Laser lithotripsy. Laser lithotripsy is a surgical procedure to remove stones from urinary tract, i.e., kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
HIV-1 is surprisingly old, and it probably debuted in humans at least three separate times -- one for each subtype, M, N, and O. Scientists' best guess is that the precursor of the most common M virus jumped from the Cameroon chimps to humans sometime before 1931.art One: Chapter Four Scientific Breakthroughs. HIV-1, which is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases worldwide, is divided into three groups -- the major group M, and the much rarer outlier group O and new group N -- that have diverged over years of mutation and evolution.
The origin of the Aids pandemic has been traced to the 1920s in the city of Kinshasa, in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, scientists say.An international team of scientists say a perfect storm of population growth, sex and railways allowed HIV to spread.he origin of the Aids pandemic has been traced to the 1920s in the city of Kinshasa, in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, scientists say.