Ehhh only modestly misleading this time I guess... and you didnt bother mentioning pikachurin when you brought up sonic hedgehog.. tsk tsk - also these two in particular sparked conversation about naming convention lol\n\nMost notably cancer is really freakin cool - like really. No one thing 'causes' cancer - cancer requires a number of things to go wrong, and continue to go wrong, to actually be worth noting. Merely having a cell recieving constant proliferation signals, is not enough to make a cell cancerous - there's a bunch o checks in place, and the cell may well just apoptose and that's that. If it does manage to have a compromised check system so that it can proliferate uncontrollably, there's still additional anti-proliferation checks - even if it's being told to replicate constantly (and I'll ignore immediate physical cell to cell stops or kill signals) it's movements will still be limited by stop signals at tissue boundary extracellular matrix. The cells may only proliferate in that tiny boxed in area... but wait the cells need a particularly regulated environment to survive... but that doesn't just magically happen there needs to be at minimum a blood supply, and if you start growing uncontrollably, only some of the outer layer of cells have a chance. So more goes wrong and one of the cells develops vascular promoting signals and hey you've got veins and stuff growing in to keep everything alive.... but it still can't go nowhere, it's just a very dense bit o cells.. up to this point, the tumor could be removed safely in its entirety.... but obviously we know cancers go horribly wrong... sooo what happens if it starts ignoring those 'no movement' signals.. well it starts moving away from the area and there's still a ton of things that can stop it at this point, maybe the immune system mounts a response, kills the escaping cells and even goes on to kill the entire cancer itself now that it's noticed it... and I've just realized my knowledge on this is super rusty and im very tired - can't remember half the protein names im thinking of and that makes things awkward lol... go read a cell bio book, cancer is cool as hell - only gene therapy or genetically modified humans is currently expected be a viable cure for cancer in general, though many types of cancers are using the easiest possible path to become malignant (what we call cancer that is able to spread (especially via blood) and stay alive - as per what I was describing above... that's many checkpoints passed)... and we've come up with some brilliant ways to murder them, usually with monoclonal antibodies (if you see any commercial for a drug that ends with '-mab', that's what it is)\n\n...annnnnd im gonna get some sleep.