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When was quantum field theory developed?
|
[
{
"id": "25267#12",
"score": 0.7742047309875488,
"text": "Quantum field theory naturally began with the study of electromagnetic interactions, as the electromagnetic field was the only known classical field as of the 1920s.[8]:1"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "22483#12",
"score": 0.7280551195144653,
"text": "Quantum optics gained practical importance with the inventions of the maser in 1953 and of the laser in 1960. Following the work of Paul Dirac in quantum field theory, George Sudarshan, Roy J. Glauber, and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to the electromagnetic field in the 1950s and 1960s to gain a more detailed understanding of photodetection and the statistics of light.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "26998617#7",
"score": 0.7265265583992004,
"text": "In the late 1920s, the new rules of quantum mechanics were first applied to the electromagnetic fields. In 1927, Paul Dirac used quantum fields to successfully explain how the decay of an atom to a lower quantum state lead to the spontaneous emission of a photon, the quantum of the electromagnetic field. This was soon followed by the realization (following the work of Pascual Jordan, Eugene Wigner, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli) that all particles, including electrons and protons, could be understood as the quanta of some quantum field, elevating fields to the status of the most fundamental objects in nature. That said, John Wheeler and Richard Feynman seriously considered Newton's pre-field concept of action at a distance (although they set it aside because of the ongoing utility of the field concept for research in general relativity and quantum electrodynamics).",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "26998617#32",
"score": 0.7120104432106018,
"text": "Field theory usually refers to a construction of the dynamics of a field, i.e. a specification of how a field changes with time or with respect to other independent physical variables on which the field depends. Usually this is done by writing a Lagrangian or a Hamiltonian of the field, and treating it as a classical or quantum mechanical system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. The resulting field theories are referred to as classical or quantum field theories.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "52277324#2",
"score": 0.7101144790649414,
"text": "Brown is one of the leading science historians for the development of quantum field theory and elementary particle physics, especially in the era after 1945. During the 1990s one focus of his work was the history of modern physics in Japan.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "622053#5",
"score": 0.7099197506904602,
"text": "In the 1940s, Werner Heisenberg developed, independently, and substantiated the idea of the S-matrix. Because of the problematic divergences present in quantum field theory at that time, Heisenberg was motivated to isolate the \"essential features of the theory\" that would not be affected by future changes as the theory developed. In doing so, he was led to introduce a unitary \"characteristic\" S-matrix.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "26998617#27",
"score": 0.7076287269592285,
"text": "It is now believed that quantum mechanics should underlie all physical phenomena, so that a classical field theory should, at least in principle, permit a recasting in quantum mechanical terms; success yields the corresponding quantum field theory. For example, quantizing classical electrodynamics gives quantum electrodynamics. Quantum electrodynamics is arguably the most successful scientific theory; experimental data confirm its predictions to a higher precision (to more significant digits) than any other theory. The two other fundamental quantum field theories are quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "2078963#1",
"score": 0.703289806842804,
"text": "Efforts to describe gravity using the same techniques have, to date, failed. The study of quantum field theory is still flourishing, as are applications of its methods to many physical problems. It remains one of the most vital areas of theoretical physics today, providing a common language to several different branches of physics.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "993492#2",
"score": 0.6997900605201721,
"text": "The field emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s and at first was an almost exclusively British practice. Other early centers for the development of the field were in France, Germany, and the United States (notably at Cornell University). Major theorists include Barry Barnes, David Bloor, Sal Restivo, Randall Collins, Gaston Bachelard, Harry Collins, Paul Feyerabend, Steve Fuller, Martin Kusch, Bruno Latour, Mike Mulkay, Derek J. de Solla Price, Lucy Suchman and Anselm Strauss.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "25202#39",
"score": 0.698441743850708,
"text": "Early attempts to merge quantum mechanics with special relativity involved the replacement of the Schrödinger equation with a covariant equation such as the Klein–Gordon equation or the Dirac equation. While these theories were successful in explaining many experimental results, they had certain unsatisfactory qualities stemming from their neglect of the relativistic creation and annihilation of particles. A fully relativistic quantum theory required the development of quantum field theory, which applies quantization to a field (rather than a fixed set of particles). The first complete quantum field theory, quantum electrodynamics, provides a fully quantum description of the electromagnetic interaction. The full apparatus of quantum field theory is often unnecessary for describing electrodynamic systems. A simpler approach, one that has been employed since the inception of quantum mechanics, is to treat charged particles as quantum mechanical objects being acted on by a classical electromagnetic field. For example, the elementary quantum model of the hydrogen atom describes the electric field of the hydrogen atom using a classical formula_2 Coulomb potential. This \"semi-classical\" approach fails if quantum fluctuations in the electromagnetic field play an important role, such as in the emission of photons by charged particles.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "28305#11",
"score": 0.698234498500824,
"text": "The application of quantum mechanics to physical objects such as the electromagnetic field, which are extended in space and time, is known as quantum field theory. In particle physics, quantum field theories form the basis for our understanding of elementary particles, which are modeled as excitations in the fundamental fields.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "1293340#64",
"score": 0.6978821754455566,
"text": "Further development of quantum field theory changed the focus of searching for unified field theory from classical to quantum description. Because of that, many theoretical physicists gave up looking for a classical unified field theory. Quantum field theory would include unification of other two fundamental forces of nature, strong and weak nuclear force which act on subatomic level.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "25267#25",
"score": 0.6973204612731934,
"text": "It was with the invention of the renormalization procedure and Feynman diagrams that QFT finally arose as a complete theoretical framework.[8]:2",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "47641#22",
"score": 0.6961294412612915,
"text": "Technically, quantum field theory provides the mathematical framework for the Standard Model, in which a Lagrangian controls the dynamics and kinematics of the theory. Each kind of particle is described in terms of a dynamical field that pervades space-time. The construction of the Standard Model proceeds following the modern method of constructing most field theories: by first postulating a set of symmetries of the system, and then by writing down the most general renormalizable Lagrangian from its particle (field) content that observes these symmetries.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "291912#3",
"score": 0.6922520995140076,
"text": "The earliest field theory having a gauge symmetry was Maxwell's formulation, in 1864–65, of electrodynamics (\"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field\"). The importance of this symmetry remained unnoticed in the earliest formulations. Similarly unnoticed, Hilbert had derived Einstein's equations of general relativity by postulating a symmetry under any change of coordinates. Later Hermann Weyl, inspired by success in Einstein's general relativity, conjectured (incorrectly, as it turned out) in year 1919 that invariance under the change of scale or \"gauge\" (a term inspired by the various track gauges of railroads) might also be a local symmetry of electromagnetism. Although Weyl's choice of the gauge was incorrect, the name \"gauge\" stuck to the approach. After the development of quantum mechanics, Weyl, Fock and London modified their gauge choice by replacing the scale factor with a change of wave phase, and applying it successfully to electromagnetism. Gauge symmetry was generalized mathematically in 1954 by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills in an attempt to describe the strong nuclear forces. This idea, dubbed Yang–Mills theory, later found application in the quantum field theory of the weak force, and its unification with electromagnetism in the electroweak theory.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "25267#13",
"score": 0.6920015215873718,
"text": "Through the works of Born, Heisenberg, and Pascual Jordan in 1925-1926, a quantum theory of the free electromagnetic field (one with no interactions with matter) was developed via canonical quantization by treating the electromagnetic field as a set of quantum harmonic oscillators.[8]:1 With the exclusion of interactions, however, such a theory was yet incapable of making quantitative predictions about the real world.[3]:22",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "438476#3",
"score": 0.6898641586303711,
"text": "The basic idea of the path integral formulation can be traced back to Norbert Wiener, who introduced the Wiener integral for solving problems in diffusion and Brownian motion. This idea was extended to the use of the Lagrangian in quantum mechanics by P. A. M. Dirac in his 1933 article. The complete method was developed in 1948 by Richard Feynman. Some preliminaries were worked out earlier in his doctoral work under the supervision of John Archibald Wheeler. The original motivation stemmed from the desire to obtain a quantum-mechanical formulation for the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory using a Lagrangian (rather than a Hamiltonian) as a starting point.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "28433260#2",
"score": 0.689597487449646,
"text": "Gupta introduced in 1950, simultaneously and independently of Konrad Bleuler, the Gupta–Bleuler quantization of the quantum electrodynamics (QED) that takes the covariant Lorenz gauge condition on an indefinite metric in Hilbert space of states realized. From it came some of the first attempts, to derive the equations of general relativity from quantum field theory for a massless spin two particle (graviton). Similar work has also led Robert Kraichnan in the 1940s (not published until 1955) and later in the 1960s, by Richard Feynman and Steven Weinberg. Later he worked in various areas of quantum field theory and elementary particle physics, including quantum chromodynamics and quarkonium.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "291912#2",
"score": 0.6885687112808228,
"text": "With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by \"local\" gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "2796131#86",
"score": 0.6875693798065186,
"text": "In the 1960s [[physicist]]s realized that QED broke down at extremely high energies. From this inconsistency the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics was discovered, which remedied the higher energy breakdown in theory. It is another extended quantum field theory that unifies the electromagnetic and [[weak interaction]]s into one theory. This is called the [[electroweak theory]].",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "25267#0",
"score": 0.6872100830078125,
"text": "Quantum field theoryFeynman diagram History Background Field theory Electromagnetism Weak force Strong force Quantum mechanics Special relativity General relativity Gauge theory Symmetries Symmetry in quantum mechanics C-symmetry P-symmetry T-symmetry Space translation symmetry Time translation symmetry Rotation symmetry Lorentz symmetry Poincaré symmetry Gauge symmetry Explicit symmetry breaking Spontaneous symmetry breaking Yang–Mills theory Noether charge Topological charge Tools Anomaly Crossing Effective field theory Expectation value Ghost fields Faddeev–Popov ghosts Feynman diagram Lattice gauge theory LSZ reduction formula Partition function Propagator Quantization Regularization Renormalization Vacuum state Wick's theorem Wightman axioms Feynman parametrization Equations Dirac equation Klein–Gordon equation Proca equations Wheeler–DeWitt equation Bargmann–Wigner equations Joos–Weinberg equation Weyl equation Standard Model Quantum electrodynamics Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics Higgs mechanism Incomplete theories Topological quantum field theory String theory Superstring theory M-Theory Supersymmetry Supergravity Technicolor Theory of everything Quantum gravity Scientists C. D. Anderson P. W. Anderson Bethe Bjorken Bogoliubov Brout Callan Coleman DeWitt Dirac Dyson Englert Fermi Feynman Fierz Fock Fröhlich Glashow Gell-Mann Gross Guralnik Heisenberg Higgs Haag Hagen 't Hooft Jordan Kendall Kibble Lamb Landau Lee Majorana Mills Nambu Nishijima Parisi Polyakov Salam Schwinger Skyrme Sudarshan Tomonaga Veltman Ward Weinberg Weisskopf Weyl Wilczek Wilson Yang Yukawa vt",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
2
|
Does plastic decompose at all?
|
[
{
"id": "6104177#0",
"score": 0.7020542025566101,
"text": "Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually bacteria.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "26145195#7",
"score": 0.6668598651885986,
"text": "The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century led to environmental concerns regarding its slow decomposition rate after being discarded as trash due to its composition of large molecules. Toward the end of the century, one approach to this problem was met with wide efforts toward recycling.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "201689#23",
"score": 0.6568993926048279,
"text": "Microbial communities isolated from soil samples mixed with starch have been shown to be capable of degrading polypropylene.\nPolypropylene has been reported to degrade while in human body as implantable mesh devices. The degraded material forms a tree bark-like layer at the surface of mesh fibers.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "4896252#0",
"score": 0.6538717150688171,
"text": "Plastic is a polymerized material. It may also refer to:",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "52848801#1",
"score": 0.6526078581809998,
"text": "Over the course of the past 50 years, plastics have increasingly become a large part of people's lives all around the world. Due to the durability, versatility, and low cost of plastics, consumers and industries utilize plastics for a variety of products. However, with increased production and consumption of plastics comes an increase in plastic waste that inevitably makes its way into the ocean. Scientists estimate that there is over 150 million tons of plastic residing in the World's oceans today.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "5761884#15",
"score": 0.652575671672821,
"text": "Plastic packaging waste, that is not upcycled, is recycled into a raw material that can be used in plastic products, including playgrounds, plastic lumber, plastic pavers, bike racks, park benches, and garbage and recycling cans.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "26145195#69",
"score": 0.649736762046814,
"text": "While containers are usually made from a single type and color of plastic, making them relatively easy to sort, a consumer product like a cellular phone may have many small parts consisting of over a dozen different types and colors of plastics. In such cases, the resources it would take to separate the plastics far exceed their value and the item is discarded. However, developments are taking place in the field of active disassembly, which may result in more product components being reused or recycled. Recycling certain types of plastics can be unprofitable as well. For example, polystyrene is rarely recycled because the process is usually not cost effective. These unrecycled wastes are typically disposed of in landfills, incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy plants.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "2511505#23",
"score": 0.648246705532074,
"text": "Plastic bottles are known to constitute plastic marine pollution, and eventually break down into smaller pieces because of ultraviolet light, salt degradation or wave action. Glass bottles can break into sharp-edged pieces, and bottle caps are ingested by sea birds.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5220330#17",
"score": 0.6481260657310486,
"text": "Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polyethylene), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "39367099#1",
"score": 0.6471465229988098,
"text": "In 2016 \"I. sakaiensis\" was shown to degrade PET, a polymer widely used in food containers, bottles and synthetic fibers. Adhered to a low-grade PET film, the bacteria used two novel enzymes to decompose the plastic into two environmentally benign substances, which served as their main food source.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "23001#49",
"score": 0.6462224125862122,
"text": "The degradation of polymers to form smaller molecules may proceed by random scission or specific scission. The degradation of polyethylene occurs by random scission—a random breakage of the bonds that hold the atoms of the polymer together. When heated above 450°C, polyethylene degrades to form a mixture of hydrocarbons. Other polymers, such as poly(alpha-methylstyrene), undergo specific chain scission with breakage occurring only at the ends. They literally unzip or depolymerize back to the constituent monomer.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "37201518#56",
"score": 0.645328164100647,
"text": "There are varying rates of recycling per type of plastic, and in 2011, the overall plastic recycling rate was approximately 8% in the United States. Approximately 2.7 million tons of plastics were recycled in the U.S. in 2011. Some plastics are recycled more than others; in 2011 \"29 percent of HDPE bottles and 29 percent of PET bottles and jars were recycled.\"",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "1916373#4",
"score": 0.6431150436401367,
"text": "Although less vulnerable to cracking than a jewel case, the disc tray inside the package (particularly the \"teeth\" of the hub which secure the disc in place) remains rather brittle and is prone to cracking if the package is crushed. The disc tray can become detached if handled or stored improperly.\nManufacturers have sought to reduce environmental impact and improve functionality by introducing recycled components into its trays; one has announced a 100% post-consumer PET tray made from recycled bottles, which also eliminates the need for the brittle \"teeth\". Another one goes one step further by totally eliminating the plastic tray and replacing it with a paper tray made from sugarcane and egg carton. Many printers use recycled or sustainable material for the board stock.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "53001281#6",
"score": 0.6430665254592896,
"text": "Plastic coatings or layers usually make paper recycling more difficult. Some plastic laminations can be separated from the paper during the recycling process, allowing filtering out the film. If the coated paper is shredded prior to recycling, the degree of separation depends on the particular process. Some plastic coatings are water dispersible to aid recycling and repulping. Special recycling processes are available to help separate plastics. Some plastic coated papers are incinerated for heat or landfilled rather than recycled.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "22101777#16",
"score": 0.6426257491111755,
"text": "In recent years manufacturers have been working on developing more sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic products. Amongst them are plates and cutlery made from bamboo and wood (mostly birch). Throughout the entire life cycle of wood products, there are far fewer environmental repercussions than with traditional plastics or so called \"bioplastics\" like PLA. The production process is free of chemicals and the products decompose usually in the matter of only a few months. Currently wood and bamboo products are more costly than traditional plastics and not as widely available, which makes it challenging for some restaurants to switch.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "1666161#3",
"score": 0.6373696327209473,
"text": "Plastic bags can be incinerated with their contents in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy conversion. They are stable and benign in sanitary landfills; some are degradable under specified conditions.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "49255451#6",
"score": 0.6371172070503235,
"text": "An alternative to economically dispose of plastics is to burn them in an incinerator. Incinerators capable of cleanly burning polymers exist and while they require significant capital investment, the energy produced offsets the economic impact. Since most plastics are produced from petroleum, their molecules consist exclusively or primarily of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. With proper design, an incinerator can completely combust these plastics allowing the recovery of energy stored in the original petroleum feedstock which would otherwise escape during processes such as degradation. Some polymers contain chlorine or nitrogen which can result in undesirable combustion products however the use of scrubbers can remove such products. The end result is that many polymers burn more cleanly than coal and as clean as most oils.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "188774#12",
"score": 0.6356367468833923,
"text": "Some manufacturers offer a warranty on the structural integrity of the coffin. However, no coffin, regardless of its construction material (\"e.g.\", metal rather than wood), whether or not it is sealed, and whether or not the deceased was embalmed beforehand, will perfectly preserve the body. In some cases, a sealed coffin may actually speed up rather than slow down the process of decomposition. An airtight coffin, for example, fosters decomposition by anaerobic bacteria, which results in a putrefied liquefaction of the body, and all putrefied tissue remains inside the container, only to be exposed in the event of an exhumation. A container that allows air to pass in and out, such as a simple wooden box, allows for clean skeletonization. However the situation will vary according to soil or air conditions, and climate.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "44520102#6",
"score": 0.6344542503356934,
"text": "Starch is not often used alone as a plastic material because of its brittle nature, but is commonly used as a biodegradation additive. Many plasticizers use starch-glycerol-water to modify starch’s brittle nature. Biodegradation of this blend was tested and was found that by the second day the degraded carbon had already attained about 100% of the initial carbon of the sample.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "77385#33",
"score": 0.6328855752944946,
"text": "Moreover, the widespread usage of polyethylene poses difficulties for waste management if it is not recycled. Polyethylene is not readily biodegradable, and thus accumulates in landfills. Incineration may result in harmful gaseous emissions.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "907007#12",
"score": 0.6315602660179138,
"text": "Some litter that is collected can be recycled, however degraded litter cannot be recycled and eventually degrades to sludge, often toxic. The majority of litter that is collected goes to landfills.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
3
|
Who was the first Nobel prize winner for Literature?
|
[
{
"id": "11636805#0",
"score": 0.7416117191314697,
"text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Swedish Academy.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "32172533#13",
"score": 0.7032173871994019,
"text": "In 1986 Nigerian writer, poet and playwright, Wole Soyinka became the first post-independence African writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "26308#58",
"score": 0.6941664814949036,
"text": "In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature after having been nominated in that year by Charles Oman, professor at the University of Oxford. The prize citation said: \"In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.\" Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English-language recipient. At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1907, the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Carl David af Wirsén, praised both Kipling and three centuries of English literature:",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "24074815#5",
"score": 0.6865748167037964,
"text": "Eminent Person - Literature:",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "13502124#8",
"score": 0.6858365535736084,
"text": "In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Arab world experienced al-Nahda, a Renaissance-esque movement which touched nearly all areas of life, including literature. One of the most important figures from this time was Naguib Mahfouz, the first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1914 Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote \"Zaynab\", considered the first modern Egyptian as well as Islamic novel.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "23385442#43",
"score": 0.6846758723258972,
"text": "The America Award in Literature, which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "4152716#2",
"score": 0.6835559606552124,
"text": "Novels were introduced to Bengali literature in the mid-19th century. Rabindranath Tagore, poet, playwright, novelist, painter, essayist, musician, and social reformer, is the best known figure of Bengali literature to the world. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. After the post-partition era, Bengali literature comprises literature of erstwhile East Pakistan (modern-day Bangladesh) and of West Bengal.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "88893#1",
"score": 0.6823539733886719,
"text": "Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature. In awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy described her as \"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny\". Lessing was the oldest person ever to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "17416221#92",
"score": 0.6816513538360596,
"text": "Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" in 1948. Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1991. JM Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee \"in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider.\"",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "236590#0",
"score": 0.6775153875350952,
"text": "Romain Rolland (; 29 January 1866 – 30 December 1944) was a French dramatist, novelist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 \"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings\".",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "411828#14",
"score": 0.6774558424949646,
"text": "In 1917, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "53254#46",
"score": 0.6765459775924683,
"text": "The writer Grazia Deledda won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1926.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "5992929#30",
"score": 0.6752374768257141,
"text": "The novel \"Growth of the Soil\" was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1920. This is Hamsun's speech at the Nobel Banquet at Grand Hôtel, Stockholm, December 10, 1920 translated to English.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "21976523#0",
"score": 0.674195408821106,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "21967236#0",
"score": 0.674195408821106,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "22806825#0",
"score": 0.672754168510437,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "56341458#14",
"score": 0.6727131009101868,
"text": "Major British authors both historical and contemporary literature such as William Shakespeare, Lewis Carroll, the Brontë sisters, Jane Austen, Beatrix Potter, Charles Dickens, J. R. R. Tolkien & J. K. Rowling are all popular in Sweden. Due to the high literary knowledge of English language, many popular works are available and read in their original text as well as translated versions. Around ten British authors including Rudyard Kipling, T. S. Eliot, Harold Pinter and the current winner Kazuo Ishiguro have all won the respected Nobel Prize in Literature which is awarded by the Swedish Academy. One British-Irish laureate George Bernard Shaw, used his prize money to help set-up and run the Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation, a foundation which helps literate links between the UK and Sweden.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "19828023#0",
"score": 0.672678530216217,
"text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "21201#1",
"score": 0.6715510487556458,
"text": "The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. The prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in the fields of chemistry, literature, peace activism, physics, and physiology or medicine.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "152735#37",
"score": 0.6708915829658508,
"text": "Theologian Luther, who translated the Bible into German, is widely credited for having set the basis for the modern \"High German\" language. Among the most admired German poets and authors are Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Hoffmann, Brecht, Heine and Schmidt. Nine Germans have won the Nobel Prize in literature: Theodor Mommsen, Paul von Heyse, Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Nelly Sachs, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, and Herta Müller.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "155037#0",
"score": 0.6708411574363708,
"text": "Odysseus Elytis (; , pen name of Odysseus Alepoudellis, ; 2 November 1911 – 18 March 1996) was regarded as a major exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. In 1979 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
4
|
How long does a philosophy degree take?
|
[
{
"id": "21031297#1",
"score": 0.5914022922515869,
"text": "The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student; a student who has completed all of their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate (see: all but dissertation). A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions, or may be granted a master's degree en route to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as \"Ph.D. ABD\", meaning \"All But Dissertation.\"[5]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "11719855#23",
"score": 0.5618088841438293,
"text": "Philosophical anthropology is the philosophical study of human nature. In terms of learning, examples of descriptive theories of the learner are: a mind, soul, and spirit capable of emulating the Absolute Mind (Idealism); an orderly, sensing, and rational being capable of understanding the world of things (Realism), a rational being with a soul modeled after God and who comes to know God through reason and revelation (Neo-Thomism), an evolving and active being capable of interacting with the environment (Pragmatism), a fundamentally free and individual being who is capable of being authentic through the making of and taking responsibility for choices (Existentialism). Philosophical concepts for the process of education include \"Bildung\" and \"paideia\".",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2654608#2",
"score": 0.5617213845252991,
"text": "At age 16, Coe started studying at Chelsea College of Arts, where she graduated with a B.A. in 1970 at the age of 18. Coe went on to study graphic design at Royal College of Art in London from 1970–1973. However, she was too young to attend and lied about her age on the college application. After she received her M.A. from Royal College of Art, Coe moved to New York City, where she lived between 1972 and 2001. Coe had been an art teacher, and decided to fully dedicated herself to art making by 1978. In 2013 she was a visiting artist at Parsons School of Design and taught about social awareness in art.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "32437886#4",
"score": 0.5617187023162842,
"text": "Credo uses the block system, where students focus one subject intensively for four weeks. Through this, every student takes physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science each year and is able to build a deep comprehension of the subjects by graduation. All types of history are also included as morning blocks, as well as ongoing track classes. Math is taught five days a week and World Language is taught four days a week.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "6687731#2",
"score": 0.5616034865379333,
"text": "On average, approximately 65% of Whetstone HS graduates enter either a four-year college/university, a two-year institution, or a technical program. Approximately 50% of graduates acquire the CCS Certificate of College Preparation and 30% receive the Certificate of Specialization.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "19350315#1",
"score": 0.5615837574005127,
"text": "Brennan received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1962 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and two years later received her Masters in Atmospheric Physics from the same institution. From 1970, she participated in courses at a number of unaccredited institutions, offering courses in the \"human energy field\". She completed a two–year program in Therapeutic Counselling at the Community of the Whole Person in Washington, D.C., followed by a three-year program in Core Energetics at the Institute for Core Energetics in New York City in 1978 and a five-year program in Spiritual Healership at the Phoenicia Pathwork Center in Phoenicia, New York in 1979. She was strongly influenced by Eva and John Pierrakos, who founded a system for self-transformation called the Pathwork, drawing on the ideas of Wilhelm Reich and Alexander Lowen. Brennan worked with the Pierrakos, and became a Pathwork Helper and Core Energetics therapist. Brennan also took seminars with and was influenced by Rev. Rosalyn L. Bruyere. She developed her own private healing practice in 1977 and then established a training programme to teach others. Brennan has a PhD in philosophy from Greenwich University in Australia and DTh in theology from Holos University, both earned in 2001. These universities are unaccredited.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "226023#20",
"score": 0.5614793300628662,
"text": "In March 2010, UC received accreditation for a Master of Arts in Christian Studies, to be offered within the Department of Missions and Ministry. The program is 30 credit hours and is offered with three areas of concentration in Biblical Studies, Christian Education and Church Planting. The program will be delivered in an online format and was expected to begin in the fall of 2010.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "13692155#36",
"score": 0.5614750385284424,
"text": "These divisions are neither exhaustive, nor mutually exclusive. (A philosopher might specialize in Kantian epistemology, or Platonic aesthetics, or modern political philosophy.) Furthermore, these philosophical inquiries sometimes overlap with each other and with other inquiries such as science, religion or mathematics.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "420676#35",
"score": 0.5614652633666992,
"text": " Anatomy-Physiology (3 hours Theory/week)\nSpecial Subjects (Students can Select 2 Subjects):",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "4253853#1",
"score": 0.5614132285118103,
"text": "Henry was born at Hainbuch (Hembuche), near Langenstein in Hesse. He studied at the University of Paris, where he finished a \"Magister Artium\" in 1363, and became professor of philosophy this same year. He finished a Theology Doctor degree in 1375 and then became a professor of theology as well.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "25228108#11",
"score": 0.5614100098609924,
"text": "According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 15% of the Saint Marys Area High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "21718891#14",
"score": 0.5613771677017212,
"text": "According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 9% of the Conemaugh Township Area High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "41875279#1",
"score": 0.5613429546356201,
"text": "In 1961, he graduated summa cum laude from Monmouth College and in 1969, he received as Ph. D. from Johns Hopkins University in philosophy. In 1965, he became a faculty member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and was chair of the department from 1980 to 1985. He was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. His philosophical research focused on ethics, aesthetics, and the philosophy of Kant. He retired and became professor emeritus in 2010.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "4983632#2",
"score": 0.5613415241241455,
"text": "In the late 2006, Lewis started a PhD program studying religion and literature at Boston University. There he also helped organize the \"Graven Images: Religion in Comic Books and Graphic Novels Conference\" and co-edit its later text \"Graven Images: Religion in Comic Books and Graphic Novels\" published in 2010. He completed his PhD in 2012 and revamped his dissertation work into the book \"American Comics, Literary Theory, and Religion: The Superhero Afterlife\" published in 2014 by Palgrave Macmillan.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "717904#17",
"score": 0.561340868473053,
"text": "Xavier does not offer engineering degrees but belongs to partnerships with several engineering institutions that automatically admit qualified Xavier science students interested in pursuing a bachelor's in an engineering discipline. Students who successfully complete the program will receive a bachelor's degree from Xavier and the chosen engineering institution in approximately five years. Engineering institutions in partnership with Xavier are Tulane University, University of New Orleans, Southern University at Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University, University of Notre Dame, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, University of Detroit Mercy, Georgia Institute of Technology, and University of Wisconsin at Madison.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "44387911#7",
"score": 0.5612872838973999,
"text": "The Middle School (collège) lasts of 4 years (from sixième to troisième). Instruction is structured according to subjects: French, English, mathematics, history, geography, civics, biology, chemistry, physics, technology, art, music, and physical education.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "37446136#1",
"score": 0.561281681060791,
"text": "Paul graduated from Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio in 1990 with a B.A. in chemistry. Before going to graduate school, Paul corresponded with a number of philosophers about their work, including Nancy Cartwright and Lynne Rudder Baker. In 1999, Paul graduated from Princeton University with a Ph.D in philosophy, where she wrote a dissertation titled \"Essays on Causation\" under the supervision of David Lewis.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "55862903#1",
"score": 0.5611578226089478,
"text": "Ash completed undergraduate study at Oxford. She subsequently studied for an MA in Toronto, before obtaining a DPhil from the University of Oxford.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "754683#9",
"score": 0.5611541271209717,
"text": "A course of instruction lasts three years and comprises obligatory subjects common to all students, subjects that are part of the student's study programme, and elective subjects. Many subjects can be studied at different levels, called A, B and C; A is the highest level which usually means the student has to study this subject for all three years of the Gymnasium course.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "57249636#1",
"score": 0.5611404776573181,
"text": "Eighmy graduated from Tufts University in 1980 with a B.S. in biology. He earned a M.S. in civil engineering in 1983 and a Ph.D. in environmental engineering in 1986, both from the University of New Hampshire.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "27411049#1",
"score": 0.5611177682876587,
"text": "He received degrees in journalism at Comenius University in Bratislava in 1996 and in film directing at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava in 2001. He gained his PhD in Mass Media from the Faculty of Philosophy at Comenius University in Bratislava in 2005.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
5
|
Was there a year 0?
|
[
{
"id": "4145437#0",
"score": 0.754570484161377,
"text": "Year zero does not exist in the anno Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. In this system, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering (where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC) and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu calendars."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "23397214#3",
"score": 0.7081609964370728,
"text": "For these calendars one can distinguish two systems of numbering years BC. Bede and later historians did not use the Latin zero, \"nulla\", as a year (see 0 (year)), so the year preceding AD 1 is 1 BC. In this system the year 1 BC is a leap year (likewise in the proleptic Julian calendar). Mathematically, it is more convenient to include a year 0 and represent earlier years as negative, for the specific purpose of facilitating the calculation of the number of years between a negative (BC) year and a positive (AD) year. This is the convention used in astronomical year numbering and in the international standard date system, ISO 8601. In these systems, the year 0 is a leap year.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "2551#4",
"score": 0.701900064945221,
"text": "Cassini gave the following reasons for using a year 0:\nFred Espanak of NASA lists 50 phases of the moon within year 0, showing that it is a full year, not an instant in time. Jean Meeus gives the following explanation:\nAlthough he used the usual French terms \"avant J.-C.\" (before Jesus Christ) and \"après J.-C.\" (after Jesus Christ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel used negative years (identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table. He did so possibly to save space and put no year 0 between them.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "16176578#0",
"score": 0.7010597586631775,
"text": "Year zero is the year before 1 AD used in astronomical calculations.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "29949856#19",
"score": 0.7007651329040527,
"text": "2010 year",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "20945820#5",
"score": 0.6996335387229919,
"text": "Year of introduction",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "24108705#1",
"score": 0.6993554830551147,
"text": "Year of introduction",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "25739013#22",
"score": 0.6975175738334656,
"text": "Some systems had problems once the year rolled over to 2010. This was dubbed by some in the media as the \"Y2K+10\" or \"Y2.01K\" problem.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "204504#9",
"score": 0.69709712266922,
"text": "Those holding that the arrival of the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e., December 31, 2000 to January 1, 2001), argued that because the Gregorian calendar has no year zero, the millennia should be counted from 1 AD. Thus the first period of one thousand complete years runs from the beginning of 1 AD to the end of 1000 AD, and the beginning of the second millennium took place at the beginning of 1001. ",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "204504#11",
"score": 0.6944891810417175,
"text": "If one counts from the beginning of AD 1 to the ending of AD 1000, one would have counted 1000 years. The next 1000 years (millennium) would begin on the first day of 1001. So the calendar has not 'cheated' anyone out of a year. Clarke made reference to this viewpoint in his book \"\" referring to the Millennium Celebrations on December 31, 2000. In other words, the argument is based on the fact that the last year of the first two thousand years in the Gregorian calendar was 2000, not 1999.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "23256389#8",
"score": 0.6922361254692078,
"text": "20082007",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "850743#0",
"score": 0.6918100118637085,
"text": "The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present. Question marks ('?') on dates indicate approximate dates.\nThe year one is the first year in the \"Christian calendar\" (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3626542#9",
"score": 0.6914654970169067,
"text": "Level 0",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3984342#17",
"score": 0.6897062063217163,
"text": "20002001",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "4145437#10",
"score": 0.6869545578956604,
"text": "ISO 8601:2004 (and previously ISO 8601:2000, but not ISO 8601:1988) explicitly uses astronomical year numbering in its date reference systems. Because it also specifies the use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all years before 1582, some readers incorrectly assume that a year zero is also included in that proleptic calendar, but it is not used with the BC/AD era. The \"basic\" format for year 0 is the four-digit form 0000, which equals the historical year 1BC. Several \"expanded\" formats are possible: −0000 and +0000, as well as five- and six-digit versions. Earlier years are also negative four-, five- or six-digit years, which have an absolute value one less than the equivalent BC year, hence -0001 = 2 BC. Because only ISO 646 (7-bit ASCII) characters are allowed by ISO 8601, the minus sign is represented by a hyphen-minus.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "38382820#20",
"score": 0.6867266297340393,
"text": "year ?",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "2396729#5",
"score": 0.6861603856086731,
"text": "Zero ",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "986786#28",
"score": 0.6854184865951538,
"text": "Year-end",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "583263#52",
"score": 0.683777391910553,
"text": "On September 20, 2013, NASA abandoned further attempts to contact the craft. According to A'Hearn, the most probable reason of software malfunction was a Y2K-like problem. August 11, 2013, 00:38:49, was 2 of one-tenth seconds from January 1, 2000, leading to speculation that a system on the craft tracked time in one-tenth second increments since January 1, 2000, and stored it in a signed 32-bit integer, which then overflowed at this time, similar to the Year 2038 problem.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "34835#0",
"score": 0.6783285140991211,
"text": "The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero; however, astronomical year numbering does use a zero, as well as a minus sign, so \"\"2 BC\"\" is equal to \"\"year –1\"\". This is the 100th century in the Holocene calendar; it spans the years 9,901 to 10,000. 1st century AD (Anno Domini) follows.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "19355774#4",
"score": 0.6780454516410828,
"text": "20032007200820092010",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
6
|
Can you prevent traumatic brain injury?
|
[
{
"id": "1057414#2",
"score": 0.6998937726020813,
"text": "Prevention measures include use of protective technology in vehicles, such as seat belts and sports or motorcycle helmets, as well as efforts to reduce the number of collisions, such as safety education programs and enforcement of traffic laws. Depending on the injury, treatment required may be minimal or may include interventions such as medications, emergency surgery or surgery years later. Physical therapy, speech therapy, recreation therapy, occupational therapy and vision therapy may be employed for rehabilitation. Counseling, supported employment, and community support services may also be useful."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "4243256#34",
"score": 0.6644508242607117,
"text": "Prevention",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "41121515#5",
"score": 0.6627262830734253,
"text": "These processes are part of the natural damage response mechanisms which also include the brain experiencing a pro-inflammatory response at the location of damage that is regulated by an anti-inflammatory response that is farther away from the damaged area. In addition to this response, there is also a general haemodynamic response function that follows TBI.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "52421781#44",
"score": 0.6614989638328552,
"text": "Studies as far back as 1987 show that female sex hormones have an effect on the recovery of traumatic brain injury. In these studies, it was first observed that pseudopregnant female rats had reduced edema after traumatic brain injury. Recent clinical trials have shown that among patients that have suffered moderate traumatic brain injury, those that have been treated with progesterone are more likely to have a better outcome than those who have not. A number of additional animal studies have confirmed that progesterone has neuroprotective effects when administered shortly after traumatic brain injury. Encouraging results have also been reported in human clinical trials.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "57369339#1",
"score": 0.6604442596435547,
"text": "There are different kinds of TBI that cause different brain dysfunctions. Research suggests that TBI results in damage to sleep-regulation centers including the reticular activation system, specifically damage to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) which leads to disturbances in the circadian rhythm. Considering hypersomnia, mostly areas involving the maintenance of wakefulness are damaged, such as the rostral pons, caudal midbrain and thalamus.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "20051089#6",
"score": 0.6603705883026123,
"text": "Patients with moderate to severe TBI have more problems with cognitive deficits than do those with mild TBI, but several mild TBIs may have an additive effect. About one in five career boxers is affected by chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI), which causes cognitive, behavioral, and physical impairments. Dementia pugilistica, also called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, is the severe form of CTBI. Caused by repetitive blows to the head over a long period, the condition primarily affects career boxers and has recently been linked to other contact sports including American football and ice hockey as well as military service(see Ann McKee). It commonly manifests as dementia, or declining mental ability, memory problems, and parkinsonism (tremors and lack of coordination). Symptoms begin anywhere between 6 and 40 years after the start of a boxing career, with an average onset of about 16 years.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1057414#53",
"score": 0.6588289141654968,
"text": "TBI is a leading cause of death and disability around the globe[2] and presents a major worldwide social, economic, and health problem.[3] It is the number one cause of coma,[135] it plays the leading role in disability due to trauma,[69] and is the leading cause of brain damage in children and young adults.[8] In Europe it is responsible for more years of disability than any other cause.[3] It also plays a significant role in half of trauma deaths.[16]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "1948637#34",
"score": 0.6583753824234009,
"text": "One recent study of neuroplasticity involves work done by a team of doctors and researchers at Emory University, specifically Dr. Donald Stein[79] and Dr. David Wright. This is the first treatment in 40 years that has significant results in treating traumatic brain injuries while also incurring no known side effects and being cheap to administer.[21] Dr. Stein noticed that female mice seemed to recover from brain injuries better than male mice, and that at certain points in the estrus cycle, females recovered even better. This difference may be attributed to different levels of progesterone, with higher levels of progesterone leading to the faster recovery from brain injury in mice. However, clinical trials showed progesterone offers no significant benefit for traumatic brain injury human patients.[80]",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "30551694#15",
"score": 0.6570430397987366,
"text": "Cases of head injury report a lower rate of helmet-wearing than controls who have injured other parts of the body. This has been taken as strong evidence that cycle helmets are beneficial in a crash. The most widely quoted case-control study, by Thompson, Rivara, and Thompson, reported an 85% reduction in the risk of head injury by using a helmet. There are many criticisms of this study.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "15731985#1",
"score": 0.6568139791488647,
"text": "It is not known how to predict who will develop epilepsy after TBI and who will not. However, the likelihood that a person will develop PTE is influenced by the severity and type of injury; for example penetrating injuries and those that involve bleeding within the brain confer a higher risk. The onset of PTE can occur within a short time of the physical trauma that causes it, or months or years after. People with head trauma may remain at a higher risk for seizures than the general population even decades after the injury. PTE may be caused by several biochemical processes that occur in the brain after trauma, including overexcitation of brain cells and damage to brain tissues by free radicals.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "31940936#6",
"score": 0.6556363701820374,
"text": "In the case of a concussion, an MRI should be avoided unless there are progressive neurological symptoms, focal neurological findings or concern of skull fracture on exam. In the analysis of a concussion, measurements of Fractional Anisotropy, Mean Diffusivity, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Global Connectivity can be taken to observe the pathophysiological mechanisms being made while in recovery.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "29250994#1",
"score": 0.6551690101623535,
"text": "Ammonium nitrate and water and other proprietary chemicals, stored in separate areas of the helmet's liner, combine when trigger activated by an impact to create an endothermic reaction to prevent brain swelling, and reduce the effects of traumatic brain injury, a major cause of death and disability worldwide. When activated by sudden impact, the helmet performs like an instant ice pack that immediately initiates a cooling effect. This cooling process lasts approximately 30 to 45 minutes and helps to control swelling, extending protection of vital neurological function during the Golden hour prior to hospital arrival.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "3808122#9",
"score": 0.6548810601234436,
"text": "In terms of treatment for frontal lobe disorder, general supportive care is given, also some level of supervision could be needed. The prognosis will depend on the cause of the disorder, of course. A possible complication is that individuals with severe injuries may be disabled, such that, a caregiver may be unrecognizable to the person.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3235603#2",
"score": 0.6542627215385437,
"text": "In the event that the brain strikes the inside of the skull, there is a risk of a minor traumatic brain injury (concussion). This type of injury can alter brain function, cause memory loss, headaches an or nausea. A minor traumatic brain injury can be followed by post concussion syndrome.\nThe capacity of an adult human cranial cavity is 1,200–1,700 cm.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "15209898#2",
"score": 0.6540794968605042,
"text": "The exact mechanism for the injuries, especially contrecoup injuries, is a subject of much debate. In general, they involve an abrupt deceleration of the head, causing the brain to collide with the inside of the skull. It is likely that inertia is involved in the injuries, e.g. when the brain keeps moving after the skull is stopped by a fixed object or when the brain remains still after the skull is accelerated by an impact with a moving object. Additionally, increased intracranial pressure and movement of cerebrospinal fluid following a trauma may play a role in the injury.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "35565406#2",
"score": 0.6529927253723145,
"text": "Prevention of undiagnosed and repeat injury is of importance in sports-related concussions. Every three minutes, a child in the United States is treated for a sports-related concussion. Between 2010 and 2014, sports-related concussions experienced a 500% uptick. Rapid sideline testing using short neuropsychological tests that assess attention and memory function have been proven useful and accurate. The Maddocks questions and the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) are examples of validated sideline evaluation tools. The Return To Play (RTP) protocol aims to decrease repeat concussions within a short time frame to minimize second impact syndrome. It assures players who experience a concussion have complete cognitive and clinical recovery before returning to play. Best practices of RTP involve graduated activity intensification with each step taking at least 24 hours to assure full rehabilitation within one week (includes asymptomatic at rest and during exercise). In cases in which resources (i.e. neuropsychologists, neuroimaging) are available on-site, RTP may be more rapid. Baseline assessments, performed before concussion occurs, provide a comparison from which to measure severity of post-concussive symptoms. However, they have not been shown to decrease risk of injury. The U.S. based nonprofit National Safety Council included state-by-state concussion prevention efforts for youth-sports related concussions in its 2017 State of Safety report.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "38256723#27",
"score": 0.6516973972320557,
"text": "Increased standards for hockey helmets and the requirement that they be worn in competitive play has resulted in a decrease of serious head injury and fatalities. Although full facial protection (helmet with cage) did not reduce the incidence of catastrophic injuries or concussion compared to a standard helmet, it reduced the incidence of facial injuries and lacerations.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "3452485#3",
"score": 0.6491989493370056,
"text": "Traumatic brain injury often occurs from damage to the brain caused by an outside force, and may lead to cases of amnesia depending on the severity of the injury. Head injury can give rise to either transient or persisting amnesia. Occasionally, post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) may exist without any retrograde amnesia (RA), but this is often more common in cases of penetrating lesions. Damage to the frontal or anterior temporal regions have been described to be associated with disproportionate RA. Studies have illustrated that during PTA, head injury patients showed accelerated forgetting of learned information. On the other hand, after PTA, forgetting rates were normal.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "14765916#12",
"score": 0.6491631269454956,
"text": "Studies on animals have shown that the brain may be more vulnerable to a second concussive injury administered shortly after a first. In one such study, a mild impact administered within 24 hours of another one with minimal neurological impairment caused massive breakdown of the blood brain barrier and subsequent brain swelling. Loss of this protective barrier could be responsible for the edema found in SIS.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "39411526#10",
"score": 0.6486420631408691,
"text": "It is evident that damage to specific areas of the brain can result in whole areas of knowledge, skills and abilities being lost, sometimes irrevocably. However, it is also often the case that although some cognitive abilities can be left intact, (including the ability to retrieve, process and manipulate information) and much prior learning can remain, a child can be prevented from developing academically and socially because of other, more functional, deficits.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "31627160#17",
"score": 0.6476702094078064,
"text": "Having a first aid kit in the safe haven is advised to help victims recover from minor injuries. People needing prescription medications could have a medicine bag ready to take to shelter. Some people have reported their \"ears popping\" due to the change in air pressure, but those effects seem to be temporary. Covering people with mattresses or cushions has helped avoid injury from flying debris, as walls collapsed nearby.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
7
|
When is the dialectical method used?
|
[
{
"id": "52813#0",
"score": 0.7587100863456726,
"text": "Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.[1][2] Dialectic may be contrasted with the didactic method, wherein one side of the conversation teaches the other. Dialectic is alternatively known as minor logic, as opposed to major logic or critique."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "52813#38",
"score": 0.7132646441459656,
"text": "My dialectic method is not only different from the Hegelian, but is its direct opposite. To Hegel, the life-process of the human brain, i.e. the process of thinking, which, under the name of 'the Idea', he even transforms into an independent subject, is the demiurgos of the real world, and the real world is only the external, phenomenal form of 'the Idea'. With me, on the contrary, the ideal is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human mind, and translated into forms of thought.[42]",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "25664190#40",
"score": 0.6977600455284119,
"text": "Perhaps his most important contribution to Western thought is his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of \"elenchus\", which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates's most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of political philosophy, ethics or moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy. The Socratic method has often been considered as a defining element of American legal education.[105]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "43998406#0",
"score": 0.6889024376869202,
"text": "Dialectical logic is the system of laws of thought, developed within the Hegelian and Marxist traditions, which seeks to supplement or replace the laws of formal logic. The precise nature of the relation between dialectical and formal logic was hotly debated within the Soviet Union and China.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "45222773#2",
"score": 0.6817986369132996,
"text": "Links are often also made with the Socratic method, established by Socrates (470-399 BC), which is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions. There is some debate over whether the Socratic method should be understood as dialectic rather than as dialogic. However it is interpreted, Socrate's approach as described by Plato has been influential in informing modern day conceptions of dialogue, particularly in Western culture. This is not withstanding the fact that dialogic educational practices may have existed in Ancient Greece prior to the life of Socrates.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "52813#18",
"score": 0.6799978613853455,
"text": "Hegelian dialectic, usually presented in a threefold manner, was stated by Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus[26] as comprising three dialectical stages of development: a thesis, giving rise to its reaction; an antithesis, which contradicts or negates the thesis; and the tension between the two being resolved by means of a synthesis. In more simplistic terms, one can consider it thus: problem → reaction → solution. Although this model is often named after Hegel, he himself never used that specific formulation. Hegel ascribed that terminology to Kant.[27] Carrying on Kant's work, Fichte greatly elaborated on the synthesis model and popularized it.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1781075#55",
"score": 0.6759135723114014,
"text": "For problem behavior, chains can also be analyzed and the chain can be disrupted to prevent the problem behavior. Some behavior therapies, such as dialectical behavior therapy, make extensive use of behavior chain analysis, but is not philosophically behavior analytic.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "27443988#7",
"score": 0.6745126247406006,
"text": "Dialectical behavioral therapy was created by Marsha Linehan. The model attempts to balance acceptance and change. It focuses on the use of behavior chain analysis, which combines the process of functional analysis with a greater focus on each element in the behavior stream. DBT uses groups to train specific social skills and other behavioral skills. DBT is a well-established treatment for borderline personality disorder.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "3516205#0",
"score": 0.6743156909942627,
"text": "The Method may refer to:",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "7702892#22",
"score": 0.6716570854187012,
"text": "According to Marsha Linehan, founder of DBT or Dialectical Behavior Therapy, some people have great difficulty resolving the dialectic tensions that arise in relationships. Many people with personality disorders, potentially caused or made worse by dysfunctional upbringing, especially Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and some others, perpetually vascilate between the poles of the dialectic conflict, with resulting instability causing problems in living that are not mediated by other therapy modalities. In DBT's biosocial theory, some people \"have a biological predisposition for emotional dysregulation, and their social environment validates maladaptive behavior. ",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "347543#54",
"score": 0.6714935898780823,
"text": "Following the systematic treatment of a priori knowledge given in the transcendental analytic, the transcendental dialectic seeks to dissect dialectical illusions. Its task is effectively to expose the fraudulence of the non-empirical employment of the understanding. The Transcendental Dialectic shows how pure reason should not be used. According to Kant, the rational faculty is plagued with dialectic illusions as man attempts to know what can never be known.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "52813#1",
"score": 0.6713067293167114,
"text": "Within Hegelianism, the word dialectic has the specialised meaning of a contradiction between ideas that serves as the determining factor in their relationship. Dialectic comprises three stages of development: first, a thesis or statement of an idea, which gives rise to a second step, a reaction or antithesis that contradicts or negates the thesis, and third, the synthesis, a statement through which the differences between the two points are resolved. Dialectical materialism, a theory or set of theories produced mainly by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, adapted the Hegelian dialectic into arguments regarding traditional materialism.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "7557224#1",
"score": 0.6704480648040771,
"text": "Adorno sought to update the philosophical process known as the dialectic, freeing it from traits previously attributed to it that he believed to be fictive. For Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the dialectic was a process of realization that things contain their own negation and through this realization the parts are \"sublated\" into something greater. Adorno's dialectics rejected this positive element wherein the result was something greater than the parts that preceded and argued for a dialectics which produced something essentially negative. Adorno wrote that, \"\"Negative Dialectics\" is a phrase that flouts tradition. As early as Plato, dialectics meant to achieve something positive by means of negation; the thought figure of the 'negation of the negation' later became the succinct term. This book seeks to free dialectics from such affirmative traits without reducing its determinacy.\"",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "805625#2",
"score": 0.6700228452682495,
"text": "\"The Practice of Method\", is the seminal written work on \"social therapy\", the first published formulation by Newman and his colleagues of a Marxist approach to therapy. Social therapy came, in later years, to be influenced by other thinkers (notably Vygotsky and Wittgenstein) and other therapeutic approaches (notably cognitive behavioral therapy). \"The Practice of Method\" exposes the roots of social therapy. It is the beginning of a continuing investigation of method in the study of human growth and development, to which Newman (together with his chief collaborator, Lois Holzman) returns again and again in his later work. ",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "711550#29",
"score": 0.669394850730896,
"text": "\"Humans, unlike just about all the other animals on earth, create fairly sophisticated languages which not only enable them to think about their feeling, their actions, and the results they get from doing and not doing certain things, but they also are able to think about their thinking and even think about thinking about their thinking.\"\nThrough the therapeutic process, REBT employs a wide array of forceful and active, meaning multimodal and disputing, methodologies. Central through these methods and techniques is the intent to help the client challenge, dispute and question their destructive and self-defeating cognitions, emotions and behaviors. The methods and techniques incorporate cognitive-philosophic, emotive-evocative-dramatic, and behavioral methods for disputation of the client's irrational and self-defeating constructs and helps the client come up with more rational and self-constructive ones. REBT seeks to acknowledge that understanding and insight are not enough; in order for clients to significantly change, they need to pinpoint their irrational and self-defeating constructs and work forcefully and actively at changing them to more functional and self-helping ones.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "984228#0",
"score": 0.6688516736030579,
"text": "A didactic method ( \"didáskein\", \"to teach\") is a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to present information to students. The didactic method of instruction is often contrasted with dialectics and the Socratic method; the term can also be used to refer to a specific didactic method, as for instance constructivist didactics.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "48398#7",
"score": 0.6684501767158508,
"text": "In short, some philosophers feel strongly that the analytic method (especially conceptual analysis) is essential to and defines philosophy—e.g. Jackson (1998), Chalmers (1996), and Bealer (1998). Yet, some philosophers argue that the method of analysis is problematic—e.g. Stich (1998) and Ramsey (1998). Some, however, take the middle ground and argue that while analysis is largely a fruitful method of inquiry, philosophers should not limit themselves to only using the method of analysis.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "28565245#40",
"score": 0.6665621399879456,
"text": "In order to understand relational dialectics theory, one must also be aware of the assumption that there are three different types of relational dialectics. These consist of connectedness and separateness, certainty and uncertainty, and openness and closedness.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1556237#3",
"score": 0.6648168563842773,
"text": "Sophistry is most commonly associated with the use of rhetoric or means of persuasion to teach or persuade an audience. In its opposition is the practice of dialectic, supported by Plato and his mentor Socrates, which uses dialogue to break apart complex issues in search of absolute truth or knowledge. In Plato's writings, specifically Gorgias, the term \"parrhesia\" is more closely associated with dialectic meaning that it is \"free speech\" and not rhetoric or manipulation. ",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "21205195#16",
"score": 0.6632094979286194,
"text": "The method is as follows:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "44379799#5",
"score": 0.6620039343833923,
"text": "Dialectics and its study was derived from the philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who, in turn, had studied the Greek philosopher Heraclitus and author of \"\". Heraclitus taught that everything was constantly changing and that all things consisted of two opposite elements which changed into each other as night changes into day, light into darkness, life into death etc.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
8
|
Have the Colorado Rockies won a title?
|
[
{
"id": "6669#0",
"score": 0.7696596384048462,
"text": "The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver, Colorado. The Rockies compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. The team's home venue is Coors Field, located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver. The Rockies won their first National League championship in 2007, after having won 14 of their final 15 games in order to secure a Wild Card position. In the World Series they were swept by the American League (AL) champion Boston Red Sox in four games."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "33768743#28",
"score": 0.720596432685852,
"text": "\"Baseball America\" named the Colorado Rockies the \"Organization of the Year\" for their accomplishments during the 2007 season. \"We knew they were bringing great talent through their farm system, but we certainly didn't expect it to pay off with big-league success so quickly\", said Will Lingo, editor of \"Baseball America\". \"They won with homegrown players, have more talent on the way and have maintained stability in their front office, so they had pretty much everything we look for in an organization.\"",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "55408599#0",
"score": 0.7064032554626465,
"text": "The 2018 Colorado Rockies season was the franchise's 26th in Major League Baseball and the 24th season the Rockies played their home games at Coors Field. They won 91 games during the regular season, which was the second-highest mark in franchise history and just one win behind the franchise record set in 2009. They finished the season with a record of 91They lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2018 National League West tie-breaker game and subsequently opened the postseason by defeating the Chicago Cubs in the Wild Card Game. Their season ended when they were swept by the Milwaukee Brewers in the Division Series.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "23209126#8",
"score": 0.6918027400970459,
"text": "Colorado Rockies – NL (1995–present)",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "28204656#0",
"score": 0.6829653382301331,
"text": "The Colorado Rockies are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Denver, Colorado. They play in the National League West division. The Rockies have participated in MLB's annual June draft since 1992. Officially known as the \"First-Year Player Draft\", the Rule 4 Draft is MLB's primary mechanism for assigning players from high schools, colleges, and other amateur clubs to its franchises. The draft order is determined based on the previous season's standings, with the team possessing the worst record receiving the first pick. In addition, teams which lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks. Since the franchise was established as an expansion team in 1992, the Rockies have selected 30 players in the first round. The First-Year Player Draft is unrelated to the 1992 expansion draft through which the Rockies filled their roster.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "33895947#15",
"score": 0.6790632605552673,
"text": "The Colorado Rockies entered the National League as an expansion team in 1993.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "8132739#8",
"score": 0.6759957671165466,
"text": "2007 NLCS (4–0): Colorado Rockies over Arizona Diamondbacks",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "45054083#5",
"score": 0.6726929545402527,
"text": "A lack of stability continually plagued the team. In their first eight years, the Scouts/Rockies went through ten coaches, none lasting two full seasons. While in Denver, the team changed owners twice. Amid this instability, they not only never had a winning season, but never even came close to a .500 record.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "25279352#33",
"score": 0.6720308661460876,
"text": " With the cup title, Colorado Rapids became the first Coloradan club to win any cup or league championship since the Colorado Avalanche won the Stanley Cup after the 2000-2001 NHL season. As champions, the Rapids earned a direct berth into Group Stage of the 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League, which will be their second-ever appearance in a CONCACAF competition. FC Dallas will earn their first ever trip to any CONCACAF-competition by earning a Preliminary Round spot in the Champions League. ",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "23104903#20",
"score": 0.6708618402481079,
"text": "2009 NLDS (3–1): Philadelphia Phillies over Colorado Rockies",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7667223#2",
"score": 0.6689483523368835,
"text": "The Rockies entered the Series having won 21 of their last 22 games, going back to the end of the regular season, including sweeps of the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLDS and the Arizona Diamondbacks in the NLCS. They also beat the San Diego Padres in the NL Wild Card tie-breaker. The Red Sox swept the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the ALDS and defeated the Cleveland Indians in the ALCS after trailing three games to one, taking the final three contests by a combined score of 30–5. Neither participating team was in the previous year's postseason. The Rockies' eight-day layoff was the longest in MLB postseason history, caused by their sweep in the NLCS, the ALCS going seven games, and scheduling by MLB.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "2484469#0",
"score": 0.6628847122192383,
"text": "These are lists of Colorado Rockies records from their inception all the way through the 2018 season.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "34605618#1",
"score": 0.6623250842094421,
"text": "Colo-Colo has won the championship, which is played in the Apertura and Clausura system, nine times from 2010 to 2014. They are Chilean record champions.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "5405615#3",
"score": 0.6616993546485901,
"text": "14 different franchises have won the CHL Championship, with six of them (Wichita, Oklahoma City, Memphis/Mississippi, Laredo, Colorado and Allen) winning twice. The five franchises hold the record for most championships won with two. Current possession of the trophy belongs to the Allen Americans, who won it in 2014 with a 4-1 victory over the Denver Cutthroats becoming only the third CHL team to win back-to-back championships.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "11308152#5",
"score": 0.661470890045166,
"text": "In the NLDS, it was the near-opposite to the New York/Seattle series. The Cincinnati Reds, who'd run away with the NL Central, swept the Dodgers and the Atlanta Braves took both games vs. Colorado at Coors Field before the Rockies finally won a game in game 3. However, the Braves finished off the Rockies at home in game 4. Then, in the NLCS, after taking both games at Riverfront Stadium, the Braves finished the sweep of the Reds at home.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "606467#7",
"score": 0.6610962152481079,
"text": "After retiring as a player, Baylor served as a hitting coach for the Milwaukee Brewers and St. Louis Cardinals until he was named the manager of the expansion Colorado Rockies. He led the team for six years from 1993 to 1998. The Rockies posted their first winning record (77–67) in 1995 and made the postseason as the wildcard team, and as a result, Baylor won the National League Manager of the Year Award.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "3694278#12",
"score": 0.6606042981147766,
"text": "The CU ski team competes as a member of the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association, as CU is one of two members of the Pac-12 along with Utah that competes in skiing. Colorado is one of the dominant programs in the NCAA in skiing, winning 20 total national championships, including 19 NCAA Championships, most recently in 2015. The Buffs have won three NCAA Championships since 2011, and have finished in the top four at NCAAs for 13 straight years with four championships (2006, 2011, 2013, 2015) in that span. The 13 straight top four finishes is the longest streak in the country. The Buffaloes have won 28 RMISA championships, most recently in 2017. The Buffaloes have had 53 individuals connected to the school participate in the Olympics 85 times. Colorado has had 94 individual NCAA Champions, including David Ketterer and Petra Hyncidova both sweeping their respective races in 2017.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "9491336#1",
"score": 0.6583272814750671,
"text": "Source:\nSource:Division titles are counted as a full regular season championship. Current Summit League members Denver and South Dakota have never sponsored baseball while in the conference.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "20023451#1",
"score": 0.6543390154838562,
"text": " League champions",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "41662530#19",
"score": 0.6527928113937378,
"text": "Conference Champions",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "14785120#8",
"score": 0.6527639031410217,
"text": "Skiing is another strong sport. The University of Denver Ski Team has won 24 NCAA titles (more skiing titles than any other school). The Pioneers have won 10 championships since 2000. DU won NCAA titles in 2014, 2016 and 2018, \"three-peated\" NCAA titles in 2008, 2009 and 2010, won an NCAA title in 2005 and as well as three consecutive NCAA titles from 2000 to 2002.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
9
|
Who invented Hangul?
|
[
{
"id": "17470560#2",
"score": 0.7874791026115417,
"text": "Hangul was personally created and promulgated by the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great.[1][2] Sejong's scholarly institute, the Hall of Worthies, is often credited with the work, and at least one of its scholars was heavily involved in its creation, but it appears to have also been a personal project of Sejong."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "235601#3",
"score": 0.739229679107666,
"text": "In his 1914 publication, \"Sounds of the Language\", he promotes writing Hangul linearly rather than syllabically. This is one of his few proposals not to have been implemented, although there have been experiments with linear hangul, most notably in Primorsky Krai.Ju Si-gyeong coined the name \"Hangul\" (한글) between 1910 and 1913 to identify the Korean writing system, which had existed under several other names such as \"onmun\" (vernacular script) since the 15th century.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "159204#27",
"score": 0.7387756109237671,
"text": "Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside phonetic writing systems based on Chinese script that predated Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters that needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often lacked the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. His intention was to establish a cultural identity for Korea through its unique script.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "293150#3",
"score": 0.737936794757843,
"text": "Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "454015#23",
"score": 0.7254959344863892,
"text": "Old Korean is attested in Chinese histories, in the Three Kingdoms period of Korea (ca. 0 to 900 CE), when the Silla Kingdom (in Eastern Korea), Baekje Kingdom (in Southwestern Korea), and Goguryeo Kingdom (in Northern Korea) were simultaneously present on the Korean peninsula, although Korean was not a literary language until later; the hangul script of Korean was invented in the 15th century CE (the earlier Idu script dates to the 6th century CE).",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "18863483#12",
"score": 0.7206396460533142,
"text": "The Hangul alphabet introduced in the 15th century was much simpler, and specifically designed for the sounds of Korean.\nThe alphabet makes systematic use of modifiers corresponding to features of Korean sounds.\nAlthough Hangul is unrelated to Chinese characters, its letters are written in syllabic blocks that can be interspersed with Hanja. \nSuch a Korean mixed script became the usual way of writing the language, with roots of Chinese origin denoted by Hanja and all other elements rendered in Hangul. Hanja is still used (but not very commonly like the Japanese) and is required in both North and South Korea.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "17470560#0",
"score": 0.7205471992492676,
"text": "The Korean alphabet is the native script of Korea, created in the mid fifteenth century by King Sejong,[1][2] as both a complement and an alternative to the logographic Sino-Korean hanja. Initially denounced by the educated class as eonmun (vernacular writing), it only became the primary Korean script following independence from Japan in the mid-20th century.[3]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "42538288#10",
"score": 0.7195806503295898,
"text": "The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. A popular saying about the alphabet is, \"A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days.\"\nThe project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, and described in 1446 in a document titled \"Hunminjeong'eum\" (\"The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People\"), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. The publication date of the \"Hunminjeongeum\", October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "16749#24",
"score": 0.7166646122932434,
"text": "During the 15th and 16th centuries, Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science. Most notable among them was Sejong the Great (r. 1418–50), who personally created and promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet. This golden age saw great cultural and scientific advancements, including in printing, meteorological observation, astronomy, calendar science, ceramics, military technology, geography, cartography, medicine, and agricultural technology, some of which were unrivaled elsewhere. Joseon implemented a class system that consisted of \"yangban\" the noble class, \"jungin\" the middle class, \"yangin\" the common class, and \"cheonin\" the lowest class, which included occupations such as butchers, tanners, shamans, entertainers, and \"nobi\", the equivalent of slaves, bondservants, or serfs.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "13139823#46",
"score": 0.6934816837310791,
"text": "Korea and Japan however continued to have relations with China and with other Asian countries. In the 15th century Sejong the Great of Korea cemented his country's identity by creating the Hangul Writing system to replace use of Chinese Characters. Meanwhile, in Japan fell under military rule of the Kamakura and later Ashikaga Shogunate dominated by Samauri warriors.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "28806034#3",
"score": 0.6916900873184204,
"text": "The script of the Han Chinese characters has long been a unifying feature in East Asia as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to its East Asian neighbors. Chinese characters became the unifying language of bureaucratic politics and religious expression in East Asia. The Chinese script was passed on first to Korea and then to Japan, where it forms a major component of the Japanese writing system. In Korea, however, Sejong the Great invented the hangul alphabet, which has since been used as the main orthographic system for the Korean language. In Japan, much of the Japanese language is written in hiragana, katakana in addition to Chinese characters.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "327626#1",
"score": 0.6892383694648743,
"text": "Choe devised the modern South Korean order of the hangul characters, and assigned names to the letters. His most famous book on hangul is the \"Hunmong Jahoe\" (; \"\"Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened\"\", 1527). Over the course of 40 years, he composed 7 original works, and published 10 translations and research works.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "21869809#1",
"score": 0.6801677346229553,
"text": "In November 3, 2005, the project about establishing new science high school in Seoul was approved by Ministry of Education and Science Technology. The name of the school, Sejong Science High School, is named after Sejong the Great, the king who created the Korean alphabet; Hangul. In March 24, 2009, the school officially signed in the friendship exchange with DDG-991 Aegis Combat System, generally called \"Sejong the Great Combat System\".",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "16749#2",
"score": 0.6708362102508545,
"text": "The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by relative peace. During this period, the Korean alphabet was created by Sejong the Great in the 15th century and there was increasing influence of Confucianism. During the later part of the dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the \"Hermit Kingdom\". By the late 19th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. After the First Sino-Japanese War, despite the Korean Empire's effort to modernize, it was annexed by Japan in 1910 and ruled by Imperial Japan until the end of World War II in August 1945.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "403365#46",
"score": 0.6691897511482239,
"text": "Hangul was designed with a digraph series to represent the \"muddy\" consonants: ㅃ , ㄸ , ㅉ , ㄲ , ㅆ , ㆅ ; also ᅇ, with an uncertain value. These values are now obsolete, but most of these doubled letters were resurrected in the 19th century to write consonants which had not existed when hangul was devised: ㅃ , ㄸ , ㅉ , ㄲ , ㅆ .",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "235601#0",
"score": 0.6679385900497437,
"text": "Ju Si-gyeong (December 22, 1876 – July 27, 1914) was one of the founders of modern Korean linguistics. He was born in Bongsan-gun, Hwanghae Province. He and his students helped standardize the Korean language, based spelling and grammar of the vernacular.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "14837974#1",
"score": 0.6625543236732483,
"text": "Born as the third prince, Chungnyeong, was far from ascending the throne. His early years were turbulent as Korea faced political tensions from both within and abroad and facing abduction as a boy to make matters worse. Eventually the young prince finds himself living in a private residence outside of the palace and experiences the everyday life of commoners until he is a young man. Later on his ascension to the throne, Chungyeong (now called King Sejong) stabilizes the newly born country and gives rise to the blooming culture of Joseon. In the process he invents Hangul, the Korean writing system.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "10063450#1",
"score": 0.6622589230537415,
"text": "Names are listed in Hangul and Hanja.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "42261#12",
"score": 0.6620862483978271,
"text": "Korea, Jang Yeong-sil, a Korean engineer of the Joseon Dynasty, under the active direction of the king, Sejong the Great, invented the world's first rain-gauge, uryanggye (Korean:우량계) in 1441. It was installed in irrigation tanks as part of a nationwide system to measure and collect rainfall for agricultural applications. With this instrument, planners and farmers could make better use of the information gathered in the survey.[26]",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "158772#0",
"score": 0.6575833559036255,
"text": "Hanja (; ) is the Korean name for Chinese characters (). More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. \"Hanja-mal\" or \"Hanja-eo\" (the latter is more used) refers to words that can be written with Hanja, and \"hanmun\" (, ) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although \"Hanja\" is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because Hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese and \"kyūjitai\" characters, though the stroke orders for some characters are slightly different. For example, the characters and are written as and . Only a small number of Hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding Hanja characters.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "327626#8",
"score": 0.6571299433708191,
"text": "As one of the phoneticians in the history of the Joseon Dynasty, he compiled the order of the Korean letters in \"Hunmong Jahoe\". The first eight characters in the order that is presented in this work are characterized as sounds that are \"used for both the initial and the final sounds\". The next eight set of characters are described as \"those used only for the initial sounds\". These eight characters that occur initially are ordered as the following: \"Molar [kh], the Tongue [th], the Lip [ph], the Tooth [c ch], the Half Tooth [z], and the Throat [0]\". Only the order of these eight characters have been retained until the present and the order of the other characters as proposed by Choe have been altered. The reason for the change of the order of the other characters are unidentifiable. Choe also ordered the vowels in Hangul. He ordered them according to sequence in which we open our mouth to articulate these vowels. His ordering of the vowels is the order that is currently used in present day Korea.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
10
|
What do Grasshoppers eat?
|
[
{
"id": "1021764#2",
"score": 0.7742780447006226,
"text": "Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in their millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from predators by camouflage; when detected, many species attempt to startle the predator with a brilliantly-coloured wing-flash while jumping and (if adult) launching themselves into the air, usually flying for only a short distance. Other species such as the rainbow grasshopper have warning coloration which deters predators. Grasshoppers are affected by parasites and various diseases, and many predatory creatures feed on both nymphs and adults. The eggs are the subject of attack by parasitoids and predators."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "3051575#14",
"score": 0.7218003273010254,
"text": "The diet of the green tree frog consists mainly of insects such as moths, cockroaches, and locusts. They also eat spiders and can include smaller frogs and even small mammals (including bats) among their prey. Frog teeth are not suited to cutting up prey, so the food item must be small enough to fit inside its mouth. Many frogs flick out their sticky tongues at prey and the victim sticks to the tip and is drawn back into the mouth and consumed. A green tree frog uses this technique for smaller prey; for larger items, however, it pounces, then pushes the prey into its mouth with its hands.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "528566#6",
"score": 0.7207069396972656,
"text": "Like other skinks of the genus \"Plestiodon\", they feed primarily on insects, preferring larger prey such as grasshoppers.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "38149371#2",
"score": 0.7174248695373535,
"text": "The larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "37030747#2",
"score": 0.7139039635658264,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "26607256#2",
"score": 0.7138504385948181,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "37030631#2",
"score": 0.7138504385948181,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "33372510#7",
"score": 0.7137267589569092,
"text": "The diet of species in this family consists of insects, seeds, and grasses. Species are diurnal, and forage by walking and picking up food from the ground.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "37030659#2",
"score": 0.7135770916938782,
"text": "Larvae feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "283861#4",
"score": 0.7131468057632446,
"text": "The most important component in the diet of all species is insects, although spiders, millipedes and scorpions are also taken, and there are even records of small lizards being consumed. Amongst the insect prey, a number of different types are eaten; beetles, grasshoppers and other Orthoptera, flies, mosquitoes, wasps, termites, mantises and others all being recorded. Members of this family forage either individually or in family groups. Some species will also join mixed species feeding flocks, a technique that has been shown to confer some foraging advantages. The different species and genera use a variety of methods to obtain prey, ranging from foliage-gleaning to flycatching.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1400053#4",
"score": 0.7127813696861267,
"text": "Its diet consists of mostly small invertebrates, such as caterpillars, beetle larvae, earthworms, centipedes, slugs, and sow bugs. It will also eat from the corpses of dead animals, and small amounts of seeds or fruits. This shrew will eat its prey whole, but when eating crickets and grasshoppers, the North American least shrew will bite off the head of its prey and eat only the internal organs. When fighting a larger creature, it will aim for the legs and try to cripple its adversary, and will bite lizards, which are often too large for it to kill, on the tail, which then falls off and provides it with a meal while the lizard escapes. The North American least shrew will also sometimes live inside beehives and eat all the larvae. It will often share its food with other shrews. It eats more than its body weight each day and is known to store food.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "43667668#2",
"score": 0.7111423015594482,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses, including corn. They bore the stem of their host plant.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "35098671#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "32942118#1",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "24176868#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "43622884#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "26090589#2",
"score": 0.7110840678215027,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "32942204#1",
"score": 0.7110190987586975,
"text": "The larvae feed on various grasses.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "12549506#1",
"score": 0.7088326215744019,
"text": "The larvae are thought to feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "43667557#2",
"score": 0.7078571319580078,
"text": "The larvae probably feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "12549570#1",
"score": 0.7078571319580078,
"text": "The larvae probably feed on grasses.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
11
|
How large is the Kerman province of southeastern Iran?
|
[
{
"id": "448069#0",
"score": 0.8368577361106873,
"text": "Kerman Province (Persian: استان کرمان, Ostān-e Kermān) is the largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. Kerman is in the southeast of Iran with its administrative center in the city of Kerman. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.[3] Mentioned in ancient times as the Achamenid satrapy of Carmania,[4] it is the first-largest province of Iran with an area of 183,285km2 (70,767sqmi), that encompasses nearly 11 percent of the land area of Iran.[5] The population of the province is about 3 million (9th in the country)."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "448105#0",
"score": 0.7061659097671509,
"text": "Sistan and Baluchestan Province ()(, \"Ostān-e Sīstān-o Balūchestān\"), after Kerman province, is the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan and its capital is Zahedan.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "8679958#0",
"score": 0.6914330124855042,
"text": "Kerman University of Medical Sciences also called KMU (Kerman Medical University), is a university located in Kerman, Iran. KMU is the 8th largest medical university in Iran and the largest university of medical sciences in southeast of the country with about 6000 students and 503 faculties.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "847140#11",
"score": 0.6862099766731262,
"text": "The economy of Kerman is mostly based on farming, notably nut farming and also mining. Sarchashmeh Copper mine is the second biggest copper mine in the world after the one located in Chile. Pistachios are an important part of the economy in Kerman, with Kerman Province being the largest producer of pistachios in Iran and the world.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "7349901#1",
"score": 0.6799485683441162,
"text": "http://www.kerman-info.ir/",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "7349901#3",
"score": 0.6793173551559448,
"text": "http://www.kerman-info.ir/",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "1463116#0",
"score": 0.6756026148796082,
"text": "Jiroft (, also Romanized as Jīroft; formerly, Sabzāwārān, Sabzevārān, Sabzevārān-e Jiroft, and Sabzvārān) is a city and capital of Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 95,031, in 19,926 families. It is located south of the city of Kerman, and south of Tehran along Road 91. In the past it was also called Sabzevaran, and on account of its being very fertile land it is famous as Hend-e-Koochak (the little India).",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "793511#0",
"score": 0.6712468266487122,
"text": "Diyarbakır Province (, ) is a province in southeastern Turkey. The province covers an area of 15,355 km² and its population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is the city of Diyarbakır.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5544058#19",
"score": 0.6685002446174622,
"text": "See Kermanshahis",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "448079#54",
"score": 0.6672655940055847,
"text": "Khuzestan is the major oil-producing region of Iran, and as such is one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Khuzestan ranks third among Iran's provinces in GDP.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "847140#20",
"score": 0.6621776223182678,
"text": "The people of Kerman are Persians, and most are Muslims (Both Sunni and Shi'a). Kerman has a small but culturally significant Zoroastrian minority.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "64697#8",
"score": 0.6569185853004456,
"text": "Iran has only two expanses of lowlands: the Khuzestan Plain in the southwest and the Caspian Sea coastal plain in the north. The former is a roughly triangular-shaped extension of the Mesopotamia plain and averages about 160 kilometres (99mi) in width. It extends for about 120 kilometres (75mi) inland, barely rising a few meters above sea level, then meets abruptly with the first foothills of the Zagros. Much of the Khuzestan plain is covered with marshes.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "28038104#0",
"score": 0.6532227993011475,
"text": "Kerman carpets (sometimes \"Kirman\") are one of the traditional classifications of Persian carpets. Kerman is both a city and a province located in south central Iran, though the term sometimes describes a type which may have been made elsewhere.\nKerman rugs are prized for a wide range of designs, a broad palette, use of natural dyes and fibers, great tensile strength and abrasion resistance, and expert color combinations. Typical manufacturing used an asymmetrical knot on cotton foundation, but rare examples include silk or part silk piles, or silk foundations with wool pile.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "7349873#0",
"score": 0.6532098650932312,
"text": "Jiroft County () is a county in Kerman Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Jiroft. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 181,300 in 38,307 families. The county is subdivided into three districts (bakhsh): the Central District, Sarduiyeh District, and Jebalbarez District. The county has three cities: Jiroft, Darb-e Behesht, Jebalbarez & Boluk.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1123873#0",
"score": 0.650725781917572,
"text": "Ravansar (; also Romanized as Ravānsar and Rawānsīr) is a city and capital of Ravansar County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,383, in 3,838 families.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "36456187#0",
"score": 0.6504427194595337,
"text": "Yazdanabad is an alternate name of Yazdan Shahr, a city in Kerman Province, Iran.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "457235#0",
"score": 0.6504153609275818,
"text": "Helmand ( ; Pashto/Dari: هلمند), also known as Hillmand or Helman, and, in ancient times, as Hermand and Hethumand is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, in the south of the country. It is the largest province by area, covering area. The province contains 13 districts, encompassing over 1,000 villages, and roughly 879,500 settled people. Lashkar Gah serves as the provincial capital.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "1289358#18",
"score": 0.6469683647155762,
"text": "Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "1289401#10",
"score": 0.6469683647155762,
"text": "Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "599079#0",
"score": 0.6433209180831909,
"text": "Ahvaz (Persian: اهواز, romanized:Ahvāz or Ahwaz) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000[2] and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants. It is home to Persians, Arabs, Lurs (Bakhtiaris), Dezfulis, Shushtaris, etc.[3] and different languages are spoken in it, such as Persian, Arabic,[4][5] the Persian dialects of Luri (Bakhtiari), Dezfuli, Shushtari, etc.[6]",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "23118387#0",
"score": 0.6408486366271973,
"text": "Sistani Persian people or Sistanis are a Persian speaking ethnic Persian group who primarily inhabit Sistan in southeastern Iran. They live in the northern part of Sistan and Balouchistan province, where they form a minority after Baluchis. Since recent decades many also have migrated to other parts of Iran such as Tehran and Golestan provinces in northern Iran. The largest city of Sistan region is Zabol. Sistanis speak a dialect of Persian known as Zaboli or Sistani.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
12
|
When was Guitar Hero Live first released?
|
[
{
"id": "46408645#0",
"score": 0.7780872583389282,
"text": "Guitar Hero Live is a music video game developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One in October 2015 and to iOS devices including Apple TV in November 2015. As with previous games in the series, the goal is to use a special guitar controller to match fret patterns displayed on a scrolling note pattern on screen in time with the music."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "21908296#5",
"score": 0.7245262861251831,
"text": "\"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" was officially announced on September 7, 2007, at the Austin GDC '07, and released on June 22, 2008. During a conference call on May 8, 2008, Activision revealed that the game would be sold as an individual game (along with the \"Guitar Grip\") as well as bundled with the DS hardware itself. In North America, Nintendo released a bundle which included \"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" and a limited edition Silver/Black Nintendo DS Lite branded with the \"Guitar Hero\" logo. This bundle was available with the release of \"Guitar Hero: On Tour\" in the United Kingdom. This is the first third-party DS game to be included in such a bundle. When pre-ordered in certain stores, the consumer received either a special Guitar Hero: On Tour set of headphones, Nintendo DS Lite \"wrap\" pack (two stickers for use on the console) or an exclusive guitar pick stylus. The headphones and stylus feature the Guitar Hero: On Tour logo. On June 14, Toys \"R\" Us stores across the US hosted a \"First to Play\" event, where players tried out the game more than a week before its release. Also at the event, anyone who attended received a free Guitar Hero sticker, a temporary tattoo, and a special dog tag.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "46408645#19",
"score": 0.7213211059570312,
"text": "In February 2015, rumors surfaced that new entries in both the Guitar Hero and Rock Band franchises for eighth generation consoles were in development; Harmonix announced Rock Band 4 on 5 March 2015.[48][49] On 14 April 2015, Activision officially announced a reboot of the Guitar Hero franchise, Guitar Hero Live, with development by FreeStyleGames.[12]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "18541778#9",
"score": 0.684492290019989,
"text": "The song is featured as a playable track in \"\" and \"Guitar Hero Live\".",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "13110319#0",
"score": 0.6836661100387573,
"text": "Guitar Hero World Tour (initially referred to as Guitar Hero IV or Guitar Hero IV: World Tour) is a music rhythm game developed by Neversoft, published by Activision and distributed by RedOctane. It is the fourth main entry in the \"Guitar Hero\" series, the sixth on home consoles and the seventh overall. The game was launched in North America in October 2008 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360 consoles, and a month later for Europe and Australia. A version of \"World Tour\" for Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh was later released.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "2051328#7",
"score": 0.6786512136459351,
"text": "The song was released on the \"\" spinoff track list on December 22, 2009. It was later made available as downloadable content for \"Guitar Hero Live\", containing the music video.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "4791958#19",
"score": 0.6719717383384705,
"text": "RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 version of \"Guitar Hero II\" \"planned to feature more downloadable content than any other 360 title\" utilizing the Xbox Live Marketplace, including many of the songs from the original \"Guitar Hero\" a week after the release of the game. Four such packs have been released since April 11, 2007. Additionally, two packs featuring new content to the \"Guitar Hero\" series have also been released, including songs from My Chemical Romance, Protest the Hero, Trivium, and Atreyu. There have also been individual track downloads featuring songs from bands Los Rodríguez, Pleymo, and Soilwork.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "9422233#13",
"score": 0.6672606468200684,
"text": "Rhythm-gaming was primarily centered in the arcade with popular games such as \"Dance Dance Revolution\" and \"Beatmania\". Many of these franchises have been popular since the late-nineties, but it wasn't until \"Guitar Hero\"s release in 2005 that the genre really affected popular culture. Most games in this category will feature a set list of songs that a player can choose to perform. They also tend to come with a unique controller, usually shaped like a musical instrument. The success of Guitar Hero lead to the creation of other similar game franchises such as \"Rock Band\" and \"DJ Hero\". Coincidentally, the game has been cited as inspiration for people seeking to actually play instruments and has led to a revival of interest in classic rock nostalgia.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "149216#81",
"score": 0.667197585105896,
"text": "In the fields of technology and video games, Aerosmith has achieved several feats. In 1994, Aerosmith released the song \"Head First\" on the CompuServe online service, which is considered to be the first full-length commercial product available online. In 2008, Aerosmith became the first artist to have an entire \"Guitar Hero\" video game based around them with \"\". \"Guitar Hero: Aerosmith\" is considered to be the best-selling band-centric video game across both the \"Guitar Hero\" and \"Rock Band\" platforms.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "12337815#6",
"score": 0.6669332981109619,
"text": "The Xbox 360 version of the game allows for the use of downloadable content available through Xbox Live Marketplace. These are typically released as packs of three, or as single song. These packs include songs from the original \"Guitar Hero\" for the PlayStation 2. Additional packs consist of songs that have not been featured in \"Guitar Hero\" before, and are masters, even though some are indicated as covers in the game. As of March 31, 2014, these songs are no longer available in the Xbox Live Marketplace.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "4791958#6",
"score": 0.6647358536720276,
"text": "When Activision purchased RedOctane in , the company expressed strong interest in bringing the \"Guitar Hero\" series to \"every significant new format\" in order to take advantage of the next generation of consoles. The Xbox 360 version was announced on September 27, 2006 at Microsoft's X06. Dusty Welch of RedOctane stated that the Xbox 360 \"provides an incredible platform for facilitating downloadable content\" due to the integrated hard drive on the console. The Xbox 360 version of the game included 10 exclusive songs and additional content available for purchase through the Xbox Live Marketplace.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "17601372#26",
"score": 0.6643040180206299,
"text": "The release of \"Rock Band 2\" was originally exclusive to the Xbox 360 console for a one-month period. The game software and individual instruments were made available on September 14, 2008. The \"Special Edition\" bundle packaging the game software and peripherals was released on October 19, 2008, when the PlayStation 3 version of the game software was released.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "46857184#2",
"score": 0.6623954176902771,
"text": "On 15 June 2015, the song was premiered via MonsterEnergy.com in addition to rock radio stations around the country. The song is part of a video created to promote their tour in late 2015 with Papa Roach, In This Moment and From Ashes to New. The music video and song are playable in the video game \"Guitar Hero Live\".",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "21908296#6",
"score": 0.6611944437026978,
"text": "\"Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades\" was announced on July 15, 2008, at the 2008 E3 conference, and released on November 16, 2008. Executive Producer David Nathanielsz stated that the short time between releases was to help give DS players the same depth of content as available to the console players of \"Guitar Hero\". Additionally, Vicarious Visions incorporated the ability to share songs between different versions of the game through the wi-fi capabilities of the DS in order to expand the number of potential songs to more than 50.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1163522#10",
"score": 0.6608160138130188,
"text": "Their second single from \"Head for the Door\", \"Hey You\", is part of the PlayStation 2 video game, \"Guitar Hero\", released in 2005. It is also part of the Xbox 360 game \"Guitar Hero II\" via download through Xbox Live, along with \"\" on various consoles.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "881586#0",
"score": 0.6606947183609009,
"text": "Xbox Live is an online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service created and operated by Microsoft. It was first made available to the Xbox system in November 2002. An updated version of the service became available for the Xbox 360 console at the system's launch in November 2005, and a further enhanced version was released in 2013 with the Xbox One.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "21500850#4",
"score": 0.6587483286857605,
"text": "\"Guitar Hero: Smash Hits\" was one of three new titles for the Guitar Hero series announced in early 2009. Though the game was initially called \"Guitar Hero: Greatest Hits\", cover art for the game in North America had shown the title had changed to \"Guitar Hero: Smash Hits\". The game was still released as \"Guitar Hero: Greatest Hits\" in Europe and Australia.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "575490#7",
"score": 0.656340479850769,
"text": "At this time, RedOctane, a peripheral manufacturing company who had enjoyed Harmonix' previous games, approached Harmonix about developing the software for a game that would be based on a guitar-shaped controller, inspired by the \"GuitarFreaks\" which was popular in Japan. This relationship led to the creation of \"Guitar Hero\", published by RedOctane in 2005. The game features similar gameplay elements to \"FreQuency\" and \"Amplitude\". \"Guitar Hero\" uses a guitar-shaped controller designed uniquely for the game. Specifically, the \"Guitar Hero\" controller was designed with five color-coded \"fret\" buttons and a \"strum bar\". \"Guitar Hero\" became largely successful, both critically and commercially, resulting in the well-received 2006 sequel \"Guitar Hero II\", also developed by Harmonix.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "18946731#1",
"score": 0.6554522514343262,
"text": "Guitar Rockstar was launched in the UK with eight licensed pre-programmed rock songs:Guitar Rockstar was launched in Europe in 2008, and a competition in association with MTV was used to launch the product.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "17530769#1",
"score": 0.6543479561805725,
"text": "The Xbox Live Arcade version was released on February 20, 2008 and three expansion packs were released later that year on July 23, September 10, and October 15. The handheld versions were released on August 26, 2008.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "12171158#17",
"score": 0.6506142616271973,
"text": "Activision called \"Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock\" its \"largest product launch ever\", selling more than 1.4 million copies, and making over $100 million in its first week of release in North America; another 1.9 million copies were sold in the following month. Subsequently, the company was concerned that they were unable to meet the game's demand for the 2007 holiday season. As of July 15, 2008, the game has sold more than eight million copies. During the first seven months of 2008, the game sold 3.037 million units in the United States, 412,000 in the United Kingdom, and 26,000 in Japan, for a total of 3.475 million units, according to the NPD Group, GfK Chart-Track, and Enterbrain. More than two million copies of the game were sold for the Wii platform, making it the best-selling third-party title for the platform. Game sales during the first 12 months after the game's release were over $750 million. At the 2009 Consumer Electronics Show, Activision CEO Mike Griffith stated that \"Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock\" is the first retail video game to exceed one billion dollars in sales. According to accumulated data from NPD Group in January 2010, \"Guitar Hero III\" is the second best-selling video game in the United States since 1995, following \"Wii Play\". In March 2011, the title had become the top selling game with $830.9 million in lifetime sales.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
13
|
When were bluebonnets named the state flower of Texas?
|
[
{
"id": "30876840#2",
"score": 0.8345223069190979,
"text": "On March 7, 1901, Lupinus subcarnosus became the only species of bluebonnet recognized as the state flower of Texas;[2] however, Lupinus texensis emerged as the favorite of most Texans. So, in 1971, the Texas Legislature made any similar species of Lupinus that could be found in Texas the state flower.[3][4]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "29810#22",
"score": 0.7717840671539307,
"text": "During the spring Texas wildflowers such as the state flower, the bluebonnet, line highways throughout Texas. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "45303352#0",
"score": 0.7499500513076782,
"text": "Alamo Fire or Texas Maroon are names given to a maroon hybrid cultivar of \"Lupinus texensis\" (or bluebonnet), Texas' state flower. ",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "57924291#3",
"score": 0.6936822533607483,
"text": "The plant was operated by the National Gypsum Company but overseen by the military and was one of the four Ordnance plants in the United States during World War II. The army engineers were in charge of all plant construction while the Gypsum personnel and others worked out other strategies. Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant got its name from Major Paul Van Tuyl, who named the plant after the state flower of Texas (Bluebonnet).",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "9085354#9",
"score": 0.6718641519546509,
"text": "Each 2007 Longhorn football helmet featured a Texas bluebonnet decal. The decal was chosen to honor President Lyndon B. Johnson, Lady Bird Johnson and the Johnson family. Brown said President Johnson used to enjoy discussing football with former UT coach Darrell K Royal, while the first lady was known for her conservation efforts, particularly the spread of native wildflowers.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "473281#0",
"score": 0.662131130695343,
"text": "\"Texas, Our Texas\" is the official state song of Texas. It was written in 1924 by William J. Marsh, who was born in Liverpool, England, and emigrated to Texas as a young man, and Gladys Yoakum Wright, a native of Fort Worth, Texas, and selected as the state song by a concurrent resolution of the Texas Legislature in 1929 following a statewide competition. Older songs, such as \"The Yellow Rose of Texas\" and \"Dixie\", were also considered but ultimately it was decided a new song should be composed. At times, there have been movements to replace \"Texas, Our Texas\" with the better known \"The Eyes of Texas\".",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "25457#0",
"score": 0.6609769463539124,
"text": "The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Tejas) was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The citizens of the republic were known as Texians.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "5983832#13",
"score": 0.658398449420929,
"text": "Between 1950 and 1990, a large and fractious argument was waged over the state flower of Louisiana. Eventually, in 1990 a compromise was reached, the Southern magnolia would be the state flower and \"Iris giganticaerulea\" was declared as the official state wildflower of Louisiana in 1990.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "36846889#2",
"score": 0.6540105938911438,
"text": "In 1990, the Louisiana iris was voted the state wildflower. The state flower is the magnolia blossom.\nThe \"Hexagonae\" series name is derived from the first Louisiana iris species to inhabit the series, \"Iris hexagona\". The name \"Louisiana iris\" comes from the naturalist and artist John James Audubon. In the 1821, a Louisiana flag (\"Iris fulva\") was painted by his assistant Joseph Mason, then Audubon added his pair of parula warblers. He then used the term 'Louisiana Flag' to describe the painting.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "234889#0",
"score": 0.6486566662788391,
"text": "Texas is a state of the United States of America, formerly the Republic of Texas.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "7097306#2",
"score": 0.6476632952690125,
"text": "The festival began in 1891, when local women decorated carriages, baby buggies and bicycles with live flowers, met in front of the Alamo, and threw the blossoms at one another, thus inspiring the name \"Battle of Flowers.\" Soon, other activities were added to the flower parade, including balls, parties and a carnival. The celebration's name changed over the years from Carnival to Spring Carnival to Fiesta San Jacinto and, in 1960, to Fiesta San Antonio.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "448611#1",
"score": 0.6437467932701111,
"text": "Founded largely by immigrants from the southern United States, Washington-on-the-Brazos is known as \"the birthplace of Texas\" because it was here that, on March 1, 1836, Texas delegates met to formally announce Texas' intention to separate from Mexico and to draft the constitution of the new Republic of Texas. They organized an interim government to serve until a government could be elected and inaugurated.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "49638892#1",
"score": 0.6425179839134216,
"text": "This species was discovered in 1967 in Texas and formally named in 1980. It was rediscovered again in North America in 2016.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "150924#19",
"score": 0.6410720944404602,
"text": "In 1884 Lamborn suggested that Ohio should make the carnation a state emblem. In 1904, three years after President McKinley's assassination, the Ohio General Assembly designated the scarlet carnation as the official state flower as a \"token of love and reverence to the memory of William McKinley\". On 29 January of each year (President McKinley's birth anniversary), a bouquet of red carnations is placed in the hands of McKinley's statue at the Capitol in Columbus.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "34700#24",
"score": 0.6390235424041748,
"text": "In 1844, James K. Polk was elected the United States president after promising to annex Texas. Before he assumed office, the outgoing president, John Tyler, entered negotiations with Texas. On February 26, 1845, six days before Polk took office, the U.S. Congress approved the annexation. The Texas legislature approved annexation in July 1845 and constructed a state constitution. In October, Texas residents approved the annexation and the new constitution, and Texas was officially inducted into the United States on December 29, 1845 as the 28th U.S. state.. Mexico still considered Texas to be a renegade Mexican state, and never considered land south of the Nueces River to be part of Texas. This border dispute between the newly-expanded United States and Mexico triggered the Mexican–American War. ",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "7194439#8",
"score": 0.6386841535568237,
"text": "During the summer of 1845, Anson Jones, Houston's successor as president, called a constitutional convention meeting in Austin, approved the annexation of Texas to the United States and named Austin the state capital until 1850, at which time the voters of Texas were to express their preference in a general election. After resuming its role as the seat of government in 1845, Austin officially became the state capital on February 19, 1846, the date of the formal transfer of authority from the republic to the state.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "29810#1",
"score": 0.637353241443634,
"text": "Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country, respectively. Other major cities include Austin, the second-most populous state capital in the U.S., and El Paso. Texas is nicknamed \"The Lone Star State\" to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The \"Lone Star\" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texan state seal. The origin of Texas's name is from the word \"taysha\", which means \"friends\" in the Caddo language.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "54533#126",
"score": 0.6367874145507812,
"text": "The Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973. Texas created a legal state holiday to be observed on August 27 to mark Johnson's birthday, known as Lyndon Baines Johnson Day. The Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated on April 6, 1976.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "46393610#0",
"score": 0.6351107358932495,
"text": "Nemophila phacelioides is a flowering forb native to Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Alabama. The plant has medium-sized blue or purple flowers, and is an annual plant. The flower is known commonly as baby blue eyes, Texas baby blue eyes, largeflower baby blue eyes, or flannel breeches.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "29907341#2",
"score": 0.6337065696716309,
"text": "Among the cool, sheltered rock formations along Booth Creek search for the blooms of Columbine. The Blue columbine, Aquilegia caerulea, is the state flower of Colorado. Columbine is named after the Latin for dove, columba, for its delicate winged petals that often hover over pools of water.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "46611998#0",
"score": 0.6336134076118469,
"text": "The term bluebonnet refers to the two species of Australian parrots in the genus Northiella. The genus name honours Australian ornithologist Alfred John North.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
14
|
Who created the series Clannad?
|
[
{
"id": "983972#0",
"score": 0.7118518352508545,
"text": "Clannad(クラナド,Kuranado) is a Japanese visual novel developed by Key and released on April 28, 2004 for Windows PCs. While both of Key's first two previous works, Kanon and Air, had been released first as adult games and then censored for the younger market, Clannad was released with a rating for all ages. It was later ported to the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch consoles. An English version for Windows was released on Steam by Sekai Project in 2015. The story follows the life of Tomoya Okazaki, an average high school student who meets many people in his last year at school, including five girls, and helps resolve their individual problems."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "44087237#1",
"score": 0.6572355031967163,
"text": "Sekai Project originated in 2007 as a fan translation group translating the visual novel \"School Days\". They later partnered with publisher JAST USA, turning their fan translation into the official English version of the game. Sekai Project began publishing games on Steam in 2014; their first title was \"World End Economica episode.01\", released in June. Sekai Project has used the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter to fund many of their projects. In November 2014, they launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund an English release of the visual novel \"Clannad\". The campaign exceeded its goal of US$140,000 and ended up raising over US$500,000. In July 2015, Sekai Project announced that they would be localizing manga in addition to video games, starting with \"Gate\".",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "983972#29",
"score": 0.6463268995285034,
"text": "There have also been four sets of manga anthologies produced by different companies and drawn by a multitude of different artists. The first volume of the earliest anthology series, released by Ohzora under the title Clannad, was released in June 2004 under their Twin Heart Comics imprint.[81] Volumes for this series continued to be released until April 2005 with the fifth volume.[82] The second anthology was released in a single volume by Jive on January 25, 2005 titled Clannad Comic Anthology: Another Symphony.[83] The third anthology series was released in two volumes by Ichijinsha on June 25, 2004 and July 24, 2004 under their DNA Media Comics;[84][85] a third special volume was released much later on December 25, 2007.[86] The first volume of the last anthology series, a collection of four-panel comic strips released by Enterbrain under the title Magi-Cu 4-koma Clannad, was released on February 25, 2008 under their MC Comics imprint; the tenth volume in the series was released on August 26, 2009.[87] Each of the anthology series are written and drawn by an average of 20 people per volume.[87]",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "983972#24",
"score": 0.6371641755104065,
"text": "A set of 14 illustrated short stories which added to Clannad's story were serialized between the September 2004 and October 2005 issues of ASCII Media Works' Dengeki G's Magazine.[46][47] Titled Official Another Story Clannad: Hikari Mimamoru Sakamichi de(Official Another Story Clannad 光見守る坂道で,Official Another Story Clannad: On the Hillside Path that Light Watches Over), there were 13 regular chapters and one extra bonus chapter. The installments were written by Key's scenario staff and each story was accompanied by illustrations by Japanese artist GotoP. Two more stories were included when they were collected into a 103-page bound volume released on November 25, 2005.[48]",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "16701789#17",
"score": 0.6266478896141052,
"text": "\"Rewrite\" marked the first time since Key's third game \"Clannad\" that Itaru Hinoue was staffed as the sole art director and character designer in a Key visual novel. The school uniforms for the heroines in the game are old designs that Hinoue created and used before in \"dōjinshi\" (self-published work). In particular, Hinoue spent much time on drawing the character art in \"Rewrite\" due in part to the design of the school uniforms, the fact that most of the female characters have long hair, and because of the increased aspect ratio. Six more graphic artists worked on \"Rewrite\": Torino headed the background art, Ryou Shigawa designed and illustrated the monsters, and the computer graphics in the game were done by Na-Ga, Shinory, Mochisuke, and Minimo Tayama. The game's soundtrack was composed by Key's signature composers Jun Maeda and Shinji Orito, in addition to Maiko Iuchi of I've Sound, Sōshi Hosoi, and Ryō Mizutsuki. Maeda also contributed on the quality control for the game.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "10124234#0",
"score": 0.6260278224945068,
"text": "Magome Togoshi began working as a music arranger for music in visual novels starting with Key's first title \"Kanon\" in 1999. He was first credited with the arrangement on the remix album \"Anemoscope\" released in June 1999. Following this, Togoshi composed music for Key's second game \"Air\" in 2000. Following the success of \"Air\" and the game's soundtrack, Togoshi became a well-known composer to visual novel enthusiasts. Production for Key's next game \"Clannad\" began in 2001 and while the game was still in production, Togoshi composed music for other brands under VisualArt's, which Key is attached under. These include the now-defunct Words brand with their game \"Sakura no Ki Shita de\" released in 2002, and Bonbee!'s \"Alma: Zutto Soba ni...\" released in 2003.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "12962104#4",
"score": 0.6254623532295227,
"text": "Of the 24 episodes planned for release by Kyoto Animation,[1] 23 were aired on television with the first 22 being regular episodes, followed by an additional extra episode. The last episode was released as an original video animation on the eighth DVD on July 16, 2008 and is set in an alternate universe from the anime series in which Tomoya and Tomoyo are dating.[1] The OVA episode was previewed on May 31, 2008 for an audience of four-hundred people picked via a mail-in postcard campaign.[1] The broadcast time was first announced on August 11, 2007 at the TBS festival Anime Festa, which is also when the first episode was showcased. The episodes aired between October 4, 2007 and March 27, 2008 on the TBS Japanese television network in 4:3 aspect ratio.[7] The anime also aired in 16:9 aspect ratio between October 26, 2007 and April 4, 2008 on the BS-i Japanese television network. The anime series was released in a set of eight DVD compilations in Japan released between December 19, 2007 and July 16, 2008 by Pony Canyon, with each compilation containing three episodes.[1] A Blu-ray Disc box set of Clannad was released on April 30, 2010 in Japan.[8]",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "53985422#36",
"score": 0.6174830794334412,
"text": "An OVA series dubbed \"\" was produced and released between 1997 and 1998. Created by Animate and Radix Ace Entertainment, it told a series of stories around events mentioned in \"Sakura Wars\" as well as origin stories for the Flower Division members. An anime series of the same name was broadcast in 2000 over a six-month period. Co-produced by Red Company, Madhouse and Studio Matrix, Ryutaro Nakamura directed the anime series. While following the basic plot of \"Sakura Wars\" and preserving Hiroi's original vision, several elements such as depictions of the main antagonist's past, Sakura's childhood memories and scenes within the Flower Division before Ogami's arrival were added. A major issue was being faithful to both the video game and OVAs while keeping within the restrictions of a television format.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "319589#50",
"score": 0.6149582862854004,
"text": "Anime based on eroge and visual novels increased in popularity in the 2000s, building on a trend started in the late 1990s by such works as \"Sentimental Journey\" (1998) and \"To Heart\" (1999). Examples of such works include \"Green Green\" (2003), \"SHUFFLE!\" (2006), \"Kanon\" (2002 and 2006), \"Fate/Stay Night\" (2006), \"Higurashi no Naku Koro ni\" (2006), \"\" (2007), \"True Tears\" (2008), and \"Clannad\" (2008 and 2009).",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "202547#1",
"score": 0.6115580797195435,
"text": "Formed by siblings Ciarán Brennan, Pól, and Moya Brennan and their twin uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan, the band were initially known as Clann as Dobhar; in 1973 they shortened their name to Clannad. By 1979 they had released three albums and completed a successful US tour. From 1980 to 1982, they recorded and toured as a six-piece group with Enya on additional keyboards and vocals, before she left the group to pursue a solo career.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "202547#26",
"score": 0.6110883951187134,
"text": "On 18 June 2013, Clannad announced that their brand new studio album Nádúr (their first new album since the release of Landmarks in 1998) was to be released worldwide in September 2013. An international tour commenced in October 2013 starting in Australia and New Zealand.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "47121823#5",
"score": 0.6089600324630737,
"text": "An anime adaptation was announced through a wrap-around jacket on the sixth tankōbon volume in Japan. It was later confirmed through the series' official Twitter account for the drama CD and anime project that it would be a TV anime, and would be produced by Manglobe as their final anime television series before succumbing to bankruptcy. The series is directed by Shukō Murase, with character designs by Yōichi Ueda and music by Tsutchie. Shinichi Inotsume is in charge of series composition, while Koichi Hatsumi serves as series director. Additional crew include Masahiro Kubota (art design), Masatoshi Kai (art direction), Yuuko Saitou (color design), and Shinobu Tsuneki (prop design). Yuuichirou Nagata from Asahi Production serves as the series' director of photography. Tomoki Nagasaka is the series' editor, and Yukio Nagasaki serves as sound director. The cast from the audio drama return to voice their characters in the anime. The opening theme song is \"Renegade\" by STEREO DIVE FOUNDATION, while the ending theme song, performed by Annabel, is .",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "4370406#0",
"score": 0.6089161038398743,
"text": "Pól Brennan (, ; born 22 April 1956) is an Irish singer, songwriter and producer. He is the brother of Enya, Moya Brennan, Brídín Brennan and Ciarán Brennan. He is a member of the family band Clannad, and co-wrote the hit song \"Theme from Harry's Game\". He left the group in 1990, but rejoined in 2011. Since the early 1990s, Pól has gained critical acclaim as a solo artist when he joined Japanese musician Joji Hirota and Chinese musician Guo Yue, and released an album, \"Trísan\".",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1880353#1",
"score": 0.6038624048233032,
"text": "The series was directed by David Richardson, written and presented by Frank Delaney, produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation, and broadcast on BBC Two. The series was released on DVD in Europe and North America in 2004. Delaney also wrote a six-chapter companion book, extended with four tales from Irish mythology.\nThe series introduced the music of Irish singer Enya to a wider audience. Enya, formerly a member of the Celtic music group Clannad, was commissioned by David Richardson to compose the score for the series.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2073875#0",
"score": 0.598778486251831,
"text": "It was created by Mitsuru Kaneko, and was directed by Masaaki Ōsumi (episodes 1-26) and Yoshiyuki Tomino (episodes 27-39). It was written by Sōji Yoshikawa, while the character designer was Akio Sugino. The music for the series was composed by Shunsuke Kikuchi.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "9455483#0",
"score": 0.5983543395996094,
"text": "Lore is a 1996 studio album by the Irish folk group Clannad. It was re-issued in 2005 with the Cantoma mix bonus track of \"Croí Cróga\". \"Lore\" was greeted with great acclaim by music critics worldwide, often stating that this was one of Clannad's greatest recordings. This has the most Gaelic songs of all Clannad albums since 1982, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Age Album, the band's second nomination, although it lost to \"The Memory of Trees\" by Enya (Eithne Ní Bhraonaín), who was once a member of Clannad and is the sister of band members Moya Brennan, Ciarán Brennan and Pól Brennan as well as niece to Noel Ó Dúgáin and Pádraig Ó Dúgáin.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "273451#6",
"score": 0.5977822542190552,
"text": "\"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\" began with an inspiration of the four-member team, Clamp, to link their works set in a realistic world with their works set in different fantasy worlds. Prior to beginning work on \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\", Clamp had created the manga \"Cardcaptor Sakura\", from which the two main characters are taken. Clamp decided to draw \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\" by using a style first conceived by Osamu Tezuka, named the \"father of manga\" and often credited as the \"father of anime\", known as Osamu Tezuka's Star System. In this system, characters with the same name and design are used in different settings, drawing mostly from the vast character pool of its own works and occasionally from others' works. Unlike characters under the Star System, three months prior to the release of \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\", the \"Young Magazine\" began serializing Clamp's \"xxxHolic\", a manga whose two main characters, Kimihiro Watanuki and Yūko Ichihara, are two of the same characters used in \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\"; both series run in parallel. Like many of their other works, each member of Clamp had a role different from their other projects instead of retaining set roles. For \"Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle\", Mokona drew the main characters, whereas Tsubaki Nekoi and Satsuki Igarashi drew the side characters and backgrounds; Nanase Ohkawa was the sole person in charge of the storyline; the other members of Clamp were not told in advance how the plot would unfold. The word \"Tsubasa\" was used so that the title would be easy to read. However, believing \"Tsubasa\" only would be too short, they added the words \"Chronicle\" and \"Reservoir\" from Nekoi's notes.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "15464754#2",
"score": 0.5974591374397278,
"text": "Hiroyuki Yoshino also served as the assistant to main series composer Ichiro Okouchi during both seasons of the \"Code Geass\" TV series. Among other projects for different animation studios, he has written \"Macross Frontier\", \"Denpa teki na Kanojo\", \"Sound of the Sky\", \"Dance in the Vampire Bund\" and \"Guilty Crown\".",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "49937745#1",
"score": 0.5973913669586182,
"text": "The series was announced in July 2015 as a collaboration between Sunrise and NHK. It is animated by Sunrise, directed by Yoichi Fujita and written by Miya Asakawa, Tsuyoshi Kida, Kyo Kogure, and Shū Matsubara, with Ichirō Sakaki and Michihiro Tsuchiya handling series composition. It features original character designs by Makoto Tsuchibayashi, adapted character designs by Seiichi Hashimoto, music by Masashi Hamauzu, and musical renditions by Daisuke Asakura, Tomoyasu Hotei, tofubeats and Tsunku for Liszt, Beethoven, Mozart and Bach, respectively. NHK and BN Pictures are the series' producers.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "983972#1",
"score": 0.5957722663879395,
"text": "The gameplay of Clannad follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the five female main characters by the player character. The game was ranked as the best-selling PC game sold in Japan for the time of its release, and charted in the national top 50 several more times afterwards. Key went on to produce an adult spin-off titled Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life in November 2005, which expanded on the scenario of Tomoyo Sakagami, one of the five heroines from Clannad.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "202553#3",
"score": 0.5941590070724487,
"text": "It was during this time in 1970 that Brennan joined her two brothers Pól and Ciarán and their mother's twin brothers Noel and Pádraig Ó Dúgáin and eventually formed Clannad. They were identified and introduced to television by Tony MacMahon. After enjoying a decade of being among the world's foremost Irish musical groups, Clannad graduated to chart success in 1982 with the album \"Magical Ring\". Brennan was at the forefront of the group's success and her voice suddenly became synonymous with Celtic music and Irish music at the time. Brennan recorded 17 albums with Clannad and has won a Grammy, a BAFTA and an Ivor Novello award with the quintet. Her sister Eithne Ní Bhraonáin, who spent a while with Clannad, continues to pursue a very successful solo career under the name Enya.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
15
|
When was the USS Taylor built?
|
[
{
"id": "1439912#1",
"score": 0.6947116851806641,
"text": "Taylor's keel was laid down by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine, on May 5, 1983. She was launched November 5, 1983, and commissioned December 1, 1984 in Bath, Maine. Taylor was sponsored by Barbara A. Taylor, the widow of the ship's namesake, and Diane Taylor-Oeland as matron of honor."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "955480#3",
"score": 0.6579026579856873,
"text": "She had a standard displacement of an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . On trials, \"Taylor\" reached a speed of . She was armed with four 4\"/50 caliber guns, one 3\"/23 caliber gun, and twelve torpedo tubes for torpedoes. She had a regular crew complement of 122 officers and enlisted men. She was coal-powered, and driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers with an indicated horsepower of .",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "23977292#19",
"score": 0.6495646238327026,
"text": "The \"Lexington\"-class ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a draft of . They displaced at normal load and at deep load. Because the demand for extreme speed necessitated a long hull with maximum freeboard, the forecastle was extended down 75 percent of the total length of the hull. For this class, Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, who served as Chief Constructor for the Bureau of Construction and Repair, used a relatively new kind of bow called the bulbous bow or Taylor bow. The result of a series of towing tests begun in 1910, this bow reduced water resistance by an average of six percent, supported the forecastle and reduced bending stress on the hull. At speeds of more than 25 knots, test results were highly favorable. A disadvantage was the formation of a heavy layer of water which would creep up along the outer plating of the forecastle at higher speeds. However, this tendency could be reduced to some degree by careful design of the frames. Taylor first introduced this bow, also known as a bulbous forefoot, in his design of , which entered service in 1910.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "233888#8",
"score": 0.6448806524276733,
"text": "The keel was laid down on 9 December 2000. The ship was launched on 12 July 2003 and christened on 19 July by Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison of Texas. She was originally scheduled to be commissioned 17 July 2002, but was delayed by problems at the Avondale shipyard, which resulted in her being towed from New Orleans to the Northrop Grumman shipyard at Pascagoula, Mississippi, in December 2004 for completion.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "4176579#1",
"score": 0.6439374685287476,
"text": "Built in 1824 for Meek and Co., \"Simon Taylor\" was constructed at the Blackwall Yard on the River Thames in London. On completion, she was registered to S. Taylor. She weighed 431 tons, the passenger deck was long, and there was a height of between decks. Between 1829 and 1837, \"Simon Taylor\" made a number of voyages to Jamaica; a voyage to Mauritius in 1833 is also recorded. Records indicate that the ship's captain in 1830 was a Mr. Christie. In 1837 ownership of \"Simon Taylor\" was transferred to R. Taylor, and over the next two years she was restored. Once restored, she was transferred to Thomson and Co. In 1840 she made a voyage under a Captain whose name is recorded as Mr. Slater. From 1841 the Captain was Thomas Brown.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "128791#2",
"score": 0.6426005363464355,
"text": "Taylor is located at .",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "7765360#1",
"score": 0.639634370803833,
"text": "The keel for USS \"Davidson\" was laid down 30 September 1963 at Avondale Shipyards. The ship was launched and christened 2 October 1964, with Mrs. Lyal A. Davidson, widow of the ship's namesake, as ship sponsor. \"Davidson\" was commissioned on 7 December 1965 in Charleston, South Carolina, CDR. Henry L. Stanfield in command. She was homeported in Pearl Harbor. She deployed to the Western Pacific in support of the Vietnam War. She was redesignated, along with the rest of her class, as a frigate in 1975 with the new hull number FF-1045.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "8061514#1",
"score": 0.6385495662689209,
"text": "\"Bolivar\" was laid down on 13 May 1942 at San Francisco, California, by the Western Pipe and Steel Company under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 269); launched as SS \"Sea Angel\" on 7 September 1942; sponsored by Mrs. Robert W. Ethen; originally designated a transport, AP-79; reclassified APA-34 on 1 February 1943; transferred to the Navy on 15 March 1943; commissioned that same day, as \"Bolivar\", Lieutenant Commander R. E. Perry in command; moved to Hoboken, New Jersey; decommissioned there on 23 April; converted to an attack transport by Todd Shipbuilding Company; and recommissioned on 1 September, Capt. Joseph A. Gainard in command.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "25790011#1",
"score": 0.6373403668403625,
"text": "The ship was built by the Brown Shipbuilding Company in Houston, Texas and was commissioned into the United States Navy (USN) as USS \"LSM-547\" on 25 January 1946. She was decommissioned on 11 March 1947 and laid up in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Recommissioned on 22 September 1950 and served during the Korean War between 1951 and 1953. She was decommissioned on 5 July 1955 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "58603463#5",
"score": 0.6356343626976013,
"text": "Taylor received a new command, of the destroyer , which was commissioned on 9 February 1943, with the rank of captain from 20 May 1943. \"Bennett\" sailed to the South Pacific, where she supported the landings at Cape Torokina in November 1944 and on Green Islands in February 1944, and bombarded the Japanese base at Kavieng on New Ireland on 18 February 1944 and at Rabaul on New Britain 29 February. He was awarded the Bronze Star. His citation read:\nTaylor commanded Destroyer Division 90 from August 1943 to May 1944, participating in the Empress Augusta Bay, and Destroyer Squadron 45 from May 1944 to November 1944. He was awarded the Silver Star for the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In December 1944, he became the naval aide to the Secretary of the Navy, James Forrestal.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1200993#6",
"score": 0.633804202079773,
"text": "In the fall of 1899, Taylor was detached from \"Indiana\" and assigned to shore duty. In March 1900, he became a member of the General Board and, 11 months later on 11 February 1901, he was promoted to rear admiral. On 29 April 1902, he assumed the post of Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, which he held until his death.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "45628966#0",
"score": 0.632011890411377,
"text": "MV \"Cape Taylor\" (T-AKR-113) is a Roll-on/Roll-off (RO/RO) ship with the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) of the\nUnited States Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD). , her homeport is the Port of Houston in Houston, Texas and she is on ROS-5 status; she is able to be fully operational within 5 days of being activated. When activated, she becomes part of the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command (MSC).",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "2603427#2",
"score": 0.6313072443008423,
"text": "\"David W. Taylor\" escorted a convoy of merchantmen from Charleston, South Carolina to Pearl Harbor arriving on 20 January 1944. Three days later she got underway to screen a support convoy to the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, returning to Pearl Harbor on 29 February. After escorting the aircraft carrier to San Francisco, she sailed from Pearl Harbor 1 April to patrol in the Marshall Islands until 12 May. Returning to Pearl Harbor 18 May, she had training duties there until 7 June.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "1113519#5",
"score": 0.629671573638916,
"text": "During the Spanish–American War, Taylor served as a battery commander aboard the \"Olympia\" and took part in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Taylor was commissioned a Lieutenant after the \"Olympia's\" return to the U.S. in 1899.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "1574666#3",
"score": 0.6252183318138123,
"text": "On 17 December, the warship cleared Hampton Roads in company with Task Force 13 (TF 13) on her way to duty with the Pacific Fleet. After transiting the Panama Canal and stopping at Tutuila in the Samoan Islands, the destroyer reported at Noumea, New Caledonia, on 20 January 1943 for duty in the South West Pacific Area. From Nouméa, \"Taylor\" continued west to Efate in the New Hebrides group, entering Havannah Harbor on the 26th. There, she became a unit of Destroyer Squadron 21's Destroyer Division 41 (DesDiv 41), one of two four-destroyer divisions screening Rear Admiral Robert C. Giffen's Task Force 18, comprising three heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and two escort carriers.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "12242729#1",
"score": 0.6226671934127808,
"text": "She was named in honor of Lieutenant (junior grade) Allison Phidel Rhodes who was killed in action as fought her last battle, the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, on 13 November 1942. She was laid down by the Brown Shipbuilding Company at Houston, Texas on 19 April 1943, and was launched 29 June 1943. Her sponsor was Mrs. C. E. Rhodes, mother of Lieutenant (junior grade) Rhodes, and was commissioned on October 1943, Lieutenant Commander E. A. Coffin of the United States Coast Guard in command.",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "762635#1",
"score": 0.6221351027488708,
"text": "She was laid down on 6 May 1943 as \"Bridgeport\", Maritime Commission (MARCOM) hull 1465, and originally classified as patrol gunboat, PG-166, on 6 May 1943, at the Globe Shipbuilding Company in Superior, Wisconsin. She was launched on 21 August 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas F. Rogers; acquired by the Navy on 31 May 1944; renamed \"Abilene\", reclassified a patrol frigate, and assigned hull number PF-58 on 28 June 1944; and commissioned on 28 October 1944 with Lieutenant Commander Chester I. Steel, USCG, in command.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "545396#1",
"score": 0.6217100620269775,
"text": "\"Leary\"s keel was laid down by the Consolidated Steel Corporation at Orange, Texas on 11 August 1944. The ship was launched on 20 January 1945 and was christened by Mrs. Theodore S. Wilkinson, wife of Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson. \"Leary\" was commissioned by the United States Navy on 7 May 1945. On 23 June 1945 \"Leary\" completed her shakedown off the US Naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and proceeded to her home port of Norfolk, Virginia.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "58603463#2",
"score": 0.619839072227478,
"text": "Taylor graduated on on 4 June 1925, and was commissioned as an ensign. He joined the crew of the battleship , but returned to Annapolis in August 1926 as an assistant coach of the football team. On 1 September 1926, he married a local girl, Elizabeth Fay Valiant. They had two children, a daughter and a son. In 1929, he returned to sea duty on the battleship , where he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 4 June 1928. He joined the crew of the destroyer in April 1929, and then the destroyer in January 1931. In June 1932 he returned to Annapolis as an instructor in gunnery and an assistant coach of football and lacrosse. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 August 1934. In June 1935, he became executive officer of the destroyer and then, in December 1936, of the destroyer . From June 1937 to May 1939, he was a flag lieutenant on the staff of the commander of Destroyers, Battle Force.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "1039947#1",
"score": 0.6192663311958313,
"text": "All ships were built at the Navy Main Yard in Horten, Norway between 1964 and 1966. The construction of the vessels was part of the Navy rebuilding program, approved by the Norwegian government in 1960. Half of the project expenses were funded by the United States as a part of the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP) (a program that ran from when it was passed by the Congress in October 1949 until 1967–68).",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "29266376#0",
"score": 0.6189062595367432,
"text": "Taylor Anderson is a gunsmith, re-enactor, and history professor. As a gun maker and forensic ballistic archaeologist, he has advised numerous museums as well as the National Parks Service and the United States Army. He's also a technical and dialogue consultant for movies and documentaries involving18th, 19th and early 20th century combat. He's even done some acting. He is the author of the \"Destroyermen\" book series, about the USS \"Walker\" (DD-163), USS \"Mahan\" (DD-102), and USS \"S-19\" (SS-124), and their fight against the Grik.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
16
|
What's the difference between man-slaughter and homicide?
|
[
{
"id": "26346214#0",
"score": 0.6506443619728088,
"text": "In the United States, the law regarding murder varies by jurisdiction. In most U.S. jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which first degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second degree murder, followed by voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter which are not as serious, and ending finally in justifiable homicide, which is not a crime at all. However, because there are at least 52 relevant jurisdictions, each with its own criminal code, this is a considerable simplification.[1]"
}
] |
[
{
"id": "3520048#76",
"score": 0.6180809140205383,
"text": "Chapter 9 of Tractate Sanhedrin in the Mishnah and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of murder in (20:13 in the NJPS) and (5:17 in the NJPS). The Mishnah taught that one who intended to kill an animal but killed a person instead was not liable for murder. One was not liable for murder who intended to kill an unviable fetus and killed a viable child. One was not liable for murder who intended to strike the victim on the loins, where the blow was insufficient to kill, but struck the heart instead, where it was sufficient to kill, and the victim died. One was not liable for murder who intended to strike the victim on the heart, where it was enough to kill, but struck the victim on the loins, where it was not, and yet the victim died.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "899541#2",
"score": 0.6179678440093994,
"text": "Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. This is often referred to as \"flaying alive\". There are also records of people flayed after death, generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or criminal, sometimes related to religious beliefs (e.g. to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, esotheric/ritualistic purposes, etc. (e.g. scalping).",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "135327#1",
"score": 0.6178470253944397,
"text": "According to Weiss-Wendt, any attempts to develop a universally accepted terminology describing mass killings of non-combatants was a complete failure Below are listed the terms used by genocide scholars to describe mass killings.Benjamen Valentino, who sees ruler's motives as the key factor explaining the onset of mass killings, outlines two major category of mass killings, dispossessive mass killings and coercive mass killings. The first category included ethnic cleansing, killings that accompany agrarian reforms in some states led by communists, mass killings during colonial expansion, etc. The second category includes mass killings during counter-guerilla warfare, killings during the Axis imperialist conquests during the World War II, etc. Although Valentino does not consider ideology or regime type as an important factor that explains mass killings, he outlines communist mass killings as a subtype of dispossessive mass killings, which is considered as a complication of original theory his book is based on.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "52540001#12",
"score": 0.6171411275863647,
"text": "Two people were killed in the state.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "32587#81",
"score": 0.6166900396347046,
"text": "The violence connection is not limited to sexual acts, however. It is a common fact the prevalence of violence against animals are more defined in those with psychopathic disorders. This mirroring of violence against animals and violence against weaker animals lead the pioneers of feminist veganism to suggest that there is a correspondence between violence against humans and animals, supporting feminist veganism.",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "9585510#2",
"score": 0.6166889667510986,
"text": "The use of a sharpened blade for the slaughtering of livestock has been practiced throughout history. Prior to the development of electric stunning equipment, some species were killed by simply striking them with a blunt instrument, sometimes followed by exsanguination with a knife.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "4845933#2",
"score": 0.6165750622749329,
"text": "Nevertheless, physical altercation resulting from cutting is rare. It was reported that an 18-year-old National Serviceman in Malaysia was bludgeoned to death after he attempted to jump the queue at a food counter. Another notable incident occurred in New York City at The Halal Guys food cart, resulting in the death of the man who cut in line. The man who killed him was found not guilty by reason of self-defense.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "2530137#31",
"score": 0.6161866784095764,
"text": "Humanist tragedy took two distinct directions:",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "95356#35",
"score": 0.6156057119369507,
"text": "Lawful killing includes lawful self-defence. There is no material difference between an accidental death verdict and one of misadventure.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "1260772#24",
"score": 0.6150729060173035,
"text": "Compromises in countries with animal cruelty laws that prohibit such practices involve stunning the animal to lessen the suffering that occurs while the animal bleeds to death. However, the use of electric shocks to daze the animal is often not accepted by some markets as producing meat that is kosher.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "168227#3",
"score": 0.6147498488426208,
"text": "In \"Controversial Issues in Criminology\", Fuller and Hickey write that \"[t]he element of time involved between murderous acts is primary in the differentiation of serial, mass, and spree murderers\", later elaborating that spree killers \"will engage in the killing acts for days or weeks\" while the \"methods of murder and types of victims vary\". Andrew Cunanan is given as an example of spree killing, while Charles Whitman is mentioned in connection with mass murder, and Jeffrey Dahmer with serial killing.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "27416933#4",
"score": 0.6147289872169495,
"text": "The difficulty of prosecuting cases of anatomy murders arises because of the difficulty of obtaining evidence. The victims are generally marginal and do not have anyone to report their disappearance. The cadavers, which may show evidence of homicide, are destroyed by dissection. Those dissecting the bodies may believe that they have been obtained legitimately, or may have a vested interest in keeping their practices quiet.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "23837122#6",
"score": 0.6145949363708496,
"text": "The district and commune level instigators created their own brutal and lawless way of organizing the massacres in their areas. Prior to the executions they would often hold a short “trial” (lasting only a few minutes) in the lawlessly created “Supreme Court of the Poor and Lower-middle Peasants”. The “judges” were unsurprisingly the local leaders who prearranged the killings. If the victims were sentenced to death (and they almost always were amid the corruption and lawlessness), they were trussed up by armed militia and taken to a mass rally for denouncing their “crimes.” Then, they were killed in public or by the public. Sometimes the local CCP and militia officials considered that it might be dangerous to take the victims to the public. They would then quietly send a team of armed militia to the victims’ homes to carry out the slaughter. The victims would often be informed while away from home that an issue had risen requiring them to return, in order to lure the victims back home where their killers would be waiting. Victims were killed in a number of ways, ranging from shooting to beating to decapitation. Those directly involved in the \"executions\" were rewarded for their work with higher salaries than they earned by their regular employment in the commune or district, an incentive that was a major factor for the high number of people who participated in the killings; a number of local CCP and militia officials personally led the killings. Perhaps unsurprisingly, given the lack of law enforcement, local criminals also joined in the violence. Most of those in the militias were social outcasts and little respected people who sought to earn honor by participating in the killings.",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "36294632#6",
"score": 0.6138830184936523,
"text": "The following day, during a breaking news bulletin, they found out that Dodi murdered men at the gym and held his partner hostage. Dodi, looking insane, kills his partner and himself with a piece of broken glass. Seth and her neighbors discussed if there's a pattern of deaths. Ruben annoys his wife Greta that she's going to die next, much to Greta's anger.",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "3768697#69",
"score": 0.6138702034950256,
"text": "Aggravated murder",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "38089600#1",
"score": 0.6138270497322083,
"text": "\"Serial Killers\" is divided into three parts: \nPart one covers the history of serial murder from its ancient roots to approximately the mid-1960s, when Vronsky argues it became viral in its postmodernity. Vronsky proposes that modern culture, media, and society degrade certain classes of people in the perception of homicidal psychopaths, who serially target and murder them in an attempt to satisfy increasingly addictive sexual, hedonistic fantasies. Vronsky points to the high proportion of street prostitutes, runaway youths, cruising homosexuals, or people who are homeless, impoverished, disabled, or elderly among serial killer victims; i.e., victims who are often characterized as society's \"throwaways\". Vronsky argues that only the presence of children and young college girls among preferred victims of serial killers raise concerns about these predators in society at large. He reviews several sources of statistical data on serial homicide, its patterns, and trends, particularly in the United States, and explores the myth of the recent “serial killer epidemic”.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "83945#5",
"score": 0.6137702465057373,
"text": "Intoxicants and alcoholic beverages[1] Carrion (carcasses of dead animals which weren't killed by men or pets trained for that purpose, like dogs or falcons)[2] Blood[3] Pork[2] Any food blasphemously dedicated to another God[2][3] An animal that has been strangled, beaten (to death), killed by a fall, gored (to death), or savaged by a beast of prey [3]",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "267603#15",
"score": 0.6132394671440125,
"text": "The causes of the massacres are a matter of controversy. Morris considers that the killings and massacres occurred \"[l]ike [in] most wars involving built-up areas.\" According to Ilan Pappé, these took place in the context of an ethnic cleansing that \"carr[ied] with it atrocious acts of mass killing and butchering of thousands of Palestinians were killed ruthlessly and savagely by Israeli troops of all backgrounds, ranks and ages.\"",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "20433927#17",
"score": 0.6126903295516968,
"text": "Following the decline of the Roman Empire, ecclesiastical courts held wide jurisdiction throughout Europe. According to Donald DeMarco, PhD, the Church treated the killing of an unformed or \"unanimated\" fetus as a matter of \"anticipated homicide\", with a corresponding lesser penance required. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the following statement regarding the beginning of human life and personhood is provided:",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "999204#41",
"score": 0.6119906306266785,
"text": "not guilty of premeditated genocide, but he was guilty of contributing to the deaths of thousands of innocent people. The law calls his offence criminal negligence. Yet in light of all the deaths, the almost complete annihilation of the Mandans, and the terrible suffering the region endured, the label criminal negligence is benign, hardly befitting an action that had such horrendous consequences.",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
17
|
When did DC comics first introduce the Guardians of the Universe?
|
[
{
"id": "144157#0",
"score": 0.8094746470451355,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe are a fictional race of extraterrestrials appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Green Lantern. They first appeared in Green Lantern Vol. 2, Issue 1 (July 1960), and were created by John Broome and Gil Kane.[1] The Guardians of the Universe have been adapted to a number of films, television programs, and video games."
}
] |
[
{
"id": "144157#40",
"score": 0.6918565034866333,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe make a brief appearance in the Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe video game with Ganthet voiced by Michael McConnohie and two unnamed Guardians voiced by Christopher Corey Smith and Joe J. Thomas. In the story mode on the DC Universe part, they inform Green Lantern, Lex Luthor, and Catwoman about the merging of the universes when the hero and villains arrive on Oa. The Guardians of the Universe are featured in Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters. Like the comics, the Guardians of the Universe are responsible for creating the Manhunters some time before the creation of the Green Lantern Corps. The Guardians of the Universe make two cameo appearances in Injustice: Gods Among Us. During Green Lantern's Super Move, he transports himself and his enemy to OA and proceeds to attack his opponent with constructs in front of the central power battery, and The Guardians. In one of the final scenes of game, Green Lantern hands over his counterpart and Sinestro to the Guardians of the Universe to stand trial. The Guardians of the Universe appear as NPCs in Lego DC Super-Villains, with Ganthet voiced by Brian George.",
"topk_rank": 0
},
{
"id": "1018479#13",
"score": 0.6876860857009888,
"text": "In the 1992 prestige format graphic novel Green Lantern: Ganthet's Tale, Hal Jordan first encounters Ganthet, one of the Guardians of the Universe. He asks Hal to help Ganthet battle a renegade Guardian who has attempted to use a time machine to change history.",
"topk_rank": 1
},
{
"id": "294237#0",
"score": 0.6867096424102783,
"text": "The DC Universe (DCU) is the fictional shared universe where most stories in American comic book titles published by DC Comics take place. DC superheroes such as Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman are from this universe, and it also contains well known supervillains such as Lex Luthor, the Joker, and Darkseid. In context, the term \"DC Universe\" usually refers to the main DC continuity.",
"topk_rank": 2
},
{
"id": "301382#0",
"score": 0.6808511018753052,
"text": "The Teen Titans, also known as the New Teen Titans or simply the Titans, are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, often in an eponymous monthly series. As the group's name suggests, its members are teenage superheroes, many of whom have acted as sidekicks to DC's premiere superheroes in the Justice League. First appearing in 1964 in \"The Brave and the Bold\" #54, the team was founded by Kid Flash (Wally West), Robin (Dick Grayson), and Aqualad (Garth), with the team adopting the name Teen Titans in issue 60 following the addition of Wonder Girl (Donna Troy) to its ranks.",
"topk_rank": 3
},
{
"id": "20927427#1",
"score": 0.6793129444122314,
"text": "They debuted in Green Lantern vol. 4 #25 (December 2007) and were created by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver. Some of their characteristics were inspired by 28 Days Later, which is one of Van Sciver's favorite films.[1]",
"topk_rank": 4
},
{
"id": "32020267#32",
"score": 0.6790682077407837,
"text": "\"Justice League\" was the first book of the relaunch, with the first issue released on August 31, 2011. The first story arc takes place five years in the past, detailing the first meeting of the Justice League members and the formation of the team.",
"topk_rank": 5
},
{
"id": "4844527#0",
"score": 0.6779322624206543,
"text": "The Justice League, also called the Justice League of America or JLA, is a fictional superhero team that appears in comic books published by DC Comics. Since their first appearance in \"The Brave and the Bold\" #28 (February/March 1960), various incarnations of the team have appeared in film, television, and video game adaptations.",
"topk_rank": 6
},
{
"id": "5642202#1",
"score": 0.6767277717590332,
"text": "The creators of the Green Lantern Corps, the Guardians of the Universe, had planned to create their successors, a race of new Guardians. The Guardians foresaw that their successors were destined to originate on the planet Earth, so they channeled their vast powers into the \"Millennium Project,\" gathering ten individuals together, teaching them about the nature of the cosmos and endowing them with immortality and metahuman powers. One of these was Celia Windward, a young Jamaican woman living in Great Britain, to whom the Guardians gave the power to control electromagnetic energies. She became Jet, and joined the other heroes the Guardians had made in the team named (appropriately enough) the New Guardians. Jet fought many foes, but contracted HIV fighting the \"Hemo-Goblin\". As her symptoms worsened into AIDS, she used her last bit of energy to repel an alien invasion, an act which claimed her life.",
"topk_rank": 7
},
{
"id": "436734#8",
"score": 0.6719597578048706,
"text": "In the 31st century of Earth-691, Firelord is an ally of the Guardians of the Galaxy. He is known as \"Protector of the Universe\", but does not wear the Quantum Bands traditionally assigned to the holder of the role. He soon joins the sub-group, the Galactic Guardians.",
"topk_rank": 8
},
{
"id": "32020267#33",
"score": 0.6715676188468933,
"text": "The initial run of first issues show a universe in which superheroes have only appeared within the last five years and are viewed with suspicion and hostility, with Superman and Batman being pursued by the police five years ago at the start of their careers. In the present day, organizations such as the United Nations and the United States government seek to exploit and control the superheroes through groups such as the Justice League International and the Justice League of America.",
"topk_rank": 9
},
{
"id": "75822#0",
"score": 0.6714764833450317,
"text": "Oa is a fictional planet that lies at the center of the DC Comics universe. Since its inception, Oa has been the planetary citadel of the Guardians of the Universe and the headquarters of the Green Lantern Corps. It first appeared in Green Lantern vol 2 #1, when the Guardians summoned Hal Jordan's \"energy duplicate\" so they could hear of his origin.",
"topk_rank": 10
},
{
"id": "8841611#4",
"score": 0.6709211468696594,
"text": "Starting in the early 1960s, DC Comics maintained some aspects of its continuity through the use of a multiverse system of parallel Earths. A cosmic event in the 1985 limited series \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\" merged all of these realities and their respective characters into one universe, allowing writers to rewrite from scratch such long-running characters as Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman and also as an attempt at simplifying the DC Universe. In some ways, this helped revitalize DC's characters, though some fans debated (and continue to debate) whether such changes were necessary to begin with or truly beneficial. Events such as the deaths of Supergirl and Barry Allen augmented debate with many fans.",
"topk_rank": 11
},
{
"id": "3565931#0",
"score": 0.6693957448005676,
"text": "History of the DC Universe is a two–issue comic book limited series created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez which was published by DC Comics following the end of \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\".",
"topk_rank": 12
},
{
"id": "2560694#11",
"score": 0.6689713001251221,
"text": "He co-created the Justice League members Fire and Ice in the \"Super Friends\" series and introduced the Global Guardians in \"DC Comics Presents\" #46 (June 1982).",
"topk_rank": 13
},
{
"id": "8841611#27",
"score": 0.6671625375747681,
"text": "DC / Marvel",
"topk_rank": 14
},
{
"id": "20966#11",
"score": 0.6659448146820068,
"text": "The first modern comic books under the Marvel Comics brand were the science-fiction anthology \"Journey into Mystery\" #69 and the teen-humor title \"Patsy Walker\" #95 (both cover dated June 1961), which each displayed an \"MC\" box on its cover. Then, in the wake of DC Comics' success in reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly with the Flash, Green Lantern, and other members of the team the Justice League of America, Marvel followed suit.",
"topk_rank": 15
},
{
"id": "713814#5",
"score": 0.665611207485199,
"text": "The teaming of Robin, Kid Flash, and Aqualad in issue #54 (June–July 1964) by writer Bob Haney and artist Bruno Premiani led to the creation of the Teen Titans. The three heroes subsequently appeared under the name \"Teen Titans\" in issue #60 (June–July 1965) by Haney and artist Nick Cardy and were joined by Wonder Woman's younger sister Wonder Girl in her first appearance.",
"topk_rank": 16
},
{
"id": "2784621#1",
"score": 0.66352379322052,
"text": "In the 2000s the term came to refer to the Star Sapphires, an organization whose members in part include women previously depicted as the singular Star Sapphire in DC titles. Not clearly defined as superheroes or supervillains, the Star Sapphires debuted as a corps in \"Green Lantern\" vol. 4 #20 (July 2007). They were created by writer Geoff Johns and artist Ethan Van Sciver.",
"topk_rank": 17
},
{
"id": "144157#37",
"score": 0.6633216738700867,
"text": "The Guardians of the Universe appear in the Superman: The Animated Series episode \"In Brightest Day...\" voiced by Pat Musick and Peter Mark Richman. They approach Superman for him to help Kyle Rayner in defeating Sinestro. There is only one female Oan, who appears to be head of the council (this predates the actual appearance of female Guardians in the mainstream DC Universe). The Guardians of the Universe appear in the Justice League episode \"In Blackest Night\" voiced by René Auberjonois. In this show, they appear in the same red robes as their comic counterparts, as opposed to the black and green uniforms they wore in Superman: The Animated Series. Representatives of the Guardians of the Universe attended John Stewart's trial where they spoke in his defense when John Stewart was supposedly responsible for causing a planet to explode when he fired a beam from his ring during his pursuing of Kanjar Ro. After the trial when the planet was revealed to not be destroyed and was revealed to be cloaked by Kanjar Ro in collaboration with the Manhunters, Superman and the other Justice League members present demanded answers about the Manhunters. The lead Guardian present stated that the Manhunters were their first law enforcement agents before they started the Green Lantern Corps. The Guardians of the Universe later tried to defend Oa from an attack by the Manhunters. The Justice League came to their aid as John Stewart uses the power of his ring combined with the Central Power Ring to destroy the Manhunters. The Guardians of the Universe appear briefly in the beginning of the Justice League Unlimited episode \"The Return\" voiced by an uncredited Clancy Brown. They deny Stewart's request to leave Earth and take a tour of duty on Oa. They even denied John's request to have Kyle Rayner cover for him. Ganthet appears in the Duck Dodgers episode \"The Green Loontern\". The other Guardians are oddly absent from this episode. The Guardians of the Universe briefly appeared without dialogue at the end of the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"The Eyes of Despero\". They have been placed in Hal Jordan's ring for safe keeping while he fought Despero. The Guardians of the Universe were later fully featured in the episode \"Revenge of the Reach\" voiced by J.K. Simmons and Armin Shimerman. They explain the connection between the Blue Beetle's scarab and the Reach. The Guardians of the Universe appear in Green Lantern: The Animated Series with Ganthet voiced by Ian Abercrombie, Appa Ali Apsa voiced by Brian George, Sayd voiced by Susan Blakeslee, and Scar voiced by Sarah Douglas.",
"topk_rank": 18
},
{
"id": "144157#29",
"score": 0.6630805134773254,
"text": "During the height of their species civilization on their homeworld of Maltus and after being tutored about the emotional spectrum energy, the Guardians of the Universe created an unknown number of artifacts before finally creating the power rings which were given to the Green Lantern Corps. The known artifact are as follows:",
"topk_rank": 19
}
] |
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