Active systemic lupus erythematosus or organ failure Active SLE most commonly causes death because of nephritis. The most common sites of fatal infections in patients with SLE are the lung. renal insufficiency.53]. Risk factors for serious bacterial infections include immunosuppressive treatment with cytotoxic medications or corticosteroids.62].
Below the cuticle is the epidermis. On the top of the leaf, this is known as the upper epidermis. This is a single layer of cells found directly below the cuticle. It helps protect the leaf by aiding in preventing water loss and providing an extra layer between the outside and inside of the leaf.tomata and the Lower Epidermis. Remember that the top of the leaf has the protective coating of the cuticle and then a layer of cells known as the upper epidermis. On the bottom of the leaf is another protective layer of cells.
This is a single layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts. The cells are quite transparent and permit most of the light that strikes them to pass through to the underlying cells. The upper surface is covered with a waxy, waterproof cuticle, which serves to reduce water loss from the leaf. 1  Palisade layer.lthough most of the cells of the lower epidermis resemble those of the upper epidermis, each stoma is flanked by two sausage-shaped cells called guard cells. These differ from the other cells of the lower epidermis not only in their shape but also in having chloroplasts.