed of gravity G? constant. | <urn:uuid:e1dc2ad5-8c07-4d43-9779-8ec24c6e0ce4> | {
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Medical tattoo stickers in the future?
Researchers from the University of Missouri say the two materials, which produce energy when used together, could be the basis for various biomedical sensors that stick onto your skin to monitor personal health.
The study was published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“The conventional approach for developing an on-skin biomedical electronic device is usually complex and often expensive to produce,” Zheng Yan, study author and assistant professor at the University of Missouri College of Engineering, said in a news release. “In contrast, our approach is low-cost and very simple. We can make a similar device using widely available pencils and paper.”
Pencils are made of lead that include varying levels of graphite, clay and wax, but an abundance of one of those ingredients together with a piece of copy paper can actually produce energy, the researchers said.
The team found that pencils with more than 90% graphite are able to conduct “a high amount of energy” from friction between the paper and pencil during writing or drawing, the news release said; pencils with 93% graphite proved to be a better electrical conductor.
With help from a spray-on adhesive, people can attach the paper with pencil-drawn electrodes, for example, onto their skin to one day measure personal health such as skin temperature, heart rate and glucose levels.
“For example, if a person has a sleep issue, we could draw a biomedical device that could help monitor that person’s sleep levels,” Yan said. “Or in the classroom, a teacher could engage students by incorporating the creation of a wearable device using pencils and paper in a lesson plan.” | <urn:uuid:ac5b0ca0-4142-42f5-a291-44f1e15b9553> | {
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Big, gaseous planets are becoming a commonplace finding in our galaxy, but until now astronomers had never detected a body as small as our Earth orbiting another star. Two new planets announced today matter in the search for life because they are small enough to have a solid surface. They are too close to their sun to have liquid water, but astronomers are optimistic that more habitable worlds will be found soon.
On Tuesday I caught up with Villanova astronomer Andrej Prsa, who was part of the team announcing the planets. They were detected with a space telescope called Kepler, launched in 2009 with the express goal of finding other earths.
Prsa’s job is to make sure Kepler is detecting real planets and not reacting to false alarms. The astronomers don’t actually see any of these planets but indirectly detect their presence by monitoring stars for tiny periodic dips in brightness. These dips are indications that planets are passing in front and creating mini-eclipses. (The image is an artist's reconstruction)
The newly announced planets only dim the stars by 100 parts per million, said Prsa, but measuring such minuscule changes is within Kepler’s ability. The project has led to announcements of hundreds of “candidate planets,” he said, but astronomers have high standards of evidence when it comes to naming a true discovery. | <urn:uuid:936109d5-96d6-48aa-a592-be7fc4de1f05> | {
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Rett Syndrome is a severe disorder that generally strikes children about three or four years of age. Although the disease is present at birth, symptoms are not noticed right away. Rett Syndrome is caused by a chromosome mutation. It nearly always affects girls. Although scientists have discovered the genetic cause of this disease, there is no cure for Rett Syndrome at the present time.,
Physiotherapy to treat Rett Syndrome takes many different phases. It involves both physical and mental stimulation. Some of the therapies used to treat patients with Rett Syndrome include physical therapy, horseback riding, music therapy, water therapy and communication therapy.
A child who is born with Rett Syndrome will often appear normal at birth. They will develop normally throughout the first three or four years of their life when things suddenly begin to change, signaling to the parent that something is wrong.
One of the physical aspects with Rett Syndrome is slow head growth. During baby visits, doctors often measure an infant's head during the course of a physical exam. Children with Rett Syndrome tend to have smaller heads that do not grow normally. This is one of the first indications that there is something wrong.
Other symptoms include impaired language. Where the child may have been developing normal speech patterns, suddenly they seem to be unable to express themselves. They may begin wringing their hands, tapping and clapping as they gradually begin to lose control of their hand movements. Their upper bodies will shake and a child who had been walking may begin walking unsteadily with stiff legs.
In addition to those symptoms, children with Rett Syndrome often have seizures, grind their teeth, have bluish tints to their feet and legs due to poor circulation and have contracted joints and spinal curvature.
Physiotherapy to treat Rett Syndrome involves manipulations and exercises to prevent deformities of limbs and spine. This is essential so that the child can learn to walk and so their joints and muscles do not experience atrophy. Those with bluish tints to their feet and legs due to poor circulation must have the extremities massaged often to regain proper circulation. Horseback riding therapy has helped many children with Rett Syndrome as it assists them with balance as well as instills confidence. In addition, hydrotherapy, which is water exercise, helps to keep their extremities limber.
When implemented early, physiotherapy to treat Rett Syndrome can be very beneficial. Although there is no cure for this disease, children who are properly treated through physiotherapy can often attend school, although their communication skills are impaired. Physical therapy includes speech therapy to teach them to communicate using pictures and letters, word boards and even computers.
Physiotherapy to treat Rett Syndrome also involves music therapy. Early exposure to toys and music is essential to help the child develop emotionally. Music therapy is both soothing and teaches communication skills to children with Rett Syndrome.
At the present time, there are no medications used to treat children with Rett Syndrome. Physiotherapy to treat Rett Syndrome, therefore, has proven very effective and given hope to both parents and children who suffer with this disabling condition. | <urn:uuid:71cfe3c2-0280-4a4e-a4f4-1735b361635c> | {
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1865 Indian Head Cent
The Indian Head one cent coin, was produced by the United States Mint from 1859 to 1909 at the Philadelphia Mint and in 1908 and 1909 at the San Francisco Mint. It was designed by James Barton Longacre the engraver at the Philadelphia Mint from 1844 to 1869.
The obverse of the coin shows "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," the head of Liberty wearing a feather head dress of a Native American and the year of production. The word "LIBERTY" appears on the band of the head dress. From 1859 to 1864 the design did not feature any mark of the designer. In 1864, Longacre modified the portrait by sharpening the details at this time he added his initial "L" on the ribbon behind Liberty's neck as well. This design would continue largely unaltered until the end of the series, with a minor modification by Charles E. Barber in 1886 when the portrait was changed slightly.
Two reverse designs were used for the series. In 1859 the reverse featured "ONE CENT" within a wreath of olive. From 1860 until the end of the series the reverse featured "ONE CENT" within a wreath of oak and olive tied at the base with a ribbon with a Federal shield above. This design continued until the end on the series in 1909 with a minor modification by William Barber in 1870.
The coins struck between 1859 and 1864 contained 88% copper and 12% nickel. Due to the hoarding of all coinage during the Civil War, the nickel cents disappeared from daily use and were replaced in many Northern cities by tokens. The success of these copper tokens prompted the change of the cent to a similar metal. In 1864, the alloy changed to Bronze (95% Copper and 5% Tin and Zinc), and the weight of the coins was reduced from 72 grains to 48 grains. This weight continued for copper-alloy U.S. cents until the 1982 introduction of the current copper-plated zinc cent (about 38.6 grains).
The total production of the Indian Head cent was 1,849,648,000 pieces. The 1909-S had the lowest mintage, only 309,000. It is not considered as scarce as the 1877 issue, (852,500), since fewer of those were kept, particularly in the higher grades. | <urn:uuid:d5132899-5ae6-4e48-9fec-c12b294764e4> | {
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Chapter Fourteen looks at higher education and the police. The issue of higher education has been debated for some time. One-quarter of Americans have a four-year college degree or higher. Law enforcement is significantly behind the societal trends in education. It is time to upgrade American policing.
Chief August Vollmer called for higher education for police as long ago as the early 1900s. Despite Vollmer’s perception of the need for higher education, programs were slow to develop. Policing was viewed as being very simple and not needing college educated officers to effectively perform police functions. Policing did not pay much, had limited opportunities for advancement, and a low status. For these reasons, college educated individuals were not attracted to policing.
However, a rising crime rate and ghetto riots in the 1960s created a greater interest in higher education for the police. The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice called for improvements in policing. One of the improvements was requiring all police officers to have a baccalaureate degree.
A number of federal programs were created to assist individuals pursuing college degrees in criminal justice. The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) was created through the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. It was created to improve the effectiveness of the police. It was through LEAA that the Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP) was established. This program provided financial assistance to those attending college. The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended in 1973 that all individuals entering policing have a baccalaureate degree.
The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (Crime Control Act) of 1994 allocated money to hire new police officers to enhance the community policing effort. As part of the Crime Control Act, the Police Corps and the scholarship and recruitment program earmarked monies to reimburse tuition costs to individuals committing to work for a police department for several years after graduating from college.
Early police programs in college were focused more on training. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, these programs became more academic-oriented. This new orientation included a broader approach to the discipline. Research was added to the discipline. The quality of the faculty improved. The quality of the students improved. The quality of the curriculum also improved.
Despite the increase in the number of police applicants having at least some college experience, the police departments continued to be slow in requiring some college experience of their applicants.
Research has found some differences between the college-educated officer and the officer lacking college experience. The college-educated officer is more understanding of human behavior, less authoritarian, and had better job performance. The college-educated officer also had fewer citizen complaints, have fewer disciplinary actions taken against them, fewer job-related injuries, and fewer incidents of using deadly force. The college-educated officer appears to have had a positive impact on policing. On a negative side, some believe that the college-educated officer will be less satisfied with policing and more willing to leave policing.
Given the complexities of policing, higher education may be considered a bona fide occupational qualification. This has been the feelings of the courts. There have been legal challenges to agencies requiring applicants to have some college credits. Davis v. the City of Dallas (1985) upheld the department’s requirement that police applicants have at least 45 semester hours and a C average from an accredited university.
There exists a fear that requiring some college may discriminate against minorities. In the case of Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971), the United States Supreme Court held that if an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even though it has discriminatory overtones. Using the Davis case, the court could reason that the benefits of the requirements outweighed any discriminatory effects. In fact, data collected over the years indicates that the higher education requirement did not negatively impact the minority police officer.
Citing the advantages of college-educated officers, it would appear that departments would need to support this as an entry-level requirement. Some agencies have offered higher pay for college experience, worked around the officer’s school schedule, or offered tuition reimbursement. The numerous advantages of college outweigh any disadvantages that may arise. These requirements also continue to push policing more to professionalism.
If college education is to become an entry-level requirement for policing, it is important that supporting policies be established. The benefits provided by higher education suggest that a college degree should be a requirement for initial police employment. The higher educational requirement should not adversely affect minority recruit or retention. The chief should be behind the requirements. That would be the fastest way for a police department to require higher education. Suggestions for future education focus on post-graduate programs for senior police executives. | <urn:uuid:ce340851-6165-42d7-a220-f2d8f7860d34> | {
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On April 11, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Fair housing Act of 1968. President Johnson was motivated to push congress to pass the act in response to the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4, 1968. He wanted to have the act signed before Dr. King’s funeral as a memorial to his great work in the civil rights movement. The following April, organizations such as the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) began recognizing April as fair housing month in honor of the passage of the 1968 act. Therefore, we close April with this blog post as a tribute to fair housing laws and their impact on the business of property management.
Fair Housing Law provides protection against discrimination for the following classes: race, color, religion, sex, familial status, national origin, or handicap.
Several aspects of property management are affected by the Fair Housing Law; these include but are not limited to advertising, resident placement, and possible home modification. When advertising a home, it is important to remember that the ad itself cannot be written in such a way to discriminate against any of the protected classes. A common misconception is that any term referencing these categories is unlawful. General terms used to describe the amenities of a dwelling or specific features are not illegal. An example may be “mother-in-law suite,” this is a term that describes a feature of the home, it is not discriminating a particular sex or familial status. Resident placement is also affected by the Fair Housing Act. When processing applications for potential residents and making a decision to approve or deny an application, any part of the application that refers to a protected class cannot be a consideration in the decision process. Finally, home modifications may be necessary to accommodate for any handicap person. The act has a specific clause stating that if it is necessary for a person to modify a home because of a disability the home owner must allow any reasonable modification to be done at the disabled person’s expense. If accommodations are not allowed it is considered discrimination because the person is not being allowed full use of the property because of their disability. As stated above, this information represents merely a snapshot of areas of property management impacted by the Fair Housing Act of 1968. For more information please visit http://www.justice.gov/crt/housing/title8.php.
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 took a step toward Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s dream. In Dr. King’s words, “Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable… Every step toward the goal of justice requires sacrifice, suffering, and struggle; the tireless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals.” This act is a tool that can guide us in these efforts.
Blog Post contributed by Kim Butler, an employee of Excalibur Home Management.
(Andrew L. Propst, “Fair Housing & Disability,” Residential Resource, April 2010, Volume 21,
Number 4, pg. 16)
(U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, History of Fair Housing, 21 August 2007,
(U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Memorandum For: FHEO,Office
Directors, Enforcement Directors, Staff, Office of Investigations, Field Assistant General
Counsel, 9 January 1995,http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/disabilities/sect804achtenberg.pdf)
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