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4 TYPES OF VOR CHECKS
Your airplanes VOR received must be checked every 30 days for IFR Operations and there are multiple ways pilot's can check their VORs. How are they performed? What do you need to annotate?
Here's what you need to know.
VOR Checks:
VOR Receivers are required to be checked every 30 days for IFR Flight Operations. However, it is also important for VFR Pilot’s to check their aircraft’s VOR Receivers.
What to Write (SLED)
Signature (of pilot performing the check)
Location (of the check)
Error (amount of error detected during check)
Date (of the check)
VOT (VOR Test Facility)
A VOT is coded to emit the 360 Radial in all directions around the facility.
This means the airplane’s VOR Receiver should read either: 360 FROM or 180 TO, regardless of the aircraft’s location in relation to the VOR.
How the check is done:
1. Tune and Identify the VOT.
2. Twist the OBS Knob to center the CDI Needle.
3. Check for proper TO/FROM Indication.
4. The radial selected must be within:
5. +/- 4 degrees of 360 or 180.
Ground Check
With a VOR Ground Check:
• The Pilot must park the airplane in the designated ground spot.
• The Pilot must tune and identify the correct VOR.
• The Pilot must use the ground check sign to know:
• Which radial he/she should be on.
• Whether he/she should have a TO or a FROM Indication.
How the check is done:
1. Park aircraft in designated check spot.
2. Tune and Identify the Correct VOR.
3. Twist the OBS Knob to center the CDI Needle.
4. Check for proper TO/FROM Indication.
5. The radial selected must be within:
6. +/- 4 degrees of Designated Radial.
Airborne Check
With an Airborne VOR check:
• The Pilot must position the airplane over the designated location.
• The Pilot must tune and identify the correct VOR.
• The Pilot must use the information in the Chart Supplement to know:
• Which radial he/she should be on.
• Whether he/she should have a TO or a FROM Indication.
How the check is done:
1. Position aircraft over designated check spot.
2. Tune and Identify the Correct VOR.
3. Twist the OBS Knob to center the CDI Needle.
4. Check for proper TO/FROM Indication.
5. The radial selected must be within:
6. +/- 6 degrees of Designated Radial.
Dual VOR Check
With a Dual VOR check, the airplane must be equipped with 2 VOR Receivers.
How the check is done:
1. The pilot tunes both VOR Receivers to the same VOR.
2. The pilot centers both CDI Needles.
3. Check for proper TO/FROM Indications.
4. With both CDI Needles Centered:
5. The Selected Radials should be within 4 degrees of each other.
VOR Check Summary:
• VOT = +/- 4
• Ground Check = +/- 4
• Airborne Check = +/- 6
• Dual Check = within 4 degrees of each other
Author - Nate Hodell
CFI/CFII/MEI/ATP - Creator of wifiCFI - Owner of Axiom Aviation Flight School.
This information is included in the Navigation Aids: VOR Lessons on wifiCFI. Sign up today to watch videos, listen to podcasts, take lesson quizzes, join live webinars, print lesson quicktakes, and more by clicking this link >
where aviation comes to study
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How to Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal in Excel
Sometimes we use hexadecimal numbers to mark products in daily life, and we want to convert these hexadecimal numbers to decimal numbers in some situations. We can convert number between two number types by convert tool online, actually we can also convert numbers by function in excel as well. In excel, =HEX2DEC(number) can help you to convert hexadecimal number to decimal properly, and on the other side, you can use =DEX2HEX(number) to convert decimal to hexadecimal number.
1. Convert Hex Number to Decimal in Excel
As we mentioned above, we can use HEX2DEC function to convert numbers conveniently. Just prepare a table with two columns, one column is used for recording HEX numbers, the second column is used for saving the converted decimal numbers.
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 1
Step1: in B1 enter the formula:
=HEX2DEC(A2)
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 2
Step2: Click Enter to get returned value. So 21163 in B2 is the mapping decimal number for 52AB.
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 3
Step3: Drag the fill handle down to fill the following cells.
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 4
Verify that all hexadecimal numbers are converted to decimal numbers correctly. You can also double check the result by convert tool online to make sure the result is correct.
Note:
Sometimes hexadecimal numbers are displayed like 0x52AB, user can remove 0x before 52AB and then use HEX2DEC function to convert number.
2. Convert Decimal to Hex Number in Excel
Prepare another table, the first column is Decimal, the second column is Hex Number.
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 5
Step1: in B10 enter the formula:
=HEX2DEC(A2)
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 6
Step2: Click Enter to get returned value. So 4D2 in B10 is the mapping hex number for 1234.
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 7
Step3: Drag the fill handle down to fill the following cells.
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 8
Note:
There are some other functions to convert numbers between different types. See below screenshot.
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 9
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 10
Convert A Hexadecimal Number to Decimal 11
3. Video: Converting Hex Numbers to Decimal and Decimal to Hex
In this video, we’ll explore two essential skills: converting Hexadecimal numbers to Decimal and Decimal numbers to Hex in Excel.
4. SAMPLE FIlES
Below are sample files in Microsoft Excel that you can download for reference if you wish.
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Home | | Chemistry | General properties of Lanthanides
Chapter: 11th 12th std standard Class Organic Inorganic Physical Chemistry Higher secondary school College Notes
General properties of Lanthanides
General properties of Lanthanides
The Lanthanide series include fifteen elements i.e. lanthanum (57 La) to lutetium (71 Lu). Lanthanum and Lutetium have no partly filled 4f- subshell but have electrons in 5d-subshell.
The position of f block elements in the periodic table, is explained above.
The elements in which the extra electron enters ( n- 2 )f orbitals are called f- block elements. These elements are also called as inner transition elements because they form a transition series within the transition elements. The f-block elements are also known as rare earth elements. These are divided into two series.
i) The Lanthanide series (4f-block elements)
ii) The Actinide series (5f- block elements )
The Lanthanide Series
The Lanthanide series include fifteen elements i.e. lanthanum (57 La) to lutetium (71 Lu). Lanthanum and Lutetium have no partly filled 4f- subshell but have electrons in 5d-subshell. Thus these elements should not be included in this series. However, all these elements closely resemble lanthanum and hence are considered together.
General properties of Lanthanides
1. Electronic configuration
The electronic configuration of Lanthanides are listed in the table . The fourteen electrons are filled in Ce to Lu with configuration [54 Xe ]4f1-14 5d1 6s2
2. Oxidation states
The common oxidation state exhibited by all the lanthanides is +3 (Ln3+) in aqueous solutions and in their solid compounds. Some elements exhibit +2 and +4 states as uncommon oxidation states.
La - +3
Ce - +3, +4, +2
Pr - +3, +4
Nd - +3, +4, +2
3. Radii of tripositive lanthanide ions
The size of M3+ ions decreases as we move through the lanthanides from lanthanum to lutetium. This steady decrease in ionic radii of M3+ cations in the lanthanide series is called Lanthanide contraction.
Cause of lanthanide contraction
The lanthanide contraction is due to the imperfect shielding of one 4f electron by another in the same sub shell. As we move along the lanthanide series, the nuclear charge and the number of 4f electrons increase by one unit at each step. However, due to imperfect shielding, the effective nuclear charge increases causing a contraction in electron cloud of 4f-subshell.
Consequences of lanthanide contraction
Basicity of ions
i) Due to lanthanide contraction, the size of Ln3+ ions decreases regularly with increase in atomic number. According to Fajan's rule, decrease in size of Ln3+ ions increase the covalent character and decreases the basic character between Ln3+ and OH- ion in Ln(OH)3. Since the order of size of Ln3+ ions
are
La3+> Ce3+ ............... >Lu3+
ii) There is regular decrease in their ionic radii.
iii) Regular decrease in their tendency to act as reducing agent, with increase in atomic number.
iv) Due to lanthanide contraction, second and third rows of d-block transistion elements are quite close in properties.
v) Due to lanthanide contraction, these elements occur together in natural minerals and are difficult to separate.
Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail
11th 12th std standard Class Organic Inorganic Physical Chemistry Higher secondary school College Notes : General properties of Lanthanides |
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Patents
1. Advanced Patent Search
Publication numberUS4053739 A
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 05/713,470
Publication dateOct 11, 1977
Filing dateAug 11, 1976
Priority dateAug 11, 1976
Also published asCA1097407A1, DE2735204A1, DE2735204C2
Publication number05713470, 713470, US 4053739 A, US 4053739A, US-A-4053739, US4053739 A, US4053739A
InventorsRobert Lynn Miller, Robert Neal Weisshappel
Original AssigneeMotorola, Inc.
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Dual modulus programmable counter
US 4053739 A
Abstract
The inventive counter is operable to divide an input signal by the sum of two binary numbers, A and B. Each number is stored in memory. These numbers are alternately preset into a binary counter which also receives the input signal. A logic gate monitors the counter output and changes state when the number previously preset in the counter equals the accumulated count. The gate state transition is used to preset the counter with the alternate stored number. Thus, the process continues whereby the output from the logic gate represents the input signal divided by the sum of A and B.
Images(1)
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Claims(5)
We claim:
1. A multiple modulus counter for dividing a signal having a frequency f by a divisor N = M1 + M2 + . . . + Mx, where N, M1, M2, . . . , Mx are selected numbers, comprising:
counter means including an input for receiving the signal to be divided, an output for producing a signal representative of the count of signals received at the input, and means to input a preset count state;
a plurality of Mx preset means, each actuable to preset one of the numbers M1 . . . Mx into the counter means;
control means responsive to the count state at the counter output to sequentially actuate a successive one of the preset means in response to the counter counting to the count preset into the counter by the preceding preset means, the control means producing an output waveform having transitions corresponding to the actuation of predetermined preset means,
whereby the control means output waveform is of a frequency f/N.
2. A dual modulus counter for dividing a signal having a frequency f by a divisor N = A + B, where N, A and B are selected numbers, comprising:
counter means including an input for receiving the signal to be divided, an output for producing a signal representative of the count of signals received at the input, and means to input a preset count state;
first preset means actuable to preset the count A in the counter means;
second preset means actuable to preset the count B in the counter means; and
control means responsive to the count state at the counter output to sequentially actuate the second and first preset means in response to the counter counting the numbers A and B, respectively, the control means producing an output waveform having transitions at the times of actuating the first and second preset means,
whereby the control means output waveform is of a frequency f/N.
3. A frequency synthesizer comprising:
a reference signal source for generating a reference signal of frequency f;
a phase comparator for producing at its output an error signal representative of the phase difference of signals received at its input;
means for coupling the reference signal source to the first phase comparator input;
a signal controlled oscillator for producing an oscillator signal of predetermined frequency at its output responsive to a received control signal;
means for processing the phase comparator error signal and producing a control signal in response thereto;
means for coupling the produced control signal to the signal controlled oscillator;
prescaler means actuable to frequency divide the oscillator signal by one of two predetermined divisors P, P';
a dual modulus divider for frequency dividing the output from the prescaler by alternate stored divisors A and B, where A and B are selected numbers, the dual modulus divisor including means to actuate the prescaler means from its P divisor to its P' divisor upon transition from the A divisor to the B divisor and from its P' divisor to its P divisor upon transition from the B divisor to the A divisor; and
means for coupling the output from the dual modulus divider to the comparator second input,
whereby the oscillator signal tends to assume the frequency f/(AP + BP').
4. The frequency synthesizer of claim 3 wherein P' = P + 1.
5. The frequency divisor of claim 3 wherein the dual modulus divider comprises:
counter means including an input for receiving the prescaler output signal, an output for producing a signal representative of the count of signals received at the input, and means to input a preset count state;
first preset means actuable to preset the count A in the counter means;
second preset means actuable to preset the count B in the counter means; and
control means responsive to the count state at the counter output to sequentially actuate the second and first preset means in response to the counter counting the numbers A and B, respectively, the control means producing an output waveform having transitions at the times of actuating the first and second preset means.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to the electronic signal processing art and, in particular, to a programmable frequency counter.
Programmable frequency counters have been well known in the electronic processing art, particularly in the frequency synthesizer field. Frequency synthesizers commonly employ standard phase lock loop circuitry wherein a reference frequency oscillator signal may be divided by a selected one of a plurality of divisors thus providing an output signal of desired frequency. Previous techniques employed in digital frequency synthesizers have used, in the feedback portion of a conventional phase lock loop, a variable prescaler, and first and second counters. The first counter has been programmable and is used to divide the output of the variable prescaler by a fixed number (N). The second counter, often referred to as a swallow counter, has been used to switch the variable prescaler to a new divisor, or modulus, which new modulus is present during the counting of "N". As is discussed at page 10-3 of the Motorola "McMOS HANDBOOK", printed 1974 by Motorola, Inc., the total divisor NT of the feedback loop is given by:
NT = (P + 1)A + P(N - A)
where, the variable modulus prescaler operates between two divisors P and P+1, the swallow counter has a fixed divisor A, and the programmable divider has the divisor N.
While the above described frequency synthesizer provided the desired function, it requires a large number of parts and thus is expensive to manufacture. It is desirable, therefore, to provide the frequency synthesizer function using fewer parts.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide an improved dual modulus programmable counter which is particularly suited for application in frequency synthesizers.
It is a particular object of the invention to provide the above dual modulus programmable counter which employs a minimum of components and, therefore, results in a minimum cost.
Briefly, according to the invention, a multiple modulus divider divides a signal having a frequency f by a divisor N = N1 + M2 + . . . + Mx, where N, M1, M2, . . . , Mx are selected numbers. The improved counter comprises a counter means which includes an input for receiving the signal to be divided, an output for producing a signal representative of the count of signals received at the input, and means to input a preset count state. Also included are a plurality of Mx preset means, each of which is actuable to preset one of the numbers M1 . . . Mx into the counter means. A control means responds to the count state at the counter output to sequentially actuate successive ones of the preset means in response to the counter counting to the count preset into the counter by the preceeding preset means. The control means produces an output waveform having transitions corresponding to the actuation of the predetermined preset means whereby the control means output waveform is of a frequency f/N.
The improved dual modulus programmable counter may be used in combination with further components to comprise a frequency synthesizer. In particular, additional frequency synthesizer components comprise a reference signal source for generating a reference signal frequency f. This signal is coupled, via appropriate means, to the first input of a phase comparator which compares this signal to the signal received at its second input, and produces an error signal representative of the phase difference therebetween at its output. The phase comparator error signal is processed for application to the control signal of a signal controlled oscillator which, in turn, responds by producing an oscillator signal of predetermined frequency. The output from the signal controlled oscillator couples to a prescaler which is actuable to frequency divide the oscillator signal by one of two predetermined divisors P, P'. The aforementioned dual modulus divider frequency divides the output from the prescaler by alternate stored divisors A and B, where A and B are selected numbers. The divisor includes means to actuate the prescaler means from its P divisor to its P' divisor upon transition from the A divisor to the B divisor, and from its P' divisor to its P divisor upon transition from the B divisor to the A divisor. The output from the divider is coupled to the comparator second input whereby the oscillator signal tends to assume the frequency f/(AP' + BP).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the inventive dual modulus counter; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a frequency synthesizer which employs the inventive counter.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, a signal of frequency f, which is to be divided by a divisor N, is applied at the input 12 of a standard binary counter 10. The binary counter 10, operating in the well known manner, produces a signal at its output terminal 14 in response to a predetermined count of the input signal f. The binary counter 10 also has preset count input terminals 16, 18. A binary number coupled to one of the preset count inputs 16, 18 will activate the counter 10 to the binary number. In the present preferred embodiment of the invention, binary counter 10 is of the count-down type which means that a count state preset at the input terminals 16 or 18 will be decremated one count for each received input pulse at input 12. The binary counter 10 responds to counting down to a zero count state by changing its output logic state at output terminal 14.
A change in the output state at output 14 of binary counter 10 activates the "C" input 22 of a conventional control flip-flop 24. Flip-flop 24 has a first "Q" output 26 and a second "Q" output 28. The control flip-flop 24 responds to transition state changes at its input 22 to alternately activate the Q output 26 high and low, with the Q output 28 correspondingly low and high.
The Q output 28 of the flip-flop 24 couples to the input terminals 32, 42 of a pair of preset storage registers 30, 40, respectively. Each register 30, 40 is programmed to contain a preset number. In this case preset register 30 contains the number A and preset register 40 contains the number B. Upon suitable activation at their inputs 32, 42 each register 30, 40 applies the number stored therein to the preset input terminals 16, 18 of the binary counter 10, activating the count in the same to the appropriate number A, B. Each number A, B corresponds to a modulus with which the input signal f will be divided. In this preferred embodiment of the invention a dual modulus system is provided. Thus, there are two preset registers 30, 40 each containing the number A, B respectively. In a generalized system, any one of a number of divisors of modulus M1 + M2 + . . . + Mx might be used, in which case there would be a preset register for each, each containing the appropriate number M1, M2, . . . Mx. For purposes of clarity the following discussion deals primarily with a dual modulus counter. Nonetheless, it should be understood that anyone of ordinary skill in the art could practice the invention by constructing a counter having more than two moduli.
Operation of the dual modulus programmable counter of FIG. 1 may be understood as follows.
Assume initially that the Q output 28 of the flip-flop 24 has activated preset register 30 to place the count A into the binary counter 10. Thus, each successive count of the input signal f reduces the counter by one whereby, finally, the counter reaches a count of zero. At this time the counter output 14 makes a transition thereby activating the control input 22 of the flip-flop 24. At this point the Q output 26 and Q output 28 of flip-flop 24 make a transition to the opposite logic state. This transition causes the second preset register 40 to input the count B into the binary counter 10. Now successive input counts at input 12 of binary counter 10 due to the input signal f reduce the count state of the counter 10 until it again reaches zero, at which point an output transition at output 14 once again activates the control input 22 of the flip-flop 24, thus activating preset register 30 to again input the count A into the binary counter 10.
Henceforth, the cycle repeats and the Q output 26 of the flip-flop 24 assumes a waveform having a frequency f/N, where N = A + B. Thus, with a minimum of components at input signal f is divided by two moduli A, B, thereby dividing the input signal f by the sum of the two moduli, N. As is discussed with reference to FIG. 2, the fact that the control flip-flop 24 produces an output transition after the A count period renders the instant dual modulus programmable counter extremely useful in frequency synthesizer applications.
FIG. 2 illustrates the preferred embodiment of a frequency synthesizer which employs the novel dual modulus programmable counter. There a standard phase lock loop chain includes a reference oscillator 100 which produces a reference signal of frequency f. The signal f is fed to the first input 112 of a phase detector 110. Phase detector 110 has a second input 114 and an output 116. Acting in the conventional manner, the phase detector 110 produces an error signal at its output 116, which error signal is representative of the phase difference between signals received at the input terminals 112, 114.
In the conventional manner, the output error signal at output terminal 116 is low pass filtered through a low pass filter circuit 118 and applied to the control input 122 of a voltage controlled oscillator 120. The voltage controlled oscillator 120 produces an oscillator signal of predetermined frequency at its output 124 responsive to a control signal received at its control input 122. This oscillator output signal is the output signal fout of the frequency synthesizer.
The output terminal 124 of the voltage controlled oscillator 120 also feeds to the input terminal 132 of a variable modulus prescaler 130. The variable modulus prescaler 130 responds to a signal at its divisor input 134 to divide signals received at its input terminal 132 by either one of two moduli P, or P' reproducing the output frequency divided signal at its output terminal 136. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, P' = P + 1, however it should be understood that the selection of the P' modulus is one of individual designer's choice. The frequency divided output 136 of the variable modulus prescaler 130 is applied to the input terminal 142 of the dual modulus programmable counter 150. The dual modulus programmable counter 150 is seen to be identical to the preferred embodiment thereof illustrated in FIG. 1. For example, input terminal 142 is the input of a binary counter 140 corresponding to the binary counter 10 of FIG. 1. Binary counter 140 has an output 144 which feeds to the control input 152 of a control flip-flop 154. The control flip-flop 154 has a Q output 156 and a Q output 158. The Q output 158 actuates the inputs 162, 172 of the preset storage registers 160, 170 respectively. As before, each preset register 160, 170 contains preset numbers A, B, respectively, which, upon actuation via the input terminals 162, 172 feed their corresponding number into the binary counter 140 via the preset input terminals 146, 148.
The Q output 156 of the flip-flop 154 feeds to the modulus control terminal 134 of the variable modulus prescaler 130. A transition in logic state at input 134 causes the variable modulus prescaler 130 to alternate between the P and P+1 divisors. Finally, the Q output 158 of the control flip-flop 154 feeds to the second input 114 of the phase comparator 110.
Operation of the frequency synthesizer of FIG. 2 is understood as follows.
The reference oscillator 100 feeds a signal of frequency f to the first input 112 of the phase detector 110. Phase detector 110, in turn, produces an error signal at its output 116 which, when low pass filtered via the filter 118, controls the voltage controlled oscillator 120. The oscillator output signal from the voltage controlled oscillator 120 is frequency divided by the variable modulus prescaler 130. Assuming that the variable modulus prescaler 130 is activated to its P modulus, the variable modulus prescaler 130 will produce an output transition at its output terminal 136 when it has counted P counts in the oscillator signal. At this time the first count is received by the binary counter 140 at its input 142. Stored within the binary counter 140 initially is the binary number A. Thus, this binary preset count is decremented by one count. This process continues until the variable modulus prescaler 130 counts to the number P, A times. After the binary counter 140 has counted down from its preset input A, it produces an output at output terminal 144 which in turn is applied to the control input 152 of the control flip-flop 144. This transition at the control input 152 causes the Q output 156 and Q output 158 to flip to their opposite states. Thus, the Q output 156 activates the variable modulus prescaler 130 to begin dividing by its second modulus P+1. Also, the Q output 158 causes the number B stored in register 170 to be fed into the binary counter 40. Now, the binary counter 140 does not change its output state at its output terminal 144 until the variable modulus prescaler has counted P+1 counts a total of B times.
Thereafter, the cycle repeats whereby the waveform at the Q output 158 of the flip-flop 154 is of a frequency fout /Nt, where Nt = A(P) + B(P+1). Now, in the conventional manner, the waveform fout /Nt is phase compared with the reference oscillator 100 signal f, whereby the two tend to phase lock producing the output signal fout = f/NT.
Thus, the dual modulus programmable counter 150 replaces the variable counter and the swallow counter of the prior art when used in a frequency synthesizer which provides an output signal which is the frequency division of a reference signal. Since the inventive dual modulus programmable counter does not require both a programmable counter, and a swallow counter, as has been known in the prior art, a significant reduction in parts count, and thus cost, has been achieved.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described in detail, it should be understood that many modifications and variations thereto are possible, all of which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US3353104 *Jun 14, 1965Nov 14, 1967Ltv Electrosystems IncFrequency synthesizer using fractional division by digital techniques within a phase-locked loop
US3594551 *Nov 29, 1966Jul 20, 1971Electronic CommunicationsHigh speed digital counter
US3605025 *Jun 30, 1969Sep 14, 1971Sperry Rand CorpFractional output frequency-dividing apparatus
US3714589 *Dec 1, 1971Jan 30, 1973Lewis RDigitally controlled phase shifter
US3959737 *Nov 18, 1974May 25, 1976Engelmann Microwave Co.Frequency synthesizer having fractional frequency divider in phase-locked loop
US3982199 *Jan 6, 1975Sep 21, 1976The Bendix CorporationDigital frequency synthesizer
Referenced by
Citing PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US4184068 *Nov 14, 1977Jan 15, 1980Harris CorporationFull binary programmed frequency divider
US4231104 *Apr 26, 1978Oct 28, 1980Teradyne, Inc.Generating timing signals
US4241408 *Apr 4, 1979Dec 23, 1980Norlin Industries, Inc.High resolution fractional divider
US4316151 *Feb 13, 1980Feb 16, 1982Motorola, Inc.Phase locked loop frequency synthesizer using multiple dual modulus prescalers
US4325031 *Feb 13, 1980Apr 13, 1982Motorola, Inc.Divider with dual modulus prescaler for phase locked loop frequency synthesizer
US4327623 *Mar 31, 1980May 4, 1982Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki KaishaReference frequency signal generator for tuning apparatus
US4330751 *Dec 3, 1979May 18, 1982Norlin Industries, Inc.Programmable frequency and duty cycle tone signal generator
US4357527 *Jan 25, 1979Nov 2, 1982Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki KaishaProgrammable divider
US4390960 *Nov 21, 1980Jun 28, 1983Hitachi, Ltd.Frequency divider
US4468797 *Feb 3, 1982Aug 28, 1984Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.Swallow counters
US4559613 *Jun 29, 1982Dec 17, 1985The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air ForceDigital frequency synthesizer circuit
US4574385 *Feb 16, 1984Mar 4, 1986Rockwell International CorporationClock divider circuit incorporating a J-K flip-flop as the count logic decoding means in the feedback loop
US4651334 *Dec 24, 1984Mar 17, 1987Hitachi, Ltd.Variable-ratio frequency divider
US4658406 *Aug 12, 1985Apr 14, 1987Andreas PappasDigital frequency divider or synthesizer and applications thereof
US4891825 *Feb 9, 1988Jan 2, 1990Motorola, Inc.Fully synchronized programmable counter with a near 50% duty cycle output signal
US5065415 *Feb 21, 1990Nov 12, 1991Nihon Musen Kabushiki KaishaProgrammable frequency divider
US5066927 *Sep 6, 1990Nov 19, 1991Ericsson Ge Mobile Communication Holding, Inc.Dual modulus counter for use in a phase locked loop
US5195111 *Aug 13, 1991Mar 16, 1993Nihon Musen Kabushiki KaishaProgrammable frequency dividing apparatus
US5202906 *Dec 23, 1987Apr 13, 1993Nippon Telegraph And Telephone CompanyFrequency divider which has a variable length first cycle by changing a division ratio after the first cycle and a frequency synthesizer using same
US5235531 *Dec 13, 1991Aug 10, 1993Siemens AktiengesellschaftMethod and arrangement for dividing the frequency of an alternating voltage with a non-whole-numbered division factor
US5495505 *Dec 20, 1990Feb 27, 1996Motorola, Inc.Increased frequency resolution in a synthesizer
US5781459 *Apr 16, 1996Jul 14, 1998Bienz; Richard AlanMethod and system for rational frequency synthesis using a numerically controlled oscillator
US5842006 *Sep 6, 1995Nov 24, 1998National Instruments CorporationCounter circuit with multiple registers for seamless signal switching
US6035182 *Jan 20, 1998Mar 7, 2000Motorola, Inc.Single counter dual modulus frequency division apparatus
US6072404 *Apr 29, 1997Jun 6, 2000Eaton CorporationUniversal garage door opener
US6725245May 3, 2002Apr 20, 2004P.C. Peripherals, IncHigh speed programmable counter architecture
USRE32605 *Jun 28, 1985Feb 16, 1988Hitachi, Ltd.Frequency divider
WO1981002371A1 *Jan 5, 1981Aug 20, 1981Motorola IncAn improved frequency synthesizer using multiple dual modulus prescalers
WO1981002372A1 *Jan 5, 1981Aug 20, 1981Motorola IncImproved divider with dual modulus prescaler
WO1982003477A1 *Mar 30, 1982Oct 14, 1982Inc MotorolaFrequency synthesized transceiver
Classifications
U.S. Classification708/103, 377/52, 331/25, 331/1.00A, 331/16, 377/47
International ClassificationG06F7/68, H03K23/66, H03L7/193, H03L7/18
Cooperative ClassificationH03K23/665, H03L7/193, H03L7/18, H03K23/667, G06F7/68
European ClassificationH03K23/66P, H03K23/66S, G06F7/68, H03L7/18, H03L7/193
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Knowledge BaseYou're questions answered.
Is whey protein keto friendly?
Whey protein can be a suitable addition to a ketogenic diet, depending on the specific product and how it fits into your daily macronutrient goals. The ketogenic diet emphasizes high fat, moderate protein, and very low carbohydrate intake.
Keto-Friendliness of Whey Protein
• Carbohydrate Content: To maintain ketosis, it's crucial to limit carbs. Some whey protein powders, especially those that are isolates, are very low in carbohydrates, typically containing less than 1 gram per serving, making them an excellent choice for keto dieters1.
• Fat Content: While whey protein does not naturally contain much fat, some keto-specific protein powders might include added fats from sources like MCTs (medium-chain triglycerides) to align more closely with keto macronutrient ratios2.
• Protein Levels: Moderate protein consumption is vital on a keto diet to prevent muscle loss without knocking you out of ketosis. Whey protein is effective because it provides high-quality protein that can help meet these needs without exceeding them3.
Choosing the Right Whey Protein for Keto
• Check the Label: Look for whey protein isolates rather than concentrates as they typically contain fewer carbohydrates.
• Avoid Added Sugars: Ensure the whey protein powder does not contain added sugars or high-carb fillers, which can disrupt ketosis.
• Consider Your Daily Macros: Incorporate whey protein into your overall daily macronutrient goals. It's important to balance your intake of fats, proteins, and carbs to stay within ketogenic guidelines.
Overall, whey protein can be part of a ketogenic diet when chosen carefully and consumed as part of a well-planned keto eating strategy. As always, monitor your body's response and adjust your diet accordingly to maintain ketosis and achieve your dietary goals.
References:
1. Volek, J. S., & Phinney, S. D. (2012). The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Performance. Atria Books. Information on how dietary proteins influence ketosis and athletic performance.
2. Stubbs, B. J., & Cox, P. J. (2015). Metabolic effects of exogenous ketone supplementation – An alternative or adjuvant to the ketogenic diet as a cancer therapy? Journal of Nutrition & Metabolism, 12, 35.
3. Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J. S., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2013). Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(8), 789.
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
< Early Atomic models Atomic structure: TOC Hydrogen atomic spectrum >
NATURE OF LIGHT & QUANTUM THEORY
The early theories describing the atomic structure are based on classical physics. However these theories could not explain the behavior of atom completely. The modern view of atomic structure is based on quantum theory introduced by Max Planck.
Before learning the quantum theory, it is necessary to understand the nature of light.
LIGHT
Light is considered as an electromagnetic radiation. It consists of two components i.e., the electric component and the magnetic component which oscillate perpendicular to each other as well as to the direction of path of radiation.
electromagnetic radiation representation
The electromagnetic radiations are produced by the vibrations of a charged particle. The properties of light can be explained by considering it as either wave or particle as follows (dual nature).
WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT
According to the wave theory proposed by Christiaan Huygens, light is considered to be emitted as a series of waves in all directions. The following properties can be defined for light by considering the wave nature.
Wavelength (λ): The distance between two successive similar points on a wave is called as wavelength. It is denoted by λ.
Units: cm, Angstroms (Ao), nano meters (nm), milli microns (mµ) etc.,
Note:
1 Ao = 10-8 cm.
1 nm= 10-9m = 10-7cm
Frequency (ν): The number of vibrations done by a particle in unit time is called frequency. It is denoted by 'ν'.
Units: cycles per second = Hertz = sec-1
Velocity (c): Velocity is defined as the distance covered by the wave in unit time. It is denoted by 'c'.
Velocity of light = c = 3.0 x 108 m.sec-1 = 3.0 x 1010 cm.sec-1
Note: For all types of electromagnetic radiations, the velocity is a constant value. The relation between velocity (c), wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν) can be given by following equation.
velocity = frequency x wavelength
c = νλ
Wave number (): The number of waves spread in a length of one centimeter is called wave number. It is denoted by . It is the reciprocal of wavelength, λ.
units: cm-1, m-1
Amplitude: The distance from the midline to the peak or the trough is called amplitude of the wave. It is usually denoted by 'A' (a variable). Amplitude is a measure of the intensity or brightness of light radiation.
PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
Though most of the properties of light can be understood by considering it as a wave, some of the properties of light can only be explained by using particle (corpuscular) nature of it. Newton considered light to possess particle nature. In the year 1900, in order to explain black body radiations, Max Planck proposed Quantum theory by considering light to possess particle nature.
PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORY
Black body: The object which absorbs and emits the radiation of energy completely is called a black body. Practically it is not possible to construct a perfect black body. But a hollow metallic sphere coated inside with platinum black with a small aperture in its wall can act as a near black body. When the black body is heated to high temperatures, it emits radiations of different wavelengths.
The following curves are obtained when the intensity of radiations are plotted against the wavelengths, at different temperatures.
Following are the conclusions that can be drawn from above graphs.
1) At a given temperature, the intensity of radiation increases with wavelength and reaches a maximum value and then starts decreasing.
2) With increase in temperature, the wavelength of maximum intensity (λmax) shifts towards lower wavelengths. According to classical physics, energy should be emitted continuously and the intensity should increase with increase in temperature. The curves should be as shown by dotted line.
In order to explain above experimental observations Max Planck proposed the following theory.
Quantum theory:
1) Energy is emitted due to vibrations of charged particles in the black body.
2) The radiation of energy is emitted or absorbed discontinuously in the form of small discrete energy packets called quanta
3) Each quantum is associated with definite amount of energy which is given by the equation E=hν.
Where
h = planck's constant = 6.625 x 10-34 J sec = 6.625 x10-27 erg sec
ν= frequency of radiation
4) The total energy of radiation is quantized i.e., the total energy is an integral multiple of hν. It can only have the values of 1 hν or 2 hν or 3 hν. It cannot be the fractional multiple of hν.
5) Energy is emitted and absorbed in the form of quanta but propagated in the form of waves.
EINSTEIN'S GENERALIZATION OF QUANTUM THEORY
Einstein generalized the quantum theory by applying it to all types of electromagnetic radiations. He explained photoelectric effect using this theory.
Photoelectric Effect: The ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal, when the metal is exposed to light of certain minimum frequency, is called photoelectric effect
The frequency of light should be equal or greater than a certain minimum value characteristic of the metal. This is called threshold frequency, νo
The photoelectric effect cannot be explained by considering the light as wave. Einstein explained photoelectric effect by applying quantum theory as follows:
1. All electromagnetic radiations consists of small discrete energy packets called photons. These photons are associated with definite amount of energy given by the equation E=hν.
2. Energy is emitted, absorbed as well as propagated in the form of photons only.
3. The electron is ejected from the metal, only when a photon of sufficient energy strikes the electron. When a photon strikes the electron, some part of the energy of photon is used to free the electron from the attractive forces in the metal atom and the remaining part is converted into kinetic energy.
hν = W + K.E
Where
W = energy required to overcome the attractions
K.E = kinetic energy of the electron
Since the frequency corresponding to the minimum energy required to overcome the attraction is called threshold frequency, νo, the above equation can be written as:
hν = hνo + K.E
or
K.E = hνo- hν = h(νo- ν)
< Early Atomic models Atomic structure: TOC Hydrogen atomic spectrum >
Author: Aditya vardhan Vutturi
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Satellites Orbiting Earth
How a Satellite Works
Satellites are very complex machines that require precise mathematical calculations in order for them to function. The satellite has tracking systems and very sophisticated computer systems on board. Accuracy in orbit and speed are required for the satellite to keep from crashing back down to Earth. There are several different types of orbits that the satellite can take. Some orbits are stationary and some are elliptical.”Satellite Orbit”
Low Earth Orbit
A satellite is in “Low Earth Orbit” when it circles in an elliptical orbit close to Earth. Satellites in low orbit are just hundreds of miles away. These satellites travel at high speeds preventing gravity from pulling them back to Earth. Low Orbit Satellites travel approximately 17,000 miles per hour and circle the Earth in an hour and a half.
Polar Orbit
This is how a satellite travels in a polar orbit.
This is how a satellite travels in a polar orbit. These orbits eventually pass the entire surface of the Earth.
Polar Orbiting Satellites circle the planet in a north-south direction as Earth spins beneath it in an east-west direction. Polar Orbits enable satellites to scan the entire surface of the Earth. Like pealing an orange peal in a circular motion from top to bottom. Remote sensing satellites, weather satellites, and government satellites are almost always in polar orbit because of the coverage. Polar orbits cover the Earth’s surface thoroughly. The polar obit occupied by a satellite has a constant location in which it passes over. ALL POLAR ORBITING SATELLITES INTERSECT The North Pole at their same point. While one Polar orbit satellite is over America, another Polar Satellite is passing over the North Pole. So the North Pole has a constant flow of UHF and higher microwaves hitting it. The illustration shows that the common passing point for Polar Orbiting Satellites is over the North Pole.
A polar orbiting satellite will pass over the Earths equator at a different longitude on each of its orbits; however, Polar Orbiting satellites pass over the North Pole every time. Polar orbits are often used for earth mapping, earth observation, weather satellites, and reconnaissance satellites. This orbit has a disadvantage. No one spot of the Earth’s surface can be sensed continuously from a satellite in a polar orbit.
This is from U.S. Army Information Systems Engineering Command.
“In order to fulfill the military need for protected communication service, especially low probability of intercept/detection (LPI/LPD), to units operating north of 65 degree northern latitude, the space communications architecture includes the polar satellite system capability. An acceptable approach to achieving this goal is to fly a low capacity EHF system in a highly elliptical orbit, either as a hosted payload or as a “free-flyer,” to provide service during a transition period, nominally 1997-2010. A single, hosted EHF payload is already planned. Providing this service 24 hours-a-day requires a two satellite constellation at high earth orbit (HEO). Beyond 2010, the LPI/LPD polar service could continue to be provided by a high elliptical orbit HEO EHF payload, or by the future UHF systems.” (quote from www.fas.org)
THERE IS A CONSTANT 24 HOUR EHF AND HIGHER MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION PASSING OVER THE NORTH POLE!
“Geo Synchronous” Orbit
This is how a satellite travels in a Equitorial orbit
This is how a satellite travels in a “Geo Synchronous” orbit. Equatorial orbits are also called “Geostationary”. These satellites follow the rotation of the Earth.
A satellite in a “Geo Synchronous” orbit hovers over one spot and follows the Earths spin along the equator. Go to this link for more information on “Geo synchronous Orbits”. Earth takes 24 hours to spin on its axis. In the illustration you can see that an “Geo Synchronous” Orbit follows the equator and never covers the North or South Poles. The footprints of “Geo Synchronous” orbiting satellites do not cover the polar regions, so communication satellites in “Geo Synchronous” orbits in cannot be accessed in the northern and southern polar regions.
Because the “Geo Synchronous” satellite does not move from the area that it covers, these satellites are used for telecommunications, gps trackers, television broadcasting, government, and internet. Because they are stationary, their orbits are much farther from the Earth than the Polar orbiting satellites. If a stationary satellite is too close to the Earth, it will crash back down at a faster rate. They say there are about 300 “Geo Synchronous” satellites in orbit right now. Of course, these are the satellites that the public is allowed to know about, that are not governmentally classified.
Satellite Anatomy
This is the Atatomy of a Satellite.
This is the Anatomy of a Satellite.
A satellite is made up of several instruments that work together to operate the satellite during its mission. This illustration to the left demonstrates the parts of a satellite.
The command and data system controls all of the satellite functions. This is a very complex computer system that communicates all of the satellite flight operations, where the satellite points, and any other mathematical operations.
The Pointing control directs the satellite in order for the satellite to keep a steady flight path. This system is a complex sensor instrument that keeps the satellite pointing in the same direction. The satellite uses a propulsion system called “momentum wheels” that adjusts the position of the satellite into its proper place. Scientific observation satellites have more precise propulsion systems than do communications satellites.
The Communications system has a transmitter, a receiver, and various antennas to transmit data to the Earth . On Earth, Ground control sends instructions and data to the satellite’s computer through the Antenna. Pictures, data, television, radio, and many other data is sent by the satellite back to practically everyone on Earth.
The Power system needed power and operate the satellite is an efficient solar panel array that obtains energy from the Sun’s rays. Solar arrays make electricity from the sunlight and store the electricity in rechargeable batteries.
The Payload is what a satellite needs to perform its job. A weather satellite would have a payload that consist of an Image sensor, digital camera, telescope, and other thermal and weather sensing devices.
The Thermal Control is the protection required to prevent damage to the satellite’s instrumentation and components in. Satellite are exposed to extreme temperature changes. Temperatures range from 120 degrees below zero to 180 degrees above zero. Heat distribution units and thermal blankets to protect the electronics and components from temperature damage.
Satellite Footprints
A single satellite footprint
Here you can see one footprint covers an enormous area.
Geostationary satellites have a very broad view of Earth. The footprint of one Echo Starbroadcast satellite covers almost all of North America. They stay over the Earth at same the same location so we always know where they are. Direct contact with the satellite can be made because Equatorial Satellites are fixed.
Many communications satellites travel in Equatorial orbits, including those that relay TV signals into our homes; However, the size of the footprint of one satellite covers the entire Northern America.
The multi path effect that occurs when satellite transmissions are obstructed by topographical entities also provides insight on microwave global warming. Microwaves are being bombarded upon our planet. Our planet absorbs and obstructs the waves from space. Microwaves penetrate through all of our atmosphere and bounce and echo off of the Earth. Imagine the footprint overlaps that are being produced by the thousands of satellites in orbit right now?
coverage 8 pic
Here you can see the footprint overlapping the that satellites make. Each satellite covers an enormous area.
The closer the satellite is to something the more power will be exerted on the object. The farther the waves have to go the less power they will have. Because the atmosphere is so much closer to the satellite, there is a stronger beam of energy going through the clouds and atmosphere. This stronger power causes a higher rate of warming in the atmosphere than it does on the surface of the Earth.
The illustration to the right shows how eight satellites microwave an enormous part of our Earth. When the radio signals reflect off of surrounding terrain; buildings, canyon walls, hard ground multi path issues occur due to multiple waves doubling over themselves. These delayed signals can cause poor signals. Ultimately, the water, ice, and Earth are absorbing and reflecting microwaves in many different directions. Microwaves passing through Earths atmospheres are causing radio frequency heating at the molecular level.
System spectral efficiency
“In wireless networks, the system spectral efficiency is a measure of the quantity of users or services that can be simultaneously supported by a limited radio frequency bandwidth in a defined geographic area.” The capacity of a wireless network can be measured by calculating the maximum simultaneous phone calls over 1 MHz frequency spectrum. This is measured in Erlangs//MHz/cell, Erlangs/MHz/sector, Erlangs/MHz/site, or Erlangs/MHz/km measurements. Modern day cell phones take advantage of this type of transmission. These cell phones transmit a microwave transmission that is twice the frequency of a microwave oven in your home.
This is a misconception of how microwave frequencies travel.
This is a misconception of how microwave frequencies travel.
An example of a spectral efficiency can be found in the satellite RADARSAT-1. In 1995 RADARSAT-1, an Earth observation satellite from Canada, was launched in an orbit above the Earth. RADRASAT-1 provides images of the Earth, scientific and commercial, used in agriculture, geology, hydrology, arctic surveillance, oceanography, cartography, ice and ocean monitoring, forestry, detecting ocean oil slicks, and many other applications. This satellite uses continuous high microwave transmissions. A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system is a type of sensor that images the Earth at a single microwave frequency of 5.3 GHz. SAR systems transmit microwaves towards the surface of the Earthy and record the reflections from the surface. This satellite can image the Earth during any time and in any atmospheric condition.
This is how microwave frequencies travel
This is how microwave frequencies actually travel.
A Common misconception about microwave transmissions is that the transmission is directly beaming straight into the receiving antennae. (See misconception illustration) This however, is not true. Transmissions are spread into the air in a spherical direction. The waves travel in every direction until they find a receiver or some dielectric material to pass into.
When a microwave transmission is sent to a receiving satellite dish the transmission is sent in a spherical direction. (See how microwaves travel illustration) The signal passes through all parts of that sphere until it finds a connection. All microwaves, not received by an antennae, pass through the dielectric material in the earth. Dielectric material is primarily water and ice.
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The Celestial Sphere
Humans perceive in Euclidean space -> straight lines and planes. But, when distances are not visible (i.e. very large) than the apparent shape that the mind draws is a sphere -> thus, we use a spherical coordinate system for mapping the sky with the additional advantage that we can project Earth reference points (i.e. North Pole, South Pole, equator) onto the sky. Note: the sky is not really a sphere!
From the Earth’s surface we envision a hemisphere and mark the compass points on the horizon. The circle that passes through the south point, north point and the point directly over head (zenith) is called the meridian.
This system allows one to indicate any position in the sky by two reference points, the time from the meridian and the angle from the horizon. Of course, since the Earth rotates, your coordinates will change after a few minutes.
The horizontal coordinate system (commonly referred to as the alt-az system) is the simplest coordinate system as it is based on the observer’s horizon. The celestial hemisphere viewed by an observer on the Earth is shown in the figure below. The great circle through the zenith Z and the north celestial pole P cuts the horizon NESYW at the north point (N) and the south point (S). The great circle WZE at right angles to the great circle NPZS cuts the horizon at the west point (W) and the east point (E). The arcs ZN, ZW, ZY, etc, are known as verticals.
The two numbers which specify the position of a star, X, in this system are the azimuth, A, and the altitude, a. The altitude of X is the angle measured along the vertical circle through X from the horizon at Y to X. It is measured in degrees. An often-used alternative to altitude is the zenith distance, z, of X, indicated by ZX. Clearly, z = 90 – a. Azimuth may be defined in a number of ways. For the purposes of this course, azimuth will be defined as the angle between the vertical through the north point and the vertical through the star at X, measured eastwards from the north point along the horizon from 0 to 360°. This definition applies to observers in both the northern and the southern hemispheres.
It is often useful to know how high a star is above the horizon and in what direction it can be found – this is the main advantage of the alt-az system. The main disadvantage of the alt-az system is that it is a local coordinate system – i.e. two observers at different points on the Earth’s surface will measure different altitudes and azimuths for the same star at the same time. In addition, an observer will find that the star’s alt-az coordinates changes with time as the celestial sphere appears to rotate.
Celestial Sphere:
To determine the positions of stars and planets on the sky in an absolute sense, we project the Earth’s spherical surface onto the sky, called the celestial sphere.
The celestial sphere has a north and south celestial pole as well as a celestial equator which are projected reference points to the same positions on the Earth surface. Right Ascension and Declination serve as an absolute coordinate system fixed on the sky, rather than a relative system like the zenith/horizon system. Right Ascension is the equivalent of longitude, only measured in hours, minutes and seconds (since the Earth rotates in the same units). Declination is the equivalent of latitude measured in degrees from the celestial equator (0 to 90). Any point of the celestial (i.e. the position of a star or planet) can be referenced with a unique Right Ascension and Declination.
The celestial sphere has a north and south celestial pole as well as a celestial equator which are projected from reference points from the Earth surface. Since the Earth turns on its axis once every 24 hours, the stars trace arcs through the sky parallel to the celestial equator. The appearance of this motion will vary depending on where you are located on the Earth’s surface.
Note that the daily rotation of the Earth causes each star and planet to make a daily circular path around the north celestial pole referred to as the diurnal motion.
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Chiropractic and Bedwetting
Aug 18, 2022
Chiropractic
Welcome to McKinnon Marie, your trusted source for alternative and natural medicine. In this article, we will explore how chiropractic care can help with bedwetting issues, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
Understanding Bedwetting
Bedwetting, medically known as nocturnal enuresis, is a common issue, especially in children. It refers to involuntary urination during sleep. While it can be distressing for both children and parents, it is important to remember that bedwetting is typically a developmental phase that most children outgrow with time.
How Chiropractic Care Can Help
Chiropractic care offers a holistic approach to addressing bedwetting concerns. By focusing on the nervous system and overall spinal health, chiropractors can identify and correct any potential underlying issues contributing to the problem.
The Spine and Nervous System Connection
The spine plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the nervous system. Misalignments or subluxations in the spine can disrupt communication between the brain and other parts of the body, potentially affecting bladder control. Chiropractic adjustments aim to realign the spine, allowing for optimal nerve function and restoring balance to the body.
Reducing Interference and Restoring Balance
Chiropractors use gentle, non-invasive techniques to address spinal misalignments. These adjustments promote proper nerve flow, enhancing the function of the bladder and reducing bedwetting episodes. By restoring balance to the body, chiropractic care provides a natural and drug-free solution for individuals struggling with bedwetting.
The Benefits of Chiropractic Care for Bedwetting
Choosing chiropractic care for bedwetting offers several advantages:
• Non-Invasive: Chiropractic adjustments are gentle and non-invasive, making them a safe option for children and adults alike.
• Addressing Underlying Causes: Chiropractors focus on identifying and resolving the root cause of bedwetting, rather than just treating the symptoms.
• Drug-Free Solution: Chiropractic care provides a natural alternative to medication, reducing the need for pharmaceutical intervention.
• Improving Overall Well-being: Through spinal adjustments, chiropractic care promotes overall health and well-being, supporting the body’s ability to function optimally.
• Complementary Approach: Chiropractic care can be used alongside other treatments or therapies, enhancing their effectiveness.
Consult with Our Experts at McKinnon Marie
At McKinnon Marie, we take a patient-centered approach to alternative and natural medicine. Our experienced chiropractors specialize in addressing bedwetting concerns and providing comprehensive care.
If you or your child are experiencing bedwetting issues, we invite you to schedule a consultation with our team. Our chiropractors will assess your specific situation, develop a personalized treatment plan, and guide you on a journey towards improved well-being.
Trust McKinnon Marie for exceptional alternative and natural medicine solutions. Contact us today to learn more about chiropractic care for bedwetting.
Jayson Jeffries
Great info on bedwetting!
Nov 8, 2023
Mike Dempsey
I never knew chiropractic care could be related to bedwetting. It's fascinating to learn about these potential connections.
Aug 4, 2023
Steven Gerhardt
I've always been curious about alternative medicine. This article provides valuable insight into the potential benefits of chiropractic care for bedwetting.
Jul 4, 2023
Tim Hopper
I appreciate the detailed explanation of how chiropractic care can provide relief for bedwetting. It's an eye-opening read.
Apr 7, 2023
Jason Threat
As a parent, I'm eager to learn about non-invasive solutions for bedwetting. This article offers valuable information.
Mar 20, 2023
Jeff Emmot
The potential link between chiropractic care and bedwetting is intriguing. I'm eager to learn more about this connection.
Feb 10, 2023
Mecca Robbins
Interesting read. I appreciate the comprehensive explanation of how chiropractic care can potentially help with bedwetting.
Jan 23, 2023
Xavier Luna
Thanks for shedding light on this issue. It's important to explore alternative treatments for bedwetting.
Jan 22, 2023
Kim Guinn
I've heard about the effectiveness of chiropractic care for various issues, so it's great to see it explored in the context of bedwetting.
Dec 4, 2022
Al Venzon
It's great to see alternative medicine being explored for common issues like bedwetting. Thanks for bringing attention to this topic.
Oct 21, 2022
Jamie Lowe
This is a fascinating topic! I've never considered the connection between chiropractic care and bedwetting before.
Oct 13, 2022
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If you're familiar with the fitness scene, you may have heard of high-intensity metcon, which promises a faster metabolism, weight loss, and muscle growth packaged into a short but efficient workout. These workouts differ from traditional, more familiar forms of exercise, like cardio and weightlifting, as they pack many techniques into one intense, condensed workout.
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The term "metcon" stands for "metabolic conditioning", a type of training that has gained popularity in the last few years, primarily due to CrossFit-style workouts. These workouts tax the body to burn fat, build muscle, and increase endurance.
Metcon workouts are brief but concentrated, relying on short periods of intense exertion followed by lower intensity exercise, alternating until the workout is complete.
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Types of Metcon Workouts
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Metcon and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) are often mentioned together since they both use a circuit method. However, metcon alternates both high-intensity and lower-intensity exercises to tax and condition the body's metabolism, while HIIT workouts use timed intervals of high-intensity exercise only.
However, standard HIIT intervals can be combined with metcon circuits to facilitate extra conditioning.
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Metcon vs. Weightlifting
Overall, metcon workouts are more intense and burn more calories than traditional weightlifting but are more taxing. Weightlifting focuses on completing a set number of lift repetitions at a particular weight, resting between moves. Though metcon often incorporates weightlifting moves, its emphasis on quick movement between exercises and including lower-intensity exercises to eliminate rest separates it from weightlifting.
You can add metcon circuits at the end of a weightlifting workout to add cardiovascular and metabolic conditioning to a workout that is otherwise purely focused on strength.
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Metcon vs. Cardio
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Who Should Try Metcon
Experienced gym-goers and weightlifters are prime candidates for metcon workouts, as they'll recognize familiar moves within the fast-paced circuit. Incorporating metcon circuits into your regimen can help you build more muscle or lose more weight than standard exercise routines alone if you're already familiar with the gym or have your own equipment.
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Who Shouldn't Try Metcon
Metcon workouts aren't for beginners. If you're new to exercise, metcon isn't a great place to start. Start slow to build your exercise tolerance and familiarity with the exercises — specifically the correct form. Consider beginning with high-intensity interval training before transitioning into metcon.
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This site offers information designed for educational purposes only. You should not rely on any information on this site as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, or as a substitute for, professional counseling care, advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have any concerns or questions about your health, you should always consult with a physician or other healthcare professional.
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use strict; use Win32::OLE qw(in); use HTML::Template; { package Wrapper::Notes::Template; use strict; use File::Spec; sub new { my ($class,$document, $attachmentdir) = @_; my $self = { document => $document, attachments => $attachmentdir }; bless $self, $class; $self; }; sub document { $_[0]->{document} }; sub param { my ($self,@args) = @_; if (scalar @args) { my $result; if ($_[1] eq 'Attachments') { my $result = []; my $body = $self->document->GetFirstItem('Body'); my @attachments = grep { warn join ":",$_->{Name}, $_->{Type},$_->{Text}; $_->{Type} == 4 } (@{$self->document->Items()}); mkdir $self->{attachments}; for my $attname (@attachments) { my $url = File::Spec->catfile($self->{attachments},$attname); $url = File::Spec->rel2abs($url); #warn "Extracting $attname to $url"; my $f = $self->document->getAttachment($attname); if ($f) { $f->extractFile($url); push @$result, { name => $attname, url => $url }; }; }; return $result; } elsif ($_[1] eq 'EmbeddedObjects') { my $result = []; my $body = $self->document->GetFirstItem('Body'); my $attachments = $body->EmbeddedObjects; if ($attachments) { mkdir $self->{attachments}; for my $att (Win32::OLE::in $attachments) { warn $att->{Type}; my $url = File::Spec->catfile($self->{attachments},$att->{Name}); $url = File::Spec->rel2abs($url); $att->extractFile($url); push @$result, { name => $att->{Name}, url => $url }; }; }; return $result; } else { $result = $self->document->{$_[1]}; }; if (ref $result) { return [ map { "value" => $_ }, @$result ]; } else { $result; }; } else { return (map { $_->Name } (Win32::OLE::in ($self->document->Items()))), "Attachments", "EmbeddedObjects"; }; }; }; my ($server,$database) = ('server','mail/corion.nsf'); my $Notes = Win32::OLE->new('Notes.NotesSession') or die "Cannot start Lotus Notes Session object.\n"; my ($Version) = ($Notes->{NotesVersion} =~ /\s*(.*\S)\s*$/); print "The current user is $Notes->{UserName}.\n"; print "Running Notes \"$Version\" on \"$Notes->{Platform}\".\n"; my $Database = $Notes->GetDatabase($server, $database); my $AllDocuments = $Database->AllDocuments; my $Count = $AllDocuments->Count; print "There are $Count documents in the database.\n"; my $Index = 4419; while (++$Index <= $Count) { my $Document = $AllDocuments->GetNthDocument($Index); my $wrapper = Wrapper::Notes::Template->new($Document,sprintf "email/mail.%05g",$Index); my $template = HTML::Template->new( filename => 'lotus-email.tmpl', die_on_bad_params => 0, loop_context_vars => 1, associate => [ $wrapper ], case_sensitive => 1, ); my $outfile = sprintf "email/mail.%05g.html", $Index; open MAIL, ">", $outfile or die "Couldn't create '$outfile' : $!\n"; $template->output( print_to => *MAIL ); close MAIL; last unless $Index <= 4420; # magic number! }
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__label__pos
| 0.914163 |
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