Laser lithotripsy. Laser lithotripsy is a surgical procedure to remove stones from urinary tract, i.e., kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
HIV-1 is surprisingly old, and it probably debuted in humans at least three separate times -- one for each subtype, M, N, and O. Scientists' best guess is that the precursor of the most common M virus jumped from the Cameroon chimps to humans sometime before 1931.art One: Chapter Four Scientific Breakthroughs. HIV-1, which is responsible for the vast majority of AIDS cases worldwide, is divided into three groups -- the major group M, and the much rarer outlier group O and new group N -- that have diverged over years of mutation and evolution.
Because primates are suspected of being the source of HIV, AIDS is considered a zoonosis, an infection that is shared by humans and other vertebrate animals. Genetic studies of a pandemic strain of HIV, known as HIV-1 group M, have indicated that the virus emerged between 1884 and 1924 in central and western Africa.