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The budget varies according to each case, depends on the quality of the donor area of the patient. Therefore, we recommend to our patients approach the clinic to obtain an assessment of our medical team and an estimate of the price.
Not always. It is necessary to shave the donor area to facilitate the extraction, but thanks to our DHI Technique it is possible to implant the follicular units in the receiving area without cutting the hair.
In the case of women, thanks to their long hair in most cases, there is no need to make a visible shave in the donor area. Esto se consigue mediante el rasurado de finas líneas en la cabeza, que quedan ocultas bajo el resto de la melena.
When can I back to work without it being obvious the hair transplant?
Between 8 and 10 days depending on the consistency of the patient himself in the wash. Starting from the eighth day, the patient should wash his scalp twice a day so that on the tenth day the patient can join his routine normally.
The first 10 days will be rest days. The patient may exercise moderately as well as go for a walk. You can return to the gym after ten days once the graft area has healed completely and the entire scab area has been cleaned. However, for contact sports such as boxing or similar, you will have to wait a month. If you want to go to the pool, it is advisable to use non-silicone swimming caps so that the follicles are not tractioned.
It is preferable to sleep on your back to avoid swelling of the face.
When does swelling appear and how long does it last?
Swelling does not always appear, however in some patients it is the case and appears on the second and third day and takes approximately the same to disappear.
How long should I use anti-inflammatories?
It’s about five days of treatment.
How long does anestesia last?
The anestesia lasts approximately four hours. After the patient usually has a feeling of slight pressure on the head that disappears throughout the day. Waking up the next day without any discomfort.
When do I wash my head?
If the patient is from an area near the clinic, the first wash will be done in the same area after 2-3 days after the intervention. The first days you should shower from the neck down. If water falls on the graft while we shower the first few days, nothing will happen, you just have to be careful with the water pressure because it can lift them.
Any frequently used shampoo is useful for washing the scalp. It is advisable not to use antiseborrheic shampoos.
How long should I use the spray?
The first three days to keep the grafts in a humid environment while the implant heals.
Can I wear head covering hats?
Yes, in fact in the same clinic you will be given a hat, so that you can return to your routine, in truth, wool caps or small caps cannot be worn for the first ten days.
How many hairs can normally fall a day?
It can be considered that 50 to 100 hair a day is a normal hair loss.
Do you lose more hair because you have fat?
Hair loss and seborrhea are caused by the same cause. Male hormones that act in genetically predisposed individuals cause hair loss and increase sebaceous secretion.
What are the differences between male alopecia and female alopecia?
Normally female alopecia is a diffuse alopecia of parietal regions without frontoparietal recession and that respects a thin frontal band, while in man, alopecia is more localized starting with the retraction of the first implantation line and a frontoparietal recession that affects the vertex.
Where can I go to fight hair loss?
The dermatologist is the most qualified professional to diagnose and treat any hair problem.
Can you notice that it is a transplanted hair?
Today, with the hair recovery techniques used by dermatologists the aesthetic result is totally satisfactory.
Does the hair dryer damage the hair?
In principle, making reasonable and careful use, it should not damage the hair.
HAVE WE NOT SOLVED YOUR DOUBTS? | https://clinicadermatologicaercilla.com/en/faq/ | 901 |
The head of a jazz orchestra, band leader, pianist, arranger, conductor, composer, teacher, Honored Artist of Russia (1985). The first in the country, Professor of pop and jazz music (1989). One of the founders and creators of pop-jazz education in Russia. The first head of pop and jazz music Rostov College of Art (1982, 1985), the first Head of the Department of pop and jazz music in The Rostov State Conservatoire named after S.V. Rakhmaninov (RGMPI) (1982, 1993). Member, Coordinating Board of Education with a variety of science-based central office to the educational institutions of culture and art (1984, 1993). Founder Rostov Jazz Orchestra (1963, 1993). Winner of the International and local jazz festivals. Chairman of the jury of international and national jazz competitions. By teaching and training manuals for piano and orchestra class for pop-jazz music departments of universities and colleges. The teacher, brought up a lot of winners of international and domestic competitions and festivals, working in Russia, Europe and America.
«The elegant, extravagant conductor, Knight of Big Band… He once perfectly combined intelligence, gentleness and ambitious principles. He understood. But he was so talented person that knew how that their commitment and determination to express in some very good form.» (YS Saulsky).
«His efficiency, combined with humor, combined with his personal charm enabled is very hard to put back on its feet pop-jazz education in Rostov…» (VB Feyertag).
Spring 87th at the initiative of K. Nazaretov in Rostov-na-Don Russia held a contest pop-jazz vocalists, then — II Donskoj big jazz festival Band, which at this time was already international (attended by teams from Germany, France, Poland). In December 87th as a member of the jury Kim Nazaretov, along with students and graduates og conservatory goes to Poland in the town of Kalisz in the XIV International Jazz Festival and the VII International Competition for jazz pianists named Mstislav Kosza. Already in Kalisz Kim was chosen chairman of the jury at the piano. Rostov musicians I. Ukolov and M. Ivanov were awarded this prestigious competition. In the 88th year, the orchestra was invited on a tour to Scotland in the sister-city Glasgow. In the same year, Kim Avedikovich starts a series of concerts under the rubric of «Jazz + Jazz» the Philharmonic. Vladimir Borisovich Feyertag, jazz musician, said: «Orchestra of Nazaretov pleases us with his persistence, careful attitude namely to jazz instrument».
In 1990, Kim Nazareth included in the work of the organization All-Russian competition of jazz musicians and holds it in April (the chairman of jury — Igor Bril). The winners were essentially two schools: the Moscow and Rostov. In autumn the same year, the chair of pop and jazz music RGMPI joined the International Association of Jazz Schools (Glasgow), which unfolded under the slogan: «The future of jazz is linked to the future of jazz education and the International Association of Jazz Schools». In January 1992,Kim Nazaretov was awarded for the academic title of professor on the faculty of pop and jazz music. In the same year on July 15 the Municipal Music Center was approved, and the Big Band of Kim Nazaretov finally got the status of a professional team. 21 December 1993 municipal Jazz Orchestra of Kim Nazaretova finally and officially moved into its own premises, but … without Kim.
| http://www.aslangotov.com/2019/06/kim-nazaretov/ | 750 |
RedDoor is an online tech and human powered mortgage broker on a mission to be the simplest and smartest way to finance your home. With RedDoor, you can discover your maximum buying power, get an instant pre-approval, check out loan options for different properties, customize loan terms and so much more with zero impact to your credit. | https://help.reddoor.com/en/articles/3146735-what-is-reddoor | 70 |
Lionel Messi has repeatedly spoken of his affection for Argentina icon Diego Maradona, who tragically died at the age of 60 on Wednesday night.
| https://todayfmlive.com/sports/itemlist/category/23-foreign.html?start=26 | 31 |
The WINTER SWEEPSTAKES LOTTERY scam email shown below claims that the recipient has won money in an international lottery. The email is an attempt to initiate a dialogue with potential victims and subsequently trick them into sending money to the scammers responsible. There is no “WINTER SWEEPSTAKES LOTTERY” and no prize money.
WINTER LOTTERY MANAGEMENT AWARD DEPARTMENT.
We are pleased to inform you of the announcement today 21th DECEMBER 2004 of your selection as one of the five winners of the promotional Golden Strike Sweepstakes Lottery FRANCE held recently as part of our END OF YEAR BONANZA. You have therefore been approved for a lump sum pay out of US$1,000,000.00 (One Million Dollars only) in cash credited to file REF NO.GSL/2551256003/23.
We in the winter Sweepstakes Lottery France is by this program, launching our model computer balloting lottery draws, developed and designed to satisfy the cravings of the ever growing number of participants in our various lottery programs. With funds accrued exclusively from previous draws, payouts to all winners are guaranteed and will be transferred in record time.
Remember, you must contact your claim agent not later than a week of receiving this notification. After this date, all funds will be returned as unclaimed.
In order to avoid unnecessary delays and complications, please remember to Quote your reference and batch numbers in every one of your correspondences with your agent.
Furthermore you are seriously advised to keep all winning lottery information and numbers from the public in line with our company security protocol to avoid double claiming and unwarranted abuse of this program by unscrupulous individuals.
Congratulations again from all our staff and thank you for being part of our Promotions program.
WINTER SWEEPSTAKES LOTTERY.
N.B. Any breach of confidentiality on the part of the winners will result to Disqualification. Please do not reply to this mail. Contact your claim agent.
| https://www.hoax-slayer.net/winter-sweepstakes-lottery-scam/ | 422 |
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A feature rich and easy to navigate website is a boon for any business. Easy functionality gives its users an enjoyable experience and meeting their needs becomes a key success for an online business. WordPress is one of the most widely used as well as trusted website platforms today. It empowers around 30% of the Internet for both small and enterprise scale businesses with millions of global users. Many big companies including enterprise organizations like TIME, CNN, UPS, and Facebook use WordPress as their site platform. With so many companies opting to go with WordPress, let us see what it takes for a website development company as must-have skills and knowledge to become successful –
When you look for a WordPress development partner, pay attention to the below points to assess their usefulness for your project :
- Ability to Scale WordPress
Scalability is one of the eminent features in WordPress among its array of other beautiful attributes. For content-focused companies, WordPress proves to be beneficial. The trend of developing valuable content for the site has not only become trendy but also essential. WordPress is an ideal solution for such companies with its easy to manage pages and modifying content. Ideally suited for blogging, WordPress supports companies that thrive on text more than infographics. Its intuitive content management system (CMS) is flexible, navigable and allows for various features to be set for multiple users. Importing all types of media including videos, photos, and animations is quick and easy in WordPress. With endless plugins, WordPress leverages its scalability beyond limitation.
An experienced WordPress developer will be able to guide its clients on how all the features can be exploited for maximum results.
Build Efficient & Custom WordPress Themes
WordPress themes are all over the internet and truly cover a very diverse range of businesses. Leveraging beautiful themes can certainly add to the success of the business. However, most of the time, companies opt for a custom-developed WordPress theme in order to differentiate themselves from the crowd. Yet the basic set-up is picked-up from the WordPress theme only. This may be advantageous for clients as aesthetics, functionality and user experience can be custom-designed to align with the site goals.
When searching for a WordPress development company, be sure to seek out a vendor who has experience in both customizing WordPress themes and creating custom-developed bespoke websites.
Understand Security with Open Source Platforms
It is a known fact that WordPress is an open source platform. In a way, this has proven to be a good thing as it offers many benefits for its users. First of all, as an open source platform, it provides ease-of-use for a large community of users and developers together. There is constant development taking place owing to its vast network of developers. New plugins, themes, and features are regularly added. Unfortunately, there is a slight security concern as well but there is no 100% guarantee on any platform used. So, you can relax in that area and continue to use WordPress as your trusted website platform.
As an enterprise, do not get discouraged from selecting WordPress because of its open source status. It is much more of an advantage than a disadvantage for companies. It simply requires an enterprise to select a website development partner who is well-versed in WordPress security and has the internal resources to maintain a website’s security. Additionally, development partners should have adequate resources to deal with emergency situations regarding security and must be able to immediately resolve any security breaches or hacks.
Know How to Select & Evaluate WordPress Plugins
As already stated, addressing and resolving security breaches is most important and is another key to success for your business. To elaborate on that a bit more, the biggest area of risk is typically around WordPress plugins. An experienced and knowledgeable WordPress developer will understand the importance of this issue and will know how to select and evaluate WordPress plugins. His wisdom about plugin hacks will ensure they are safe and reputable for the site. Some things to look for include:
- When was the plugin last updated?
- What are the plugin’s ratings and user reviews?
- What does the plugin changelog indicate?
Working with WebBee
WebBee Global has spread its wing in the development of WordPress websites as well. A dedicated development team works tirelessly to gain expertise in WordPress. The developers act as consultants-cum-designers for each client to give them a bespoke site for their online presence. All measures are deliberately applied to provide a safe and secure site. Due diligence is the norm at WebBee and the code is checked for security, performance, and future-proofing by the testing team prior to a site going live.
Selecting WebBee for your WordPress site will give you added value that comes in form of customization and in-house guidance to ensure that you have a partner who knows how to work with custom-built sites, support, and security.
Recommend the Best Hosting Option
It probably goes without mentioning that WordPress business websites should be primarily hosted on a private server. This is important for security as well as to maintain the speed and performance of the site. Sites with regular traffic or e-commerce transactions, need to take extra care about speed. For e-commerce sites where security, unlimited bandwidth, and storage are important factors besides speed, private hosting becomes mandatory. Check for hosting providers that can give you optimal results and you’re your site always up during peak hours.
Technical Evaluation of Requirements for WordPress
An experienced WordPress development firm can help you evaluate if WordPress is the best option for your business type and requirements. At WebBee, we believe that WordPress can cover the much-required functionality for most businesses, but there are times when another platform might sound more appropriate. With us, you will get an honest opinion about your case. We do cater to other platforms as well so, you need not be disappointed and look elsewhere. But before you jump to conclusion, here are few questions you should ask :
- What are the key requirements for your website?
- What functionality is required from the CMS?
- How do you want the site structured, created and managed?
- How will content be added, edited and uploaded on regular basis?
- How media and images will be managed?
- Is there a need search functionality?
- Who will be the users and how will they be managed?
While there are many more aspects to cover in this topic, the above points may give you a good start on what to look for in WordPress. Keep a tab on these crucial items to consider in your decision for a website development partner.
Let’s Start a Conversation
As a company that specializes in WordPress development and WordPress designing for small and enterprise companies, WebBee would love to hear from you about how we can collaborate with you. Check our website or give us call to initiate a long-term business relation to benefit your business. | 96881322b34c28f1fbde217e55d5fe1a | 1,420 |
Spain: Aranzubia; Varela, Jusué, Lopo, Angel; Gabri (Gallardo 80'), Xaxi, Marchena, Vicente; Guayre (Yeste 70'), Pablo Couñago (Xisco 70'). 4-4-2.
1-0. 25. Pablo. Shot in off post after Marchena squared ball across.
1-1. 33. Helder Postiga. Chipped ball over keeper after pass from Edmilson.
2-1. 81. Xisco. Followed up after keeper blocked shot from Xavi.
Spain won their first leg match against Portugal in this European championship play off, but left themselves with a lot to do in Faro next Tuesday. Iñaki Saez picked a strong side made up almost entirely of players who are playing first division football, with Valencia's Marchena playing in his new midfield role alongside his teammate Vicente and Barcelona's Gabri and Xavi, and Las Palmas left back Angel the only player making his debut at this level. | dcf81b774bfa9505300f3be25d14a349 | 224 |
Conditioning Body Serum 150ml has a rating of 4.8 stars based on 19 reviews.
I'm in love with this serum especially as I get drier skin over the summer months. Reminds me of tropical gardens.
Absorbs well and smells lovely.
Simply the best body body product I have ever used! It smells fantastic, absorbs easily & my skin feels so soft & silky.
I always think if you choose to buy a product again it must be good and this body oil is very good! I don't use it all the time as I also have the body cream, but like to use it after shaving my legs and for extra moisturising, a real treat.
I love this serum. It is nourishing and easily absorbs into my skin. It smells beautiful too! I don’t think I will be switching body serums again now I have found this.
Thought I would try this out and absolutely love it. Glides on easily, smells heavenly and absorbs very quickly leaving your skin feeling soft and silky. Use it every day and can’t recommend highly enough. So glad I found Ark Skincare as my skin has not felt or looked this good for years.
Wonderful product, the oil is easily absorbed with a delightful scent. It is not greasy, and has a nice texture that allows it not to leave an oily residue and does not make skin shiny. The scent is light, and relaxing and not at all overpowering. Would recommend for all skin types, just doesn't last long enough!
| https://www.arkskincare.com/collections/vegan-friendly/products/conditioning-body-serum-150ml | 324 |
The Mortal Kombat, Pac-Mania, and Atari Legacy cabinets include 14 games each and retail for $500.
Is Arcade1Up Tricking You to Pre-Order Marvel vs. Capcom 2?
Is Arcade1Up Tricking You to Pre-Order Marvel vs. Capcom 2? Marvel vs. Capcom 2 has been easily the hottest announcement from Arcade1Up this past year and proof was in the pudding as pre-orders sold out almost instantly. But as more units have become available to Pre-Order after the initial launch is it a possibility that Arcade1Up has been using a marketing tactic called artificial scarcity to increase FOMO and demand for the product?
Terminator 2 Arcade Game- Arcade1up preorder available now!
Terminator 2 Arcade Game- Arcade1up preorder available now! Preorder link directly from Arcade1up and Bestbuy link from Unqualified critics below! This was a must have for us since we’ve been collecting home arcade games!
Just a heads up, Get one while it’s Hot! Arcade1Up 3/4 Scale Arcade Cabinets will be releasing on September 25th and they look amazing!
| https://niceglobalforum.org/3-new-arcade1up-cabinets-are-available-for.html | 239 |
Today, Samsung finally announced the Galaxy Note 20 smartphone series, which obviously succeeds the Note 10 series of 2019.
Unlike the Note 10 family, which includes no less than four different devices, the brand-new series is comprised of two models: Galaxy Note 20 and Galaxy Note 20 Ultra.
Both the Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra are 5G phones powered by Qualcomm's mighty Snapdragon 865+ (at least in the US). The two handsets have nearly bezel-less AMOLED displays, but their size and pixel resolution aren't the same. The Note 20 sports a 6.7-inch, 1080 x 2400 pixels screen, while the larger Note 20 Ultra offers a 6.9-inch, 1440 x 3088 pixels screen.
You can find out all about Samsung's new smartphones in our Galaxy Note 20 announcement article.
The Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Note 20 Ultra will be launched unlocked and via all major US carriers on August 21. You can already pre-order the phones via the link below.
The Note 20 5G (128 GB only) costs $999.99 and is available in Mystic Bronze, Mystic Green, and Mystic Grey. The Note 20 Ultra 128 GB can be yours for $1,299.99, while the Note 20 Ultra 512 GB costs $1,449.99. Both Ultra models come in Mystic Bronze, Mystic White, and Mystic Grey.
| https://www.phonearena.com/news/samsung-galaxy-note-20-5g-poll_id126426 | 285 |
Click here and download the new edition of G’s Life: lots of news, articles and interviews, beautiful images and insights, and the unmissable appointment with the “Diventa Protagonista Giblor’s”, always awaited and even richer this year.
On the cover the story of Solaika Marrocco, awarded as the best young chef in Italy, and then the interviews with talented young people also accompany the path of Massimo Bottura and that of Andrea Berton, the return of the S. Pellegrino Young Chef Competition, Alma, the FIPGC and the articles on the new Giblor’s collections which in 2022 will be 3!
A number built around the fil rouge of sustainability, a highly topical issue to which the world of gastronomy is very sensitive and increasingly actively involved.
| https://www.giblors.com/en/the-new-gs-life-2022-awaits-you-online/ | 178 |
How to show a 3D Model made in MAYA LT inside a Website?
Hello friends from Treehouse!
I want to know if it's possible to show a 3d Model made in MAYA LT inside a Website? If it's possible, I would really appreciate if someone can tell me how I can achieve this.
Thank you so much Julian! I think the site will do the thing I'm looking for... You made my day man! I really appreciate it! This is one of the reasons I love Treehouse! Its community is amazing!
| https://teamtreehouse.com/community/how-to-show-a-3d-model-made-in-maya-lt-inside-a-website | 115 |
Invest with MAZAKALI
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- Hemp
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Invest in Cannabis. With Confidence.
Building a purpose-driven investor community is core to our mission and values. Thank you for sharing more about yourself.
A MAZAKALI Investment Adviser Representative will be in touch with you soon.
With Privilege Comes Responsibility
As early entrants and investment leaders, we are driven by a passion and belief that purposeful cannabis and plant based medicine investment will play a significant role Beyond Impact. | 273194fc44ed44cda0747b304a198c60 | 124 |
Spinning for Gold slot is a Fairy tale themed slot, which features Scatter, Stacked, and Wild Multiplier Symbols, as well as a Gamble Feature, and a Free pins Bonus Round Game, and more great stuff, which could lead you to have your very own Happy Ending when you take home the eye-popping £10,000 it has to offer!
Spinning for Gold slot is a five reeled multiline slot. This means that it provides more than one payline to bet on. It is good, because on slots you win by matching symbols along paylines, so increasing the amount of them, increases also your potential winning moves.
Casino sites with Spinning for Gold slots.
Spinning for Gold Multipliers & Symbols.
Spinning for Gold Bonus Games.
The coin size, or amount betted per payline ranges from 1p to £1. To determine the amount wagered on each spin, the coin size is multiplied by the number of paylines chosen. So, in Spinning for Gold slot machine, the minimum amount to bet is equal to 1p and the maximum bet totals £9.
Do you still believe in charming princes riding steeds, wicked stepmothers, and endangered princesses? If the answer is yes, we have the slot for you. Don’t worry! No one is ever old enough to stop believing in all the magic of these stories. On the contrary, they actually bring a lot of benefits to our lives. Fairy tales develop and increase your imagination, and according to Einstein, they make you more intelligent. Furthermore, they can make you win big amounts of cash in an instant!
To know how much you will get from each winning combination, you can check the paytable. In slot games like Spinning for Gold the payout amount depends on your coin size; something to keep in mind when playing slots for real money.
The most valuable symbols are: King Cole, Good Fairy, Polly, Prince Cole, and the Castle. And last but not least, you will find everything from the Royal Dinner, such as: the Turkey, a Wine, Pink, Blue, and Yellow Cakes, and Straw.
A Wild is a symbol that substitutes for any other symbol to create winning combinations. In Spinning for Gold slots, the Gold Spools is the symbol that acts as a Wild. It stands for any symbol except for the Scatter.
It also works as a multiplier and doubles the awards of every winning combination it completes. Plus, when you land 2, 3, 4, or 5 Gold Spools on a paid payline, you will be awarded 10, 100, 1,000, or even 10,000 coins.
A Scatter Symbol does not need to appear next to another Scatter on a payline to create a winning move. Rumpelstiltskin is the one that works as a Scatter in Spinning for Gold.
The Free Spins Bonus Feature is triggered when you get 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rumpelstilskins anywhere across the reels. This will make you win 2, 5, 10 or 20 Free Spins respectively. And as Rumpelstilskin can visit anytime the board, this feature can be retriggered an infinite number of times.
After every winning made, you can choose to Gamble your award. Click the Gamble option and if you correctly predict the Colour of the Card, your win will be doubled; but you can choose to quadruple your prize by correctly guessing if it is a Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, or Clubs Suit. You can gamble your wins up to five times per game, or until the Gamble limit is reached. | https://www.casinosistersite.com/sites-with-spinning-for-gold-slots/ | 765 |
So beautiful walking around Cassadaga at night, exploring the mysteries under a star-filled sky. Next is the flashlight interaction." Another famous haunting is at the town’s cemetery, which is even said to have an ornate, old fashioned haunted chair called “The Devil’s Chair,” and there have been numerous apparitions seen here, as well as at the lake. We love spending time at Cassadaga, as it always seems to help me get centered. The time flew by! At first it was mostly a winter retreat for spiritualists, but more and more people began to move in permanently, until by the 1920s it had became an actual town and a major center of spiritualism in the United States, with the size of the camp gradually blossoming to 57 acres and attracting mediums and mystics from all over the country and eventually the world. You can truly feel a big spiritual presence. ****. Children's laughter and footsteps on the stairs, among many other occurences, are often reported here. Here one can find all manner of establishments for psychics, mediums, seances, spiritualists, healers, tarot card readings, and palm readers, as well as New Age shops and bookstores, and various spiritual tours of the area, which is believed by the residents to be a spiritual hotspot that sits on a vortex. There are stories like ‘birds don’t fly over Cassadaga, which of course they do. She also makes art, jewelry, and other things for her shop. A guided tour through this Victorian era community. 10 The Devil’s Chair - Cassadaga. Dawn is fantastic! Dawn always makes the tour educational, fun, and above all, respectful to the camp. We have sent you an email confirming your account. At night, it hosts adult-only haunted tours and groups of paranormal researchers. The Key West Cemetery Is One Of Florida’s Spookiest Cemeteries, Triad Seafood Market In Florida Is Riverfront Dining Without Any Fuss, Dine At The Southernmost Restaurant In The Contiguous United States In Key West, Florida, Camp In A Chickee Hut Right On The Water In The Florida Everglades, There’s Nothing More Terrifying Than These 14 Truly Haunted Places In Florida, Not Many People Realize These 9 Little Known Haunted Places In Florida Exist, Take A Terrifying Florida Road Trip That Will Surely Haunt Your Dreams, Here Are The 10 Best Places To Spot A Ghost In Florida, https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/nominate/, 14 Things People From Florida Always Have To Explain To Out Of Towners, One Of The Biggest Meteor Showers Of The Year Will Be Visible In Florida In December, Watch As Sand Becomes Beautiful Art In Front Of Your Eyes At The Pier 60 Sugar Sand Festival In Florida, The Incredible Spring-Fed Pool In Florida You Absolutely Need To Visit, The Hidden Florida Deli That Makes The Best Sandwiches Ever, Dining At This Ocean-Themed Restaurant In Florida Will Delight You In Every Way. Victoria is a native Floridian and writer for OIYS. Haunted Places Listings By State/Country If you would like to learn about the haunted places in this quaint town, we urge you to go on Danielâs Orb Tour. You may check in at the hotel from Sunday to Thursday from the times of 3pm and 6pm. The historic house is now a museum displaying antiques and artifacts of the Victorian era. Although cell phones will work, digital cameras are recommended. Dawn was very engaging, patient and informative. One of central Florida's scariest haunted houses! Next, we'll head to this tiny town to check out this historic Opera House. Word soon got out about the healing properties of the springs, and that the famous “seer of spiritualism” and his medium friends had taken up residence here, and lo and behold other mediums and spiritualists began to trickle in, setting up their own humble abodes on this land, and the settlement that would be called The Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp was birthed, with “Cassadaga” being the Native word for “water beneath the rocks,” and the name chosen for a lake of the same name near a similar camp in New York called the Lily Dale Assembly. Many have caught s whiff of alcohol, while others smell the distinct smell of cigars. If you're into history, spirit photography, or evidence of the afterlife, you won't be disappointed. Learn about Spiritualism, Mediumship, Physical Phenomena and more. No appointment is necessary if the tour is taken on Friday or Saturday evening. This friendly and extremely pleasant individual made us feel welcomed and put us at ease while researching the city. Dawn Medley excellent Tour guide for the encounter spirits and cool person to ask a many question. Administrative use only. I have the natural ability to see the spirits and energy's along with a long list of stuff that i can do. She made the tour a pleasure! We enjoyed the tour, Learnt some Cassadaga history and took pictures with orbs. If you are sensitive to energy you will feel it before you even step out "peacefulness" So i give this a must go. Preachers warned their congregations to stay away, and there were quite a few people who were just as scared of the place as they were curious. Our instructor was very informative and helpful. Rooms for groups that exceed four people and have up to six will be able to acquire accommodations for anywhere from $75.00 to $150.00. Insider Tips I dont want to give anything away on that for any new people who might be coming through. Overall, great experience. Castillo de San Marcos is a former military fortress in St. Augustine that tops the list of one of the most famous abandoned places in Florida. Tour tickets can be purchased in the bookstore, or by clicking the link below. Abandoned places in Florida may be few and far between, but that doesn’t mean they don’t exist. The whole town in general is known for producing a wide array of ghostly phenomena, and this is said to be due to its position over a vortex that allows travel between the physical world and the spiritual. These programs were issued through the group that founded this quaint town, the âSouthern Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp Meeting Associationâ. Learn about Cassadaga's historic, unique and mysterious beginnings and the spirit activity that still goes on in the historical homes of present day mediums. Edit This Listing Good group of people and enjoyed the company of the group. No profanity. While visiting this wonderful city, Daniel took time to meet with us directly and provide us with a massive amount of information pertaining to the city, the hauntings of the city, and Spiritualism. Visitors and employees have seen lights turn on and off by themselves and the elevator repeatedly going to the wrong floor. Who knew all the most haunted places in Florida could be found in one spectaular road trip?! We would like to offer a special thanks to the Tour Guide of Cassadaga, Florida, Daniel T. Haines. With plenty of ghost stories coming from this abandoned fortress, you can take a tour yourself and see if there is any paranormal activity that pops up on your radar.
| https://www.yogiramsuratkumarashram.org/docs/0aehf1v.php?tag=cassadaga-ghost-tour-b8be16 | 1,521 |
Rudeboy - Ska Bluebeat Classics, Vol. 17
by Various Artists
Released: Oct 2013
Label: Midus Ink
Tracks
- 02:31
- 02:50
- 02:24
- 02:52
- 02:33
- 02:08
- 02:58
- 03:06
- 01:47
- 02:41
- 03:18
-
- 02:30
- 03:37
- 02:19
Listen to the songs you love. Anytime, anywhere.
14 day free trial, then just $9.99/month for Rhapsody Premier. View all plans | 4d3ff2de0823a8da22da386f194b5114 | 139 |
"From 1736 to 1755 (around the time of the Leeward Maroon treaty), Aberdeen slave plantation was leased by Alexander Forbes of Scotland from Alexander McFarlane's Island Estates in St Elizabeth, and in 1772 still belonged to an Alexander Forbes as a sugar-and-slave estate. The Aberdonian slave community was missionized by the English Moravians and the Moravian Church is a central focus of contemporary Aberdeen, which was founded as a free village by emancipated slaves who moved off Aberdeen estate around 1845, in association with the Moravian missionaries, to live on the southern foothills of the Cockpit Country nearer to the plains."
Aberdeen first appears in the Accounts Produce in 1772, the property of Alexander Forbes with William Harvie and Hugh Wallace as trustees. At some point between 1782 and 1786 it was aquired by William Mitchell, then afterwards by Dr James Rowe. Rowe had died by 1799. His daughter Deborah Margaret Rowe was the owner in trust in 1801.
Aberdeen appears in the almanac of 1811 registered to James Rowe, deceased. In the almanac of 1816 it was registered to the estate of James Rowe with the note: "Negroes sold and removed". The estate is not listed with the name Aberdeen in any subsequent almanacs and has not been identified in the slave registers or the compensation process.
Quote from Jean Besson, 'Euro-Creole, Meso-Creole: Creolization and Identity in West-Cental Jamaica, c. 1660-1999' in Gordon Collier and Ulrich Fleischmann (eds.), A Pepper-pot of Cultures: Aspects of Creolization in the Caribbean (New York, 2003) pp. 169-188, quote from p. 179.
Belonging to Alexander Forbes in the hands of the Hon. William Harvie and the Hon. Hugh Wallace Esqs. Trustees for the same. Account filed by James Harvie.
Belonging to Alexander Forbes Esq. in the hands of the Hon. William Harvie and the executors of Hugh Wallace Esq. deceased trustee for the same. Account filed by James Harvie.
Belonging to Alexander Forbes in the hands of William Harvie Esq. trustee for the same. Account filed by James Harvie.
Belonging to Alexander Forbes in the hands of William Harvie Esquire, Trustee for the same. Account filed by James Harvie.
In possession and under the care and management of John Vanheelen for William Mitchell. Account filed by John Corran as overseer.
Under the care and direction of John Vanheelen Esquire. Account filed by John Corran as overseer.
Registered in St Elizabeth to Ab. James Rowe, dec. with 49 enslaved people in Balcarres's dispatch, dated 22/03/1800.
Belonging to Miss Deborah Margaret Rowe under the care and direction of Charles Rowe and Isaac Allen Exors of the late Doctor James Rowe deceased. Account filed by John Rankin as overseer.
Account filed by John Hill as overseer.
Account filed by John Hill as overseer or attorney.
Under the care and direction of Phillip Levys and John Racker Webb Esqs. Account filed by William McCleod as overseer.
Under the care and direction of Philip Levy's and John R. Webb Esqs. Account filed by William McLeod as late overseer for the period 1st Jan-20th April 1808. He was succeeded by Isaac Ward who took over as overseer for the period 20th April-31st Dec 1808.
Registered to the estate of James Rowe with the comment "Negroes sold and removed".
Jamaica Almanac (1816) transcribed at http://www.jamaicanfamilysearch.com/Members/a/AL15eliz.htm. The almanac was based on the givings-in of the previous March Quarter.
'Aberdeen [ Jamaica | St Elizabeth ]', Legacies of British Slave-ownership database, http://wwwdepts-live.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/estate/view/14579 [accessed 29th May 2020]. | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/estate/view/14579 | 892 |
With no real majority at Westminster, Mrs May's pathetic Tories are unable to push through any of the so many radical changes this country needs to make to avoid going bust. The chances of radical change on any issue that matters are zippo. Or so I believed. You thought that the useless Cons were out of big ideas? Think again. Today's Sunday Times reveals dramatic new proposals to tackle the needs of the transgender community. I just despair.
If one listens or watches the BBC one might have been forgiven for thinking that, like the LGB community, the trans (those who feel they are man in a woman's body or vice versa) community is massive. In fact, the LGB community is just 2.6% of Londoners and outside the diversity capital it is far smaller - the national number is just over 2%. As for Transgender folks, the most recent large scale study in the US suggested the number was 0.6%, the prior one suggested 0.3%.
That works out at 6.9% yet campaigners want more gay MPs in the interests of "equality." There are also demands, in the interests of "equality and diversity," for more gay couples to be allowed to adopt. As for BBC stars earning vast amounts of money the story is the same - the LGB's are well over-represented. But more is needed to get true equality, yadda, yadda, yadda. We are never told just how over-represented in all these fields LGB's have to be to ensure "equality and diversity."
Now back to the transgender folks. Justine Greening, a metropolitan elitist Tory par excellence, wants new legislation that will allow anyone to "identify" as whatever sex they want to be without any medical clearance. Hmmmm ,so I can identify as a bird without any medical qualification and go hang out in the women's changing rooms while picking up my pension five years earlier than I would as a man? Apparently so. This is quite tempting in many ways, just as long as I do not have to start pretending that women's cricket and soccer are of the same standard as the men's game, as is the house view on the BBC and Channel 4 these days.
A double rapist jailed for life in 1995 for attacking two girls, who had a £10,000 sex change on the NHS and changed his name to Jessica Winfield, was moved to a women’s prison in March this year. Paris Green, a pre-op transgender killer who was born a man, was twice moved from women’s prison wings and returned to male facilities after having sex with female inmates.
Green — who was born Peter Laing — was allowed to live in the women’s wing of HMP Edinburgh while awaiting gender-reassignment surgery. However, she had to be removed in February after claims that she engaged in sexual encounters with women prisoners. She had previously been removed from Cornton Vale women’s prison, near Stirling, in 2013, allegedly for similar behaviour.
Oh well I am sure that we all delight in how the cash strapped NHS spends its dosh don't we? Cut down some more money trees and lets have free ops for transgender folks all round.
Ms Greening has not thought through her ideas. Perhaps it is the sort of daft idea about which those in the Westminster bubble can build a consensus even if out in the real world, among the 99%, this mixture of extreme virtue signalling and crass naivete will be met with sheer despair.
It is another day when I conclude that if the Tory Party was a horse its visit to the glue factory would be hugely overdue.
| https://www.tomwinnifrith.com/articles/11807/tories-4-the-transgender-community-the-new-big-idea-in-the-big-tent-_-gosh-these-folks-are-pathetic | 754 |
What do you look for in a Terran stream?
Hey guys! I'm not very active here but I lurk quite a bit. My name is LovE and I've been playing since sc1 and in the beta of sc2 I chose Terran. I was wondering what you all look for in a Sc2 stream. I'm not the most active streamer, and I'm genuinely not making this in hopes of higher viewer numbers. If I cared about that I would be consistent =P. I do however strive to have a good stream every time I hit the button so I want to make sure you all are getting the best I can give. I am a high masters Terran player going for GM once again. I have gotten GM four times throughout the years and by no means a natural. I have to play A LOT to get it.
My streaming method thus far has been to try and be "entertaining" and laid back. I don't really rage and I tend to have fun. Is the best approach? Or would you rather have a focused and more educational stream? I don't watch gsl or anything like that but I feel like I have a good understanding of the match ups and what is good/not so good to do at given points.
Well hopefully this gets a few responses so I know how to better serve you all as well as my fellow Terran brothers~ | 478xt1 | 287 |
For Under the Radar's 14th annual Artist Survey we emailed some of our favorite artists a few questions relating to 2016. We asked them about their favorite albums of the year and their thoughts on various notable 2016 news stories involving either the music industry or world events, as well as some quirkier personal questions. Here are some answers from Ezra Furman. Furman's last full-length was 2015's Perpetual Motion People, but in 2016 he released the Big Fugitive Life EP on Bella Union.
A shorter version of Furman's survey appeared in the print version of Under the Radar's Best of 2016 / 15th Anniversary Issue, this is the full unedited version.
I'm not someone who stays totally up on new music. These are 10 records that came out this year that I like a lot. I'm sure I missed tons of great stuff.
It was a good year for me personally, all things considered. I'm getting better at being a person. I want to use that feeling of centered-ness and okay-ness to try to respond to all the ways that 2016 was a bad year for the wider world. I'm working on being a better citizen, a better activist, more political, more impactful on the world around me. The high point of the year was everything Chance the Rapper did. Did you see that song he performed at the ESPY Awards in memory of Muhammad Ali? Wow, oh, wow.
God help us. And if not God, then feminists, anti-racists, and people who care about climate change.
I'd like to say hello to all the Trump supporters out there. Don't feel too self-righteous about yourself as some sort of underdog. Your guy won, and your worldview has gained a lot of ground. I want to get to know you better, and I would hope you are interested in getting to know the people who feel angry or vulnerable in response to Trump's election. You have, I'm sure, compelling reasons to support our president-elect, and I want to understand those reasons. As long as you agree to make a good-faith effort to understand why people like me are angry and frightened. The list of reasons why I am angry and frightened is long and each reason is complex. I fear for the safety of all non-white Americans, and Muslims and immigrants in particular. I worry about people who got health care under the Affordable Care Act (such as myself) who may lose their health care if it's repealed. I am more concerned than ever about climate change, the effects of which may threaten the very survival of our species. And I am so disturbed about the increasing normalization of blatant racism in American culture, and what that means for all the people white supremacists tend to hate. I'm one of those people, so I take it personally. There are more issues, but we have limited space.
Don't talk to me about reality TV. For years I hated the genre and felt sure that it threatened the integrity of the human race in some way. Everyone told me to calm down. Now it's produced one of the most terrifying figures in American history. I knew it was bad news ever since Survivor.
First off, I'd end poverty. Seems like its time someone did that. Next I'd move the moon. I want it to be way closer. Like so close I could touch it.
I don't know Prince that well. Mostly I've heard the hits, which are great. Bowie was wonderful. After he died I started listening to Low a lot, which I'd never heard before. I like the first side of it. He has a lot of great moments. But I never was in love with a whole Bowie album, and there's something about the guy that always left me a little cold. He doesn't seem human, which I know is a feature, not a bug. It's just not what I tend to be looking for in an artist. Leonard Cohen is a different story. He is one of the stars in my firmament. A hero to me and a guiding light as a songwriter since I started writing songs. My favorite album of his is Songs From a Room, which I borrowed from my mom when I was 14 and became addicted to. I read a great biography of him by Sylvie Simmons a few years ago and it really changed how I have been thinking about my future. I'm inspired by the way he united many different practices—poetry, songwriting, meditation, prayer, sex, fiction—into one seemingly unified effort to "be for real." I want to be like that.
I don't think you make many sounds after you die. Not that I would know. If the two had collaborated, it'd probably sound a lot like Prince. My instinct is that Bowie wouldn't stand a chance against the sheer force of Prince's vision.
Assuming you are talking about the 1968 Beach Boys album entitled Friends, I would say I'm most like the narrator of "Busy Doin' Nothin'."
I was one of four kids. My parents would put us all to bed and then watch rented movies, but I found that if I came back downstairs after I'd already been in bed, they'd be too tired to put me back to bed. Thus I watched Terry Gilliam's The Fisher King starring Jeff Bridges and Robin Williams when I was 5 years old—a kind of whimsical but also quite disturbing film—Williams gets his girlfriend's brains splattered all over his face when she's shot through the back of the head, for instance—and it became my favorite movie. I asked my parents to rent it again and again, which they were surprisingly happy to do.
A girl in Copenhagen made me a plush doll of the "vampire squid" mentioned in my song "At the Bottom of the Ocean." I held onto it. It makes me so happy. A phrase I made up turned into a real thing I can hold in my hands, via the enthusiasm and warmth of someone who listens to my voice. What an amazing turn of events.
Awful. I went to a dance with a high school senior when I was just a freshman, and I slept over at someone's house afterwards with all these older kids, both guys and girls. I fell asleep early and one of the older girls started making out with me in my sleep. I think someone dared her to do it. I woke up and pretended to still be asleep because I was so excited that someone was kissing me. But it was horrible. I rather suspect that it warped me forever. Please, everybody, make sure to get consent, preferably enthusiastic consent, before you do sexual acts with others.
There ain't no more rock 'n' roll stars. You don't get the big-money record deal anymore. That's okay. It's all a lot more DIY today. I like that. And we have more access to hear more music. But I'm not the type to get nostalgic for earlier times in my life. I get nostalgic for periods I never experienced. As for 2001, I was there; the music world is better off now.
Chemical imbalance. Or maybe selfishness.
This is just off the top of my head, but I wish I could meet Willie Dixon. He seems like a fountain of wisdom and joy. Plus I get the sense I would become twice as good at songwriting just by hanging out with him for half an hour. This is perhaps a naïve fantasy.
Sixth grade. I asked a popular girl if she would be my girlfriend. She gave me the run-around for weeks and weeks, sending friends to talk to me to deliver non-committal messages. All my friends told me to give up, that she obviously wasn't interested, but I felt I needed to hear it from her. Finally I got an audience with the girl herself. She told me she would love to date me, but she was going out with a guy from another school named Joey. I saw this as a huge victory—she liked me. But my friends told me she definitely invented a fake boyfriend to avoid having to tell me she didn't like me. Crushing. Unforgettable. Excruciating. I emerged as a new creature.
I have thought about this. I wish I worked in the Brill Building, mid-'50 through mid-'60s. It was a building full of record label headquarters, recording studios, and songwriters working together in little offices. So many great songwriters worked there: Carole King, Burt Bacharach, Doc Pomus, Lieber and Stoller—it's a crazy list. And there would be all these musicians hanging out at the diner next door waiting to be called in for a recording session. A real scene of its own, and I totally fetishize it.
| http://www.undertheradarmag.com/interviews/2016_artist_survey_ezra_furman/ | 1,813 |
← Canine Coddler: Your Dogs Relief From Anxiety!
I’m very fortunate to work at a job I love. In fact, I frequently am asked about offering publishing classes and writing advice — who, me??? Maybe a book: I could call it WRITING LIKE CATS & DOGS! ha!
Many of y’all have heard me say that I’ve had to “reinvent” myself time and time again. An anniversary of sorts will soon be here, because on April 15, 2010, I self-published my very first book. An Ebook. On the Kindle platform.
. . . With dozens of pictures, sidebars, and bullet lists. ARGGG! yes, t’was a hair-pulling horror show, learning to DIY the hard way. At the time, most folks kindle-ized only fiction titles that had few to no illustrations or photographs. Yep, I had to be different!
But I figured it out, by doG. Seven years later, I have 70 self-pub’d titles, both nonfiction and fiction (and even play scripts) available across all Ebook, print and audio platforms, plus several dozen writing awards for my efforts.
Most of all, I have the most amazing loyal readers! Holy wow! How did that happen? Well…one book at a time, of course.
Today, there are many more options than when I began. It’s still relatively dummy-proof to publish plain text in Ebook forms, and a bit trickier for nice looking print. You can find free DIY writing advice and publishing tips here and there, or you can pay someone to do the hard stuff for you.
Thank doG for good publishing classes!
Of course, there be sharks in them-thar waters, too, so it’s helpful to have a go-to person or mentor to answer questions. Over the years, I’ve shared my publishing tips and writing advice in a variety of writers conference seminars, and still do upon occasion. The information applies no matter what you write, so even though I specialize in pet-centric stuff, any writing advice or publishing tips I’ve learned works across the board in attendees’ fiction or nonfiction.
But these days, I avoid travel — it’s hectic and expensive — and it occurred to me that folks might find benefit in an “on-demand” type of service. I could present in a live Webinar format and make it available later for replay, or subscription, or smorgasbord selections of what each individual writer wants/needs, or or or . . . ?
You need cat-egorical writing advice.
WRITING ADVICE & PUBLISHING CLASSES — WEBINAR SERIES?
So, I’m throwing this out into the world. If there’s interest in writing advice and/or publishing classes, I’ll move forward. And, if there’s crickets . . . more time for me to write my next 70 books! LOL!
If you are interested in hearing what comes next, sign up for AMY’S WRITE SCHTUFF list, below–either the NONFICTION or the FICTION sign up (or both if you’re doing both). It’s brand new, I won’t “spam” you, and just ask for some feedback going forward so any program offers what YOU want. And in addition, feel free to weigh in on the survey (below), or even add topics that you’d like included in such a project.
SIGN ME UP FOR NONFICTION ADVICE!
SIGN ME UP FOR FICTION ADVICE!
Oh, and if you want to learn a wee bit more about my writerly REINVENTING AMY strategy, check out this fun recent guest blog over at YourFirst10KReaders.
I’d love to publish a book one day – even an ebook.
Great, Joe. And an Ebook is a great way to publish. Hope you’ll join the email list and share how I can help.
I’d be interested in a pitching class. Writing a book is on my goals list!
Oooh, good one. Did you add it to the survey? *scribbing notes* Thanks!
Count me in!! I subscribed and answered the survey. I am considering writing a FUN (non pet related little book) because we are expecting our first grandchild (my stepdaughter is pregnant) and I wrote down an idea/title but am frozen by fear and lack of knowledge as to how to move forward!
Congrats on the coming grandchild! What fun, and that sounds like a great project. Glad you subscribed.
What a great idea, to help people who have a dream to write/publish a book. What about, getting started on writing a book? For those complete beginners?
Everybody starts as a beginner–so yes! Good idea.
I think that’s a great idea; sharing all you’ve learned with the rest of us. There is always more to learn.
I’m sure that whatever you end up doing, it will be really helpful! Your energy, talent, and drive is simply amazing!
I am about to release my second book in June, and it’s available for preorder now. My first was a bit of practice and boy did I learn a lot from trial and error. I have a background in publishing, but in medical journals so it was a bit of an adjustment. Marketing is not my forte so I’d love to find a literary agent or get advice on marketing. And webinars are a great idea!
Happy to help if I can! Did you sign up for the email list?
I’m not certain my voting was helpful. I went down the list kind of like this: “Yes. Yes. Yes. Oh yes. Maybe, but yes. Yes.” and so on. LOL. I’m kind of excited about the idea of webinars from an author who’s making it happen. Looking forward to your emails!
How interesting. I love that you are able to reinvent yourself. I think it’s necessary for everyone at some point in their lives. I’m interested in learning about the different publishing platforms. The world of writing is new and exciting to me since starting 18 months ago or so. 🙂 Good luck in this next chapter.
Wow! 70 titles in an incredible accomplishment – well done! I appreciate your advice and would definitely be interested in learning more.
This is an amazing offer since so many of us have at least one book inside of us waiting to be written. I voted.
Self-publishing, even a simple downloadable PDF on my blog scares me. It’s amazing how many titles you’ve self-published! One day, I may take the plunge, but until then, keep sharing your tips!
Ya know what, Bernard? Us artistic types are the most insecure folks ever! I second guess myself all the time, and it is scary. Hope you’ll trust yourself SOON to move forward with publishing, if that’s your dream, because from where I’m sitting–you got this!
You’re such a prolific writer, I can’t believe you have 70 titles! That’s impressive. I like the idea of sharing your writing expertise via webinars, they’re so popular now. I think Podcasts are also a good idea, so many people are using Podcasts for learning these days. Keep us posted!
What a great idea! There are thoughts in the back of my mind about writing some children’s books using stories of Praline, Truffle, and Brulee. I’d be very interested.
| https://amyshojai.com/writing-advice-publishing-classes/ | 1,681 |
Ovchinnikov claims a place in the UEFA national team
Three Russians, Georgians and Ukrainians were included in the proposed UEFA the list for voting on candidates in the symbolic team of the continent by the end of 2003. It is the goalkeeper Sergei Ovchinnikov, Central defender Sergei Ignashevich (both Lokomotiv Moscow), left defender Kakha Kaladze (AC Milan, Italy), right midfielder Valery Karpin (real Sociedad and Spain) and striker Andriy Shevchenko (AC Milan), ITAR-TASS reported. All UEFA invited to vote on its Internet website 5 goalkeepers, 20 defenders, 20 Midfielders and 10 forwards. Among them there is no player Monaco, who will meet with Lokomotiv in the 1/8 finals of the Champions League.. | 5823961bccbfc0dafed2cb9ad6c70921 | 171 |
Efficiency Above All Else!This Project is an ongoing “Top Secret” program designed by the 2010 Electrathon team during a brainstorming session returning from a competition (And continued to the 2013 season). It is designed to motivate and guide students to build the most efficient vehicle possible. It is inspired by Ultra Efficient Electrathon vehicles on the East and West coast that are regularly going 50MPH for an hour (note the best in Wisconsin is in the lower 30’s). This project puts research and engineering energies into “Efficiency above all else.” The 2011 #40 vehicle was designed to be the fastest we have ever built - “Top Secret Project 40+” (Designed to go 40MPH). The fastest we have ever gone before is 33MPH. This vehicle (#40) is 20lb. Lighter than any other we have ever built! | c3d38a9a6e74113c1e05db1945f1c99c | 184 |
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<p>We strive to create a world where all people, without exception, can harness the power of the
internet to prosper.
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<p>That means making data infrastructure as widely available in developing countries as power grids have
become. We build affordable networks using TV white space and other radio technologies as well as
fibre-optic lines. TV white space refers
to a set of frequencies in the wireless spectrum previously used by terrestrial television. The gaps
created by the switch to digital broadcasting freed up part of the spectrum and can now be used for
broadband internet.
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<p>We connect homes and businesses using a proprietary network of towers and fibre lines. We also create
public wifi hotspots in hundreds of communities where customers can log in with pay-as-you-go
accounts. Furthermore,
we create tailor-made digital products, IoT and cloud solutions, developed by an in-house software
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<p>Mawingu has attracted a string of international investors and supporters. Microsoft put in the first
corporate money as a shareholder and publicly champions the company. <NAME>, the Microsoft
CEO, travelled to northern Kenya for
the global launch of Windows 10 and used Mawingu's network to start the roll-out of Microsoft's
flagship operating system worldwide. Barack Obama has publicly lauded Mawingu for "providing
low-cost broadband" at scale.</p>
<p>We have been a for-profit business since 2014 and continue to expand rapidly.</p>
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As of 2023-01-28 at 12:29:54 PM ETData delayed at least 15 minutes.
| https://marketsandresearch.td.com/tdwca/Public/Stocks/OptionsDetail/ca/TOU?detailIssue=767581881&strikePrice=80.75 | 24 |
The fashion industry in India has never been that big at experimenting. Upcoming Indian fashion brand Gavin Paris is here to break the stereotypes of the Indian fashion scene with its creative high-street fashion collections. The brand is specially designed in Paris and led by a highly driven and passionate professional, Laxmi Parasrampuria, the Indian director of the brand. Armed with his non-stop hard work and expertise, the brand has been able to create massive momentum in the fashion industry even before its official launch in India.
The brand is already turning heads with its unique concept of gender-neutral fashion. It is designed to satisfy the artistic thirst of Indian fashion lovers no matter what their gender is. Its urban high-street fashion idea is aimed to offer both comfort and luxury to fashion enthusiasts. The brand will be manufacturing all its products in India under the Make in India campaign. According to the director, Laxmi Parasrampuria, Gavin Paris is manufacturing its fashion products in India to support the local markets and push forward the Make in India campaign designed by the government of India.
Laxmi Parasrampuria, the Indian director of the brand, has more than 15 years of experience in the fashion and apparel industry. Being a gender-neutral brand, Gavin Paris currently offers products like unisex tops like oversized t-shirts, regular co-ords, sleepwear and shirts, and accessories like bags, wallets, watches, and more. They use the best quality materials to create the products and bring them to the customers at reasonable prices.
Gavin Paris is an India-based urban high-street fashion brand that is made in India and designed in Paris. It currently has its headquarter in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It also stands apart from the rest because it is a women-driven fashion brand with a powerful ideology of providing gender-neutral fashion products to Indian consumers. Their online store has been already launched in India and is life for shopping. It will be in stores in major cities across India post the third wave of Covid-19. For more information, visit their website www.gavinparis.com. | https://www.gavinparis.com/blogs/news/india-s-newest-gender-neutral-fashion-brand-gavin-paris-is-making-headlines-with-its-quirky-collection | 433 |
Barwell confirms two new Evo-spec Lamborghini Huracan GT3s for 2019
Lamborghini’s new-for-2019 Evo-spec Huracan GT3 will contest the British GT Championship next season after Barwell Motorsport confirmed two entries for the upcoming campaign.
Lamborghini’s new-for-2019 Evo-spec Huracan GT3 will contest the British GT Championship next season after Barwell Motorsport confirmed two entries for the upcoming campaign..
The British GT Championship will make two visits to Donington Park next season following confirmation of its 2019 calendar..
That five crews travel to Donington with a chance of winning the title says everything you need to know about the continuing rise of GT4. Indeed, never before have so many pairings – five – featured in the class’ season showdown..
Brands Hatch plays host to the penultimate round of the 2018 British GT Championship this weekend, and there’s an outside chance that both Drivers’ titles could be decided over the course of Sunday’s two-hour race around the daunting GP circuit. | 6fca0c94b9623e9532a20ccdb3bb78d8 | 228 |
How To!
Just participate in the meetings and events. It's that simple. Like they say, 80% of life is showing up.
How To Stay Updated
We use Facebook as our primary and most immediate way to spread the word, but aside from that there are several ways to follow, friend, and otherwise get a hold of us.
Voicemail: 804-631-3685 | e200c0d0c79231f1207e27c67facbe2d | 84 |
Motivational and educational reading that will provide you a blue print plan on how to reach your physical and mental goals. Starting with how to change your state of mind and understanding the power of visualization to designing a comprehensive strength and conditioning program to meet your needs. Educational information on strength training for children that answers all the questions parents have for the safe and proper way to design a strength training program for their children. Proper nutrition is the key to a strong and healthy body. Understanding the way the body burns food for energy will give you the competitive edge to fuel your body in a way that can increase your performance and maximize your energy for increased power, strength, speed and agility. Athletes looking for that extra edge to increase their performance in their specific sports will receive a guided plan on how to design a well structured strength and conditioning program that will help increase their overall performance in any sport. It is never too late for adults to get in shape and begin a strength training program. Adults can benefit from a regular workout program that will help increase bone density and flexibility. Designing exercises that will help in overall strength and combined with a cardio program will help increase your entire fitness level and reduce the risk of injuries. | http://library.oum.edu.my/oumlib/content/recommended-book/89191 | 241 |
If you have been looking into testosterone replacement therapy, then you might be interested in giving it a try. These are a few tips for working with a testosterone replacement therapy physician.
First of all, don't make the mistake of trying testosterone replacement products on your own. Many people make this mistake, but it could lead to you taking unsafe products or using the products incorrectly. Additionally, some people shouldn't take testosterone replacement products because they might be at a higher risk of side effects, such as if they have pre-existing health conditions.
Not only is it important for you to work with a physician when undergoing testosterone replacement therapy, but it's important for you to work with the right physician. Because of the sensitive nature of this topic, it's probably important to you to find a physician who is compassionate, discreet, and respectful. Additionally, you will probably want to find a physician who has successfully helped others with testosterone replacement therapy. This can help you increase your chances of things going well.
It is important to talk to your physician about the symptoms that you are dealing with. For example, although you might be embarrassed to talk about private issues like erectile dysfunction. If you don't talk to your physician about all of your symptoms, though, they might not really be able to help you. Therefore, it's critical to be open and honest about what you are dealing with, even if it's difficult to do so.
You might already have treatment options in mind. However, you might not be aware of all of the therapy options that are out there, or you might not truly know which one is going to be most effective for you. Therefore, you should be open-minded and willing to try the options that your physician talks to you about.
If you begin taking testosterone replacement medication or try other treatment options, it is important for you to communicate with your physician along the way. Let your physician know about your routine with the medication or therapy, and let them know about any side effects that you might have experienced. If you notice an improvement in your symptoms, you should tell your physician. If you aren't seeing an improvement, then talking to your physician about that could help them tailor your therapy so that it will be more effective for you. | http://erudynamix.com/2020/03/11/tips-for-working-with-a-testosterone-replacement-therapy-physician/ | 456 |
Q: Probability of drawing three different suits with a joker included in a single deck. I found here how to calculate the probability of drawing three cards from a standard 52 card deck and have all three be different suits.
It's $39/51⋅26/50=169/425$ which is 0.397647...
If a joker was added to the deck would I simple add one to the denominators in the above equation or do I subtract the probability of drawing the joker from the result above?
I plan on working on similar problems so is there a good book/PDF/link one may provide that deals with these types of card combination probabilities?
A: There are 13 cards of each suit in a 52-card deck.
If you add a joker, then there are still 13 cards of each suit in a deck, but the deck is now 53 cards.
Therefore the probability of drawing three differently suited cards is:
$$1 \cdot 39/52 \cdot 26/51 \approx 37.5\%$$
So your intuition that you just add one to the denominator is correct.
| 4cb53305d47f1559fd602e2cce3069d0535e8d86 | 240 |
1 John 5:19 (NIV) We know that we are children of God, and that the whole world is under the control of the evil one.
I awoke this morning to the screams of my own voice.
The nightmare was vivid, I was in an old house with a few family and friends and was ghost hunting. I had a meter like the ones you see in the TV ghost hunting shows and the needle was pegged.
I was excited and following the readings, going towards the source. The higher the needle went, the more eager I became to locate it’s source. At one point the needle in the meter bent, moved behind the plastic window almost like liquid, the thrill was intense.
Then I came to a cracked-open basement door, and the door creeked slowly back and forth on its hinges as if something was moving it. With the needle seemingly trying to jump out of the meter itself I approached the door; there was an odor that was unmistakingly putrid and not welcoming, but closer I continued to move.
As I drew nearer, fear began to well up, but at this point I was too close, I was all in. It was now too late to turn back, I had to see what it was.
I moved toward the door and hot air was pouring out, it enveloped me and I felt a power, a force far beyond what I could resist begin to pull me toward the floor, dropping me to my knees.
I could sense the others in the room watching what I was doing and as I began to lose consciousness and all physical control of my body was draining away all I could muster was the same words over and over….
“EVIL… EVIL…EVIL…..”
I awoke horrified at the sound of my own voice yelling out those same words at exactly 5am, the time I normally got up.
Needless to say getting out of bed was easy this morning, there wasn’t a chance in hell I was going back to sleep after that!
But as I went downstairs to make coffee this presence followed me into my waking moments. Pouring a bowl a cereal I continued to feel something watching me, following me.
The hair on my arms was literally standing on end and the goose-bumps covered my body. Every dark corner in the kitchen, living room, hallway, seemed filled with an unwanted presence. This was truly an eerie and uncomfortable experience.
I literally began to pray out-loud, claiming the protection and power of Christ into my house, the room, over my body.
As I returned back upstairs (at a quick pace) with cereal and coffee in hand I immediately prayed as I do before every blog.
“Father God, lead me into Your word, show me what You want me to find, put in my heart and hands what You will this morning. Let what I type be what You would have me type….”
So I chose to open an NLT Study Bible that I have and it opened to Matthew 3, pg 1541 with a nearly full page study inset about the Pharisees and Sadducees.
“Really Lord” I thought to myself. Here I am, faced with what felt like a terrifying brush with evil in my sleep which followed me into reality and you want me to draw a comparison between evil and religious leaders in Jesus’ day.
So I decided to use BibleGateway.com and search the term evil in the ESV translation.
Take a wild guess how many times God warns us or talks about evil; 539 times.
We have a very real enemy, and as I believe God has led me to this morning, it is not always an obvious outright enemy.
I recently saw the movie Boy in the Striped Pajamas. A chilling story of an 8yr old German boy who befriends an 8yr old Jewish boy through the fence of a concentration camp. It’s a not a movie for the feint of heart, but I highly recommend the educational experience of this horrific time in history.
Then just last week I watched Act of Valor, another real and heart-wrenching snapshot of the real life war on terror and the heroic efforts and actions of the Navy Seals that is taking place right now today in every corner of the world. Evil is present.
These movies are chilling to say the least, and they bring the physical battle of evil into the forefront of consciousnesses. This is not just the movies, this is real life. Satan is real, and the battle for our soul is a matter of life and death.
As an adult who grew up as a product of child abuse (physical, emotional and sexual) I have struggled to resolve the difference between evil acts and evil people. “Hate the sin, not the sinner” I’ve been told my whole life.
But for many of us who are products of broken homes, there is only black-and-white thinking. I loved my parents. They provided food, shelter, clothing, education, toys… everything I needed.
As I move through recovery I came to see my own poor behaviors, bad choices, wicked ways and think to myself, I wasn’t evil… just broken.
So I applied that thinking to my parents and the people today who do bad things, selfish things; they aren’t evil, they just do the things broken people do.
But if the world knew what was going on behind the closed doors of my house, my parents would have been arrested, as they should have. And I would have been removed from their custody, they would have been brought in front of a judge and deemed “guilty as charged”.
No different than Hitler himself, who thought he was doing a good thing but in fact was under the influence of pure evil.
Or to bring this back to where God led me in Matthew, the Pharisees and Sadduccees in Jesus’ time.
They were the religious leaders, the most theologically sound and practiced people on the earth. A passionate heart for God and a complete life sacrifice in the name of God. They were respected as teachers, leaders, and men of God.
And they are the ones that crucified Christ.
When Jesus first entered Jerusalem the masses lined the streets with palm leaves and praised Him as king, The Christ. But the religious leader of the day turned their hearts against Him, and in the end, like sheep to slaughter, they followed and cheered for His crucifixion.
We ourselves cannot serve two masters. Any idol (money, pride, ego, fame, power, materialism) if placed in priority above the pursuit of Christ is in itself chasing after evil.
Anything that takes our hearts, our time, our God-given resources away from our family, our community, our neighbors is evil.
If we are doing what we know to be wrong, we are doing evil acts, and have every right to be judged and held accountable. Yes as Christian’s the Good News is we are forgiven and redeemed by Christ alone, but judgment for our sin is no different than the judgment of non-believers, if God chooses to judge our sins instead of forgive them, we will be found guilty.
In my life that is great motivation to stop sinning!
So, I may have loved my parents, but I can no longer ignore the fact that they did evil things, as have I and as we all have. Sin is evil, and we must hate sin as Jesus hates sin.
I have never been able to set boundaries in my life. I believe that is because I have never set any boundaries on myself. I have felt entitled to do anything I want, whenever I want.
“If it feels good do it”
That is not OK.
God’s highest commandment is to love one-another. When we are serving ourselves, or others are hurting us in pursuit of their own beliefs or pleasure, we have not only the right to defend and protect our values, but the duty and calling.
Much like in my dream, the devil holds counsel over this world, and the siren song of sin is always present. But if we listen to the allure of fun, fame and pleasure that the Liar uses through temptations and complacency, at some point we will draw too close to the flame and not be able to resist, and we will get burned.
Avoid evil, call out evil, run from evil; first in our own hearts, then help the ones we love to rebuke it in their own life.
Time is drawing near, Satan’s power in this world is clear and evident. The night time TV shows, the destructions of the family throughout the global court systems, the use of lust, money and power to draw our children towards evil pursuits…
There has never been a greater time in history when our Christian brothers and sisters need to take a stand in our sphere of influences and make a difference. Every person we meet today is a divine opportunity to touch a life.
Will we bring joy, peace, light and love into the life of all we encounter today or find an excuse, to be too busy or in a hurry or feel too self-important to stop for a moment and offer an ear, a kind word, a helping hand.
Evil is not always the outward act of hatred, but often times can be as subtle as the absence of love.
My prayer today is that we recognize God’s divine appointment in our lives and reach out to those around us, to leave the world a little better today out of immense gratitude for a gracious savior who died for everyone when none of us deserve it.
Love is not something earned or demanded from others, it is a gift to be given away.
God Bless,
George | f88778434de1961db031fc05ef74016a | 2,050 |
Well, I do believe all firearms should be licensed, require training, and be restricted from many people, ex-cons, the mentally ill, etc. But it is not logically inconsistent to take a half a win. These weapons, the M-16, AR-15, AK-47, UZI and such were designed as infantry weapons, they are not better for hunting, they had no purpose but to kill people on a battlefield from a great distance. The desire to get rid of these before trying to get rid of small cheap pistols that are not useful except for killing people at extreme close range, and other such pointless weapons is the next step. But there is no logical inconsistency in the current desire to ban "assault weapons". The term does have meaning. It refers to a weapon that is based on a template of a weapon that was designed explicitly for use by soldiers to kill soldiers. But there is no flaw in thinking here. It is tactics rather than strategy, start with one pointless weapon banned, then continue with the next, that is all. | e7983551913e418285398962054959b0 | 213 |
I’m not as happy with my photos in April as I have been in the past, and it’s because I waited until the very last minute to take them. My wife and I were in the process of moving, and I realized around 9pm on the last day of April that hadn’t yet taken any photos! So, I grabbed my early used extension tube to give my camera a poor-man’s macro lens and shot some macro photos of keys and my iPhone.
They actually came out pretty good, but I wish I had used my month better. Now we are moved, and I found a group of local photographers here that go out and shoot pretty regularly. I hope to get plugged in with them soon.
Settings: 1/250 second, ISO 100, flash. | 62234cdfc3f500b7a5c810688aabe752 | 166 |
Aunt. The word itself denotes warmth and affection. For most of us, our aunts are the first people we go to when we need someone to talk to. They’re the ones we share our secrets with, confident that they won’t judge us or tell our parents. Aunts play an important role in our lives, one that is often underestimated. They are the ones who listen to us when we need someone to talk to, and they are the ones who offer advice without being pushy. They are the shoulder to cry on when things go wrong, and they are the first people we turn to when we need a hug.
Aunts are special people in our lives, and we should cherish them. They play a vital role in our development, and we would be lost without them. Here is a collection of some of the best Aunt Quotes for your favourite relative.
An Aunt is more than just a relative, she’s someone who’s been there for you through the years, offering advice, support, and unconditional love. So, on her special day, let her know just how much she means to you with a heartfelt birthday message. Here are some Happy Birthday Aunt Quotes for your aunt’s special day.
For some, an aunt is a kindly older woman who dotes on her nieces and nephews. For others, an aunt is a source of wisdom and support. And for some, an aunt is the life of the party – always ready with a joke and a smile. Here are some Funny Aunt Quotes.
Aunt is a special word. It’s not just a name, it’s a title that conveys respect and love. An aunt is someone who is always there for you, whether you need a shoulder to cry on or someone to celebrate with. Here are some Special Aunt Quotes for the most special person in our lives.
An aunt is someone who is proud of your accomplishments, no matter how small. Aunt is someone who will always be there for you, no matter what. Here are some Proud Aunt Quotes.
Aunts are so important in our lives and we should never take them for granted. They show us so much love and care, and we should reciprocate that love. Aunt- niece and nephew bonds are some of the most special ones out there, and they should always be celebrated. Thanks for always being there for me, Auntie!
| https://turtlequote.com/aunt-quotes-to-make-your-aunt-happy/ | 505 |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Add OCaml language
username_0: [OCaml](https://ocaml.org/) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML with object-oriented features.
<issue_comment>username_0: Programming-Idioms is intended to host code in the most widely used languages, not in all the existing languages.
A new entry is possible only after a lot of users have requested it and are willing to contribute quality contents. Please add a comment to this page if you feel this language should be added.
<issue_comment>username_0: A peculiarity of Programming-Idioms is that it does not offer multiple language flavors, dialects, or versions.
[Caml](https://programming-idioms.org/cheatsheet/Caml) is already supported.
Can idiomatic Caml be regarded as idiomatic OCaml, and vice versa? | 20564469 | 220 |
Jan 8, 2561 BE – KILLCMOS 1.0 Downloads: 109002, Size: 7.28 KB. Removes CMOS password. The program requires the .NET Framework 4. In order to run the program, it must be downloaded, unzipped, and then run Setup.exe.
You may need to select a language to launch it.
On this page you can download BIOSKill to boot, install and upgrade your operating system from your computer without using Windows disks.
With this utility you can start and stop the operating system boot process, as well as shut down the operating system completely.
| https://thai-news.net/2022/10/17/downloadkillcmos64bits-upd/ | 128 |
Thom said the Reds were 4-39 with RISP during the home stand. Just went 0-2 that last inning.
And the Reds get nothing with runners on 2nd and 3rd and none down. Maybe Riggleman should've sent Cozart, that stinks.
Second and third and no out with Frazier and Bruce up and Reds don't score. Now 4-43 and Frazier 0-5 in his last at with a man on third. Wow!!!
Ops they did it again! 1-8 tonight with RISP.
Barnhart playing long ball again. With Meso out I like Barnhart as the starter. He's younger with more upside so might as well get him the majority of ABs. Pena is more suited as a backup catcher anyways.
Now Leake decides to play long ball. The Reds have the best hitting starting pitchers in the league with Leake, Lorenzen, Marquis and Cueto with his ability to bunt.
Barnhart is great behind the plate. He's not much of a hitter despite the 2 HRs he has hit recently.
Why is Meso still out but not on the DL?
I understand that but he's pretty similar of a hitter as Pena. Both won't hit for much power in terms of home runs, good gap power and both have good eyes at the plate with nice approaches. Also both are switch hitters.
Now the differences are Tucker is about 10 years younger and an elite defender, he's also going to be very cheap for a while and under team control. In the near future Tucker is going to be the backup catcher so he might as well get most of the reps and work with the staff as much as possible.
It's even likely that Barnhart could be the starting catcher if Meso requires a position change. The Reds best catching prospects Wallach and Boulware are both still in the low minors.
Another thing is Tucker is built more to be an everyday catcher as he has been doing it the last few years in the minor leagues, Pena isn't in the best physical shape and hasn't caught as in everyday catcher since the last time he was a minor leaguer. Pena is a great option off the bench as a pinch hitter, catching a couple times a week or whenever Cueto is on the mound and spelling Votto occasionally.
And why is Dejesus still at AAA where he's hitting .375 on the year and has hit safely in 9 of his last 10 games at a .360 clip. This coming after hitting .304 in 12', .319 in 13' and .281 last season. I'd much rather have him as option right now than Meso just because he can play the field and provide some extra versatility.
The only thing I can say is it would be nice to have Mesoraco available to DH when we play 10 AL games over the next several weeks. But I also don't want him aggregating his injury any further and he hasn't seen in game pitching in a while so who knows if he'll even be productive.
Hmmmm, maybe a little too much "visitation" with his homies.
I might be wrong, but I thought I heard that he doesn't drink. He sips on Red Bulls at the club.
Not many games we are going to get a HR from Barnhart, our pitcher and Billy, but I'll take it for the win.
Looks like the rest might have been good for Votto.
Good start to the series, let's get another tonight! | a1bd578a9a1a9f01cee22c64e8ab3401 | 734 |
How can I enhance my MyCanvas project by learning some tips and tricks?
Nudge— In MyCanvas you can select an object and move it a small distance by using the arrow keys on your keyboard.
Duplicate— Any object that can be selected in MyCanvas, either by clicking on it or dragging to select, can be duplicated. This is a great way to create a second copy of an image or document that can then be enlarged to show detail.
Align— As you add elements (photos or text boxes) to a page, you may find it necessary to line them up. This is simple to do by using the align tools on the tool bar. You can align items using the left edge, center, right edge, top, middle, and bottom.
Select multiple (group)— Any object can be selected in MyCanvas, either by clicking on it or dragging to select. This is especially useful if you want to change multiple items, either text or photo, at once. For example, you could select all the text boxes on a page and change the font, font size, color, etc. at the same time.
Copying objects between pages— Images, text and lines can be selected on one page and copied to another page. Select the objects you want to copy and right click with the mouse. Select “copy element(s)” and navigate to the page you want to copy the objects to. Right click on that page and select “paste element(s)” to paste the copied objects at the location of the mouse curser.
Bulk upload— Photos can be uploaded to MyCanvas one at a time or in batches. To upload more than one image, you can drag to select multiple items or ctrl+click to select the specific images you want.
Sepia highlight— There is a simple way to add a sepia highlight to a portion of a historical record (or other record). First, duplicate the image you want to highlight. Next, select both the original and the duplicate images and click both the center and middle align buttons. Click to the side of the images to de-select them. Next, click the copied image (which is on now on top of the original) and select “sepia tone” from the color drop down list on the photo tool bar. Now, all that’s left is to drag the top and bottom cropping buttons until only the desired area of focus is shown.
Edit timeline facts— Text boxes and lines on Timeline pages can be selected by dragging the cursor. Once you have them selected, click the duplicate button to create new lines and text boxes.
Make a copy— Before making any major changes to an MyCanvas project, you may want to create a backup copy. This can be done easily on the My Projects page using the “copy” link by the project you want to copy.
Updating a page — When you make changes to your Ancestry.com tree those changes will not automatically show up in a book that you have already created. Within the project you can pul in those changed by clicking the Update button. Also, when you add new pages to your project they will contain the latest information from your tree.
Changing page order— You can easily change the order of pages in your book by clicking on a thumbnail page and dragging it to the desired position. | https://help.mycanvas.com/hc/en-us/articles/202860455-3108-Tips-and-Tricks-for-creating-a-MyCanvas-project | 704 |
I have no formal education in biblical languages, or much of anything for that matter. But I have gray hair so you should at least hear me out, because what I lack in youth I make up for in immaturity.
4 Is "ANLEX" a legitimate abbreviation to use on this site?
3 Is using one's own initials as an identifier for a translation allowed?
| https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/users/20832/ruminator | 81 |
If you’re thinking of creating a brochure for your finance-related business in Adobe Photoshop, this is the tutorial you need. In this tutorial, you will learn the key steps in Adobe Photoshop that will help you achieve the look appropriate for your business at the same time one that keeps with the times. Your final brochure will be print ready using professional print specifications. Let’s begin.
Before we design the brochure, you will first have to know how to create a grid pattern. To do this, we will create a working Photoshop document (shortcut CTRL+N). The size of this document depends on how big or small your grid squares should be. If you want grid lines that are 200 pixels by 200 pixels then when we create a new document in Photoshop we set it as such. Do not forget to also use a high resolution value of at least 300ppi, a printing standard.
Once the new document is open, double click on the background layer in the layers panel. Simple click on OK. This will then unlock the background layer for us.
Now, double click again on this layer. This time, the Layer styles window should appear. Click on the option for Stroke on the left hand styles checkboxes. Once you click on the name, you can adjust the stroke style attributes. Make sure you change the position to CENTER. Then, set the size of the stroke to the size you want for your grid lines. For this example, we are using a 2 pixel value. You can make it as thick or as thin as you want it to be.
Great! Now we move on to the real job of designing the brochure. The first step is to create a new document with specifications required when printing brochures. This all depends on what kind of brochure you are creating. In this tutorial, our goal is to create a trifold brochure. So to start with, we will use these dimensions and document settings.
Before we start headlong into the design, first we need to setup the guidelines, margins and folds. Our first move here is divide the whole document into 3. To do this we shall create two guidelines. Go to View > New Guide In the window that opens set a vertical guideline that is 4.65 inches away from the left side of our document.
Once done, we set the other fold guideline at 9.35 inches from the left. This divides our design into 3 distinct panels. This is the basic format of a trifold brochure. If this is the front, then the panels from left to right are, the flap, the back cover and the front cover. If this is the inner or back side of the brochure, then from left to right they are, the left panel, the center panel and of course the right panel. Just see the images below for reference.
Great! Now just add the other necessary margins using the same procedure as the first one. Here are the other margin guidelines that you must set.
Great! That finishes our initial brochure setup procedure. Now it is time to start with the design. First we will work on our main background. Press CTRL+SHIFT+N to create a new layer. Fill this with a white color using the Paint Bucket tool. Then, go to Edit > Fill. In the window that opens, use ‘pattern’ for the contents, and use the custom pattern that we created earlier.
The grid should then be rendered. If it is too large or too small, you can either repeat the process of defining the pattern above in a smaller scale, or just resizing the new layer to how it needs to be (CTRL+T transform). Once set, go to Select > Color Range. In the color range window, reduce the fuzziness to 0 and then click on a WHITE area of your grid.
Once the whites are selected, press CTRL+SHIFT+I to invert the selection into the grid. Then, press CTRL+J to cut and copy the grid into another new layer. Erase the original layer. Then we have only the grid lines only as our main brochure feature, with the white boxed turned transparent because of our cut and copy. We have turned off the visibility of the background here just for you to see what happened.
Now, we start adding colors. The first move is to use the gradient color tool. We use it to add a seamless color transition for the background. Just set two theme colors, one as the foreground and one as the background and then use the gradient color tool to add the color background effect.
Now, we will turn the grid white. To do this, hold the CTRL key and click on the thumbnail image of the grid layer. This will select the area of the grid. Now use the brush tool and just paint the whole grid white.
Next, press CTRL+SHIFT+I to invert our selection. This now selects the square areas of the grid. Create a new layer by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+N. Name this grid colors.
Then, we use the paint bucket tool to color the boxes in different shades of your theme color. IN our case it is green. Make sure you randomize the colors a bit, but keep the lighter hues on top, getting darker on the bottom. Once you are done with the color randomization, press CTRL+D to deselect the squares.
Then, change the blend mode of our layer to ‘Overlay’. Also reduce the opacity to 40%. This will blend our color blocks to our original gradient color layer. Once done, it is a good idea to save this document as you can use this for both front and back designs with just a few adjustments.
Now, create another new layer by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+N. Then, using the polygonal lasso tool, inscribe a graph shape across our design. Note that you should shape this polygon in a way that looks like a graph.
Then, we change the blend mode of our graph layer to ‘Hard Light’.
We will now add an extra line effect to our design. Start with the pen tool. Select it from the tools panel, and click on several points creating a trail line along the lines of the graph layer. Make sure as well that you clicked on the ìcreate pathsî option for your pen tool in the options bar above.
Now, go for the brush tool. Right click on the canvass and then set a 5 pixel, 100% hardness round brush.
Create a new layer again by pressing CTRL+SHIFT+N. Set a theme color as your background. Then, select the pen tool again and right click on the path we created. In the context menu that opens select the option to ‘Stroke Path’.
This gives us a nice line across our graph.
Repeat the process several times with different line colors.
Great! Now it is time to add our text. Just use the text tool of course to type in the content. We use contrasting font colors depending on the background.
Then we insert in images for the brochure. This finishes our front cover!
Then, using the same tricks and effects, we create the back part of our brochure design. That finishes our guide for creating a finance graph inspired brochure. Congratulations!
Wow ,Its really superb,very useful sharing.
| http://psd.fanextra.com/tutorials/designing/design-a-print-ready-graph-inspired-brochure-in-photoshop/ | 1,531 |
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The 2020 Monster Energy Supercross season has kicked off over the weekend with first round – Anaheim 1. Bar-to-bar racing action was the order of the night with some predictable results, and some not so predicable results. Watch the highlights from both the 250 and 450 main events here: 250 Results (Top Five) 1st Justin Cooper 2nd Dylan Ferrandis 3rd Christian ... | https://lwmag.co.za/tag/austin-forkner | 79 |
4 tablespoons of flour
4 tablespoons of butter
2-3 cups of stock (beef, chicken, fish, vegetable ) or water preferably stock though
In a sauce pot melt your butter and add flour whisk till it become a paste cook until light brown or golden brown for darker gravy and beef stock cook just a bit pass golden brown. Season the paste with salt and pepper any thing else you want, the more you make it and depending on the dish you will know how to season it.
Slowly whisk In the liquid I always eye this part some dishes you may want a thicker gravy others a thinner just depends on the fisher just watch the thickness as you add the liquid if it's to thick at more stock or water to thin bring to simmer or boil and cook off the liquid | 3813d348343342e292187cb53aeaf22e | 163 |
That's the only known system that hits all your marks.
Bob
I've searched through various posts and other sites for reviews and tips on what tablet to get, but I'm still lost. I figured by posting here I'd get a better idea of what I need. Here's pretty much what I'm looking for....
These are the most important requirements:
1. I am looking for a tablet with no less than 8.9" screen. I looked at the google nexus 7 and it seems great, but the screen is too small for what I'm looking to do.
2. I will be using the tablet for business while on travel, so I'd like it to be able to open office documents - mostly word, excel, and power point. I don't care if I have to pay to get an app that will do this. I just need to have the capability.
3. I'd like decent battery life. I will be traveling a bit and if I'm taking a flight from coast to coast, I'd like to be able to watch a full length movie without the battery dying.
4. It needs to have a reliable wi-fi signal.
5. I'd like to watch movies with good video resolution.
6. The device doesn't need to have a lot of storage space, but it does need to have the capability to access services like google drive, or some kind of online file storage. I typically have a lot of smaller files on a USB thumb drive that I carry with me, but I know most tablets don't have the capability to read them. So, regardless of what tablet I get, I'm prepared to make the switch to using some sort of online file storage service to access my files.
7. The typing and note-taking needs to be smooth. I currently have a Motorola razr phone and I use evernote and a couple other note taking apps. The typing is very sluggish and it's pretty annoying. If I'm going to be using a tablet for typing, I want the response time to be as if I'm typing on a computer.
8. The tablet should have the option for an external keyboard - whether it's connected directly or via bluetooth doesn't matter to me.
9. I will be browsing the internet with the tablet. I've heard the ipad doesn't support flash, but I'm not sure how big of a problem that will be for me. I do watch youtube videos and also show video files for business presentations. The videos are mostly .avi, .mpeg, .wmv, .mov, etc.
10. I'd like to switch my current magazine subscriptions like popular science, forbes, etc so i can view them on the tablet. The tablet needs to have some way of viewing these.
11. I'd like to store and view photos. - mostly jpg
12. Processor speed... Since I will be multitasking, I'd like seamless transition between opening apps, etc.
Somewhat important but not a deal breaker:
1. It'd be nice if there was a way to hook up a USB thumb drive or an external hard drive to the device. Whether or not it's a direct connect or maybe a wireless hard drive it doesn't matter to me.
2. It'd be nice to multi-task. I like how you can view several files at once with the Samsung Galaxy devices.
Things that don't matter
1. The speakers don't have to be great. If I'm going to listen to music with this device, it'll be with headphones or hooking up some external speakers. So, the sound quality doesn't need to be fantastic.
In regards to price, I'm willing to pay somewhere between 400-500 dollars.
I keep hearing that the iPad is the best tablet, but I really have no idea if it's the best for what I need. Since there are countless android tablets, I don't know enough about them either.
Any help would be GREATLY appreciated.
Thanks! | 7acb4322a3e13bdccdcbceca0cfe3bac | 833 |
Good Product
I use this MP3 player for when I go running. I clip it to my jacket and it stays in place. Once you learn which buttons do what, it's pretty easy to skip songs or adjust volume. Headphones sound good as well. Easy to read screen and navigate around.
Was this review helpful to you?YESNO | f764a8b4869618d6eff8af0bd2b6f6c2 | 71 |
2. No, I, I mean, she, can't come to the phone.
3. You have my vote, isn't that good enough?
4. Um, this is kinda not a good time.
5. They didn't plough my street all January and now you want my money?
There is this 17-year old woman who was doing calls with me. She was cool.
I am trying to battle a natural apathy and get into this election. So far, there has not been as much vigor and vim as the mayoral election. Which is a surprise, cuz it is so easy to get a real hate-on for Steven Harper.
Federal elections always remind me of this time when I was around 10 or 11 and I got sick with a terrible fever. I remember jackie was reading charlie and the chocolate factory to me in my mom's bed, and as much as I loved the story, every noise was like screaming and I made her stop. I was in bed for two days, and when I woke up, I put on my jeans, and they seemed short (we concluded that it had been a growth spurt fever).
I ate a huge piece of apple crisp and went downstairs where everyone was watching tv. Brian Mulroney had just won the election, and he was our new prime minister. With a chin as preposterous as his mandate. But that is another story.
So there have been some crazy times in the gov'ts on either side of the border. So close to election time, and the scandals resonate like so many empty coffers. Wouldn't it be cool if we got up after this to some quantitative change? | http://www.happyrobot.net/words/pony.asp?id=4462 | 349 |
Predictors of Arterial Stiffness in Law Enforcement Officers
Background: Compare arterial stiffness among law enforcement officers (LEOs) versus general population normative values and identify predictors of arterial stiffness in LEOs. Methods: Seventy male LEOs (age: 24–54 years) completed body composition, blood pressures, physical activity level, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) measurements. T-tests and regression analyses were utilized to compare LEO data to normative data and predict cfPWV, respectively. Results: Compared to similar age strata within the general population, cfPWV was lower among LEO’s under 30-years (mean difference = −0.6 m·s−1), but higher among LEOs 50–55-years (mean difference = 1.1 m·s−1). Utilizing regression, age, relative body fat, and diastolic blood pressure explained the greatest variance in LEO’s cfPWV (adj. R2 = 0.56, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This investigation demonstrated that arterial stiffness may progress more rapidly in LEOs and LEOs’ relative body fat and blood pressure may primarily affect arterial stiffness and risk of CVD.
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States [1]. The development of CVD occurs over a lifetime and is influenced by a variety of behavioral factors such as smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, stress management, and others [1][2][3]. Law enforcement populations (police officers, special weapons and tactics units, sheriffs, etc.) are particularly susceptible to CVD. The prevalence of CVD among active duty law enforcement officers (LEOs) has been suggested to be like the general population [4]. However, CVD prevalence doubles among LEOs following retirement compared to the general population [5,6]. The rapid progression of CVD in LEOs necessitates the investigation of CVD risk factors and assessments. Earlier detection and intervention may delay the onset of CVD and/or reduce the occurrence of CVD events among active and retired LEOs.
Investigators have studied the prevalence of several traditional CVD risk factors in LEOs and found higher rates of hypertension and obesity in LEOs compared to the general population [4][5][6][7]. In addition, many LEOs lack the necessary physical activity to maintain cardiovascular health [3][4][5], while also experiencing intermittent periods of high physical and psychological stress, some of which are associated with performing law enforcement shift work [8,9]. Chronic stress is correlated with an increased risk of CVD [7,8]. Due to the deleterious health consequences and health care costs associated with CVD, the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) created a goal to decrease CVD among public safety occupation including law enforcement [10]. The primary goals of the CDC's agenda focused on conducting etiological studies of occupational risk factors and identification of work organizational factors that are associated with higher CVD risk in LEOs.
Several investigations have described a variety of occupational risk factors and stressors that LEOs are exposed to regularly, which include sudden onset and chronic exposure of physical and psychological stressors [2][3][4]7,11]. Psychological stress has been associated with vascular dysfunction, CVD, impaired sleep, and depression [9]. Likewise, Varvarigou et al. demonstrated that physical stress, such as performing physically demanding occupational tasks (e.g., restraints/altercations, pursuits of suspects, and physical training), was associated with sudden cardiac death, by serving as a physiological trigger to those who are predisposed to CVD [12]. Research in other tactical populations has noted that arterial stiffness increases during prolonged performance of occupational tasks [13]. In fact, arterial stiffness, an independent predictor of cardiac events, is associated with sudden cardiac deaths among firefighters [13]. Collectively, these data provide some insight into the cardiovascular health of LEOs, however utilization of direct measurements of cardiovascular health, such as arterial stiffness, would provide a clearer understanding of why LEOs are disproportionately at risk of CVD. In turn, appropriate interventions may be identified and employed, at earlier time points.
The measurement of arterial stiffness provides practitioners with an objective assessment that is predictive of CVD events [14][15][16][17][18]. Arterial stiffness, as measured by the gold-standard of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), has been found to independently predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in numerous epidemiological studies [14][15][16][17][18]. The assessment of central arterial stiffness can detect earlier changes in the vasculature compared to brachial (i.e., peripheral) blood pressure measurements [16]. Central stiffness measurements, as measured by cfPWV, have been found to be superior in predicting first cardiovascular events compared to typical brachial blood pressure measurements [18]. Normal aging causes progressive escalation of arterial stiffness and hypertension [19]; however, excess body fat and a sedentary lifestyle further augment the increase in arterial stiffness and blood pressure [20]. To date arterial stiffness has not been assessed in LEOs, which may provide unique insight for increased CVD risk in LEOs.
Identifying lifestyle, occupational, and demographic factors that are associated with arterial stiffness will provide healthcare clinicians with an understanding of how to identify LEOs who may be at greater risk for CVD. Furthermore, identification of risk factors will provide practitioners and police departments with information to develop appropriate interventions to reduce CVD risk. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to compare the arterial stiffness of LEOs versus the general population and to identify lifestyle, occupational, and demographic predictors of arterial stiffness in LEOs. It was hypothesized that cfPWV would be greater in LEOs than in the general population (relative to age and gender) and cfPWV would be positively correlated to age, relative fat mass, years spent on third (night) shift, perceived stress, and inversely correlated to daily time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
Experimental Design
This study utilized a cross sectional design to compare arterial stiffness in LEOs versus the general population and to identify predictors of arterial stiffness in a cohort of professional LEOs. Regarding the comparison of arterial stiffness in LEOs versus the general population, the subjects' occupation (i.e., LEO vs. non-LEO) served as the independent variable and cfPWV served as the dependent variable. Regarding the prediction of arterial stiffness, age, body composition, shift outcomes, perceived stress, and physical activity outcomes served as predictor variables and cfPWV served as the dependent variable. The study was approved by the University's Institutional Review Board (IRB) prior to subject recruitment and data collection.
Subjects
A sample of 70 professional LEOs recruited from the state of Kentucky and southwest Ohio participated in this study. Subjects were male professional LEOs between 21 and 55 years of age. Subjects were free of CVD according to the American College of Sports Medicine Guidelines [21]. Subjects were excluded from the study if they were a current smoker or reported any sign, symptom, or diagnosis of cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, because cfPWV changes have been noted in these individuals [14,22,23]. Subjects provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study and were informed that participation in the study would not affect their employment status or union membership.
Procedures
Subjects participated in one testing session lasting approximately 2.5 h, located in the University's Exercise Physiology Laboratory or an alternative IRB approved location (i.e., police department, station, or training facility). Subjects abstained from consuming caffeine and food for at least three hours prior to testing.
Questionnaires
Subjects completed a physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q), a general health history questionnaire, and a work/personal history questionnaire (i.e., identification of age, race/ethnicity, rank, job duties, years in military, living arrangement, amount of time spent on certain shifts, and physical activity questions). In the work history questionnaire subjects were asked to recall the number of months they spent on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd shift over the entirety of their career in an effort to identify time spent on 3rd shift. To assess occupational stress levels, subjects completed the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Op; ICC = 0.92) and the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Org; ICC = 0.92) [24]. The PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org specifically assess the perceived stressors related to policing over the last 6 months, using a 7-point Likert-type scale. The PSQ questionnaires use the descriptive anchors of 1 (no stress at all) to 7 (a lot of stress).
Anthropometrics
Subjects were asked to wear athletic clothing for anthropometric assessments including a t-shirt and athletic shorts. Height was measured, without shoes (to the nearest 0.1 cm) using a portable stadiometer (HM200P, Charder Medical, Taichung City, Taiwan). Body mass was measured (to the nearest 0.1 kg) using an electronic scale (Health O Meter, Newell Brands, Hoboken, NJ, USA). Circumference measurements were taken (to the nearest 0.1 cm) at the waist, abdomen, and hip according to American College of Sports Medicine guidelines [21]. Specifically, circumference measurements were performed at the end of a normal exhalation and taken in rotational order. Each circumference was repeated until two trials were within 1 cm. Measurements were taken against the skin, except for the hip measurement, which was performed over athletic shorts.
Body Composition
Body composition was measured with a dual-frequency bioelectric impedance analyzer (BIA; Bodystat 1500; Bodystat Ltd., Isle of Man, UK). Subjects assumed a supine position on a non-conductive surface with the limbs slightly abducted from the body and hands placed in a pronated position. Surface sensor electrodes were placed on the subject's right side according to manufacturer guidelines. A series of standardized low-level electrical currents (5 and 50 kHz) were released, and the voltage drop due to the impedance was detected across the sensor. The manufacturer's proprietary prediction equation estimated the subjects' body composition. The prediction equation estimates percent fat and has been validated against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (r = 0.88) [25].
Dietary Quality
Each subject completed a web-based National Institute of Health Dietary History Questionnaire, focused on recall of food frequency patterns over the previous year. Assessment of dietary quality was in interpreted in relation to the United States Dietary Guidelines and expressed in a 12-component composite Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score (Range: 0-100). Higher HEI scores represent superior dietary quality. Nutritional analyses were performed with a computer program (Diet*Calc Analysis Program, National Cancer Institute, Silver Spring, MD, USA), while the HEI component and composite scores were calculated on SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Twelve subjects were excluded from the dietary analysis due to failure to fully complete the questionnaire.
Physical Activity Monitoring
Daily physical activity outcomes were evaluated while on-and off-duty over one week with the use of a research grade triaxial accelerometer (GT3X, ActiGraph Inc., Pensacola, FL, USA). The accelerometer was worn on the waistband on the subjects' right side at the midaxillary line during waking hours to provide physical activity data via step and activity counts. The activity count data were utilized to quantify volume, intensity, frequency, and duration of subjects' physical activity. Freedson and coworkers' [26] physical activity intensity (i.e., activity count) thresholds were applied to quantify time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity categories. The ActiGraph GT3X has been validated to quantify step counts and physical activity time, while also demonstrating acceptable inter-device reliability (r = 0.90-0.99) [27,28]. All data were downloaded and evaluated using the manufacturer's software (ActiLife Version 6, ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA). Additionally, subjects were asked to keep a written physical activity log to confirm the duration of these activities and provide a qualitative context.
Accelerometer data were sampled at 30 Hz and collapsed into 10-second epochs. Wear and non-wear time data were identified through ActiLife's proprietary procedure via the Troiano algorithm [29]. Thirteen subjects were excluded from the physical activity analysis for not wearing the accelerometer for a minimum of 10 h on at least 4 days. Thus, 57 subjects' data were utilized for physical activity analyses with an average wear time of 7.1 ± 1.4 days.
Pulse Wave Velocity Analysis
Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is the criterion measurement of arterial stiffness and was assessed via transcutaneous tonometry of the carotid and femoral arteries with simultaneous ECG recording utilizing the SphygmoCor System (AtCor, Sydney, Australia) [18]. This measurement has been shown to be reliable within a tactical population (ICC = 0.88) [30]. The test-retest reliability of this measure in this sample was ICC = 0.84 (n = 70). The subjects assumed a supine position with each measurement performed on the right side of the body. The subject rested in the supine position for 10-15 min prior to the measurement. The carotid and femoral measurement sites were palpated to find the strongest pulse and identified with a washable marker. The linear distances from the carotid site to the sternal notch, to the navel, and then to the femoral site were measured with an inelastic tape measure and input into the SphygmoCor software (AtCor, Sydney, Australia).
Pulse wave analysis measurements were performed with transcutaneous tonometry at the radial artery, using the SphygmoCor System following manufacturer's guidelines. Central aortic pulse pressures were estimated by validated transfer functions [14]. Pressure waveform measurements were only accepted if the operator index was greater than 80%, per manufacturer recommendations. Specifically, the operator index is a proprietary score in the SphymoCor System used to measure the reproducibility and strength of the radial pulse signal. In addition, heart rate variability was assessed during a five-minute sampling period using measures of Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) and standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN) R-R intervals.
Statistical Analysis
Basic statistics (i.e., mean ± standard deviation) were used to describe demographic and outcome variables. One sample T-tests were conducted to determine if differences existed in pulse wave velocity values between LEOs and age-matched reference values from the general population [31]. The general population reference values were established through a European Collaboration from 8 countries and 16,867 subjects [31]. Pearson Product Moment correlations were used to assess relationships between independent variables and the dependent variables of central pressures and cfPWV. Furthermore, a one-way ANOVA was used to assess the main effect of age classification on cfPWV. Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis was used when main effects were identified. The normality of cfPWV outcomes within age strata was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilks test. Multivariate linear regression was utilized to identify significant predictors of cfPWV values within LEOs. Backward-stepwise regression analyses were performed on hypothesized variables (age, body fat, time on third shift, stress questionnaire scores, and time spent in moderate-tovigorous physical activity) to provide the strongest predictor of cfPWV. Stepwise regression analyses were utilized to determine the predictability of cfPWV from all lifestyle, demographic, and occupational variables collected. For the regression analyses, the predicted values were plotted against the residual values. None of the described regression models produced visual patterns when predicted values were plotted against the residual values, indicating linear regression was an appropriate model for interpretation. Multicollinearity was controlled utilizing a variance inflation factor limit of ten. All analyses were performed using JMP ® (Version 11. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) statistical software. The level of significance for all statistical analyses were set at p < 0.05.
Results
A total of 70 male LEOs from seven law enforcement agencies participated in this investigation. Descriptive characteristics of the study's sample are displayed in Table 1. The subjects' mean BMI was classified as overweight and borderline obese according to a mean BMI of 29.4 ± 4.5 kg·m −2 . Furthermore, the subjects' mean relative body fat (i.e., 22.8 ± 5.6%) falls between the 20th and 30th percentile relative to age and gender [21]. The subjects' mean HEI score (60.3 ± 12.6) was between the 75th and 90th percentile relative to the general population [21]. The subjects' mean daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was 7.4 ± 11.0 min·d −1 . Descriptive outcomes of resting cardiovascular measurements are presented in Table 2. Table 3 displays a comparison of mean PWV by age strata, between 70 male LEOs and normative values from the European Society of Cardiology. LEOs under 30 years of age had significantly lower average PWV than the normative value (Table 3; p = 0.0018). LEOs in the 4th and 5th decades of life demonstrated no significant differences compared to the normative values. However, the 50-55 year. group had a significantly higher PWV than the normative value (p = 0.0003). ) and were significantly higher than all other groups (p < 0.0001). There was no effect of age on systolic or diastolic blood pressure across age strata. Bivariate correlations were performed between arterial stiffness versus all demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and occupational variables. There was a significant positive correlation between age and cfPWV (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). This relationship suggests that as age increases cfPWV also increases. There were significant positive correlations between cfPWV versus years served in law enforcement (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) and relative body fat (r = 0.60, p < 0.01). These findings indicate that arterial stiffness increases with an increase of years served in law enforcement and increased body fat percentage. A significant positive correlation was also identified between the two predictor variables of years served in law enforcement and relative body fat (r = 0.34, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that there is an increase in percent body fat with an increase in years of service in law enforcement. Other significant positive relationships were also identified between cfPWV versus all other variables (see Supplementary Table S1, Bivariate correlations . . . ) except the three police stress questionnaire variables (PSQ-op, r = 0.1; PSQ-org, r = −0.02; PSQ-total, r = 0.04).
Bivariate correlations demonstrated a moderate correlation between the predicted variable of time spent on 3rd shift and cfPWV (r = 0.31, p < 0.05). Therefore, utilizing the median value of 24 months on 3rd shift, subjects were stratified into two groups (less than two years on 3rd shift (n = 41) and two or more years on 3rd shift (n = 29)) to compare the group average of cfPWV. Although not significant, LEOs with 2 or more years of 3rd shift work had a slightly higher average cfPWV (6.94 ± 1.34 m/s −2 ) compared to those with less than 2 years of 3rd shift work (6.41± 1.35 m/s −2 ; p = 0.108).
Bivariate correlations demonstrated that two of the strongest correlates of cfPWV were relative body fat and age. Relative body fat and age were also correlated with each other. Thus, to describe the independent effects of relative body fat on cfPWV, a one-way ANCOVA was performed, with age serving as the covariate. Relative body fat was stratified into three groups (i.e., obese, overweight, and normal weight), according to normative data standards from the ACSM [21]. When controlling for age there was a main effect for body fat classification on cfPWV (Table 5). Post-hoc analyses revealed that the obese group had a greater cfPWV than the normal body weight group for relative body fat (F (3, 66) = 22.56, mboxemphp < 0.001; mean difference = 1.46 m·s −1 ). Furthermore, the obese group had a greater cfPWV than the overweight group (F (3, 66) = 22.56, p = 0.001; mean difference = 0.45 m·s −1 ). Likewise, to describe the independent effects of body mass index on cfPWV, a one-way ANCOVA was performed, with age serving as the covariate (Table 5). There was a main effect for BMI. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the obese group had greater cfPWV than the normal BMI group for BMI (F (3, 66) = 16.38, p < 0.001; mean difference = 1.16 m·s −1 ). Values represent mean ± standard deviation. Significance set at p < 0.05. a = a significant difference in cfPWV between obese and normal weight groups for respective assessment of body composition; b: a significant difference in cfPWV between obese and overweight groups for respective assessment of body composition. cfPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Table 6 displays the three strongest multiple linear regression models used to predict cfPWV in male LEOs, with the occupational and lifestyle factors. As model A demonstrates, age and relative body fat explain 51% of the variance in cfPWV, and these are the two primary variables for most of the stronger regression models. Absolute fat-mass, and BMI were run in these models, but relative fat explained greater variance, and therefore it was utilized in the models. The addition of other hypothesized variables only slightly increased the explained variance for other models. Interestingly, the addition of the variable daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduced the variance explained by the regression model. The addition of the non-hypothesized variable brachial diastolic blood pressure provided an increase of explained variance in Model B. Model C demonstrates the predictive power of using years in law enforcement compared to the hypothesized variable of Age in Table 6. There is slightly more explained variance using the variable years in law enforcement compared to the variable Age.
Discussion
Our hypothesis that cfPWV would be greater in LEOs than age-matched counterparts from the general population varied by age group. Interestingly, the <30 years old cohort had a significantly lower cfPWV compared to the age-matched reference group. There was no difference in the cfPWV between LEOs and the general population within 30-39 and 40-49 years old cohorts. However, the cfPWV of the ≥50 years old LEO cohort in the present study was 1.1 m·s −1 greater than the age-matched reference group (p < 0.001; Table 3). Our second hypothesis was that cfPWV would be positively correlated with age, fat mass, time spent on 3rd shift, perceived stress, and inversely correlated with daily time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was positively correlated with age, fat mass, and time spent on third shift. Interestingly, there were no correlations between Police Stress Questionnaire and physical activity outcomes versus cfPWV in this investigation. Collectively, our findings indicate that LEOs may have lower cfPWV at the beginning of their careers but remolding of the arteries through the lifespan may accelerate causing arterial stiffening and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and events.
Despite the cross-sectional nature of this descriptive comparison, this apparent rise in arterial stiffness over the lifespan of LEOs is concerning, because of the increased risk of a cardiovascular event. A previous investigation's meta-analysis demonstrated that an increase of 1 m·s −1 in cfPWV corresponded to an increased risk of 14% for all cardiovascular events, 15% increased risk for cardiovascular mortality, and a 15% increased risk of allcause mortality [18]. Furthermore, it was reported that an increase of 1 standard deviation in cfPWV (i.e., cfPWV = 3.4 m·s −1 ) increased those risk outcomes to 47%, 47%, and 42%, respectively [18]. The Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that higher PWV values were associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk [17].
The <30 years LEO cohort's lower cfPWV compared to the general population is intriguing and may be, in part, attributed to "the healthy worker effect." The healthy worker effect occurs when unhealthy or potentially unhealthy workers are selectively omitted through demands imposed by occupational necessities. To become a LEO, recruits typically participate in several months of physical training in an academy to meet academy and/or department physical test requirements [5]. Indirectly, these requirements increase the health of the LEO cohort compared to the general population. Wu et al. demonstrated improved fitness and body composition outcomes in cadets following a 20-week training period [32]. Training academies may effectively reduce arterial stiffness, because resistance and endurance training in pre-hypertensive adults have been shown to reduce peripheral arterial stiffness, central blood pressures, and augmentation index [33]. On the other hand, the significantly higher cfPWV in the ≥50 years cohort begs the question of what is causing the acceleration in arterial stiffness beyond that of the general population over the 20-year career span.
Considering the apparent increase in arterial stiffness among LEOs over the career span, the second aim of this investigation was to identify demographic, lifestyle, and occupational predictors of arterial stiffness. It was hypothesized that cfPWV would be positively correlated with age, fat mass, time spent on 3rd shift, perceived stress, and inversely correlated with daily time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was positively correlated with age, fat mass, and time spent on third shift. Interestingly, there were no correlations between Police Stress Questionnaire and physical activity outcomes versus cfPWV in this investigation. Regression analysis demonstrated that age, relative body fat, diastolic blood pressure, and years in law enforcement (Table 6) explained the most variance in cfPWV.
Aging has been established as a primary risk factor for CVD and is highly associated with increased arterial stiffness [18,19,34,35]. Several studies note a linear increase in cf-PWV until the age of 60 years [16,17,34]. Following the age of 60 years, there tends to be a rapid exponential increase in cfPWV [16,17,34]. This increase is hypothesized to be due to the cyclical hemodynamic stresses that are placed on arterial structures, particularly elastin, which causes fracturing and improper remolding of the arterial matrix [15]. This occurs independently of atherosclerotic plaque accumulation; however, in some individuals atherosclerotic plaque accumulation may also be contributing factor to increased cfPWV. This cross-sectional investigation concurs with previous findings indicating that greater cfPWV values are associated with older LEOs (Table 3 and bivariate correlations). These results suggest that a function of time causes an unavoidable progression in arterial stiffening, however the degree to which this progression occurs could be modulated through other demographic, lifestyle, and occupational variables.
Given the extended period one spends in an occupation over a lifetime, factors associated with the occupation can have negative health consequences. The occupation of law enforcement has demonstrated a clear relationship of increasing the prevalence of traditional risk factors for negative health outcomes, like CVD, stroke, heart attack, post-traumatic stress syndrome, amongst others [2][3][4]6,7,11]. Although it is impossible to completely measure and decompose all behavioral and environmental factors into quantitative variables, the positive correlation between cfPWV and years served as a LEO (bivariate correlations and Table 6, Model C) suggests that occupational factors associated with law enforcement may predispose officers to poorer health outcomes, especially the risk of CVD. The increased explained variance from Model C in Table 6 compared to Model A in Table 6 might indicate that time spent serving in law enforcement is a better predictor of cfPWV than just age for this population. However, since years served as a LEO is a function of time, like age, it would be remiss not to report the correlation between the age and LEO years (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001).
The lack of significant arterial stiffening in LEOs who participated in third shift for greater than two years was surprising, as previous studies have demonstrated how police shift work (on third shift or late night shift) has created an environment that may promote poor health habits [2][3][4]6,7,11]. This investigation noted that there was a significant positive correlation with time spent on third shift and increased cfPWV. However, no significant difference in cfPWV between LEOs working for more than 2 years on third shift versus LEOs working less than two years on third shift. However, the group mean average cfPWV was up 0.53 m·s −1 , which is a greater increase compared to Chen et al.'s cross-sectional study which found an increase in pulse wave velocity of 0.036 m·s −1 per year of shift work bus driving [36]. Although these populations seem drastically different, they have two major similarities in the fact that they both perform shift work for prolonged periods of time and the both jobs are sedentary in nature [3,37]. Shift work investigations using cfPWV are lacking, but they may help provide a clearer picture of how occupational factors may influence cardiovascular health.
Following the time-based variables of age and years served in law enforcement, this investigation found that relative body fat was positively correlated to arterial stiffness (bivariate correlations, Table 6). That is, as the relative adiposity of a LEO increases, cfPWV also increases. Excess body fat is a well-known accelerant of the arterial stiffening process [20,38]. This investigation agreed with previous research and found that relative body fat (r =0.60, p < 0.05) and BMI (r = 0.43, p < 0.05) were positively correlated with cfPWV. The stronger association of relative body fat compared to BMI, because BMI was not retained in the regression analyses (Table 6), could be due to the misinterpretation of lean muscle as fat tissue in the BMI equation. Since BMI is solely based on height and weight measures, BMI estimations cannot distinguish between fat and fat-free mass. This evidence supports Alasagheirin's inquiry calling for a direct measure of fat mass in LEOs instead of BMI, because BMI's misclassification can add or reduce the risk stratification of health outcomes for officers [39]. This misclassification could hinder prevention timeframes, by delaying early intervention, and thus causing greater harm to an unsuspecting officer.
This investigation demonstrated a significant difference in average cfPWV values based on relative body fat classifications (Table 5). Specifically, the obese group (mean = 7.81 m·s −1 ) had an average cfPWV of nearly 2 m·s −1 higher than that of the normal weight group (mean = 5.96 m·s −1 ), despite no difference in the LEO's age. Thus, a 2 m·s −1 greater cfPWV suggests that the obese LEOs have an increased risk of 28% for all cardiovascular events, 30% for cardiovascular mortality, and a 30% increase in all-cause mortality [18]. Increases in arterial stiffness in obese/overweight populations has been attributed to a variety of different factors related to adipokine levels within the body [34,35,38]. Adiponectin is produced by adipose tissue and possesses anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antiatherogenic, and insulin-sensitizing mechanisms [38]. Adiponectin has the ability to provide the body with some protective effects, but low levels have been found in obese and hypertensive patients [38]. With limited adiponectin, nitric oxide synthesis expression decreases, which decreases the protective effects of nitric oxide and thus decreases the vessel's ability to vasodilate. Low levels of adiponectin have been associated with increased arterial stiffness, however the extent of the exact mechanisms are still being investigated [38].
Another adipokine affected by obesity is leptin. Obese individuals have elevated leptin levels in the plasma, which are known to increase aldosterone, sodium retention volume expression, and increased blood pressure [38]. High levels of leptin also contribute to production of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial oxidative stress, and reactive oxidative species formation [38]. There has been an established positive correlation between leptin levels and arterial stiffness [38]. Even though these adipokines may provide a mechanism for increased arterial stiffness, this study did not directly measure these biomarkers and can only speculate as to why there was a significant difference between the three body composition groups.
Hypertension has been established as a correlate of arterial stiffness. Previous research in LEOs has demonstrated that the prevalence of hypertension ranges from 15-39% [5,16]. The present study's sample was within this range, as 29% of the subjects were classified as hypertensive [40]. For all LEOs, the group average cfPWV (6.72 ± 1.36 m·s −1 ) is within normative range for the group average age and sex (37.1 years, male, cfPWV = 6.50 ± 1.35 m·s −1 ), established by the European Society of Cardiology. Hypertension has a strong link to arterial stiffening, so much so that a few researchers question which occurs first [16]. It has been noted that acute rises in blood pressure can cause acute/chronic increases in arterial stiffness in subjects [15]. These sustained rises in blood pressure may accelerate structural changes within the vasculature walls because hypertensive individuals have elevated stiffness compared to age-matched controls [15]. The fracturing and remolding of connective tissue proteins like elastin and collagen are examples of structural changes within the vascular wall (especially in the ascending aorta) that occur over time due to the increased blood pressure. Even though arterial stiffness has been linked with hypertension, Blacher et al. demonstrated that atherosclerosis alterations, such as arterial wall thickening, calcium build up, and plaque formation, can increase cfPWV independent of age and blood pressure [41]. This would indicate that measuring arterial stiffness in conjuncture with brachial blood pressures would provide health practitioners with a better understanding of the CVD risk of their patients involved in law enforcement.
This investigation evaluated several different multiple regression analyses predicting arterial stiffness as measured by cfPWV and concluded that Model B from Table 6 is the strongest. Model B utilizes age, relative body fat, and brachial diastolic blood pressure to explain 54% (adj. R 2 ) of the variance in cfPWV values in this population. The variables of age, body fat, and hypertension have been associated with increases in arterial stiffness in diverse populations [14]. This regression model also provides a simple and practical formula to estimate cfPWV, as a doctor can collect these measures during a yearly physical exam. These simple measures and a normative value table could identify an at-risk LEO earlier, which could lead to primary care interventions to protect LEOs rather than tertiary treatments.
There are several limitations to this study. One major limitation of this study was the voluntary nature of subject recruitment. Many of the officers who were presumed to be in poorer health likely declined to participate in the study. This limitation occurs frequently in research and likely produces a bias in the population's estimate of health outcome variables. This sentiment is why further testing of LEOs must be completed in conjuncture with administrative support, to truly understand the health disparities that are present in this population. A second limitation was the use of a cross-sectional designed study to assess longitudinal outcomes; however, a cross-section study can still provide important insights for future studies. A third limitation was the recruitment of only males in this study, as it is known that sex-specific traits play a role in cardiovascular health and assessment [42]. Unfortunately, the LEOs in the law enforcement agencies utilized in this study had a sex composition that was approximately ≥90% male. Future research should strive to investigate male and female in law enforcement. A fourth limitation was the use of the Police Stress Questionnaires, as the survey focuses on the last six months and does not give a measure of the full career stress. However, the survey has been investigated to be reliable and valid [24]. A final limitation of this study was the use of currently employed LEOs. These officers are deemed fit for duty, while many officers retire early, because they cannot fulfill the requirements of being a law enforcement officer. This leads to a bias known as the healthy worker effect, which must be investigated in future studies with the law enforcement population.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the primary findings of this investigation demonstrated that LEOs have significantly lower levels of arterial stiffness earlier in their career, which may be a sign of the healthy worker effect due to the screening process and cadet training requirements prior to full-time employment as a LEO. In contrast, later in the career-span, LEOs demonstrated significantly higher arterial stiffness outcomes compared to the general population. The apparent disproportional increase in arterial stiffness across the career-span suggests that the occupation of law enforcement may contribute to accelerated arterial stiffness. In addition, this investigation confirmed that age and obesity are primary factors in determining arterial stiffness in a cohort of LEOs. The other hypothesized variables showed that time spent on third shift, perceived stress, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were not predictors of arterial stiffness in LEOs. Time on third shift and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity did have an interaction effect, which should be further evaluated in future studies. Additionally, years in law enforcement provided strong predictive power of arterial stiffness, which is a novel contributor to arterial stiffness. Occupational longevity as a predictor of arterial stiffness may help inform prospective employees which career choices are at greater risk for CVD; however, this relationship also needs further evaluation. Finally, despite the development of a regression equation to predict cfPWV in LEOs, this equation needs to be cross-validated with an independent sample of LEOs, warranting further research.
Arterial stiffness as measured by cfPWV might be an important tool in diagnosis of CVD risk among LEOs, since many traditional risk factors appear to be absent until post-retirement [6]. Increased arterial stiffness (cfPWV) has been linked to sudden cardiac events independent of traditional CVD risk factors. If direct measurement is unavailable, using a regression model with age, relative body fat, and diastolic blood pressure could provide a reasonable estimation of arterial stiffness among LEOs. This information would be valuable for practitioners and patients by providing an earlier detection of CVD risk and thus identifying candidates for appropriate interventions. This would also provide a benefit to the government and taxpayers through reducing health care costs through using primary or secondary care instead of relying on tertiary care.
In conclusion, older LEOs as well as LEOs who present traditional risk factors such as hypertension and obesity are at greater risk of increased arterial stiffness. This investigation highlights the need for weight and blood pressure management for CVD risk reduction of an at-risk population. The investigation also highlights that age, relative body fat, and diastolic blood pressure are among the strongest predictors of arterial stiffness in this cohort of LEOs. | 58934406 | 8,591 |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Pin fmt
username_0: Doing a new branch as #503 needs a rebase.
Fixes #503
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<issue_comment>username_0: @conda-forge-admin please rerender | 16561027 | 356 |
Rewatching it a few years later is legit like watching a new show lol my opinions have changed on nearly all of them. I agree they are actually a really strong couple and I didn’t see that at the time, not sure why 🤷♀️ I thought the rationale to get rid of Jess was because her and dom weren’t going to try and get to know anyone else and they were pretty much a done deal, and the boys thought the girls would get rid of Dom for the same reason as brutal as that would have been. I’d have probably preferred the two to stay I liked their friendships in the villa tbh but almost everyone from that series was exceptional casting anyway | b3cccb781d094633bafb6af95ad07ebe | 147 |
You are exactly right about narcissistic parents ! Will not regret or accept any accountability. Also, I have learned never to confront a narc. It gives them power. They turn into a victim so quickly. Anything to get the attention or power (negative or positive). My mother-in-law is a classic narc. My wife delt with guilt for most of our marriage. I was always angry at my moher-in-law but could never show it or confront her. It was maddening seeing my wife go through this and not be able to defend her ! My wife finally set clear boundries for her mother. M-I-L could not handle this at all. My wife was non emotional and would not argue but stayed strong to her boundries. Then when she had no use for my wife she discarded us and her grandchildren like trash. It was the biggest blessing in our lives. My wife is now healing. Would appreciate any ideas for helping my wife in this healing process. thanks | f55c291f7a6543b8892a4eb06f022834 | 205 |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Feature request: Multi-user setup
username_0: I would like a multi-user feature where every server is running on a different user. You don't need to give pufferd root rights, just for adding new users. You can set up sudo so it would only offer the adduser command, and only under certain conditions (like prefixed users or something).
This would solve mostly the issue that servers can change each others files e.g. in case of maliciously inserted scripts or just bugged routines deleting everything or so. On the other hand it would probably make the whole thing more secure, as servers can access the pufferd directory afaik, right?
Knowing that this would require huge changes, please consider giving your opinion to the public.
<issue_comment>username_1: Really, making them users would not really "secure" it any more. I do see the benefit it'd solve in the scope of rights to other files, but I'd also argue using docker would do that too.
I'll leave it open, but I don't expect to tackle it for a bit, since 1.3 is already large enough of a change.
<issue_comment>username_0: Docker is perfect for isolating the apps from the rest of the system, yes, but you've to manage Docker containers with root rights which still bugs me though I agreed using it. It would be a feature which would convince me to use your panel over other ones, I think.
But what's with the actual dockerd files? Aren't they editable by servers as well?
<issue_comment>username_1: Technically? Yes, however if you use anything except docker, we do not do any security on it, nor do we claim we do. The only security we currently truly support is via docker.
If someone is running servers they don't know, they *should* be using docker anyways. If they know the servers, then doesn't really matter that you can access part of the system.
<issue_comment>username_1: I can see this type of support being added as a "plugin" to pufferd, something which I've been trying to work up where I can. I built the internal system to be mostly able to support 3rd party extensions, which could include the actual driver for the way servers get ran on the system (standard cli, a tty wrapper, and docker are 3 we have built in), and it's designed to be expandable.
I'd probably go that route with it. Add support for defining custom environments and then push it as a "you can install this module to get that functionality" type deal, instead of embedding it. Windows support especially would be a nightmare, if not impossible, and I'm already disabling everything already with Windows.
<issue_comment>username_0: Is it already recommended taking a look at the expendable driver system? Could try some things.
<issue_comment>username_1: The structure for how stuff runs is already in place, it's just not designed to dynamically register stuff yet. I've been playing with it with the new "operation" modules (the types of things the installer, pre, and post can do), but if that works out, I'd carry it over.
You can certainly start looking at it, the code would barely differ if it was embedded vs a module.
I'd start really with how docker does it, since it's the most distinct of the 3: https://github.com/PufferPanel/pufferd/blob/master/environments/docker.go
<issue_comment>username_0: Forgot it is written in Go. Need to level up my Go skills before I can do such things ^^ | 8246711 | 825 |
Contoh-contoh kalimat yang sudah author berikan sebelumnya mengenai penjelasan mengenai kalimat present continuous tense, sebenarnya sudah ada yang berupa kalimat verbal dan nominal. Tentunya masih ingat dong kalimat simple present tense nominal dan verbal yang sudah pernah dibahas? Terus, kalau present continuous tense bagaimana bentuknya?
Present Continuous Tense Verbal.
Mudah ya dalam membuat kalimat Present Continuous Tenses verbal dan nominal? Bisa disimpulkan jika yang bentuk verbal ditandai dengan setelah to bediikuti oleh verb-ing,sedangkan kalimat nominal setelah kata beingbisa diikuti oleh kata benda (Nouns), kata sifat (Adjectives), kata keterangan (Adverbs).
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Hallo adik-adik di rumah, umi uma akan menyampaikan contoh present continous tense positive, negative, dan interogative. Present continous tense digunakan ketika unt...
Contoh Kalimat simple present tense aktif dan pasif- Kita telah belajar bentuk present tense verbal, nominal sebelumnya, pada kesempatan kali ini akan membahas ma...
| http://www.umiuma.net/2019/05/kalimat-present-continuous-tense-verbal-dan-nominal.html | 345 |
Giant-slaying GPS Omens is among nine amateur clubs from New England vying for a spot in the 2018 U.S. Open Cup tournament after U.S. Soccer announced the entrants for Open Division Local Qualifying, which kicks off next month.
Joining Omens in the New England nine are Massachusetts-based Mass United (ASL), Kendall Wanderers (BSSL), Southie FC (BSSL), Unations (BSSL), Safira FC (New England Over the Hill Soccer League), Boston Siege FC (UPSL) and Lynn United (UPSL). Connecticut’s Newtown Pride FC (CSL) also joins the regional contingent, which are part of a field of 108 clubs.
Earlier this year, Omens beat PDL’s GPS Portland Phoenix and NPSL’s Boston City FC before falling to USL outfit Rochester Rhinos on the road in extra time.
Nearly all of the 108 entrants – which smashed last year’s record of 64 – will see action in the first qualifying round, set for Sept. 23-24, with the match-ups announced today by U.S. Soccer. The history-filled annual tournament, entering its 105th year, is perhaps the only high-profile competition in American team sports where amateur sides, should they advance far enough, have the opportunity to face professionals in meaningful competition.
Open Division Local Qualifying – as this portion of the competition is called – will be conducted on a single-game, knockout basis. Match-ups are determined geographically to minimize travel time and expense, with random selection used when practicable to determine exact pairings.
Home teams are determined by coin flip. The pairings for the second (Oct. 21-22) and third (Nov. 18-19) qualifying rounds will be determined and announced after each preceding round of games has taken place. The survivors after three qualifying rounds will advance to the first round of the 2018 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup next spring.
The first round of 2018 local qualifying will take place the weekend following the 2017 Final between three-time champion Sporting Kansas City and the New York Red Bulls (Sept. 20 at 8 p.m. CT, ESPN2 and ESPN Deportes).
In other Open Cup news, the National Premier Soccer League has elected to use the Open Division National Leagues track for qualifying, joining the Premier Development League, which made the same election last month.
The NPSL will use 2017 league results to determine its clubs that advance to the Open Cup First Round, thus bypassing the local qualifying process. League champion Elm City Express, Hartford City FC, and Boston City are all expected to grab NPSL spots via the Open Division National Leagues route.
The First Qualifying Round of Open Division Local Qualifying Schedule for the New England outfits follows. The full schedule can be found here.
Burncoat High School; Worcester, Mass.
Danehy Park; Cambridge, Mass.
Medford High School; Medford, Mass.
Manning Stadium; Lynn, Mass.
Belson Stadium (St. John’s Univ.); Jamaica, N.Y.
| http://nesoccertoday.com/?p=46594 | 652 |
Wasn’t this a damn good year for movies? While the summer blockbuster season wasn’t so up to par, there were some gems just waiting for us at the end of the year, with the Oscars sure to be one of the most exciting in years. It was hard for me to pick 5 definitive films that defined 2013, but lo and behold, here are my picks for the movies that made 2013 a great year!
Monthly Archives: December 2013
2013 Roundup: Ben and Nina’s TV Shows of the Year
What.
2013 Roundup: Nina’s Albums of the Year
Hey,.
Awards Season Review: Inside Llewyn Davis
Man,.
Awards Season Review: American Hustle
David O. Russell seems to be on a character study schedule – one year, it’s down and out brothers in The Fighter; the next, it’s a couple who find solace in the other’s crazy, in Silver Linings Playbook; and this year, it’s hustlers, housewives and corrupt government men in American Hustle. Russell is famously concerned with characters over plot. In fact, despite its apparently tightly written script, many moments in Hustle were improvised, which concerned one of its stars, Christian Bale – to which Russell responded that “[he] hates plots.” This piece of trivia alone will divide the movie’s viewers, and so far, it HAS been pretty divisive. A review from Ben, my co-editor, is forthcoming, and while I enjoyed the film, he actually almost walked out. So we’ll get to that in a few days.
Awards Season Review: Saving Mr. Banks
Despite?
Review: Anchorman 2
You should know this by now, but: Will Ferrell as Ron Burgundy, with Christina Applegate as Veronica Corningstone.
Last night, I was lucky enough to see a premiere of Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., which opened with a live interview with CNN’s Jake Tapper and David Koechner, otherwise known as Champ Kind. Koechner, in the middle of the interview, pointed out that when the sequel was announced, people were… well, really concerned. Luckily, there was no reason for concern. Anchorman 2 is exactly what you would expect from an Anchorman sequel, and for me, that wasn’t a problem at all. | cee7b359f8d17867b732a679fca97b71 | 521 |
Welcome to the Official Attendee Housing Site for 7th International Conference and Exhibition on PharmacovigilanceAugust 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria , to be held in Vienna, Austria. The Conference is hel during the following dates and location. Conference Dates: August 22-24, 2016.
Church of the Teutonic Order. | 633c25a0b1367a78577a1426cf4fb429 | 68 |
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| https://us-discounts.com/deals/17440 | 274 |
less metaphorical than it might sound… the law is spread on pavements, covers the walls of buildings, opens and closes windows, lets you dress in a certain way (and not others), eat in a certain way, smell, touch or listen to certain things, touch other people in a certain way (and not others), sleep in a certain space, move in a certain way, stay still in a certain way.
The “hysteric ubiquity of the law” results in law’s imperceptibility, a smooth anomic atmosphere of freedom. The city is so thick with law that the law is not perceived, just like air.
How do the pray-ers internalise law, pray according to the law? What is the collusion between law and prayer in the theatre of the courts and universities on one hand and in town council meetings in Greece, New York on the other? Are the types and intensities of collusion different in these differently public spaces? In the game of law, prayer, like other religious epiphenomena (which do not exist for all, but must be conceded to exist for some), is managed by reduction to a few core terms: “sectarian,” “coercion,” “endorsement,” “religious liberty” (as opposed to words like “priestly” “prophetic”, “material” “embodied”). Each is capable of accommodating controlled debate. What is sectarian? What counts as signs and proofs of “liberty”? The terms themselves allow for a controlled performance of freedom, of interpretation. The reduction to core terms allows for plural but not infinite arrangements of the pieces, leading to different checkmate scenarios within the rules of the game. The desire for managed freedom, for limited plurality, seems particularly intense around religion and freedom of religion. Here law is particularly intent on controlling the number of pieces on the board and the potential outcomes in play.
The curious phenomenon of praying according to the law relates to some recent work I’ve been doing on the legal regulation of “belief.” In a recent twist in the vexed negotiations between the religious and the secular, “belief” (but not just religious belief) has been named as a “protected characteristic“; that is, a quality which can discriminated against, like ethnicity, sexuality, or age. The burden of proof is on secular beliefs, which have to prove that they are as “deep” as religious belief. The legal criteria for ‘belief’ are Kantian and also Kafkaesque. Belief is distinguished from other (non-qualifying) forms of mental commitment such as knowledge and opinion on the grounds that a) belief has no tangible relation to truth, and b) it has unique depth. For example, in the case of Grainger Plc & Others v Nicholson [2009/2010], the plaintiff, Tim Nicholson, and his legal team presented his environmental commitments in ways that satisfied the somewhat hilarious legal criteria for belief. But in this case belief only lasted as long as the tribunal. As soon as he exited the courts, desperate to shed the embarrassing aura of non-truth and non-science, Nicholson denied the “belief” that he had so ardently claimed.
Is Sullivan suggesting something similar about prayer? Is the suggestion that in this town hall citizens pray as if they were in court—or maybe some antechamber to the courts that may become a court at any moment—but that when they exit the space of public scrutiny and go into a “private” space with a different relation to legal jurisdiction, they may well do prayer very differently or even not pray at all? In a certain sense prayer, like belief, is produced by law and the force of law. Law makes prayer and belief “real” in public space. It allows for and creates the reality of these phenomena that modernity, by definition, considers non-real—and does so under certain controlled conditions. There is an implicit contract here. Prayer and belief are permitted to become real (or quasi-real, at least real for some) provided that they submit to the management of the forms of their production by law. As a desire for self-preservation leads us all to merge into the lawscape as a “diffused form of normativity,” so the desire for prayer to become publicly, legally tangible, results in a contractual acquiescence to the power of the law to limit, define, and manage prayers.
The force of law that is performed in these public prayers is at one remove from the sometimes bizarre contortions of rhetoric imposed on “prayer” and “belief” in the theatre of the courts. Rather than discussing prayer according to the letter of the law, the citizens internalize the spirit of the law and become living law. The force of law that is performed seems to operate mainly as a force of prohibition. The prayers nod and genuflect to popular constitutionalism and paternalism, but it is in the avoidance of forbidden words and gestures that law most makes its presence felt. The law in operation seems to be a tablet of negative commandments: not to be divisive, not to be “sectarian”—and also, I could add, not to be too religious and to provocatively perform religion as heteronomy, an other law. “Oblique forms of address,” as Sullivan puts it, avoid direct communication from and to God—except in the form of the most innocuous platitudes and generalised exhortations. At most, the ‘heavenly father’ becomes a vague spectre of paternal exhortation: a fused god-state.
These prayers are like law because they are like “faxed pizza.” Law as force of prohibition outlaws materiality even more concertedly than it outlaws the sectarian. Or to put it another way, perhaps we see materiality and corporeality as the natural home of the sectarian, which is why these public prayers can only be text. There is and can be no clapping, genuflection, bowing, swaying, davening, dancing; no prayer beads, rosary, or prayer mats. “Ice-olation” and inter-human “frigidity” can be refuted in words (as they are in the text of the prayer at the end of Sullivan’s post) but there can be no holding hands, no spooky summoning of heteronomy through clapping as a “percussive break that opens the space of communication between the sacred and the everyday” (to quote Anderson Blanton). The law lets you dress in a certain way (and not others), eat in a certain way, smell, touch, or listen to certain things, touch other people in a certain way (and not others), sleep in a certain space, move in a certain way, stay still, pray in a certain (still and static) way.
The sense of deep connection between prayer and law can only appear in prayers that are vaguely Protestant-Christian-biblical, as these are. Deep and abiding cultural mythologies assume a special relationship between Protestant Christian and secular democracy at the foundation of modern Western states. This means that the Protestant-Christian tradition and modern secular law can assume the same priority over time and space. Indigenous land rights are a profound problem for a modern legal system that cannot go underneath its own foundation and undo the parcelling out of land and property that began at the beginning of, as Berger phrases it, the “community constituted by law.” How to imagine property before the legal systems that gave us the very concept of property? Similarly, Protestant Christianity is widely imagined to have patented individual belief, imagined as a sort of personal property right. We are the community constituted by the Protestant Christianity that was there at the beginning. It is commonly claimed that modern constitutions owe a particular debt to Protestant Christianity which, of all the religions, was (thanks be to god, and luckily for us) uniquely desiring of the secular and uniquely able to die to itself and accommodate other beliefs. Protestant Christianity is assumed to have a unique relation to the universal, defined in contrast to the failed catholicity of the Catholic and the always parochial-particular Jew. It is also fundamental to our modern origin stories that Protestant Christianity was there first, sponsoring the idea of plurality and host. This Christian priority is not a question of numbers, majorities, or census results. It is immune to the question of how many people identify as Christian in the U.S., or how many Wiccans, Jews, Buddhists, Muslims, or atheists currently reside in the small town of Greece. It would not be threatened if there was only one last Christian left standing. For this is not a question of space or numbers, but time. Representatives of other religions might choose—and some do—to claim that aspects of their own traditions are also profoundly compatible with secular democracy and that the traditions have yearned with equal longing for secular democracy. But this only makes these religions copycat, derivative. The founding myth has already been written; the blessing of universality and hospitality has already been given out. Paradoxically, the notion of plurality and belief as property right has already been given out to Protestant Christianity. And such a blessing is subject to the laws of property. It can only be given out once, not twice.
What strikes me about the two prayers cited in Sullivan’s post is the way they shine with absolute (banal) confidence in this mutual alliance between Protestant Christianity and the hospitality and freedom of secular law. In the first, the specificity of the “Heavenly Father” and Numbers 6: 24-26 segue naturally into the universal and the infinitely hospitable. Protestant Christianity and its God occupy the position of the first. From the privileged point of the first they offer (and who can demur?) blessing to all. As Jon Sheehan and Tomoko Masuzawa (among others) have brilliantly argued, the Bible is not seen as the cult object of Protestantism, but a cultural artefact and fundamental ally of democracy and universal civilisation. The Bible is uniquely dissolved and universalised—and severed from the limited function of prayer and prophecy as communication to and from the gods. Quoting the Bible is not a specifically, potentially aberrantly pious act as it would be were one to quote the Qur’an. The Bible is so institutionalised in the curriculum of culture that to cite Bible is not to address God, specifically, but to address a community, a public, the all. The Bible is the only religious text to have made it onto the side of the community, the all, away from the sectarian and partisan.
The second prayer, the “psalm of icy awareness,” also proclaims the ubiquity of Bible as if there has always been something universal about a “psalm.” Though it sounds as if it has been penned by one of the citizens of Greece, New York (certainly it fits the climate,) it is a set text, a communal text—and this is important. Published by Edward Hays as one of his Prayers for a Planetary Pilgrim, the psalm has been publicly prayed and posted on internet sites including the National Catholic Reporter (2010) and the blog, Texas Tom’s Ramblings and Ruminations. It seems important for a public prayer to be held in a web of community and citation. This is not a spontaneous outpouring of individual pietism. This is controlled idiosyncrasy, managed freedom. As befits the religion of community, the town hall pray-er up in Greece joins metaphorical hands with Texas Tom, much further south, and the whole Catholic community across the U.S.
Ed Hays’ book is the perfect choice for a pray-er with one eye on the first amendment. A section called “Cosmopolitan Prayers” brags an inventory of plurality: “Buddhist Tradition,””‘Native American,” “Islamic,” “Hindu,” “Judaic,” and “Toaist.” The vision is not just global-cosmopolitan but cosmic. Hays places us on a tiny earthen vessel, amidst billions of stars, planets, comets, and even “other creations.” The vision is virtually Paracelsan. But even if the universal is stretched to the furthest reaches of the universe, the Christian remains unthreatened. For centuries, the universal has been the space in which the Christian has been comfortably at home. The essence of Christianity has always had a privileged relation to natural religion. Christianity is widely believed to be, in the words of seventeenth century deist Thomas Chubb, “the same in all ages, in all countries“—and Chubb goes further, calling it the same for other planets. Hays proclaims a “sacred Essence” at the heart of “interstellar connection,” the loosely Christian Heavenly Father at the controls, with the same confidence that some of the early deists imagined that the law of the natural-Christian could be assumed to govern life on Mars, should we discover life on Mars.
that you have designed as companion course?
How can I tread the path which you perfectly made, fully alive Adam.
It is not good for one to be alone.
Perhaps our psalmist didn’t like the connotations of an Adam-machine, or maybe he fluffed a recitation from memory or was running out of time. Whatever the reason, the conflation of God the father with the father of all humanity is revealing. God fuses into the generic human as God-incarnate in a very specific sense: God dissolved into the human with hardly any trace of heteronomy or transcendence. God and specificity dissolve into the generic human-universal. We are all children of Adam, sons of the same God. But. And yet. The Greece psalmist cannot resist topping and tailing his psalm with a little prologue, exhorting his fellow citizens to hear “this very important part of your Judeo-Christian heritage” and a (needling?) epilogue fusing God’s community with the specifically Christian terminology of the “kingdom.” Here we glimpse the shadow-side, the other law (heteron nomon) or transgression that is the law of law (compare Romans 7). Religion rears its head, momentarily, as threat, challenge, hetero-nomon, the kind of voice of God that challenges you to create a hierarchy of religions or even to actively proselytize (an act which is potentially at war with the freedom of religion, and with non-religion, as it became in the other Greece—see for instance Kokkinakis v. Greece ). Even as the pray-er in Greece, New York prays according to the law, he seems to gently provoke the system of governance that dictates how he will pray. The otherwise law-abiding citizen tempts to sectarian sin. But precisely because the specificity invoked is Christian—or as he puts it, “Judeo-Christian”—sectarianism cannot become visible as such. In the special case of Protestant Christianity, sin is always forgiven, hidden.
In its conformity and its moment of transgression, the prayer expresses what Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos diagnoses as the “anathema and desire of law and state.” The pray-er resents the guardian authority, even as he trusts it to best negotiate between the individual interests of its subjects. Law as a diffused and invisible sense of normativity that delegates power to a guardian authority becomes momentarily visible in prayers that so explicitly bless the functions of the “God-community” and address the guardian authority as “Heavenly Father.” But this is only a stark and visible example of a lawscape that, according to Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, “takes few risks and delegates conflict resolution to what it considers to be higher levels of judgement-making.” It just becomes helpfully visible when we publicly pray. | d1e1a3bfe6664890b151ab89f0815634 | 3,386 |
Auto-oversatt beskrivelse (Beskrivelse - Produsent): Automatisk saksaktivert trommelpulvermål. Dispenser pulver nøyaktig i favorittpatronen din. Mer...
This powder measure is incredible! Very easy to setup, inexpensive replaceable measurement drums that can be set and saved for any particular recipe. Has never wandered a powder charge, as verified by my Pact scale. Can be easily switched to automatically drop a charge on my CI Turret Press.
Just got it in....used W231, TiteGroup, and Bullseye. All meter well, but TiteGroup leaks a tiny bit of powder on the top of the turret press. Not enough to cause any problems.
I was able to convert the large drum to a small with no problems. Loads are consistent, drums are interchangeable, and the price was reasonable.
Bought the auto-disk riser and extra drums too. Used on my powder thru expander die from Lee...There were no problems with case actuation or powder sticking.
First off, I can't believe there is only 1 review on this product at the time of my writing. I've used this dispenser for the last year or so and every time I love it. The dispenser is just like the Lee Perfect Powder Measure (which I actually like) but with automation. The instructions have a method of setting the charge with a pre-weighed charge you want. Tweak the adjustment thimble as necessary with the provided key tool. The operation is so smooth compared to the Auto-Disk which sounds like a screen door opening due to the return spring on it. I own 3 of those but just one Auto-Drum since it sits on my .223 Rem turret setup. I did remove the safety disconnect that requires you to reset it after each drop, there are instructions with the product and YouTube videos on how to do it. For some it may by OK, but for my use on the Lee Turret press, it is redundant. Like I said, smooth but it is accurate and consistent. I weigh various samples during my .223 loading process and all of them come either on the dot or within +/- a tenth. That has been my experience. As the other reviewer stated, you can get multiple rifle and pistol drums for an inexpensive amount and write on them (they have a flat spot designed for labeling) so you can switch them out if you want to. I probably won't use that as mine is dedicated to one cartridge. One slight caveat, for .223 Rem it is right at the border of not working the drum rotation completely due to the length of the case in the long Lee rifle charging die. I did buy the short rifle charging die and that made a world of difference! Also, only set it up enough to just operate the drum and no more, otherwise you may shove the neck into the charging die and slightly crimp it which will make bullet-starting/seating a bit difficult. When done loading, the body area holds a relatively large amount of powder. You'll want to empty it, on my turret I can just shut off the hopper and remove, then lift the turret out of the press and dump it into the powder container, and after that I may run a spent case just to make sure it's all out. I hope this info helps.
| https://www.brownells.no/AUTO-DRUM-POWDER-MEASURE-LEE-PRECISION-100018937 | 706 |
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The Charles J. Beard II Media Center
The newly opened BNN Charles J. Beard II Media Center will offer unfettered access to the training, tools, technology and support network to facilitate community mastery of cutting edge media technologies. Boston Neighborhood Network will name its new home in honor of Charles J. Beard, a founding BNN board member and a lifelong advocate for public television, education, and diversity in Boston who passed away in March of 2004. A mentor and role model to all who knew him, Charles Beard, the first African American to be named partner at a major Boston law firm, epitomized the ideals of BNN. BNN is honored to have the opportunity to recognize Charles' lifelong commitment to ensuring all Americans an equal voice, social justice and dedication to overcoming barriers of race and class. | 1c6346419ef8f33a24325b4288365108 | 163 |
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Seducing sister's best friend has unexpected consequences.
Badly beaten man must drink the caveman's cum to survive.
Wife invites friends to help her femdom fun.
Why Black men still love Black women.
Lunch fun with BGF Cathy one Sunday afternoon.
Dave is a sucker for African quintet.
Her Master indulges her fantasy.
A beautiful Alien tells her life story to a journalist.
A bicurious 20-something gets what he needs on a trip abroad.
A marooned astronaut, in a fight for survival.
Theresa gets her chance as Nick finds her a boy toy.
The men at the company discover the meaning of bush wacked.
New college teacher learns from student.
Friends wake up the morning after.
Lovers spend romantic day at the beach.
Foolish Mistress almost loses her lover.
A trip through the Grand Canyon.
After the song of the siren, Adam wakes up from a dizzy daze.
Husband wants to involve others, wife says no. Who wins?
At last the truth comes out.
Sapphic couple Lynn & Ali live, love, & enjoy life.
Hannah can't seem to stay out of trouble.
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"You have nothing to fear beyond this door, Mr. Miller. We are having a gathering in your honor. I wanted you to meet some of the other guests in our home and to see some of the entertainment we offer," she said as the guard opened the heavy oak door.
She led me into a room that was surprisingly bright considering it was clearly underground and the only source of illumination were wall torches. The walls and floor were made of large rough hewn stones. I had the feeling of being in a vast cavern or ancient dungeon. But the furnishings did not fit the picture of any dungeon or cave I had seen in the movies. There were several large plush velvet covered sofas. On the sofas were eight men all wearing robes similar to the one I wore. She took me around to each man and introduced me to the six I had not met before. The last two men we greeted were known to me from the previous evening's dinner. Each of the men held a silver goblet and a servant brought Sienna and I the similar goblets. She raised her goblet to make a toast.
"To the newest member of our household and the pleasures of the day!" She said in what seemed to be a most jovial tone for such a somber group.
The men all responded with something that sounded like, here here, and drank from their goblets. It was as if a veil had suddenly been lifted. The men came to life and seemed to be excited. I soon found out what they were excited about. I was told to take a seat on one of the sofas as a door on the far wall opened. Three women were led into the room. They were naked. Sarah was in the middle of two women I had not met before. I was struck by the fact that the other two women were as pale as Sarah and all three were completely hairless below the neck. I wanted to go to Sarah and snatch her away from the guard that had led the women into the room. I caught a look in her eye that I took to be a warning and then the look turned to shame as the guard ran his hands over her breasts as the other men in the room shouted their approval. The man next to me was leering at the beautiful naked women. Then Sienna made a signal and the three women were brought over to the sofa area. In what I am sure was not a coincidence, Sarah ended up standing exposed in front of the man next to me. I saw Sienna take a seat where she could watch the entire room.
Foolishly, I turned to question Sienna, "Please, dear Lady, what is this all about?"
"It is about pleasure, Mr. Miller. These ladies are here to give pleasure to the men of the household as a way of celebrating your joining us. You would do well not to question us. You may find our patience and hospitality only go so far!"
Without a word, Sarah dropped to her knees between his legs and began to fondle his balls.
You know how I like it," He commanded as he pulled her face toward his furry crotch.
I screamed, "Noooooooooooooooooooooooo!" and pulled his hands from her head.
Sarah turned and looked at me. Her eyes seemed to be begging me not to interfere.
"Please, George, this is what our Mistress wants. It is my pleasure to serve her guests," She said in the most submissive tone I had ever heard.
I refused to listen and continued to fight the man to keep him away from my Sarah. For his part the man just looked confused. Clearly no one had ever interfered with his blow jobs before. He really didn't know how to act. He also didn't need to. The guard grabbed me and threw me to the floor. I landed hard on my right arm. The searing pain made me fear it was broken. The guard stood over me leering almost lustfully. It was clearly a lust born out of his joy of inflicting pain.
"Stop!" Lady Sienna barked as the guard pounced on my already broken body. "It seems Mr. Miller does not understand how things are. I suppose We were mistaken in thinking you were ready to be at one of our parties. Please take Mr. Miller back to his room." | http://xbuzz.pro/cat-swollen-pussy.html | 1,194 |
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This even-tempered breed is a cross between the Pug and the Italian Greyhound. Both of these breeds are known for their gentle and affectionate behavior. Puggit’s can weigh up to 18 pounds and will have a combination of black, brown or golden coloring. Their short coat requires only light grooming.
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| https://www.petpremium.com/breeds/dogs/puggit/ | 137 |
As much as I hate that one of our top strikers (as a mexican fan) leaves the best league in the world for the MLS, maybe it could work out well for him. He'll be treated like a star here, the MLS schedule is more lenient physicaly for the players, and he could improve his form, actually string a decent amount of games together without and injury, and at least mantain his level for the Mexican national team. I just hope that this is temporary, and in one or two years he'll return to play in Europe. | 9b02ad1de15a44cfb14210e874368ecd | 115 |
Another three photographs create a grouping in my collection. Since everyone is dressed in black—at least they seem to be in the black & white photographs—I assume the foursome attended a funeral. Again, the time frame appears to be the mid to late 1920s. None of the women are wearing jackets, but the ground is covered by a light layer of snow. The tree limbs are bare. The photographer is unknown (since they never make an appearance). The petite woman standing next to Gladys is believed to be her Aunt Minerva, fraternal twin to Gladys’ mother Emma. Minerva’s dress is old-fashioned compared to Gladys’ stylish frock. The longer skirt hem and squarish collared neckline hearkens back the the World War I years. James (Jim) and Emma stand in the background. He was quite tall; his shoe can be seen on the ground next to Minerva’s feet. While Emma stands on the lower step—her boot just visible behind Gladys’ legs—creating the illusion that mother and son are the same height.
I do not know whose funeral generated these photographs—especially since the mood is not particularly somber. Gladys smiles in both pictures. I have not discovered a Foster or Lawhead relative, living in the Terre Haute area, whose death occurred in the late 1920s, who would have prompted such a reunion. Perhaps I will someday…
[Photographs from the author’s private collection.]
©2018 copyright owned Deborah Sweeney
Post originally found: | 84c9524620ac939af1a1bb50c60afd75 | 321 |
Something has really stood out to me recently: The way folks give directions here.
In the West, however, people say things like, "Go east down such-and-such street, then go north on this-and-that street and you should see it on the west side of the road."
I'm pretty used to it now and find myself using a blend of the two. Regardless, I don't think I'll get lost either way.
3 comments:
When we moved to Missouri, I would get screwed up about directions, because it was harder to distinguish between N-E-S-W, what with all the hills, hollars, rivers, and pesky trees getting in the way. ;)
One of the many things I miss about the west: the ease of directions, because you always have the mountains as your guide. :)
Here, I'm more likely to use landmarks + the "turn right/left" routine.
I guess here, the Missouri river can serve as a reference for the north side of town.
(Just had to tack that on.)
That's true, Kelly. The river is a good guide, but it curves all over the place. In the West, the mountains helped you know where you were at all times. D.C. is definitely confusing to me, with all the roundabouts. | 6356180f0847715c45a1d4ab44bb17b0 | 279 |
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<h1>PxJointLimitParameters Class Reference<br>
<small>
[<a class="el" href="group__extensions.html">Extensions</a>]</small>
</h1><!-- doxytag: class="PxJointLimitParameters" -->Describes the parameters for a joint limit.
<a href="#_details">More...</a>
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<code>#include <<a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html">PxJointLimit.h</a>></code>
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Inheritance diagram for PxJointLimitParameters:</div>
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<area shape="rect" href="classPxJointAngularLimitPair.html" title="PxJointAngularLimitPair" alt="PxJointAngularLimitPair" coords="7,85,151,107"><area shape="rect" href="classPxJointLimitCone.html" title="Describes an elliptical conical joint limit. Note that very small or highly elliptical..." alt="PxJointLimitCone" coords="175,85,284,107"><area shape="rect" href="classPxJointLinearLimit.html" title="Describes a one-sided linear limit." alt="PxJointLinearLimit" coords="308,85,420,107"><area shape="rect" href="classPxJointLinearLimitPair.html" title="Describes a two-sided limit." alt="PxJointLinearLimitPair" coords="444,85,580,107"></map>
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<a href="classPxJointLimitParameters-members.html">List of all members.</a><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td colspan="2"><br><h2>Public Member Functions</h2></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top"> </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#b706ebb59cf473d1537741edfab2c387">PxJointLimitParameters</a> ()</td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top">PX_INLINE bool </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#e3d77fff99d5c4ed862a078957edee9c">isValid</a> () const </td></tr>
<tr><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Returns true if the current settings are valid. <a href="#e3d77fff99d5c4ed862a078957edee9c"></a><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top">PX_INLINE bool </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#e5705850231d60e3c0cb7e73bc270d93">isSoft</a> () const </td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><br><h2>Public Attributes</h2></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top">PxReal </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#cf208a0f1e54fb8e9219af1e0357d4a9">restitution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">Controls the amount of bounce when the joint hits a limit. <a href="#cf208a0f1e54fb8e9219af1e0357d4a9"></a><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top">PxReal </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#82e6ed96bd05d01b7459d8200f16df9f">bounceThreshold</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top">PxReal </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#7431e7b65a92dd7fafc386c6a159a22c">stiffness</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">if greater than zero, the limit is soft, i.e. a spring pulls the joint back to the limit <a href="#7431e7b65a92dd7fafc386c6a159a22c"></a><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top">PxReal </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#ac6d185cfc3adea24cdb943cf893beac">damping</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">if spring is greater than zero, this is the damping of the limit spring <a href="#ac6d185cfc3adea24cdb943cf893beac"></a><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top">PxReal </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#dc405245761d0b153f490ec1dd65af78">contactDistance</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="mdescLeft"> </td><td class="mdescRight">the distance inside the limit value at which the limit will be considered to be active by the solver. As this value is made larger, the limit becomes active more quickly. It thus becomes less likely to violate the extents of the limit, but more expensive. <a href="#dc405245761d0b153f490ec1dd65af78"></a><br></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><br><h2>Protected Member Functions</h2></td></tr>
<tr><td class="memItemLeft" nowrap align="right" valign="top"> </td><td class="memItemRight" valign="bottom"><a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#f68daaa7495377cabc01d27d3c2e864e">~PxJointLimitParameters</a> ()</td></tr>
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<hr><a name="_details"></a><h2>Detailed Description</h2>
Describes the parameters for a joint limit.
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Limits are enabled or disabled by setting flags or other configuration parameters joints, see the documentation for specific joint types for details. <hr><h2>Constructor & Destructor Documentation</h2>
<a class="anchor" name="b706ebb59cf473d1537741edfab2c387"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::PxJointLimitParameters" ref="b706ebb59cf473d1537741edfab2c387" args="()" -->
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<td class="memname">PxJointLimitParameters::PxJointLimitParameters </td>
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<a class="anchor" name="f68daaa7495377cabc01d27d3c2e864e"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::~PxJointLimitParameters" ref="f68daaa7495377cabc01d27d3c2e864e" args="()" -->
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<td class="memname">PxJointLimitParameters::~PxJointLimitParameters </td>
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<hr><h2>Member Function Documentation</h2>
<a class="anchor" name="e5705850231d60e3c0cb7e73bc270d93"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::isSoft" ref="e5705850231d60e3c0cb7e73bc270d93" args="() const " -->
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<td class="memname">PX_INLINE bool PxJointLimitParameters::isSoft </td>
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<a class="anchor" name="e3d77fff99d5c4ed862a078957edee9c"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::isValid" ref="e3d77fff99d5c4ed862a078957edee9c" args="() const " -->
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<td class="memname">PX_INLINE bool PxJointLimitParameters::isValid </td>
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Returns true if the current settings are valid.
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<dl class="return" compact><dt><b>Returns:</b></dt><dd>true if the current settings are valid </dd></dl>
<p>Reimplemented in <a class="el" href="classPxJointLinearLimit.html#ef8d006945cfb4dd1a3c1538115cb98c">PxJointLinearLimit</a>, <a class="el" href="classPxJointLinearLimitPair.html#98bb06960d695370677a5e2e4a2e3d21">PxJointLinearLimitPair</a>, <a class="el" href="classPxJointAngularLimitPair.html#6aac14184f38e356217aff386ed4148b">PxJointAngularLimitPair</a>, and <a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitCone.html#6811418b2779a67918aa9b1ef17cc574">PxJointLimitCone</a>.</p>
<p>References <a class="el" href="PxMath_8h-source.html#l00292">PxIsFinite()</a>.</p>
<p>Referenced by <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00462">PxJointLimitCone::isValid()</a>, <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00373">PxJointAngularLimitPair::isValid()</a>, <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00297">PxJointLinearLimitPair::isValid()</a>, and <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00220">PxJointLinearLimit::isValid()</a>.</p>
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<hr><h2>Member Data Documentation</h2>
<a class="anchor" name="82e6ed96bd05d01b7459d8200f16df9f"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::bounceThreshold" ref="82e6ed96bd05d01b7459d8200f16df9f" args="" -->
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<td class="memname">PxReal <a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#82e6ed96bd05d01b7459d8200f16df9f">PxJointLimitParameters::bounceThreshold</a> </td>
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determines the minimum impact velocity which will cause the joint to bounce
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<a class="anchor" name="dc405245761d0b153f490ec1dd65af78"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::contactDistance" ref="dc405245761d0b153f490ec1dd65af78" args="" -->
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<td class="memname">PxReal <a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#dc405245761d0b153f490ec1dd65af78">PxJointLimitParameters::contactDistance</a> </td>
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the distance inside the limit value at which the limit will be considered to be active by the solver. As this value is made larger, the limit becomes active more quickly. It thus becomes less likely to violate the extents of the limit, but more expensive.
<p>
The contact distance should be less than the limit angle or distance, and in the case of a pair limit, less than half the distance between the upper and lower bounds. Exceeding this value will result in the limit being active all the time.<p>
Making this value too small can result in jitter around the limit.<p>
<b>Default:</b> depends on the joint<p>
<dl class="see" compact><dt><b>See also:</b></dt><dd><a class="el" href="classPxPhysics.html#e6b06e75ab03222d301a15e14c5ac467" title="Returns the simulation tolerance parameters.">PxPhysics::getTolerancesScale()</a> </dd></dl>
<p>Referenced by <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00338">PxJointAngularLimitPair::PxJointAngularLimitPair()</a>, <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00428">PxJointLimitCone::PxJointLimitCone()</a>, <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00190">PxJointLinearLimit::PxJointLinearLimit()</a>, and <a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html#l00264">PxJointLinearLimitPair::PxJointLinearLimitPair()</a>.</p>
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<a class="anchor" name="ac6d185cfc3adea24cdb943cf893beac"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::damping" ref="ac6d185cfc3adea24cdb943cf893beac" args="" -->
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<td class="memname">PxReal <a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#ac6d185cfc3adea24cdb943cf893beac">PxJointLimitParameters::damping</a> </td>
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if spring is greater than zero, this is the damping of the limit spring
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<b>Range:</b> [0, PX_MAX_F32)<br>
<b>Default:</b> 0.0
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<a class="anchor" name="cf208a0f1e54fb8e9219af1e0357d4a9"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::restitution" ref="cf208a0f1e54fb8e9219af1e0357d4a9" args="" -->
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<td class="memname">PxReal <a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#cf208a0f1e54fb8e9219af1e0357d4a9">PxJointLimitParameters::restitution</a> </td>
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Controls the amount of bounce when the joint hits a limit.
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A restitution value of 1.0 causes the joint to bounce back with the velocity which it hit the limit. A value of zero causes the joint to stop dead.<p>
In situations where the joint has many locked DOFs (e.g. 5) the restitution may not be applied correctly. This is due to a limitation in the solver which causes the restitution velocity to become zero as the solver enforces constraints on the other DOFs.<p>
This limitation applies to both angular and linear limits, however it is generally most apparent with limited angular DOFs. Disabling joint projection and increasing the solver iteration count may improve this behavior to some extent.<p>
Also, combining soft joint limits with joint drives driving against those limits may affect stability.<p>
<b>Range:</b> [0,1]<br>
<b>Default:</b> 0.0
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<a class="anchor" name="7431e7b65a92dd7fafc386c6a159a22c"></a><!-- doxytag: member="PxJointLimitParameters::stiffness" ref="7431e7b65a92dd7fafc386c6a159a22c" args="" -->
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<td class="memname">PxReal <a class="el" href="classPxJointLimitParameters.html#7431e7b65a92dd7fafc386c6a159a22c">PxJointLimitParameters::stiffness</a> </td>
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if greater than zero, the limit is soft, i.e. a spring pulls the joint back to the limit
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<b>Range:</b> [0, PX_MAX_F32)<br>
<b>Default:</b> 0.0
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<hr>The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:<ul>
<li><a class="el" href="PxJointLimit_8h-source.html">PxJointLimit.h</a></ul>
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<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><br>
Copyright © 2008-2018 NVIDIA Corporation, 2701 San Tomas Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95050 U.S.A. All rights reserved. <a href="http://www.nvidia.com ">www.nvidia.com</a>
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| 1919040 | 6,216 |
Configuring Random Graph Models with Fixed Degree Sequences
Random graph null models have found widespread application in diverse research communities analyzing network datasets, including social, information, and economic networks, as well as food webs, protein-protein interactions, and neuronal networks. The most popular family of random graph null models, called configuration models, are defined as uniform distributions over a space of graphs with a fixed degree sequence. Commonly, properties of an empirical network are compared to properties of an ensemble of graphs from a configuration model in order to quantify whether empirical network properties are meaningful or whether they are instead a common consequence of the particular degree sequence. In this work we study the subtle but important decisions underlying the specification of a configuration model, and investigate the role these choices play in graph sampling procedures and a suite of applications. We place particular emphasis on the importance of specifying the appropriate graph labeling (stub-labeled or vertex-labeled) under which to consider a null model, a choice that closely connects the study of random graphs to the study of random contingency tables. We show that the choice of graph labeling is inconsequential for studies of simple graphs, but can have a significant impact on analyses of multigraphs or graphs with self-loops. The importance of these choices is demonstrated through a series of three vignettes, analyzing network datasets under many different configuration models and observing substantial differences in study conclusions under different models. We argue that in each case, only one of the possible configuration models is appropriate. While our work focuses on undirected static networks, it aims to guide the study of directed networks, dynamic networks, and all other network contexts that are suitably studied through the lens of random graph null models.
Introduction
A configuration model is a uniform distribution over graphs with a specific degree sequence. For researchers studying network data, it is common to employ a configuration model as a degreepreserving null model that holds fixed the degree sequence of an empirical graph while randomizing all other structure. In other domains, researchers study the properties of graph algorithms, dynamical models, or optimization routines on "realistic" graphs by sampling random graphs from a configuration model with an empirically relevant degree sequence.
There is a tendency in the literatures of graph mining, machine learning, and network science to think of and study one configuration model-the configuration model-without specifying or reflecting upon the defining properties of the space of graphs over which the uniform distribution is considered. As a consequence, misunderstandings have developed within a number of domain sciences surrounding the configuration model, at times because discussions refer to uniform distributions over subtly but importantly different spaces of graphs. In this paper, we clarify the differences between eight commonly arising graph spaces and their corresponding uniform distributions, aiming to provide an orderly review and guide for the diverse fields of study where configuration models have found application.
In some circumstances, differences between particular graph spaces are asymptotically small in the limit of large and sparse graphs with restricted degree sequences. However, as we will demonstrate, not all differences between graph spaces are asymptotically small, and perhaps more importantly, a great deal of modern graph analysis is performed on graphs that are well short of fulfilling these asymptotic promises.
We begin by reviewing eight common graph spaces over which one might seek a uniform distribution. These spaces can be organized according to the answers to three binary questions, which we describe in Section 1.5. We then provide a detailed overview of the subtleties involved in uniformly sampling from these different spaces in Sections 2 and 3, primarily through correctly specified Markov chains, with brief discussions of other related graph spaces, including connected, directed, and weighted graphs 1 . After establishing formal sampling results we then turn to a series of three vignettes in Section 5 that illustrate the scientific importance of choosing the correct graph space as a null model. In particular, we argue that the common default choice of studying configuration models over stub-labeled graphs (where each half-edge is labeled) is an inappropriate choice for most analyses of non-simple graphs. Importantly, we demonstrate that this choice of null model leads to different conclusions than more appropriate null models based on vertex-labeled graphs.
Basic definitions
Recall the basic definition of a graph as an ordered pair G = (V, E), consisting of a vertex set V and an edge set E ⊆ V × V . The edge set E is understood to be a simple set, but if E is a multiset (where a vertex pair (u, v) can appear several times in E) then the graph is instead called a multigraph. Depending on the context, a graph or multigraph may allow or disallow the presence of self-loops (edges of the form (u, u), connecting a vertex to itself). A graph is also often represented as a |V | × |V | adjacency matrix, such that the (i, j)th entry w ij is equal to the number of edges between vertices i and j. For undirected graphs, as considered here, the adjacency matrix is symmetric.
The choices to allow or disallow self-loops or multiedges are the first two choices in specifying a configuration model's graph space. In order to be precise about the properties of each graph space, we briefly review four definitions. First, a simple graph is a graph without self-loops or multiedges. Second, there is no established name in the literature for a graph allowing self-loops but without multiedges, so we refer to such a graph plainly as a loopy graph. In the literature, multigraphs are sometimes taken to have self-loops or not; we adopt the more conventional name multigraph to refer specifically to multigraphs without self-loops, and use loopy multigraph to refer to a multigraph that allows self-loops (also sometimes called a pseudograph). See Figure 1(a) for a diagram illustrating the basic relationships between these graph spaces.
Vertex-and stub-labeled graph spaces
A graph G = (V, E) consists of two sets: a vertex set V and an edge set E. These sets can be unlabeled or labeled, motivating the following definitions that will be used throughout the paper.
Definition 1 (Vertex-labeled graph). A vertex-labeled graph is a graph in which each vertex has a distinct label.
For vertex-labeled graphs, there is a bijection between graphs and adjacency matrices, i.e. each vertex-labeled graph can be uniquely identified by its adjacency matrix and vice versa. However, in addition to vertices, the two endpoints of each edge (where they connect to vertices), can also be labeled separately. The case when these half-edges or "stubs" are labeled motivates the following definition.
Definition 2 (Stub-labeled graph). A stub-labeled graph is a graph in which each half-edge (stub) has a distinct label, and thus each edge has a pair of distinct labels.
Note that a stub-labeled graph also has implicitly labeled vertices, since each vertex is distinctly labeled by the set of labeled stubs attached to it. However, in contrast with vertex-labeled graphs, there is not a bijection between stub-labeled graphs and adjacency matrices, i.e. multiple stublabeled graphs can correspond to the same adjacency matrix. An unlabeled graph is a graph in which neither edges nor vertices are labeled. An unlabeled graph can be thought of as an isomorphism class in a space of labeled graphs, where there exists a set of labeled graphs that all correspond to the same unlabeled graph. Similarly, there exists a set of stub-labeled graphs which correspond to the same vertex-labeled graph, motivating the following definition.
Definition 3 (Stub-isormorphism). A stub-isomorphism equivalence class is the set of all stublabeled graphs which, upon removal of stub labels, results in the same vertex-labeled graph. Equivalently, a stub-isomorphism class is the set of all stub-labeled graphs which are represented by the same adjacency matrix. Two graphs in the same stub-isomorphism class are said to be stub-isomorphic.
For the space of simple graphs with a given degree sequence {k i } i∈V , where k i is the degree of vertex i-and only for simple graphs, as we shall see-the number of stub-isomorphic graphs corresponding to a given vertex-labeled graph is a constant that depends only on the degree sequence (which is fixed). As a result, each vertex-labeled graph appears the same number of times in the space of stub-labeled graphs, and hence, the uniform distributions over both spaces are equivalent in most practical contexts where analyses ignore explicit stub labels. On the other hand, for nonsimple graphs with loops and/or multiedges, this is not the case, and the choice of labeling can radically change the space of graphs, and thereby, a resulting/downstream/derivative analysis.
We visualize the differently labeled spaces for an example degree sequence, {2, 2, 1, 1}, in Figure 1(c-e). In the vertex-labeled space, half the graphs (3 of 6) have self-loops and only a third of the graphs (2 of 6) are simple; in the stub-labeled space, the majority of the graphs (8 of 15) are simple. As we will show in Section 4, self-loops and multiedges are always more common in vertex-labeled graphs, and for many degree sequences they are vastly more common. Uniform distributions over these differently labeled spaces can therefore produce wildly different answers to straightforward questions. For example, if one asks, "What fraction of graphs with the given degree sequence form a single connected component?"for this degree sequence, the answer varies considerably-1/4, 2/6, or 8/15-depending on the space. For the two simple graphs in panel (d), they are both "stub-isomorphic" to the same number of stublabeled graphs in panel (e), in particular, to exactly i k i ! = 4 graphs. However, the sizes of the stub-isomorphism classes differ for graphs with self-loops or multiedges, illustrating why vertexand stub-labeled spaces may not be treated as equivalent. Note that both graphs shown in panel (b) fall in the same row of panel (e).
A brief history of stubs
Stub-labeled graphs arise naturally from a relatively simple stub matching process. The first step assigns a specific number of stubs to each vertex, ensuring that each vertex will have exactly the desired number of edges as specified by the degree sequence. To guarantee vertex i will have the correct degree k i , we force one endpoint of each of k i edges to be vertex i while the other endpoint is left floating, unassigned. In this way, each vertex i has k i half-edges or stubs. Joining two such stubs produces an edge. Note that by construction, every vertex has the correct number of edges, so repeatedly joining pairs of stubs results in a graph with the correct degree sequence, shown in Fig. 1(b). More precisely, the stub matching process takes a specified degree sequence {k i } i∈V and generates a graph using the following randomized process. Each vertex i is assigned exactly k i stubs, and pairs of stubs are chosen uniformly at random and connected until there are no remaining unpaired stubs. This process, which only requires that the total number of stubs be even, creates a loopy multigraph with exactly the specified degree sequence. Due to the fact that stubs are chosen uniformly at random, this stub-matching procedure (also called the pairing model [17]) samples uniformly from the space of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs, as discussed further in Section 3.1.
Stub matching was first introduced by Bollobás [19] as a method for enumerating the number of vertex-labeled simple graphs with certain degree sequences [11,12]. Although stub matching draws from the space of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs, Bollobás assumed that the degrees of all vertices did not grow too quickly, relative to the size of the graph, and then showed that the number of stub-labeled graphs with self-loops and/or multiedges was asymptotically small relative to the number of stub-labeled simple graphs. By the fact that every vertex-labeled simple graph is stub-isomorphic to exactly i k i ! stub-labeled graphs (see Section 4 and Figure 1(d-e)), Bollobás provided an asymptotically tight estimate (for large graphs) of the number of vertex-labeled simple graphs. Of note, Bollobás called each stub-labeled graph a configuration, the origin of the name configuration model for these uniform distributions.
Bollobás' analysis contains two subtleties that are major sources of confusion about configuration models. First, as noted above, every vertex-labeled simple graph is isomorphic to a fixed number of stub-labeled simple graphs (e.g. this number is four for the degree sequence {2, 2, 1, 1} in Figure 1), but the same cannot be said for graphs with self-loops or multiedges. Second, many analyses assume conditions on the degree sequence (e.g., adequately bounded growth) under which the number of non-simple graphs is asymptotically small relative the number of simple graphs, but for any finite degree sequence the number of non-simple graphs can represent a substantial fraction of the graph space. The mathematical literature is almost always precise regarding these two points. However, as configuration model random graphs have spread into diverse fields due to waves of interest in graph analysis and network science methods, these points have often caused confusion in the broader literature, as we discuss below. We hope that this work helps mark a turning point in that confusion. In the remainder of this introduction, we briefly survey the history of different applications of fixed-degree-sequence random graph null models, and then summarize the concrete decisions that underlie the choices of different configuration model null models.
A brief history of applications of random graphs with fixed degree sequence
The practice of comparing an observation to a randomized null model has its origins in R. A. Fisher's foundational work on randomization for hypothesis testing [53]. Random graph null models extend this practice to the space of graphs. They allow comparisons between properties of real-world graphs and properties of graphs drawn at random from a graph space, ultimately allowing us to quantify what is surprising and what is expected. However, as with any hypothesis test, the choice of randomized null model directly affects the conclusions that can be drawn from the test. For this reason, the classic but overly simplistic Erdős-Rényi random graph model, in which each possible edge exists independently with probability p, or its near equivalent, in which a fixed number of edges are placed between random pairs of vertices, are usually avoided. Compared to an Erdős-Rényi null model, real-world networks often appear rich in structure by comparison. Instead, due to the fact that many key properties of networks are strongly constrained by the distribution of vertex degrees [109,18,24,34,81,118], it is far more common and appropriate to use as a null model a space of graphs in which the degrees of all the vertices are fixed, but where the edges are otherwise placed between vertices uniformly at random. This family of degree-preserving random graph models, which we call configuration models throughout this paper, have been discovered independently and used as null models in sociology, ecology, systems biology, combinatorics, statistics, psychology and network science, spanning over 80 years of applied research. We detail some of this rich history here.
Null models in sociology: chance sociograms, 1930s. In 1934 Jacob Moreno initiated the quantitative study of social networks through his influential book Who Shall Survive? [103]. Soon thereafter, in 1938, Moreno and Jennings published Statistics of Social Configurations, which introduced statistics to social network analysis through the use of so-called chance sociograms, i.e. randomly sampled adjacency matrices with fixed out-degrees (i.e. one fixed margin) [104]. Moreno and Jennings argued that in order to establish the statistical significance of an analysis, one should compare an observed social network with a network constructed through a chance experiment. 2 Moreno and Jennings demonstrated their procedure by studying a population of 26 children at the New York State Training School for Girls in Hudson, NY. The children were surveyed for their three preferred dining partners, creating a directed network of dining partner preferences. This observed network was compared to a small set of seven manually randomized directed graphs restricted such that each vertex had three outgoing edges and no multiedges (as in the observed network). Moreno and Jennings contrasted their empirical graph with their small ensemble of graphs drawn from their null model, and concluded that some observed network features were statistically significant while others were not. While our focus in this work is on undirected (as opposed to directed) configuration models, directed configuration models are discussed briefly in Section 3.2. Another significant early use of a random graph null model in sociology is contained in Davis and Leinhardt's work testing Homans' structural theory of social hierarchy from the 1950's [68]. The study tested the theory by studying social network subgraph frequencies [38], contrasting empirical frequencies with those of an Erdős-Rényi random graph null model.
Null models in ecology: species co-occurrence patterns, 1970s. A configuration model arose independently in ecology when, in 1975, Jared Diamond published an analysis of bird species cooccurrence on the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago and argued that, based on the patterns of species presence and absence observed across the islands, the presence of some species precluded the presence of others [45]. In 1979, Connor and Simberloff argued that the patterns themselves were not sufficient evidence for such conclusions; they argued that a null model of randomly assigned species to islands, in which the number of species per island and number of islands per species are exactly preserved, should be used to assess the possibility that the empirical patterns are the result of random chance [35]. In other words, Connor and Simberloff argued that observed patterns should be compared against a null model, and in particular against a degree-preserving configuration model, based on the observed presence/absence matrix. This methodological debate has continued for over 40 years regarding both the correct null model and appropriate test statistics for quantifying patterns of species presence/absence patterns (see [61] for a partial review).
Many contributions to the ongoing ecological discussion have been made in the years since. In 1987, Wilson contributed a fixed marginal null model, which required that any matrix in the ensemble have the same number of sites per species and species per site as the observed data, corresponding directly to an undirected bipartite configuration model with fixed degrees [138]. 3 Wilson's 1987 fixed marginal null model assembled the network via a stub matching procedure. He found that often, the stub matching was unable to finish without creating a double edge, and so he found better success rates by using a heuristic nearly equivalent to the Havel-Hakimi algorithm [66,65] (though Wilson states that he was unable to find any proof in the literature of his method). This debate illustrates the disconnect between the ecology and mathematics literatures at the time.
Null models for tables: matrix counting and contingency tables, 1970s -1990s. Contingency tables are rectangular matrices with integer entries, representing a tabulation of entities along two dimensions, e.g. the number of college graduates by major and institution. These tables, when viewed as adjacency matrices, characterize an undirected bipartite multigraph. There are straightforward analogous connections between the binary tables in ecology and the more general in order to be compared with one another, were in need of some common reference base from which to measure the deviations. It appeared that the most logical ground for establishing such a reference could be secured by ascertaining the characteristics of typical configurations produced by chance balloting for a similar size population with a like number of choices." That said, the term configuration model is generally accepted to stem from Bollobás' usage of the word. 3 A bipartite network is a network where edges only occur between two distinct sets of vertices. For example, a plant-pollinator network contains both plants and insects as vertices and edges connecting pollinating insects to plants, and no edges between pairs of insects or pairs of plants.
(non-binary) contingency tables studied in statistics [31]. As in the network literature, contingency table analyses often involve asking whether table properties are interesting compared to random tables with the same row and column totals (the same marginal totals). An initial focus of this literature was on enumerating the number of matrices with fixed marginals [56,44]. Compared to presence/absence matrices, where the entries are restricted to be either 0 or 1, analyzing adjacency matrices corresponding to contingency tables is much more straightforward. Many direct sampling procedures have been proposed [113], as well as procedures which exactly characterize the null distribution of tables with fixed marginals and do not rely on sampling (see [134,1] for reviews of these methods).
Null models in systems biology: network motifs, 2000s. As the large-scale study of both genetic regulatory networks and neuronal networks emerged in the early 2000s, lengthy debates were held in the literature regarding the choices of (and technical means for sampling from) null models. The debate on genetic regulatory networks began with a study by Milo et al. that found specific network motifs (regulatory patterns) that were more frequent than expected in a configuration model null model [100,69]. Soon after that work was published, King issued a commentary that called attention to choices in the design of the random graph sampling algorithms in these works, noting that they did not sample uniformly from any graph spaces of reasonable interest [74]. A series of responses by the original authors led to corrected algorithms for sampling from the stub-labeled spaces of random graphs with fixed degree sequences [99,70]. It is worth mentioning that other work on configuration model null models of genetic regulatory networks, using correct sampling techniques, was also being conducted in parallel to the above controversy [90].
A parallel debate in the literature on neuronal networks noted that the study of network motifs in neuronal networks [100,98] involving comparisons between observed structures and configuration model random graphs was flawed at a deeper conceptual level, as it overlooked the role of spatial structure in brains [5]. A series of published exchanges followed [97,6], leading to the study of specific spatial network null models for studying brain networks [123]. A similar adaptation, known as distance modularity [87], has recently been introduced to the broader literature on network community detection.
Other applications of configuration model random graph null models include studies of patterns in the structure of the world wide web [109], the Internet [91], food webs [127], academic career trajectories [89], the dynamics of social contagion [28], disease propagation [124], opinion dynamics [137], and economic network effects [129]. As we discuss at length in Section 5.3, these null models also underlie all community detection methods based on modularity maximization [108]. Across these diverse applications as well as the earlier literatures, different applications have tended to employ slightly different null models, and these variations make it very difficult to compare and contrast findings. In the next subsection we introduce a sequence of concrete choices that formalize the decisions underlying the choice of a graph space, and hence a configuration model. Consequences of these decisions are discussed at length in Section 5 through a series of application vignettes.
Choosing a graph space
It is often impossible to unambiguously identify an empirical graph as coming from a particular space of graphs; additional knowledge about the system that produced the graph is almost always required. For example, as shown in Figure 1, simple graphs are a subset of the other graph spaces, and thus a given simple graph may plausibly lie within any of the spaces, defined by the presence or absence of self-loops, multiedges, and stub-labels. Therefore, in order to choose the appropriate graph space for a null model, we introduce three questions about the graph and the system that produced it. Figure 2: Choosing a graph space. Three questions must be answered in order to correctly choose a configuration model graph space. Questions 1 and 2 address whether the graph has, or could possibly have, self-loops and multiedges. If the space permits self-loops, multiedges, or both, then Question 3 addresses whether the space is vertex-labeled or stub-labeled. These questions are explained in detail in the text, Section 1.5. Question 1: Are there self-loops in the graph? For example, a citation network consisting of papers (as vertices) and their citation relationships (as edges) cannot have self-loops since a single paper can never cite itself. On the other hand, a network of authors (as vertices) and their citation relationships (as edges) may very well have self-loops since authors can, and do, cite their own work. Note that an observed network of authors and their citations ought to reside within a graph space allowing self-loops, even if a particular observed network has no self-loops. However, in some cases, the method of data collection or recording itself may preclude self-loops-even if a self-loop would be reasonable and interpretable-and in such cases, the relevant graph space should not include self-loops.
Question 2: Are there multiedges in the graph? For example, a network of contacts among barn swallows-analyzed in Section 5.2-in which each edge represents an observed interaction between a pair of birds, may have multiedges corresponding to multiple observations of an interaction between the same pair of birds. On the other hand, a protein-protein interaction network, in which two proteins are connected if they interact, cannot ever have a multiedge since interactions in this context are conceptually boolean. Note that an observed network may reside within a graph space allowing multiedges, even if a particular observed network has no multiedges. However, as in Question 1, in some cases, the method of data collection or recording itself may preclude multiedges-even if a multiedge would be reasonable and interpretable-and in such cases, the relevant graph space should not include multiedges.
If the answers to the first two questions are both no, then the space of simple graphs is the appropriate space. For the purposes of sampling from a simple configuration model, there is then no meaningful difference between vertex-and stub-labeled spaces. One need only to ensure that the graph sampling algorithm correctly samples from the space of simple graphs (a non-trivial task further discussed in Section 2), due to the fact that any ensemble of vertex-labeled simple graphs can easily be converted into an ensemble of stub-labeled simple graphs, and vice versa (see Section 4 for further discussion). However, if the answer to either of the previous questions was yes, indicating that the graph space contains self-loops, multiedges, or both, we pose a key third question.
Question 3: Is the graph space stub-labeled or vertex-labeled? Consider a pair of vertices connected by two edges. If swapping the edges so that they cross, as shown in Figure 2, produces a distinct graph, the space is stub-labeled. Alternatively, if crossing the edges either produces a graph with the same interpretation or produces a nonsensical graph, the space is vertexlabeled.
There are a number of instances where a graph should be treated as vertex-labeled rather than stub-labeled. For example, if the stubs are ordered (e.g. temporally) in a way that would make swapping nonsensical, the space of graphs is vertex-labeled in spite of the fact that the stubs have identities. Such a situation is commonly encountered when studying a telephone network (also called a call detail record or CDR), where edges represent phone calls between individuals. If a pair of individuals are recorded sharing two phone calls, it is meaningless to consider the crossed graph that connects the stub associated with the first call and the first individual to the stub associated with the second call and the second individual, as this swap represents a graph that could never have been observed. See Section 5.2 for a concrete exploration of these differences. If, on the other hand, the crossed edges and parallel edges as shown in Figure 2 are distinguishable and plausible, the space of graphs should be stub-labeled. For example, in a network of intermarriages between families or villages, an edge may correspond to an individual from one village marrying an individual from another village. Here, different sets of marital pairings are meaningful and distinct, indicating that the graph space is stub-labeled.
One alternative approach to answering Question 3 involves considering the adjacency matrix of the graph. For a vertex-labeled space, each graph corresponds to a single, unique adjacency matrix, and each adjacency matrix corresponds to a single, unique vertex-labeled graph. On the other hand, multiple stub-labeled graphs have identical adjacency matrices, and a valid adjacency matrix corresponds to a stub-isomorphism class of stub-labeled graphs, as shown in Figure 1. Thus, Question 3 may be answered by considering whether the adjacency matrices corresponding to the graph space are unique and distinct objects, or whether repeated adjacency matrices are allowed in the ensemble.
Answers to the first two questions in this section fully specify whether the graph space is simple, loopy, multigraph, or loopy multigraph, and the answer to the third question determines whether the space is stub-labeled or vertex-labeled. Since, for the purposes of sampling simple graphs or analyzing network properties that are functions of the adjacency matrix, there is no practical difference stub-labeled and vertex-labeled spaces, we may often treat these as equivalent and focus on the seven distinct and non-interchangeable spaces of graphs just described.
Organization. In Section 2 we describe space-specific Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms that provably generate uniform samples from the graph spaces discussed above. Alternative methods for sampling random graph null models are discussed in Section 3, and related questions about counting the number of graphs in a given graph space are covered in Section 4. Section 5 employs the samplers from Section 2, examining the questions and decisions outlined in this introduction in the context of three separate applications of configuration model null models to study empirical network structure. Readers whose primary interest is understanding the practical consequences of configuration model choices are invited to skip Sections 2-4 and go directly to Section 5, though the earlier sections establish the procedures employed therein.
Markov chain Monte Carlo Sampling
In this section we establish theoretical justifications for the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to uniformly sample from graph spaces with a fixed degree sequence, with specific considerations for multiedges, self-loops, and vertex-or stub-labeling. In all methods presented in this section, a Markov chain over the desired space of graphs is designed to have a stationary distribution that is uniform over the entire space. We emphasize key differences between sampling stub-labeled and vertex-labeled graph spaces, and furnish pseudocode for all the MCMC sampling algorithms that we analyze. 4 We begin by reviewing the double edge swap Markov chain method for sampling stub-labeled loopy multigraphs, the easiest space for understanding the validity of the sampling procedure. We outline the three sufficient conditions (regularity, aperiodicity, connectivity) that combine to establish that random double edge swaps on stub-labeled loopy multigraphs have a unique and uniform stationary distribution. The corresponding lemmas and theorems are then reported, with references provided for known proofs, for stub-labeled simple graphs and stub-labeled multigraphs (without loops).
Following the treatment of stub-labeled graph spaces, we then characterize Markov chains with stationary distributions that are uniform over vertex-labeled graph spaces. These chains have not previously been described, though they are closely related to existing methods for sampling the space of contingency tables with fixed marginals [134], a problem from the statistics literature and discussed in the introduction.
Sampling from spaces of loopy graphs (without multiedges) is not discussed in this section. Such spaces lack certain key properties necessary for sampling methods involving double edge swap routines to succeed. We elaborate on this matter in Section 3, where we also discuss other methods for graph sampling, including alternative Markov chains as well as direct sampling techniques.
Edge swap Markov chains
First developed for bipartite simple graphs [14] and directed simple graphs [117], Markov chain traversals of graph spaces are popular ways to sample from a variety of graph spaces [96,6,106]. If the Markov chain is constructed so that the stationary distribution of the chain is the uniform distribution over the desired graph space, samples taken from this chain at sufficiently spaced intervals (see the discussion of mixing times in Section 2.5) can be treated as independent uniform samples from the space.
The fundamental gadget underlying the approach is a randomized way of generating new graphs from existing graphs. Seemingly rediscovered multiple times [65,119,106,16], the most popular way to alter a graph without changing the degree sequence is the double edge swap, first suggested by Petersen in 1891 [115], and depicted in Figure 3. Let {u 1 , ..., u ku } denote the set of edge stubs for a vertex u with degree k u . Across the literature, double edge swaps are also sometimes referred to as degree-preserving rewirings [22,131], checkerboard swaps 5 [126,61,6], tetrads [135]or alternating rectangles [117].
Definition 4 (Double Edge Swap, stub-labeled). A stub-labeled double edge swap replaces a pair of stub-labeled edges (u i , v j ) and (x p , y q ) with stub-labeled edges (u i , x p ) and (v j , y q ).
Explicitly labeling stubs emphasizes that the stub-labeled double edge swap differs from its vertex-labeled version. That said, the notation of tracking stubs is largely unnecessary as the exact labels of stubs can be inferred in context and standard network analyses (of assortativity, modularity, etc.) do not consider stub labels. For a pair of edges (u, v) and (x, y) there are two possible swaps, as shown in Figure 3. As a shorthand, we denote these possible swaps as . In contrast to arbitrary edge rewires [21], double edge swaps preserve the degree distribution of the graph. Notice, however, that some double edge swaps can create self-loops, e.g. (u, x), (u, y) (u, u), (x, y), as well as multiedges, e.g. when any produced edge replicates an existing edge. The way such swaps are handled has important consequences for the stationary distribution of the Markov chain.
Many of the properties of the double edge swap can be understood as graphical properties of the graph of graphs, the state diagram of the Markov chain in the space of graphs. We construct the graph of graphs associated with a degree sequence by letting each graph with the specified degree sequence be a vertex and connecting two vertices (i.e. graphs) with an edge if one double edge swap can transform one graph into the other. We use G(k) or G to generically denote a graph of graphs with a specified degree sequence k = {k i } i∈V . Throughout the text we only consider graph spaces with a given degree sequence, and as a consequence we almost always suppress the degree sequence k from the notation, denoting a graph of graphs as simply G. With a few simple yet crucial modifications, sampling graphs using a random walk on G creates a Markov chain with a stationary distribution that is uniform over a desired graph space with a given degree sequence.
The statements in the following sections can be stated either in the language of Markov chains or in the language of graph properties of G. To prove that samples from the Markov chain asymptotically obey a uniform distribution over a space of graphs, we show that by correctly specifying state transition probabilities, the chain satisfies three conditions: (i) that the transition matrix of the chain is doubly stochastic (G is regular 6 ), (ii) that the chain is irreducible (equivalently, G is strongly connected 7 ), (iii) and that the chain is aperiodic (G is aperiodic 8 ).
The regularity of G implies that the stationary distribution is uniform. A Markov chain that is both irreducible and aperiodic (G is connected and aperiodic) is said to be ergodic. This property guarantees that there is an unique stationary distribution that fully describes the long term behavior of the chain. Aperiodicity of G is often immediate and is particularly important if one wishes to subsample a Markov chain, a common strategy where only an infrequent set of samples (less sequentially correlated than the full set of samples) is retained. Once regularity and aperiodicity are established for loopy multigraphs, we show that with the appropriate modifications to transition probabilities, these properties also hold for the graph of graphs associated with any subspace of loopy multigraphs with a fixed degree sequence, whether vertex-labeled or stub-labeled. In contrast, connectivity of G (the irreducibility of the Markov chain) is not always guaranteed, and requires a non-trivial proof for many graph spaces, but is critical to ensuring that all possible graphs are sampled.
Markov chains on stub-labeled loopy multigraphs
We begin by considering the simplest graph space for constructing and analyzing double edge swaps, G stub l,m , where stub denotes stub-labeled, m denotes an allowance for multiedges, and l denotes an allowance for loops. Further, let M = 1 2 i∈V k i denote the total number of edges in any graph in the graph space.
Definition 5 (Graph of loopy multigraphs, stub-labeled). For some predefined degree sequence k = {k i }, the graph of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs G stub l,m = {V stub l,m , E stub l,m } is a directed graph, where the vertex set V stub l,m is the set of all stub-labeled loopy multigraphs with degree sequence k and there is a directed edge For the space of loopy multigraphs, all edges in the graph of graphs G stub l,m are reciprocated: any double edge swap of distinct edges leads to a graph in the space and the double edge swap on (u, v), (x, y) (u, x), (v, y) can be undone by the "reciprocal" double edge swap (u, x), (v, y) (u, v), (x, y). Note however, that double edge swaps in other spaces are not necessarily reciprocated by the same number of swaps.
We now show the three necessary conditions: that G stub l,m is regular, connected and aperiodic.
Lemma 1. G stub l,m is a regular graph.
Proof. For each graph G j ∈ V stub l,m there are M 2 pairs of edges and M (M − 1) possible double edge swaps that each correspond to a unique graph-graph transition edge into and out of G j . We immediately see that G stub l,m is M (M − 1) regular, where each vertex has M (M − 1) incoming and outgoing edges.
Next, the following lemma, first proved by [47] and largely provided by Newman in [106], gives connectivity for stub-labeled loopy multigraphs with any specified degree sequence. Lemma 2. G stub l,m is a strongly connected graph.
Proof. First, we note that it is possible to permute stub labels using double edge swaps: for a graph G i ∈ V stub l,m with vertex u with degree at least 2 (vertices with degree 1 have only a single possible stub labeling), a double edge swap (u i , a k ), (b , u j ) (u i , b ), (u j , a k ) swaps two labeled stubs of u. Since double edge swaps allow for pairwise swaps of stubs, all possible stub-labelings within a given stub-isomorphism class of graphs are connected within G stub l,m (or any other stub-labeled space we discuss). The remainder of the proof therefore only requires showing that every stub-isomorphism class is connected to every other.
To complete the proof, we drop stub labels and will show how to construct a path from any l,m to any non-isomorphic G 2 = (V 2 , E 2 ) ∈ G stub l,m such that each step in the path creates and does not eliminate, edges in E 2 . Let 1,2 = |E * 1 \ E * 2 |, where the asterisks denote that the stub labels have been dropped from the edge sets. Since 1,2 = 0 if and only if G 1 is isomorphic to G 2 , it suffices to show that for any non-isomorphic graphs G 1 and G 2 there exists a neighbor of However, since the degrees of u and v are, respectively, the same in both G 1 and G 2 , there must be edges (u, x) and (v, , (x, y) creates a graph G 3 with edge (u, v) and thus with 3,2 ≤ 1,2 − 1. Since 1,2 is finite, a repeated application of this argument eventually produces a path, and therefore G stub l,m is connected.
Lemma 3. G stub l,m is an aperiodic graph.
Proof. If G ∈ V stub l,m has only a single edge, G stub l,m is trivially aperiodic since |V stub l,m | = 1. If G has two edges (u, v) and (x, y) then G stub l,m contains both a cycle of length 2 (because all transitions are reciprocated) and also a cycle of length 3: The greatest common divisor of the cycle lengths 2 and 3 is 1, and therefore G stub l,m is aperiodic.
The following theorem assembles the above properties to establish the desired uniformity of the MCMC sampler. Theorem 1. A random walk on G stub l,m is ergodic and has a uniform stationary distribution.
Proof. Since G stub l,m is strongly connected (Lemma 2) and aperiodic (Lemma 3) random walks on G stub l,m are ergodic. Since G stub l,m is also regular (Lemma 1) it has the unique stationary distribution Thus, we conclude that a Markov chain defined as a random walk on G stub l,m in fact samples from the uniform distribution of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs, as desired. A similar MCMC approach can sample the other graph spaces under analysis here, though the proofs are slightly more involved.
Markov chains on other stub-labeled graph spaces
We now show that with some care it is possible to construct Markov chains defined over the other stub-labeled graph spaces we have discussed such that their stationary distributions are also uniform. We establish this uniformity by deriving state transitions that ensure the chains are regular, connected, and aperiodic. Our results here apply to spaces of either simple graphs or multigraphs with a given degree sequence. The space of loopy graphs (without multiedges) with a given degree sequence is not connected by double edge swaps for all degree sequences and so we do not discuss it here; see Section 3 for more details on that space.
Definition 6 (Graph of multigraphs and graph of simple graphs, stub-labeled). For a degree sequence k = {k i }, the graph of stub-labeled simple graphs G stub if and only if there exists a double edge swap that transforms G i into G j ; for any double edge swap that would transform G i to a graph G j that is not in V stub s , there instead exists a directed self-loop G i → G i . The graph of stub-labeled multigraphs G stub m is defined similarly for multigraphs, with subscripts of m where appropriate.
A critical difference between the definitions of G stub s and G stub m compared with the earlier definition of G stub l,m is the inclusion of directed self-loops G i → G i for each swap that would leave the space. This modification essentially employs the "swap and hold" [6] (also called "trial swap" [96]) method to ensure the graph of graphs is regular. 9 Indeed, we will now show that G stub s and G stub m are both regular and both aperiodic. As a result, extending Theorem 1 only requires space-specific proofs of connectivity, which we provide. Proof. If there are any self-loops in the graph of graphs (where self-loops correspond to rejected swaps) and the graph of graphs is also connected then it is aperiodic. Meanwhile, if the graph of graphs does not have any rejected swaps (e.g. when max i∈V k i < 2), then it has the exact same structure as G stub l,m and is thus aperiodic by Lemma 3.
Before proving connectivity of the graph of graphs in the next lemma, we note that the proofs of Lemmas 4 and 5 are easily and directly applied to any subspace of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs with fixed degree sequence (e.g., subspaces of graphs consisting of a single connected component, or subspaces with a constrained number of triangle motifs). However, despite the fact that regularity and aperiodicity are easy to establish for the graphs of graphs corresponding to such subspaces, proofs of their connectivity, if they are possible at all, require more complicated and subspacespecific constructions, and are considerably more involved. In fact, as noted above, for loopy graphs (without multiedges) connectivity does not hold for all degree sequences; see Section 3. Below we establish the connectivity of G stub m and G stub s for any given degree sequence.
Lemma 6. G stub m is a strongly connected graph.
Proof. The proof that G stub l,m is connected (Lemma 2) can be adjusted very slightly for the absence of self-loops. In the proof of Lemma 2, if the two edges being considered for a double edge swap share an endpoint vertex then rewiring (u, x) and (v, x) creates the desired edge (u, v) but also the self-loop (x, x), and thus is not a valid swap as it would not stay within the space of loop-free multigraphs. But since x has two edges contained in E 1 \ E 2 and x has the same degree in both the graph G 2 and G 1 , there must exist at least one edge ( and (x, z) in G 2 produces a neighboring graph G 3 with edge (u, x) and thus 1,3 ≤ 1,2 −1.
Lemma 7. G stub s is a strongly connected graph.
We do not provide a proof here as this result has been proven independently many times: in 1962 [13], stated without proof in 1973 [46], proved twice in the same monograph but by different authors in 1981 [48,131], in 1994 [16], and most recently in 2010 [139]. 9 In spaces featuring graphs without self-loops, each graph will have exactly i∈V k i 2 swaps that could create self-loops; thus regularity is preserved if swaps that create self-loops either resample the current graph or are all ignored as possible swaps. There is a computational benefit from ignoring self-loop-creating edge swaps (as opposed to resampling the current graph), but it is likely small for most degree sequences. We conclude this subsection on sampling stub-labeled graph spaces with pseudocode for a uniform sampling algorithm. The important distinction between this algorithm and most incorrect algorithms (see Section 3.1 for a further discussion of sampling algorithms known to be non-uniform) is that incorrect algorithms have a tendency to overlook the resampling step. 10
Markov chains on vertex-labeled spaces
For any analysis of simple graph null models, sampling from the vertex-labeled space is equivalent to sampling from the stub-labeled space: the two distributions are proportional within stubisomorphism classes (see Section 4 for details on this conversion). For non-simple graphs, the vertex-labeled and stub-labeled spaces are no longer cleanly proportional, but we show it is possible to adapt the double edge swap MCMC procedures to uniformly sample vertex-labeled graph spaces. We begin with the following definition, closely related to the double edge swap defined for stub-labeled spaces.
Definition 7 (Double edge swap, vertex-labeled). A vertex-labeled double edge swap replaces pair of edges (u, v) and (x, y) with edges (u, x) and (v, y).
As in the stub-labeled setting, the vertex-labeled double edge swap leads to a Markov chain on the graph of vertex-labeled graphs, which we generically denote with G vert (in contrast with G stub ). In any graph space, stub-labeled double edge swaps map onto vertex-labeled double edge swaps simply by ignoring the stub-labeling: a vertex-labeled graph of graphs G vert can be created by treating stub-isomorphic graphs within G stub as a single graph in G vert . This construction of G vert gives definitions for G vert l,m , G vert m , and G vert s as agglomerated, weighted, and directed, versions of the stub-labeled graphs of graphs G stub l,m , G stub m , and G stub s , respectively. As a result, they immediately inherit the strong connectivity and aperiodicity properties of their respective stub-labeled spaces, as follows. Proof. Each of the vertex-labeled graph of graphs can be created by repeatedly combining vertices from the analogous stub-labeled graph of graphs until all stub-permutations of the same vertex-labeled graph have been combined together. Since iteratively combining vertices preserves connectivity, G vert l,m , G vert m , and G vert s inherit strong connectivity from G stub l,m , G vert m , and G stub s . Lemma 9. G vert s , G vert m , and G vert l,m are aperiodic graphs. Proof. For any fixed degree sequence, the proofs of Lemmas 3 and 5 either apply directly, and thereby establish aperiodicity, or the proofs of Lemmas 3 and 5 do not apply because they necessitated double edge swaps between two graphs in the same stub-isomorphism class. However, even in this case, the double edge swap between graphs in the same stub-isomorphism class implies there is a self-loop in the graph of graphs, and the graph of graphs is thus aperiodic. a b Figure 4: Transition probabilities for uniform sampling. The graph of vertex-labeled loopy multigraphs G vert l,m ({2, 1, 1}) contains two possible graphs G 1 and G 2 . (a) A random walk on this graph of graphs has P r(G 1 → G 2 ) = 1 but P r(G 2 → G 1 ) = 1 2 and therefore its corresponding Markov chain will not have a uniform stationary distribution since the graph of graphs is not regular. (b) If transition probabilities are modified such that each graph has equal in-degree weight and outdegree weight (i.e. transition mass), and these weights are equal to each other, the corresponding Markov chain will have a uniform stationary distribution and will therefore sample each graph with equal probability.
Algorithm 1 stub-labeled MCMC Require: initial graph G 0 , graph space (simple, multigraph, or loopy multigraph) Ensure: sequence of graphs G i for i < number of graphs to sample do choose two edges at random randomly choose one of the two possible swaps if edge swap would leave graph space then resample current graph: swap the chosen edges, producing G i end if end for While connectivity and aperiodicity of vertex-labeled graphs of graphs follow directly from the properties of the stub-labeled spaces, regularity is more complicated. The analysis of stublabeled graphs of graphs relied on the fact that each swap had a unique reciprocal swap. This reciprocity is not present in vertex-labeled graphs of graphs. For example, consider G vert l,m on a degree sequence as simple as {2, 1, 1}. As shown in Figure 4(a), the graph of graphs G vert l,m ({2, 1, 1}) contains only two possible graphs: G 1 (with self-loop (x, x) and edge (u, v)) and G 2 (with two adjacent edges (u, x) and (v, x)). Every swap originating in G 1 creates G 2 (both swaps of (x, x) and (u, v) create (u, x) and (v, x)), but only one of the two possible swaps originating in . If unaltered, a random walk on G vert l,m ({2, 1, 1}) has the non-uniform stationary distribution (P r(G 1 ) = 1 3 , P r(G 2 ) = 2 3 ). Restoring the regularity of G vert l,m ({2, 1, 1}), as in Figure 4(b), is achieved by rejecting the swap G 1 → G 2 with probability 1 2 and instead looping back to G 1 . Figure 4 shows a difficulty arising from self-loops; vertex-labeled swaps of multiedges suffer a similar problem with a similar resolution. As we will show, an extra layer of rejection sampling suffices to restore the uniform stationary distribution for any vertex-labeled graph.
There are two natural ways to implement rejection sampling for vertex-labeled graphs, which we provide in Algorithm 2 and in the supplemental material, Algorithm 3. The simpler of the two approaches, Algorithm 2, employs a rejection sampling that modifies all swaps G i → G j , i = j, to have probability Proof. Algorithm 2 randomly selects two edges e 1 and e 2 and also selects one of the two possible ways to swap e 1 and e 2 . The goal is to make all swaps equally probable. If e 1 or e 2 is a self-loop then the potential swap is rejected with probability 1 2 . If not rejected, then if both edges connect the same vertices (i.e. e 1 = e 2 ), the swap is made with probability 2 we 1 (we 1 −1) , where w e 1 is the multiplicity of edge e 1 , and otherwise the swap is made with probability 1 we 1 we 2 . If no swap is made or the proposed swap would not change the graph (e.g. ) the current graph is resampled by the chain. To see that these rejection probabilities give all swaps an equal overall probability of success, consider the following table of double edge swaps cases, which presents the form of each possible swap, the number of such possible swaps, and the acceptance probabilities used by Algorithm 2.
On a pair of edges containing a self-loop, both swaps result in the same edges post-swap, giving a factor of 2 to the number of possible swaps of that type. Notice also that multiplying the factors in a given row results in the same overall transition mass, 1, for each row. Thus, every swap is equally likely with probability 1 M (M −1) and the transition matrix is doubly stochastic.
As a direct result of Lemma 10, the sum of edge weights directed to any graph in G with these transition probabilities equals one. Algorithm 2 can be understood as changing general double edge swap stub-labeled spaces into double edge swap vertex-labeled spaces for any subspace of loopy multigraphs with a fixed degree sequence. Assembling Lemmas 8, 9 and 10 gives the following theorem. Proof. Lemma 10 gives that 1 |V l,m | , 1 |Vm| , and 1 |Vs| are the respective stationary distributions; strong connectivity (Lemma 8) and aperiodicity (Lemma 9) give that the Markov chain is ergodic.
We conclude this subsection on sampling vertex-labeled graph spaces with pseudocode for the uniform sampling algorithm, Algorithm 2, used in the above proofs. A more efficient but more complicated approach is given in Algorithm 3 in the supplemental material. This more efficient algorithm achieves regularity by computing both the forward and reverse probabilities of any given double edge swap according to the cases in Figure 5. It then down-samples (rejects) the higher probability swap to have the same probability as the lower probability swap. For example, in Algorithm 3 a double edge swap of the edges (u, v) and (x, y) (on distinct vertices u, v, x, y) to form (u, y) and (x, v) is accepted with probability min(1, probabilities for each swap, we observe empirically that it mixes substantially faster on degree sequences with higher degrees.
Mixing times
As discussed in the previous section, a MCMC sampler based on double edge swaps will eventually sample from G stub l,m , G stub m , G stub s , G vert l,m , G vert m and G vert s uniformly. A natural question, and one of practical importance, is how many swaps it takes before a sample from the Markov chain is negligibly correlated with the starting graph. This question is usually studied in the language of mixing time, the number of steps in a Markov chain required to produce a sample a prescribed distance from the stationary distribution of the chain [84]. A Markov chain on a graph space is said to be rapidly mixing if the mixing time can be expressed as a polynomial in the number of vertices. Empirical investigations tend to support the notion that the mixing times of edge swap MCMC samplers tend to be reasonable and not prohibitive [99,106]. Theoretical investigations have identified various conditions on the degree sequence k which rigorously support these observations [36,63]. However, the case of general k is yet to be fully understood.
As first demonstrated in [121], the most common argument to derive mixing time bounds uses a multicommodity flow argument, and the most common focus has been on regular simple graphs and regular directed graphs. Thus far, rapid mixing has been proved for double edge swap MCMC methods on simple graphs with regular degree sequences [36], regular directed graphs [62], and half-regular and almost half-regular bipartite graphs [95,51]. can be approximated to within a factor of 7/4, finding the shortest path is NP-hard [16,50].
Algorithm 2 vertex-labeled MCMC
Require: initial graph G 0 , graph space (simple, multigraph, or loopy multigraph) Ensure: sequence of graphs G i for i < number of graphs to sample do choose two distinct edges e 1 and e 2 uniformly at random randomly choose one of the two possible swaps if edge swap would leave the graph space then resample current graph: G i ← G i−1 else P ← 1 if e 1 and e 2 are copies of the same multi-edge then P ← Mixing time results for non-simple graphs are, by comparison, poorly developed. While stuband vertex-labeled spaces have different transition probabilities and different structures, recall that vertex-labeled graphs of graphs can be created by repeatedly merging vertices in the corresponding stub-labeled graph of graphs. As a result, the total diameter of a vertex-labeled graph of graphs G vert is necessarily always smaller than the corresponding stub-labeled graph of graphs G stub , but the additional layer of rejection sampling in vertex-labeled MCMC chains may lead mixing times to be large for degree sequences where multiedges and self-loops are more common. Determining the conditions, if any exist, in which the smaller diameter of vertex-labeled spaces corresponds to faster mixing times is an interesting open question.
In practice, there are well-accepted diagnostics to numerically assess the quality of MCMC mixing [58]. One popular method is to compare the variance inside a sequence to variance across multiple sequences, while other methods analyze the correlation inside a sequence. These diagnostics are typically performed on a sequence of graph statistics, rather than directly on a sequence of graphs. One complicating factor of using inter-sequence variation to assess convergence is the difficulty in finding independent starting graphs with which to start the chain [20]. Ultimately, when considering the potential effect of mixing times, it is important to gauge the risk of a slow mixing time (and thus a biased sampler), against errors associated with uniformly sampling from an inappropriate space, as is often the case with stub-matching.
Other sampling methods and other null models
Edge swap Markov chains are not the only means of sampling from configuration models, nor are configuration models the most appropriate random graph null model for all analyses. In this section we briefly review other techniques for sampling configuration models, as well as other random graph null models that have been usefully employed in other contexts. Very little is known about the adaptation of the methods in this section to vertex-labeled graph spaces, but such adaptations are discussed when known.
Direct sampling and other sampling methods
Edge swap Markov chain methods work by randomly manipulating an initial graph to produce a new graph, with the idea being that the stationary distribution of this random process is designed to be uniform over the graph space. In contrast, "direct" methods sample the same space by constructing one graph at a time without any dependence on previous samples. Sampling uniformly from graph spaces is closely related to enumerating the number of graphs in a given space, a task commonly known as graph enumeration [10] (see Section 4 for more on these connections).
The stub-matching procedure pioneered by Bollobás [19], also called the pairing model and discussed in Section 1.3, is an example of a direct method for sampling the space of loopy multigraphs with a given degree sequence. Stub matching begins with a prescribed number of half edges or stubs attached to each vertex in an otherwise empty graph and then randomly joins pairs of unmatched stubs to form a graph. The graph created by this procedure is a uniform sample from the space of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs.
For more restricted graph spaces, i.e. those that omit self-loops and/or multiedges, stub matching must be adapted. Early work on directly sampling simple graphs with specified degree seqeuences focused on regular graphs [94], with later results giving approximately uniform sampling for more general degree sequences [10]. The simplest adaptation of stub matching for restricted graph spaces, e.g. for simple graphs, is to use rejection sampling: complete a stub-matching procedure, and if the resulting graph is not in the graph space, reject the sample. This process is repeated until a simple an admissible graph is returned. Using rejection sampling, an unrejected graph is a proper uniform sample from the graph space. Unfortunately, rejection sampling for simple graphs can take exponential time-exponential in the size of the graph-for some degree sequences with degrees that increase in the size of the graph. In contrast to rejection sampling, a more efficient approach is to apply sequential importance sampling [17], where edges are possibly rejected during the construction process (rather than waiting until the end to reject the output graph). The basic idea behind sequential importance sampling is to guide the matching process by rejecting edges that push the stub-matching process toward overrepresented simple graphs. Interestingly, a sequential importance sampling technique whereby each edge is rejected with a probability k i k j 4M is sufficient to approximately sample uniformly for graph spaces where the max degree k max obeys k max = O(M 1/4−τ ) for some τ > 0 [10], but this asymptotic statement does not furnish any clear guarantees for an empirical graph of a fixed size.
Other modifications to stub matching exist, usually posed in the context of creating simple graphs, and each with a mix of desirable and undesirable properties. One approach freely matches stubs, which may create a self-loop or multiedge, but such an edge is immediately removed via a double edge swap [83]. In contrast to rejection or importance sampling, this loop and multiedge rewiring approach ensures that a graph from the desired space is produced by each full run of the algorithm, which may dramatically improve the rate at which samples are produced. However, it unfortunately biases the sampling in ways that are not yet described or understood. Other methods knowingly generate biased simple graphs via constrained stub-matching, and each sample's relative probability is calculated in order to perform a posteriori bias corrections that reweight the samples to guarantee uniformity [41]. Again, there do not yet exist bounds on the convergence of such methods to the uniform distribution desired. More exotic direct sampling procedures include the so-called Go with the Winners algorithm [3] applied to graph generation [99]. This method employs stub-matching on a collection of graphs in parallel, replacing failed attempts to create simple graphs with cloned copies of non-failed attempts, eventually producing a set of admissible graphs. Finally, it is possible to define an alternative Markov chain based on perfect matchings to uniformly sample regular simple graphs [71]; this method can be adapted to non-regular degree sequences but without efficiency guarantees.
Constructive procedures for determining whether a given degree sequence is graphical (that there exists a simple graph with the given degree sequence [57]), notably the Havel-Hakimi algorithm [66,64], are highly non-uniform direct sampling procedures. The Havel-Hakimi algorithm is useful as a starting point for MCMC methods in contexts where one starts with a degree sequence but no corresponding simple graph-Havel-Hakimi is guaranteed to efficiently produce a simple graph, which one can then use as the initial state of a MCMC method.
Markov chains for sampling other spaces
Markov chains other than "double edge swap" chains can be used to traverse other graph spaces with specified degree sequences, notably spaces of connected graphs, spaces of loopy graphs (without multiedges), and spaces of directed graphs.
Loopy graphs (without multiedges). Sampling methods based on the double edge swap Markov chain discussed in Section 2 are unfortunately not sufficient for sampling uniformly from the space of loopy graphs with a specified degree sequence. The main challenge to sampling is that for certain degree sequences the double edge swap Markov chain does not connect the entire space of loopy graphs. For example, the degree sequence {2, 2, 2} in the space of loopy graphs admits both a triangle graph and a graph consisting of 3 self-loops, but on both graphs it is easy to see that any proposed double edge swaps would create a multiedge. Thus the two graphs in the space are not connected by any sequence of double edge swaps that remain in the space of loopy graphs, and this lack of connectivity applies to both the stub-and vertex-labeled spaces. Generalizing this observation, it is the case that the space of loopy graphs is connected for any degree sequence that can wire a simple graph and is neither the degree sequence of a path, {2, 2, ..., 2}, nor that of a clique, {n − 1, n − 1, ..., n − 1} [111]. Alternatively, if the Markov chain is modified to occasionally employ a three-edge triangle-loop swap (the swap (u, u), , a basic modification of Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 2 suffices to sample uniformly from these spaces; see [111] for more details.
Connected graphs. Many real-world graphs are connected, either by design (e.g. the architecture of the Internet [91]) or by virtue of how they were measured (using snowball sampling [60] or other traversal techniques). It is known that double edge swaps can rewire any connected graph to any other with the same degree sequence [131,16]. Therefore, if one correctly rejects swaps that would leave the space of connected graphs then Theorems 2 and 3 would apply. Thus, we can conclude that there exists a double edge swap MCMC sampler of connected graphs whose stationary distribution is the uniform distribution over connected graphs with a prescribed degree sequence. However, there is no computationally expedient way to certify connectivity 12 of the resulting graph for a proposed swap. A useful heuristic solution is to only check connectivity after completing a longer sequence of swaps [59,136]. A more expedient approach for sampling connected simple graphs with a given degree sequence follows from a Markov chain defined by a different swap: a k-Flipper Markov chain in a given graph space selects length-k paths uniformly at random (typically employed with k = 3, see Figure 6(b)) and swaps the endpoints of the path [88]. This swap clearly results in a graph that has the same connectivity before and after the swap. What is less clear is that a chain utilizing this swap does not necessarily explore the full space of connected graphs with a specified degree sequence; a chain occasionally utilizing a small additional swap (dubbed the bowtie swap) is required to ensure that the graph of graphs is connected, and thus samples the entire space of connected graphs [52]. This chain has a uniform stationary distribution, and some mixing time results are known under mild assumptions [52]. Of note, k-Flipper techniques cannot be extended (in any obvious way) to graph spaces that allow self-loops as a k-Flipper swap is unable to ever create a self-loop. Studies of the space of connected graphs have been focused on simple graphs, and it is an open question to understand what role the choice of stub-labeling vs. vertex-labeling has in studies of connected multigraphs.
Directed graphs. Sampling directed graphs using edge swap Markov chains introduces new subtleties that are not present when sampling undirected graphs. Most importantly, a directed graph has two separate degree sequences, the in-degree sequence and out-degree sequence, and one may wish to fix either or both of these. The two sequences are coupled because the sum of the graph's in-degree must equal the sum of its out-degrees. Furthermore, in order for a graph of directed graphs to be connected under edge swaps, a directed triangle reversal swap is needed, Figure 6(a), which reverses the direction of a three-edge cycle [75,117,78]. Sampling both stublabeled and vertex-labeled directed graphs builds on a similar theoretical framework as undirected graphs [25,26,27].
Broadly speaking, as richer network models are considered the sensible value of uniform distributions as statistical null models decreases. Developing an appropriate null model for richer networks, where directed graphs are one example, requires carefully considering and modeling a hypothesized generative processes. For example, a directed version of a citation network should roughly obey causality constraints (cycles would indicate past papers citing future papers), and the statistical properties of such a network might be best captured by comparing it to the output of generative model that explicitly accounts for publication date.
Distributions over graphs with edge weights
In applications, graphs often have scalar weights associated with their edges. In some special cases, these weights are integers and can be interpreted as the number of edges between vertices. The graph then is, in fact, a multigraph and the techniques discussed thus far may be applied directly. However in all other cases, where the weights do not have a natural edge multiplicity interpretation, specifying a null model becomes substantially more difficult. In particular, a decision must be made regarding whether the null model should preserve just vertex degrees, or both vertex degrees and vertex total weight (the sum of the edge weights associated with a vertex). Even in the former, simpler case, a null model that preserves vertex degrees must choose carefully how to additionally randomize the edge weights.
To see the difficultly of this problem, consider any double-edge swap process where at least two edge weights are distinct. The original weights could be assigned at random to the pair of rewired edges, corresponding to a null model in which edge existence and edge weight are entirely independent, but this would not preserve the total weight associated with the involved vertices. On the other hand, edge existence and edge weights could be chosen to be coupled in some way, but that requires actively placing assumptions on the nature of the relationships. In general, devising a procedure that preserves vertices' degrees and their total weights while randomizing the edges and weights is an open problem.
Other distributions over graph spaces
Lastly, we note other varieties of distributions over graph spaces that are sometimes employed as null models. Most of these models depart from configuration models in that the constraint to an exact degree sequence k = {k i } i∈V is relaxed. Often these models exhibit specified well-studied degree sequences in expectation.
The random graph model most closely related to configuration models is the Chung-Lu model [32]. Rather than being specified by a fixed degree sequence, the Chung-Lu model is parametrized by a sequence of expected degrees, and for most well-behaved degree sequences the model correctly samples graphs with these expected degrees.
In the context of producing simple graphs, one can also generate a graph via stub-matching and then remove all self-loops and/or multiedges that have been generated, a procedure called the erased configuration model or Molloy-Reed configuration model [102,109]. Deleting an edge necessarily changes the degree sequence, and thus this technique will not sample only graphs with the specified degree sequence. For sufficiently bounded degree sequences, it has been shown that asymptotically there will be only O(1) such deletions in large graphs [102]. Thus, when the degree sequence lacks large degrees and for applications robust to a small number of edge deletions, the erased configuration model may provide a suitable approximation to the uniform distribution over simple graphs.
A separate and significant literature on random graph null models studies ensembles of graphs that are the result of random growth processes. The Price model [39,40], also known as the preferential attachment model [8], generates random graphs with heavy-tailed degree sequences (though many other generative processes also generate such degree sequences [101,33]). Graphs generated by the Price model have very different structural properties than graphs generated by configuration models with the same expected degree sequence: asymptotically almost surely, graphs generated by the Price model are somewhere dense, while for the corresponding degree sequences, graphs generated by the erased configuration model (or Chung-Lu model) are nowhere dense (and in fact have bounded expansion, a stronger property) with high probability [42]. In other words, graphs that are common under one model are extremely rare under the other, and vice versa. Other network growth processes include uniform growth [23], again resulting in graphs with properties different from graphs grown under the Price model. For empirical graphs that may have resulted from a growth process, comparing the properties of the graph to the properties of an ensemble of random graphs generated from a growth model may be appropriate.
Many null models other than configuration models are sampled using Markov chains. For example, Markov chains can be constructed to sample graphs with fixed degree-degree correlations, specifically by specifying each sampled graph to have a fixed joint degree-degree matrix 13 [4,125,37]; direct sampling methods exist for this space as well [9]. There is a non-trivial relationship between graphs with fixed degree-degree matrices and connected graphs: connectivity imposes constraints on a degree-degree matrix, e.g. a connected graph of more than three vertices cannot have any degree-one-degree-one connections. Swaps that involve more edges (e.g. Figure 6(c)) have been tailored to attempt to satisfy more complex constraints such as a fixed number of triangles or fixed component sizes [130]. However, even many-edge swaps may fail to connect the space for some constraints. For instance, the space of graphs with a fixed number of triangles is disconnected, even for triple or quadruple edge swaps [110]. Another approach is to allow graphs which break some constraints, but bias edge swaps towards satisfying constraints, such as those used to sample graphs which satisfy constraints on the counts of arbitrary subgraphs of fixed size [112].
Exponential random graph models (ERGMs) furnish non-uniform distributions over graph spaces that increase the relative probability of observing certain structural properties, and are typically sampled using Markov chain methods [122], though the mixing times of these chains are sometimes known to be very poor [15,30]. ERGMs generally focus on simple graphs, though some recent work has extended ERGMs to multigraphs [43,77,29]; identifying differences between ERGMs specified in vertex-labeled vs. stub-labeled spaces is an open question. A different non-uniform triadic closure Markov Chain, related to the Strauss model (a specific ERGM) [128], has also been proposed and studied for its abilities to replicate empirical subgraph frequencies in social networks [132].
Lastly, there is an enormous literature on models of community structure in networks. The most prominent such model is the stochastic block model [67], which generalized the affiliation model [55]. The stochastic block model has also been adapted to model overlapping (mixed-membership) community structure [2], community structure in bipartite networks [80], and hierarchical community structure [114]. Other related graph null models include the degree-corrected stochastic block model [73] and the block two-level Erdős-Rényi (BTER) model [76]. The degree-corrected stochastic block model merges the stochastic block model with techniques from the Chung-Lu model to target an expected degree sequence.
Graph enumeration
Graph enumeration-counting the number of graphs within a space-relates directly to the uniform sampling problems discussed in this paper. Given a vertex-labeled graph G, we can calculate the number of stub-labeled graphs that are isomorphic to G, highlighting the difference in size and composition between stub-and vertex-labeled spaces, as shown, for example, in Figure 1.
By efficiently enumerating this correspondence, it is possible to use a simple reweighting scheme to convert a uniform sample taken from one graph space to a uniform sample under another graph space. While theoretically sound, this approach can fail dramatically in practice for many graph spaces. Graphs that are frequent in one distribution can be enormously different from the graphs that are frequent under the other distribution, meaning that unreasonably large sample sizes are required to overcome biases; see Section 5.1 for an illustration of this with an empirical degree sequence from a collaboration network.
Labeled graph spaces. The correspondence between vertex-labeled and stub-labeled graph enumerations is straightforward. For a vertex-labeled graph G = (V, E) with a degree sequence k = {k i }, we define q simple (G) as the number of stub-labeled simple graphs that correspond to a vertex-labeled simple graph G. The set of k i stubs for vertex i can be arranged in k i ! unique permutations, and this simple counting argument applied to the entire vertex set shows that: This count depends only on the degree sequence {k i } and not any other property of G. In other words, for a fixed degree sequence we see that each graph G in the vertex-labeled space has the same number of stub-labeled graphs that correspond to it. Notice that this is true of the two simple graphs examples in Figure 1(d,e). As a result, for simple graphs-and only for simple graphs-the relative sizes of the the isomorphism classes are the same in the vertex-labeled and stub-labeled spaces. Thus, an ensemble of random vertex-labeled simple graphs can be converted into a sample of stub-labeled simple graphs by randomly assigning stub-labels to each graph in the ensemble, and an ensemble of stub-labeled simple graphs can be regarded as a sample of vertex-labeled simple graphs by simply ignoring stub labels. For graphs with multiedges or self-loops, it is still possible to count the number of stub-labeled graphs that correspond to each vertex-labeled graph, but now the multiplicity depends on more than just the degree sequence. The quantities are derived by adjusting q simple (G), the numerator in each quantity, for the number of identical configurations involving multiedges and/or self-loops. Let w ij be the integer number of edges between vertices i and j. For a single self-loop w ii = 1, again counting the number of edges. The multiplicities for each space are then as follows: The conversion factors in the equations above can be enormous, illustrating that, as stated above, the graphs that are prevalent in one distribution can be extremely different from those that are prevalent in the other distribution. As a result, a conversion between stub-labeled and vertex-labeled spaces is an infeasible approach to sampling from the less easily sampled space.
Unlabeled graph spaces. For any enumeration related to the space of unlabeled graphs (isomorphism classes, see Figure 1(c), efficient counting is unfortunately infeasible. Let p simple (G) be the number of vertex-labeled simple graphs that correspond to an unlabeled graph G. It is well known that p simple (G) = n!/|Aut(G)|, where |Aut(G)| is the size of the automorphism group of G, i.e. the number of distinguishable vertex graph labelings. Determining |Aut(G)| is polynomial-time equivalent to determining if two vertex-labeled graphs in the group are isomorphic [93], making it as computationally difficult as the famous graph isomorphism problem [7], for which the best known algorithm is quasipolynomial. Enumerating the size of the isomorphism class for loopy graphs, multigraphs, and loopy multigraphs is at least as hard. Thus, there are no known practical and efficient means of transferring between unlabeled and labeled graph spaces.
This reasoning also tells us that any sampling method that could produce a uniform sample from the space of unlabeled graphs G with a specified degree sequence would furnish a way to count |Aut(G)|, and thus must take at least quasipolynomial time (unless graph isomorphism is in the complexity class P). It is therefore unlikely that the uniform distribution over unlabeled graphs will see a polynomial time direct sampler, or a Markov chain sampler with a polynomial mixing time.
Applications
In this section we use three real-world examples that demonstrate how a configuration model can be used as a null model, employing the sampling procedures outlined in Section 2, and how the choice of graph space can have substantial impact on hypothesis tests and scientific conclusions. The first example studies a graph of collaborations among researchers to show that the choice of null model graph space greatly impacts null distributions of degree correlations, leading to varying conclusions about the meaning of the observed degree correlation in the network. The second example studies a graph of interactions among barn swallows to show that the choice between vertex-labeled and stub-labeled spaces is non-trivial and directly impacts conclusions about the underlying animal behavior. Finally, the third example uses a graph of social support in South Indian villages to demonstrate that the vertex clusters found by modularity maximization, a popular community detection method traditionally based on the stub-labeled loopy multigraph configuration model, are sensitive to the choice of underlying graph space. Together, these examples illustrate the practical differences between graph spaces and show how the methods presented in this paper can be applied 14 .
Degree assortativity in a collaboration network
Degree assortativity measures the extent to which pairs of connected vertices tend to have similar degrees. This degree-degree correlation is an easily computable and single-valued summary of edge patterns in a graph, and it has been used to shed light on the organizational differences between broad categories of social, biological, and technological networks [105,106]. It is most commonly computed as the Pearson correlation between degrees of vertices that are connected in the network. It is defined as where µ k and σ 2 k are the mean and variance of the vertex degrees across stubs in the network. Positive degree-degree correlations (r > 0) are commonly interpreted as degree assortativity, while negative correlations (r < 0) are interpreted as degree disassortativity, but meaningful interpretations of r require that we first quantify the possibility that degree-degree correlations are solely a consequence of the specific degree sequence (see, for example, structural disassortativity described in [18]). In this application of configuration models, we show that not only does the choice of graph space dramatically shift the null distribution of degree-degree correlations, but that it can even affect the sign of the expected value of the correlation and effectively invert the conclusions drawn from hypothesis tests. Figure 7: Degree assortativity of the geometers collaboration network. Distributions of degree assortativity corresponding to configuration models over various graph spaces are shown in grey, and the degree assortativity of the geometers collaboration graph is shown in blue. The thick red border around the vertex-labeled multigraph panel indicates the space chosen by answering the three guiding questions listed in Section 1.5. For the spaces of multigraphs and loopy multigraphs, the configuration models uses the degree sequence of the multigraph collaboration network, while for the spaces of simple graphs and loopy graphs, the configuration models uses the degree sequences of the simplified collaboration network. Due to the fact that degree assortativity is a function of the graph adjacency matrix, distributions of assortativity over simple graphs (top row) are identical for both stub-and vertex-labeled spaces.
Degree assortativity is common in social networks, and collaboration networks are commonly thought to be no exception, due to collaborations between extremely productive researchers. Here we consider a collaboration network among computational geometry researchers, where vertices represent researchers and edges represent co-authorship on a paper or book. The data come from the Computational Geometry Database [72] and consist of 9,072 vertices and 22,577 edges. In a collaboration network a c-author publication induces a c-clique in the graph, because every pair of the c co-authors will share an edge, c(c − 1)/2 edges in total from a c-author publication. A collaboration network is naturally a multigraph since researchers often collaborate on multiple papers together, but there are no self-loops by construction.
In Section 1.5 and Figure 2, we listed and considered three questions to guide the choice of graph space, which we now answer in order. First, due to the construction of the collaboration graph, the network does not allow self-loops. Second, geometers can co-author multiple papers, so the network allows for multiedges. Third, the crossing of two edges in the multigraph is nonsensical-it is meaningless for author A's first collaboration with author B to be matched with author B's second collaboration with author A, and vice-versa-and therefore this collaboration network should be considered to be a vertex-labeled multigraph.
Although the collaboration network is a multigraph, a researcher might consider "simplifying" the observed network into the space of simple graphs by removing all duplicate edges between pairs of vertices, or equivalently thresholding all edge multiplicities at one. Although not applicable here, if the observed graph were to contain self-loops, an analogous removal of self-loops would be necessary to "simplify" the graph. Networks are sometimes simplified for convenience, stemming from a desire to analyze a binary simple graph using familiar tools. Simplification may also have a scientific basis, if, for example, the question of interest did not concern the number of relations between a pair of vertices but only whether or not any relation existed. Regardless, we demonstrate here that the decision to simplify can greatly impact conclusions. Figure 7 shows distributions of degree assortatitivity over the different configuration models described in this paper, where the correlations of the empirical graphs (the original and the simplified) are shown as blue dashed lines, and the null distributions based on correctly sampled configuration models (Section 2) are shown as grey probability densities. 15 Note immediately that many of the null distributions in Figure 7 have almost no overlap in their distributional mass, illustrating two key practical implications of null model selection. First, comparing the panels in each column illustrates a direct impact of the inclusion or exclusion of self-loops and/or multiedges. Second, comparing the panels in each row indicates that, although the space of vertex-labeled graphs is nested within the space of stub-labeled graphs, the frequency at which each vertex-labeled graph appears in the stub-labeled space is so dramatically non-uniform that the ranges of degree-degree correlations under each null distribution appear disjoint.
Most importantly, the null distribution differences shown in Figure 7 lead to conflicting study conclusions. All four stub-labeled configuration models-which our decision framework identify as incorrect models-suggest that the observed collaboration graph is far more assortative than a random graph with the same degree sequence. However, this conclusion is dramatically tempered when using the vertex-labeled multigraph configuration model that was identified by answering the three questions of Section 1.5. Furthermore, if one incorrectly allowed self-loops and sampled the space of vertex-labeled loopy multigraphs one might erroneously conclude that the collaboration network was slightly disassortative. The dramatic variation of degree-degree correlations among null models, shown in Figure 7, highlights the importance of correctly choosing a graph space, and avoiding the default null model of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs associated with straightforward stub matching.
Trait assortativity in a barn swallow interaction network
Trait assortativity measures the extent to which pairs of connected vertices tend to have similar scalar-valued traits. This pairwise correlation is calculated using the same formula as degree assortativity in Eq. (5), but with degrees replaced with trait values [105,106]. As with degree assortativity, measurements of trait assortativity provide clues as to how particular traits are related to the arrangement of a network's edges. And again, as with degree assortativity, large or small values of trait assortativity are uninterpretable without first understanding the distribution of values which might be observed by random chance. In this application of configuration models, we show once more that scientific conclusions are highly sensitive to the graph space chosen as a null model, applying the methods of this paper to a multigraph of interactions among barn swallows and a trait that quantifies the birds' plumage color.
Past studies have shown that plumage color of the Colorado barn swallow (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster ) is associated with reproductive success [120], but it is unknown if this is due to genetic incompatibility between birds of different colors or if it is due to the preferential mixing of birds by color. To investigate whether there is evidence that swallows preferentially interact with other swallows of similar color, we consider network and trait data describing a population of 17 Colorado barn swallows collected during the 2014 breeding season [86]. Each vertex in the network represents a swallow, and each edge represents an interaction: an interaction was recorded between bird pairs whenever their proximity tags registered a close encounter, with interactions aggregated over 15 hours and measured across three days [85,86]. Researchers also recorded the color of each bird's ventral plumage as a scalar, standardizing colors between bird sexes. To determine whether birds of similar color interacted more than one would expect by chance, while controlling for the fact that some birds have higher interaction counts than others, we compare the observed assortativity by color to the distribution of assortativity values for networks with identical degrees (i.e., interactions counts) but with their interactions randomized. We now apply the three questions of Section 1.5 and Figure 2 to guide the choice of null model graph space. First, due to the fact that a bird cannot interact with itself, the network does not allow for self-loops. Second, because pairs of swallows may interact multiple times during the data collection period, the network allows for multiedges. Third, the crossing of two edges in the multigraph is nonsensical due to their temporal ordering-it is meaningless for bird A's first interaction to be paired with bird B's second interaction, and vice-versa-and therefore this interaction network is a vertex-labeled multigraph.
As in the previous application, a slight change in the scientific question could change the graph space selected by the three questions. Specifically, if the researchers wished to determine whether birds of similar color tended to ever interact with each other, the network should be "simplified" by reducing all multiedges to single edges, creating a vertex-labeled simple graph in which an edge is present between any pair of swallows that interacted at any point during data collection. It is tempting to think that this simplification will not be impactful-after all, only 34% of interacting bird pairs interacted more than once, and only 11% interacted more than twice. However, we now show that this is not the case. Figure 8 shows color assortativity distributions for the simple graph configuration model and for vertex-labeled and stub-labeled multigraph configuration models, as well as p-values for the corresponding one-sided hypothesis tests testing for positive color assortativity (i.e. whether swallows of similar color preferentially interact). Thus, in each case the p-value is equal to the proportion of the null distribution graphs with assortativity values greater than the observed value; small p-values are indicative that the observed assortativity is noteworthy. Once more, the choice of configuration model has a substantial and significant impact on the null distributions of color assortativity. An analysis based on simple graphs would conclude that the presence or absence of interaction is significantly correlated with plumage color (p = 0.001). However, the related analysis based on vertex-labeled multigraphs-the analysis identified by the three questions from Section 1.5concludes that there is no evidence that the number of interactions is significantly correlated with plumage color (p = 0.852).
This application reveals another, more subtle aspect of choosing a graph space. Due to the fact that both degree and trait assortativity are computed as a Pearson correlation, it is often assumed that in the absence of correlations, i.e., when edges are placed at random, r = 0 [105], and that r > 0 and r < 0 indicate assortative and disassortative mixing patterns, respectively. However, as shown in Figures 7-8, zero is the incorrect point for comparison; the distribution of color assortativity in Figure 8 is centered around zero for only one of the three graph spaces shown. Moreover, the simplified network has a near-zero assortativity, indicated by the blue dashed line, yet when compared with its null distribution from a simple configuration model, it is clear that the interaction presence/absence (simple) network is significantly assortative by plumage color. Thus, the choice of configuration model affects not only the scientific hypothesis being tested and its conclusion, but also the baseline against which we should anchor our intuition for correlations in networks.
Community detection in a South Indian village social support network
Community detection is a fundamental task of network science in which the vertices are divided into groups (also called clusters or communities) based solely on the patterns of edges. Often, communities are defined as groups of vertices that are more densely connected to each other than one would expect by chance. Community detection provides a course-grained summary of the network which enables further study of its large-scale organization and may also reveal correlations between vertex attributes and global network structure. Partitions of vertices produced by community detection have been used in a wide variety of applications, including studies of large-scale online social network structure [82], evolutionary constraints of malaria parasites [79], and constructing experimental treatment groups for randomized controlled trials on networks [133]. There are many approaches to community detection in networks [54], with one of the most popular being modularity maximization [108]. Modularity measures the strength of community structure in a network for a particular division of the vertices into groups, and its maximization is based on the premise that communities are groups of vertices that are more densely linked to each other than one would expect by chance-that is, than one would expect, were the edges of the network arranged randomly. More precisely, modularity is the average difference between the observed network adjacency matrix A and its expectation E[A|k], under a configuration model null model, across all within-group edges in the network. In particular, modularity assumes a stublabeled loopy multigraph configuration model, for which the expected number of edges between any two vertices i and j, with degrees k i and k j , respectively, would be E stub l,m [A ij |k] = k i k j /2M . 16 The widely used modularity Q is therefore defined as where A is the network adjacency matrix, g i is the community assignment of vertex i, and δ is the Kronecker delta which restricts the sum to within-group edges. The null model of modularity maximization, as it is written above, is the space of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs, yet this space is not necessarily an appropriate null model for many real-world networks. Modularity is often used to analyze simple graphs, and this can lead to unexpected or undesirable community partitions [92,22]. If a simple graph is sufficiently large, sufficiently sparse, and its degree sequence is sufficiently bounded, then the expected number of edges between two vertices in the space of simple graphs is asymptotically the same as the expectation in the space of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs, i.e. E s [A ij |k] ≈ k i k j /2M [107] (where s denotes simple graphs). Thus, Eq. (6) will produce asymptotically correct values for simple graphs. However, for finite simple graphs, we lack guarantees about the accuracy of Eq. (6). The definitions and methods introduced in this paper now enable us to estimate these expectations to arbitrary accuracy by first identifying the correct graph space (Section 1.5) and then sampling from it appropriately (Section 2). We now show that the choice of configuration model, and in particular the choice of a vertex-labeled model, meaningfully changes the results of community detection.
For this investigation we analyzed a network of social support relationships in a pair of South Indian villages collected by Power [116]. The number of edges between two members of the villages corresponds to the number of different social supports between them. Due to the differential meaning of each support, for a pair who share m mutual supports, there are m possible ways these can be shared, not m!. Thus, the dataset indicates that it belongs to the space of vertex-labeled multigraphs by answering the questions of Section 1.5: self-loops are nonsensical, multiedges exist, and vertices are labeled but stubs are not.
In order to redefine modularity for an arbitrary graph null model, we rewrite the expected number of edges between two vertices of degree k and k as E[C k,k ]/n k n k , where n k is the number of vertices in the network with degree k and E[C k,k ] is the expected number of edges between all vertices of degrees k and k respectively under the specified null model. We then rewrite modularity in generic form, based on E[C k,k ], To change the null model, we need only change the distribution of graphs over which E[C k,k ] is defined. For most graph spaces, an analytical expression for E[C k,k ] is unknown, but by using the MCMC techniques of Section 2, we can estimate E[C k,k ] for any graph space discussed in this 16 Expectations over the Chung-Lu model [32] and expectations over the stub-labeled loopy multigraph configuration model are identical under a mild assumption on the skew of the degree distribution, that maxi,j kikj/ k ≤ 1. Thus, for stub-labeled loopy multigraphs, either model may be used to produce the estimate kikj/2M , but as we shall see, this is not the case for other graph spaces, for which the Chung-Lu model cannot be used.
paper. Specifically, for each sample graph, and for all degrees k and k in the degree sequence, we tally the number of edges between vertices of degrees k and k and then average these counts over all samples to estimate E[C k,k ]. Figure 9(a) shows the non-uniform differences between E[C k,k ] for the stub-labeled loopy multigraph and the vertex-labeled multigraph. In particular, edges between vertices with more disparate degrees are more common under the standard stub-labeled loopy multigraph space than the vertexlabeled multigraph space. As a result, the vertex-labeled multigraph modularity function favors grouping connected vertices with differing degrees more than the stub-labeled loopy multigraph modularity function. The vertex-labeled multigraph null model meaningfully changes the landscape of the modularity objective function, which we demonstrate by studying the behavior of two different modularity maximizing algorithms.
The first algorithm, based on the Kernighan-Lin algorithm, begins with a random partition of the network's vertices into a fixed number of communities. Then, a deterministic local search proceeds by sequentially proposing to move each vertex into each of the other communities. The proposal that most increases or least decreases modularity is accepted and a single full iteration is completed when every vertex has been forced to moved exactly once. The highest modularity partition from one iteration is then used to seed the next iteration, and the algorithm exits when a full iteration passes with no improvement.
For our investigation we recorded the final partition returned by the algorithm for K communities, where K = 2, 3, . . . , 10, beginning from 100 random initial partitions and using Eq. (6) as the objective function. Next, starting from the same 100 initial partitions, we recorded the final partitions using Eq. (7) as the objective function. The two objective functions produced different final partitions from the same initial partitions in a vast majority of cases for K > 2, as shown in Figure 9(b), and these differences were substantial, as indicated by a normalized mutual information in Figure 9(c) substantially below one. Additionally, we tested whether the locally maximum modularity partitions of one objective function's were also local maxima of the other function, and found that between 9% and 19% were not, indicating that the two null models are in disagreement about the locations of locally optimal partitions.
The second modularity maximization algorithm considered is a fully deterministic greedy algorithm that begins with each vertex in a community of its own. Then, at each step of the algorithm there is a proposal to merge every possible pair of communities, and the merger that most increases modularity is chosen [108]. This process is repeated sequentially until the vertices are all merged into a single community. From the resulting sequence of partitions and modularity values, we may either select the partition with the highest modularity score or select the partition with a desired number of communities.
In our investigation of the village social network using this greedy algorithm, the highest modularity partition using both Eqs. (6) and (7) had 10 communities. These two maximum modularity partitions were identical for both null models, yet partitions were identical at only 43% (335 of 782) of the agglomerative steps. Thus, while a majority of the algorithm's agglomerative choices differed by null model, a large fraction of partitions remained the same, and both models produced the same optimal partition with 10 communities.
Together, these tests show that modularity maximization, a community detection method based on a configuration model, is sensitive to the particular configuration model used in Eq. (7). While other algorithms for modularity-based community detection may explore the modularity surfaces using different means, the surfaces themselves are nevertheless distinct. In order to preserve interpretability of modularity maximization's results, practitioners should choose the correct graph space from which the observed network is plausibly drawn. NMI between Eq(6) and Eq(8) partitions Figure 9: Choice of configuration model space impacts modularity maximization. Modularity maximization identified communities in a social multigraph of 782 vertices under two configuration null models: stub-labeled loopy multigraphs [Eq. (6)] and vertex-labeled multigraphs [Eq. (7)]. (a) Non-uniform differences between the two null model matrices are colored as indicated; white space indicates that there were zero vertices of degree k. (b) Results of modularity maximization by deterministic local search (see text), starting from identical initial state but using the two different null models, differ for the vast majority of initial states and number of communities K, except the case of K = 2 communities for which 88% agreed. (c) Distributions of normalized mutual information (NMI), which measures similarity of partitions, show differences between the partitions found using the two null models.
Conclusions
Random graphs with fixed degree sequences appear across an enormous number of mathematical and scientific domains, and, until this point, uniform distributions of such graphs have commonly been called the configuration model. In this paper we showed that the concept of a random graph with a fixed degree sequence can be applied to eight overlapping, yet often meaningfully different graph spaces. We introduced three questions in Section 1.5 regarding the presence or absence of self-loops, multiedges, and stub labels, which can be used along with contextual knowledge of a real-world network to decide upon the most appropriate graph space. Three applications in Section 5 highlighted the particularly important distinction between stublabeled and vertex-labeled spaces. In particular, the use of a stub-labeled configuration model in place of its vertex-labeled counterpart inverted the conclusions of degree-correlation hypothesis tests and changed the optimization landscape for community detection. Simply put, stub-and vertex-labeled spaces are not interchangeable. Simple and non-simple configuration models are not interchangeable either. Although there are widely known asymptotic conditions under which the space of stub-labeled loopy multigraphs contains few graphs with self-loops or multiedges [102], many graphs analyzed in practical contexts are simply too small or too dense to lean on these asymptotic results.
As part of our work, we presented three Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithms and proved that they can be used to generate graphs uniformly from the eight graph spaces discussed. To that end, pseudocode and Python implementations are provided, as used in the three applications of Section 5. However, as with most algorithms, there are tradeoffs. While these MCMC approaches are proven to uniformly sample from the desired graph space, rigorous mixing time bounds have not been established, and we look forward to future mixing time investigations.
Throughout this paper we discussed and reviewed the wide and disparate history of configuration models and their sampling techniques, drawing on literature from sociology, ecology, combinatorics, statistics, and physics. Many results regarding configuration models have been discovered multiple times, in part due to the deep and scattered literature, and in part due to the fact that that there exist various names given to the same set of models, and one name given to multiple different models. It is therefore our hope that the results and summaries in this paper help to clarify and refine the study of configuration models, their graph spaces, and their applications.
Supplementary Materials: Algorithm 3
This algorithm uniformly samples vertex-labeled graph spaces more efficiently than Algorithm 2 by computing both the forward and reverse probabilities of any double-edge swap according to the cases in Figure 5. It then down-samples the higher probability swap to have the same probability as the lower probability swap, accelerating mixing.
Algorithm 3 vertex-labeled MCMC
Require: initial graph G 0 , graph space (simple graph, multigraph, or loopy multigraph) Ensure: sequence of graphs G i for i < number of graphs to sample do choose two distinct edges (u, v) and (x, y) uniformly at random if U nif (0, 1) < 0.5 then u, v ← v, u end if if edge swap would leave the graph space then resample current graph: G i ← G i−1 end if if ∃ 4 distinct vertices in u, v, x, y then SwapsT o ← w uv w xy SwapsF rom ← (w ux + 1)(w vy + 1) else if ∃ 3 distinct vertices in u, v, x, y then if u = v or x = y then SwapsT o ← 2w uv w xy SwapsF rom ← (w ux + 1)(w vy + 1) else SwapsT o ← w uv w xy SwapsF rom ← 2(w ux + 1)(w vy + 1) end if else if ∃ 2 distinct vertices in u, v, x, y then if only one of (u, v) or (x, y) is a self-loop then G i ← G i−1 continue else if both (u, v) and (x, y) are self-loops then SwapsT o ← 2w uu w xx SwapsF rom ← 1 2 (w ux + 2)(w ux + 1) else SwapsT o ← 1 2 w uv (w uv − 1) SwapsF rom ← 2(w uu + 1)(w vv + 1) end if else SwapsT o ) if U nif (0, 1) < P then swap (u, v), (x, y) (u, x), (v, y) to produce G i else G i ← G i−1 end if end for Four species of graphs lived on the last page, The wise old mulooph was the most cited sage.
To her left, the muraph, no loop-looping bow, The second key graph in the modeling show.
Yet all was not well with the old grumpy grimple, Since basic stub matching just can't make graphs simple.
Last graph of the four, an elusive young looph, Whose counterexample demands a new proof.
Each graph in its space, with uniform frequence, A place for each case-and with fixed degree sequence! "Don't cry because it's over. Smile because it happened." -Dr. Seuss | 14094707 | 23,632 |
> But if the only way to use it is for medical expenses then why is it so beneficial especially if you don’t have many medical expenses or if you’re not close to older age where you’d have medical ailments?
1. You can reimburse those expenses at any time. Have a doctors visit today, but take the money out of the HSA 10 years later.
2. So you have more money to cover medical expenses when you are older or do have issues.
> Also what growth?? My HSA doesn’t grow unless I put money in it.
You need to invest it and not just leave it sitting in the cash side of your HSA. | ae6dc49429a144449aa3054763649f4b | 155 |
There’s no need to rest these steaks as you would with thicker cuts. They also make great nibbles if you’re feeding a crowd.
1. Braai the steaks over medium coals for about 2 minutes per side.
2. To make the harissa cauliflower salad, mix the dressing, then toss with the cauliflower and celery. Serve with the hot steaks.
| https://taste.co.za/recipes/shisanyama-style-chuck-with-harissa-cauliflower-salad/ | 86 |
Ok I purchased 17 acres last year..It is all timber and I dozed in about a 1/2 acre and put in a Alpha-Rack Plus plot...Worked AWESOME till the frost hit second weekend of season..Now hardly anything will touch it..I've been told that a frost does something to the alfalfa and clover that makes it less desireable to the deer...So I'm planning on dozing in more this spring and getting it ready for a fall plot...Looking at Buck Oats, Winter Wheat, and some Brassicas...I really like the brassicas but have been told once it is gone it is gone..So I want something that will continue to regrow and bring them in for late season hunting...What have you had better/best experiences with and what size plots have they been?? Mine will be small in the 1/2-1/4 acre size...
I like winter rye (the grain) for fall plots. It grows faster than winter wheat, stays green late, needs little fertilizer, tolerates low pH, and provides early spring food to deer here in the north. In IL, you should be able to plant it in early October and still get good results. The negatives, you will need to spray it with roundup the next spring if you plan to plant a summer plot. | https://www.huntingnet.com/forum/wildlife-management-food-plots/310263-what-fall-plot.html | 275 |
On a recent mild morning, Jacob Hamilton was outside on the porch in his pajamas, taking in the view while enjoying a cup of coffee — something he could never have done before moving to Redding, Conn.
Mr. Hamilton, 38, and his wife, Kathleen Hamilton, 32, had been living in a bustling complex by the train station in Darien since they married a year and a half ago, in a two-bedroom townhouse that was too small for their newly blended family of three children, now ages 12, 9 and 8. When Ms. Hamilton became pregnant, the couple began house-hunting in nearby towns. “We wanted to be where there were great schools, more woods and less people,” Ms. Hamilton said.
Ms. Hamilton is a social worker at Hope Academy, a special education school in Orange, Conn.; Mr. Hamilton is a salesman for The Chefs’ Warehouse in the Bronx. Last July, they closed on a 2,460-square foot, four-bedroom colonial in Redding, built in 1973 on 2.6 acres. They paid $368,500 — “quite a steal for the area,” Ms. Hamilton said.
The Hamiltons were drawn to Redding by the same thing other like-minded residents prize: the expanses of glorious open space. With approximately 9,300 people spread across 31.5 square miles, Redding is one of Fairfield County’s most rural and least densely populated towns. Narrow roads meander through forests and meadows, past splashing brooks, old stone walls and an occasional waterfall.
Nearly 38 percent of Redding is protected land. Some pieces are town- or state-owned, some are watershed properties surrounding the Saugatuck Reservoir, and 1,700 acres were acquired by the robust Redding Land Trust, established in 1965 to preserve the town’s natural beauty.
The remainder of Redding is primarily residential. Marking the middle, Redding Center is a small historic area where the Town Hall sits on the town green. The West Redding neighborhood, in the northwest corner, contains the Metro-North Railroad station and a few shops. Redding’s southwest corner is in a district called Georgetown, where portions of Redding, Wilton, Ridgefield and Weston meet.
There, in the Redding section, stands the abandoned Gilbert & Bennett wire factory, which operated in the 19th and 20th centuries before going bankrupt. Several redevelopment plans for the 55-acre campus have been thwarted, and the town is currently attempting to eliminate the property’s debt. “Our goal is for it to be sold and developed in a manner that is consistent with the needs and character of our town,” said Julia Pemberton, Redding’s first selectman.
The Norwalk River cuts through the site. “One day, there may be a wonderful pedestrian walkway along the water,” Ms. Pemberton said. “I can envision that.”
What You’ll Find
Homes in Redding are predominantly single-family, most on lots two acres or larger (the town enacted two-acre zoning in 1953). Styles are an interspersed mix. “You have colonials, Capes, farmhouses, ranches and every manner of antique, from Federals to Greek revivals to saltboxes,” said Roni Agress, a sales associate with William Pitt Sotheby’s International Realty.
John Ford, Redding’s assessor, said there are 3,025 single-family homes, as well as 45 multifamily homes, two small condominium complexes and a luxury senior living community with 332 apartments. There are no rental or cooperative complexes.
What You’ll Pay
“Before the 2008 downturn, you couldn’t find a house in Redding for under $500,000,” said Margi Esten, a broker with Coldwell Banker Residential Real Estate. “Now you can. But the bulk of our houses sell for between $600,000 and $1,000,000, and we go up from there.”
As of March 9, Ms. Esten said, there were 81 single-family homes on the market. The least expensive was a 1,020-square-foot, two-bedroom cottage, built in 1968 on 4.09 acres, listed at $349,000. The most expensive, priced at $4,850,000, was a 9,242-square-foot, six-bedroom colonial, with pool and tennis court, built in 1907 on 10.01 acres.
The median sales price for single-family homes during the 12-month period ending March 9, 2018, was $490,000, down from $537,500 during the previous 12 months.
The Vibe
Dubbed “the Vermont of Connecticut,” Redding is crisscrossed by more than 66 miles of trails frequented by hikers, cross-country skiers and horseback riders. The town is home to Collis P. Huntington and Putnam Memorial State Parks; New Pond Farm, a 102-acre environmental education center; and the town-owned Topstone Park, where residents gather in the summer to swim and kayak in a sandy-shored lake.
The community also gathers for weekly summertime Concerts on the Green, the annual daylong Rock’n Roots music festival in July and various programs at the Mark Twain Library, including a huge annual book fair.
While Redding has no downtown, shopping abounds in Ridgefield and Westport, about 20 minutes away. The closest movie theater is Bethel Cinema, six miles north in Bethel. The closest supermarket is Caraluzzi’s, in Georgetown.
Dining options include the popular Redding Roadhouse, the family-owned Spinning Wheel and several Georgetown establishments. One of them, Redding Beer Company, is partnering with the Land Trust in a display of commitment to open space; it will produce a special release called Spruced Up Ale, made from local spruces, with a percentage of sales donated to the Land Trust.
The Schools
Redding is part of the Easton Reading and Region 9 (ER9) tri-district school system, which consists of the Redding School District and Easton School District’s elementary and middle schools and the Region 9 School District, Joel Barlow High School, shared by students from Redding and neighboring Easton. Children from Redding attend Redding Elementary for prekindergarten through grade 4 and John Read Middle School for grades 5 through 8.
Redding Elementary was named a 2015-2017 National PTA School of Excellence. Thomas H. McMorran, ER9’s superintendent of schools, said that on the Redding district’s 2017 fourth-grade state assessments, 85.7 percent met English standards and 87.8 percent met math standards; statewide equivalents were 54.1 and 50 percent. For Barlow’s 2017 graduating class, mean SAT scores were 590 in evidence-based reading and writing and 580 in math; statewide means were 530 and 512.
The Commute
Commuters to Manhattan, 62 miles southwest, can catch the Danbury spur of Metro-North Railroad’s New Haven line at either the West Redding station or, about five miles south, the Branchville station, just across Redding’s western border, in Ridgefield. Four direct rush-hour trains run to and from Grand Central Terminal; travel ranges from 93 to 111 minutes. At other times, commuters must transfer in South Norwalk or Stamford. Monthly fare from both stations is $388.
The History
In 1908, when Samuel L. Clemens, a.k.a. Mark Twain, moved from Manhattan to Redding, he found that his newly built villa couldn’t accommodate all his books. So he donated the overflow — about 3,000 volumes — to the town and enlisted the townspeople to raise funds to construct a library to house them.
Money was gathered, an effort spearheaded by Clemens and his daughter Jean, who also came to Redding. She died in 1909, and Clemens in 1910, several months before the Jean L. Clemens Memorial Building — the original Mark Twain Library — was completed and stocked with Clemens’s books.
Since then, the library’s space has quadrupled; its holdings now include more than 50,000 items, and its walls are inscribed with Twain quotes. The 1910 building is used as a meeting room where, in a locked cabinet, 300 of Clemens’s books remain. | 063893128a81095e73c9fc44aad46c59 | 1,814 |
Arthur Pendragon (also known as Wart) is the main protagonist from Disney's 1963 feature film The Sword in the Stone. In the film, Arthur is an orphan boy who becomes King of England. He was voiced by three voice actors (Rickie Sorensen, Richard Reitherman, and Robert Reitherman), which leads to noticeable changes in Arthur's voice throughout the film.
Arthur Pendragon is a 10-year-old orphan who lives as the foster son of the Knight Sir Ector. He has blond hair, and is considered to be very scrawny and clumsy. Arthur dreams of becoming a knight but, since he is an orphan, he can only hope to become a squire to his arrogant foster brother, Sir Kay. At the time of the film, he is working as a page. Sir Ector appears to care for the boy to an extent, but he still tends to favor Kay and thus raises Arthur much more strictly. Kay, however, openly shows disdain for Arthur, and even at the end, appears somewhat reluctant to accept Arthur as King. Almost everyone refers to him as Wart rather than his birthname of Arthur. In fact, his real name is rarely mentioned throughout the film, once by Wart himself, and later when he is revealed as the rightful King of England. As his name suggests, Wart is based on the legendary King Arthur of English mythology.
The Wart accompanies his foster brother, Kay, on a hunting trip. After accidentally distracting Kay, the Wart goes to retrieve Kay's lost arrow and ends up in the home of Merlin, a powerful wizard. While enjoying tea with Merlin, Merlin speaks to the Wart about the value of an education and appoints himself as Wart's tutor. Wart returns to Sir Ector's castle with Merlin and is sent to the kitchen as punishment for worrying Sir Ector. Sir Pelinore, a friend of Sir Ector's, arrives with news of a tournament, with the English crown as a prize. Sir Ector decides that Kay can be knighted in time to participate. Ector also appoints the Wart as Kay's future squire for the tournament, which is to be held in London. The next day, Wart accompanies Merlin on his first lesson. Merlin turns them both into fish and, at first, everything goes smoothly. Wart is soon chased by a large pike and manages to outsmart the pike at first. Thankfully, Wart is saved by Merlin's owl Archimedes. The adventure teaches Wart the value of brain over brawn. When Wart is transformed back, he rushes to the kitchen, where Ector gives him 6 demerits; 3 for being late, and 3 after telling the true story of his lesson. Later, Wart is being forced to clean an entire kitchen as a result of his punishment. Merlin enchants the dishes to wash themselves and sneaks Wart out for another lesson. This time, the lesson is about gravity and (in an unexpected twist) male-female relationships; for this lesson, Wart is transformed into a squirrel and meets up with a female squirrel, who wants him as a mate. As Wart attempts to escape the amorous squirrel, he is put in danger of being eaten by a wolf. Wart is saved thanks to the female squirrel, but he is then transformed back into a boy. Though he tries to explain, the female squirrel is heartbroken. Back at the castle, Sir Ector begins reprimanding Merlin for using what he believes to be black magic on the kitchen. Wart tries to defend Merlin, but Ector piles more demerits on the boy and finally punishes him by both revoking his chances of making the trip to London and by making an unseen boy groom, Hobbs, Kay's squire in Wart's place. Merlin sees Wart's disappointment and apologizes, but notes that Wart could still make something of himself through an education. Merlin then takes time to explain different concepts about how the world works, but Wart becomes so confused that Archimedes takes over Wart's education. After finding out that Wart is illiterate, Archimedes teaches the Wart to read and write. During a break, Merlin takes time to demonstrate a model airplane. Though the demonstration doesn't work, Wart is impressed anyway and relates his dream of flying to Merlin. While Wart is talking, Merlin transforms him into a sparrow. Wart then goes out flying with Archimedes. The flight goes well at first, as the Wart proves to be a natural at flying but, during the flight, Wart is chased by a hawk and, in escaping, ends up falling though the chimney of Madam Mim, Merlin's enemy. Though Madam Mim attempts to show Wart that her magic, which is self-serving, is better than Merlin's, Wart disagrees and so Madam Mim transforms into a cat and attempts to eat the Wart. Merlin's student is saved by the intervention of Merlin and Wart later observes the Wizard's Duel between the two wizards. As a result, Wart learns the value of knowledge and wisdom, as Merlin won by outsmarting Mim. At Christmastime, Wart is reinstated as Kay's squire out of necessity (as Hobbs had come down with mumps). Wart is pleased, as he feels it is his only opportunity to advance. Merlin is angered that Wart still prefers war games over education and so the wizard teleports himself (quite unintentionally) to 20th century Bermuda. On New Year's Day, Wart accompanies Sir Ector and a newly knighted Kay to the tournament. Everything is going smoothly when Wart realizes that he forgot Kay's sword at the inn. In an attempt to find a replacement, Wart pulls a magic sword from a stone that was in an old churchyard. When the Wart brings the sword, it is immediately recognized as the legendary Sword in the Stone, which is supposed to only be pulled by the rightful king of England. All the knights at the tournament force the Wart to repeat the process, but before he can do so, they attempt to pull it out, under the reasoning that anyone can pull it a 2nd time. Pelinore and a knight called Sir Bart stop the other knights and allow Wart to pull the sword. He does so successfully, and everyone bows to him as the new King of England. Sir Ector takes the opportunity to beg the Wart's forgiveness. The crows ask for the boy's name, and Sir Ector almost calls the boy Wart, before correcting himself and calling the boy Arthur for the first time. Time passes and Wart, now crowned King Arthur, feels unprepared for the responsibility of ruling a country. With the assistance of Archimedes, he attempts to run away, but every exit is blocked by cheering crowds. Merlin then unexpectedly returns from Bermuda and is pleased to see that Wart is now King Arthur and relates how famous the boy will become in the future.
King Arthur appeared about twice in House of Mouse.
In "Ask Von Drake" In The Ludwig Von Drake Song, where King Arthur, Merlin, Sir Kay, and Madam Mim are trying to pull the sword out of the stone.
Retrieved from "https://characters.fandom.com/wiki/Arthur_Pendragon?oldid=124874" | https://characters.fandom.com/wiki/Arthur_Pendragon | 1,524 |
OnePlus is now gearing up for providing the major update for its Nord users, similarly as they did for the OnePlus 8 and OnePlus 8 Pro series.
The OnePlus software updates have always come in a fashion that aligns closely with its ideologies, listening to what the people and users have to say. With the Nord devices, greater things are coming!
The brand has released major software updates in three stages; Closed Beta, Open Beta, and the Final Release.
OnePlus recently announced the registrations for the Closed Beta update through its official forum channel. One would have to fill a SurveyMonkey form to register for the closed beta update.
OnePlus has also warned the users that the update might require occasional flashing builds, resulting in data loss.
The primary purpose for the Closed Beta is for OnePlus to get a hold off the bugs and errors in the initial software update and give them a chance to work on them before the official update, or even before the first Open Beta is released.
Furthermore, the Closed Beta program is usually for the OnePlus employees and its community members’ elite crew.
The OnePlus Nord Closed Beta program is available for users in the United States, although they opted not to purchase the phone, according to a report by hot hardware.
As the name suggests, the said beta update is not for every user, and only select people would get the chance to experience the OxygenOS based on Android 11 on their OnePlus Nord before others.
There are specific requirements so one can be enlisted as a Closed Beta tester. As per OnePlus, they only need 200 users for the testing.
The brand claims that the forthcoming testings are the highest number of participators, but records show that OnePlus accepted an estimated 250 Beta program testers for OnePlus 7T and OnePlus 8 series.
Therefore, owning the OnePlus Nord is not enough to hope for qualification as a Closed Beta tester.
According to a 9to5 Google report, it is an alas to get accepted as a tester if one is an active member of the OnePlus community. Also, the user must be willing to send data reports to the company during their usage of the Beta update, keep the company in the loop should anything will go wrong.
Another vital thing is that once accepted; the tester will have to sign a Non-Disclosure Agreement to protect the update to be made known to the public.
| https://micky.com.au/oneplus-to-roll-out-closed-beta-testings-for-nord-devices/ | 486 |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: remove: avoid "Cannot convert undefined or null to object" error
username_0: When trying to remove an unexisting doc by his id, this.get() return null.
But Null is an object so "Parameter is not an object" error is not trigger,
Then hasOwnProperty.call throw error "Cannot convert undefined or null to object" rather than throw expected error "Object is not a document stored in the collection"
<issue_comment>username_0: @techfort hmm do you want a PR with a unit test perhaps ? | 804486 | 137 |
What follows are the fast affiliate ratings from Nielsen for Tuesday, January 7. Note: These ratings are time period based (and are, therefore, only approximate).
Where is there a show on the CW called The Blacklist? That is an NBC/SONY show which airs on Friday Nights & is on hiatus now. Get your names straight. | https://programminginsider.com/tuesday-rating-night-one-of-the-jeopardy-tournament-of-champions-ignites-abc/ | 70 |
<reponame>goparrot/nestjs-pubsub-event-bus
import type { LoggerService } from '@nestjs/common';
import type { BindingQueueOptions } from './BindingQueueOptions';
import type { ExchangeOptions } from './ExchangeOptions';
import type { IConsumerOptions } from './IConsumerOptions';
import type { PublishOptions } from './PublishOptions';
import type { PubsubExchangeType } from './PubsubExchangeType';
interface ICqrsModuleOptionsConfig {
exchange?: ExchangeOptions;
consumer?: IConsumerOptions;
producer?: PublishOptions;
bindings?: BindingQueueOptions;
}
export interface ICqrsModuleOptions {
connections: string[];
exchangeType?: PubsubExchangeType;
config?: ICqrsModuleOptionsConfig;
/**
* If "true", registers `CqrsModule` as a global module.
* See: https://docs.nestjs.com/modules#global-modules
*/
isGlobal?: boolean;
logger?: LoggerService;
}
| 326058 | 291 |
Big power without good brakes, chassis, suspension, tyres, lower weight and downforce means nothing. If you can hit 200 before corners but you can't slow down to the speed you go round them there is no point in having that power. Cornering speeds are the main differentiator round a track and why cars like the huracan, viper acr, ariel atom etc are ridiculously quick round tracks despite having relatively modest power (compared to similar times in far more powerful cars).
Look at F1 - where do the massive reductions in times come from? They can take corners at *absurd* speeds:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDYH8gsNga4
130R at 192mph/308kph at its slowest point (1:15) dropping only 7kph from the top speed down the straight. Can other cars go faster down a straight? Absolutely, didn't even hit 200mph down the back straight.
Another cornering speed demo:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhVTpTeitZA
Which is more than [6g](https://youtu.be/OR5Tjfpi-Kg?t=51s) through that corner (6.5g in the mercedes, best car on the grid overall).
Cornering speeds are king. Slow down less, maintain higher speed through the corner and accelerate sooner out of it from that higher speed. | 6bf6a2d3a58e4c96a89ad14439e4caea | 318 |
The Little Hearts Infinity is worked flat in a simple colorwork design. It is finished by grafting the ends together with Kitchener stitch for a seamless join. The pattern includes full written, charted and video instruction.
I'm making this for my 8 year old niece so I have to do a little finagling to miniaturize it but I'm so excited to give her the matching scarf and hat set, and the chunky yarn means this is a fast knit!
Such a sweet pattern. I'm going to enjoy knitting and wearing this. Thank you so much for including written directions, not just charts! | https://www.kniftyknittingsshop.com/listing/735944135/knitting-pattern-fair-isle-scarf-pattern | 126 |
We’re big fans of Buzzfeed’s animal videos. Admittedly, sometimes they get the best of us when we’re trying to get work done at Fitdog. But can you really blame us?
We sorted through all of the Facebook posts and compiled Buzzfeed’s best animal videos, so you can watch to your heart’s content. No matter what kind of dogs you love, you can find joy in these video compilations.
These big lovers gained a bad rap over the years for their unfair portrayal in movies. But we know them to be smart, loving, and athletic!
These fluffs are so irresistible, I might just buy a farm so I can have all the Old English Sheepdogs.
Move over Snoopy, because Beagles are actually so cute in real life!
Do labs even need an introduction? One of the most popular dog breeds probably ever, labs have been stealing hearts for decades.
We love how Buzzfeed ran with the idea that Rotties have a stigma following them. Prefacing the video with “The Rumors Are True” pokes fun at the ridiculous reputation that Rottweilers have as being inherently vicious. If you need any more convincing that Rotts are just as loving as any other dog, just watch for yourself!
This video captures the Corgi spirit wonderfully. These goofs are always trying their hardest to have a good time, even if the results are painful.
Border Collies are so smart, and sometimes too smart for their own good.
Shetland Sheepdogs, AKA Shelties, are so regal, don’t you think?
Doodles are like the really fun friend of the group. They always bring the party and love having fun!
What dog breed video compilation would you like to see Buzzfeed make next? Let us know in the comments!
Not to be taken in the place of veterinary advice. Consult your vet if you're concerned your dog is suffering from a bone-related illness. Dogs and bones are a legendary duo. While it's true that dogs may enjoy chewing on... | https://www.fitdog.com/blog/buzzfeed-best-animal-videos/ | 442 |
I like taking photos. To take photo is the best way to stop the life or to picture the life going on without stopping.
In the pictures as the years pass you can see all changes of the places where you have lived or changes on your friends living in those places.
ugursarak is a favorite of 3 members. | http://en.trekearth.com/members/ugursarak/ | 67 |
You look at the forecast and see sub-zero temperatures are coming your way. What does that mean for your pipes? Frozen pipes are no homeowner’s idea of a good time. Avoid a worst-case scenario by learning how to protect outdoor faucets from freezing and causing serious problems for your home’s plumbing.
You can freeze-proof your outdoor faucets and protect pipes from freezing or bursting. Keep reading for simple steps you can take to ensure your outdoor plumbing is safe, even on the coldest days of the winter.
While most of the pipes in a home are insulated from the cold and get heat from your HVAC system, pipes connected to any outdoor faucets are vulnerable to freezing conditions. Any time the outside temperature dips below freezing, there’s a chance the water inside the pipes will freeze, expand, and potentially lead to burst pipes and water damage in your home.
The good news is you can avoid a call for emergency plumbing due to frozen pipes by simply learning to freeze-proof outdoor faucets.
Remove the garden hose from the faucet in the fall.
By taking this proactive step before freezing weather arrives, you’ll be ahead of the game and can avoid having to run outside to stow the hose in the middle of an ice storm.
Typically, you will find this valve several feet from the outside wall. Turn the handle to the valve in a clockwise motion until it stops. If it has a lever handle, turn the lever until it is perpendicular to the pipe.
Drain any residual water from the faucet and pipe.
This will ensure there isn’t any water left behind after shutting off the valve that could freeze and expand. If water continues to trickle out, even after you’ve shut off the upstream valve, replace the leaky valve.
Install an outdoor faucet protector.
A foam faucet cover offers an additional layer of protection to freeze-proof your faucet and pipes. You can find an inexpensive cover from hardware stores or online. Make sure the cover is securely in place over the faucet.
Insulate the pipe leading up to the faucet.
Purchase foam insulation to cover any exposed plumbing connected to the outdoor faucet.
Install a freeze-proof faucet.
If you’d rather not go through the hassle of properly winterizing your outdoor faucet and pipes each year, you can install a freeze-proof or frost-free faucet. Designed to function in freezing temperatures, a frost-free faucet will enable you to continue using the faucet year-round.
Whether you need professional assistance installing a freeze-proof outdoor faucet, or you require emergency plumbing services due to frozen or burst pipes, the local experts at Mr. Rooter Plumbing are here to help. We offer friendly, professional plumbing services to keep your home’s plumbing in optimal working condition—no matter what the winter weather throws your way.
Call |||PHONE_NUMBER||| today to connect with your local Mr. Rooter Plumbing location, or schedule an appointment online.
Need help with snow removal this winter? Contact The Grounds Guys for reliable snow plowing service. As part of the Neighborly family of home service providers, you can trust The Grounds Guys to surpass your snow and ice management expectations. | https://www.mrrooter.com/about/blog/2020/january/how-to-protect-outdoor-faucets-from-freezing/ | 704 |
GAS TO ELECTRIC WATER HEATER CONVERSION – DUNBARPLUMBING.COM – NORTHERN KENTUCKY – Here is some information regarding how we resolve an issue with a gas water heater we initially installed that was not properly drawing exhaust gases from the water heater. Since the situation was incorrectly operating, the customer decided not to continure forward with new flue ducting and instead went with switching to an electric water heater.
In this process, the gas water heater had to be removed, gas line capped off. A creation of a circuit inside the breaker panel was the step taken to provide the correct connection to the water heater. Home depot or “GE” water heaters are rated at 4500 upper/lower watt elements that will require 10-2 wiring back to the panel, along with a 30 double pole breaker. Most water heaters are set up to operate at 220 which is 2-110 feeds.
For more information about this water heater installation please go to
[HPGE] | c68da06037c4edcf74ea8f20742211bb | 212 |
Sam Stanley is the latest player to sign for Ealing Trailfinders ahead of their return to the Greene King IPA Championship.
The 23-year-old fly-half or centre signs for the club from England Sevens and is the second player to sign from Twickenham after wing Callum Wilson joined two weeks ago.
“With their promotion to the Championship it gave me the chance to get back to playing 15s after playing sevens for the last year, ” Stanley said.
Stanley played in four tournaments for the England Sevens side – Tokyo, Hong Kong, Glasgow and Port Elizabeth. He previously came through the Saracens Academy and played for England U18.
The Essex-born player is also part of one of rugby’s largest dynasties. His uncle ‘Smokin’ Joe Stanley played centre for the 1987 World Cup winning New Zealand side. Sam’s brother Mike has won three caps for Samoa, his cousin Winston Stanley has recently signed for Harlequins and another cousin, Benson Stanley, plays for Clermont Auvergne.
“We are delighted that Sam has joined us, ” Director of Coaching Ward said. “He has a strong grounding in rugby and the fact he has played sevens means he will adapt quickly to our style of play. | debc8174bd20f35705e75c8799c5844d | 275 |
Celebrate Black History Month with These Children's Books
Updated: May 25
Read aloud our list of black history books with your kids to learn about important figures in history! Each is an excellent historical book about prominent Black figures from the past and present, and most are easily digestible for a younger audience and great for reading aloud at home or with your classroom.
Dream Big, Little One
Vashti Harrison (Ages 0-3).
Follow Your Dreams, Little One
Vashti Harrison (Ages 0-3).
Who Was Martin Luther King, Jr.?
Lisbeth Kaiser, Stanley Chow (Ages 0.
The ABCs of Black History
Rio Cortez, Lauren Semmer (Ages 5+). It’s an ABC book like no other, and a story of hope and love.
Mae Among the Stars
Roda Ahmed, Stasia Burrington (Ages 4+)
A great classroom and bedtime read-aloud, Mae Among the Stars is the perfect book for young readers who have big dreams and even bigger hearts. Little Mae’s curiosity, intelligence, and determination, matched with her parents' encouraging words––If you believe it, and work hard for it, anything is possible––paved the way for her incredible success at NASA as the first African American woman to travel in space. This book will inspire other young girls to reach for the stars, to aspire for the impossible, and to persist with childlike imagination.
Hidden Figures: The True Story of Four Black Women and the Space Race
Margot Lee Shetterly, Laura Freeman (Ages 4+)
Dorothy Vaughan, Mary Jackson, Katherine Johnson, and Christine Darden were good at math…really good. They participated in some of NASA's greatest successes, like providing the calculations for America's first journeys into space. In this beautifully illustrated picture book, we explore the story of four female African American mathematicians at NASA and how they overcame barriers to succeed in a highly challenging STEM-based career.
Harlem Grown: How One Big Idea Transformed a Neighborhood
Tony Hillery, Jessie Hartland (Ages 4+). | ae14b6628044fa2ad14e9dc9c8a94edc | 450 |
I was just made aware of this story featured in the Ottawa Citizen last month, titled "A Gay Jock Takes off the Mask."
four. He played football, basketball, softball and hockey.
And he had a secret."
And he had a hard time admitting to himself that he is gay, so his coming-out story is one of survival.
Here is his coming-out story on YouTube and his dad's side of things. His mom speaks, too, and so do his brother and sister. He asked his whole family if they had suspected anything. They all said no, although the ladies say that deep down it makes sense: they knew in retrospect.
I really like this story because it's evidence that being gay is not just an individual thing — though obviously one's sexuality is very intimate and personal — but it is also a family affair. Especially when you're a kid or teen coming out, because a kid needs that acceptance and support.
| https://www.dailyxtra.com/a-gay-jock-and-his-family-25097 | 198 |
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Case study six sigma at 3m inc
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The Lyric presents the UK Premiere of Ferdinand von Schirach’s thrilling courtroom drama. A worldwide phenomenon that has been stirring debate across the globe. The production is directed by the Lyric’s Artistic Director, Sean Holmes and designed by Olivier Award-winner Anna Fleischle.
Tanya Moodie (Intimate Apparel – Olivier Nomination; Park Theatre; Fences – Duchess) plays the Presiding Judge, Ashley Zhangazha (Truth and Reconciliation – Royal Court; A Raisin in the Sun – Sheffield Crucible/Eclipse) plays the pilot on trial, Lars Koch. Emma Fielding plays Prosecuting Counsel Nelson, John Lightbody plays Christian Lauterbach, Forbes Masson plays Defence Counsel Biegler and Shanaya Rafaat plays Franziska Meiser.
Terror by Ferdinand von Schirach runs at The Lyric Hammersmith 14 Jun ‐ 15 Jul 2017. Find out more and book tickets here.
| http://thebritishblacklist.co.uk/tanya-moodie-ashley-zhangazha-cast-in-terror-at-the-lyric-theatre/ | 201 |
After just six months from the launch of its Strada Team road bike, 3T unveiled the latest iteration of their 1X aero road bike platform today called the Strada Pro.
The new frame gets a simpler layup that adds about 130g, putting it at about 1,100g. It comes with their 3T Discus C35 Pro wheels fitted with 700×25 tires, but they say the wide rims push them to a measured 28mm wide.
The frame itself can accommodate up to a 30mm tire. There is also a change in build kit that has enabled the price to be lowered somewhat. The build is completed with a 1x SRAM Force 1 groupset including the cranks, which come with the Quarq-ready spider..
When Vroomen says the bike was created to meet a “more affordable price” this is compared to the original Strada Team model which comes in at €4,200 for the frame with complete builds coming in around the €8,500 mark.
- | 10a049c6f7dee13f924fdfaea9bf0a23 | 213 |
Roof Cleaning in Washington, D.C.
Have your roof cleaned to keep it long-lasting!
You might think that washing your roof isn’t necessary. Why would someone spend time washing their roof? It’s not like it’s a room in your house!
Unfortunately, a few problems can arise when your roof doesn’t get the proper cleaning it needs.
When your roof doesn’t get the cleaning it needs, algae, lichens and moss will start to grow on it.
This causes your roof shingles to start wearing away and wood rot on your roof deck. These can be very expensive to repair.
Roof shingles cause water to move rather than remain on your roof. Once they’ve completely worn away, there’s nothing that will hold back water from coming through.
You certainly don’t want that to happen!
Now when you think of doing it yourself, you know you put yourself at risk.
There’s a greater risk of injuring yourself.
It’s very difficult to clean a roof by yourself If you’re doing it for the first time, not only do you have to worry about cleaning your roof thoroughly. You have to get the right chemicals and cleaning supplies/equipment for your roof. Or you could damage it. We’ve cleaned every type of roof for (period of time). And there’s no reason why we couldn’t do it for your one!
We can 100% make sure that there’s no algae/lichens/moss on your roof It can be difficult to spot algae/lichens/moss on your own, but we can 100% make sure that there’s no algae/lichens/moss!
Give us a call so that you can start looking forward to a cleaner and healthier roof!
The good news is that there are some things you can do yourself to take care of your roof. We’ll be referring to algae/lichens/moss as just algae for now.
Buy your cleaning chemicals from reputable suppliers. If you don’t feel that you can trust a supplier 100%, do not buy from them. Reputable suppliers will have a range of different formulas in stock because they know not every roof is the same.
If you’re going to do do it yourself, set aside a whole afternoon because there’s going to be a LOT of work. Or you could just call us!
A Little More About Algae...
If you were wondering what algae exactly does to your roof, here’s a quick explanation.
Algae is a living thing and grows on your roof because it feeds on limestone filler commonly found in roof shingles.
Replacing a roof can cost $10,000+, so it’s quite expensive!
If you are looking for a window cleaning company with experience, honesty, and integrity, you do not have to look any further. DC Window Cleaners is a trusted name in residential and commercial window washing. Contact our team today and let us know what we can help you with. We would love to answer any questions you have about our company, our team, or our services. Simply give us a call or send us an email, and our team will do their best to assist you with anything you need. | https://www.dcwindowcleaners.com/roof-washing/ | 708 |
2015 National Native Title Conference
The 2015 National Native Title Conference was held within the North Queensland Land Council’s service region on the traditional lands of the Kuku Yalanji people in Port Douglas, QLD. The event was jointly organised by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) and Cape York Land Council (CYLC).
The National Native Title Conference gives many Native Title holders and claimants, traditional owners, Native Title representative bodies and service agencies, the Federal Court, National Native Title Tribunal, Government agencies, academics, consultants and industry representatives, the opportunity to come together to talk and debate all things native title.
The year's conference included many high profile speakers including Minister for Indigenous Affairs, Senator the Honorable Nigel Scullion, Social Justice Commissioner Mick Gooda and Chairperson of the Australian Government's Indigenous Advisory Council, Warren Mundine, but to name a few.
The conference also included presentations from several NQLC staff including Ian Kuch (CEO), Brad Foster (PBC Support Coordinator) and AIATSIS' Claire Stacey on the PBC Toolkit. Jim Hackett (Legal Officer) and Queensland South Native Title Services PLO, Tim Wishart gave a presentation on the future of Aboriginal pastoralism and Martin Dore (PLO) and Jennifer Jude (Senior Legal Officer) presented on the unfairness of non-claimant applications. If you would like copies of these presentations, please contact Michelle Liddy, Media Officer, on [email protected]. | 1828fd38390b1afa1a63270d3f947765 | 316 |
The anxiety and existential dread is a normal reaction to the realisation, the real realisation, that you are a sapient mind that can think and observe reality and that existence exists and you are here in it. A thinking conscious being existing in the universe. The dread and anxiety is a physiological reaction, your meat and bone body isn't a fan of these thoughts, it would rather you just "got on with things".
You are becoming *more* than just an evolved ape going about the business of survival. You're starting to grasp the implications of what your consciousness is.
I had the dread and anxiety for a while. I was painfully and acutely aware that I was a conscious sapient mind in a body of flesh and bone standing on the surface of a planet spinning around a star. I would look up at the night sky and be absolutely aware that I was looking out at a universe and I was in it and I was a mind able to observe myself observing that I was a mind observing the universe.
Is that not a completely crazy situation? Why isn't everyone constantly just amazed and blown away by this realisation?
It would madden me that others didn't seem to grasp the absurdity and absolutely amazing reality of this.
I wanted to scream at them, DO YOU NOT SEE HOW INSANE THIS IS!? What *are* we?
We are sapient apes able to think about ourselves thinking, able to look out at the galaxy and cosmos around us and *see* it and *know* we're on a sphere of iron and rock being whipped through space by gravity through a galaxy, through a supercluster of galaxies in a vast and strange thing we call the universe... what the hell is going on?
But I got over the frustration, I learned to not care if nobody else was profoundly affected by what we are and the nature of our existence. The bizarre circumstances in which we find ourselves. I can feel that profundity, feel that shock and awe and *use it* to think about other things like it, to apply it to any and all other existential questions.
Keep doing it, keep invoking that feeling, the dread isn't needed, it will pass, be amazed instead, feel the wonder and awe that the realisation can bring.
You are a self aware consciousness existing in a universe able to observe it and yourself and observe yourself observing yourself observing the universe...
How absolutely amazing and absurd, how wonderous... | b0fa119d20df4b03b6584714cad0c7f0 | 514 |
>And that will burn your tongue
Only if it touches your tongue. Who is sticking their tongue in the part of the machine that does the brewing?
>this... Is simply not possible in a timeframe that is shorter than brewing it hot and letting it cool down
Yeah, but that's a complete straw-man. Of course that's not possible. That's what they should do-- brew it hot, and let it cool down.
Do you really think every time you order coffee, they have just finished brewing it? What timeframe do you consider "fresh" and where do you think you're getting such a fresh coffee from the drive through?
Every place that serves coffee brews it, then keeps it warm. They do this by having a carafe on a hot plate, or putting it in an insulated container, or other methods. I am only saying they should adjust that temperature slightly. Give me a timeframe for how long you think coffee stays fresh after brewing, and I promise you either a) no one is serving it within that time frame, or b) they could just as well serve it a few degrees cooler while remaining within that timeframe. | 8e494e1d696840bf862f25d6b9d05416 | 245 |
ZUMIEZ ‘CHILL WITH NEFF & SHRED WITH THIRTYTWO’ SWEEPSTAKES
Official Rules
Dates September 29, 2008 through October 26, 2008
1. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. Sweepstakes begins 12:01 a.m., September 29, 2008 and ends 11:59 p.m. October 26, 2008.., Sole Technology, Inc., Neff, and., Sole Technology, Inc., Neff, is one way to enter the Zumiez ‘Chill With Neff & Shred With ThirtyTwo’..
PLEASE NOTE THAT A HIGH VOLUME OF ENTRIES, ONLINE, ‘Chill With Neff & Shred With ThirtyTwo’ Sweepstakes, 6300 Merrill Creek Parkway, Suite B, Everett, WA 98203, or e-mail: [email protected]).
5. PRIZES. One (1) Grand Prize winner will be selected by Sponsors in a random drawing on or about November 7, 2008 from all eligible entries received and/or postmarked by October 26, 2008. Odds of winning depend on the total number of eligible entries received.
The Grand Prize package consists of: One (1) Trip to Los Angeles, CA to hang out with Terry Kennedy, visit the Neff Headquarters & receive one (1) Neff Handpainted Softshell shred Jacket and one (1) headwear. Then get picked up by a limo and head to Bear Mountain in Big Bear Lake, CA for a day of snowboarding with JP Walker in one (1) pair of new ThirtyTwo Boots. Trip includes two (2) round trip coach air transportation for winner and a guest from a major airport nearest the winner's home to an airport near the trip location, ground transportation to and from the airport to the hotel, two (2) nights hotel accommodations (1 room/double occupancy), and one (1) $500 (retail value) Zumiez gift card.
Approximate Retail Value of Grand Prize: $ 3,000.00 U.S.
Two (2) Prize winners will be selected by Sponsors in a random weekly drawing taking place on or about each Monday starting October 6, 2008 and ending October 27, 2008, from all eligible online and mobile entries received prior to 12:00AM on each corresponding Monday (8 total prize winners). Odds of winning depend on the total number of eligible entries received.
Weekly winner prize packs include: One (1) Pair of ThirtyTwo boots, one (1) Neff handpainted softshell shred jacket & one (1) headwear, one (1) Pair of Etnies shoes & hoodie, and one (1) $150 (retail value) Zumiez gift card.
Approximate Retail Value of Weekly Prize: $ 450.00 U.S.D.
All merchandise will be selected at the sole discretion of Sponsors. The depiction of Grand Prize package and weekly winner prize package in any advertising or promotional materials may not reflect the actual Grand Prize package and weekly Prizewinners December 5, 2008 to: ‘Chill With Neff & Shred With ThirtyTwo’. Sole Technology, Inc., 20162 Windrow Dr, Lake Forest, CA 92630. Neff, 2111 Portola Dr, Suite B, Ventura, CA 98003. | dc61f2062534e7d13342f3578bf16bcb | 712 |
Trends Parasitol 24:345В349 De Sousa JM, Lareau SM, Pearson RD, Carvalho EM, Mann BJ, Jeronimo SM (2003) Characterization of Leishmania chagasi DNA topoisomerase II: a the right stuff chemotherapeutic target. Parents of HIV-infected children oftentimes hanker of AIDS themselves, leaving take care of of the child to another allied or advance parent. If you feature what the governing says, so it's alright buy discount isoptin 240mg online arteria tapada en ingles.
The little one who has a respiratory disturbance or who is experiencing respiratory trouble may offer diminished puff sounds, most commonly in the lung bases. Our results elucidate that pressure con- tributions are provided by S3 roots in all ten patients, bilaterally; and by S4 roots on the at once side of ten patients and socialistic side of eight patients. Spencer NF, Poynter ME, Im SY, et al buy generic maxalt 10mg online shingles pain treatment natural. Pathophysiology Premenstrual syndrome is a collection of man and/or affective symptoms that surface predictably during the luteal period of the menstrual cycle. Anyway, more minute info of the structural confederation of the apartment face can be obtained using the stuffy freeze-fracture procedure, which allows the scrutiny of the inner portion of the membranes. Lycopene has likewise been licenced as a matter foodstuff discount zyvox 600mg visa antibiotics for sinus infection safe for pregnancy. Selective sacral rhizotomy of the reflex neuropathyic bladder: a write up on 17 patients with long-term follow-up. Preganglionic neurons (blue) innervate postganglionic neurons (immature) in pre- or paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. Fill whose lives are amply enwrapped cope with the inevitably and requirements of others buy generic minocycline 50 mg antibiotic resistant bacteria kpc. Our results indicate that exigency con- tributions are provided by S3 roots in all ten patients, bilaterally; and past S4 roots on the hesitation side of ten patients and left-wing side of eight patients. Scientists keep detected in every direction 550 idiosyncratic PAHs within tobacco smoke, with the cry quits of an person PAH influenced by means of the unalloyed mob of carbon atoms within its molecular structure. In addition, apiece of these strategies affects the intravascular area predominantly, ie solely cheap ashwagandha 60 caps without prescription anxiety 6 weeks pregnant. SIADH can be caused by central worked up set-up infections such as meningitis, head trauma, intellectual tumors, intracranial surgery, and unfluctuating medications such as analgesics, barbiturates, or chemotherapy. Name names families at jeopardy that genetic counseling is at one's fingertips prior to they strive to have in the offing another baby. Love the sounds of Christmastime and wassail in its benefits generic 4 mg detrol overnight delivery symptoms ibs.
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The axiom ques- tion is this: How myriad women after fundamental vaginal, abdomi- nal, or robotic trachelectomy with a tumor 2 cm in the largest dimension and with negative SLNs partake of decided lymph nodes in the parametrium? With severe airway stumbling-block, zephyr move can be so poor that wheezes power not be heard upon auscultation. It's prissy to be in control, isn't it buy generic rogaine 2 60 ml on-line mens health rs. For case, if you take the transaction log of a billing plan, and all queries barely be in want of the entries affecting a destined drug, you can handling mess partitioning on the corresponding alcohol column. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropep- tides in inflammation: dormant healing applications. The much fuel, the much force generated purchase 50mg lamictal otc treatment variable.
The genetics of thalassemia are like to those of sickle stall disease in that it is inherited via an autosomal recessive process. Neuropep- tides kill African trypanosomes past targeting intracellular compartments and inducing autophagic-like room death. Lightly movement towards the bone discount atorlip-10 10 mg fast delivery cholesterol test can i drink coffee. | 1481ec93912facc4825e2b3b0d35b795 | 2,052 |
I disagree with you on intentions, because I don't think it's the league's responsibility to micromanage/dictate how an owner can run his/her team - but I suppose that comes down to personal preference. My issue is that most would look at Kimbrel's name, knowing his reputation/past/talent, and be like yeah that guy's legit. It's easy to do that, all the while ignoring his HR issues and awful defense behind him. Would just hope people can spend enough time to at least see below the surface when making that judgement, which it seems you have. | 44f45cdc3fc94e8a88bab8299fa35f0d | 126 |
<commit_before>// Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package com.googlesource.gerrit.plugins.serviceuser.client;
import com.google.gerrit.plugin.client.Plugin;
import com.google.gerrit.plugin.client.rpc.RestApi;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.JavaScriptObject;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.Scheduler;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.Scheduler.ScheduledCommand;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickEvent;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickHandler;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.KeyPressEvent;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.KeyPressHandler;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.Event;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.rpc.AsyncCallback;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Button;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.DialogBox;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.DisclosurePanel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.HTML;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.HorizontalPanel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Label;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Panel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.RootPanel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.TextArea;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.TextBox;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.VerticalPanel;
import com.googlesource.gerrit.plugins.serviceuser.CreateServiceUserMenu;
public class CreateServiceUserForm extends Plugin {
private DialogBox dialogBox;
private TextBox usernameTxt;
private TextArea sshKeyTxt;
@Override
public void onModuleLoad() {
dialogBox = new DialogBox(false, false);
dialogBox.setText("Create Service User");
dialogBox.setAnimationEnabled(true);
Panel p = new VerticalPanel();
p.setStyleName("panel");
Panel usernamePanel = new VerticalPanel();
usernamePanel.add(new Label("Username:"));
usernameTxt = new TextBox() {
@Override
public void onBrowserEvent(Event event) {
super.onBrowserEvent(event);
if (event.getTypeInt() == Event.ONPASTE) {
Scheduler.get().scheduleDeferred(new ScheduledCommand() {
@Override
public void execute() {
if (getValue().trim().length() != 0) {
setEnabled(true);
}
}
});
}
}
};
usernameTxt.addKeyPressHandler(new KeyPressHandler() {
@Override
public void onKeyPress(final KeyPressEvent event) {
event.stopPropagation();
}
});
usernameTxt.sinkEvents(Event.ONPASTE);
usernameTxt.setVisibleLength(40);
usernamePanel.add(usernameTxt);
p.add(usernamePanel);
Panel sshKeyPanel = new VerticalPanel();
sshKeyPanel.add(new Label("Public SSH Key:"));
DisclosurePanel dp = new DisclosurePanel("How to generate an SSH Key");
StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
b.append("<ol>")
.append("<li>From the Terminal or Git Bash, run <em>ssh-keygen</em></li>")
.append("<li>")
.append("Enter a path for the key, e.g. <em>id_rsa</em>. If you are generating the key<br />")
.append("on your local system take care to not overwrite your own SSH key.")
.append("</li>")
.append("<li>")
.append("Enter a passphrase only if the service where you intend to use this<br />")
.append("service user is able to deal with passphrases, otherwise leave it blank.<br />")
.append("Remember this passphrase, as you will need it to unlock the key.")
.append("</li>")
.append("<li>")
.append("Open <em>id_rsa.pub</em> and copy & paste the contents into the box below.<br />")
.append("Note that <em>id_rsa.pub</em> is your public key and can be shared,<br />")
.append("while <em>id_rsa</em> is your private key and should be kept secret.")
.append("</li>")
.append("</ol>");
dp.add(new HTML(b.toString()));
sshKeyPanel.add(dp);
sshKeyTxt = new TextArea();
sshKeyTxt.addKeyPressHandler(new KeyPressHandler() {
@Override
public void onKeyPress(final KeyPressEvent event) {
event.stopPropagation();
}
});
sshKeyTxt.setVisibleLines(12);
sshKeyTxt.setCharacterWidth(80);
sshKeyTxt.getElement().setPropertyBoolean("spellcheck", false);
sshKeyPanel.add(sshKeyTxt);
p.add(sshKeyPanel);
HorizontalPanel buttons = new HorizontalPanel();
p.add(buttons);
Button createButton = new Button("Create");
createButton.addStyleName("createButton");
createButton.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {
@Override
public void onClick(final ClickEvent event) {
doCreate();
}
});
buttons.add(createButton);
createButton.setEnabled(false);
new OnEditEnabler(createButton, usernameTxt);
Button closeButton = new Button("Close");
closeButton.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {
public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {
hide();
}
});
buttons.add(closeButton);
dialogBox.setWidget(p);
RootPanel rootPanel = RootPanel.get(CreateServiceUserMenu.MENU_ID);
rootPanel.getElement().removeAttribute("href");
rootPanel.addDomHandler(new ClickHandler() {
@Override
public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {
dialogBox.center();
dialogBox.show();
usernameTxt.setFocus(true);
}
}, ClickEvent.getType());
}<commit_msg>Ensure that the Create button is disabled when opening the dialog<commit_after>// Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package com.googlesource.gerrit.plugins.serviceuser.client;
import com.google.gerrit.plugin.client.Plugin;
import com.google.gerrit.plugin.client.rpc.RestApi;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.JavaScriptObject;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.Scheduler;
import com.google.gwt.core.client.Scheduler.ScheduledCommand;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickEvent;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.ClickHandler;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.KeyPressEvent;
import com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.KeyPressHandler;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.Event;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.rpc.AsyncCallback;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Button;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.DialogBox;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.DisclosurePanel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.HTML;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.HorizontalPanel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Label;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Panel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.RootPanel;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.TextArea;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.TextBox;
import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.VerticalPanel;
import com.googlesource.gerrit.plugins.serviceuser.CreateServiceUserMenu;
public class CreateServiceUserForm extends Plugin {
private DialogBox dialogBox;
private TextBox usernameTxt;
private TextArea sshKeyTxt;
@Override
public void onModuleLoad() {
dialogBox = new DialogBox(false, false);
dialogBox.setText("Create Service User");
dialogBox.setAnimationEnabled(true);
Panel p = new VerticalPanel();
p.setStyleName("panel");
Panel usernamePanel = new VerticalPanel();
usernamePanel.add(new Label("Username:"));
usernameTxt = new TextBox() {
@Override
public void onBrowserEvent(Event event) {
super.onBrowserEvent(event);
if (event.getTypeInt() == Event.ONPASTE) {
Scheduler.get().scheduleDeferred(new ScheduledCommand() {
@Override
public void execute() {
if (getValue().trim().length() != 0) {
setEnabled(true);
}
}
});
}
}
};
usernameTxt.addKeyPressHandler(new KeyPressHandler() {
@Override
public void onKeyPress(final KeyPressEvent event) {
event.stopPropagation();
}
});
usernameTxt.sinkEvents(Event.ONPASTE);
usernameTxt.setVisibleLength(40);
usernamePanel.add(usernameTxt);
p.add(usernamePanel);
Panel sshKeyPanel = new VerticalPanel();
sshKeyPanel.add(new Label("Public SSH Key:"));
DisclosurePanel dp = new DisclosurePanel("How to generate an SSH Key");
StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
b.append("<ol>")
.append("<li>From the Terminal or Git Bash, run <em>ssh-keygen</em></li>")
.append("<li>")
.append("Enter a path for the key, e.g. <em>id_rsa</em>. If you are generating the key<br />")
.append("on your local system take care to not overwrite your own SSH key.")
.append("</li>")
.append("<li>")
.append("Enter a passphrase only if the service where you intend to use this<br />")
.append("service user is able to deal with passphrases, otherwise leave it blank.<br />")
.append("Remember this passphrase, as you will need it to unlock the key.")
.append("</li>")
.append("<li>")
.append("Open <em>id_rsa.pub</em> and copy & paste the contents into the box below.<br />")
.append("Note that <em>id_rsa.pub</em> is your public key and can be shared,<br />")
.append("while <em>id_rsa</em> is your private key and should be kept secret.")
.append("</li>")
.append("</ol>");
dp.add(new HTML(b.toString()));
sshKeyPanel.add(dp);
sshKeyTxt = new TextArea();
sshKeyTxt.addKeyPressHandler(new KeyPressHandler() {
@Override
public void onKeyPress(final KeyPressEvent event) {
event.stopPropagation();
}
});
sshKeyTxt.setVisibleLines(12);
sshKeyTxt.setCharacterWidth(80);
sshKeyTxt.getElement().setPropertyBoolean("spellcheck", false);
sshKeyPanel.add(sshKeyTxt);
p.add(sshKeyPanel);
HorizontalPanel buttons = new HorizontalPanel();
p.add(buttons);
final Button createButton = new Button("Create");
createButton.addStyleName("createButton");
createButton.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {
@Override
public void onClick(final ClickEvent event) {
doCreate();
}
});
buttons.add(createButton);
createButton.setEnabled(false);
new OnEditEnabler(createButton, usernameTxt);
Button closeButton = new Button("Close");
closeButton.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {
public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {
hide();
}
});
buttons.add(closeButton);
dialogBox.setWidget(p);
RootPanel rootPanel = RootPanel.get(CreateServiceUserMenu.MENU_ID);
rootPanel.getElement().removeAttribute("href");
rootPanel.addDomHandler(new ClickHandler() {
@Override
public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {
dialogBox.center();
dialogBox.show();
usernameTxt.setFocus(true);
createButton.setEnabled(false);
}
}, ClickEvent.getType());
} | 4235015 | 4,484 |
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