- an introduction or tutorial to the essentials of phase locked loop, PLL frequency synthesizer operation and design. PLL frequency synthesizers are widely used in all forms of radio communications equipment today.
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance, electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between neighboring pairs.
Coaxial cable is more resistant to interference and attenuation than twisted-pair cabling. As shown in Figure 2.2, attenuation is the loss of signal strength that begins to occur as the signal travels farther along a copper cable.